Malunggay Leaves As An Alternative Pen Ink
This document was uploaded by user and they confirmed that they have the permission to share it. If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this DMCA report form. Report DMCA
Overview
Download & View Malunggay Leaves As An Alternative Pen Ink as PDF for free.
More details
- Words: 7,052
- Pages: 38
Loading documents preview...
1
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study Ink is a liquid or paste that contains pigments or dyes and is used to color a surface to produce an image, text, or design. This simple thing has served a great purpose of keeping tracks, records, and knowledge. Writing through ink has been the way of our ancestors to communicate and pass down information. Throughout the world history, the discovery of pen and ink had been one of human's useful inventions. Many ancient cultures around the world have discovered and formulated inks for the purpose of writing and drawing. Along with the evolution of the world, the previously stationary pens and inks is now portable and handy. However, the components for making these inks have also developed into chemicals that can be harmful for the environment and human use. Moringa Oleifera or Malunggay have been useful for humans in the fields of health, medicine, and food consumption. This time it will be benefited as pen ink as an alternative for chemical based inks.
2
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
This study evaluates the production of Malunggay leaves as an alternative pen ink. Literature Review According to Study Moose (2016), due to the toxics that can be found anywhere, different harmful effect on the users may occur that could eventually lead to serious conditions that society might face in the future; Natural inks could be the solution to lessen these harmful effects. Natural inks could lessen the effects of Global warming and depletion of the ozone layer, more on the condition that may make the world worse in the future. Since natural inks are one of the people demand, natural ink can be more economically sound compared to commercialized inks. It is very affordable, since it is easy to conduct, cheap, and proven effective. Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) plant is abundant through the Philippines. This plant is growing anywhere in the country. There are a lot of scientific evidence shows malunggay benefits both on nutritional contents and medicinal properties. Malunggay is well known as very good source of natural energy booster and nutrition. Universities around the world have studied the malunggay abilities. A powder seed can be substitute for water purification. Malunggay can help on balancing and keeping all important body hormones that contributes for relaxation. The leaf is said to be the most nutritious part, it
3
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
may be taken cooked, raw and even powdered. Extraction of Malunggay leaves has also the feasibility to make ink pens. (Mangente, M.,2014) Nature can provide for everyday needs such as writing ink. Traditional ink sources include flower petals and tree bark, and though fruit sources are less traditional, they also make for useful ink. (Study Moose, 2016) Ink is a combination of a coloring agent, pigment and liquid containing oil, resins and chemical solvents. In the past, ink was fashioned from different colored juices, plant and animal extracts. In addition, according to the article found in the Student’s Encyclopedia, “The ink should make a clear permanent mark that when dry does not fade from exposure to light or run from exposure to moisture. It should flow freely and dry quickly when written in a surface and it must contain nothing that might damage either the pen or the paper. (http://www.encyclopedia.com) Inks have always been an essential part of the lives of human. These are primary use for communication and data recording. Offices, workstations and even academic institutions have been using ink especially for their papers works and some other related activities. However, with the advent of highly commercialized items and supplies, people have difficulty in purchasing some basic things that are necessary to their works. Commercial inks are made using different compounds such as resins and lubricants that brings harmful effects to the health of the users. Inks are also made up of a mixture of
4
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
hydrogen peroxide and ammonia, thus, a great risk of ink poisoning if leakages and breakages occur. Due to the pollution that is observable in the world now, being environment-friendly through basic everyday things that are used is vital. An alternative ingredient for making ink that has been found to possess such benefits that would help lessen pollution were the Moringa Oleifera (known as Malunggay) and Rice stock. Moringa Oleifera has many uses most especially its parts. (Study Moose, 2016) The Strasbourg manuscript, of an earlier period, also describes the use of a whole range of plants used in the manufacture of inks and water-colours. Later we see developments in vegetable block-printing inks in 17th and 18th century Japan where it is interesting to note that some colours were actually leached from previously dyed cloth. (Quilala, 2012) According to a similar study in Study Moose (2016), since Moringa Oleifera can be found anywhere and can be bought in cheaper price, the researchers choose this as an ingredient. This study will show how this natural source can be used to help people, especially office workers, business people and students. This ink can be used for paper works and also can be used as an alternative to the commercialized inks. Commercial inks are made using different chemical compounds like resins and lubricants that may cause harmful effects on the health of the users. This becomes even more perilous when the inks are already disposed; adding to the pollution and contributing to Global warming
5
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
especially when burned. Moringa Oleifera and Rice stock are two of the many natural ingredients that can be used as ink bases. According to Mangente, L. (2014), in relation to ink studies, ink was made from natural products such as berries, bark and leaves. Leaf extracts have been used for centuries to create numerous colors that, when mixed with different substances, could be used as dye, paint or ink. Different plants produced different colors in the spectrum, and "recipes" were handed down through the generations. Leaves have been used for centuries to make ink because of its various shades that create yellow, green, brown or black ink. This study was performed to discover more sources for ink making.
If
leaves of malunggay are used in making ink, then its color will be natural, it is cheap, and it will be acceptable in the market. Malunggay which is known scientifically as “Moringa Oleifera” the most commonly grown species among moringaceae plants with thirteen different types. “Moringa” on English name, “Sajina” in Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia and is known “Malunggay” in the Philippines. It has eighty other names used worldwide. It grows widely in tropical climate areas. Malunggay is widely used as vegetable ingredient in cooking, as herbal medicine for a number of illness and other practical uses. The Malunggay plant can grow to as high 3 to 9 leaflets. It has a white fragrant flower that produces long pods with 3-angled winged seeds. Malunggay may be propagated by
6
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
planting its seeds about an inch in the ground or matured malunggay stem cuttings of about 3 feet in length may also be planted into the ground. Planted malunggay cuttings grow faster compared to planted seeds. There are a lot of scientific evidence shows malunggay benefits both on nutritional contents and medicinal properties. (Study Moose, 2016) Many of the colourful inks that you can buy are made from fiber reactive dyes rather than the traditional pigments historically used in inks. Fiber reactive dyes, while permanent on cotton or paper, are highly toxic in the environment and are a carcinogen. (Joybilee Farm, 2012) They are an exceptionally good source of provitamin A, vitamins B and C, minerals (in particular iron), and the sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cysteine. Moringa Oleifera leaves was said to be the most nutritious part, where inks was to be made with the use of its extract, doubtless using this ingredient is safe in conducting an ink. In today’s modern world, almost every product has been commercialized and people sought for products that are more natural and cheaper instead. The creation of ink with alternative ingredient to be commercialized is a demand for the students as well as for the people. The researcher thought of natural ingredient that has great potentials in having an alternative ballpen ink due to its safe contents. This experiment was decided to develop that make use of natural ink bases to promote awareness and see the efficiency
7
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
compared to commercialized inks. This study aims to produce natural ink out of Moringa Oleifera Extract and Rice Stock to create an environment-friendly substance. (Study Moose, 2016) When a pen runs out of ink, people tend to simply throw the used pen away and buy a new one. It is a cheap and convenient way to refurbish your stock of writing utensils, so this is what most people do. However, an alternative to throwing away your empty pens is to refill the ink cartridges, rather than creating plastic waste from unwanted pens. You can make your own, environmentally friendly ink at home through the use of various common household items. (Miller, 2013) Malunggay is well known as very good source of natural energy booster and nutrition. Universities around the world have studied the malunggay abilities. A powder seed can be substitute for water purification. Malunggay can help on balancing and keeping all important body hormones that contributes for relaxation. The leaf is said to be the most nutritious part, it may be taken cooked, raw and even powdered. Extraction of Malunggay leaves has also the feasibility to make ink pens. In relation to ink studies, ink was made from natural products such as berries, bark and leaves. (Study Moose, 2016) Lehnhardt, P. (2015) cited that plants produce strong colors that can be used not only for dying yarn and fabrics, but for painting on paper, canvas or walls; for printing; or as inks for writing or brushwork.
