Ecce Romani Ii.pdf

ECCE

ROMANI

7////

A Latin Reading Program Revised Edition

2 Rome TSi

at Last

i

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Ecce A

Romani Latin Reading Program

Revised Edition

2

Rome

at Last

Longman -S5

Ecce Romani Student's Book 2

Copyright

©

recordings

may

Rome

at

Last

1984 by Longman. All rights reserved. No part of this book or related be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission from the publisher.

First Printing

ISBN

1984

582 36665 8

(72459)

Illustrated by Peter Dennis,

Trevor Parkin, Hamish Gordon and Claudia Karabaic

Sargent. Cover illustration by Peter Dennis.

Romani is based on Ecce Romani: A Latin Reading Course, by The Scottish Classics Group © copyright The Scottish Classics Group 1971, 1982, and published in the United Kingdom by Oliver and Boyd, a Division of Longman Group. This edition has been prepared by a team of American and Canadian educators: Authors: Professor Gilbert Lawall, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts David Tafe, Rye Country Day School, Rye, New York Consultants: Dr. Rudolph Masciantonio, Philadelphia Public Schools, Pennsylvania Ronald Palma, Holland Hall School, Tulsa, Oklahoma Dr. Edward Barnes, C.W. Jefferys Secondary School, Downsview,

This edition of Ecce originally prepared

Ontario Shirley

Lowe, Wayland Public Schools, Wayland, Massachusetts

For providing us with photographs or permission to publish extracts from their

we would like to thank: Page 62: The Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, photograph of Roman Magistrates and Lictors by Jean Lemaire, French 1598-1659, oil on canvas. A gift of Lord Strathcona and family. Page 58: Harvard University Press, publisher of Loeb Classical Library, Pliny Natural History, Volume X Book XXXVI-XXXVII, copyright © 1962 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Pages 21, 47, and 91: Carol Clemeau Esler, Roman Voices: Everyday Latin in Ancient Rome and Teacher's Guide to Roman Voices: Everyday Latin in Ancient Rome, 01002. published by Gilbert Lawall, 71 Sand Hill Road, Amherst, publications,

MA

Longman 95 Church Street White Plains, New York 10601

Distributed in

Ontario

MC3

Canada by Academic Press 2A1, Canada.

HIJ-MU-959493929190

Ltd., 55 Barber

Greene Road, Don Mills,

CONTENTS 17

Arrival at the

Inn

Verbs: Present and Imperfect 7

5

Adjectives 9

Agreement of Adjectives 10

Word 18

Study

V

12

Settling In 16 Graffiti

Verbs: Perfect Tense

I

Verbs: Perfect Tense

II

17

from Ancient Inns 21

Horace's Journey 22

Land 25 Chance Encounter 27 Travel by

19

Roman 20

Hospitality

30

28

Verbs: Principal Parts 30 Verbs: Perfect and Imperfect Tenses 35

Murder 32 Review IV 36 Eavesdropping 39

21

From

the Inn to

Rome

41

Nouns: Dative Case 42 Building up the Meaning IV: Dative or Ablative Case? 45

Sepulchral Inscriptions 47

22

Word Study VI 48 At the Porta Capena 50

Verbs: Future Tense

I

52

Aqueducts 56 23

Always Tomorrow 60

Verbs: Pluperfect Tense 63

Building up the Meaning V: Present or

Future Tense? 64

Review 24

First

V 65

Morning

in

Rome 68

Nouns: 4th and 5th Declensions 69

Selections from Catullus and

Horace 71 72

Rome

Eucleides the Statistician 77

25

A Grim

Lesson 80

Demonstrative Adjectives: hie and

82 Verbs: Future Perfect Tense 84

26

A Visit to the

Races 85

Inscriptions 91

Word Study

VII 92

Review VI 95

99 Forms Tables 106

Versiculi

Vocabulary 115

Prefixes:

Compound

Verbs 90

ille

17 Arrival at the Inn Raeda Pueros,

viam ibant ad cauponam quae non non iam lacrimabat, cum Eucleide ambulabat.

in fossa haerebat. Cornelil per

procul aberat. Cornelia, quae

quod praecurrebant, identidem revocabat Cornelius. Aurelia, in caupona pernoctare adhuc nolebat, lente cum Cornelio Tbat. ad cauponam appropinquabant. Neminem videbant; voces tamen

quamquam

Mox

hominum

5

audiebant.

Subito duo canes e ianua cauponae se praecipitant et ferociter latrantes

Cornelios petunt. Statim fugit Sextus. Stat immobilis Marcus. Aurelia perterrita

exclamat. Cornelius ipse nihil

manum

ad canes

Cornelia tamen non fugit sed

facit.

extendit.

10

Nullum

"Ecce, Marce!" inquit. "Hi canes latrant modo.

est

periculum.

Ecce, Sexte! Caudas movent."

Eo

ipso

tempore ad ianuam cauponae apparuit

homo

obesus qui canes

revocavit.

caupona mea pernoctare vultis? Hie multl Olim hie pernoctavit etiam legatus prlncipis.

"Salvete, hospites!" inquit. "In elves praeclarl pernoctaverunt.

"Salve,

ml Apollodore!"

"Quid

interpellavit Eucleides.

"Mehercule!" respondit caupo. "Nisi

erro,

15

agis?"

meum amlcum

Eucleidem

agnosco.

"Non

erras," inquit Eucleides. "Laetus te video.

Quod

raeda dominl

mel

caupona pernoctare/' gaudeo quod ad intrate, omnes!"

in fossa haeret immobilis, necesse est hie in

"Doleo," inquit caupo, "quod raeda

meam cauponam nunc praecurro, praecurrere

venltis. Intrate,

(3),

to

run

ahead

est in fossa, sed

revocavit, (he) called back

hospes, hospitis (m), friend, host, guest

homo, hominis

(m),

man

se praecipitant, (they) hurl selves,

pernoctaverunt, (they) have spent the

them-

night

olim, once (upon a time)

rush

fugio, fugere (3), to flee

legatus,

manum, hand

Quid

hi canes, these dogs

Mehercule! By Hercules! Goodness

modo, only cauda, -ae

-a,

(m),

envoy

How

are you?

me!

(/), tail

apparuii, (he) appeared

obesus,

-I

agis?

-um,

fat

nisi erro, unless

I

am

agnosco, agnoscere doleo, dolere

mistaken

(3), to

(2), to

recognize

be sad

20

Exercise 17a Responde Latine: 1

Quo

2.

Cur Cornelius pueros identidem

3.

Volebatne Aurelia in caupona pernoctare?

4.

Quid canes

5.

Qualis

6.

Quales elves in caupona pernoctaverunt?

Ibant Comelil? revocabat?

faciunt?

homo

ad ianuam cauponae apparuit?

7.

Quis olim

8.

Cur

9.

Gaudetne caupo quod raeda

in

caupona pernoctavit?

necesse est in caupona pernoctare? est in fossa?

Exercise 17b Using story 17 as a guide, give the Latin 1

The inn was not

2.

Cornelius kept calling the boys back.

far

for:

away.

3.

Aurelia was unwilling to spend the night in the inn.

4.

Two

5.

The two

6.

I

7.

The innkeeper

am

dogs head for the boys.

dogs are wagging their

tails.

glad to see you. is

coach

sorry that the

is

in the ditch.

Cave canem! Beware of the dog! (Pompeian Errare est

humanum. To

Manns man urn

lavat.

err

is

human. (Seneca)

One hand

(Petronius, Satyricon 45)

inscription)

washes the other.

Regular Verbs Most Latin verbs belong

to

one of four conjugations:

THE PRESENT TENSE 1st

2nd

3rd

4th

Conjugation

Conjugation

Conjugation

Conjugation

Infinitive

paxare

habere

mittere

iacere (-id)

audire

Imperative

para

habe

mitte

iace

audi

pa rate

habere

mittife

iacue

audife

1

J 1

»-

1

pard

habed

mittd

iacid

audio

3

i

2

paras

habes

mittis

iacis

audls

fi

3

paraf

habef

mittif

iacif

audif

^

1

pa ram us

habemus

mittimus

iacimus

audlmus

2

para tis

habe tis

mitti tis

iacitis

audi tis

3

paiant

habeuf

mittunf

iaciuuf

audiunf

gP

S eg

THE IMPERFECT TENSE

1 "0 B Cfl

J

J g>

w 1 £

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

Conjugation

Conjugation

Conjugation

Conjugation

l

para bam

habe bam

mitte bam

iacie

2

para bas

habebas

mittebas

iaciebas

audie bas

3

para bat

habe bat

mittebaf

iaciebaf

audiebaf

1

para bam us

habe bam us

mitte bam us

iaciebamus

audiebamus

2

para batis

habe batis

mittebafis

iaciebafis

audiebaris

3

para ban t

habe bant

mittebauf

iaciebanf

audie bant

Be sure you know

all

of these forms thoroughly.

bam

audie bam

Irregular Verbs

A

few verbs do not belong to any of the four conjugations shown on the

previous page, but you will notice that, except for the forms

they have the

same personal endings

sum and possum,

as the regular verbs.

THE PRESENT TENSE posse

velle

esfe

:

:

nollfe

Ife

ferfe

sum

possum

void"

nolo

eo

fero

Is

fers

Infinitive

esse

Imperative

es

1 I

1

nolle

ferre

ire

noli

fer

|

2

es

potes

vis

non

S3

3

est

potes t

vulf

non vulf

if

ferf

1

sumus

possumus

volumus

nolumus

Imus

ferimus

2

estis

potes tis

vultis

non

Itis

fer tis

3

sunt

possu/if

volunf

nolunf

eunf

ferunf

1 S

vis

vultis

THE IMPERFECT TENSE c

1

s

>

eram

poteram

vole bam

nolebam

i

oo

bam

fere

bam

2

eras

poteras

volefeas

nolebas

ibas

fere bas

55

3

eraf

poteraf

volebaf

nolebaf

Xbat

ieiebat

^

1

eramus

poteramus

vole bam us

nole bam us

i

bam us ieiebamus

-2

2

era tis

poteratis

volebatis

nolebatis

I

bat is

ierebatis

3

era/if

potera/if

vole bant

nolebant

ibant

ierebant

a*

g E a

*

a*

Be sure

to learn these forms thoroughly.

Exercise 17c Read and

translate the following short sentences, paying particular

attention to the tenses of the verbs: 1.

Ubi manebat?

7.

Quo

8.

Quid respondebant?

9.

Cur praecurrebant?

Ire

volunt?

3.

Unde veniunt? Cur Ire non poterant?

4.

Quid

fers?

10.

Quid

5.

Quid

faciebatis?

11.

6.

Turn eramus

Non poteram Quo Itis?

2.

in fossa.

12.

facere iubebat?

clamare

13.

Quid

ferebas?

20.

Unde

14.

Quid

facitis?

21.

ScelestI estis.

veniebas?

15.

Quid

vides?

22.

16.

Ubi haeret raeda?

23.

Quo Quo

17.

In via pernoctare i lolumus.

24.

Cur

18.

Quo

25.

Caupona non procul

19.

Ad urbem

26.

Manere nolebamus.

Ibant?

non

Ire

vult.

Unde

.

.

.

?

Where

.

.

.

equos ducit? fugiebant? Ire

nolunt? aberat

from?

Adjectives Some adjectives have endings like those of 1st and 2nd declension nouns, and others have 3rd declension endings, as shown in the following chart: Number

and 2nd Declension

1st

3rd Declension

Case Masc.

Fern.

Neut.

Masc.

Neut.

Fern.

Singular

Nom.

magn us

magna

magnum

omnis

omnis

omne

Gen.

magni

magnae

magni

omnis

omnis

omnis

Ace.

magnum

magna/n

magnum

omnem

omnem

omne

Abl.

magno

magna

magno

omni

omni

omni

Nom.

magni

magnae

magna

omnes

omnes

omnia

Gen.

magn drum magnarum magn drum omnium omnium omnium

Ace.

magn ds

magnas

magna

omnes

Abl.

magnis

magnis

magnis

omnibus omnibus omnibus

Be sure

to learn these

Plural

omnes

omnia

forms thoroughly.

Notes 1.

Some

adjectives that have endings of the 1st

the masculine nominative singular, e.g., miser. adjective are misera

and 2nd declensions end

The feminine and

and miserum. In some words, the

-e-

is

in -er in

neuter of this

dropped from

all

forms

except the masculine nominative singular, e.g., noster, nostra, nostrum; nostri, nostrae, nostri. 2.

Many

Compare

with the

noun

ager, agri (m).

adjectives of the 3rd declension have identical forms in the masculine

and

feminine, as does omnis above. 3.

The

ablative singular of 3rd declension adjectives ends in

genitive plural ends in -ium. -ia.

Compare

The

-I

(not

-e),

and the

neuter nominative and accusative plurals end in

these endings with those of 3rd declension nouns that you learned in

Chapters 11 and 15.

Agreement of Adjectives The gender, case, and number of an adjective noun with which it agrees. Consider the following Multos

agros,

Since agros

is

are determined by the

sentence:

multas arbores, multa plaustra vident.

a masculine

noun

in the accusative plural,

masculine accusative plural ending. Similarly, multas plural agreeing with arbores,

An

with plaustra.

and multa

is

is

multos has a

feminine accusative

neuter accusative plural agreeing

noun

adjective will agree with the

it

describes in gender,

and number. There are five clues which help you to decide with which noun an adjective agrees. These are gender, case, number, sense, and position. case,

1

.

Let us look at the

first

three clues (agreement of gender, case, and

number):

a.

Sometimes any one of the three agreement clues

noun an

will

show which

adjective modifies:

Mater bonos pueros laudat. The mother praises the good

boys.

Mater and pueros are different in gender, case, and number, and therefore all the clues in bonos are decisive. b.

Sometimes only two of these clues

Mater bonas puellas laudat. The mother praises the good In this sentence mater

are present:

girls.

and puellas have the same gender, but

either

of the two other clues (case and number) will help.

c.

In the following sentences only one of the agreement clues

is

present:

Mater bonam puellam laudat. The mother praises the good girl. Since mater and puellam have the same gender and number, only the case of

bonam

is

decisive.

Matrem bonum puerum

We Here,

it is

the gender alone which

Matrem bonas

We

laudare iubemus.

order the mother to praise the good boy. is

decisive.

puellas laudare iubemus.

order the mother to praise the good

Here, only the

number

is

decisive.

10

girls.

2.

You

will find

you.

When

examples where none of the clues of agreement

this

will

help

happens, you must rely on position or sense:

Puellam ignavam epistulam scribere iubemus.

We 3.

Note

order the lazy girl to write the

letter.

and 2nd declension endings or adjectives of the 3rd declension may be used with nouns of any dethat either adjectives that take 1st

clension, as

is

shown

in the following phrases:

omnium

mater bona

bonum bonum

omnes puerl omnl puero omnl itinere omnia itinera

patrem iter

itineri

itinera

bono bona

The important

thing

puellarum

is

that the adjective

must agree with the noun

it

modifies in gender, case, and number.

Exercise 17 In the following sentences, the most important clues to meaning are those of agreement of adjectives.

Sometimes words appear in an unusual

order with adjectives separated from the nouns they modify.

Read aloud and

translate:

1.

Canis magnus ossa habet.

2.

Canis magna ossa habet.

3.

Multl canes ossa habent.

4.

Canis

5.

6.

magnum

os habet.

Omnia ossa magnus canis habet. Magna habent multl canes ossa.

7.

Magnum

8.

Omnes

canis habet os.

canes dominos non habent.

10.

Magnum habet dominus canem. Canem dominus magnum habet.

11.

Habent multl puerl magnos canes.

12.

Magnos multl habent

9.

os, ossis (n),

H 1

puerl canes.

bone

Non omnia possumus omnes. We cannot all do everything. (Vergil, Eclogues

VII I.63)

Versiculi: "Arrival at the Inn/' page 99.

n

Word Study V Latin Suffixes -(i)tudo and -(i)tas

A

Latin adjective

suffix -(i)tas to

may form a noun by adding the suffix -(i)tudo or the The base of a Latin adjective may be found by

base.

its

magnus way are in the 3rd defeminine, and they convey the meaning of the adjective

dropping the ending from the genitive singular,

magn/1

(genitive,

is

clension, they are in

magn-. Nouns formed

e.g., the base of

in this

noun form.

Nom. magnus

Noun

Base

Adjective

Gen. niagni

big, great

magn-

magnitudo, magnitudinis

(/)

size, greatness

obesus

obesi

obes-

fat

obesitas, obesi tat is (/) fatness

In English words derived from these nouns, -(i)tudo

and the

-(i)tas

same

becomes

-(i)ty.

The meaning

as that of the Latin

noun,

e.g.,

becomes

of the English derivative

magnitude

is

-(i)tude

usually

(size), obesity (fatness).

Exercise 1 Give the Latin nouns which may be formed from the bases of the adjectives below. In numbers 1-4, use the suffix -(i)tudo, and in numbers 5-10, use the suffix -(i)tas. Give the English word derived from each noun formed, and give the meaning of the English word. 1.

solus, -a, -urn

2.

multus,

3.

longus,

4.

sollicitus,

5.

Onus,

6.

brevis,

-urn

7.

-um -a, -um -um

8.

-um -um viclnus, -a, -um humanus, -a, -um

-a, -a,

-a,

9.

10.

12

-is,

-e

Infirmus, -a,

timidus,

-a,

Latin Suffixes -Ilis, -alis, -arius -Ilis, -alis, and -arius may be added to the bases of many form adjectives. The base of a Latin noun may be found by dropping the ending from the genitive singular, e.g. the base of vox (genitive,

The

suffixes

nouns

Latin

to

,

vocis)

is

Adjectives formed in this

voc-.

noun from which they

meaning of the

Noun Nom.

way mean "pertaining

to" the

are formed.

Base

Adjective

Gen.

vir

viri

man

vir-

virllis, -is, -e

vox

vocis

voice

voc-

vocalis,

statua

statuae statue statu-

-is,

manly

-e pertaining to the voice

statuarius, -a, -urn pertaining to statues

Some

adjectives ending in -arius are used as nouns, e.g., statuarius,

(m), sculptor.

Can you

-ae (f), coach,

and

think of similar words

tabella, -ae (f), tablet,

made from

-I

the nouns raeda,

document?

English words derived from these adjectives

make

the following changes

in the suffixes:

becomes -il or -He, e.g., virilis, virile becomes -al, e.g., vocalis, vocal -arius becomes -ary, e.g., statuarius, statuary -Ilis

-alis

The meaning

of the English derivative

the Latin adjective, e.g.,

virilis in

is

similar to or the

Latin and

virile in

same

as that of

English both

mean

"manly/' Sometimes the English word ending in -ary may be used

noun, art

e.g., statuary, "a

as a

group or collection of statues," "sculptor," or "the

of sculpting.

Exercise 2 For each English word below, give the following: a.

the Latin adjective from which

b.

the Latin

c.

the

it is

derived

noun from which the adjective meaning of the English word.

You may need

is

formed

to consult a Latin and/or English dictionary for this

exercise.

auxiliary

principal

civil

puerile

literary

servile

nominal

temporal 13

Combining Some

Suffixes

English words end with a combination of suffixes derived from Latin.

For example, the English word principality (domain of a prince)

is

derived

from the Latin princeps, prlncipis (m) by the combination of the

suffixes

-alis {-al in

English) and

-itas (-ity in English).

Exercise 3 For each word below, give the related English noun ending suffix -ity.

in the

Give the meaning of the English word thus formed and

give the Latin

word from which

it is

derived.

civil

immobile

dual

partial

facile

servile

hospital

virile

English Replaced by Latin Derivatives In the following exercise, the italicized English words are not derived

from Latin. Note that these words are usually simpler and more familiar than the Latin derivatives which replace them. Latin can help with the

meanings of many of these more

difficult

English words.

Exercise 4 Replace the italicized words with words of equivalent meaning chosen

from the pool on page 15. Use the Latin words in parentheses determine the meanings of the English words in the pool.

much

1.

Staying at an inn was

2.

While he was away, Cornelius

to

too risky for Aurelia. left

the children in the guardianship of

Eucleides. 3.

Although the driver handled the

reins skillfully,

he was unable

to avoid

disaster. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8.

It

was easy

town 9.

10.

to see that

Eucleides was a friend of the innkeeper.

The runaway slave was captured and returned to the farm. The innkeeper offered his friendly welcome to the Comelii. The heat made the slaves' work more burdensome. The Via Appia is full of traveling merchants, who sell their

wares from

to town.

Cornelia cast a sorrowful glance as she waved goodbye to Flavia.

This country inn was host to

all

14

the local farmers.

Latin Some

custody (custos)

hospitality (hospes)

itinerant (iter)

fugitive (fugere)

apparent (apparere)

perilous (perlculum)

doleful (dolere)

onerous (onus)

manipulated (manus)

rustic (rusticus)

Words

in English

Latin words are used in English in their Latin form.

Many

of these

words have become so familiar in English that they are pluralized using English rules, e.g.: senator

plural: senators

area

plural: areas

Others retain their Latin plurals,

alumnus alumna medium

plural: plural: plural:

e.g.:

alumni alumnae media

Sometimes both an English and

a Latin plural are used, e.g.:

index

plurals: indexes, indices

memorandum

plurals:

memorandums, memoranda

Occasionally the use of two plurals the word. For example, the in a book,

may

reflect

more than one meaning of

word indexes usually

refers to reference listings

whereas indices are signs or indicators,

e.g.,

"the indices of

economic recovery.

Exercise 5 Look up these nouns

in

both an English and a Latin dictionary. For

each noun, report to the the current

Be sure

meaning

on similarities or differences between and the original meaning in Latin. the English plurals and their pronunciation. class

in English

to note carefully

formula

antenna

consensus

appendix

crux

stadium

campus

focus

stimulus

15

18 Settling In

CunctI in cauponam intraverunt.

"Nonne cenare

vultis?" inquit caupo. "Servl

mel bonam cenam

vobls

statim parare possunt."

Cornelia," inquit Aurelia, "hie cenare non possumus. Due nos cubiculum nostrum." Servos caupo statim iussit cenam Cornelio et Marco et Sexto parare. Ipse Aureliam et Corneliam ad cubiculum duxit. Aurelia, ubi ledum vldit,

"Ego

et

statim ad

5

gemuit.

"Hie lectus

non

est sordidus," inquit.

Necesse

potest.

est

"Mea

alium lectum

in

Cornelia in sordido lecto dormire

cubiculum movere."

10

Caupo respondit, "Cur me reprehendis? Mult! viatores ad meam ponam venire solent. Nemo meam cauponam reprehendit.

cau-

lam advenit Eucleides. Ubi Aurelia rem explicavit, Eucleides quoque cauponem reprehendit. Caupo mussavit, "Prope viam Appiam cauponam meliorem invenlre non caupona mea

potestis. In

1

null! lectl sunt sordid!."

Sed servos iussit alium lectum petere. BrevI tempore servl alium lectum cubiculum portaverunt. Caupo iam cum rlsu clamavit, "Ecce, domina! Servl mel alium lectum tibi paraverunt. Nonne nunc cenare vultis?" "Ego non iam esurio," inquit Cornelia. "Volo tantum cubitum Ire." "Ego quoque," inquit Aurelia, "sum valde defessa." Non cenaverunt Aurelia et Cornelia, sed cubitum statim Iverunt. Mox

in

dormiebant.

intraverunt, (they) entered

viator, viatoris (m), traveler

ceno, cenare

venire solent, (they) are in the habit

(1), to

cena, -ae

(/),

vobls, for

you

dine, eat dinner

dinner

of

rem

Duc! Take! Lead! iussit, (he)

coming explicare, to explain the situa-

tion

ordered

melior, better

you

Cornelio, for Cornelius

tibi, for

duxit, (he) led

esurio, esurire (4), to be

lectus,

-I

(m),

cubitum

bed

Ire, to

go

to

hungry

bed

hie lectus, this bed

valde, very, exceedingly, very

sordidus, -a, -um, dirty

Iverunt, they

16

went

much

20

Exercise 18a Responde Latine: 1.

Quid

2.

Vultne Aurelia statim cenare?

3.

Quid

4.

Qua lis

5.

Quid

fecit

6.

Quid

servl in

7.

Cur Cornelia cenare non vult? Quid fecerunt Aurelia et Cornelia?

8.

servl

fecit

cauponis parare possunt?

Aurelia ubi lectum vldit?

est lectus?

Eucleides ubi Aurelia rem explicavit?

cubiculum portaverunt?

Quid

VERBS: Compare

fecit

.

.

.

?

What

did

.

.

.

do?

Perfect Tense I

the following pairs of sentences:

Caupo mussat. Caupo mussavit.

The innkeeper mutters.

The innkeeper muttered.

Davus

servos iubet canes ducere.

Caupo

servos iussit

cenam

parare.

Davus

orders the slaves to lead the dogs.

