Bio Mechanics Of Jumping
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www.***.net
Biomechanics of Jumping
www.***.net
Mechanical Factors
Speed at takeoff
Height at takeoff
Angle at takeoff
Balance and rotations that occur during flight
www.***.net
Speed at Takeoff
Influenced by 2 distinct forces from run-up to takeoff
Horizontal component
Vertical component
To slow horizontal while producing vertical
Gradual acceleration progression
Constant increase in both SF and SL
www.***.net
Speed at Takeoff Problems
of slowing
Negative
foot speed
Braking
with takeoff foot too far back on heel Allowing
hips to be too slow in running position
www.***.net
Height at takeoff
High CG means athlete remains airborne longer
3 techniques that aid in raising CG
Run as tall and erect as possible
Shortening the last stride
High body velocity at takeoff
www.***.net
Angle at Takeoff
www.***.net
Angle at Takeoff
www.***.net
Angle at Takeoff
www.***.net
Balance and Rotations Rotational
speed increases or decreases as lever length changes Lengthening/shortening
arms, legs or trunk
www.***.net
Jumping Events To obtain a maximum displacement of CG in a given direction Long jump
Horizontal direction
Triple jump High jump Pole vault
Vertical direction
www.***.net
Long Jump
www.***.net
Long Jump Consist
of 4 consecutive parts
Run-up Takeoff Flight Landing
www.***.net
Basic Considerations
Takeoff distance
Flight distance
Distance that CG travels
Landing distance
Distance between front edge of takeoff board and CG at takeoff
Distance between CG at landing and marks on sand
Ratio – 3.5% :88.5% :8%
www.***.net
www.***.net
Distance
Takeoff distance
Flight distance
Height of Speed of takeoff takeoff
Accuracy of physics Body position takeoff at takeoff
Angle of takeoff
Landing distance
Air resistance
Body position at touchdown
Action on landing
www.***.net
Approach
To get athlete to optimum position for takeoff
Length of run-up depends on
Sprinting velocity
Ability to maintain stride’s pattern
Last 3-4 strides, change in body position
www.***.net
Takeoff
To obtain vertical velocity while retaining as much horizontal velocity as possible
Little flexion to cushion shock of impact
To position leg for vigorous extension
CG moves forward over and beyond takeoff foot
www.***.net
Flight
To assume optimum body position for landing
There are 3 in-the-air techniques
Sail technique
Hang technique
Hitch-kick technique
www.***.net
Sail Technique
www.***.net
Hang Technique
www.***.net
Hitch-Kick Technique
www.***.net
Landing Correct landing
Incorrect landing
www.***.net
Triple Jump
www.***.net
Basic Considerations
Consist of 3 phases
The hop
The step
The jump
10:7:10 for beginner
10:8:9 for top performers
Flat technique (low hop and step, high jump) 7:6:7
www.***.net
The Hop
www.***.net
The Hop
Flat to lower CG
Load up thigh muscles to provide supercontraction and to minimize ground contact duration
Trunk remains upright
Extending arms bw to minimize fw rotation during flight
www.***.net
The Step
www.***.net
The Step
To maintain horizontal speed, balance during flight and landing
To control forward rotations
Using double-arm style
www.***.net
The Jump
www.***.net
Single arm action
The arm opposite the free leg drives forward and up to shoulder level
The angle at the elbow should be between 80 and 110 degrees
www.***.net
Double arm action
The lead arm crosses slightly in front of the body on penultimate step of approach phase
At the take-off step, arm pauses next to the body
As the take-off foot contacts the ground, both arms drive forward and up to shoulder height
The angle of the arms at the elbows > 90 degrees to create a more powerful impulse forward
www.***.net
High Jump
www.***.net
Basic Considerations
Consists of 3 separate heights
H1 – height at takeoff
H2 – height during flight
H3 – difference between max height and height of bar
www.***.net
www.***.net
Height
H1
Physics
H2
Body Position at takeoff
H3
Vertical Velocity at takeoff
Vertical Velocity at takeoff
Body Movements Position at over bar peak Vertical Impulse
Vertical Forces exerted at takeoff
Time of takeoff
www.***.net
Approach
There are 3 methods of performing approach run
Fosbury’s original 8-step curved
J approach
Hook approach
Fosbury’s Original 8-step Curved Allow
to lean away from bar Be
vertical at takeoff But ; Unable
to produce high speed Unable
to show consistency of momentum
www.***.net
www.***.net
J Approach Easy
to establish momentum Constant tempo acceleration Constant distant and curve Exact placement of each foot Exact takeoff spot with lateral lean away from bar
www.***.net
Hook Approach Easy, smooth transition Momentum, speed and lean happen gradually But ; May get out too wide
www.***.net
Takeoff Fw
and uw swing of
lead legs and arm(s) Increase
magnitude
of vertical force Impart
angular
momentum to body Increase
at takeoff
height of CG
www.***.net
www.***.net
www.***.net
www.***.net
www.***.net
www.***.net
www.***.net
www.***.net
Bar Clearance
www.***.net
bar height cleared
peak height reached by center of mass (c.m.)