8
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
Malunggay in Filipino (globally renowned as Moringa) is known as the ‘Miracle Tree’ because all of its parts -- leaves, fruits, and roots -- have something extraordinary to offer. It is native to regions of Africa and Asia, but it can grow almost anywhere and it has the ability to extract nutrients from the air and soil wherever it grows. (The Superfood Grocer, 2013) As far as costs are concerned, both colour and black soy inks are competitively priced with petroleum-based inks, although black soy newsprint inks can be up to 25% more expensive. However, the slight increase in cost in using soy-based inks is offset by the reduced amount of resin needed to colour the soy ink. Furthermore, vegetable-based inks are thinner making them more translucent and therefore less pigment is required to get the same strength of colour. (Moore, 2015) That's why the researcher investigated a project that can help lessen the economic crisis for the production of ink out of carbonated charcoal. With the help of innovators, sufficient resources like the carbonated charcoal can be very useful for new item ideas. The researchers pounded some charcoal and combined it with alcohol. Added a small amount of vinegar to add stability to the ink. The Vinegar also makes it more permanent, once it has dried on the paper. Strained and transferred it to a container. After the study, the researchers found out that it is possible to utilize charcoal and make it into an
9
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
alternative ink , though it is not good as the commercialized one. (TermPaper Warehouse, 2017) This history of Chinese inks can be traced back to the 18th century BC, with the utilization of natural plant dyes, animal, and mineral inks based on such materials as graphite that were ground with water and applied with ink brushes. The India ink used in ancient India since at least the 4ath century BC was called masi, and was made of burnt bones, tar, pitch, and other substances applied with sharp pointed needle. (Studytiger, 2016) As compared to the commercialized ink which uses different chemical compounds like resins and lubricants which becomes more perilous when the inks are disposed, recycling common materials/ local could lessen the expenses in experimenting new product. The main ingredients were consumed wisely and have the feasible that can be used as ink bases. (Study Moose, 2016) It is evident that adopting green printing practices is a very responsible move for any business, which brings with it a host of additional benefits that organizations can use to their advantage. Making the simple yet important step of asking your company printer if they use sustainable soy and vegetable-based inks will not only benefit the recycling process, but emit fewer emissions during the production process, reduce costs, as well as allowing your company to tap into the ‘green consumerism’ market. (Moore, 2015)
10
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
Malunggay is also known to reduce cholesterol, control blood sugar, reduce inflammation, and combat diabetes and cancer. Indeed, Malunggay is an all-purpose, well-rounded superfood player that you definitely want on your team. (The Superfood Grocer, 2013) The process of printing forms an integral part of our lives in this day and age. Running a business across any industry habitually requires the process of printing in some shape or form and it is for this reason that the printing industry ranks as one of the world’s largest consumers of energy, posing as a mounting threat to today’s environment. (Moore, 2015) Nature can provide for everyday needs such as writing ink. Traditional ink sources include flower petals and tree bark, and though fruit sources are less traditional, they also make for useful ink. Berries and cherries, with their high juice content, are ideal for ink making. Unlike other juicy fruits such as watermelons, citrus fruits or peaches, berry and cherry juice are dark enough to show on writing paper. On this study, the researchers chose a banana sap as an alternative natural ink so that they will be able to know and discover other natural alternative inks aside from berries, which is commonly used. (Study Moose, 2016) Subsequently the onus is on business owners across the globe to change their printing habits by adopting greener practices. Green Printing has gained considerable
11
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
momentum as an increasing number of businesses are beginning to understand the impact and threat the printing industry poses on the wider environment as a whole. One simple change could be the choice we make in the ink we use. The switch from conventional petroleum-based inks to vegetable or soy eco solvent inks can have valuable impacts not only on the environment but also upon human health. (Moore, 2015) In today’s modern world, almost every product has been commercialized and people sought for products that are more natural and cheaper instead. The creation of ink with alternative ingredient to be commercialized is a demand for the artists, calligraphers as well as for the people. The researcher thinks that Narra has great potentials in having an alternative permanent marker ink due to its strong tanning color. The researcher decided to test its effectiveness as an ingredient for permanent marker ink. (Ceron, 2013) In today’s modern world, almost every product has been commercialized and people sought for products that are more natural and cheaper instead. The creation of ink with alternative ingredient to be commercialized is a demand for the artists, calligraphers as well as for the people. The researcher thinks that Narra has great potentials in having an alternative permanent marker ink due to its strong tanning color. The researcher decided to test its effectiveness as an ingredient for permanent marker ink. (Ceron, 2013)
12
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
Many of the conventional inks on the market are petroleum-based and also use alcohol solvents, along with some pigments used in the inks containing heavy metallic substances such as cadium, lead and mercury which are not only harmful to the environment but also to human health. These inks are typically refined from crude oil which is not only a valuable finite resource but whose energy requirements for extraction, refining and treatment are incredibly high. As the alcohol and petroleum in these inks evaporate during the drying process, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted, which react with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight to create ozone pollution or photochemical smog. This subsequently aggravates or causes health problems such as asthma, emphysema and bronchitis and for workers in printing presses, the health hazards can be far more pronounced. (Moore, 2015)
Theoretical Framework In Ink Theory, Merkin et. al stated that during the early development of DPN, the first type of “ink” used patterned self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) onto a gold surface. Understanding the process by which the ink is transferred from the tip of the AFM to the surface allows for further development and improvement of DPN. Technically named “tip-substrate molecular transport,” this process has many parameters that influence it.
13
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
Just a few include the chemical makeup and purity of the ink and surface, the shape of the tip, the distribution of ink on the tip, and the temperature at which the experiment is performed. Two other important factors that greatly affect the quality with which the DPN is able to transfer ink to a surface are the humidity of the surroundings and the water solubility of the ink. Moisture will gather on the tip of the AFM (called the “water meniscus"), which is essential to the DPN process. In order to keep a constant layer of water, which is especially important for scientific experiments, the experiment must be carried out within a humidity-controlled box so that a change in the concentration of water will not affect the results. However, it is also important to note that the effect that temperature and humidity has on DPN molecular transfer depends on the specific chemical properties of the ink used. “Diffusion of Innovations Theory” by Thurber and Fahey ( 2009 ) . This theory is used to depict good the grounds for growing and acceptance of dietetic Malunggay or Moringa oleifera and it highlights the demand for a scientific consensus on the nutritionary benefits. Diffusion is the procedure by which an invention is communicated through drape channels over clip among the members of a societal system. Harmonizing to Thurber and Fahey ( 2009 ) . the rate of acceptance and possibilities of over acceptance can be predicted utilizing five features of a new invention. In order for Moringa oleifera to be adopted and for its broad spread usage to be promoted. grounds must be provided for the undermentioned properties: The first property is called Relative Advantage which
14
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
is the extent to which an invention is perceived as being better or more utile than the thought it supersedes. Then. it is followed by the Compatibility which means the step of how good an invention is consistent with bing societal and cultural patterns. if it is sympathetic. and whether it meets the demand of possible adoptive parents. On the other manus Complexity is the degree to which the invention is perceived to be hard to understand or utilize. Another property is Observability which is used to depict how good the consequences of the invention can be seen and communicated to others. And eventually. Trialability which refers to the ability of an invention to be experimented with. The Diffusion of Innovations Theory is used to find the rate of version of the Malunggay or Moringa oleifera. Using this theory. it will give accurate cognition on the effectiveness and wellness benefits of Malunggay or Moringa oleifera shall be known. Another theory to backup this study is the Natural Ink Theory by Patricia Lehnhardt. She States that plants can produce natural inks. Creamy colored avocado pits can produce a red or pink dye. The magenta colored leaves of the red shiso make a magenta liquid, but oxidize on paper into blue ink. Even the black raspberry ink, which starts out as a blue, changes over the course of a couple weeks to a purple. Some plants strike more quickly—the color comes out within a couple minutes of simmering—while others strike more slowing,
15
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
taking lower heat and long simmering to reach it’s full potential. Making ink is just one more way to enjoy the beauty and excitement of the natural world. Conceptual Framework Input
Process
Output
Figure 1.0 Conceptual Framework The table has shown the method that served as the researchers guide in conducting their study. It showed the steps on how to make an alternative pen ink from Malunggay leaves. The analysis presented that the researchers tested the effectiveness of using Malunggay as an alternative pen ink. Many factors benefited in this study such as the cheaper production of ink and the environment for its eco-friendliness.