The innkeeper ordered

the slaves to prepare

dinner.

Marcus gemit.

Marcus

Aurelia gemuit.

Aurelia groaned.

Marcus nuntium

in vlllam ducit.

Corneliam ad cubiculum duxit. Cornelius voces Cornelius voces

hominum hominum

groans.

Marcus leads

He

the messenger into the house.

led Cornelia to the bedroom.

mens voices. heard mens voices.

audit.

Cornelius hears

audivit.

Cornelius

In each of the pairs of examples listed above, the verb in the is

in the present tense

and the verb

in the second

example

is

first

example

in the perfect

tense.

The perfect tense refers, not to something that is happening (present tense) or

was happening (imperfect tense), but to something that happened in the examples above). It may also refer to something that has happened,

past (see e.g.:

Servus

meus alium lectum

My slave has prepared another bed

tibi

paravit.

for you.

or to something that did or did not happen, e.g.: Aurelia

non

Aurelia did not eat dinner.

cenavit.

17

In the perfect tense, the ending of the 3rd person singular

ending of the 3rd person plural In

many

verbs, the

stem

is

is

-it;

the

-erunt.

for the perfect tense

ends in

-v- or -s- or -u- or

-x-, e.g.:

mussav-

The

gemu-

iuss-

perfect endings are then

added

dux-

audlv-

to the perfect stem, e.g.:

mussavif

iussit

gemuir"

dux/f

audlvif"

mussaverunr"

iusserunt

gemuerunf

duxerunf

audlverunf

Here are some more examples: Singular

Plural

Present

Perfect

Present

Perfect

exclamat

exclamavit

exclamant

exclamaverunt

habet

habuit

habent

habuerunt

rldet

rlsit

rldent

rlserunt

conspicit

conspexit

conspiciunt

conspexerunt

Exercise 18b Give the missing forms and meanings

Perfect Tense

Singular

Plural

intravit

intraverunt

to

complete the following table:

InBnitive

intrare

custodlverunt timuit

cenaverunt traxerunt mlsit

Iverunt spectavit

doluit

manserunt voluerunt haesit

IS

Meaning

to enter

Exercise 18c Read

the following passage

and answer

the questions in full Latin

sentences: Cornelil per viam ad Sextus,

"Nonne

ille

cauponam

tabellarius

Cui respondit Marcus, celeriter traxerunt.

Turn raedam

equos vehementer

"Ita vero!

Eos

Raedarius noster, 'Cave,

vltavit.

incitavit,

ferociter verberavit. sceleste!'

devertebat, sed frustra. Tabellarius

neque raedam darius;

lente ambulabant.

et mater; lacrimavit

EquI cisium

magna voce

exclamavit.

tamen neque cisium

Itaque equl raedam in fossam traxerunt.

gemuerunt pater

Marce?"

devertit

Gemuit

5

rae-

Cornelia."

"Pater tuus certe Tratus erat," interpellavit Sextus. "Statim virgam arripuit et

miserum raedarium

verberabat. Cornelia, ubi

Tater! Pater!' inquit. 'Noll

miserum hominem

hoc

vldit,

caelum spectaverunt quod iam advesperascebat. Pater

cauponam ducere iussit." Mox cauponam conspexerunt.

10

verberare!'

"Turn pater," inquit Marcus. "Corneliam tacere

ad

iterum lacrimavit.

iussit.

igitur

Omnes

sollicitl

Eucleidem nos

Intraverunt Cornelil et brevl tempore ce-

naverunt.

1

vehementer cui, to

incitare, to drive

whom,

to

him,

hard

to her

certe, certainly arripuit,

he seized

hoc, this 1

2. 3.

4. 5.

6. 7. 8.

What did the driver shout? Where did the horses drag the coach? What did Cornelius and Aurelia do when the coach went into What did Cornelia do? What did Cornelius seize? What did Cornelia say when Cornelius beat the coachman? What did Cornelius order Cornelia to do? What did Cornelius do when he saw that it was getting dark?

19

the ditch?

Exercise 18d Read aloud and

translate:

Dum Cornelil ad cauponam lente ibant, raedarius equos custodiebat. erat

quod Cornelium timebat.

"Salve!" inquiunt. bas?

Cur non

"Quid

dlligenter

Mox

accidit?

adveniunt duo

Quid

Miser

servl cauponis.

faciebas?

Raedamne

ferociter age-

viam spectabas? Dormiebasne?"

Sed raedarius miser, "Minime vero!" respondet. "Raedam magna agebam. Pueri

me

vexabant; tacere nolebant.

cur vos adestis? Vultisne

me

Ego

certe

adiuvare? Potestisne raedam ex fossa extrahere?"

Turn omnes diu laborabant, sed raedam neque poterant.

Tandem

defessl ad

cauponam

"Raedam movere non poteramus,"

merum servorum accidit,

(it)

happened

dlligenter, carefully

National

servl

neque equ! extrahere

redeunt.

inquiunt. "Necesse est

magnum

mittere."

Bed reconstructed from fragments

arte

non dormiebam. Sed

adsum, adesse

{irreg.), to

adiuvo, adiuvare

in the

Roman Museum.

20

(1), to

be present

help

nu-

10

Graffiti

from Ancient Inns I

dlpundium si dederis, vina Falema

Assibus hie bibitur;

quattus

si

dederis, meliora bibes; bibes.

A drink is had here for one as; if you pay two, if

you pay four, you

11

you

11

drink better (wines)

drink Falernian.

II

Viator, audi. Si libet, intus veni: tabula est aena

quae

te

cuncta

perdocet. Traveler, listen.

Come

inside if you like: there s a bronze tablet which

gives you all the information.

Ill

Talia te fallant utinam mendacia, caupo:

tu vendis /

aquam

et bibis ipse

merum.

hope these deceptions get you into trouble, innkeeper: you

sell

water and drink the pure wine yourself.

IV

Mlximus

in lecto. Fateor, peccavimus, hospes.

"Quare?" Nulla matella

Si dices, I

wet the bed.

have sinned,

I

fiiit.

I confess it,

O

host.

If you ask why: there was no chamber-pot.

V "Caupo, computemus." "Habes vlnl (sextarium) I, panem

a. I,

pulmentar.

a.

n."

"Convenit." "Puell.

a.

VmV

"Et hoc convenit."

"Faenum mulo "Iste

mulus

"Innkeeper,

"You have

me

a. II."

ad factum dabit!" reckon

let's I

up

pint of wine,

(the bill)." 1

as-worth of bread, 2 asses-worth of food."

"Right." "Girl, 8 asses."

"That's right, too."

"Fodder

for the mule, 2 asses.

"That darn mule

is

going

to

bankrupt me!"

21

Horace's Journey This account of Horace's journey from

some of

Rome

Brundisium describes

to

the hazards with which travelers might be faced:

After

I

had left great Rome, I put up in Aricia in a humble inn.

was Heliodorus, a teacher of rhetoric. From there we went a

town packed with boatmen and grasping innkeepers.

to take this part of the journey in

Way

only one; the Appian of the water, which a

bad temper that

As we were about

I

very bad,

is

to

Forum

suffered

I

more

energetic

it

was

in

finish their evening meal.

go on board, the boatmen began fares

it is

Here, because

an upset stomach; and

my companions to

Appii,

We were idle enough

stages; for the

less tiring for leisurely travelers.

waited for

hour went past while the

The

is

two

My companion

to

to argue.

A

whole

were being collected and the mule harnessed.

and marsh-frogs made sleep impossible while the who had drunk too much cheap wine, sang of his absent girlfriend,

vicious mosquitoes

boatman,

and a passenger joined At

last

mule out

in the singing.

the weary passengers to graze, fastened

its

fell

asleep;

and the

halter to a stone,

and

idle

lay

boatman turned the on

his

back snoring.

ROME Aricia

Forum Appii Feronia

Anxu^ Fundi Formiae

APULIA Beneventum

Caudium

22

Trivicum

At dawn we realized we weren't moving.

A

hot-tempered passenger leapt

up and beat the boatman and the mule with disembarked,

it

When

a stick.

at last

we

was almost ten o'clock. With due reverence and ceremony

we washed our hands and "crawled" the three miles

faces in the fountain of Feronia. After *

Anxur, which

to

lunch we

perched on rocks that shine

is

white in the distance. There our very good friend Maecenas was due to meet

As

us.

my

eyes were giving

me

trouble,

Meanwhile, Maecenas arrived with

We

were glad

fidius Luscus.

to leave

we

smeared black ointment on them.

Fundi behind, with

How we

clerk, his toga praetexta

out,

I

that perfect gentleman, Fonteius Capito.

laughed

its

at the official

self-appointed "praetor"

and the tunic with the broad

stayed in the city of Formiae,

Au-

get-up of the ambition-crazy stripe.

At

last,

tired

where Murena provided accommo-

dation and Capito a meal.

The Vergil

the

we reached

next day

—

friends to

Campanian

whom

I

Sinuessa and were met by Varius, Plotius, and

was most attached. Then

were obliged to do, provided us with wood and pack-mules were unsaddled early Vergil

and

I

a small villa next to

bridge gave us shelter; and the official purveyors, as they

to sleep; for ball

at

games

salt.

are bad for a

man

an upset stomach. After Capua, Cocceius received us provisions built above the inns of

After

we

Capua. Maecenas went

left

here, our

to play ball,

with sore eyes and

in a

house with ample

Caudium.

about two and three-fourths modern English miles or four and a half kilometers.

jA<^i^H*

Egnatia

-^LCfcP

Brundisium

23

From

we made our way

here

right

on

to

Beneventum, where the over-

worked innkeeper nearly burned the place down while roasting lean thrushes

on

a spit.

of

my

if

Soon

after leaving

We

native Apulia.

we had not found

Beneventum,

saw again the familiar mountains

lodgings at Trivicum. There the smoke

water, for they put green branches

on the

waited until midnight for a deceitful I

I

would never have struggled over those mountains

girl

who

and

leaves

fire,

made our

all.

never showed up.

eyes

There

also

What

a fool

was!

From

here

we sped on

twenty-four miles

* in carriages,

town of Ausculum. Here they charge

in the small

—

commodities

The

water.

bread, however,

intending to lodge

for the cheapest of all

very good indeed, so that the

is

experienced traveler usually takes some away in his bag; for the bread

Canusium is as hard as a stone, and the water supply is no better. From here we arrived at Rubi, tired out as was to be expected was long and the road conditions

this the

town.

better,

difficult

because of heavy

but the road worse as

far as

for the

rain. After

Barium, a fishing

Egnatia provided us with laughter and amusement: the people

convince us that in the temple there frankincense melts without a

tried to

flame.

weather was

Then

at

—

—

stage

I

don't believe

Brundisium

is

it!

the end of

my

long account and of

my

long journey.

Horace, Satires

*

I

1.5 (abridged)

about 22 modern English miles or 36 kilometers.

Although the following account given by Cicero of how one provincial governor traveled is probably exaggerated, there is no doubt that the rich and powerful often went Verres traveled in a

to great lengths to avoid the discomforts of travel:

litter

carried by eight bearers. In the

of transparent Maltese linens stuffed with roseleaves.

close-mesh bag carried,

still

filled

in his

with rosepetals.

litter,

direct to his

litter

He

was a cushion

held to his nose a

Whenever he reached

a town,

he was

bedroom. Cicero, in Verrem 11.27

24

Travel by Land from Baiae to Rome along a which ran south from Rome to Brundisium a distance of 358 miles or 576 kilometers. It was part of a network of major highways that radiated from the Golden Milestone (mlliarium aureum), in the Forum at Rome, to all parts of the Empire. These roads, originally built by the legions to make easy movement of troops possible, were laid on carefully made foundations with drainage channels at both sides and were usually paved with slabs of basalt. Although travel was safer and easier than at any time before the "Railway Age," it was nevertheless extremely slow by modern standards. The raeda seldom averaged more than five miles or eight kilometers per hour; a man walking might manage twenty-five miles or forty kilometers a day; an imperial courier on urgent business might, with frequent changes of horse, manage to cover over 1 50 miles or 240 kilometers in twenty-four hours. Since carriage wheels had iron rims and vehicles lacked springs, a journey by road was bound to be uncomfortable. Moreover, since the vehicles were open or, at best, had only a canopy, the travelers often had to endure both clouds of dust and attacks from insects. Gaius Cornelius and

his family traveled

section of the Via Appia,

The

following passage illustrates these discomforts:

When

had

I

to

make

way back from Baiae

rny

experience of sailing a second time,

I

easily

was raging. The whole road was so deep

gone by

sea.

That day

I

had

to

in

to Naples, to avoid the

convinced myself that a storm

mud

that

I

might

as well

endure what athletes put up with

of course: after being anointed with

have

as a matter

mud, we were dusted with sand

in the

Naples tunnel. Nothing could be longer than that prison-like corridor, nothing dimmer than those torches that do not dispel the darkness but merely

make

us

more aware of

it.

But even

if

there were light there,

it

would be

blacked out by the dust which, however troublesome and disagreeable

may be

in the open,

is,

as

enclosed space where there

These were the two

you can imagine, a thousand times worse is

no

ventilation

and the dust

entirely different discomforts

same day and on the same road we

rises in

which we

it

an

one's face.

suffered.

struggled through both

in

On the

mud and

dust.

Seneca, Epistulae Morales LVII

25

26

19 Chance Encounter Ubi Cornelia in

mater cubitum Iverunt, Marcus

et

et Sextus

cum

Cornelio

Cum Cornelio cenare et post cenam ad mediam noctem vigilare

manserunt.

animo habuerunt, nam omnia

videre et

omnia audire voluerunt.

Marcus, "Esurio, pater," inquit. "Esurlsne tu quoque, Sexte?" "Ita vero!" respondit Sextus.

"Semper

5

Marcus!" exclamavit Cornelius.

esuritis, tu et

"Licetne nobis," inquit Marcus, "hie cenare?" Paulisper tacebat pater, sed tandem, "Esto!" inquit. "Tibi et Sexto licet hie cenare. Post

cenam tamen

necesse est statim cubitum Ire."

Rlserunt puerl quod laeu" erant. "Gaudemus, pater," inquit Marcus,

"quod nos

in

cubiculum non statim

mlsistl.

Voluimus enim hie manere

10

et

alios viatores spectare."

Turn Cornelius cauponem iussit cibum parare. BrevI tempore servus cibum ad eos portavit. Dum puerl cibum devorant, subito intravit miles quldam. Cornelium attente spectavit. "Salve, vir optime!" inquit. "Salvete, puerl! Cur vos in hanc cauponam intravistis? Cur non ad vlllam hospitis Ivistis? Nonne tu es senator Romanus?" "Senator Romanus sum," respondit Cornelius. "Nos in hanc cauponam intravimus quod raeda nostra in fossa haeret immobilis. In agrls nocte manere nolebamus, sed numquam antea in caupona pernoctavimus. Certe in agrls

15

20

pernoctare est perlculosum."

Turn miles, "Etiam in caupona pernoctare saepe est perlculosum." "Cur hoc nobis dlcis?" rogavit Cornelius. "Estne hie caupo homo sce-

De

lestus?

Apollodoro quid audlvisti?"

"De Apollodoro pernoctare.

Vosne

nihil audlvl, sed

audlvistis illam

semper

est

perlculosum in caupona

fabulam de caupone narratam?

Ille

caupo

hospitem necavit."

"Minime!" inquit Cornelius. "Illam fabulam non illam non narras dum cenamus?" manserunt, (they) stayed post

(

+

mlsistl,

media nox, midnight vigilo, vigilare (1), to stay

in

animo habere,

licet nobis,

we

enim,

awake

we wanted

for

miles quldam, a certain soldier

to intend

are allowed,

Cur igitur nobis

you have sent

voluimus,

ace. ), after

audlvl.

miles, militis (m), soldier

we may

vir

paulisper, for a short time

optime!

optimus,

Esto! All right!

in

27

sir!

-a, -urn, best,

hanc cauponam,

very good

into this inn

25

numquam,

illam fabulam de caupone narra-

never

tarn, that

antea. before dico, dlcere

de

(3), to

(4- abi),

audi vi,

I

famous

story told

about

the innkeeper

say

neco, necare

about

have heard

(1), to kill

narro, nan-are

(1), to tell (a story)

Exercise 19a Responde Latlne: 1

Quid fecerunt Marcus

2.

Quid pueri

3.

Esuriuntne pueri?

et Sextus ubi

Cornelia

Marco

Sexto in caupona cenare?

Licetne

5.

Cur

6.

Quis

intravit

7.

Quid

rogat?

8.

Cur Cornelius in agrls pernoctare nolebat? Quid miles de Apollodoro audlvit? Quid fecit caupo in fabula?

10.

Amelia cubitum Iverunt?

facere voluerunt?

4.

9.

et

et

pueri laetl sunt?

dum

pueri

cibum devorant?

Exercise 19b Using story 19 as a guide, give the Latin 1.

Marcus and Sextus wished

2.

Cornelius ordered the slave to bring food.

3.

Soon

4.

Cornelius

a soldier entered said, "I

to stay

awake

for:

until midnight.

and suddenly looked

came

at Cornelius.

into this inn because

my

carriage

is

stuck in a

ditch." 5.

Cornelius has never before spent the night in an inn.

6.

What

7.

Cornelius has not heard that famous story told about the innkeeper.

VERBS:

has the soldier heard about Apollodorus?

Perfect Tense II

You have now met

Singular

the endings of the perfect tense.

all

1

-i

2

-isti

3

-it

Plural

These are the endings of the perfect tense of

Singular

1

mlsi

2

misisti

3

mlsif

-imus •istis

3

-erunt

all Latin verbs, e.g.:

Plural

28

1

2

1

misimus

2

misistis

3

miserunt

Exercise 19c With proper attention

to the

new

perfect tense endings, read

aloud and

translate: 1.

Marcus

Sextus ad

et

cubitum

mediam noctem

2.

Ego

3.

Mllesne Cornelium spectavit?

4.

Cur Cur

5.

et tu

Ire

noluimus.

voluistT hie pernoctare, in

caupona

animo habuerunt.

vigilare in

Marce?

pernoctavistis, puerl? Licetne fllio senatoris in

cauponam

intrare? 6.

Cornelius in cubiculum servum

7.

Puerl

laetl

8.

Dum

Cornelius

9.

10.

Ego

et

Omnia

fuerunt quod ad

Ire iussit.

mediam noctem

et puerl cenant, miles

vigilaverunt.

fabulam

narravit.

Cornelius in agris manere timebamus.

quod numquam antea

videre et audlre volunt

in

caupona

per-

noctaverunt. fill,

I

was (perfect of sum)

Exercise 19d Supply the appropriate perfect tense endings read aloud, and ,

1.

Ego

2.

Ubi tunica Sextl

3.

Quo IvistJ,

llberos in horto petiv

;

translate:

tu eos in silva inven

in ramls haerebat, nos

omnes

ris

Cornelia? Ego et Marcus patrem hoc rogav

,

sed

ille

nihil respond 4.

Quamquam

Sextus fu

molestus, servl

eum non

verberav 5.

Ubi heri

fu

,

Marce

et

Cornelia? Pater et mater nos iuss

hie manere. 6.

Postquam vos cenav

7.

Heri nos ad urbem Tv

8.

"Unde ven Tune Cornelium

9.

certe 10.

Ille,

eum non

,

,

cubitum ,

sed

Ire

volu

matrem

ibi

amlcl?" roga

v!o^

,

non

caupo.

ubi tu

Romam

vld

"Quo nunc

adven

vld

postquam hoc audlv

,

ille,

e

caupona

he

heri, yesterday

postquam,

29

after

se praecipitav.

?

Itis?"

Ego

Roman Because inns were

Hospitality

and often dangerous, well-to-do Romans

dirty

them. Instead, they

to avoid staying in

tried to

they could stay at the villa of a hospes. This word

but

means "host"

or "guest,"

also translated as "friend," although in this special sense

it is

exact equivalent in English.

It

tried

plan their journey so that

it

has no

describes a relationship established between

two families in the past and kept up by every succeeding generation. As a result of such a relationship, a traveler could go to the house of his "family friend"

—whom

some

in

cases he personally

claim hospitium for the night, producing,

had been halved

a coin that

Members which

in

of the host's family,

It

had business

might never have met between the two

as

families.

they happened to be traveling in a

if

owned

—and

need be, some token such

as proof of the link

their guest's family

hospitality.

if

district

a villa, could claim similar rights of

could extend to other situations. For instance,

if

a

Roman

one of the provinces, someone residing there might look after them for him. In return, he might have some service done for him in Rome. Cornelius, you may remember, is responsible for Sextus' interests in

education while his father

VERBS: When we

is

in Asia.

Principal Parts

refer to a Latin verb,

from which

all

we normally give the four principal parts, may be derived. These principal parts are:

forms of that verb

the 1st person singular of the present tense the present infinitive the 1st person singular of the perfect tense the supine.

Present

Perfect

Infinitive

Supine

Meaning

paro

parare (1)

paravl

paratum

to prepare

2nd Conj.

habeo

habere

habui

habitum

to

have

3rd Conj.

mitto

mittere (3)

mlsl

missum

to

send

iacio

iacere (3)

iecl

iactum

to

throw

audio

audlre (4)

audlvl

audltum

to

hear

1st

Conj.

4th Conj.

Be sure

to learn the

(2)

above forms thoroughly.

Notes 1

.

The

perfect stem

part of the verb.

The

is

found by dropping the

-I

from the end of the

third principal

perfect endings are then added directly to this stem.

30

2.

The

principal parts of

in the 1st, 2nd,

most verbs

the patterns on the opposite page. There 3.

In vocabulary

lists

from

jugations which follow the

clamo

( 1 ),

appareo

punio

When

this point

is

no

and 4th conjugations follow

set pattern for 3rd

on, the verbs in the

set patterns will

1st,

conjugation verbs. 2nd, and 4th con-

appear as follows:

to shout

(2), to

(4), to

appear

punish

they do not follow the pattern, they will be given in lavo, lavare (1), lavl, lavatum, to

venio, venire

(4),

Third conjugation verbs

duco, ducere

(3),

veni, will

ventum,

be given in

duxl,

ductum,

full, e.g.:

wash to

come

full, e.g.:

to lead

Exercise 19e Read aloud and deduce and give

translate each verb form given at the

below.

Then

the first three principal parts for each verb:

necamus, necavimus

1st Sing.

Present

1st Sing.

Present

Infinitive

Perfect

neco

necare

intrant, intraverunt erras, erravistl

tenes, tenuistl

mittunt, miserunt

manemus, mansimus iubet, iussit

discedimus, discessimus haeret, haesit

dormiunt, dormlverunt petunt, petlverunt

custodlmus, custodlvimus gemitis, gemuistis

Can

left

you give the principal parts for the following]

estis, fuistis

31

(1)

necavl

20

Murder

Miles hanc fabulam narravit.

Duo amid, Aulus

et

Septimus,

dum

Graecia faciunt, ad urbem

iter in

Megaram venerunt. Aulus in caupona pernoctavit, in villa hospitis Septimus. Media nocte, dum Septimus dormit, Aulus in somno el apparuit et clamavit "Age, Septime! Fer mihi auxilium! Caupo me necare parat." Septimus, somnio perterritus, statim surrexit cuperavit, "Nihil mall," inquit

et,

"Somnium modo

postquam animum fiiit."

Deinde iterum obdormlvit. Iterum tamen in somno Aulus suo amlco apparuit; iterum Septimo clamavit, "Ubi ego auxilium petlvl, tu non venistl. Nemo me adiuvare nunc potest. Caupo enim me necavit. Postquam hoc fecit, corpus meum in plaustro posuit et stercus supra coniecit. In animo habet plaustrum ex urbe eras movere. Necesse petere et

est igitur eras

ubi

Ubi plaustrum

amlcum mortuum

nam Mox

10

mane plaustrum

cauponem punlre."

Iterum surrexit Septimus. Prima luce ad cauponam petlvit.

5

re-

Ivit et

plaustrum

invenit, stercus removit et corpus extraxit. Septimus, vldit, lacrimavit.

Caupo

scelestus

quoque

15

lacrimavit,

innocentiam simulabat. Septimus tamen cauponem statim accusavit. elves

eum

punlverunt.

Postquam miles fabulam

flnlvit,

Nonne

silentium

fuit.

Subito Cornelius excla-

Cur ad

20

cubiculum non Ivistis?" Sed Marcus, "Pater, nos quoque fabulam mllitis audlre voluimus. Non defessl sumus. Non sero est." Hoc tamen dixit Marcus quod cubitum Ire timebat. Dum enim fabulam mllitis audiebat, cauponem spectabat. Cogitabat, "Quam scelestus ille caupo

25

mavit, "Agite, puerl!

vos iussl post

cenam cubitum

Ire?

animo habet media nocte me necare. Necesse Etiam Sextus timebat. Cogitabat tamen, "Si hie caupo est scelestus, gaudeo quod miles in caupona pernoctat. Eucleides certe nos adiuvare non videtur! Certe in

est vigilare."

potest." Invltl tandem puerl cubitum Iverunt, vigilare paratl. somnl fuerunt. BrevI tempore obdormlvit Marcus.