effectiveness of bar clearance
www.***.net
progression of bar clearance effectiveness (no technique)
legsup ~1800
By lifting the legs, the trunk and head get lower, and the c.m. stays at the same peak height as before. But the athlete can clear a higher bar. If a high jumper remains in a straight vertical position after taking off from the ground, the height of the bar that the feet can clear will be far below the peak height of the c.m.
www.***.net
progression of bar clearance effectiveness legsup
scissors ~1874
www.***.net
progression of bar clearance effectiveness scissors
eastern cutoff ~1892
www.***.net
progression of bar clearance effectiveness eastern cutoff
western roll ~1912
www.***.net
progression of bar clearance effectiveness western roll
straddle ~1930
www.***.net
progression of bar clearance effectiveness straddle
dive straddle ~1960
www.***.net
progression of bar clearance effectiveness dive straddle
Fosburyflop ~1967
www.***.net
straddle
Fosburyflop
bar clearance on the stomach
bar clearance on the back
straight runup
curved runup
strong doublearm actions, and straight lead leg
weaker arm actions, and bent lead leg
fast runup
even faster runup
www.***.net
Straddle
Fosburyflop
www.***.net
The doublearm swing and the straight lead leg action are backward (counterclockwise) rotations …
www.***.net
www.***.net
… so they favor the generation of the counterclockwise rotation generally needed in the air for the straddle bar clearance.
www.***.net
www.***.net
However, in the Fosburyflop this would not be good, because for the Fosburyflop you need to make a clockwise rotation in the air.
www.***.net
www.***.net
www.***.net
www.***.net
www.***.net
www.***.net
Fosbury-flop
www.***.net
Landing
www.***.net
Pole Vault
www.***.net
Basic Considerations
Consist of 4 separate parts
Height of CG at takeoff – H1
Height of CG raised while on the pole
Height of CG in airborne
Difference between max height and height of bar
www.***.net
www.***.net
Height H1
Physics
Body Position at takeoff
H2
H3
H4
Velocity Body Movement at release Position over bar at Peak
Kinetic Strain Work done Mechanical Kinetic energy at energy at during energy energy at takeoff takeoff ascent losses release
www.***.net
Energy Changes ∆Ep = Ek at takeoff + Estrain at takeoff + Work done at takeoff - mechanical energy losses - Ek at release
www.***.net
www.***.net
www.***.net
www.***.net
www.***.net
Biomechanics of Jumping
www.***.net
Mechanical Factors
Speed at takeoff
Height at takeoff
Angle at takeoff
Balance and rotations that occur during flight
www.***.net
Speed at Takeoff
Influenced by 2 distinct forces from run-up to takeoff
Horizontal component
Vertical component
To slow horizontal while producing vertical
Gradual acceleration progression
Constant increase in both SF and SL
www.***.net
Speed at Takeoff Problems
of slowing
Negative
foot speed
Braking
with takeoff foot too far back on heel Allowing
hips to be too slow in running position
www.***.net
Height at takeoff
High CG means athlete remains airborne longer
3 techniques that aid in raising CG
Run as tall and erect as possible
Shortening the last stride
High body velocity at takeoff
www.***.net
Angle at Takeoff
www.***.net
Angle at Takeoff
www.***.net
Angle at Takeoff
www.***.net
Balance and Rotations Rotational
speed increases or decreases as lever length changes Lengthening/shortening
arms, legs or trunk
www.***.net
Jumping Events To obtain a maximum displacement of CG in a given direction Long jump
Horizontal direction
Triple jump High jump Pole vault
Vertical direction
www.***.net
Long Jump
www.***.net
Long Jump Consist
of 4 consecutive parts
Run-up Takeoff Flight Landing
www.***.net
Basic Considerations
Takeoff distance
Flight distance
Distance that CG travels
Landing distance
Distance between front edge of takeoff board and CG at takeoff
Distance between CG at landing and marks on sand
Ratio – 3.5% :88.5% :8%
www.***.net
www.***.net
Distance
Takeoff distance
Flight distance
Height of Speed of takeoff takeoff
Accuracy of physics Body position takeoff at takeoff
Angle of takeoff
Landing distance
Air resistance
Body position at touchdown
Action on landing
www.***.net
Approach
To get athlete to optimum position for takeoff
Length of run-up depends on
Sprinting velocity
Ability to maintain stride’s pattern
Last 3-4 strides, change in body position
www.***.net
Takeoff
To obtain vertical velocity while retaining as much horizontal velocity as possible
Little flexion to cushion shock of impact
To position leg for vigorous extension
CG moves forward over and beyond takeoff foot
www.***.net
Flight
To assume optimum body position for landing
There are 3 in-the-air techniques
Sail technique
Hang technique
Hitch-kick technique
www.***.net
Sail Technique
www.***.net
Hang Technique
www.***.net
Hitch-Kick Technique
www.***.net
Landing Correct landing
Incorrect landing
www.***.net
Triple Jump
www.***.net
