Community Engagement Module 2 Functions Of Communities In Terms Of Structures Dynamics And Processes

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Community Engagement, Solidarity and Citizenship Module 2 – Quarter 1 Functions of Communities in Terms of Structures, Dynamics, and Processes

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Community Engagement, Solidarity, and Citizenship (CSC) Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 2: Functions of Communities in Terms of Structures, Dynamics, and Processes First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Assistant Secretary: Alma Ruby C. Torio

Author: Content Editor: Language Editor: Proofreader : Layout Artist: Development Team: Chairperson:

Development Team of the Module Leterin II G. Agcopra Michael M. Taytay Elbert T. Maestre Presentacion P. Alarba Ivy O. Niñeza

Dr. Arturo B. Bayocot, CESO III Regional Director Co-Chairpersons: Dr. Victor G. De Gracia Jr. CESO V Assistant Regional Director Jonathan S. dela Peña, PhD, CESO V Schools Division Superintendent Rowena H. Para-on, PhD Assistant Schools Division Superintendent Mala Epra B. Magnaong, Chief ES, CLMD Members: Neil A. Improgo, PhD, EPS-LRMS; Bienvenido U. Tagolimot, Jr., PhD, EPS-ADM; Erlinda G. Dael, PhD, CID Chief; Maria Teresa M. Absin, EPS (English); Celieto B. Magsayo, LRMS Manager; Loucile L. Paclar, Librarian II; Kim Eric G. Lubguban, PDO II

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education - Alternative Delivery Mode (DepEd-ADM) Office Address: Masterson Avenue, Upper Balulang, Zone 1, Cagayan de Oro City, Cagayan de Oro, Lalawigan ng Misamis Oriental Telefax: E-mail Address:

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Community Engagement, Solidarity and Citizenship Module 1 – Quarter 1 Functions of Communities in Terms of Structures, Dynamics, and Processes

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and/or universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at [email protected].

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines ii

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. Cover page

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Copyright page

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Table of Contents

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What I Need to Know

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What Should I Expect

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Things to Remember to Get Through

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What Should I Expect

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What I Know

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What’s New

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Assessment

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Additional Activities

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Answer Key

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References

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WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

This module focuses on the functions of communities in terms of structures, dynamics, and processes. Community Dynamics is the change and development involved in a community that includes all forms of living organisms. Community Action is putting communities as the center of the services development and services delivery. This initiative aims to cater the primary needs of the communities before implementing it. In such way, *community action* will help the community dynamics or the degree of improvement of the community. It is important to understand these two because these will propel the success and stability of the communities. They go hand in hand and are proportionally related.

WHAT SHOULD I EXPECT

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: 1. describe the community networks and functions; 2. analyze the functions of communities in terms of structures, dynamics and processes; 3. appreciate the value of networks and functions of community; and 4.discuss the community development process.

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THINGS TO REMEMBER TO GET THROUGH To learn the benefits from this module, follow the steps below: 1. Read the module title and the module introduction to get an idea of what the module covers. Specifically, read the first two sections of this module carefully. The first section tells you what this module is all about while the second section tells you of what you are expected to learn. 2. Never move on to the next page unless you have done what you are expected to do in the previous page. Before you start each lesson, read first the INSTRUCTIONS. 3. Work on the activities. Take note of the skills that each activity is helping you to develop. 4. Take the Post-Test after you are done with all the lessons and activities in the module. 5. Meet with your teacher. Ask him/her about any difficulty or confusion you have encountered in this module. 6. Finally, prepare and gather all your outputs and submit them to your teacher. 7. Please write all your answers of the tests, activities, exercises, and others in your separate activity notebook.

GOOD LUCK AS YOU BEGIN THIS MODULE!

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WHAT SHOULD I EXPECT Learning Competency 1B: Define using various perspectives, e.g., social sciences, institutions, civil society, and local/grassroots level HUMSS_CSC12-IIa-c-2 (2 hours). At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: 1. describe the community networks and functions; 2. analyze the functions of communities in terms of structures, dynamics and processes; 3. appreciate the value of networks and functions of community; and 4.discuss the community development process.

WHAT I KNOW

Instruction: Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false. Write your answer in your notebook. 1. Community structure means the internal structure of an employment area, town, city, neighbourhood or another urban area. 2. Communities may be small, consisting of few species populations in a small space, or large, comprising several species populations in a large area. 3. Community development is a process where community members come together to take collective action and generate solutions to common problems. 4. Mutual support in the community will enable its members to cooperate to accomplish tasks too large or too urgent to be handled by a single person. 5. Community dynamics are the changes in community structure and composition over time.