32

Mox tamen

semi- 30

somnus, el, to

-I

somnium,

animum

prima luce,

dream

-I (n),

simulo

awake

Nihil mall. There

obdormio

is

nothing wrong.

surgo, surgere

(1), to

-um, dead pretend

sero, late

cogito

(1), to

think

videtur, (he) seems

dung, manure

invitus, -a,

(3), surrexl,

esse (irreg.),

adiuvd, adiuvare

pono, ponere

-a,

body

(n),

stercus, stercoris (n),

dawn

at

finio (4), to finish

go to sleep

(4), to

corpus, corporis

sum,

mortuus,

recuperare, to regain one's

senses, be fully

on top

supra, above,

(m), sleep

him

(1),

surrectum, to

rise,

up

get

be

adiuvl, adiutum, to help

posui, positum, to place, put

(3),

conicio, conicere

to

fill,

-um, unwilling

(3),

coniecl, coniectum, to throw

eo, ire, (irreg.), Ivi, itum, to go

peto, petere

(3), petivi,

invenio, invenire

(4),

removeo, removere extraho, extrahere video, videre

for,

seek

come upon,

find

removi, remotum, to remove

(2),

(3), extraxi,

(2), vidi,

iubeo, iubere

petitum, to look

invenl, inventum, to

extractum, to drag out

visum, to see

(2), iussi,

iussum, to order, bid

volo, velle (irreg.), volul, to wish, want, be willing

dico, dlcere

(3), dixl,

dictum,

to say, tell

Exercise 20a Responde Latfne: 1

Ubi

2.

Ubi pernoctavit Aulus? Ubi

3.

Quando Aulus Septimo

4.

Quid

5.

Ubi caupo corpus Auli posuit? Quid

6.

Quid Septimus prima luce

7. 8.

Quando lacrimavit Septimus? Cur lacrimavit caupo?

9.

Quid

est

Megara?

fecit

erat

amicus Auli?

apparuit?

Septimus postquam

animum in

recuperavit?

animo habuit?

fecit?

elves fecerunt?

10.

Quid Marcus timebat?

1 1

Quomodo

12.

Quid Marcus

pueri cubitum Iverunt? et Sextus in

animo habuerunt?

Quando.

.

33

.

?

When.

.

.

?

Exercise 20b The following sentences contain story

you read. Explain these

errors of fact in the light of the last

errors

and give new Latin

sentences which

correct them: 1.

Duo

2.

Aulus

puerl, et

Aulus

et

Septimus

Septimus, urbem

Marcl

fratres

Romam

3.

Septimus media nocte

surrexit

4.

Aulus auxilium

quod

5.

Clves,

6.

Caupo Septimum

7.

Septimus elves punlre

8.

Clves corpus in caupona sub lecto invenerunt.

9.

10.

petlvit

intraverunt.

erant.

quod

esuriebat.

lectus sordidus erat.

postquam Septimum necaverunt, corpus sub

Marcus cubitum

accusavit postquam clvem in

animo habuit quod

invenit.

scelestl erant.

quod silentium

erat.

Cornelius cauponem punlvit quod Marcus

eum

Ire timuit

stercore celaverunt.

mortuum

accusavit.

Exercise 20c Using the

list

give the Latin

for:

1.

What

did you want, boys?

2.

They

got

up suddenly.

3.

The

4.

Septimus looked

5.

What have you

6.

We

7.

What

8.

We

9.

10.

^

of principal parts given in the vocabulary on page 33.

boys went to bed

went

at last.

for the

wagon.

seen?

to the inn.

did you say, Marcus?

ordered Cornelia to go to sleep.

What have they found? He placed the body in the wagon.

VenI, vidl,

vlcl. I

came,

I

saw,

I

conquered. (Julius Caesar, after the battle

of Zela, 47 B.C.; reported in Suetonius, Julius Caesar

Z

Nihil sub sole clesiastes

Mens

1.

novum.

There's nothing

new under

XXXVII)

the sun. (Vulgate, Ec-

10)

sana in corpore sano.

A sound mind

in

a sound body. (Juvenal X. 356)

Y/VS//^

J7J&X.?-*S520%080i^^^

34

VERBS: The

imperfect tense describes an action in the past which

a.

went on

b.

was repeated, or

c.

was beginning

The

and Imperfect

Perfect

for a time, or

to

happen.

which happened

perfect tense describes an action in the past

completed on one occasion,

Hoc

dixit

Marcus

or

was

e.g.:

Marcus quod cubitum

Ire

timebat.

said this because he was afraid to go to bed.

Virgam arripuit et raedarium verberabat. He grabbed the stick and beat the driver repeatedly. sollicitl caelum spectaverunt quod iam advesperascebat. The Cornelii looked anxiously at the sky because it was already

Cornelil

getting dark.

Exercise 20d Read aloud and

translate,

paying particular attention

to the tenses

of

the verbs: 1

Marcus sub arbore

2.

Iam advesperascebat ubi

3.

Cauponam non

4.

Caupo prope portam

5.

Ubi Aurelia cubiculum

6.

"Tacete, omnes!" exclamavit Davus,

7.

Postquam Aurelia rem

8.

Tu, Sexte, mox obdormlvistl, sed ego diu vigilabam.

9.

Caupo mussabat quod servos ahum lectum Sextus cauponam statim petlvit quod canes

10.

sedebat, sed subito surrexit.

Quid hoc somnio did potest inspired than this story of

viatores aedificia urbis conspexerunt.

intravimus quod

ibi

laborabat ubi intravit,

pernoctare timebamus.

clamorem

nam dominus

explicavit, Eucleides

dlvlnius?

dream? (Cicero,

What can

On

Versiculi: "Murder," page 99.

appropinquabat.

quoque

petere

dolebat.

iussisti.

latrabant.

be said to be more divinely

Divination

Aulus and Septimus)

35

audlvit.

Cornelia adhuc dormiebat.

1.

57, after telling the

Review IV Exercise TVa Supply Latin nouns or adjectives to give the correct endings. 1

match

to

the English cues.

Read each sentence aloud and

Be sure

translate

it.

ad cubiculum Iverunt, quod dormlre nolebant. (un-

Puellae willing)

2.

Mult!

3.

Corpora

lectos e cubiculls portaverunt. (all)

servl

amlcorum

vidimus, (of

all)

(our dead) in plaustro posuerunt. (all the bodies)

4.

Servl scelestl

5.

Clvis

6.

LectT

7.

Caupo fabulam de

8.

cauponem

necavit.

(fat)

caupona.

sunt in

(dirty) (every)

scelesto narravit. (innkeeper)

Miles longam fabulam de

narravit. (all the inn-

keepers) 9.

10.

Corpus hominis

in plaustro

cauponam prope urbem

In

posuimus. (dead) intravistis. (every)

Exercise TVb Identify the tense y person y

forms.

Then

and number of each of

the following verb

give the principal parts of the verb:

Tense 1.

veniebatis

2.

cogitavistis

3.

coniciebam

4.

iusserunt

5.

surrexl

6.

removebas

7.

clamavistl

8.

obdormiebamus

36

Person

Number

Exercise IVc Give the requested forms of the following verbs

and

perfect tenses:

Present 1.

dicere (2 ndsing.)

2.

Ire (3rd

3.

apparere (1st pi) iacere (1st sing.)

5.

lavare (3rd sing.)

6.

punlre (2nd pi)

Exercise

Imperfect

Perfect

pi)

4.

IVd

Give the imperatives of the following Singular 1.

in the present, imperfect,

verbs:

Plural

Ire

2.

ponere

3.

ferre

4.

explicare

5.

nolle

6.

esse

7.

dolere

8.

venire

Exercise IVe Change

the following verbs to the present tense

and

where requested. Keep the same person and number. Present 1

.

poterat

2.

volebam

3.

ferebas

4.

eramus

5.

nolebas

6.

ibant

7.

volebatis

8.

eras

9.

ferebatis

10.

nolebat

37

Perfect

the perfect tense

Wf

Exercise

Read aloud and Sextus tamen vigilabat et

translate:

non obdormlvit, nam de

mllitis fabula cogitabat. Itaque

de Aulo mortuo cogitabat. Tandem, "Marce!"

timuisu" ubi illam

Sed Marcus

inquit.

diu

"Tune

fabulam audlviso?"

nihil respondit. Iterum,

"Marce!"

"Tune cauponem

inquit.

spectabas?" Iterum silentium! Deinde Sextus, iam timidus, "Marce! Marce!"

"Cur

inquit.

tu obdormlvisti?

Cur

tu

non

5

vigilavisu?"

"O me miserum! Audivitne eum necare parabat? Qualis sonitus fuit?" Sonitum Sextus iterum audlvit. "O Eucleides!" inquit. "Cur ad cubiculum nondum veniso? O pater! O mater! Cur me in Italiam mlsistis? Voluistisne ita me ad mortem mittere? In Asiam ego redlre volo. Ibi enim nullum est Subito sonitum in cubiculo audlvit Sextus.

sonitum Aulus

miser ubi caupo

ille

periculum, sed periculosum

Multa

est hie in Italia habitare."

se rogabat Sextus,

nunc media nocte

nam, quamquam puer temerarius

e

manibus cauponis

Quamquam Aulus aurum habuit,

sedebat.

ibi

"Quo-

15

possum? Suntne omnes cau-

scelestl effugere

pones scelesn? Fortasse caupo me, filium habet.

esse solebat,

solus in cubiculo tremebat.

Itaque Sextus, per totam noctem vigilare paratus, diu

modo iam

10

necare in animo

clvis praeclarl,

ego tamen nihil habeo, neque aurum

neque pecuniam." Ita

cogitabat Sextus. Iterum sonitum audlvit.

invltus,

nam omnes

cubicull partes Inspicere volebat.

Sub lecto erat feles, obesa vldit.

Mussavit Sextus,

et

"Non

(

e manibus, from the hands

aurum,

f ), death

feles, felis

wondered

totus, -a, -urn,

tremo, tremere

-I (n),

pecunia, -ae

se rogabat, (he) asked

himself,

Mox tamen risit. Ecce! murem mortuum

necesse est hoc corpus sub stercore celare!"

way

mors, mortis

surrexit

semisomna. Prope felem Sextus

sonitum, sound ita, in this

Timebat sed tandem

(

f

mus, muris

(

),

gold

money

/"),

cat

(m),

mouse

whole

(3),

tremui, to tremble

Inspicio, Inspicere (3), Inspexi, Inspectum, to

examine

Exercise IVg In the above passage, locate the following in sequence: 1.

All verbs in the present tense.

3.

All verbs in the perfect tense.

2.

All verbs in the imperfect tense.

4.

All infinitives.

38

20

Eavesdropping It

was quite dark. Cornelia was

still

wide awake. All kinds of exciting

sounds were floating up from the inn downstairs, inviting her

and have

a look.

and tiptoed into

"Take inside of

home

me

to

down

go

She slipped out of bed, put a shawl around her shoulders, the corridor where Eucleides was on guard.

downstairs, Eucleides," she wheedled. "I've never seen the

an inn before." This was quite

preferred to stay in a friend's villa

Eucleides took a

lot

true,

because a

Roman away from

and avoided inns

if

possible.

of persuading, but Cornelia could always get around

him; he soon found himself downstairs, looking into the main room, with Cornelia peering from behind his arm. It

was pretty dark

inside, despite the lamps.

with smoke and reeked of garlic. father;

On

The atmosphere was

thick

the far side Cornelia could see her

and nearer were other customers seated on

stools at

rough

tables,

and an evil-looking group they were. "Stay away from them, Cornelia," whispered Eucleides. "Those rogues would murder their own mothers for a silver denarius. But Eucleides needn't have worried because they were all absorbed in what was going on at the far end of the low room, where a girl was dancing. Above the hum of conversation her singing could be heard to the accompaniment of a rhythmic clacking noise she seemed to be making with her fingers. "Makes that noise with castanets," whispered Eucleides. "Dancing girl from Spain, probably Gades." But one person was not paying much attention to the entertainment the tabellarius, whose reckless driving had ditched them. He had not come out of the incident unscathed. One of his horses had gone lame, and he was making the most of the enforced delay, drinking the innkeeper's best Falernian.

a

As Cornelia and Eucleides entered, the innkeeper was bringing forward young man to introduce him to the imperial courier. "This is Decimus

Junius Juvenalis,

Sir, a soldier like yourself."

slightiy as a rather

haggard young

man came

The

tabellarius,

unbending

forward wearing the insignia

of a junior officer, dismissed the innkeeper with a look and said pleasantly

enough, "Greetings, young man! Where are you from?" "I'm on my way back from service in Britain, sir. What a place! They don't have any climate there, just bad weather! Mist, rain, hail, snow the

—

lot!

Hardly a blink of sunshine!"

"Perhaps he knows our Davus," whispered Cornelia. 39

me see!" said

"Let

A

the tabellarius.

chap called Agricola,

I

"That's right!" replied Juvenalis.

content with conquering the get

something

dogs. Before

Caledonii shine at

I

live.

"Who's governor of Britain

bit

"A madman,

he had gone

They

if

you ask me. He's not

of Britain that's near Gaul, where you can

profitable, like silver or left

these days?

hear."

wool or hides or those huge hunting edge of the world where the

to the very

say that there, in the middle of winter, the sun doesn't

But I can't vouch been to Britain too," all!

for that myself!"

much interested. "I'm not an ordinary tabellarius, you know. I'm really in charge of a section of the cursus publicus. I personally carry dispatches only if they are confidential "I've

said the tabellarius,

messages from. ..."

And

here he whispered something in Juvenalis' ear which Cornelia could

not catch.

The innkeeper

up again with some more wine. on the Via Appia," he confided. "Not only military gentlemen like yourselves, or that scum of humanity there" jerking his thumb towards the dancer's audience "but

"We

sidled

get lots of interesting people stopping here

—

—

special envoys to the Emperor himself. When Nero was Emperor, we had one of this new Jewish religious sect who lodged here on a journey all the way from Judaea, to be tried by the Emperor himself no less! He was called Paul or something. ..."

Suddenly Cornelia

felt

her ear seized between finger and

thumb and

looked around into the eyes of a very angry Aurelia. She found herself upstairs

and back

in

bed before she knew what had happened.

'THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN

AD 80 40

From Iam

dies erat.

fossa extraxit et

21 the Inn to

Prima luce raedarius auxilio servorum cauponis raedam e cistas Corneliorum rae-

ad cauponam admovit. Turn servl

dum omnes

dario tradiderunt. Interea in caupona,

immemor mandata

terroris nocturnl, mllitis

servls dabat.

omnes! Nollte

Tandem

Rome

cessare!

Cornelius ipse Aureliae

Tempus

se parabant, Sextus,

iam

fabulam Corneliae narrabat; Eucleides et llberis

clamabat, "Agite,

5

est discedere."

cunctl e caupona venerunt et in raedam ascenderunt.

"Vale!" clamaverunt pueri. "Valete!" respondit caupo, qui in via stabat. "Nollte in fossam iterum

Non in omnibus cauponis bene dormlre potestis." Turn raedarius habenas sumpsit et equos verberavit. Tandem

cadere!

10

Romam

iterum petebant.

omnia de mure mortuo Marco explicavit, Cornelius fabulam uxorl narravit. Iam urbl appropinquabant, cum subito pueri

In itinere Sextus mllitis

ingens aedificium conspexerunt.

15

Marcus patrem, "Quid est illud?" rogavit. Atque Sextus, "Quis in illo aedificio habitat?" Cui Cornelius, "Nemo ibi habitat," cum risu respondit. "Est sepulcrum Messallae Corvlnl qui erat orator praeclarus. Hie sunt sepulcra multorum et praeclarorum clvium quod Romanls non licet intra urbem sepulcra

20

habere.

Mox

alterum aedificium

magnum

vlderunt.

"Estne id quoque sepulcrum, pater?" rogavit Marcus. "Ita

verof Cornelius respondit. "Est sepulcrum Caeciliae Metellae. Nonne

de Caecilia Metella audlvistl?"

Sed Marcus

25

patri nihil respondit.

Iam enim urbem ipsam

videre poterat.

"Ecce Roma!" clamavit. "Ecce Roma! Ecce Roma!" clamaverunt Sextus et Cornelia. Turn Cornelius, "BrevI tempore ad Portam Capenam adveniemus et Titum, patruum vestrum, ibi videbimus. Epistulam enim per servum mlsl et

omnia

el explicavl. Titus

mox

nos prope Portam excipiet."

41

30

cum, when

auxilio, with the help

raedario, to the

coachman

illud, that

immemor, immemoris,

atque, and

noctumus,

-a, -urn,

mandatum,

forgetful

during the night

Corneliae, to Cornelia

sepulcrum, intra

#

(+

-I (n),

bene, well

patruus,

tomb

ace), inside

adveniemus, we

order, instruction

-I (n),

huge

ingens, ingentis,

se parare, to prepare oneself, get ready

-I

will

come

(m), uncle

habenae, -arum

(f pi), reins

vester, vestra, vestrum,

mus, muris

mouse

videbimus, we

(m),

uxori, to his wife

excipiet, (he) will

admoveo, admovere trado, tradere

do, dare

to

move

(pi)

welcome

towards

traditum, to hand over

(3), tradidl,

dedl, datum, to give (note short a)

(1),

ascendo, ascendere

(3),

respondeo, respondere cado, cadere

(3),

sumo, sumere

ascendl, ascensum, to climb (2),

cecidi,

(3),

respondl, responsum, to reply

casum,

to fall

sumpsl, sumptum, to take, take up

conspicio, conspicere excipio, excipere

NOUNS:

admovl, admotum,

(2),

your

will see

(3),

(3),

conspexl, conspectum, to catch sight of

excepl, exceptum, to welcome, receive

Cases and Declensions

Dative Case Look

following sentences:

at the

1.

Fabulam Corneliae

2.

Omnia Marco

3.

Mandata

4.

Marcus

5.

Aulus

6.

Lectum

The

He was telling a story to Cornelia. He explained everything to Marcus. He was giving orders to the slaves.

narrabat.

explicavit.

servis dabat.

Marcus made no

patri nihil respondit.

They have prepared a bed

tibi paraverunt.

Latin words in bold type are

reply to his father.

Aulus appeared to him.

el apparuit.

all

Amicus omnibus amicus neminl.

for you.

in the dative case.

— A friend

42

to everyone

is

a friend to no one.

Here

Number

showing the groups of nouns and

a table

is

cases, including the dative:

1st

2nd

3rd

Declension

Declension

Declension

Case

Masc.

Fern.

Masc.

Fem.

Masc.

Neut.

Neut.

Singular

Nom.

puella

serv us

puer

bacul urn

pater

vox

nomen

Gen.

puellae

servi"

pueri"

bacul/

patr/s

VOCJS

nomin/s

Dat.

puellae

servo

puero

baculd

patrf

voci"

nomini

Ace.

puella/n

serv

puerum

bacul um

patre/n

vocem

nomen

Abl.

puella

servo

puero

baculd

patre

voce

nomine

Nom.

puellae

servi

pueri

bacula

patres

voces

nomina

Gen.

puellarum

servdrum

puerdrum

bacul drum

patrum

voc um

nomin um

Dat.

puellis

servis

pueris

bacul/s

patriDus

VOCJDUS

nomin/bui

Ace.

puellas

servos

puerds

bacula

patres

voces

nomina

Abl.

puellis

servis

pueris

bacul/s

patr/bus

vocibus

nomin ibui

um

Plural

Notes 1.

In each declension dative

2.

The

datives of the

and

ablative plurals have the

pronouns are

as follows:

Singular

Plural

Nominative

Dative

Nominative

Dative

ego

mihi

nos

nobis

tu

tibi

vos

el

el,

is,

The

same endings.

ea, id

vobis eae, ea

els

dative endings of the adjectives are:

1st

and 2nd Declension

3rd Declension

Masc.

Fem.

Neut.

Singular

magnd

magnae

magnd

omni

omni

omni

Plural

magn/s

magnfs

magn/s

omnibus

omnibus

omnibus

Be sure

to learn the

new

Masc.

dative forms thoroughly.

43

Fem.

Neut.

Exercise 21a Translate the following sentence:

Cornelius fabulam uxor! narravit.

Now

reword the sentence

to

show that Cornelius

told the story to each

of the following in turn. (Remember that you must check the declension of each noun before you can produce the correct ending.):

Septimus, Flavia, puellae, miles, pueri, raedarius, senatores, caupo, viatores.

Exercise 21b The

sentence Eucleides mandate servis dabat can be translated Eucleides was giving orders to the slaves. or

Eucleides was giving the slaves orders.

Translate each of the following sentences in two ways: 1.

Patruus pecuniam pueris dat.

2.

Mater fabulam puellae

3.

Oratores fabulas clvibus narraverunt.

4.

Ancilla invlta cauponl

>.

Caupones

6.

Omnia

7.

Nihil legato pnncipis

raro

patri

cenam

narravit.

cibum

tradit.

senatoribus dant.

meo semper

seldom

raro,

dlco.

dixit.

Note The

dative case

Mihi

is

also

found with

licet

licet exlre.

and appropinquare,

It is I

Urbl appropinquabant.

am

permissible for

allowed

to

go

e.g.:

me

to

out. I

go out.

may go

out.

They were coming near

to the city.

They were approaching

the city.

Exercise 21c Read aloud and

translate:

1.

Matres llberorum multa

2.

Davus Cornelil mandata

3.

Cornelil

4.

Cornelius epistulam ad Titum mlsit et omnia

5.

Pueris

6.

Marcus, "Tace, Sexte!"

7.

Dum

mox

non

els dlcunt.

servis dedit.

urbis portls appropinquabant. el explicavit.

licebat soils per vias errare. inquit.

"Nobis non

Cornelii urbl appropinquabant, Titus

44

licet

hie clamare."

omnia

els parabat.

Building

Up

NOUNS:

Dative or Ablative?

the

Meaning IV

You will have noticed that the dative and ablative cases often have identical endings, e.g., servo, puellls, mllitibus.

The

used in a particular sentence?

you decide Is

a.

ablative case because If

b.

there

will

are

you

to tell

which case

is

correctly:

noun preceded by

the

How

Latin will usually provide clues to help

is

no

a preposition? If

preposition, does the

normally be

in the dative

it is

the

more

noun

noun

will

be in the

dative case.

refer to a person? If

it

does,

it

because nouns referring to persons are

usually governed by a preposition refers to a thing,

it is,

no preposition governs the

they are in the ablative.

if

likely to

If

the

noun

be ablative than dative.

Consider the following sentences, noting the clues provided by each word

and group of words

1.

as

you meet them:

Canem nostrum puero

The words canem nostrum knowing

dedit. are obviously accusative.

we can

When we

reach puero,

must be in the dative case because it would be governed by a preposition if it was in the ablative case. A Roman reading as far as puero would have known before he reached the verb that someone was transferring "our dog" in some way or other "to that

puer

refers to a person,

say that

it

the boy."

Puero canem nostrum dedimus. fact that puero comes first in the sentence does not alter the reasoning. Since it refers to a person and is not governed by a preposition, it must be 2.

The

in the dative case and, again,

some

transfer

is

taking place.

Canem nostrum baculo verberat. When we come to baculo, knowing that baculum 3.

be sure because of the sense that

it is

refers to a thing,

in the ablative case.

A Roman

we can would

have understood as soon as he reached baculo that someone was "doing"

something 4.

to

our dog with a

stick.

Baculo canem nostrum verberat.

Again, the fact that baculo appears as the

We

again

to a thing,

something

first

word makes no

difference.

know that baculo must be in the ablative case because it refers and when we come to canem we know that someone is "doing" to

our dog with a

stick.

45

Exercise 21d Look carefully for the type of clue mentioned in the preceding discussion to help you with the words which could be dative or ablative. Identify each as dative or ablative and then translate the entire sentence. 1.

Caupo

viatoribus

2.

Servus

murem

cibum

dedit.

baculo necavit.

3.

Raedarius equos habenls devertebat.

4.

Amlco

5.

Puellae

6.

Necesse erat pecuniam praedonibus tradere.

7.

Puerl pontem in rivo ramls faciebant.

captlvl

aurum

lupum

tradidl.

virgls repellunt.

8.

Epistulas principis tabellarils dedistT.

9.

Auriga habenas manibus

10.

Senator

fllils

arripuit.

fabulas narrat.

domino

1 1

Servus nomina virorum

12.

Boves clamoribus incitamus.

bovem

13.

Vllicus

14.

Frater

15.

Mercatores togas

meus

captlvus,

aurum,

-I

e rivo

manibus

dixit.

extraxit.

captlvos auro adiuvit. et tunicas clvibus monstrant.