16
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
Statement of the Problem The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of alternative ink using the Malunggay leaves. It will determine the advantages and disadvantages of using alternative ink through Malunggay leaves and relate it in the current production of ink. Furthermore, the researchers sought to answer the following questions: 1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using Malunggay ink? 2. How did the quality of Malunggay mixture extract affect the: 2.1
Mixture;
2.2
Color / Viscosity;
2.3
Odor;
2.4
Rate of drying?
3. What is the extent of the utilization of alternative ink as a substitution of the current production of ink in terms of: 3.1
Types of Surface;
3.2
Rate of Drying;
3.3
Textures;
3.4
Intensity of Color?
17
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
Assumption of the Study The experiment will have a better result and having Malunggay as an ink will be accomplished. This study will provide additional information and new knowledge regarding the production of ink. Scope and Limitation of the Study The study was conducted in Libradilla Residence, Blk.6 Lot.17 VSM Heights Subdivision Phase 2, San Isidro, General Santos City, Philippines. The ingredients were salt, binder, water, measuring cup, strainer, injection, empty ballpoint pens jars and Malunggay leaves. Significance of the Study Moringa Oleifera or Malunggay has served a lot purposes and contribution in many fields. Upon using it, the people should be aware of the benefits they will get by using Malunggay ink. In this study, the researchers aim to produce the alternative Malunggay ink. In conducting this study, the researchers believe this study will provide new knowledge on making products with cheaper and eco-friendly ingredient that is Malunggay. Students are the primary beneficiary of this study to achieve knowledge in the production of alternative ink. The producers and the economy of ink-production will
18
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
also benefit in having a cheaper but of the same quality as the current ballpens.
This
study will also help further improvement of cheaper and eco-friendly with high quality alternative products. Definition of Terms The following terms is used in the study of Malunggay leaves as an alternative pen ink. Ink. A colored fluid used for writing, drawing, printing, or duplicating. Malunggay. Widely used as vegetable ingredient in cooking, as herbal medicine for a number of illness and other practical uses. Alternative. Something that can be chosen instead of something else. Pigment. A natural substance that gives color to animals and plants. Solution. A liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute) is uniformly distributed within the major component (the solvent). Extraction. The action of taking out something, especially using effort or force. Intensity. The measurable amount of a property, such as force, brightness, or a magnetic field.
19
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
Consistency. The way in which a substance, typically a liquid, holds together; thickness or viscosity. Viscosity. The state of being thick, sticky, and semifluid in consistency, due to internal friction. CHAPTER II METHODS Research Design This study utilized the use of descriptive experimental research design since this was the most appropriate research design for measuring the effectiveness of alternative pen ink. The survey was to gather new knowledge in having Malunggay Leaves Extract as an alternative pen ink. Sources of Data Observation With the application of scientific observation and experimentation, the malunggay leaves extract was produced as an alternative pen ink. With the use vinegar, food coloring and other chosen materials in this study, the researchers determined the effectiveness of the production.
of salt,
20
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
Materials In order to produce the alternative ink, the researchers will use the following materials and equipments: 1.) Malunggay leaves 2.) Salt 3.) Vinegar 4.) Food coloring 5.) Empty ballpen 6.) Mortar and pestle 7.) Dextrose Steps Upon the production of alternative ink using Malunggay extract, the researchers went to follow these steps: 1.) Pour 1 cup of Malunggay leaves into the blender. 2.) Just add a little water then round up. 3.) Pour the ground Malunggay into the clean cloth and then squeeze the juice out. 4.) Add ½ tsp. of vinegar and ½ tsp. salt into the Malunggay extract and add food coloring and mix it well.
21
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
5.) Extract small amount of ink from the bowl using pipette or syringe. 6.) Release the ink into an empty ballpen cartridge. Repeat until the cartridge is full then replace the cartridge in the ballpen. 7.) Take the leaves of the Malunggay.
Schematic Diagram
22
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
Data Analysis The researchers will using scientific observation when it comes to collecting data. The researcher will be giving observation after conducting the experiment. This will determine the effectiveness of Malunggay extract as an alternative pen ink.
23
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
CHAPTER III RESULTS The researchers undergone experimentation and observation analysis and are able to know the advantage and disadvantage of using malunggay ink: ● Advantages The malunggay pen ink has no harmful chemicals since it is natural. It is also economically friendly since you will not spend money because it is readily available in the backyard and even in our neighborhood. It is natural and has no side effects. The production is cheap and have easy to find ingredients. ● Disadvantages
24
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
The disadvantage of using alternative pen ink is it has a lighter color intensity compared to chemical inks. In the production of Malunggay ink, the materials and equipment were put into use. The malunggay leaves produced green pigment from the extraction. The green pigment became the based color of the alternative ink. The juice of the malunggay leaves are watery: and so, green coloring were added for additional pigmentation. Upon the extraction of malunggay, 14 tbsp extract was obtained from 7 grams of malunggay. The 14 tbsp of malunggay extracts with specific amounts were properly mixed and stirred. The treatments were done to best know on how the quality of malunggay extract affect the mix in terms of mixture, hue, viscosity and rate of drying.
Mixture
Hue
Viscosity
Deep Green
Viscose
Rate of Drying
A 100%(6tbsp)
2:39 min.
Malunggay Extract (Concentrated) Table 1. Mixture A’s quality
25
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
As shown on table 1, the hue, viscosity and rate of drying were measured. This was one of the basis of which extract has the best qualities as an alternative ink. Mixture A in table 1 represents the percentage of Malunggay extract used which is 100%. Mixture A was not given any amount of food coloring for it serves as the original contrast among the other sets. Mixture A is composed of 6 tbsp of malunggay extract. The fact that mixture A was concentrated, it yielded a color of deep green which is viscous. In open air, Mixture A’s rate of drying is is just 2:39 minutes. Mixture
Hue
Viscosity
Light Green
Less viscous
Rate of Drying
B 1:1 ratio of Malunggay extract
3:41 min.
and food coloring (with water, salt and vinegar Table 2. Mixture B’s quality The color, viscosity and rate of drying were also measured in Mixture B as shown in Table 2. Unlike the first mixture, Mixture B is composed of different ingredients, primarily malunggay extract and food coloring and salt and vinegar. Mixture B has a ratio of 1:1 of Malunggay extract which has a percentage of 50%. This 50% is equivalent
26
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
to 3 tbsp of malunggay extract. This was combined with 50% of food coloring which in volume is 3 tbsp and mixed with specific amounts of salt and vinegar. Salt and vinegar were also mixed for the preservation of the mixture. Because of the amount of food coloring and malunggay extract that was mixed, Mixture B yielded a light green hue. The researchers tested the viscosity of the mixture and found out that it was less viscous than Mixture A. the rate of drying in Mixture B was longer which is 3:41 minutes. Mixture
Hue
Viscosity
Rate of Drying
C 2:3 ratio of Malunggay extract
2:42 min. Dark Green
Very Viscous
and food coloring (with water, salt and vinegar) Table 3. Mixture C’s Quality The same as Mixtures A and B, the hue, viscosity and rate of drying of Mixture C were also measured by the researchers. As shown in table 3, there is a 2:3 ratio of the primary ingredients of malunggay extract and food coloring in Mixture C. This comprised of 40% or 2 tbsp of malunggay extract and 60% or 3 tbsp of food coloring. Salt and vinegar were also mixed to preserve the mixture. Because of the amount of the
27
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
ingredients mixed, a dark green hue of the mixture was observed. The viscosity was also measured and the mixture was very viscous completely different from the other two mixtures. Mixture C’s rate of drying was 2:42 minutes. Mixture
Hue
Viscosity
Rate of Drying
D 3:2 ratio of Malunggay extract
2:53 min. Dark Green
Viscous
and food coloring (with water, salt and vinegar Table 4. Mixture D’s Quality Lastly, as shown in table 4, Mixture D is comprised 60% or 3 tbsp of Malunggay Extract with 40% or 2 tbsp of food coloring yielding a ratio of 2:3. The researchers also observed that the amount of the ingredients mixed resulted to the mixture’s dark green hue. However, compared to mixture C which is very viscous, mixture D was viscous only like Mixture A. The rate of drying of mixture D is 2:53 minutes. 2. The quality of malunggay affect the mix in terms of: 2.1 Mixture
28
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
The amount of ingredients mixed affected the quality of the mix. Mixture A has 100% of malunggay extract that served as the original contrast among the other sets. Having a ratio of 1:1, Mixture B contains 50% or 3 tbsp of malunggay extract and 50% or 3 tbsp of food coloring. Mixture C is comprised of 2 tbsp or 40% of malunggay extract and 3 tbsp or 60% of food coloring in a ratio of 2:3. Lastly, Mixture D comprises 60% or 3 tbsp of malunggay extract and 40% or 2 tbsp of food coloring yielding a ratio of 3:2. 2.2 Hue The ingredients’ amounts that were mixed affected the hues of the different mixtures. Mixture A has a deep green hue. Mixture B has a light green hue. Mixture C and Meach of the mixture D have both dark green hue. 2.3 Viscosity The mixtures had different amounts of ingredients mixed. This affected the viscosity of mixtures. Mixture A and Mixture D were both viscous. Mixture B was less viscous. Among the four, Mixture C had the highest viscosity. 2.4 Rate of Drying The rate of drying was also affected because of the amounts of ingredients mixed in each mixture. Mixture A’s rate of drying had the lowest rate and was 2:39 minutes only. Mixture B’s rate of drying had the highest and was 3:41 minutes. Mixture C’s rate of drying was 2:42 minutes. The rate of drying of Mixture D is 2:53.