Basic Considerations
Consist of 3 phases
The hop
The step
The jump
10:7:10 for beginner
10:8:9 for top performers
Flat technique (low hop and step, high jump) 7:6:7
www.***.net
The Hop
www.***.net
The Hop
Flat to lower CG
Load up thigh muscles to provide supercontraction and to minimize ground contact duration
Trunk remains upright
Extending arms bw to minimize fw rotation during flight
www.***.net
The Step
www.***.net
The Step
To maintain horizontal speed, balance during flight and landing
To control forward rotations
Using double-arm style
www.***.net
The Jump
www.***.net
Single arm action
The arm opposite the free leg drives forward and up to shoulder level
The angle at the elbow should be between 80 and 110 degrees
www.***.net
Double arm action
The lead arm crosses slightly in front of the body on penultimate step of approach phase
At the take-off step, arm pauses next to the body
As the take-off foot contacts the ground, both arms drive forward and up to shoulder height
The angle of the arms at the elbows > 90 degrees to create a more powerful impulse forward
www.***.net
High Jump
www.***.net
Basic Considerations
Consists of 3 separate heights
H1 – height at takeoff
H2 – height during flight
H3 – difference between max height and height of bar
www.***.net
www.***.net
Height
H1
Physics
H2
Body Position at takeoff
H3
Vertical Velocity at takeoff
Vertical Velocity at takeoff
Body Movements Position at over bar peak Vertical Impulse
Vertical Forces exerted at takeoff
Time of takeoff
www.***.net
Approach
There are 3 methods of performing approach run
Fosbury’s original 8-step curved
J approach
Hook approach
Fosbury’s Original 8-step Curved Allow
to lean away from bar Be
vertical at takeoff But ; Unable
to produce high speed Unable
to show consistency of momentum
www.***.net
www.***.net
J Approach Easy
to establish momentum Constant tempo acceleration Constant distant and curve Exact placement of each foot Exact takeoff spot with lateral lean away from bar
www.***.net
Hook Approach Easy, smooth transition Momentum, speed and lean happen gradually But ; May get out too wide
www.***.net
Takeoff Fw
and uw swing of
lead legs and arm(s) Increase
magnitude
of vertical force Impart
angular
momentum to body Increase
at takeoff
height of CG
www.***.net
www.***.net
www.***.net
www.***.net
www.***.net
www.***.net
www.***.net
www.***.net
Bar Clearance
www.***.net
bar height cleared
peak height reached by center of mass (c.m.)
effectiveness of bar clearance
www.***.net
progression of bar clearance effectiveness (no technique)
legsup ~1800
By lifting the legs, the trunk and head get lower, and the c.m. stays at the same peak height as before. But the athlete can clear a higher bar. If a high jumper remains in a straight vertical position after taking off from the ground, the height of the bar that the feet can clear will be far below the peak height of the c.m.
www.***.net
progression of bar clearance effectiveness legsup
scissors ~1874
www.***.net
progression of bar clearance effectiveness scissors
eastern cutoff ~1892
www.***.net
progression of bar clearance effectiveness eastern cutoff
western roll ~1912
www.***.net
progression of bar clearance effectiveness western roll
straddle ~1930
www.***.net
progression of bar clearance effectiveness straddle
dive straddle ~1960
www.***.net
progression of bar clearance effectiveness dive straddle
Fosburyflop ~1967
www.***.net
straddle
Fosburyflop
bar clearance on the stomach
bar clearance on the back
straight runup
curved runup
strong doublearm actions, and straight lead leg
weaker arm actions, and bent lead leg
fast runup
even faster runup
www.***.net
Straddle
Fosburyflop
www.***.net
The doublearm swing and the straight lead leg action are backward (counterclockwise) rotations …
www.***.net
www.***.net
… so they favor the generation of the counterclockwise rotation generally needed in the air for the straddle bar clearance.
www.***.net
www.***.net
However, in the Fosburyflop this would not be good, because for the Fosburyflop you need to make a clockwise rotation in the air.
www.***.net
www.***.net
www.***.net
www.***.net
www.***.net
www.***.net
Fosbury-flop
www.***.net
Landing
www.***.net
Pole Vault
www.***.net
Basic Considerations
Consist of 4 separate parts
Height of CG at takeoff – H1
Height of CG raised while on the pole
Height of CG in airborne
Difference between max height and height of bar
www.***.net
www.***.net
Height H1
Physics
Body Position at takeoff
H2
H3
H4
Velocity Body Movement at release Position over bar at Peak
Kinetic Strain Work done Mechanical Kinetic energy at energy at during energy energy at takeoff takeoff ascent losses release
www.***.net
Energy Changes ∆Ep = Ek at takeoff + Estrain at takeoff + Work done at takeoff - mechanical energy losses - Ek at release
www.***.net
www.***.net
www.***.net
www.***.net
www.***.net
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