(m), captive

-I (n),

pecunia, -ae

gold

(f),

money

praedo, praedonis (m), robber pons, pontis (m), bridge

mercator, mercatoris (m), merchant

monstro

(1), to

show

46

Sepulchral Inscriptions

AECILIAE CRETICI-F ETELLAE-CRASSI

Caeciliae

Q. CreticI

f(lliae)

Metellae Crass! (the

tomb) of Caecilia Metella, daughter of Q(uintus Caecilius Metellus)

Creticus, (wife) ofCrassus

II

D. M.

S.

CRISPINAE CONIUGI DIVINAE, NUTRICI

DUUM, ALBUS CONIUNX, M.

II.B.

M.

C. Q. F.

SENATORUM

AN. XVII, H. VIX. AN.

XXX

F.

D(Is) m(anibus) s(acrum) Crispinae coniugl dlvlnae, nutrici

du(6r)um, Albus coniunx, c(um) q(uo)

monumentum

fecit). Vlx(it)

an(nos)

f(ellciter)

XXX

an(nos)

m(enses)

II.

XVII

senatorum (vixit),

h(oc

B(ene) m(erentl)

f(ecit).

Sacred to the deified

spirits

Albus her husband, with this

monument). She

who

well deserved

of Crispina

whom

y

divine wife, nurse of two senators;

she lived happily seventeen years,

lived thirty years,

two months.

He made

(set

up

(this for her)

it.

Ill

D(Is)

M(anibus) Iuliae Velvae pietissimae. Vixit an(nos) L. Aurel(ius) Mer-

curialis her(es)

To

faciundum

curavit.

Vlvus

sibi et suis fecit.

the deified spirits of Julia Velva, a most dutiful

years. Aurelius Mercurialis, her heir,

himself and his family while he was

had

this

still alive.

47

woman. She lived 50 He made it for

(tomb) made.

Word Study VI The Supine Stem The stem

of the supine (fourth principal part) of a Latin verb

source of other Latin words and English derivatives. This stem

dropping the

-um from

Here are some 1.

No

common

is

vis-.

types of words formed from the supine stem:

supine stem

may form an

English word with no change:

Silent

fact (factum)

-e.

English word

may

be formed by adding

narrate (narratum) 3.

the

found by

the supine, e.g., the supine stem of visum

invent (inventum)

An

is

suffix.

The

2.

may be

silent -e to the

supine stem:

finite (finltum)

Suffix -or.

When

added

to the supine stem,

the Latin suffix -or creates a 3rd

declension, masculine noun, which

means "one who does"

the action

of the verb. These nouns are often borrowed into English with no change in spelling,

although there

is

Supine

sometimes a change

Latin

narratum narrare (

Noun

&

in

meaning:

Meaning

English narrator

narrator, narratoris (m),

)

Word

story -teller

spectatum (spectare)

spectator, spectatoris (m),

spectator

onlooker, observer

actum

actor, actons (m),

(agere)

actor

driver, doer, actor

Suffix -io.

The

Latin suffix

-io,

when added

clension, feminine noun,

to the supine stem,

which means the "act of,"

forms a 3rd de-

"state of," or "result

The genitive singular of these nouns ends in and the base has -ion-, which is the source of English words ending in -sion and -tion. The meaning of the English word is similar or identical to that of the Latin noun, which takes its meaning from the of" the action of the verb. -ionis,

Latin verb:

Noun

&

Supine

Latin

visum

visio, visionis

(videre)

narratum (narrare)

Meaning

Word

vision

f ), act of viewing (

narratio, narrationis

English

(

f),

narration

act of telling (a story)

Note

that

whether the English word ends

whether the supine from which

it is

48

in -sion or -tion

depends on

derived ends in -sum or -turn.

Exercise 1 Using the above information, give a 3rd declension Latin noun and

an English derivative

each of the following supines. Check

for

Latin dictionary to verify the existence of each

meaning with

that of

its

in a

noun and compare

its

English derivative.

1.

audltum (audlre)

4.

factum

2.

cautum

(cavere)

5.

mansum

3.

exclamatum (exclamare)

6.

missum

(facere)

(manere) (mittere)

7.

perJtum (petere)

8.

positum (ponere)

9.

statum

(stare)

Exercise 2 Give the meaning of each English word below. Then give the supine,

and the meaning of the verb from which the English word

infinitive, is

derived.

1.

apparition

4.

habitation

7.

session

2.

cogitate

5.

inventor

8.

state

3.

diction

6.

motor

9.

tacit

Latin Expressions in English Latin phrases and expressions are often used in English. familiar,

such

as et cetera (etc.),

such as ipso facto, by the fact

and

itself,

assumption that has obvious truth,

the rest. Others are

Some

more

are very

specialized,

a legal expression used to describe

e.g.,

"A

slave, ipso facto,

had no

an

right

to vote."

While Latin expressions may sometimes be used affectations, there are occasions

when

in English as

mere

they are very effective in summarizing

an idea succinctly. For example, the term de facto segregation

refers to a

long history of racial segregation which occurred in fact, even though no legal

measures were taken

to achieve

it.

De

jure segregation,

on the other

hand, was achieved by law. These two Latin phrases capsulize these notions in a

minimum

of words, thereby making communication

more

efficient.

Exercise 3 Look up the following Latin expressions each expression in a sentence which

in

an English dictionary. Use

illustrates

its

special use in

Eng-

lish.

1.

ad hoc

4.

non sequitur

7.

quid pro quo

2.

ad infinitum

5.

per capita

8.

sine

3.

modus operandi

6.

per se

9.

status

49

qua non

quo

22 the Porta Capena

At

Interea Titus, patruus

Marc!

et

tamen

rebant. Titus

descendit.

E

in lectlca sedebat.

hue

illuc cur-

Ubi Cornelios conspexit, e

enim

raeda descenderunt Cornelil. Interdiu

Romanls non

agere

Capenam

Corneliae, eos prope Portam

exspectabat. Clves, mercatores, servl per portam ibant atque

raedas intra

lectlca

urbem

licebat.

5

Stupuit Sextus ubi multitudinem civium, servorum turbam

vldit.

Un-

dique erat strepitus plaustrorum, undique clamor mercatorum, viatorum, raedariorum.

maximo cum gaudio salutavit. Nonne estis itinere defessl?" "Mihi necesse est celeriter ad Cu-

Titus Cornelium et Aureliam et llberos

"Quam

laetus," inquit, "vos

omnes

excipio!

"Valde defessl," respondit Cornelius. riam

prlmum Aureliam

sed

Ire,

"Ita vero!" inquit Titus.

mum

els

Corneliam

domum

ducam."

"Ecce! Lectlcaril, quos vobls conduxl, vos do-

Ego pueros curabo. Multa

ferent.

omnia

et

et

mlra videbunt puerl, atque ego

explicabo."

15

Itaque per vias urbis lectlcaril patrem, matrem, filiam celeriter tulerunt.

10

domum

Postquam eo advenerunt, Aurelia et Cornelia, itinere defessae, tamen se lavit, togam puram induit, iterum

quietl dederunt. Cornelius

se

in

lectlca consedit.

"Ad Curiam hue

way and

illuc, this

lectlca, -ae

(

20

celeriter!" inquit.

/"),

primum,

that

ducam,

interdiu, during the day

stupeo

(2), to

turba, -ae

(

be amazed, gape

f),

undique, on

crowd,

all

first

domum, homeward, home

litter

I

will take

ferent, (they) will carry

mob

curabo,

I

will take care of

multa et mlra, many wonderful things

sides

strepitus, noise, clattering

videbunt, (they) will see

maximo cum gaudio,

eo, there, to that place

with very great

quies, quietis

joy

Curia, -ae

(

f),

Senate House

purus,

50

-a,

(

/"),

rest

-um, clean

curro, currere (3), cucurri, curs urn, to run

sedeo, sedere

(2), sedl,

descendo, descendere ago, agere

(3), egi,

induo, induere

(3),

sit

descend!, descensum, to climb

actum,

conduco, conducere fero, ferre, tuli,

sessum, to

(3),

down

to do, drive

conduxi, conductum, to hire

latum, to carry, bring, bear (3),

consido, considere

indul, indutum, to put (3),

consedl, to

sit

on

down

Slaves carrying a lectica.

Exercise 22a Responde Latine: 1.

Quis Cornelios prope Portam Capenam exspectabat?

2.

Qui hue

3.

Ubi sedebat Titus?

4. 5.

Cur Cornelii e raeda descenderunt? Quid Sextus prope portam vldit et audlvit?

6.

Quomodo

7.

Suntne Cornelii

8.

Quo

necesse est Cornelio Ire?

9.

Quis

lectlcarios conduxit?

illuc

currebant per portam?

Titus Cornelios salutavit? itinere defessl?

10.

Quis pueris multa

1 1

Quid

fecit

et

mlra explicabit?

Cornelius postquam 51

domum

Cornelii advenerunt?

VERBS: Future Tense Look

I

at these sentences:

Ego omnia Multa

explicabo.

els

I

will explain everything to them.

The boys

mlra videbunt pueri.

et

many

will see

wonderful

things.

Ego Corneliam

domum

ducam.

BrevT tempore ad Portam

I

Capenam

will take Cornelia

In a short time

adveniemus.

The words

in bold type are

shown

examples of the future

Note

tense.

The

endings of

in the table below:

1st

Plural

home.

will arrive at the

Porta Capena.

the future tense are

Singular

we

and 2nd

3rd and 4th

Conjugations

Conjugations

J

-bo

-am

2

-bis

-is

3

-bit

-et

i

-bimus

-emus

2

-bitis

-etis

3

-bunt

-ent

that in the future tense the endings of verbs in the 3rd

conjugations are quite different from the endings of verbs in the

and 4th 1st and

2nd conjugations. Note

also that the e of the

ending

in the 3rd

and 4th conjugations

is

short

before final -t and -nt.

Learn the forms of the future tense,

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

Conjugation

Conjugation

Conjugation

Conjugation

par are

habere

mittere

iacere (-id)

audire

parabo

habebo

mittem

iaciam

audiam

2

parabis

habe bis

mittes

iacies

audies

3

parabit

habebit

mittef

iacief

audief

parabimus

habebimus

mittemus

iaciemus

audi emus

2

parabitis

habebitis

mittefis

iacietis

audi etis

3

parabunt

habe bunt

mitient

iacienf

audienf

Infinitive »-

as follows:

1

-2

3

?

SP

co

1 ft*

52

Exercise 22b Read aloud and 1

translate:

Titus nos prope Portam

Capenam exspectabit; omnes maximo cum gaudio

salutabit. 2.

Hodie sepulcra magna Romanorum praeclarorum vidimus;

Romana

et alia aedificia

Curiam

Fortasse patruus noster nos ad

4.

Cornelil

omnes

5.

Multa

mlra vident puerl;

6.

Cornelius e raeda descendet,

7.

Quam

8.

Bene

9.

Cornelia, itinere longo defessa, se quiet! dabit.

se parant; brevl

ducet.

tempore ad urbem

lecticaril eos

iter facient.

mox domum

nam raedam

portabunt.

urbem agere non

intra

licet.

diu in urbe manebis, pater?

dormietis, puerl.

Longum enim

iter

hodie

fecistis.

10.

Puerl multa rogabunt de aedificils quae in urbis

1 1

Cras, ubi surgetis, pueri, strepitum plaustrorum audietis.

12.

Titus, ubi pueros

domum

maneo, manere

in sentences

1 1

mansl,

(2),

and

omnia

ducet,

facio, facere (3), feci,

Note that

Curiam

videbimus.

3.

et

eras

1

vils

videbunt.

els explicabit.

mansum,

to

remain, stay

factum, to make, do

2 the verbs in the clauses introduced by ubi

are in the future tense. English, however, requires the present tense here.

Exercise 22c

Add one

of the following adverbs to each sentence, according to the

tense of the verb: hodie (present), heri (perfect), or eras (future).

Read

aloud and translate:

urbem

1

Mllites ad

2.

Pueros parentes ad cubiculum

3.

Mult! homines in via

4.

Lecticaril ad

5.

Multae matres

Senatores mllites

7.

Aedificia multa

8.

Cur non cauponem Nos omnes in raeda

10.

Vos

Quando cadet Roma, cadet fall, too.

venient.

expectaverunt.

llberos

in lectis

mlserunt. stabunt.

portam

6.

9.

veniunt.

conspiciunt.

vidimus.

petemus? sedemus. dormietis.

et

mundus. When Rome

(Medieval pilgrims' proverb; Venerable Bede)

53

falls,

the world will

Exercise 22d and

translate:

Interea Eucleides et pueri

cum

Tito extra Portam

TITUS:

Quid

in itinere vldistis? Vldistisne rusticos in agris?

Take

parts, read aloud,

Salvete, pueri!

Capenam

stabant.

Agrosne

colebant?

SEXTUS:

Rusticos vidimus. Agros

non

colebant, sed sub arboribus quiescebant.

At cauponam vidimus; nostra raeda erat in

MARCUS:

in fossa haerebat et nobis necesse

5

caupona pernoctare.

Gaudebam quod pater meus in ilia caupona pernoctare constituit. Caupo erat vir Graecus, amicus Eucleidis. Ego quoque gaudebam, nam miles bonam fabulam nobis narravit. In Ita vero!

SEXTUS:

ilia

fabula caupo

quldam hospitem

necavit. Tales fabulas

MARCUS:

Sed quid nunc faciemus, patrue? Ego volo Curiam

SEXTUS:

Quando Circum Maximum

mum

vlsitabimus? Ecce!

amo.

10

Forum videre. Nonne Circum Maxiet

supra muros urbis exstantem videre possum?

Maximus. Non procul

MARCUS:

Ita vero!

TITUS:

Non possumus omnia

SEXTUS:

Sed quid

Est Circus

hodie videre. Cras

aedificium?

est illud

abest.

satis

temporis habebimus.

Nonne pontem ingentem

15

supra portam

video?

Non pontem

MARCUS:

hie vides,

ilium aquaeductum

O

stulte!

Est aquaeductus,

RomanI aquam

in

urbem

Aqua Marcia. Per

ferunt.

Cave imbrem, 20

Sexte!

SEXTUS:

Sed non

TITUS:

Semper

extra at,

+

(

ace.

pluit.

hie pluit, Sexte.

),

Rlmosa enim

exstantem, standing out, towering

outside

but

satis

talis, -is, -e,

such

aqua, -ae

Rome -a,

-um, very

great,

murus,

-I

water

ace.

),

for the

rain!

greatest, very large

+

-um, stupid

(f),

Cave imbrem! Watch out

maximus,

(

temporis, enough time

stultus, -a,

Circus Maximus, a stadium in

supra

Aqua Marcia.

est

rimosus,

above

-a,

-um,

full

of cracks,

leaky

(m), wall

colo, colere (3), colul, cultum, to cultivate

quiesco, quiescere

(3),

constituo, constituere

quievi, quietum, to

pluit, pluere (3), pluit,

and

rest,

keep quiet

(3), constitui, constitutum, to decide it

rains (usually

infinitive)

54

found only

in 3rd person singular

Exercise 22e Give the appropriate form of the future tense for each verb Via Appia non (pernoctare).

1.

Nos

2.

Mox

3.

Titus multas fabulas de aedificils

4.

Ego primum Aureliam

5.

6. 7.

in

vos urbl (appropinquare) et patruum (conspicere).

et

Romae

Corneliam

puerls (narrare).

domum

(ducere).

Puerl multa et mlra in urbe eras (videre).

Quando Cornelius ad Curiam (venire)? Tu cenam bonam in ilia caupona (habere).

8.

Nos

9.

Cras Marcus

10.

in lectls sordidls

non

et Sextus

(dormlre).

mane

(surgere).

Cornelius Titum rratrem (petere);

The Seven

in parentheses:

Hills of

Rome 55

mox eum

(invenlre).

Aqueducts One feature of the city which the Cornelii would notice as they approached Rome was the evidence of the Romans' passion for water. Abundant water and fountains and lakes was an utter necessity to the Roman, so had to be brought in by the aqueducts whose arches strode into Rome

for baths

that

it

from

all

directions.

across the plain to

By

a.d. 80, nine aqueducts were in use, carrying water

Rome from sources up to fifty-six miles or ninety kilometers

distant.

The

illustration

shows the arches supporting the water-channel and a

To

cross-section of the

channel

recommended

of six inches or fifteen centimeters in every ninety-eight

a

fall

feet or thirty meters.

driven through hills

itself.

maintain the downhill flow, experts

Tunnels, with inspection

which

it

was impossible

the principle that water rises to

its

own

shafts built into

to by-pass.

level, a

them, were

Sometimes, by using

U-shaped arrangement of and clean-

the tunnel allowed an uphill flow. Responsibility for maintaining ing the

whole

vast system rested with the curator

56

aquarum and

his

staff.

Subiaco

' I

Land above. 16SO/4. or soo meters Routes of the

The

Roman

aqueducts.

aqueduct, the

first

Aqua Appia, went underground.

Since a gravity

system was employed, later ones had to be higher to serve the hillier

districts

The Romans then hit on the idea of using arches to support the water-channel. The arches turned out to be beautiful structures in themselves, but the Romans had adopted them for quite different reasons.

of the town.

They stood up

better to earthquakes, always a hazard in Italy; the

blow through them, where a be easily repaired, as

would

solid wall

workmen could

invite disaster;

wind could

and they could one

take the building materials from

side to the other.

Admiring comments about the aqueducts abound from native and forone writer, "as the pyramids, but how much more useful!" Not only so, but we also have an astonishing book, De aquis urbis Romae, by Frontinus, Superintendent of Aqueducts, written

eigner alike. "Just as impressive," says

about A. D. 97, describing the system in detail and the

and maintaining

it.

He

difficulties of organizing

reports that, through bribery of

watermen, supplies

Rome

at all.

often succeeded in bribing inspectors

(who

were sometimes diverted into private estates and never reached

Householders in were, after

all,

Rome

itself

slaves) to replace a

narrow pipe by one of wider bore, while

they continued to pay at the old rate!

57

According

to the latest available figures, the daily

in a large city today

about 120 gallons or 455

is

liters

consumption of water per person. According

day the Roman aqueducts could deliver over 264 million one billion liters in twenty-four hours, providing a daily allowance of about 240 gallons or 900 liters per person! The aqueducts leaked dreadfully, as the Cornelii found at the Porta Capena, and what with water thieves and to Frontinus, in his

gallons or

corrupt inspectors, the

Roman

all this

citizen

The answer

is

water did not actually reach Rome. For

had a

still

lot

"Yes," because as one

Roman

having provided the city with the life-giving

The Roman, you

sewers."

all that,

of water at his disposal. Did he use

see, hardly ever

it

all?

"The waters, element, passed on into the writer put

it,

turned the tap

For him,

off.

running water was simply running water!

A Roman We value.

Contemplates the Aqueducts

must now describe marvels which

272

by Appius Claudius Caecus in 312

B.C.),

tains

B.C.),

having been ordered

Aqua Appia (the earliest aqueduct,

by the senate to repair the channels of the built

are unsurpassed for their genuine

Quintus Marcius Rex (praetor 144-143

Anio Vetus (begun

B.C.), the

in

and the Tepula, drove underground passages through the moun-

and brought

to

Rome

new

a

Aqua Marcia) and completed

water-supply

named

Agrippa, moreover, as aedile added to these the in 19 B.C.), repaired the

after

himself (the

within the period of his praetorship.

Aqua Virgo (completed

channels of the others and put them in order, and

constructed 700 basins, not to speak of 500 fountains and 130 reservoirs for distribution of water,

many

of the latter being richly decorated.

works he erected 300 bronze or marble statues and 400 marble

On

pillars

the course taken by the channels. All of this he did in a year. In the

these

marking

memoirs

of his aedileship he adds that in celebration of these achievements games

were held and that the bathing establishments were opened

lasting 59 days

to the public free of

has

now been

—

charge

170 of them, a number which

all

All of these previous aqueducts

and very

costly

Rome

have been surpassed by the most recent

work inaugurated by the Emperor Gaius

completed by Claudius (a.d. 41-54), Springs and the

Anio Novus flow

who made

Rome

into

such a high level as to supply water

350,000,000 sesterces were spent on If

at

infinitely increased.

(a.d.

37-41) and

the Curtian and Caerulean

from the 40th milestone

at

to all the seven hills of the city.

this

work.

we carefully consider the abundant supplies of water in public buildings,

baths, pools,

near the

open channels,

city; if

we

arrives, the raising

private houses, gardens,

and country

estates

consider the distances traversed by the water before

it

of arches, the tunneling of mountains, and the building

of level routes across deep valleys,

we

shall readily

admit that there has never

been anything more remarkable in the whole world. Pliny,

58

Natural History XXXVI. 121-123

VERBS: Future Tense The

II

following are the future tenses of the irregular verbs you have met:

Infinitive

g

esse

posse

velle

nolle

Ire

ferre

1

ero

potero

volam

nolam

Too

feram

I |2

eris

poteris

voles

noles

ibis

feres

&

erif

poterif

volef

nolef

loir

feref

erimus

poterimus

vol emus

nol emus

ibimus

feremus

eri tis

poteritis

vol etis

nol etis

ibitis

ferefis

eruuf

poteruuf

\o\ent

nolenf

ibunt

ferenf

3

1 i 3

Note that

and ferre have future tense endings like those of where long vowels occur in the endings of these

velle, nolle, ire,

regular verbs.

Note

also

verbs.

Exercise 22f Read aloud and

translate:

Curiam, pater?

Ad Curiam

1.

Ibisne ad

2.

Quando domum

3.

Fortasse Cornelius

4.

Eucleides ad amphitheatrum Ire nolet.

5.

Necesse

6.

Nocte vehicula magna onera

7.

Pueri

8.

Ubi

9.

Si equl strenue laborabunt,

erit

domum

celeriter Ibo.

redire brevl

tempore

poterit.

diu in urbe manere.

Circum Maximum

llberl

Ita vero!

redlbis, pater? Nescio.

mane

erunt?

in urbe ferent.

eras videre volent.

Tu

llberos

non

raedam e

videbis,

nam domo mox exlbunt.

fossa extrahere poterunt.

10.

Si pluet, ad silvam ambulare nolam.

11.

Feresne cistam

12.

Redlbitisne ad vlllam rusticam? Fortasse redire poterimus.

13.

Voletisne eras ad

14.

"Ego

15.

Post

Ire

meam

in

cauponam? Minime! Tu

Circum Maximum Ire?

Ita vero!

ipse earn fer!

Cras

illuc Ire

volemus.

nolam," inquit Amelia.

cenam

pueri cubitum Ire noient.

domo, out of the house exeo, exlre

Note

(irreg.), exil,

that in sentences

exitum, to go out

9 and 10 the verbs

in the future tense. English,

in the clauses introduced by si are

however, requires the present tense here.

59

23

Always Tomorrow Simulac Titus

et

tabimusne

—

?"

"Quo tu nos duces, et

urbem per Portam Capenam intrav"Quid nos prlmum faciemus? Quo ibimus? Vlsi-

puerl et Eucleides

erunt, clamavit Sextus,

patrue?" interpellavit Marcus. "Videbimusne

Curiam

Forum?"

5

Titus, "Tacete! Tacete!" inquit. cleides, tibi licebit

puerl, vos

"Forum

pueros eo ducere. Turn

eras vlsitabimus.

Cras,

Eu-

temporis. Hodie tamen,

erit satis

domum per urbem ducam et omnia in itinere vobls demonstrabo."

lam advenerant ad Circum Maximum, qui non procul aberat. Stupuit Sextus ubi molem Circl MaximI vldit. Stupuit quoque Marcus, quamquam Circum antea vlderat. Stupuit Titus, attonitus non mole, sed silentio Circl. "Eheu! Eheu!" inquit Titus. "Hodie Circus est clausus. Tribus diebus tamen princeps ipse ludos magnificos faciet."

"Nonne

10

tu nos eo duces?" rogavit Marcus.

"Eheu! Ego non potero vos ducere," inquit Titus. "Fortasse Eucleides

15

vos ducet."

"Minime!" respondit Sextus. "Libros, non ludos amat Eucleides." "Agite, puerl!" interpellavit Titus. "Nunc circumlbimus Montem Palatlnum et Forum intrabimus ad arcum Tiberil. Ibi fortasse patrl tuo occur-

Mox

remus, Marce.

senatores e Curia exlbunt."

Circum rellquerunt

Itaque

et

20

Palatlnum circumierunt. Titus in

itinere

monstravit puerls mlra aedificia quae prlncipes in Palatlno aedificaverant.

Tandem "Hie

ad arcum Tiberil advenerunt, iam labore est arcus," inquit Titus,

"quern

—

et aestu defessl.

"Omnia videre poteritis eras, " interpellavit Cornelius, qui eo ipso tempore ad arcum e Curia advenerat. "Eucleides omnia vobls explicabit. Iam sero est.