29
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
From the results above, the researchers found out that mixture C contains the best quality as it has got the highest viscosity among the four which is a significant factor of a quality of any ink. Its dark green hue is also more preferable as it is more visible. To furthermore know the quality of this ink, Mixture C was subjected to different types of surfaces. Mixture C ink has been placed on a plastic syringe and transferred in an ink tube. This was tested and applied to different surfaces. Certain qualities of the ink were measured to know the extent of utilization of alternative ink as a substitution of current production in terms of types of surfaces, rate of drying, consistency and intensity of color. Type of Surface
Rate of Drying
Consistency
Intensity of Color
3:40 min.
Very Low
Green
Ordinary Bond Paper
Table 5 The researchers first tested the chosen ink to an ordinary bond paper and observed that the rate of drying was 3:40 minutes. Its consistency was very low resulting a great dissipation of the ink in the bond paper. Its intensity of color is green resulting to its low visibility. Type of Surface
Rate of Drying
Consistency
Intensity of Color
Illustration Board
7:40 min.
Low
Light Green
Table 6
30
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
The second attempt was done in an illustration board. The rate of drying of the ink was longer compared to the first attempt which is 7:40 minutes. The long rate of drying was caused by the quality of the surface used which is the rough illustration board. It consistency is low and the ink dissipates still. The intensity of color was light green causing its very low visibility.
Type of Surface
Rate of Drying
Consistency
Intensity of Color
2:31 min.
Medium
Dark Green
Ordinary Intermediate Paper
Table 7 Lastly, the attempt was done in an intermediate paper. 2:31 minutes was covered by the ink in terms of its rate of drying in the paper. The ink has a medium consistency and the intensity of color is dark green making it more visible than the other first two attempts in the different surfaces.
3. The extent of the utilization of alternative ink as substitution of current production of ink in terms of: 3.1 Types of Surface
31
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
The types of surfaces used were an ordinary bond paper, illustration board and intermediate paper and these affected the extent of utilization of the alternative ink. The alternative ink was most utilized and applicable to the intermediate paper as it had a smooth surface that is very applicable for any ink. 3.2 Rate of Drying The rate of drying depended on the type of surface used. The rate of drying was longer in rough surfaces such as the illustration board which has a rate of drying of 7:04 minutes. It was shorter in smooth surfaces such as in the ordinary bond paper which has a rate of 3:40 minutes and in the intermediate paper which has a rate of 2:31 minutes. 3.3 Consistency The consistency of the ink also depended on the type of surface used. The ink in the ordinary bond paper had the lowest consistency while in the intermediate paper, it had the highest.
3.4 Intensity of Color
32
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
The type of surface used affected the intensity of color of the alternative ink. The intensity of color in the ordinary bond paper was green. In the illustration board, the intensity of color was light green. Lastly, in the intermediate paper, the intensity of color was dark green. The qualities are measured. Based on the on the above results, the researchers thus conclude that the most applicable surface for this ink is intermediate sheet paper.
33
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION Summary of findings The advantages of using malunggay extract as alternative ink it that it has no harmful chemicals, is economically friendly, it is natural and has no side effects and lastly, the production is cheap and the ingredients are highly accessible. The disadvantage of using alternative pen ink is it has a lighter color intensity compared to chemical inks The researchers found out that mixture C contains the best quality as it has got the highest viscosity among the four which is a significant factor of a quality of any ink. Its dark green hue is also more preferable as it is more visible. The qualities are also measured. Based on the on the data gathered, the researchers thus conclude that the most applicable surface for this ink is intermediate sheet paper. Conclusion The researchers have concluded the following from its results and findings: 1. The malunggay ink production is cheaper than present ballpens. 2. The malunggay extract can be used as an alternative pen ink.
34
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
3. The malunggay ink dissipates more than the current ballpen ink. 4. The malunggay ink needs more food coloring in order to make it more visible. 5. The malunggay ink has a slower rate of drying than current ballpens. 6. The malunggay ink is most applicable in smooth-type of surface. 7. The more viscous, the higher the consistency of the malunggay ink. 8. The malunggay ink needs to have thick consistency to make it more effective.
Recommendations The researchers would like to recommend the future researchers who are interested in developing studies about inks to try another alternative ingredient that has a darker color extract in nature to improve the color of the ingredients for better results, and has thick consistency, for the ink when used for writing will not be dissipated. The researchers’ also advocates re-associating the difference between the two inks by using other tests in order to justify the result if this study. Furthermore, having a good quality ink must be focused on before undergoing a series of test.
35
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
REFERENCES Anwar, F., Latif, S., Ashraf, M., Gilani, A.H. (2012) Retrieved from
<
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17089328> Ceron,
J.
(2013).
Retrieved
from
<
https://www.vbook.pub.com/doc/129510514/Narra-Bark-as-Ink-pdf > Encyclopedia (2012). Retrieved from < http://www.encyclopedia.com/ > Joybilee
Farm
(2012).
Retrieved
from
<
from
<
from
<
https://joybileefarm.com/how-to-make-ink-from-natural-dyes-part-2/ > Lehnhardt,
P.
(2015).
Retrieved
http://www.hobbyfarms.com/5-natural-ink-recipes-2/ > Mangante,
M.
(2014).
Retrieved
http://www.papercamp.com/essay/127789/Alternative-Ink-Using-Malunggay-Leaves-Ext ract >
36
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
Moore (2015). Retrieved from < https://www.sustainablebusinesstoolkit.com/benefits-of-eco-solventinks/ > Quilala, J. (2012) < https://www.slideshare.net/Charlotte122899/investigatory-project > Sunga, L., Dulfo, M., Ortega, J., Gaspacho, C. (2013). Retrieved from < https://prezi.com/5kvfh91gb-x7/making-ink-out-of-charcoal-101/ > Study
Moose
Retrieved
(2016).
from
<
https://studymoose.com/the-feasibility-of-moringa-oleifera-essay > TermPaper Warehouse (2017). Retrieved from < https://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Alternative-Ink-From-Charcoal/401539 > The
Superfood
Grocer
(2013).
http://www.thesuperfoodgrocer.com/products/organic-moringa-malunggay >
<
37
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
APPENDICES
38
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study Ink is a liquid or paste that contains pigments or dyes and is used to color a surface to produce an image, text, or design. This simple thing has served a great purpose of keeping tracks, records, and knowledge. Writing through ink has been the way of our ancestors to communicate and pass down information. Throughout the world history, the discovery of pen and ink had been one of human's useful inventions. Many ancient cultures around the world have discovered and formulated inks for the purpose of writing and drawing. Along with the evolution of the world, the previously stationary pens and inks is now portable and handy. However, the components for making these inks have also developed into chemicals that can be harmful for the environment and human use. Moringa Oleifera or Malunggay have been useful for humans in the fields of health, medicine, and food consumption. This time it will be benefited as pen ink as an alternative for chemical based inks.
