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Bioethanol
By:
Wisnu Yoga Prasetya 23 KE-2D
Why we need alternative fuels?
Continuous depletion of limited fossil fuel stock (Global issue).
Ensure protection and betterment of the environment (Global issue).
To be dependent on foreign nations for energy
What is bioethanol? ethanol (ethyl alcohol), a form of renewable energy that can be produced from plants. Ethanol is often used as an additive gasoline so into biofuel. Ethanol can be made from common crops such as sugar cane , potato , cassava , and corn.
What are the production schemes for bioethanol?
Bioethanol is mainly produced in three ways.
1. Direct conversion of
sugar to ethanol
This is usually done using molasses.
Molasses is a thick dark syrup produced by boiling down juice from sugarcane; specially during sugar refining. As molasses is a by product, ethanol production from molasses is not done in a large scale around the world. The main reaction involved is fermentation yeast
C6H12O6
2 C2H5OH
sugar (e.g.:-glucose)
ethanol
+
2 CO2 carbon dioxide
There are 3 ways
Wet milling
1.
The process of separating the corn kernel into starch, protein, germ and fiber in an aqueous medium prior to fermentation
The primary products
starch and starch-derived products (e.g. high fructose corn syrup and ethanol)
corn oil, corn gluten, and corn gluten .
Dry milling
2.
The entire corn kernel is first ground into flour and the starch in the flour is converted to ethanol via fermentation.
Other than ethanol
carbon dioxide - carbonated beverage industry
distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) - animal feed
Malting
3.
Steep the corn in water, start germination, stop germination at a particular by drying to stop further growth.
2. Conversion of starch to sugar and then sugar to ethanol 1) wheat
Fermentation conditions
Temperature - 32˚C and 35˚C pH - 5.2. Ethanol is produced at 10-15% concentration and the solution is distilled to produce ethanol at higher concentrations
2) sugar cane
Simplest of all the processes
• Fermentation conditions are similar to the above process
3) Corn
3. Conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose to ethanol
4 steps
1.
Pretreatment
2.
Hydrolysis
3.
Fermentation
4.
Distillation of the product mixture to separate ethanol
Challenge for the future Using crops that can be used for food, to produce bio-fuels
Government support of biofuels with tax breaks, mandated use, and subsidies.
land that was also formerly used to grow crops for food is now used to grow crops for biofuels
placing energy markets in competition with food markets
Improvement of the cellulosic ethanol production process
How does environmental impact of bioethanol technologies?
Positives
Uses energy from renewable energy sources; no net CO2 is added to the atmosphere, making ethanol an environmentally beneficial energy source
Toxicity of exhaust emissions is lower than that of petroleum sources
Energy crops grown for the production of ethanol absorbs huge amounts of green house gases (GHG) released by the burning of fossil fuels.
Ethanol contains 35% oxygen that helps complete combustion of fuel and thus reduces particulate emission that pose health hazard to living beings.
Negatives
Deriving ethanol from crops (eg:- corn) consumes copious amounts of nitrogen fertilizer and extensive top-soil erosion associated with cultivation of this particular crop.
contamination of the Mississippi River -‘dead zone’
Recent researches
Manipulate nitrogen metabolism and fixation pathways to reduce the dependence on environmentally damaging fertilizers.
To enhance performance of enzymes, encapsulate enzymes in silicon or carbon nanostructures, providing enzymes with protection from pH and thermal denaturation.
Genetically manipulate Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) so that it can ferment both C5 sugars and C6 sugars