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WHAT’S NEW I. FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNITY

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Community and its Five Functions A community is a group of people in the same geographic area, under common laws, that has a sense of fellowship, belonging, and obligation to the group. Types of communities are a neighbourhood, church, a mom's group, a town, girl scouts etc. The community has five functions: production-distribution-consumption, socialization, social control, social participation, and mutual support. 1. Production, Distribution, Consumption The community provides its members with the means to make a living. This may be agriculture, industry, or services. No community can survive if it does not provide some way for its people to make a living and obtain the material resources that they need for living. This involves, first of all, the industrial sector (broadly understood). Someone has to take raw material and fashion it into some sort of useful product. It is also the transportation/warehousing/retail sector, since somehow the goods that are produced have to be moved to and through the market. Finally, production and distribution are useless if there is no one to buy or use it, if there is no “market.” When Henry Ford was criticized for paying his laborers the princely sum of $5 a day (a lot of money in 1920), he replied that all those cars he was making were no good if no one could afford to buy them. 2. Socialization The community has means by which it instils its norms and values in its members. This may be tradition, modelling, and/or formal education. No community can survive if it does not arrange for its continuation. A way must be found for children to learn what they will need to know to be adults; for workers to develop the knowledge, skills and abilities to do their jobs; for in-migrants (whether they are from the neighboring State or from across the ocean) to learn “how we do things here.” 3. Social Control The community has the means to enforce adherence to community values. This may be group pressure to to conform and/or formal laws. Communities are incredibly complex systems. For all those players (whether human or corporate) are to move around and “do their thing,” there have to be “traffic rules” to keep them from crashing into each other. Only the smallest part of social control is “busting bad guys”; much of it is an issue of forming and enforcing contracts (mutual agreements about who will do what to whom how and with what) and supporting the “social contract” (those “rules” of what is expected of one that were learned through socialization). This function is also often referred to as “boundary maintenance.” 4. Social Participation The community fulfils the need for companionship. This may occur in a neighbourhood, church, business, or other group. In part, it is through participation that much of those functions is accomplished.

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5. Mutual Support The community enables its members to cooperate to accomplish tasks too large or too urgent to be handled by a single person. Supporting a community hospital with tax dollars and donations is an example of people cooperating to accomplish the task of health care. Finally, one of the purposes of community is to “share the journey,” and to motivate and encourage each other along the way Community Networks and Community Development Communities comprises of individuals, families, groups, organizations and institutions, all of which, both individually and collectively, contribute to and effect the development of the whole.

How Community Involvement Influences Socialization? Physical Factors: Population, noise, community design/arrangement and of housing, play settings. Is it safe to go out and ride a bike? Was it only safe to play inside? Is the subway or bus the main transportation or is a personal car? Where does playing take place, on the streets? In an enrichment class? All of these can affect the child's socialization. It affects what they do, who they do it with, and where they do it- the community. Social and Personal Factors: The neighborhood setting, patterns of community interaction. How do people interact with one another and build relationships? Do they do it at all? Are the people loving and caring, or mean and neglectful? Are neighbors close or far apart? Again, the people in the community and how they interact with one another is a socializing agent.

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The Community as a Support System The community can serve as a support system for families. It can provide informal support, when families watch each other’s children. Or it can be formal support, like when it helps family through publicly or privately funded community services. Preventative Services (Parks, recreation, and Education): These attempt to lessen the stresses and strains of life resulting from social and technological changes and to avert problems. For example, parks and recreations programs set up in rapidly developing urban areas are meant to be used by children in their free time to keep them from engaging in bad behavior. Supportive Services (Child and Family): These include educational programs, counselling services, health services, policies related to demographic changes, employment training, and community development projects. These services maintain the health, education, and welfare of the community. Rehabilitative Services (Correction, Mental Health, and Special Needs): These services enable or restore people's ability to participate in the community effectively. II. STRUCTURES OF COMMUNITY

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/community-structure-and-dynamics/

Community structure means the internal structure of an employment area, town, city, neighbourhood or another urban area. It includes the population and housing, jobs and production, service and leisure time areas, along with transport routes and technical networks, their location and relationships. Communities are complex entities that can be characterized by their structure (the types and numbers of species present) and dynamics (how communities change over time). Understanding community structure and dynamics enables community ecologists to manage ecosystems more effectively.

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Communities may be small, consisting of few species populations in a small space, or large, comprising several species populations in a large area. The community structures, composition and other characteristics can be readily described by visual observation without actual measurement. This is a qualitative approach which is easier than the quantitative population analysis where measurements are actually made. Communities usually categories by the ecologists in various ways primarily based of habitat features like water availability, high exposure, or other habitat features. For instance, depending on the amount of water availability, plant communities may be hydrophytic (aquatic habitats), mesophytic (moderately moist soil habitat) and xerophytic (dry or arid habitat). Similarly, communities growing on conditions of abundant light are called heliophytic and those growing in shade sciophytic. Identically communities growing on various habitats designated as desert communities, mountain communities and estuarine communities and so on. In general, a community is dynamic since it changes over time. This dynamic nature is reflected in the succession of organisms in a habitat. A series of changes result in the development of a relatively stable community, which maintains its structure and influences the climate of the area. Such a stable and mature community is called a climax community, while communities of successional stages are called seral communities. The plant community structures, composition and other characterizes can be described in both qualitative and quantitative means. III. DYNAMICS OF COMMUNITY