2
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
This study evaluates the production of Malunggay leaves as an alternative pen ink. Literature Review According to Study Moose (2016), due to the toxics that can be found anywhere, different harmful effect on the users may occur that could eventually lead to serious conditions that society might face in the future; Natural inks could be the solution to lessen these harmful effects. Natural inks could lessen the effects of Global warming and depletion of the ozone layer, more on the condition that may make the world worse in the future. Since natural inks are one of the people demand, natural ink can be more economically sound compared to commercialized inks. It is very affordable, since it is easy to conduct, cheap, and proven effective. Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) plant is abundant through the Philippines. This plant is growing anywhere in the country. There are a lot of scientific evidence shows malunggay benefits both on nutritional contents and medicinal properties. Malunggay is well known as very good source of natural energy booster and nutrition. Universities around the world have studied the malunggay abilities. A powder seed can be substitute for water purification. Malunggay can help on balancing and keeping all important body hormones that contributes for relaxation. The leaf is said to be the most nutritious part, it
3
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
may be taken cooked, raw and even powdered. Extraction of Malunggay leaves has also the feasibility to make ink pens. (Mangente, M.,2014) Nature can provide for everyday needs such as writing ink. Traditional ink sources include flower petals and tree bark, and though fruit sources are less traditional, they also make for useful ink. (Study Moose, 2016) Ink is a combination of a coloring agent, pigment and liquid containing oil, resins and chemical solvents. In the past, ink was fashioned from different colored juices, plant and animal extracts. In addition, according to the article found in the Student’s Encyclopedia, “The ink should make a clear permanent mark that when dry does not fade from exposure to light or run from exposure to moisture. It should flow freely and dry quickly when written in a surface and it must contain nothing that might damage either the pen or the paper. (http://www.encyclopedia.com) Inks have always been an essential part of the lives of human. These are primary use for communication and data recording. Offices, workstations and even academic institutions have been using ink especially for their papers works and some other related activities. However, with the advent of highly commercialized items and supplies, people have difficulty in purchasing some basic things that are necessary to their works. Commercial inks are made using different compounds such as resins and lubricants that brings harmful effects to the health of the users. Inks are also made up of a mixture of
4
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
hydrogen peroxide and ammonia, thus, a great risk of ink poisoning if leakages and breakages occur. Due to the pollution that is observable in the world now, being environment-friendly through basic everyday things that are used is vital. An alternative ingredient for making ink that has been found to possess such benefits that would help lessen pollution were the Moringa Oleifera (known as Malunggay) and Rice stock. Moringa Oleifera has many uses most especially its parts. (Study Moose, 2016) The Strasbourg manuscript, of an earlier period, also describes the use of a whole range of plants used in the manufacture of inks and water-colours. Later we see developments in vegetable block-printing inks in 17th and 18th century Japan where it is interesting to note that some colours were actually leached from previously dyed cloth. (Quilala, 2012) According to a similar study in Study Moose (2016), since Moringa Oleifera can be found anywhere and can be bought in cheaper price, the researchers choose this as an ingredient. This study will show how this natural source can be used to help people, especially office workers, business people and students. This ink can be used for paper works and also can be used as an alternative to the commercialized inks. Commercial inks are made using different chemical compounds like resins and lubricants that may cause harmful effects on the health of the users. This becomes even more perilous when the inks are already disposed; adding to the pollution and contributing to Global warming
5
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
especially when burned. Moringa Oleifera and Rice stock are two of the many natural ingredients that can be used as ink bases. According to Mangente, L. (2014), in relation to ink studies, ink was made from natural products such as berries, bark and leaves. Leaf extracts have been used for centuries to create numerous colors that, when mixed with different substances, could be used as dye, paint or ink. Different plants produced different colors in the spectrum, and "recipes" were handed down through the generations. Leaves have been used for centuries to make ink because of its various shades that create yellow, green, brown or black ink. This study was performed to discover more sources for ink making.
If
leaves of malunggay are used in making ink, then its color will be natural, it is cheap, and it will be acceptable in the market. Malunggay which is known scientifically as “Moringa Oleifera” the most commonly grown species among moringaceae plants with thirteen different types. “Moringa” on English name, “Sajina” in Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia and is known “Malunggay” in the Philippines. It has eighty other names used worldwide. It grows widely in tropical climate areas. Malunggay is widely used as vegetable ingredient in cooking, as herbal medicine for a number of illness and other practical uses. The Malunggay plant can grow to as high 3 to 9 leaflets. It has a white fragrant flower that produces long pods with 3-angled winged seeds. Malunggay may be propagated by
6
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
planting its seeds about an inch in the ground or matured malunggay stem cuttings of about 3 feet in length may also be planted into the ground. Planted malunggay cuttings grow faster compared to planted seeds. There are a lot of scientific evidence shows malunggay benefits both on nutritional contents and medicinal properties. (Study Moose, 2016) Many of the colourful inks that you can buy are made from fiber reactive dyes rather than the traditional pigments historically used in inks. Fiber reactive dyes, while permanent on cotton or paper, are highly toxic in the environment and are a carcinogen. (Joybilee Farm, 2012) They are an exceptionally good source of provitamin A, vitamins B and C, minerals (in particular iron), and the sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cysteine. Moringa Oleifera leaves was said to be the most nutritious part, where inks was to be made with the use of its extract, doubtless using this ingredient is safe in conducting an ink. In today’s modern world, almost every product has been commercialized and people sought for products that are more natural and cheaper instead. The creation of ink with alternative ingredient to be commercialized is a demand for the students as well as for the people. The researcher thought of natural ingredient that has great potentials in having an alternative ballpen ink due to its safe contents. This experiment was decided to develop that make use of natural ink bases to promote awareness and see the efficiency
7
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
compared to commercialized inks. This study aims to produce natural ink out of Moringa Oleifera Extract and Rice Stock to create an environment-friendly substance. (Study Moose, 2016) When a pen runs out of ink, people tend to simply throw the used pen away and buy a new one. It is a cheap and convenient way to refurbish your stock of writing utensils, so this is what most people do. However, an alternative to throwing away your empty pens is to refill the ink cartridges, rather than creating plastic waste from unwanted pens. You can make your own, environmentally friendly ink at home through the use of various common household items. (Miller, 2013) Malunggay is well known as very good source of natural energy booster and nutrition. Universities around the world have studied the malunggay abilities. A powder seed can be substitute for water purification. Malunggay can help on balancing and keeping all important body hormones that contributes for relaxation. The leaf is said to be the most nutritious part, it may be taken cooked, raw and even powdered. Extraction of Malunggay leaves has also the feasibility to make ink pens. In relation to ink studies, ink was made from natural products such as berries, bark and leaves. (Study Moose, 2016) Lehnhardt, P. (2015) cited that plants produce strong colors that can be used not only for dying yarn and fabrics, but for painting on paper, canvas or walls; for printing; or as inks for writing or brushwork.