Agite!

Iam

domum

ibimus." book

simulac, as soon as

liber, libri (m),

advenerant, they had arrived

Mons Palatums, Montis Palannl (m),

moles, molis vlderat,

(/),

mass, huge bulk

the Palatine Hill arcus, arch

he had seen

attonitus, -a,

-um, astonished,

aedifico

as-

ludl,

build

aestu, by the heat

tounded clausus, -a,

(1), to

quem

-um, closed

-orum (m

pi),

games

60

(acc.) y

which

25

licet, licere (2), licuit,

and

it is

allowed (usually found only in 3rd person singular

infinitive)

possum, posse

{irreg.),

potul, to be able

circumeo, circumlre, circumil, circumitum, to go around occurro, occurrere

(3),

relinquo, relinquere

occurrl,

occursum (+

(3), reliqul,

dat.), to

meet, encounter

relictum, to leave

Romanam condere gentem! It was such a vast undertaking Roman nation! (Vergil, Aeneid 1.33)

Tantae molis erat to

found the

Curiam

et continens el

Chalcidicum next

I

to

Chalcidicum

it.

.

.

feci. I built the

Curia and the

Arcus Tiberil frisilicou

Pasiliccu

.

(Augustus, Res gestae XIX)

Mtnilicu

Izha,

Muri J

ME TLBS

X.OOO

1,000

61

>J

Exercise 23a Responde Latine: 1.

Quid

2.

Quis pueros

facere volebant Sextus et eras ad

Forum

Marcus postquam urbem

3.

Quid Titus hodie

4.

Vlderatne Sextus antea Circum

5.

Stupuitne Marcus ubi Circum

6.

Eratne Titus attonitus mole Circl?

7.

Cur Circum hodie

8.

Quid

9.

10.

intraverunt?

ducet?

facere vult?

pueri

non

Maximum? Maximum vldit?

intrant?

faciet princeps tribus diebus?

Ducetne Titus pueros ad ludos?

Quid amat Eucleides?

1 1

Ubi occurrent pueri Cornelio?

12.

Qui mlra

13.

Defesslne pueri ad

14.

Quis pueris prope arcum TiberiT occurrit?

15.

Quo

aedificia in Palatlno aedificaverant?

arcum

TiberiT advenerunt?

Cornelius pueros hodie ducet?

Roman Magistrates and Museum of Fine Arts.

Lictors;

an

oil

painting by Jean Lemaire (1598-1659). Montreal

62

VERBS: Look

Pluperfect Tense

at these sentences:

lam advenerant ad Circum.

Circum an tea Mlra

The

They had already reached

He had

vlderat.

the Circus.

seen the Circus before.

They had built marvelous buildings.

aedificia aedificaverant.

verbs in these sentences are

all in

the pluperfect tense, which can nearly

always be translated into English by the word "had."

The endings

1

-eram

3

These endings are added I

Plural 2 -eratis

-erat

to the perfect stem,

which

is

found by dropping

part, e.g., rellqui,

reliqu eram

1

Singular 2 rellqueris 3

-erant

3

from the end of the third principal

1

for all Latin verbs:

-eramus

1

Singular 2 -eras

the

same

of the pluperfect tense are the

stem reliqu-.

reliqu eram us

Plural 2 reliqu eratis

rellqueraf

3

reliqu erant

Exercise 23b Read aloud and

translate:

1

Eucleides pueros ad

urbem duxerat

2.

Amelia

quod

sollicita erat

servl

et omnia els demonstraverat. cenam nondum paraverant.

3.

Hodie librum diu legebam quern mihi

4.

Defessus eram quod multas epistulas iam scrlpseram.

5.

Vix

domum

adveneratis, pueri,

cum

heri dedistl.

Eucleides in hortum

intravit.

scrlbo, scribere (3), scrips!, scriptum, to write vix, scarcely

Exercise 23c Substitute the corresponding pluperfect form for each verb in parentheses,

read the sentence aloud,

1

Tantum sonitum numquam

2.

Marcus

3.

Via erat plena

4.

Lectlcaril, qui

eum 5.

laetus fuit

quod

translate:

antea (audlmus)

patrl

hominum

and

prope Curiam (occurrit)

qui ad urbem (veniunt)

Cornelium per

urbis vias (ferunt)

,

extra

Curiam

exspectabant.

Titus,

quod Circum

clausum, pueros

(invenit)

tantus, -a, sonitus,

-um, so

sound

63

great,

such a big

domum

ducebat.

Up

Building

the

Meaning

V

VERBS: Present or Future? Look

at these sentences:

Cornelius multos servos habet.

Cornelius has

Scelestos servos ad vlllam mittet.

He

Hodie Cras

in

caupona manemus.

Romam

The endings

adveniemus. -es, -et,

-emus,

-etis,

will

many

slaves.

send the wicked slaves

Today we remain

in the inn.

Tomorrow we

reach Rome.

will

to the farm.

-ent can denote the present tense of verbs

of the 2nd conjugation or the future tense of verbs of the 3rd and 4th

conjugations.

there

If

is

an

i

before the

e,

the verb will be the future tense

of a 3rd conjugation -io verb or the future tense of a 4th conjugation verb.

Exercise 23d Following the examples, identify the remainder of the verb forms below:

Verb

Meaning

Conjugation

Tense

habent

2

present

they have

mittent

3

future

they will send

vident

iubent

ascendent

admovent dormient timent

ducent rident facient

Exercise 23e Look

carefully at the verbs in the following sentences. Decide the con-

jugation

number first (this will and translate:

help you to get the tense right)

then read aloud 1.

Pueri Eucleidem

2.

Videsne senatores

non

vocem eius audient. Quando Cornelius veniet?

vident, sed

in vils?

nam Cornelium

timent.

3.

Servl celeriter current,

4.

Sextus

mane

5.

Ego

Cornelia tacemus; patrem timemus.

et

surget; in

animo habet

exlre.

Versicull: "Procrustes/' pages 100-102. 64

and

V

Review Exercise

Va

Supply Latin words endings.

match the English

to

Read each sentence aloud and

cues.

Be sure

translate

to give the right

it.

Sextus fabulam de caupone

narrabat. (wicked) (to

Cornelius)

Eucleides mandata

dabat. (to the slaves) (to the

et

slave-women)

_

CuncrJ Cornelil e Viatores

non

Raedarius habenls

de

thing) (the dead

(all)

_verberavit. (the horses)

Sextus

Dum

venerunt. (the inn)

cauponls bene cenare possunt.

in

narravit. (every-

mouse)

(to

Marcus)

Cornelius fabulam

appropmquave-

narrat,

runt. (to his wife) (the city)

Prope viam sunt sepulcra

(of

many famous Romans)

11.

"Quam laetus you = you all)

12.

"

sumus valde

13.

"

necesse est ad

14.

Titus respondet,

15.

"Ego multa

et

exspectabat. (them)

non

urbem agere .

Interdiu raedas intra

you)

Capenam

prope Portam

Titus 10.

licebat. (to or for

video!" exclamat Titus,

defessl," respondet Cornelius.

Curiam

"

Ire." (For

them) (all

of

(We)

me)

lectlcarios conduxl. " (For you)

mlra

explicabo," inquit Titus, (to

et

(to Sextus)

16.

Postquam

17.

"

18.

Sextus

19.

Cras

20.

Hodie

domum in

Forum

advenit, Cornelius

lavit.

caupona pernoctare necesse

licebit. (to

dormire

licet, (to

(a

huge aqueduct)

or for the boys)

or for Cornelia)

diebus prlnceps ludos

21.

erat," inquit Sextus. (For us)

supra portam videt. vlsitare

(himself)

faciet.

(In three) (for the

Romans) 22.

Titus

Marcum

et

Sextum

ducet. (To them,

i.e.,

the games) 23.

Cornelius e Curia

mox

exlbit.

Marcus

et Sextus occurrent.

(Him) 24.

Titus mlra aedificia

25.

Cras multa

monstravit. (to the boys)

monstrabit. (to them)

alia aedificia

65

Exercise

Vb

Give the requested forms of the following verbs

and

future, perfect,

Present 1.

circumire (3rd

2.

descendere (2nd sing.)

(2nd

3.

ferre

4.

dare (1st

5.

esse (3rd sing.)

Future

Imperfect

Perfect

Pluperfe

pi.)

pi.)

pi.)

6.

respondere (1st sing.)

7.

surgere (3rd pi.)

8.

cogitare (2nd sing.)

9.

conicere (1st sing.)

10.

in the present, imperfect,

pluperfect tenses:

venire (1st pi.)

Exercise Vc Read

the following passage

and answer

the questions below with full

sentences in Latin: Cornelius, postquam in triclinium intravit, Corneliam

vldit.

muro erat, spectabat. "Quid tu facis, mea fllia?" inquit Cornelius. Cui Cornelia, "Hanc picturam valde amo, pater. Nonne

hie vir est Her-

Cornelia

picturam, quae in

cules? Eucleides nobis multa de Hercule dixit, sed ego

Respondit Cornelius, "Hercules, ut bene Infans erat et in lecto dormiebat, subito et

duo

omnia audlre

scls, erat vir

volo."

5

Graecus. Olim, ubi

serpentes lecto appropinquaverunt

Herculem dormientem necare volebant. Sed Hercules,

e

somno

excitatus,

serpentes solus strangulavit.

Cornelia tamen rogavit, "Sed cur in pictura

hunc canem

est canis triformis?

El respondit Cornelius, "Hercules, quod demens miser erat et scelestl

qui

se punlre constituit. Itaque factus

eum

descendere

cum

cane,

Herculem canem ad At iam Cornelia

dominl cuiusdam iussit.

Ille canis,

nam omnia

quod

eum

ita

cogitabat: 'Hercules

necabit.'

Sed tandem

perficere solebat. Itaque

exiit

dominus

numquam ex Inferls perterritus

Inferos statim reducere iussit." et pater

Cornelia. "Mater nos vocat.

15

Cerberum invltum. Dominus enim Herculis

iusserat,

ex Inferls redlbit. Cerberus certe

Hercules

1

suos olim necaverat,

Cerberus qui portas Inferorum custodit. In hac

est

pictura Hercules ex Inferls ducit in Inferos

fllios

est servus

valde timebat et multos labores perficere

quern in pictura vides,

eum

Cur Hercules

trahit?"

vocem Aureliae

Mox

erit

66

audlverunt. "Eheu!" clamavit

cenae tempus."

20

"Ita vero!" respondit

Necesse borious

est

triclinium,

-I (n),

scis, as

you know well wakened,

Cactus est,

Infer!,

1

3.

4.

-orum, (m

three-headed

-is, -e,

in a

fit

apud

nos, at our

What What What What

home

accomplish

does Cornelia want to hear? did the snakes do? is

Hercules doing with the dog in the picture?

8.

What

10.

the

does Cornelia love?

7.

9.

pi),

of madness

Why did Hercules decide to punish himself? Who is Cerberus? Why did the master order Hercules to descend

5.

6.

became

underworld

perficio, perficere (3), perfeci, perfectus, to

2.

la-

cuiusdam, genitive of quldam

aroused

demens,

Herculis

alils

25

dining room

excitatus, -a, -urn,

triformis,

quldam apud nos cenabunt.

narrabo."

tibi

ut bene

Cornelius. "Senatores

mihi matrem tuani consulere. Cras tamen de

did the master do

into the underworld?

when Hercules brought Cerberus

to

him?

Why does Cornelius have to consult with Amelia? When will Cornelia hear about other labors of Hercules?

Exercise

Vd

1.

In the passage above, locate in sequence all of the verbs in the imperfect,

2.

Locate

perfect, pluperfect,

all

and

future tenses

and

of the words in the dative case

which they occur.

67

translate them.

and

translate the sentences in

24

Morning

First

Rome

in

Iam dies erat. Magnus erat clamor in urbe. lam canes in vils latrabant, iam homines clamabant et per vias currebant. Servl ad Forum magno tumultu onera ferebant. Undique clamor et strepitus! Sed nihil clamoris. nihil strepitus ad Marcum pervenit. Neque clamores hominum neque latratus

canum eum

excitaverant. In lecto stertebat

nam

defessus erat.

5

quoque in lecto manebat sed dormlre non poterat. Numquam antea urbem tantam vlsitaverat. Clamoribus et strepitu excitatus, iam cogitabat de omnibus rebus quas Titus heri narraverat. "Quid hodie videbimus? Fortasse cum Tito Tbimus qui omnia nobis demonstrabit. Corneliusne nos in Forum ducet? Ego certe Forum et Curiam et senatores videre volo." Sextus

Interea Eucleides, qui prima luce exierat,

iam

domum

redierat.

cubiculum puerorum petlvit et, "Eho, puerl!" inquit. "Cur nondum surrexistis? Abhinc duas horas ego surrexl. Quod novum librum emere volebam, in Arglletum mane descendl ad tabernam quandam ubi in postibus nomina multorum poetarum videre potes. Catullus, Flaccus^ At puerl celeriter interpellaverunt quod Eucleides, ut bene sciebant, semper aliquid novl docere volebat. "Quid in via vldistl?" Eucleides, "Nihil," inquit, "nisi miserum hominem lapidibus oppressum. Boves lapides quadratos in plaustro trahebant ad novum aedificium quod Caesar prope Domum Auream aedificat. Illud aedificium est ingens amphitheatrum et mox At puerl in cubiculo non iam manebant, nam Eucleides, qui erat semper verbosus, multa de aedificils urbis narrare solebat; neque tamen puerl eum

—

—

audlre volebant.

magno tumultu, excitatus, -a,

with a great uproar

de omnibus rebus, about things,

poeta, -ae

-um, aroused all

the

scio

4

.

to

know

lapis, lapidis

-um, new f

ad tabernam quandam,

quod, which

to a certain

Domus Aurea,

m

.

stone

stones

shop postis, postis

.

lapides quadrati", squared stones

shop

,

m

lapidibus oppressum, crushed by

abhinc duas horas, two hours ago -a.

poet

aliquid, something

about everything

taberna, -ae

,

ut, as

Eho! Hey!

novus,

m

Nero's Golden

neque tamen, but

door-post

68

.

.

.

not

10

Statim

House

15

20

pervenio, pervenire

(4),

perveni, perventum, to arrive

(at),

reach

sterto, stertere (3), stertui, to snore

redeo, redire {meg.), redil, reditum, to return, go back

emo, emere

(3),

doceo, docere

NOUNS:

to

buy

docui, doctum, to teach

(2),

traho, trahere,

emptum,

emi,

(3), traxl,

tractum, to drag, pull

4th and 5th Declensions

Most Latin nouns belong

to the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd declensions.

There are two

other declensions to which a few nouns belong:

Number Case

4th Declension

5th Declension

Nominative

man us

dies

Genitive

man us

die/

Dative

man ui

die/

Accusative

man um

diem

Ablative

manu

die

Nominative

man us

dies

Genitive

man uu/n

di erum

Dative

man/bus

diebus

Accusative

man us

dies

Ablative

man/bus

diebus

Singular

Plural

Be sure

forms thoroughly.

to learn these

Nouns of the 4th and

5th declensions will appear in vocabularies as follows:

4th Declension

5th Declension

aestus, -us (m), heat

dies, •el (m),

aquaeductus, -us (m), aqueduct

res, rel

(

day

f), thing, matter, situation

arcus, -us (m), arch

domus,

-us

(

f ), house

latratus, -us (m), barking

manus, -us

(

/"),

hand

risus, -us (m), smile,

sonitus, -us (m),

laugh

sound

stiepitus, -us (m), noise, clattering

tumultus, -us (m), uproar, commotion

Most 4th declension nouns

are masculine;

feminine.

69

most 5th declension nouns are

Latin Phrases Used in English ante meridiem, before noon post meridiem, after

noon

per diem, a daily allowance for expenses in

medias

in situ, in

res, into

the middle of things

original place

its

Exercise 24a Read aloud and 1

translate:

Media nocte tumultum magnum

Magno cum

audlvl.

Quae erat causa huius tumultus? Primum strepitus

strepitu boves plaustra per vias trahebant.

procul aberat; deinde in via nostra erat tumultus. huius, of this

absum, abesse 2.

Multas

res

be away, absent, be distant

{irreg.), afiil, to

manibus

nostrls facimus. Eucleides

manu

stilum tenebat,

nam

pueros scrlbere docebat. PuerT arbores manibus et pedibus antea ascenderant.

Manus

eorum

igitur

sordidae erant. Eucleides eos iussit

manus

statim lavare.

3.

eorum,

pen

stilus, -I (m),

their

dies ilia domus incensa est. Itaque dominus, quod muri domus Infirm! erant, domum novam ibi aedificare constituit. Ille dominus est senator qui multas domus in urbe habet. Omnes eius domus sunt magnae, sed domus nova erit omnium maxima. In hac domo senator ipse

Abhinc multos

habitabit.

incensa 4.

est,

Multos dies iter

was burned

in villa

manebamus. Venit tamen

die discessimus. Sex dies per

Romam

Viam Appiam

discedo, discedere, Titus

iter

faciebamus. Septimo die

pervenimus.

eo die, on that day

reditus, -us (m), return

5

dies reditus. Necesse erat

septem dierum facere quod ad urbem celerrime redlre volebamus. E6

(3), discessl,

rem mlram nobis narravit.

subito fugit perterritus.

Quae

discessum, to go away, depart

Servus, qui nocte per vias urbis ambulabat,

erat causa huius rel? In via occurrerat canl

qui, ut ipse dixit, tria capita habebat.

legimus sed

numquam

talem rem

ipsl

De

vidimus.

multas fabulas narrant. caput, capitis

mgio, fiigere

(n),

head

(3), fiugi,

fugitum, to flee

lego, legere (3), legT, lectum, to read

70

talibus rebus in librls saepe

De

hac

re

omnes

elves

from Catullus and Horace Selections

i

Vivamus, mea Lesbia, atque amemus,

rumoresque senum severiorum omnes unius aestimemus assis! Soles occidere et redlre possunt;

nobis

nox

cum

Let us

and

semel occidit brevis lux,

perpetua una dormienda.

est

live,

my

and

Lesbia,

us love,

let

us value all the gossips of the stern old

let

men

as worth but a penny.

The sun is able to set and rise again; when once our brief light has set,

for us

one eternal night must be

slept.

(Catullus, V. 1-6)

II

Tu ne

—

quaesieris

—

scire nefas

finem dl dederint, Leuconoe, aetas:

carpe diem,

Dont

inquire

have granted time has

.

quern mihi, quern .

.

quam minimum

—

it's

to

you and

wrong

fled; seize the

to

to

know

Dum

tibi

loquimur, fugerit invida

credula postero.

— what

me, Leuconoe,

day, putting as

length of .

.

.

life

the gods

While we are

little trust

talking, envious

as possible in the future.

(Horace, Odes 1.11-2 and 7-8)

III

Sunt quos curriculo pulverem Olympicum

metaque fervidls palmaque nobilis terrarum dominos evehit ad deos.

collegisse iuvat

evitata rotls

Some

people take pleasure in gathering

Olympic dust on

the racetrack.

When

they narrowly

avoid the turning posts with their hot wheels, the noble

palm of

victory exalts

them as masters of the earth (Horace, Odes 1. 1.3-6) 71

to the level

of the gods.

Rome Impressions of What

nation

is

Rome

so far distant, Caesar, or so barbarous that

a representative at the

games here

in

your

city?

it

does not have

Here come farmers from

the Balkans, natives of South Russia nurtured on horse's blood, people from the banks of the Nile, as well as those from the Atlantic's farthest shores.

Here too are Arabs, Ethiopians

sounds

—

all

men from

Southern Turkey, German tribesmen, and

so different in dress

all different;

yet

it is all

and

in appearance.

one when you

Their speech too

are hailed, Caesar, as the

true father of our country.

Martial,

72

De

spectaculis

III

own eyes you are a polished gentleman, but take my word What are you then? A clown! You are like the hawker from across the Tiber who trades pale brimstone matches for broken glass or the man who sells to the idle bystanders soggy pease-pudding; like the

Caecilius, in your for

it,

you are

not.

keeper and trainer of snakes or the cheap slaves of the

the

salt-sellers; like

hoarse-voiced seller of smoking sausages with his hot trays or a third-class street poet.

Martial, Epigrams 1.41 If

duty

calls,

the crowd gives

way and the

rich

over their heads by stout Liburnian bearers. or sleep, for with the get there before us. us,

and the

windows shut the

Though we

litter

On

man the

borne along rapidly

is

way he

will read, write,

induces sleep. Even

hurry, the sea of

humanity

great throng following jostles our backs.

so,

he

will

in front hinders

One man

strikes us

with his elbow, another with a hard pole; one knocks a beam against our heads, another a barrel. Our legs are plastered with mud, we are trampled

on

all sides

by great

feet, a soldier's

patched togas are torn. carts carry

pine

trees, a

A tall

fir

hob-nailed boot crushes

tree sways as the

my

Newly

toe.

wagon rumbles

on. Other

nodding menace over the heads of the crowd.

cart carrying Ligurian stone

tilts

forward and pours

its

If

the

overturned pile on

the crowds, what remains of their bodies? Juvenal, Satires

73

III.

239

The

Rome

Streets of

Roman

houses were neither

named nor numbered. Hence

com-

the very

plicated instructions given to those wishing to reach a certain "address":

"May

Every time you meet me, Lupercus, you

ask,

your book of poems?

I'll

as I've read it."

worth troubling your

slave.

up three

No

flights

of steep

return

it

You can

stairs.

Forum with both moment read

Caesar's

soon

I

send a slave to fetch Lupercus,

a long journey to the Pear Tree,

It's

doubt you often go down

you can

as

what you want

find

it's

and

closer to

home.

to the Argiletum. There's a shop opposite

names of

the

all

the poets.

Look

for

me

there.

Martial, Epigrams I

DEMEA:

Then

know

don't

tell

SYRUS:

Down

DEMEA:

Of course

SYRUS:

Go

up the

street that

Where? Near where the big wild

DEMEA:

I've got

SYRUS:

Down

DEMEA:

But

SYRUS:

Ugh! What an

Yes.

Go

way; a

bit

along there's a slope facing you;

this side here, there's a shrine

with an alley

fig-tree grows.

it.

there.

dead end!

that's a

idiot

I

am!

colonnade again. Here's a

SYRUS:

on

it.

SYRUS:

DEMEA

lives.

the colonnade by the butcher's?

DEMEA:

know

17

do.

I

there and after that,

beside

know where he

I

1. 1

where.

You know

here.

straight

down

the man's name, but

me

not live

door-posts covered with advertisements so that

in a

SYRUS:

I

I've

made

much

a mistake.

Come

right

back to the

quicker and more direct route.

Do you

the house of rich Cratinus?

past

it,

down

you reach the

a street to the

left;

turn right at Diana's temple. Before

gate, near the pool, there's a bakery with a carpenter's

opposite. He's there.

Terence, Adelphi 571

Domitian,

who

followed Titus as Emperor of

forbidding shopkeepers to display their wares on the to Martial,

The

Rome,

issued an edict

streets.

This, according

was a vast improvement:

aggressive shopkeepers

had taken the whole

city

away from us and never

kept to the limits of their thresholds. But you, Domitian, ordered our nar-

rowed

streets to

street.

No

shops, and

No

expand and what had been but

longer do they chain wine

no longer

a path has

now become

a

bottles to the pillars in front of their

are officials forced to walk in the middle of the

mud.

longer does the barber blindly draw his razor in a dense crowd, and no

longer do the greasy fast-food shops take up the whole bartenders, cooks,

Rome

is

and butchers now keep

a city again,

whereas before

it

was

to their just

street.

own

barbers,

Now

one big shop. Martial,

74

The

thresholds.

Epigrams VII. 61

Columns and

Porticos

The column was one of the main features of Roman architecture. Somecolumn was used to support a statue; more often, columns

times a single

were used to support the and other buildings.

From

roofs or to

form the entrance-porches of temples

the idea of the porch, there developed the portico or long covered

walk which afforded the citizens protection from sun and dust, while allowing

them

to

enjoy the fresh

took place.

The

air.

In the shelter of the portico various activities

Portico of Minucius was used as a corn-exchange; in another

a vegetable market was held. In the porticos philosophers lectured, poets recited,

schoolmasters held their classes, lawyers met their clients, enter-

tainers performed, snacks fact,

porticos

became

from one end of the

so

were

sold,

common

and business deals were concluded. In that it was eventually possible to walk

city to the other

without coming out into the open

at all!

According area of the

to

one

Campus

writer, porticos

Martius, the

covered more than a quarter of the

number

of columns supporting

about 2000. Halls built in the shelter of these housed wall-maps of

and the

Roman

man els

such

total

them being

Rome

world, exhibitions of wonders from the Far East, natural

as a

snake 23 yards or 21 meters long, and, in the Portico of

Philippus, a display of wigs

and the

latest in ladies' hairstyles.