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Community dynamics are the changes in community structure and composition over time. Sometimes these changes are induced by environmental disturbances such as volcanoes, earthquakes, storms, fires, and climate change. Communities with a stable structure are said to be at equilibrium. Following a disturbance, the community may or may not return to the equilibrium state. Communities are dynamic systems constantly interacting with another system, the environment, which is equally dynamic. The community charges are gradual and imperceptible at any time but easily recognizable if observed at regular intervals over a long period of time. Seasonal changes in plant communities always occur at every place, particularly in areas where temperature variation is significant. However, in course of very long period of time at many places the communities have reached a peak stage and attained a dynamic balance with the environmental changes. The process of change in communities and their environment at one place in the course of time is called “ecological succession”. IV. PROCESSES OF COMMUNITY Community is a process. The importance of this as the fundamental principle of sociology it is impossible to over- estimate. Physical science based on the study of function is a study of process. The Freudian psychology, based on the study of the 'wish,' is preeminently a study of process and points towards new definitions of personality, purpose, will, freedom. If we study community as a process, we reach these new definitions. For community is a creative process. It is creative because it is a process of integrating. The Freudian psychology, as interpreted and expanded by Holt,' gives us a clear exposition of the process of integrating in the individual. It shows us that personality is produced through the integrating of 'wishes,' that is, courses of action which the organism sets itself to carry out. The essence of the Freudian psychology is that two courses of action are not mutually exclusive, that one does not 'suppress' the other. It shows plainly that to integrate is not to absorb, melt, fuse, or to reconcile in the so-called Hegelian sense. The creative power of the individual appears not when one 'wish' dominates others, but when all 'wishes' unite in a working whole. Community Organization Community organization refers to organizing aimed at making desired improvements to a community's social health, well-being, and overall functioning. Community organization occurs in geographically, psychosocially, culturally, spiritually, and/or digitally bounded communities. Community organization includes community work, community projects, community development, community empowerment, community building, and community mobilization. It is a commonly used model for organizing community within community projects, neighborhoods, organizations, voluntary associations, localities, and social networks, which may operate as ways to mobilize around geography, shared space, shared experience, interest, need, and/or concern.

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Community organization is a process by which a community identifies needs or objectives, takes action, and through this process, develops cooperative and collaborative attitudes and practices within a community.

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Community development is a process where community members come together to take collective action and generate solutions to common problems. Community well being (economic, social, environmental and cultural) often evolves from this type of collective action being taken at a grassroots level. Community development ranges from small initiatives within a small group to large initiatives that involve the broader community. Effective community development should be: 

a long-term endeavour

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well-planned

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inclusive and equitable

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holistic and integrated into the bigger picture

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initiated and supported by community members

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of benefit to the community

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grounded in experience that leads to best practices

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Community development is a grassroots process by which communities: 

become more responsible

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organize and plan together

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develop healthy lifestyle options

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empower themselves

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reduce poverty and suffering

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create employment and economic opportunities

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achieve social, economic, cultural and environmental goals

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Community development seeks to improve quality of life. Effective community development results in mutual benefit and shared responsibility among community members. Such development recognizes: 

the connection between social, cultural, environmental and economic matters;

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the diversity of interests within a community; and

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its relationship to building capacity.

Community development helps to build community capacity in order to address issues and take advantage of opportunities, find common ground and balance competing interests. It doesn’t just happen – capacity building requires both a conscious and a conscientious effort to do something (or many things) to improve the community.

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Development

The term development often carries an assumption of growth and expansion. During the industrial era, development was strongly connected to increased speed, volume and size. However, many people are currently questioning the concept of growth for numerous reasons – a realization that more isn’t always better, or an increasing respect for reducing outside dependencies and lowering levels of consumerism. So while the term “development” may not always mean growth, it always imply change. The community development process takes charge of the conditions and factors that influence a community and changes the quality of life of its members. Community development is a tool for managing change but it is not: 

a quick fix or a short-term response to a specific issue within a community;

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a process that seeks to exclude community members from participating; or

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an initiative that occurs in isolation from other related community activities.

Community development is about community building as such, where the process is as important as the results. One of the primary challenges of community development is to balance the need for long-term solutions with the day-to-day realities that require immediate decision-making and short-term action.

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ASSESSMENT Instructions: Concisely explain the following: 1. In your notebook, list down the five (5) functions of community and describe each in your own words. 2. As a member of the community, what should be done to become part of its development? Five (5) sentences only.

ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES

Instructions: 1. In your notebook, do the activity below.

Activity 1 My contributions to my community

Community contributions to me

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Answer Key

References: http://www.hrdc-drhc.gc.ca/community. commons.wikimedia.org slideshare.net brendanhughes.ie https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/community-structure-anddynamics/ http://krypton.mnsu.edu/~jp5985fj/courses/230/Institutions.html https://sites.google.com/site/childfamilyschoolcommunity/community# http://www.peernetbc.com/what-is-community-development https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2178307.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Ad48ef9a656d719 0dbd2018b8efad6ab2 http://partnerships.org.uk/articles/day.html# From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Murray G. Ross, 1967)

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