8
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
Malunggay in Filipino (globally renowned as Moringa) is known as the ‘Miracle Tree’ because all of its parts -- leaves, fruits, and roots -- have something extraordinary to offer. It is native to regions of Africa and Asia, but it can grow almost anywhere and it has the ability to extract nutrients from the air and soil wherever it grows. (The Superfood Grocer, 2013) As far as costs are concerned, both colour and black soy inks are competitively priced with petroleum-based inks, although black soy newsprint inks can be up to 25% more expensive. However, the slight increase in cost in using soy-based inks is offset by the reduced amount of resin needed to colour the soy ink. Furthermore, vegetable-based inks are thinner making them more translucent and therefore less pigment is required to get the same strength of colour. (Moore, 2015) That's why the researcher investigated a project that can help lessen the economic crisis for the production of ink out of carbonated charcoal. With the help of innovators, sufficient resources like the carbonated charcoal can be very useful for new item ideas. The researchers pounded some charcoal and combined it with alcohol. Added a small amount of vinegar to add stability to the ink. The Vinegar also makes it more permanent, once it has dried on the paper. Strained and transferred it to a container. After the study, the researchers found out that it is possible to utilize charcoal and make it into an
9
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
alternative ink , though it is not good as the commercialized one. (TermPaper Warehouse, 2017) This history of Chinese inks can be traced back to the 18th century BC, with the utilization of natural plant dyes, animal, and mineral inks based on such materials as graphite that were ground with water and applied with ink brushes. The India ink used in ancient India since at least the 4ath century BC was called masi, and was made of burnt bones, tar, pitch, and other substances applied with sharp pointed needle. (Studytiger, 2016) As compared to the commercialized ink which uses different chemical compounds like resins and lubricants which becomes more perilous when the inks are disposed, recycling common materials/ local could lessen the expenses in experimenting new product. The main ingredients were consumed wisely and have the feasible that can be used as ink bases. (Study Moose, 2016) It is evident that adopting green printing practices is a very responsible move for any business, which brings with it a host of additional benefits that organizations can use to their advantage. Making the simple yet important step of asking your company printer if they use sustainable soy and vegetable-based inks will not only benefit the recycling process, but emit fewer emissions during the production process, reduce costs, as well as allowing your company to tap into the ‘green consumerism’ market. (Moore, 2015)
10
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
Malunggay is also known to reduce cholesterol, control blood sugar, reduce inflammation, and combat diabetes and cancer. Indeed, Malunggay is an all-purpose, well-rounded superfood player that you definitely want on your team. (The Superfood Grocer, 2013) The process of printing forms an integral part of our lives in this day and age. Running a business across any industry habitually requires the process of printing in some shape or form and it is for this reason that the printing industry ranks as one of the world’s largest consumers of energy, posing as a mounting threat to today’s environment. (Moore, 2015) Nature can provide for everyday needs such as writing ink. Traditional ink sources include flower petals and tree bark, and though fruit sources are less traditional, they also make for useful ink. Berries and cherries, with their high juice content, are ideal for ink making. Unlike other juicy fruits such as watermelons, citrus fruits or peaches, berry and cherry juice are dark enough to show on writing paper. On this study, the researchers chose a banana sap as an alternative natural ink so that they will be able to know and discover other natural alternative inks aside from berries, which is commonly used. (Study Moose, 2016) Subsequently the onus is on business owners across the globe to change their printing habits by adopting greener practices. Green Printing has gained considerable
11
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
momentum as an increasing number of businesses are beginning to understand the impact and threat the printing industry poses on the wider environment as a whole. One simple change could be the choice we make in the ink we use. The switch from conventional petroleum-based inks to vegetable or soy eco solvent inks can have valuable impacts not only on the environment but also upon human health. (Moore, 2015) In today’s modern world, almost every product has been commercialized and people sought for products that are more natural and cheaper instead. The creation of ink with alternative ingredient to be commercialized is a demand for the artists, calligraphers as well as for the people. The researcher thinks that Narra has great potentials in having an alternative permanent marker ink due to its strong tanning color. The researcher decided to test its effectiveness as an ingredient for permanent marker ink. (Ceron, 2013) In today’s modern world, almost every product has been commercialized and people sought for products that are more natural and cheaper instead. The creation of ink with alternative ingredient to be commercialized is a demand for the artists, calligraphers as well as for the people. The researcher thinks that Narra has great potentials in having an alternative permanent marker ink due to its strong tanning color. The researcher decided to test its effectiveness as an ingredient for permanent marker ink. (Ceron, 2013)
12
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
Many of the conventional inks on the market are petroleum-based and also use alcohol solvents, along with some pigments used in the inks containing heavy metallic substances such as cadium, lead and mercury which are not only harmful to the environment but also to human health. These inks are typically refined from crude oil which is not only a valuable finite resource but whose energy requirements for extraction, refining and treatment are incredibly high. As the alcohol and petroleum in these inks evaporate during the drying process, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted, which react with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight to create ozone pollution or photochemical smog. This subsequently aggravates or causes health problems such as asthma, emphysema and bronchitis and for workers in printing presses, the health hazards can be far more pronounced. (Moore, 2015)
Theoretical Framework In Ink Theory, Merkin et. al stated that during the early development of DPN, the first type of “ink” used patterned self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) onto a gold surface. Understanding the process by which the ink is transferred from the tip of the AFM to the surface allows for further development and improvement of DPN. Technically named “tip-substrate molecular transport,” this process has many parameters that influence it.
13
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
Just a few include the chemical makeup and purity of the ink and surface, the shape of the tip, the distribution of ink on the tip, and the temperature at which the experiment is performed. Two other important factors that greatly affect the quality with which the DPN is able to transfer ink to a surface are the humidity of the surroundings and the water solubility of the ink. Moisture will gather on the tip of the AFM (called the “water meniscus"), which is essential to the DPN process. In order to keep a constant layer of water, which is especially important for scientific experiments, the experiment must be carried out within a humidity-controlled box so that a change in the concentration of water will not affect the results. However, it is also important to note that the effect that temperature and humidity has on DPN molecular transfer depends on the specific chemical properties of the ink used. “Diffusion of Innovations Theory” by Thurber and Fahey ( 2009 ) . This theory is used to depict good the grounds for growing and acceptance of dietetic Malunggay or Moringa oleifera and it highlights the demand for a scientific consensus on the nutritionary benefits. Diffusion is the procedure by which an invention is communicated through drape channels over clip among the members of a societal system. Harmonizing to Thurber and Fahey ( 2009 ) . the rate of acceptance and possibilities of over acceptance can be predicted utilizing five features of a new invention. In order for Moringa oleifera to be adopted and for its broad spread usage to be promoted. grounds must be provided for the undermentioned properties: The first property is called Relative Advantage which
14
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
is the extent to which an invention is perceived as being better or more utile than the thought it supersedes. Then. it is followed by the Compatibility which means the step of how good an invention is consistent with bing societal and cultural patterns. if it is sympathetic. and whether it meets the demand of possible adoptive parents. On the other manus Complexity is the degree to which the invention is perceived to be hard to understand or utilize. Another property is Observability which is used to depict how good the consequences of the invention can be seen and communicated to others. And eventually. Trialability which refers to the ability of an invention to be experimented with. The Diffusion of Innovations Theory is used to find the rate of version of the Malunggay or Moringa oleifera. Using this theory. it will give accurate cognition on the effectiveness and wellness benefits of Malunggay or Moringa oleifera shall be known. Another theory to backup this study is the Natural Ink Theory by Patricia Lehnhardt. She States that plants can produce natural inks. Creamy colored avocado pits can produce a red or pink dye. The magenta colored leaves of the red shiso make a magenta liquid, but oxidize on paper into blue ink. Even the black raspberry ink, which starts out as a blue, changes over the course of a couple weeks to a purple. Some plants strike more quickly—the color comes out within a couple minutes of simmering—while others strike more slowing,
15
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
taking lower heat and long simmering to reach it’s full potential. Making ink is just one more way to enjoy the beauty and excitement of the natural world. Conceptual Framework Input
Process
Output
Figure 1.0 Conceptual Framework The table has shown the method that served as the researchers guide in conducting their study. It showed the steps on how to make an alternative pen ink from Malunggay leaves. The analysis presented that the researchers tested the effectiveness of using Malunggay as an alternative pen ink. Many factors benefited in this study such as the cheaper production of ink and the environment for its eco-friendliness.
16
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
Statement of the Problem The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of alternative ink using the Malunggay leaves. It will determine the advantages and disadvantages of using alternative ink through Malunggay leaves and relate it in the current production of ink. Furthermore, the researchers sought to answer the following questions: 1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using Malunggay ink? 2. How did the quality of Malunggay mixture extract affect the: 2.1
Mixture;
2.2
Color / Viscosity;
2.3
Odor;
2.4
Rate of drying?