75

Exercise 24b Take

parts, read aloud,

Quam

SEXTUS:

MARCUS:

translate:

sum, Marce!

defessus

Tantus clamor

*

and

Nam

Qualem clamorem audlvistl? Ego Quid? Nonne audlvistl illos canes

SEXTUS:

mane dormlre non

poteram.

certe nihil clamoris audlvl.

torum hominum qui per

Multas horas

in vils latrantes?

Numquam audlvl tantum strepitum.

bant.

MARCUS:

hodie

in vils erat.

latra-

Audlvl etiam clamorem mul-

vias currebant.

Quid clamabant?

SEXTUS:

non poteram, nam omnes simul clamabant. Certe tamen

Id audlre

erant. Erat

quoque

Unde venerunt

vidimus.

Nos

strepitus plaustrorum.

in urbe heri plaustra

10

Interdiu

SEXTUS:

Cur

MARCUS:

Caesar constituit ingens amphitheatrum in urbe aedificare.

SEXTUS:

Nos

MARCUS:

Heri illud conspexisn", ubi ad

licet plaustra intra

urbem

laborare. Servl in

lapides intra

illud aedificium

Heri non

Sed

tasse

Nocte

agere.

igitur necesse est

ferebant cibum, vlnum, lapides tulerunt?

temporis erat

satis

urbem

vidimus?

mox amphitheatrum

15

Forum cum

id Inspicere

meo descendebamus.

patre

quod

domum

pater

iterum vlsitabimus atque

festlnabat.

id Inspiciemus.

For-

Eucleides nos ducet.

SEXTUS:

Dum

MARCUS:

Nonne

hoc mihi

clvium.

dlcis,

multl homines in

domum

venerunt.

Qui

sunt?

heri in urbe vldistl multos elves post senatorem sequentes?

erat patronus,

SEXTUS:

urbem

non

plaustra?

MARCUS:

non

IratI

Tu

illl

erant clientes. Pater

audlvistl clientes

Eheu! Eucleides quoque

vlnum,

-I (n),

domum

meus

est

Hie

patronus multorum

intrantes.

intravit!

wine

sequentes, following

Inspicio, Inspicere (3), Inspexi, Inspectum, to

men who

examine

money to their dependents (clientes). The clientes came to the patron's home early in the morning to receive this dole and then escorted him to the Forum and performed other Patron! were wealthy

him. Here

services for

Now

is

the meager dole

house

to

Juvenal's satirical

sits

comment:

on the outer edge of the threshold of the

be snatched up by the clients in their

inspects each face, fearing that

under a

gave food or

false

togas.

But

first

someone might come and claim

name. Once he recognizes you,

you'll get

patron's

the patron his

due

your share.

Juvenal, Satires 1.95-99

76

20

Eucleides the Statistician Marcus had always visualized himself showing Sextus around the city of Rome, but he should have realized that Cornelius would never allow Sextus and himself to wander around

Rome

unsupervised.

Titus was free to act as guide, Eucleides was

He

certainly

knew

a

lot;

If

bound

the trouble was, there was

neither Cornelius nor

to

be their companion.

no stopping him.

"Rome," Eucleides was now saying in that affected Greek on seven hills, the most famous being the Capitol and

"is built

By now, of course, it

it

has far outstripped these petty limits. Augustus divided

into fourteen regions,

At the

last

voice of his, the Palatine.

which

are in turn subdivided into 265 vlcl or wards.

census the population numbered 1,284,602, living in 1,797

domus and 46,602 any

"I can't see

insulae." islands!"

complained Sextus,

in all seriousness.

"Insulae," explained Eucleides, "are those ramshackle tenements where all

the

riff-raff live."

"And

Insula Feliculae

"There are,"

is

the biggest in the world," said Marcus.

said Eucleides,

"64 miles of

streets,

using your

Roman

measurements."

"Not very wide,

"Maximum

are they?"

"And some of them dark tunnel they were

"Watch wall to

commented

Sextus.

width according to The Twelve Tables was only 17

feet."

are not even paved!" cried Sextus, peering along the

now

traversing

between the Insulae.

out!" yelled Marcus, pulling Sextus and Eucleides close to the

dodge

a deluge of slops

from

a third-floor

window.

"We'll have the law on you for that!" shouted Marcus up

at the

unseen

law-breaker. But Eucleides, not anxious to linger bandying threats, hustled the boys off through the labyrinth of

shadowy

alleys.

Suddenly they emerged into the blinding sun of the open Forum. "This," said Eucleides impressively, pointing to a massive column, the center of the universe, the bears

upon

it

in letters of gilt

Golden Milestone. Erected by Augustus, bronze the distances

Empire."

77

"is it

to all the cities of the

rffizomxiowM

iMiliarium. Aureuj*

tAjcus

Auqussh.

worn

PMATIWS

(xKvous Hberil 7.Vasilic
78

But it

it

was not the Golden Milestone the boys were looking

the splendor of the Capitol behind them.

Forum Romanum which glittered with marble and bronze and gold. and businessmen with that flanked the

their slaves

nor was

at,

They were gazing down

were hurrying

in

at the

Senators

and out of the basilicae

Forum. The noise was deafening. Cries of

sausage-sellers

and pastry-vendors mingled with the uproar of every language under heaven. White toga and tunic jostled with all kinds of colors of outlandish garb. Eucleides, sensing their preoccupation, was just pursing his lips to launch

out on a lecture on the Forum; but Marcus and Sextus were

off,

scampering

along the Via Sacra.

"Come and tell us what's going on here!" they shouted, running to the far end of the Forum where their attention had been caught by the feverish activity of

an army of masons engaged, amidst mountains of rubble and

some mammoth

building stone, in

was hard

to tell

which.

—

"The Emperor Nero

"

task of demolition or construction

began Eucleides breathlessly

as

—

it

he caught up

with them. "I

know,"

said

"The Emperor sightly hovels

"And

still

working

idiot!" said

at

baths, for instance,

"It

is

fire for

fun."

and

it

fire,

built the wonderful

by the look of

it!"

Domus Aurea."

said Sextus, grinning.

—

up

things for the citizens of

Rome

parts

to enjoy,

that terrific statue over there?" pointed Sextus.

Nero himself," Marcus went on, "but Vespasian around its head and made it into a statue of the sun-god." 118 feet high," began Eucleides, but his hearers were gone again,

"That was put rays

Rome on

Marcus. "Vespasian and Titus pulled down

of Nero's folly and are putting

"And

set

Nero," Eucleides repeated, "on the space cleared of un-

by a quite accidental

they're

"No, you

Marcus. "He's the one that

towards an

a statue of

immense building under

"What's this?" they asked,

as

construction.

an exhausted Eucleides caught up with

them. "This is

is

the

to dedicate

Amphitheatrum Flavium," he

it

in June."

79

gasped.

"The Emperor Titus

A

25 Grim Lesson domum redierant.

Eucleides et pueri iam

Post cenam Cornelius et

Marcus

et Sextus in atrio sedebant.

"Quid hodie

vldistis,

pueri?" inquit Cornelius.

"Nihil nisi aedificia antlqua," respondit Marcus. "Nos in

urbem

exlre

volumus soli. Cur non licet?" Cui Cornelius, "Est perlculosum sine custode exlre in vias huius urbis. Sunt multl homines scelestl qui bona clvium arripiunt. Nonnumquam hi homines elves ipsos necant. Vobls igitur non licet sine custode exlre. Iam sero est. Nunc necesse est vobls cubitum Ire. Nollte cessare sed Ite statim!" Pueri, labore die! defessl, simulac cubitum Iverunt, obdormlverunt. Postrldie mane Marcus in lecto suo iacebat et de Circo Maximo ita cogitabat:

"Quando Circum Maximum

exlre vetat? Heri nullos

homines

praedones timent. Nihil pericull BrevI tempore, ut

Marco

Cur

pater

10

meus nos

scelestos in urbe vldl. Interdiu certe prae-

Meum

dones nobis non nocebunt.

vlsitabimus?

5

patrem, quod

Romanus,

est senator

est."

15

videbatur, pueri ad

Circum

ibant.

Mox molem

ingentem Circl MaximI Marcus conspexit. "Ecce!" clamavit Marcus. "Est Circus. Ubi intraverimus, tandem aurigas ipsos spectabimus."

Subito tamen in viam se praecipitaverunt

"Cave trahent et

homines!" clamavit Sextus.

illos ibi

tres

homines.

"Illl certe

nos in

20

domus

vlclnas

nos necabunt."

nam Marcus, metu commotus, postquam Sextum audlvit clamantem, ad terram cecidit et iacebat in luto immobilis. "Eho!" clamavit Onus e praedonibus. "Quo abls, parvule? Quid est nomen tuum? Nonne tu filius es senatoris? Nonne nomen tuum est Marcus CorSed

frustra,

25

nelius?"

Cui Marcus, "Quid

vultis, scelestl?

verberare! Si mihi nocueritis, pater

Sed patrem

Nihil pecuniae habeo. Nollte

meus

interpellavit praedo, "Tace, puer! redlbis.

Nemo nunc

Turn praedo gladium

Tu

es captlvus noster

poterit te servare. Ipse

strlnxit.

Marcus

lium!" clamavit. "Fer auxilium!" Sed

enim

te

neque ad

30

necabo."

stabat perterritus et, "Fer auxi-

nemo clamorem

audlvit.

Nemo

Marcus oculos clausit et mortem exspectabat. Nihil accidit. Oculos aperuit. In lecto erat suo. Somnium modo Hodie tamen doml manere constituit Marcus. Exlre noluit.

ilium

me

certe vos puniet."

aux-

tulit.

80

fuerat.

35

atrium,

-I (n),

nisi, unless,

sine

(

atrium, central

metu commotus, moved by

room

Roman house

in a

+

except

abl. ),

terra, -ae

lutum,

without

(

earth,

/"),

parvulus, -a, -um,

bona, bonorum (n

nocueritis,

pi),

goods, pos-

you

neque, and

postndie, on the following day

servo

ut

be lying down

(2), to lie,

(2)

Marco

(

+

dat.), to

videbatur, as

Marcus,

as

intraverimus,

we

little

will

have harmed,

you harm

sessions

nonnumquam, sometimes iaceo

ground

mud

-I (n),

custos, custodis (m), guard

noceo

it

will

(1), to

gladius,

harm

oculus,

seemed

-I -I

.

doml,

at

.

.

not

save

(m), sword (m), eye

mors, mortis

to

Marcus thought

we

f),

(

death

home

have entered,

enter

arreptum, to snatch, seize

arripio, arripere (3), arripul,

veto, vetare (1), vetul, vetitum, to forbid stringo, stringere (3), strinxl, strictum, to

claudo, claudere

clausum,

(3), clausi,

accidit, accidere (3), accidit,

aperio, aperire

nolo, nolle

(4),

(irreg.),

(it)

draw

to shut

happens

aperul, apertum, to open nolul, to be unwilling, not to wish, refuse

Exercise 25a Responde Latine:

3.

Quid pueri in urbe hodie vlderunt? Cur non licet pueris exlre in urbem soils? Quid faciunt homines scelestl in vils urbis?

4.

Quocum

5.

Quid Cornelius pueros

1

2.

urbem?

pueris licet exlre in

statim facere iubet?

6.

Qua de

7.

Timetne Marcus

8.

Praedonesne Marco

9.

Quern praedones timebunt?

re

Marcus

postridie in lecto cogitabat?

interdiu in

urbem

exlre?

et Sexto interdiu

10.

Quo

1 1

Quid Marcus conspexit?

nocebunt?

Ibant pueri?

15.

Qui se in viam praecipitaverunt? Quid fecit Marcus postquam Sextum clamantem audlvit? Quid pater Marcl faciet si praedones Marco nocuerint? Cur praedo gladium strlnxit?

16.

Quis venit ubi Marcus clamavit?

12. 13. 14.

fear, in

a panic

Quocum

.

.

.

?

81

With

whom

.

.

.

?

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES: Look

at the

Hie and

Ille

following sentences:

That

equos vehemen-

Ille tabellarius

whipped

the horses on.

ter incitavit.

Quis in

courier fiercely

Who

illo aedificio habitat?

lives in

that building over

there?

Hi canes

latrant

modo.

These dogs are only barking. It is dangerous to go out into

Est periculosum in vias huius

the streets of this city.

urbis exlre.

Roused by these shouts and this

hoc strepitu excitatus, dormlre non poterat.

Sextus, his clamoribus et

You

will see

from the above examples that both hie and

someone

point out

noise, Sextus could not sleep.

hand or near in time, while ille points away or "over there" or distant in time. at

Here

is

a table

ille

are used to

someone or something near someone or something further

or something. Hie points to

showing

all

to

the cases of hie ("this," "these") and

("that," "those") in masculine, feminine,

ille

and neuter genders:

Number Case

Masc.

Fern.

Neut

Masc.

Fern.

Neut.

Singular

Nominative

hie

haec

hoc

ille

ilia

illud

Genitive

huius

huius

huius

illlus

illlus

illlus

Dative

huic

huic

huic

ill!

ill!

ill!

Accusative

hunc

hanc

hoc

ilium

illam

illud

Ablative

hoc

hac

hoc

illo

ilia

illo

Nominative

hi

hae

haec

ill!

illae

ilia

Genitive

horum

ha rum

horum

illorum

illarum

illorum

Dative

his

his

his

illls

illls

illls

Accusative

hos

has

haec

illos

illas

ilia

Ablative

his

his

his

aiis

illls

illls

Plural

Be sure you know

all

of the above forms.

82

Exercise 25b Using story 25 as a guide, give the Latin dangerous to go out into the

1.

It is

2.

Why

3.

4.

my

does

streets

for:

of this

city.

father forbid us to visit the Circus

Watch out for those men! You are our prisoner and no one

will

Maximus?

be able to save you.

Exercise 25c Choose the proper form of hie or ille the sentence aloud and translate: 1.

Cornelil in

to

fill

each blank, and then read

villa habitant.

arcum, pueri!" clamavit Eucleides.

2.

"Spectate

3.

Olim

4.

Vllicus

5.

"Vldistlne

6.

Raeda

mercatoris prope tabernam manet.

7.

Mane

canes ferociter latrabant.

8.

Bona

rusticorum in raeda erant.

9.

10.

puellae in agris ambulabant.

cibum

non

servo

dabit.

aedificium, Marce?" inquit Sextus.

Onus ex

praedonibus gladium

Nobis

arbores ascendere

11.

rem

12.

strepitus

explicare

non

strinxit.

licet.

non possum.

Marcum non

excitavit.

Exercise 25d Read aloud and

translate:

1.

Hie puer in hac

2.

Ilia

3.

Nonne

4.

Si in

5.

Illl

6.

Quando

7.

Noll illud plaustrum in hanc urbem interdiu agere!

8.

Huic puero multa dabimus,

9.

His

puer in

via, ille

ilia

via habitat.

puella in hac villa habitat; hi pueri in illud aedificium

mox

ilia villa

habitant.

ad terram cadet?

hac caupona pernoctabimus, hie caupo nobis certe nocebit.

praedones illl

illos viatores

servl

rusticls licebit agros

10.

Huic

1 1

Illl

12.

Onus ex

senatorl ad

sub his arboribus petunt.

haec onera in vlllam portabunt?

illl

huius

Curiam

nihil.

vlllae colere.

in lectlca redlre necesse erat.

aedificio appropinquare periculosum est, his praedonibus aliquid

83

illl

nam murl

servo dlcebat.

sunt Infirml.

VERBS: Future Look

Perfect Tense

at these sentences:

Ubi intraverimus, tandem aurlgas

When we enter (will have

ipsos spectabimus.

entered, have entered),

we

will finally

watch

the charioteers themselves.

mihi nocueritis, pater meus certe vos puniet.

Si

If

The

you harm

(will

my

have harmed) me,

father will surely punish you.

verbs in boldface above are in the future perfect tense.

tense

is

The future

perfect

used to express an action in the future which will be completed

before another action will begin. Note that the Latin future perfect

is

often

best translated by the present tense in English.

The endings

of the future perfect tense are the same for all Latin verbs:

Note

that,

-erimus

-ero

1

Singular 2

-eris

Plural 2 -eritis

3

-erit

3

1

-erint

except for the third person plural, these endings are the same as

These endings are added to the perfect found by dropping the -I from the end of the third principal

the forms of the future tense of esse.

stem, which

is

part of the verb, e.g., nocui,

1

stem nocu-.

nocuerd

1

nocuernnus

Singular 2 nocu eris

Plural 2

nocu eritis

nocuerit

3

nocueriiif

3

Exercise 25e Read aloud and

translate:

baculum

conieceris, hi canes ferociter latrabunt.

1.

Si illud

2.

Ubi ad Portam Capenam advenerimus, e raeda descendemus.

raedam

e fossa extraxerint, Cornelil ad

urbem

facere poterunt.

3.

Si equl

4.

Nisi

5.

Cras puerl, ubi surrexerint, strepitum plaustrorum audient.

caupo alium lectum

in

iter

cubiculum movent, Aurelia

moveo, movere

(2),

84

movi, motum,

to

ibi

move

dormlre nolet.

26

A

Visit to the

Races

Chariot-racing (ludi circenses) was perhaps the most popular spectacle in ancient

Rome.

It

was held

Maximus,

in the Circus

huge open-air

a

stadium in the valley between the Palatine and the Aventine hold about 200,000 spectators, seated in It

tiers

"celebrating a holiday"

A

On

down

Emperor

holidays (feriae) were

these days the citizens were

the center of the course, and the chariots

miles or eight kilometers in

were frequent, especially the

could

(arena).

(feriatl).

barrier (spina) ran

(quadrigae), each pulled by four horses, five

some 90

has been estimated that at one time

given over to games at public expense.

hills. It

around the long course

at the

all.

had

to

complete seven

about

laps,

Fouling was permitted, and collisions

turning posts (metae).

A

race began

when

or presiding official gave the signal (signum) by dropping a

white cloth (mappa).

The

charioteers,

color—the "Reds" and the "Blues"

show

some of

(veneti).

for the

charioteer

Red

and very high

great popularity (factiones),

each with

its

own

the "Whites" (albatl), the "Greens" (prasinl),

(russatl),

Rival groups of spectators were accustomed to

their support (favere) for

One

whom won

were employed by four companies

salaries,

we hear

each color vociferously.

about, Gaius Apuleius Diodes, drove chariots

Stable for twenty-four years, ran 4,257

starts,

and won 1,462

victories.

No wonder Marcus, Cornelia, and Sextus are eager to go to the races! As we return to our story, three days after the Cornelii arrived in Rome, Sextus

is

sitting

MARCUS:

alone

when suddenly Marcus

SEXTUS:

in.

Hodie nobis licet ad ludos circenses Ire. EuCorneliam ad Circum ducet. Ludos circenses amo. Sed nonne Circus clausus erit? Minime! Circus non erit clausus, nam hodie elves omnes Sexte! Sexte!

cleides

MARCUS:

rushes

me

et te et

Viae erunt plenae hominum. Viri, mulieres, Circum celerrime petent. Sed cur non nunc discedimus? Ego sum iam paratus. Simulac Cornelia e somno surrexerit, statim Ibimus.

feriatl sunt.

llberi

SEXTUS:

MARCUS:

mulier, mulieris

(Much

to the boys

waking up from her to leave.)

85

(/),

woman

disgust, Cornelia siesta,

was rather

but soon they were

late in

all

ready

EUCLEIDES:

lam tandem ad Circum Ire tempus est.

Agite!

Estisne parau".

pueri? Esne parata. Cornelia? (Eucleides takes Cornelia the streets; they can

10

and

the boys quickly through

now hear

the noise of the Circus

crowds.)

El CLE IDES:

lam

a

Circo non procul absumus.

Ecce

Omnes

ad

Circum

Nonne strepitum audltis?

fesunant. BrevI tempore nos ipsi

intrabimus.

(They enter the Circus.)

CORNELIA:

Quam

ingens est turba

hominum! Totus Circus

est

plenus

spectatorum.

El CLE IDES:

Ita

vero!

15

Semper multi

spectatores in Circo sunt.

Hie con-

sldemus?

MARCUS:

Minime! Prope arenam sedere necesse

est

quod

ibi

omnia

videre poterimus. totus. -a,

-um,

all,

the whole

w^TOT^^^\\Wra^\^555555^

86

EUCLEIDES:

At prope arenam sedere perlculosum de perlculo

MARCUS:

est.

Pater vester multa

dixit.

Nihil periculi

est,

nam

prope arenam sedere

Titus, patruus meus,

cum

amlcls

solet.

Ecce! Caesar ipse iam surrexit; signum dare parat. Ego

SEXTUS:

25

russatls favebo.

MARCUS: CORNELIA:

Ego Ego

MARCUS:

Ecce! Mappa!

CORNELIA:

Quam ferociter equos verberant illl aurlgae! Quam celeriter equos agunt! Quam temeraril sunt! Nonne mortem timent?

SEXTUS:

20

albatls.

venetis.

Signum

Ecce! Russatus

meus

est!

certe victor erit,

nam

equos magna

arte agit.

faveo, favere (2), favl,

fautum (+

dat.)

y

to favor, support

Sped&iors 7 te*tS 2. Empiror's and distinguished quests' Seats 3. Carc&res (Stills) *. SpjruL (lew jolat/orm) S. MeUu. (turning pests) J.

87

30

MARCUS:

O me miserum! Auriga meus equos devertit. Cave metam! Esne semisomnus,

fatue?

Cave metam! Cur metam non 35

vltavistl?

CORNELIA: SEXTUS: CORNELIA:

Eheu!

Ille

aurlga cecidit. In arena iacet. Estne mortuus?

Minime! Minime! Ecce!

Animum

recuperavit.

lam

surgit.

horum spectatorum? Magna voce nomina aurlgarum et equorum semper clamant! Undique ingens est strepitus! Tantum strepitum ego numquam au-

Audlvistisne clamores

dlvl.

MARCUS: EUCLEIDES:

RussatI hanc victoriam habent, sed

mox

bebunt victoriam. Gloria albatorum

erit

Hoc

etiam albatl haimmortalis.

fortasse accidet, sed Caligula ipse, ut dlcunt, prasinos

amabat. deverto, devertere

(3),

devertl,

88

deversum,

to turn aside

40

(They watch a few more

races,

day. Eucleides becomes a

He had

EUCLEIDES: SEXTUS:

it is

not Marcus lucky

anxious as

it

grows

later.

been caught once before in a crush at the gates.)

lam sero est. Nunc domum redlbimus. Nondum tempus est domum redlre. Ecce! Aurlgae habenas sumpserunt

EUCLEIDES:

but

little

Nisi

mox

et

signum exspectant.

discedemus, turbam ingentem vltare non poteri-

mus. Agite!

Domum!

89

PREFIXES: Compound Verbs Compare 1.

the following sentences:

EquT raedam trahunt.

The 2.

EquT raedam extrahunt.

2.

Servl lectum referebant.

The

Servl lectum ferebant.

The

1.

horses pull the coach.

slaves

were carrying the

The

bed.

horses pull out the coach.

slaves

were carrying back

the bed.

column a prefix has been added to the beginning of the more specific meaning. Verbs with prefixes attached to them compound verbs. Common prefixes are:

In the right-hand

verb to give are called

it

a

ab-, abs-, a-, away,

from

inter-,

between

through

simply to emphasize)

ad-, towards, to

per-,

circum-, around

prae-, in front, ahead

con-, along with, together (or simply

praeter-, past,

to

de-,

(or

beyond

emphasize)

pro-, prod-, forward

down, down from

re-, red-,

out of

ex-, e-, out, in-, into, in,

trans-, tra- across

on

Note that many of these are

Be sure

back, again

sub-, under, below

dis-, dl-, apart, in different directions

common

prepositions.

to learn these prefixes thoroughly.

Exercise 26a Give the meaning

of:

1.

abesse, adesse, inesse, praeesse, subesse, interesse.

2.

ablre, adlre, praeterlre, translre, redlre, exlre, inlre, praelre, sublre, circumlre.

3.

referre, transferre, conferre, inferre, praeferre, deferre.

4.

discedere, excedere, incedere, recedere, procedere, intercedere, praecedere.

cedo, cedere

(3), cessl,

cessum,

to

come, go

Exercise 26b Read aloud and

translate:

1

Pater llberos e villa eduxit et trans

viam

2.

Cornelius Eucleidem

abducere.

iussit llberos

3.

Eucleides llberos ad hortum reduxit.

4.

Servl togas et tunicas in

5.

Ubi ad Portam Capenam veniunt,

cistls

traduxit.

reponunt.

90

servl

onera deponunt.

invenit, stercus removit et corpus extraxit.

6.

Ubi plaustrum

7.

CorneliT

8.

Homo

9.

Ubi urbem intramus, necesse

Romam

per viam

Circum

heri advenerunt.

it.

Mox

viam

translbit et est

ad vlllam

Aquam Marciam

redlbit.

sublre.

rellquerunt et Palatlnum circumierunt.

10.

Puerl

11.

Nihil clamoris, nihil strepitus ad

12.

Pueros,

Marcum

pervenerat.

quod praecurrebant, identidem revocabat Cornelius.

Honorary Inscription P. Aelius,

Marl RogatI fil(ius), Gutta Calpurnianus equis his vlci

veneta: Germinatore n(igro) A(fro) Nitid(o) gil(vo) Af(ro)

xl

LH, Saxone

LXXXXII,

n(igro) Af(ro)

LX,

et vicl

CV,

praemia m(aiora)

xxx xvn.

E

i,

/,

Publius Aelius Gutta Calpurnianus, son ofMarius Rogatus,

ix,

in fact ion e

Silvano r(ufo) Af(ro)

Blue stable with the following

horses:

won

for the

Germinator, African black, 92 (times);

Silvanus, African chestnut, 105 (times); Glossy, African sorrel, 52 (times);

Saxon, African black, 60 (times); and (1),

of 40,000 sesterces

(9),

I

won major purses of 50,000

and of 30,000

sesterces

sesterces (17).

Sepulchral Inscription D. M. Epaphrodltus agitator f(actionis) r(ussatae), vic(it) CLXXVIII, et ad purpureum llber(atus) vlc(it) VIII. Beia Felicula f(ecit) coniugl suo b(ene) merenti.

To

(of) Epaphroditus, driver for the Red stable; he won 1 78 and after being manumitted to the Purples he won 8 (times). Beia Felicula made (this monument) for her deserving husband.

the deified spirits

(times),

Curses against Charioteers and Their Horses te daemon quicumque es et demando tibi ex hac hora ex hac die momento, ut equos PrasinI et Albl crucies occidas, et agitatores Clarum et Fellcem et Primulum et Romanum occidas collldas, neque

Adiuro ex hoc

splritum

illls

relinquas.

and I ask of you from this hour, from moment, that you torture and kill the horses of the Green and the White, and that you kill and smash their drivers Clarus and Felix and Primulus and Romanus, and leave no breath in them.

I

adjure you, demon, whoever you are,

this

day, from this

Versiculi: "Medea/' pages 103-105. 91

Word Study

VII

Prefixes Knowledge of Latin Latin

compound

prefixes will help not only with the

verbs but also with the meanings of

derived from them. For example,

combined with various lish

when

many

meanings of

English words

the Latin simple verb portare

compound

prefixes, the resulting

is

verbs provide Eng-

with several words, e.g.: deport (from deportare)

report (from reportare)

export (from exportare)

transport (from transportare)

Relying on your knowledge of prefixes, can you

tell

the

meaning of each

of the English words above?

Some English words are derived from the infinitive stem of the Latin compound verb, e.g., transport (from transportare). Others are derived from the supine stem, e.g., transportation (from transportatum). (For the suffix -tion see

Word

Study VI.)

Exercise 1 After each Latin simple verb are derived

below

is

a

group of English verbs which

from Latin compounds of that simple

compound verbs are

verb.

(The Latin

in parentheses.)

Give the meaning of each English

duco, ducere

duxl,

verb: (3),

conduct (conducere)

ductum

4.

to

reduce (reducere)

5.

to

produce (producere)

6.

to

adduce (adducere)

1

to

2.

to induct (inducere)

3.

to

1.

to propose (proponere)

4.

to

2.

to dispose (disponere)

5.

to transpose (transponere)

3.

to expose (exponere)

6.

to deposit (deponere)

1.

to precede (praecedere)

variant spelling:

2.

to recede (recedere)

4.

to proceed (procedere)

3.

to intercede (intercedere)

5.

to

deduct (deducere)

pono, ponere

(3),

cedo, cedere

Note

that cedere

can also

posul positum

(3), cessi,

mean

to yield.

depose (deponere)

cessum

exceed (excedere)

From

this

meaning come

the following English derivatives: 6.

to

cede (cedere)

7.

92

to

concede (concedere)

latum

fero, ferre (irreg.), tuli, 4.

to transfer (transferre)

to infer (Inferre)

5.

to confer (conferre)

to defer (deferre)

6.

to relate (referre)

1

to refer (referre)

2. 3.

Exercise 2

the following English

nouns

sentence which illustrates

verb from which each of

Use each English noun

derived.

is

6.

translator

exposition

1 1

concession

deduction

2.

proponent

7.

relation

12.

3.

recess

8.

procession

13.

9.

conference

14.

referee

precedent

15.

reference

4.

inference

5.

product

in a

meaning:

its

disposition

1

compound

infinitive of the Latin

Give the

10.

Exercise 3 Each

adjective in the pool

Choose an adjective pound verb from which it

verb.

1

is

fill

The atmosphere was

The slave-woman,

no

Some

to socialize with the

personality.

tried to pull the carriage out, their efforts

Their

efforts

Their use of violence

is

he were not a

When

slave.

as

happy

Davus enjoyed

Cornelius entered a shop, the merchant

as

he might have been

happiness. left

the other customers

and helped him immediately. Cornelius received 7.

brought

were not

Davus was not unhappy, but he was not if

6.

results.

and preferred not

masters treat their slaves with violence which goes beyond reasonable

limits. 5.

compound

to learning.

Syra, was shy

Although the horses forth

4.

derived from a Latin

derived:

other slaves. Syra had a 3.

is

each blank and give the Latin com-

Eucleides provided an atmosphere for the boys that would lead them to learn.

2.

below to

After he considered slave stole the

all

treatment.

of the evidence, the overseer was certain which

money. The overseer used

reasoning to

come

to his conclusion. 8.

When

the emperor went by,

emperor was greeted

all

the citizens

bowed

respectfully.

in a

manner.

relative

deferential

recessive

conducive

productive

excessive

preferential

deductive

93

The

Latin Abbreviations in English Many

abbreviations used in English are actually abbreviations of Latin

words. For example, the

common abbreviations for morning and afternoon,

A.M. and P.M., stand for the Latin and post meridiem (after noon).

phrases ante meridiem (before noon)

Exercise 4 With

the aid of an English dictionary, give the

the following abbreviations and explain

Latin words for

full

how each

is

used in English:

1.

etc.

4.

i.e.

7.

ad

10.

et al.

2.

A.D.

5.

e.g.

8.

vs.

11.

q.v.

3.

P.S.

6.

N.B.

9.

cf.

12.

5

lib.

Exercise 5 Replace the words in in Exercise 1

The

italics

with abbreviations chosen from the

list

4 above:

senators discussed the most critical problems

first,

for example, the

revolt in Judea.

known

on almost any

2.

Titus was

3.

The

4.

Titus pointed out the Curia, the Arch of Tiberius,

for his ability to speak at will

subject.

eruption of Vesuvius occurred in the year of our Lord 79.

and

the rest, as they

passed them. 5.

The announcement

6.

Eucleides said that they would return early, that

of the chariot race read, "Reds against Blues." is,

before the eleventh

hour. 7.

At the bottom of the

8.

Cornelius had invited Titus, Messala, and others, to a dinner-party.

9.

The

letter

abbreviation "B.C."

is

Cornelius added an afterthought.

used to give dates before the birth of Christ.

(Compare the abbreviation "A.D.") 10.

A

sign near the Porta

wagons or

Capena

read,

"Note

well:

It is

forbidden to drive

carriages within the city during the day."

11.

"Take

12.

"Which

see"

is

nation,

and

it

this"

was written

at the

written after a

bottom of the doctor's

word or

topic

directs the reader to find

prescription.

which needs further expla-

such explanation elsewhere

in

the book.

Find examples of Latin abbreviations magazines and bring them

to class.

94

in textbooks, newspapers, or

Review VI Exercise Via From

the

list

at the right select appropriate words to go with each of

the following nouns. Hi

1

Give alternatives where requested.

cm

arbore

1 *

lutiim

4.

or

>

feminam

6

terras

7

or

8

terra

9

or

or

dies

hos his

mandate*

hoc huic

oculo

10.

arcuum

11.

somnia

hunc hoc has

12.

nsu

n

vocum

14.

die

15.

or

16.

capitum

17.

custos

IK

or

rei

1Q

or

or

20.

rebus

21.

rauponi

11

or

servl

?1

or

praedones

24.

eiistoHnm

huius

harum hac

manus

or

hie hi

hanc hae tabernae

haec

horum

Exercise VLb From form

an adjective to go with each noun noun with the adjective in its proper

the pool of words below, choose

in Exercise to

Via above. Give

the

modify the noun.

bonus,

-a,

-um

Tratus, -a,

brevis,

-is,

-e

longus,

-um

defessus, -a,

primus,

-a,

Infirmus,

-um

-a,

-um

ingens, ingentis

-um

-a,

magnus,

-um

-a,

-um

multl, -ae, -a

novus,

-a,

omnis,

-is,

95

-um -e

parvulus,

purus,

-a,

-a,

-um

-um

scelestus, -a,

-um

semisomnus,

-a,

sordidus, -a,

-um

vester, vestra,

-um

vestrum

Exercise Vic Choose the

correct

1.

Sextus

2.

Miles (ilium,

3.

Hercules

4.

Latratus (ilium,

5.

Cornelil

translate

gladium

illud)

strlnxit.

manu Cerberum ex illorum) canum pueros

illo)

(ilia,

illo)

(illl,

it:

arcul appropinquavit.

illo)

(illl,

form of the two choices in parentheses, read the

and

sentence aloud,

die

Romam

Inferls extraxit.

dormientes

excitavit.

advenerunt.

Exercise VId Read

the passage below

and answer,

in English, the questions that

follow: Porsinna, rex Cluslnorum,

quod cibum

igitur,

in

Romam

urbem

urbem

afferre

non

iam diu obsidebat. RomanI

poterant,

fame

Turn

peribant.

adulescens quldam Romanus, Gaius Mucius nomine, qui elves suos servare

Porsinnam necare

volebat,

Itaque Mucius, ubi "et castra

eum

intrare volo. Ibi

senatores, "Si

hoc facere

hostium clam

et in castra

Ex

prehenderunt.

castrls

"O

te

et,

si

5

dl adiuvabunt,

magnam

Trans Tiberim

"Uter

festlnavit

multitudinem mllitum

pecuniam

Alter

domum

non vetamus." Laetus

intra vestes celavit.

intravit. Ibi

Ilium necabo." Gladium

adstantium.

nos

vis,

Mucius. Gladium sumpsit et

Ad mensam sedebant duo homines. spectabat. Secum cogitabat Mucius, facit?

senatoribus, 'Tiberim translre, " inquit,

Porsinnam petam

necabo."

Cui rediit

hostium

constituit.

Curiam intravit,

est rex?

vldit.

10

mllitibus dabat, alter

Nonne

is

est

qui

omnia

Hominem necavit. Stupuit turba cum custodes regis eum com-

strlnxit.

paene effugerat Mucius

sceleste!" inquiunt.

"Cur scrlbam

regis

necavisu?"

15

"At regem," inquit Mucius, "necare volul." Rex, ubi hoc audlvit, clamavit, "Ego

te

gravissime puniam."

Superbe respondit Mucius, "Clvis sum Romanus. vocant. Clves

Forte

Me Gaium Mucium

RomanI, qui magnam gloriam petunt, poenas non timent."

Mucius

turn stabat prope

manum

in

trahere.

"Quamquam,"

ignem

iniecit.

ignem qui

in altaribus erat. Subito

Statim rex surrexit et

inquit, "hostis es,

iussit

dextram 20

custodes virum ab igne

tamen, quod

vir fortissimus es, te

ad elves tuos iam remitto."

Postquam Mucius Romam rediit, rem totam clvibus narravit. Illl non modo Mucium laudabantsed, quod iam sinistram modo manum habebat, cognomen el

dederunt Scaevolam.

96

25

paene, almost

rex, regis (m), king

(sane perire, to die of

hunger

scriba, -ae (m), clerk

adulescens, adulescentis (m), young

gravissime, very seriously

man

superbe, proudly

-orum

castra,

camp enemy

hostis, hostis (m), dl,

poena, -ae

(n pi),

deorum (m

vestis, vestis (f),

ignis, ignis (m), fire

garment

Uter

.

.

.

Utrum

? .

fortissimus, -a,

table

Utra .

pi), altar

dexter, dextra, dextrum, right

(f),

.

altarium (n

altaria,

clam, secretly meiisa, -ae

punishment

by chance

forte,

the gods

pi),

(/),

?

.

.

.

-um, very brave

sinister, sinistra,

?

Which

.

sinistmm,

cognomen, cognominis

?

.

.

left

(n),

nick-

name, surname

(of two)

obsideo, obsidere

(2),

afTero, afferre (irreg.

),

obsedi, obsessum, to besiege attull, alia turn, to carry towards, bring

comprehendo, comprehendere

(3),

comprehend!, comprehensum,

to seize,

arrest

stupeo, stupere

What was

Who What

stupul, to be astonished

(2),

the effect of King Porsinna's siege of

decided to

kill

Porsinna?

Rome?

Why?

four things did he propose to do?

Did the senators grant permission? Quote the Latin words which support your answer.

Quote two words he went about

that

show

that

Mucius was

7.

What was each of the two men at What made Mucius decide which

8.

Whom

9.

Quote and

6.

did the guards

14. 15.

Translate the clause

16.

What do you

11. 12. 13.

tell

translate the

What What What What What

10.

disguising his intentions as

his mission.

the table doing?

of the two was the king?

him he had

killed?

words which express the king's

boast did

Mucius make about himself?

boast did

Mucius make about

did he do to

show he was not

first

reaction.

his fellow citizens? afraid?

order did the king give the guards?

reason did the king give for sending

think

quod iam is

the

sinistram

Mucius home?

modo manum

habebat.

meaning of the nickname "Scaevola"?

97

Exercise Vie Give the appropriate future read the sentence aloud, 1.

"Si ego ad

Curiam

perfect

and

form of each verb

in parentheses,

translate:

sero (advenlre), senatores IratI erunt," cogitabat Cor-

nelius.

Ubi pater mantis

2.

(lavare) et

togam puram

(induere), ad

Curiam

statim

Tbit.

pecuniam nobis

3.

"Nisi tu

4.

Illos

5.

"Ubi fabulam

praedones,

si

Marco

(dare), te certe

necabo," clamavit praedo.

(nocere), Cornelius certe puniet.

mllitis (audlre),

pater,

statim

cubitum ibimus," inquit

Marcus.

Exercise Vlf Give the requested forms of the following verbs future, perfect, pluperfect,

and

in the present, imperfect,

future perfect tenses:

Future Present 1.

vetare {1st pi)

2.

aperlre (3rd pi)

Imperfect

(2nd pi)

3.

stertere

4.

esse (3rd sing.)

5.

emo

(3rd sing.)

6.

ferre

(2nd sing.)

7.

arripere (1st sing.)

8.

docere (1st sing.)

9.

posse (2nd sing.) '

10.

velle (1st

pi)

98

Future

Perfect

Pluperfect

Perfect

VERSICULi Arrival at the Inn

10

(after

Chapter

Cauponam petimus caupoque "Hie bene dormltur," recepit, (he)

welcomed

bene dormltur,

17) recepit obesus.

dlcit, inlre

iubens.

(us)

you'll sleep well

died, dlcere (3), to say ineo, inlre {irreg.), to

come

in

iubens, bidding (us)

Murder

11

(after

Chapter 20) (0

Septimus in Somno

te conspicit,

Cras (eheu!) in plaustro

Aule, necatum.

trlste

cadaver

erit.

"Fer, comes, auxilium!" clamavl, "Septime." Sed tu,

"Somnia," dlxistl, "maesta fuere modo." Nunc, quod non illls potuistl credere verbis, nunc quaere in faeno corpus, amice, meum! (Hi)

Cur Marcus cubitum Ire timet vigilatque etiam nunc? Quod puerum timidum fabula mlra movet. erit, (it) will

triste

be

cadaver, a wretched corpse

comes, comitis (m/f) companion y

maesrus, fuere

=

potuistl, illls

-a,

-um, sad

fuerunt

you were able

credere verbis, to believe those words

quaero, quaerere

faenum, minis,

-I (n),

-a,

(3),

quaeslvi, quaesitum, to look for

hay

-um, wonderful, strange

99

Procrustes

12

(after

Chapter 23)

The young hero Theseus met and overcome many to the city

making

when he encounters

"Stretcher. "

Longum

is

giants,

Why

his

way

During

to Athens.

paying them in kind for their the

last

of the giants, Procrustes.

"Stretcher"? This the story reveals.

calidusque dies.

iter est

magnam non

Stetit ille. Sinistra

procul inde

domum.

"Rex latronum habitat caupo-ne benignus

in ilia?"

parte videt

se rogat.

It

his journey,

propius. Ianua aperta manet.

—

—

qua verba legit. "Salve," sic scrlbitur "hospes. Hie bene dormltur. Hue et adlre tibi licet, hie carnemque paratam solus si venies In

5

—

sumere Intravit

Theseus.

audet et in

Mox

ponere membra meo." Carnem consumere multam lecto ponere membra sua.

et in lecto

obdormlvit. Parva est mora.

Somnia

10

vldit:

audent magna ambos monstra tenere pedes! Sollicitus

somnls sese

Ecce, super se

excitat.

conspexit hostem stare minante Talia qui

magna reprehendit

manu.

voce, "Viator,

15

iam sat habere cibl. Quod debetur adest nobis iam solvere tempus!" Cui Theseus, "Quid me solvere, amice, iubes?" sat

iam audes

lectl,

"Talia praebebis," dixit, "ludibria nobis qualia

Nam

iam hie omnes qui iacuere

quos invenio pro

lectls esse

illorum extendet machina

membra

potens.

Sed qui longa nimis praebebit membra, necesse aut

illl

20

prius.

minores est

caput aut ense secare pedes.

Haec in te faciam!" dixit gladiumque levabat. Quern Theseus petiit corripuitque manu. Nee longum sequitur certamen membraque flunt cauponis

lectls

ocius apta

suls.

100

25

he has

He is almost The name means

evil ways.

statum, to stand

sto, stare (1), stetl

talia

opposed

20

rex, regis (m), king

qualia, such ... as

.

iaceo

provide

(2), to offer,

(2), to lie,

(iacuere

amusement, fun

-I (n),

=

recline

iacuerunt)

prius, before

latro, latronis (m), thief

-ne, or

pro

propius, nearer, closer

minores, smaller, shorter

-um, open

apertus, -a,

verbum,

bene

it is

(irreg.), adil,

illl

aditum,

caput, capitis

meat

-I (n),

audeo, audere

(2),

ausus sum,

-um, small, short

monstrum,

(

+

ace.

),

hostis, -is (m),

monster

sequitur,

petivit

compere

(it)

(3),

to grab

corripui,

hold

of, seize

follows

certamen, certaminis

above

(n), struggle,

contest

enemy

fiunt, (they)

minante manu, with threatening

become, are made

ocius, quickly

hand

aptus, -a, -um, fitted

quod debetur, what you owe

suitable length for

solvo, solvere (3), solvl, sol u turn, to

=

correptum,

both

-I (n),

(m), sword

(1), to raise

petiit

pes, pedis (m), foot

super

-I

corripio, -ae, -6,

head

sword

haec, these things

levo

delay, passage of

(/),

time

ambo,

(n),

to cut

25

gladius,

parvus, -a,

of that (person)

seco, secare (1), secui, sectum,

limb

to dare

mora, -ae

(dat.), for,

ensis, ensis (m),

caro, carnis (/),

machine

nimis, too

written

approach

membrum,

(f),

potens, potentis, powerful

dormitur, you'll sleep well

adeo, adlre to

thus

(-f abl.), in relation to

machina, -ae

word

-I (n),

sic scribitur,

14

.

ludibrium,

to right)

inde, from there

10

.

praebeo

sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, left (as

pay

101

to,

(+

of a dat.)

Answer

Latin or English the following questions on Versiculi 12 (Pro-

in

crustes): 1.

Why

2.

Where

3.

What two

4. 5.

6. 7.

Is

do you think Theseus stopped

the house inviting (line 4)?

10. 11.

According

9.

questions does he ask himself (line 3)?

How

so?

What does the house promise (line 6)? What restriction does the house place on its hospitality (line What two things can a guest do in the house (lines 7-8)?

What What What

8.

(line 1)?

did he see a house?

7)?

four things does Theseus proceed to do (lines 9-11)?

does he see in his dream (line 12)? does he see

when he wakes up?

to the speaker in line 16, of

what two things has Theseus

had enough? 12. 13.

What does Procrustes say it is time to do now (line 17)? What must Theseus offer in payment for his food and rest

(lines

19-

20)?

15.

What What

16.

Judging from line 25, were Theseus' limbs too short or too long?

17.

What What

14.

18.

does Procrustes do with short people (lines 21-22)? does he do with people

does Theseus do

when

who

are too

tall (lines

Procrustes attacks

him

23-24)?

(line 26)?

does Theseus do to Procrustes (lines 27-28)?

BONUS QUESTION: What

clause early in the

ble?

102

poem

foreshadows trou-

Medea

13

(after

In order to

Chapter 26)

win back the kingdom which was

the far land of Colchis and bring back the great

by

his

right,

Jason was told to

sail to

Golden Fleece which was guarded by

a

and ever-watchful serpent. There the king, Aeetes by name, was very unwilling

to part

He was

with his priceless treasure and laid upon Jason a seemingly impossible

two fire-breathing

to take

dragon's teeth, from

bulls,

plough a

which would immediately spring

task.

with them, and sow there a

field

a nation of warriors bent

on

murdering him. King Aeetes thought he had baffled Jason's attempt. Surely he would never face such a out.

trial,

or

if

he did there could be no doubt how things would turn

But Aeetes reckoned without the goddess of

who

love,

heart a fierce passion for the brave stranger. This daughter,

and knew the

secret

powers of

many

magic ointment which provided an told

their deaths at

and get away

sure to

spells.

to kill

him,

to

throw a stone into

blame one another and begin

a fight

each other's hands. She used her magic also

safely with Jason

a sorceress

She smeared Jason with

effective antidote to the bulls' fiery breath

him, when the warriors sprang up

They would be

herbs and

put into his daughter's

Medea, was

and the

fleece in the

103

their midst.

which would end to

a

and

in

charm the serpent

good ship Argo.

Aeetae postquam audlvit crudelia verba heros, (heu!) stupuit conticuitque diu.

Verba

nee non audlvit

patris

fllia;

nocte

quae venit media, fldaque verba

"Quod iubeo

dedit:

eras fades, et vlvus ablre

si

aurea et incolumis vellera habere potes.

Sed

si

tu

quamquam securus eris, debebis multum fataque

simulare timorem flere tua,

me, hospes, amas." Mlro medicamine corpus unxit amatori, mlraque multa docet.

Non magnus

10

labor inde boves adiungere magnos;

flamma bourn nulla molesta fuit. lam nascitur inde virorum turba armatorum magna. Nee ille fugit. Saxa iacit. Socium culpabat quisque, sed ensem strlnxit. Mox miles mortuus omnis erat. ill!

Parturiunt sulci.

15

Sed malus ingentl custodit corpore serpens,

quemquam

aurea nee

nam non

vellera adlre sinit;

clausa simul sunt

quot dormlre ocull,

omnia lumina somno:

tot vigilare solent.

20

At quid non, Medea, potes medicamine? Moles

somno mox

serpentis

superata iacet.

Aeetes, -ae (m), King Aeetes crudelis,

-is, -e,

verbum,

-I (n),

heros (the hero

10

cruel

adiungo, adiungere

Jason)

adiunctum, was

is

fidus, -a, -urn, faithful, trustworthy

armatus,

-a,

quod iubeo, what

saxum,

vlvus, -a,

-um,

vellera (n

/?/),

tell

I

you

1

5

-um, without

-um,

fear

-a,

-um,

quemquam

to

sword evil sinit,

and does not

allow anyone

lumina, eyes 20 quot

ointment .

armed men) began his neighbor

nee

fletum,

mlro medicamine, with a strange

.

(of the

blame

malus,

lament over

.

a boulder

ensis, ensis (m),

much

fleo, flere (3), flevi,

-um, armed

-I (n),

socium culpabat quisque, each

alive

fleece

debebis, you will have to

corpus

adiunxi,

bom

nascitur,

to

(3),

yoke

to give birth

quae, and she

-a,

to

parturiunt sulci, the funows strain

nee non, also

multus,

unctum,

bourn, of the bulls

silent

nee, and not

securus, -a,

unxl,

inde, after that, from there

heu = eheu conticuit, (he)

(3),

smear

to

word is

unguo, unguere

amatori, her lover's

.

.

.

superatus,

body

104

tot, as -a,

many ...

so

-um, overcome

many

Answer

in Latin or English the following questions

on Versiculi

2.