3. What is the extent of the utilization of alternative ink as a substitution of the current production of ink in terms of: 3.1
Types of Surface;
3.2
Rate of Drying;
3.3
Textures;
3.4
Intensity of Color?
17
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
Assumption of the Study The experiment will have a better result and having Malunggay as an ink will be accomplished. This study will provide additional information and new knowledge regarding the production of ink. Scope and Limitation of the Study The study was conducted in Libradilla Residence, Blk.6 Lot.17 VSM Heights Subdivision Phase 2, San Isidro, General Santos City, Philippines. The ingredients were salt, binder, water, measuring cup, strainer, injection, empty ballpoint pens jars and Malunggay leaves. Significance of the Study Moringa Oleifera or Malunggay has served a lot purposes and contribution in many fields. Upon using it, the people should be aware of the benefits they will get by using Malunggay ink. In this study, the researchers aim to produce the alternative Malunggay ink. In conducting this study, the researchers believe this study will provide new knowledge on making products with cheaper and eco-friendly ingredient that is Malunggay. Students are the primary beneficiary of this study to achieve knowledge in the production of alternative ink. The producers and the economy of ink-production will
18
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
also benefit in having a cheaper but of the same quality as the current ballpens.
This
study will also help further improvement of cheaper and eco-friendly with high quality alternative products. Definition of Terms The following terms is used in the study of Malunggay leaves as an alternative pen ink. Ink. A colored fluid used for writing, drawing, printing, or duplicating. Malunggay. Widely used as vegetable ingredient in cooking, as herbal medicine for a number of illness and other practical uses. Alternative. Something that can be chosen instead of something else. Pigment. A natural substance that gives color to animals and plants. Solution. A liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute) is uniformly distributed within the major component (the solvent). Extraction. The action of taking out something, especially using effort or force. Intensity. The measurable amount of a property, such as force, brightness, or a magnetic field.
19
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
Consistency. The way in which a substance, typically a liquid, holds together; thickness or viscosity. Viscosity. The state of being thick, sticky, and semifluid in consistency, due to internal friction. CHAPTER II METHODS Research Design This study utilized the use of descriptive experimental research design since this was the most appropriate research design for measuring the effectiveness of alternative pen ink. The survey was to gather new knowledge in having Malunggay Leaves Extract as an alternative pen ink. Sources of Data Observation With the application of scientific observation and experimentation, the malunggay leaves extract was produced as an alternative pen ink. With the use vinegar, food coloring and other chosen materials in this study, the researchers determined the effectiveness of the production.
of salt,
20
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
Materials In order to produce the alternative ink, the researchers will use the following materials and equipments: 1.) Malunggay leaves 2.) Salt 3.) Vinegar 4.) Food coloring 5.) Empty ballpen 6.) Mortar and pestle 7.) Dextrose Steps Upon the production of alternative ink using Malunggay extract, the researchers went to follow these steps: 1.) Pour 1 cup of Malunggay leaves into the blender. 2.) Just add a little water then round up. 3.) Pour the ground Malunggay into the clean cloth and then squeeze the juice out. 4.) Add ½ tsp. of vinegar and ½ tsp. salt into the Malunggay extract and add food coloring and mix it well.
21
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
5.) Extract small amount of ink from the bowl using pipette or syringe. 6.) Release the ink into an empty ballpen cartridge. Repeat until the cartridge is full then replace the cartridge in the ballpen. 7.) Take the leaves of the Malunggay.
Schematic Diagram
22
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
Data Analysis The researchers will using scientific observation when it comes to collecting data. The researcher will be giving observation after conducting the experiment. This will determine the effectiveness of Malunggay extract as an alternative pen ink.
23
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
CHAPTER III RESULTS The researchers undergone experimentation and observation analysis and are able to know the advantage and disadvantage of using malunggay ink: ● Advantages The malunggay pen ink has no harmful chemicals since it is natural. It is also economically friendly since you will not spend money because it is readily available in the backyard and even in our neighborhood. It is natural and has no side effects. The production is cheap and have easy to find ingredients. ● Disadvantages
24
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
The disadvantage of using alternative pen ink is it has a lighter color intensity compared to chemical inks. In the production of Malunggay ink, the materials and equipment were put into use. The malunggay leaves produced green pigment from the extraction. The green pigment became the based color of the alternative ink. The juice of the malunggay leaves are watery: and so, green coloring were added for additional pigmentation. Upon the extraction of malunggay, 14 tbsp extract was obtained from 7 grams of malunggay. The 14 tbsp of malunggay extracts with specific amounts were properly mixed and stirred. The treatments were done to best know on how the quality of malunggay extract affect the mix in terms of mixture, hue, viscosity and rate of drying.
Mixture
Hue
Viscosity
Deep Green
Viscose
Rate of Drying
A 100%(6tbsp)
2:39 min.
Malunggay Extract (Concentrated) Table 1. Mixture A’s quality
25
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
As shown on table 1, the hue, viscosity and rate of drying were measured. This was one of the basis of which extract has the best qualities as an alternative ink. Mixture A in table 1 represents the percentage of Malunggay extract used which is 100%. Mixture A was not given any amount of food coloring for it serves as the original contrast among the other sets. Mixture A is composed of 6 tbsp of malunggay extract. The fact that mixture A was concentrated, it yielded a color of deep green which is viscous. In open air, Mixture A’s rate of drying is is just 2:39 minutes. Mixture
Hue
Viscosity
Light Green
Less viscous
Rate of Drying
B 1:1 ratio of Malunggay extract
3:41 min.
and food coloring (with water, salt and vinegar Table 2. Mixture B’s quality The color, viscosity and rate of drying were also measured in Mixture B as shown in Table 2. Unlike the first mixture, Mixture B is composed of different ingredients, primarily malunggay extract and food coloring and salt and vinegar. Mixture B has a ratio of 1:1 of Malunggay extract which has a percentage of 50%. This 50% is equivalent
26
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
to 3 tbsp of malunggay extract. This was combined with 50% of food coloring which in volume is 3 tbsp and mixed with specific amounts of salt and vinegar. Salt and vinegar were also mixed for the preservation of the mixture. Because of the amount of food coloring and malunggay extract that was mixed, Mixture B yielded a light green hue. The researchers tested the viscosity of the mixture and found out that it was less viscous than Mixture A. the rate of drying in Mixture B was longer which is 3:41 minutes. Mixture
Hue
Viscosity
Rate of Drying
C 2:3 ratio of Malunggay extract
2:42 min. Dark Green
Very Viscous
and food coloring (with water, salt and vinegar) Table 3. Mixture C’s Quality The same as Mixtures A and B, the hue, viscosity and rate of drying of Mixture C were also measured by the researchers. As shown in table 3, there is a 2:3 ratio of the primary ingredients of malunggay extract and food coloring in Mixture C. This comprised of 40% or 2 tbsp of malunggay extract and 60% or 3 tbsp of food coloring. Salt and vinegar were also mixed to preserve the mixture. Because of the amount of the
27
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
ingredients mixed, a dark green hue of the mixture was observed. The viscosity was also measured and the mixture was very viscous completely different from the other two mixtures. Mixture C’s rate of drying was 2:42 minutes. Mixture
Hue
Viscosity
Rate of Drying
D 3:2 ratio of Malunggay extract
2:53 min. Dark Green
Viscous
and food coloring (with water, salt and vinegar Table 4. Mixture D’s Quality Lastly, as shown in table 4, Mixture D is comprised 60% or 3 tbsp of Malunggay Extract with 40% or 2 tbsp of food coloring yielding a ratio of 2:3. The researchers also observed that the amount of the ingredients mixed resulted to the mixture’s dark green hue. However, compared to mixture C which is very viscous, mixture D was viscous only like Mixture A. The rate of drying of mixture D is 2:53 minutes. 2. The quality of malunggay affect the mix in terms of: 2.1 Mixture
28
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
The amount of ingredients mixed affected the quality of the mix. Mixture A has 100% of malunggay extract that served as the original contrast among the other sets. Having a ratio of 1:1, Mixture B contains 50% or 3 tbsp of malunggay extract and 50% or 3 tbsp of food coloring. Mixture C is comprised of 2 tbsp or 40% of malunggay extract and 3 tbsp or 60% of food coloring in a ratio of 2:3. Lastly, Mixture D comprises 60% or 3 tbsp of malunggay extract and 40% or 2 tbsp of food coloring yielding a ratio of 3:2. 2.2 Hue The ingredients’ amounts that were mixed affected the hues of the different mixtures. Mixture A has a deep green hue. Mixture B has a light green hue. Mixture C and Meach of the mixture D have both dark green hue. 2.3 Viscosity The mixtures had different amounts of ingredients mixed. This affected the viscosity of mixtures. Mixture A and Mixture D were both viscous. Mixture B was less viscous. Among the four, Mixture C had the highest viscosity. 2.4 Rate of Drying The rate of drying was also affected because of the amounts of ingredients mixed in each mixture. Mixture A’s rate of drying had the lowest rate and was 2:39 minutes only. Mixture B’s rate of drying had the highest and was 3:41 minutes. Mixture C’s rate of drying was 2:42 minutes. The rate of drying of Mixture D is 2:53.
29
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
From the results above, the researchers found out that mixture C contains the best quality as it has got the highest viscosity among the four which is a significant factor of a quality of any ink. Its dark green hue is also more preferable as it is more visible. To furthermore know the quality of this ink, Mixture C was subjected to different types of surfaces. Mixture C ink has been placed on a plastic syringe and transferred in an ink tube. This was tested and applied to different surfaces. Certain qualities of the ink were measured to know the extent of utilization of alternative ink as a substitution of current production in terms of types of surfaces, rate of drying, consistency and intensity of color. Type of Surface
Rate of Drying
Consistency
Intensity of Color
3:40 min.
Very Low
Green
Ordinary Bond Paper
Table 5 The researchers first tested the chosen ink to an ordinary bond paper and observed that the rate of drying was 3:40 minutes. Its consistency was very low resulting a great dissipation of the ink in the bond paper. Its intensity of color is green resulting to its low visibility. Type of Surface
Rate of Drying
Consistency
Intensity of Color
Illustration Board
7:40 min.
Low
Light Green
Table 6
30
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
The second attempt was done in an illustration board. The rate of drying of the ink was longer compared to the first attempt which is 7:40 minutes. The long rate of drying was caused by the quality of the surface used which is the rough illustration board. It consistency is low and the ink dissipates still. The intensity of color was light green causing its very low visibility.
Type of Surface
Rate of Drying
Consistency
Intensity of Color
2:31 min.
Medium
Dark Green
Ordinary Intermediate Paper
Table 7 Lastly, the attempt was done in an intermediate paper. 2:31 minutes was covered by the ink in terms of its rate of drying in the paper. The ink has a medium consistency and the intensity of color is dark green making it more visible than the other first two attempts in the different surfaces.
3. The extent of the utilization of alternative ink as substitution of current production of ink in terms of: 3.1 Types of Surface
31
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
The types of surfaces used were an ordinary bond paper, illustration board and intermediate paper and these affected the extent of utilization of the alternative ink. The alternative ink was most utilized and applicable to the intermediate paper as it had a smooth surface that is very applicable for any ink. 3.2 Rate of Drying The rate of drying depended on the type of surface used. The rate of drying was longer in rough surfaces such as the illustration board which has a rate of drying of 7:04 minutes. It was shorter in smooth surfaces such as in the ordinary bond paper which has a rate of 3:40 minutes and in the intermediate paper which has a rate of 2:31 minutes. 3.3 Consistency The consistency of the ink also depended on the type of surface used. The ink in the ordinary bond paper had the lowest consistency while in the intermediate paper, it had the highest.
3.4 Intensity of Color
32
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
The type of surface used affected the intensity of color of the alternative ink. The intensity of color in the ordinary bond paper was green. In the illustration board, the intensity of color was light green. Lastly, in the intermediate paper, the intensity of color was dark green. The qualities are measured. Based on the on the above results, the researchers thus conclude that the most applicable surface for this ink is intermediate sheet paper.
33
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION Summary of findings The advantages of using malunggay extract as alternative ink it that it has no harmful chemicals, is economically friendly, it is natural and has no side effects and lastly, the production is cheap and the ingredients are highly accessible. The disadvantage of using alternative pen ink is it has a lighter color intensity compared to chemical inks The researchers found out that mixture C contains the best quality as it has got the highest viscosity among the four which is a significant factor of a quality of any ink. Its dark green hue is also more preferable as it is more visible. The qualities are also measured. Based on the on the data gathered, the researchers thus conclude that the most applicable surface for this ink is intermediate sheet paper. Conclusion The researchers have concluded the following from its results and findings: 1. The malunggay ink production is cheaper than present ballpens. 2. The malunggay extract can be used as an alternative pen ink.
34
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
3. The malunggay ink dissipates more than the current ballpen ink. 4. The malunggay ink needs more food coloring in order to make it more visible. 5. The malunggay ink has a slower rate of drying than current ballpens. 6. The malunggay ink is most applicable in smooth-type of surface. 7. The more viscous, the higher the consistency of the malunggay ink. 8. The malunggay ink needs to have thick consistency to make it more effective.
Recommendations The researchers would like to recommend the future researchers who are interested in developing studies about inks to try another alternative ingredient that has a darker color extract in nature to improve the color of the ingredients for better results, and has thick consistency, for the ink when used for writing will not be dissipated. The researchers’ also advocates re-associating the difference between the two inks by using other tests in order to justify the result if this study. Furthermore, having a good quality ink must be focused on before undergoing a series of test.
35
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
REFERENCES Anwar, F., Latif, S., Ashraf, M., Gilani, A.H. (2012) Retrieved from
<
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17089328> Ceron,
J.
(2013).
Retrieved
from
<
https://www.vbook.pub.com/doc/129510514/Narra-Bark-as-Ink-pdf > Encyclopedia (2012). Retrieved from < http://www.encyclopedia.com/ > Joybilee
Farm
(2012).
Retrieved
from
<
from
<
from
<
https://joybileefarm.com/how-to-make-ink-from-natural-dyes-part-2/ > Lehnhardt,
P.
(2015).
Retrieved
http://www.hobbyfarms.com/5-natural-ink-recipes-2/ > Mangante,
M.
(2014).
Retrieved
http://www.papercamp.com/essay/127789/Alternative-Ink-Using-Malunggay-Leaves-Ext ract >
36
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
Moore (2015). Retrieved from < https://www.sustainablebusinesstoolkit.com/benefits-of-eco-solventinks/ > Quilala, J. (2012) < https://www.slideshare.net/Charlotte122899/investigatory-project > Sunga, L., Dulfo, M., Ortega, J., Gaspacho, C. (2013). Retrieved from < https://prezi.com/5kvfh91gb-x7/making-ink-out-of-charcoal-101/ > Study
Moose
Retrieved
(2016).
from
<
https://studymoose.com/the-feasibility-of-moringa-oleifera-essay > TermPaper Warehouse (2017). Retrieved from < https://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Alternative-Ink-From-Charcoal/401539 > The
Superfood
Grocer
(2013).
http://www.thesuperfoodgrocer.com/products/organic-moringa-malunggay >
<
37
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
APPENDICES
38
New Era University
General Santos City Senior High School Department Aparente Street, Purok Malakas, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
Related Documents
Malunggay Leaves As An Alternative Pen Ink
January 2021 1
Pen And Ink
February 2021 1
Pen & Ink Exercises - Guptill
January 2021 1
Pen And Ink Drawing Workbook.pdf
January 2021 1
Pen & Ink Drawing (a Simple Guide)
February 2021 1
More Documents from "Gelo Datu"
Tarea De Dinamica Unidad 5
January 2021 1
Cambiadores De Calor En Serie.docx
January 2021 2
05_macroeconomia
February 2021 0
Trabajo_colaborativo_tarea_2_212028_29
February 2021 2