What was Jason's reaction to Aeetes' words (line What word reveals the reason for this reaction?

3.

What was

1.

J

3

(Medea):

2)?

the substance of these crudelia verba (see introductory par-

agraph)? 4.

Why

should Jason

trust the

words of Aeetes' daughter

(see line

4 and

introductory paragraph)? 5.

Rewrite the Latin of lines 5-6 in English word order.

6.

What

7.

In

does

Medea

ask Jason to

do

to prove his love for her (lines

7-9)?

8. 9.

what ways did Medea help Jason

(lines

9-10)?

What was the subsequent effect of this medicamen (lines 1 1-12)? What is the effect of the redundancy (anaphora) of minis in lines 9 and 10?

10.

11.

To whom or what does illi (line 12) refer? What is the "crop" that the furrows strain to

13.

How How

14.

Of what

12.

does Jason react to this threat (lines 14-15)? does the situation resolve

itself (lines

poetic technique or device

example? Find another example in 15.

16. 17.

bear in line 13?

is

mox

this

15-16)?

miles mortuus (line 16) an

poem.

What is the effect of the placement of the words in line 17? What do we learn about the dragon in lines 17-20? Does lumina (line 19) really mean "eyes"? Find its basic meaning

in

a Latin dictionary. 18.

"Apostrophe"

is

and an address,

a

sudden break from the previous method of discourse

in the

or present. Explain

second person, of some person or object, absent

why

line 21

is

an apostrophe.

19.

What do we

20.

"Periphrasis"

21.

you express the idea conveyed by moles serpentis (lines 21-22)? A particular sound can be used in poetry to create the effect of sleep. What is that sound and how is it effective in the last line of the poem?

learn about is

Medea from

a roundabout

this

apostrophe?

way of saying something.

105

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114

omrnj

Vocabulary a or

ab

(

a bl.

4-

abeo, abfre 24

(irreg.), abil,

abitum

to

abhinc

to

be away, absent, be distant

accidit, accidere (3), accidit

to

happen

accuso

to accuse

ad

(irreg.), aful

(1)

(4- dec.)

adiuvo, adiuvare

21

admoveo, admovere

18

adsum, adesse

adiuvl,

(1),

(2),

(irreg.),

advenio, advenire

17

(4),

adiutum

admovl,

admotum

adful

advenl,

adventum

to

move

to

be present

towards

to reach, arrive at to get dark

aedificium,

building

-I (n)

to build

aedifico (1) aestus, -us (m)

heat

Age! Agite!

Come

ager, agri (m)

field

agnosco, agnoscere ago, agere

(3),

agnovi, agnitum

e^, actum

(3),

on!

to recognize to do, drive

How

agis?

are you?

26

albatus, -a, -urn

white

24

aliquid

something other, another

alius, alia, aliud alter, altera,

ambulo

(1)

amicus,

-I

amo 22

the other, an other, a second

alterum

to

(m)

to like, love

(1)

amphitheatrum,

animus,

walk

friend

-I

amphitheater

(n)

slave-woman

ancilla, -ae (f)

19

near

to help

advesperascit, advesperascere, advesperavit

Quid

at,

still

18

23

towards,

to,

adhuc

23

go away

ago, previously

absum, abesse

20

from

by,

mind

(m)

-I

20

animum

19

in

recuperlre

to regain one's senses,

be fully awake

animo habere

19

antea

25

antiquus,

25

aperio, aperire

appireo

to intend

previously, before -a,

-um (4),

ancient aperul,

apertum

(2)

appropinquo

(1) (4- dat.

22

aqua, -ae

22

aquaeductus, -us (m)

or

ad

4-

ace.)

to

open

to

appear

to approach,

water

(f)

aqueduct

115

draw near

(to)

arbor, arboris (/)

tree

23

arcus, -us (m)

arch

26

arena, -ae (/)

arena, sand

ampere

arripio,

ampul, arreptum

(3),

ars, artis (f)

ascendo, ascendere

21

atque

25

atrium,

19

attente

23

attonitus, -a,

audio

(3),

ascend!, ascensum

room

in a

house

attentively, closely

-um

astonished, astounded to hear, listen to

(4)

aureus,

-um

-a,

golden

auriga, -ae (m)

charioteer

aurum,

gold

(n)

-I

baculum,

help

(n)

-I

bene

25

bona, -6rum (n

stick

well

bonus,

-a,

goods, possessions

£/)

-um

good

cow

bos, bovis {m/f)

ox,

brevis,

short

-is,

-e

cido, cadere

caelum,

(3),

cecid i, casum

to fall

sky

-I (n)

can is, cams (m/f)

dog

(m)

prisoner

21

captivus,

24

caput, capitis (n)

head

17

cauda, -ae

tail

-I

(f)

caiipo, cauponis (m)

innkeeper

caupona, -ae

inn

(/)

reason

causa, -ae (f)

caveo, cavere

(2), cavi,

cautum

to

watch out, be careful

cedo, cedere

(3), cessi,

cessum

to

come, go

celeriter

quickly

celerrime

very

c^na, -ae

18

ceno

18

certe

quickly

dinner

(f)

to dine, eat

(1)

dinner

certainly

cesso (1) cibus,

fast,

to hide

c6l6(l) 18

26

go up

to climb,

atrium, central

21

26

snatch, seize

and, also (n)

-I

a ux ilium, -I (n)

24

of,

but

at

21

hold

skill

22

24

to grab

-I

circensis,

to

-is,

be

idle,

do nothing, delay

food

(m)

in the circus

-e

116

23

circumeo, circumire

(irreg.

),

ciicumil,

ciiciimihim 22

to

-I

(m)

Circus

cisium,

-I

(n)

light

m

clvis, civts

climo

citizen to

1

climoc, clamoris

m

25

claiido, claudere

3

23

claiisus, -a, -urn

24

cliens, clientis

20

cogito

22

colo, colere

shout

shout, shouting ciausl, claiisum

,

to shut

shut, closed

(m)

client,

dependent

to think

1

commotus,

3

cultum

colul,

.

to cultivate

moved

-urn

-a,

25

metu commotus

22

conduce, conducere

20

comcio, comceie

22

consldo, consideie

moved by 3

,

fear, in a

panic

conduxi,

cooductum

to hire 3

.

3

conspicio, conspicexe

conieci, ,

coniectum

considl

to

throw

to sit

down

conspexi,

(3),

conspectum

to catch sight of

22

constituo, constituere

20

corpus, corporis

3

.

constftui,

constinitum

to decide

body

n

tomorrow

eras

cubic ulum, 18

cubitum

18

cui

21

cum (+ cum

-I

room, bedroom

n

Ire

to

go to bed

to

whom,

to

him,

to her

with

abl.)

when

cuueti, -ae, -a

all

Cur ...

Why

?

.

.

.

?

Curia, -ae (/)

Senate House

euro

to look after, attend to

(1)

ciirro,

cuneie

3

.

cucurri, ciirsum

custodio 4 25

custos, custodis

19

de

(

4-

m

run

to

guard

down from, concerning, about

-um

tired

deinde

demonstro

to

guard

abl.

defessus, -a,

23

Maximus

two-wheeled carriage

trunk, chest, box

cista, -ae (/)

22

go around

Circus,

then, next (1)

descendo, descendere

(3),

to

show

to

come

descendl,

descensum

117

or go down, climb do\

deverto, devertere

3

19

devord

19

died, dicere (3), dhd,

deveTsum

dictum

devour

carefully ;

discessl,

.

diseessum

diu

to

go away, depart

for a

21

do, dare, dedl,

datum

24

doceo, docere

2

17

doleo

:

turn aside

to

day

dlligenter

discedo, discedere

:

to

to say, tell

(m)

dies, die!

18

devertl,

.

( 1

docui,

.

doctum

to

(2)

domi domina, -ae dominus.

22

domo

22

domum

22

domus,

teach

to

be sorry, sad

at

home

m

master,

owner

out of the house

homeward, home -us

house

/

dormio 4

to sleep

duco, ducere

3

.

duxl,

ductum

to lead, take,

bnng

dum

while, as long as

duo, diiae, duo

two

t

e or ex

from, out of

abl.

Ecce!

Look! Look at ...

e^o

I

Eheu!

Alas!

24

Eho!

Hey!

20

el

21

ei,

21

els

to

eius

his. her. its

to

him, her.

24

emo. emere

19

enim

it

3

.

emi,

emptum

to

them buy

for

meg.),

ivi ,

itum

to

go

22

eo adv.

there, to that place

Z4

eorum

their

them

eos epistula, -ae

equus,

!

they

eae, ea

eo. Ire

house

mistress, lady of the

f)

i

-I

long time

to give

letter

(/")

m

-I

horse

err6(l) esse (see

to

wander, be mistaken

sum) All right!

19

Esto!

18

esurio (4)

to

et

and

etiam

also,

US

be hungry

even

))

)

)

eum

him,

ex or e

+

(

excipio, excipere 24

excito

wakened, aroused

(irreg.), exil,

exitum

to explain

exspecto

to look

( 1

extendo, extendere extra

(

ace.

(3),

extendi, extentum

(3), extrixl,

extractum

fibula, -ae (f)

factum

fiici,

faveo, faveie (2), fivi, feriatus, -a,

fautum (+

dat.)

-um tiill,

latum

fiercely

festlno (1)

to

(m)

son to finish

(4)

perhaps

Forum,

-I

the

(n)

(m)

brother in vain

frustra

fugio, fugere (3), fugT, ful (see

gaudium,

-I

to flee

-I

(2),

gavisus

sum

to

be glad, rejoice

joy

(n)

gemo, gemere gladius,

fugitum

sum)

gaiideo, gaudere

H

Forum (town

ditch

frater, fritris

25

hurry

daughter

-ae (f)

fossa, -ae (/)

25

to favor, support

to carry, bring, bear

fortasse

22

make, do

ferociter

^nio

(3),

gemui, gemitum

to

groan

sword

(m)

gladium stringere

to

draw a sword

26

gloria, -ae (f)

fame, glory

20

Graecia, -ae

(/)

Greece

Graecus,

-um

Greek

21

-a,

habenae, -arum

habeo habito

drag out

celebrating a holiday

fero, ferre {irreg.),

17

to pull out,

stupid

26

22

hold out

to

to

-um

26

filius, -I

wait for

story

facio, facere (3),

filia,

for,

outside

)

extraho, extrahere

fatuus, -a,

out

standing out, towering

17

4-

shout out

go out

to

explico(l)

exstans, exstantis

20

wake (someone) up

to exclaim,

1

22

19

welcome, receive

to

to rouse, (

exeo, exlre

22

exceptum

( 1

exclamo

18

excepi,

(3),

-um

excitatus, -a,

it

from, out of

abl.

reins

{f pi)

to have,

(2)

hold

to live, dwell

(1)

119

center of

Rome)

haereo, haerere 19

heri

17

hie, haec,

17

haesum

(2), haesl,

to stick

yesterday

hoc

this

hie (adverb)

here

hodie

today

homo, hominis (m)

man

hominum (m PD

homines,

22

people

hour

h6ra, -ae (/) hortus,

garden

(m)

-I

17

hospes, hospitis (m)

friend, host, guest

22

hue

here and there, this way and that

24

hums

25

iaceo (2)

illuc

genitive of hie

to lie,

iacio, iacere (3), i£cl,

iactum

to

be lying

iam

now, already

ianua, -ae (/)

door

ibi

there

id (see

is)

identidem

again and again, repeatedly

igihir

therefore

ignavus, -a, -urn file, ilia,

cowardly, lazy that, he, she,

illud

illuc

22

imber, fmbris (m)

rain

21

immemor, immemoris

forgetful

immobilis,

motionless

-is,

immortalis,

-e

-is,

24

(

that

4-

in,

incendo, incendere

(3),

incendl, incensum

to burn, set

on

fire

to spur on, urge on, drive

induo, induere Infirmus,

on

into

ace.

incito (1)

-a,

(3),

indul,

,

indutum

to put

on

weak, shaky

-urn

huge

21

ingens, ingentis

20

innocentia, -ae (f)

innocence

inquit

(he, she) says, said

24

Inspicio, inspicere (3), ins p^xi,

22

interdiu

21

Tnspectum

to

examine

during the day, by day

interea

meanwhile

interpello (1)

to interrupt

intra

famous

immortal

-e

in (4- abl.)

in

it;

there, to that place

22

26

down

throw

(

4-

inside

ace.

intro (1)

inv^nio, invenlre

to enter, (4),

invanl,

inv^ntum

120

to

go in

come upon,

find

20

unwilling, unwillingly

in Vitus, -a, -urn

very

ipse, ipsa, ipsiiiii

-self,

Iratus, -a, -urn

angry

Ire (see eo) is,

he, she,

ea, id

Yes!

itaque

and

iter, itineris (n)

journey, road

(2), iussi,

to order, bid

iiissum

labor, laboris (m)

work,

laboro

to

work

to

weep, cry

(1)

lacrimo

(1)

stone

(m)

24

lapis, lapidis

17

latrans, latrantis

24

latratus, -us

barking a bark, barking

(m)

to bark

litro(l) 17

laudo

19

lavo, lavare (1), lavT,

22

lectica, -ae (f)

22

lectlcirius,

18

lectus,

17

legatus,

to praise

(1)

-I

lavatum

to

(m)

litter-bearer

bed, couch

(m)

-I

envoy

(m)

-I

ldctum

to read

slowly

lente h1)er, lfbri llberi,

book

(m)

-orum (m

children

pi)

licet, licere (2), licuit

it is

we

ndbis

licet

hidl,

-orum (m

lupus,

(m)

wolf

lutum,

(n)

mud

20

lux, ldcis (f)

light

23

-I

prima Idee magnificus,

magnus, 21

-a,

mandatum mine minus, -us

26

mappa,

at

-um -um

dawn

magnificent

-a,

big, great, large,

loud (voice)

order, instruction

-I (n)

early in the day, in the

maneo, manere 17

we may

games

pi)

25

20

M

-I

allowed

are allowed,

long

longus, -a, -urn 23

wash

litter

lego, legere (3), le^,

19

toil

happy, glad

laetus, -a, -urn

19

so, therefore

again, a second time

iubeo, iubere

23

this, that

Ita veio!

iterum

23

it;

(2),

minsl,

mansum

to remain, stay

hand

(f)

napkin

-ae (/)

121

morning

22

mater, matris

(f)

mother

maxim us,

-urn

very great, greatest, very large

-a,

me 19 19

me

medius,

-a,

mid-, middle of

-urn

media nox

midnight

20

Megara, -ae

17

Mehercule!

By Hercules! Goodness me!

Megara

(f)

(a city in

18

melior, melioris

better

21

mercator, mercatdris (m)

merchant

26

meta, -ae

25

metus, -us (m)

meus,

19

fear

-um

my, mine

mihi

for

miles, mllitis (m)

soldier

Minime 22

mark, goal, turning-post

(/)

-a,

minis,

me,

Not

(vero)!

-um

-a,

Greece)

to

at all!

me Not

in the least!

miser, mis era,

mi serum

mitto, mittere

(3),

misl,

unhappy, miserable, wretched

missum

send

to

17

modo

23

moles, molis

(/)

mass, huge bulk

molestus,

-um

troublesome, annoying

only

-a,

23

mons, montis (m)

mountain,

21

monstro

to

25

mors, mortis,

20

mortuus,

(1)

moveo, movere

(2),

dead

movT,

motum

mox 26

move

to

soon, presently

mulier, mulieris

woman

(f)

many

multl, -ae, -a

crowd

22

multJtudo, multitiidinis

22

mums,

21

mus, muris (m)

mouse

musso

to

-I

(f)

wall

(m)

(1)

nam narratus, -a,

19

narro

25

-um

told to tell (a story)

(1)

-ne

(indicates a question)

necesse

necessary

neco

to kill

(1)

nemo, neminis

no one

neque

and

neque 24

murmur, mutter

for

19

19

hill

show

death

(/)

-um

-a,

.

.

.

N<

wonderful, marvelous, strange

neque

.

.

.

neither

neque tamen

but

122

.

.

.

.

not .

.

not

nor

20

to

nihil

nothing

There

Nihil mill.

is

unless,

17

nisi

25

n6ceo(2)( +

nothing wrong.

if

.

.

.

not, except

for us, to us

note

harm

to

dat.)

at night

nocte 21

be ignorant, not know

nescio (4)

happening during the night

-urn

nochirnus,

-a,

n6lo, n6lle

{irreg.),

nomen, nominis

nolul

be unwilling, not to wish

to

name

(n)

not

BOB 18

nondum Nonne

25

nonnumquam

sometimes

nos

we, us

.

not yet .

(introduces a question that expects

?

.

the answer "yes")

24

24

noster,

nostra, nostrum

n6vus,

-a,

(/)

nullus, -a,

-um -I

night

none

no,

number

(m)

numquam

never

nunc

now

nuntius,

o

new

-urn

nox, noctis

numerus, 19

our

-I

20

obdormio

17

obdsus,

23

occuno, occurrere

(+

messenger

(m)

to

(4)

-a,

-um (3),

occurri,

occursum

oculus,

17

olim omnis,

-I

meet

to

cfdf.)

25

go to sleep

fat

(m)

eye

once (upon a time) -is,

-e

all,

onus, oneris (n)

the whole, every, each

load,

-um -um

burden

24

oppressus, -a,

crushed

19

optimus,

best, very

19

-a,

Vir optime!

good

Sir!

21

orator, 5iat6ris (m)

orator, speaker

17

os, ossis (n)

bone

23

Palatinus, -a, paratus, -a,

25

-um -um

belonging to the Palatine Hill ready, prepared

parens, parentis (m/f)

parent

p4io(l)

to prepare

parvulus,

-a,

-um

small,

123

little

pater, patris (m)

father

patron

(m)

24

patronus,

21

parruus,

19

paulfsper

for a short

21

pecunia, -ae

money

per

(

+

-I

ace.

(/)

dangerous

periculum,

danger

-I (n)

to

(1)

pertemtus,

-um

-a,

pervenio, pervenlre

(4),

pervenl,

(3), petivi,

petltum

perv^ntum

-I

plenus,

-um

to seek, look for,

wagon,

(n)

pluit, pliiere (3), pliiit

it is

24

poeta, -ae (m)

poet

21

(3),

posui

i,

positum

to put, place

bridge

porta, -ae (f)

gate to carry

(1)

possum, posse

+

(irreg.),

p6tui

to

be able

19

post

24

postis, postis (m)

door-post

19

postquam

after

25

postrldie

17

(se)

(

ace.

after

)

on the following day to hurl oneself, rush

praecipitare

praeclarus, -a, 17

-um

praecurro, praecunere

distinguished, (

3),

to

21

praedo, praedonis (m)

26

prasinus, -a,

22

primum

20

primus,

run ahead

robber

-um

green first,

-a,

famous

praecurri,

praecursum

20

at,

raining

pons, pontis (m)

porto

aim

cart

full

22

p6no, p6nere

-um

at first

first

prima luce

at

dawn

princeps, pnncipis (m)

emperor

procul

in the distance, far off

prope

( -1-

near

ace.

puella, -ae (f) piier,

y

to arrive (at), reach

foot

plaustrum, -a,

spend the night

frightened, terrified

pes, pedis (mj

p£to, p£tere

time

through, along

)

perlcul6sus, -a, -urn

pem6cto 24

uncle

(m)

-I

girl

boy

puerl (m)

19

punio

22

pdrus,

24

quadratus,

to

(4) -a,

-um -a,

punish

spotless, clean

-um

squared

124

attack

Quilis

Quam Quam

.

.

.

?

.

.

.

!

.

.

.

?

What

How How

quaniquam 20

Quando

24

quas

Qui ...

Who quod

.

Quid

.

(3), .

quieVl,

quietum

.

.

?

.

? (pi.)

.

keep quiet

to rest,

.

.

What.

?

With

?

.

.

.

?

you?

Where ... .

to?

whom

.

.

.

?

because (see qui, .

.

quae, quod)

.

In

?

quoque

raedirius,

ramus,

-I

coachman,

.

.

?

How

coach

driver

branch

(m)

-I

seldom

raro

20

recupero (see animus) redeo, redire

r^ditum

(irreg.), redil,

24

reditus, -us (m)

23

relinquo, relinquere

20

rem6veo, removere

(3), reliqul,

(2),

rem6vl,

relictum

remotum

repulsum

reprehendo, reprehendere

reprehendl,

(3),

reprehensum

to

remove, move aside

to drive off, drive

blame, scold

to explain the situation

explicare (2), res pondi,

resp6nsum

to reply to recall, call

(1)

rideo, rid^re (2), -a,

back

thing, matter, situation

respondeo, respondere

rfsus, -us

go back

to leave

to

res, r€i (f)

rimosus,

to return,

return

rep^llo, repellere (3), reppull,

r^voco

.

traveling carriage,

(m)

21

rem

what way

also

raeda, -ae (/)

22

.

Who. How are

?

.

?

.

Quomodo

18

.

.

to rest

agis?

Quo Qu6cum .

Quid

?

.

.

.

18

?

rest

dare

se quiet!

quod quod

.

a certain

quics, quietis (f)

quiesco, quiescere

25

.

?

who, which

quldam, quaedam, quoddam

17

.

When

?

.

?

qui, quae,

Quis

!

whom, which

quern

24

22

.

which

23

22

.

although

.

.

of ...

sort .

risl,

rlsum

back

to laugh, smile

-urn

full

(m)

of cracks, leaky

laugh, smile

rlvus, -I (m)

stream

r6go (1)

to ask

125

Roma, -ae Romanus. 26

22

-I

red

peasant

(m)

saepe

often

saluto(l)

to greet,

welcome

Salve! Salvete!

Greetings!

satis

enough

22

satis

-um

Hello!

wicked

scio (4)

to

scnbo, scrfbere

Good morning!

enough time

temporis

scelestus, -a,

24

-urn

-um

russatus. -a, rusticus.

Rome Roman

(/) -a,

(3), scripsl.

scnptum

know

to write

himself, herself, oneself,

se

itself,

themselves sed

but

sedeo, sedeVe

(2), sidl,

semisomnus.

-a,

sessum

to

-um

sit

half-asleep

semper

always

senator, senatoris

m

senator

septem

seven

septimus.

-a,

-um

seventh

(n)

tomb

21

sepulcrum,

24

sequens, sequentis

20

sero

late

25

servo (1)

to save

servus,

-I

following

(m)

-I

slave

sex

six if

si

26

signum,

-I

silentium,

signal

(n) -I

silence

(n)

sflva, -ae (f)

woods,

simul

together, at the

23

simulac

20

simulo

25

sine

(1)

(+

as

soon

to

pretend

soleo (2)

to

-um -um

20

somnium,

20

somnus,

23

sonitus, -us (m)

-I

be accustomed, in the habit of

anxious, worried

sollicitus, -a,

-I

same time

as

without

abl.)

solus, -a,

forest

alone

dream

(n)

(m)

sleep

sound

-um

18

sordidus,

26

spectitor, spectat6ris (m)

spectator

specto(l)

to watch, look at

-a,

dirty

126

20

statim

immediately

stercus, stercoris (n)

dung, manure

24

st£rtd, st^rtere (3), stertui

24

stilus, -I

to snore

pen

(m)

sto, stare

( 1 ),

statum

st£ti,

to stand

strenuously, hard

strenue 22

strepitus, -us (m)

noise, clattering

25

stringo, stringere (3), strinxl, strictum

to

22

stiilrus, -a,

22

stuped

-um

to

(2)

sub(+

suddenly

sum, esse

(irreg.), ful

21

sumo, sdmere

20

supra (adv.)

22

supra

(

+

(3),

to

sumpsl,

sumptum

above

)

-um

suus, -a,

tabellarius,

-I

tabema, -ae

to get up, rise his, her,

(m)

its,

their (own)

courier

shop

(f)

be quiet

taceo (2)

to

talis, -is, -e

such, like

tamen

however, nevertheless

tandem

at last, at length

tantum 23

be

to take, take up, pick out

above, on top

ace.

surgo, surgere (3), surrexi, surrectum

22

be amazed, gape

under, beneath

abl.)

subito

24

draw

stupid, foolish

this,

of this kind

only

tantus, -a,

-um

so great, such a big

te (see tu)

temerarius,

-a,

-um

tempus, temporis teneo

to

(2)

25

terra, -ae (f)

21

terror, terr6ris

18

tibi

timeo

rash, reckless, bold

time

(n)

(m)

ground

terror, fear

to you, for to fear,

(2)

toga, -ae (/)

26

hold

earth,

totus, -a,

you

be afraid of

toga

-um

all,

trado, tradere

(3), trididi,

traho, trahere

(3), traxl,

traditum

tractum

to

the whole

hand over

to drag, pull

tres, tres, tria

three

tu (ace.

you

te)

(sing.)

hili (see fero)

24

turn

at that

tumultus, -us (m)

uproar,

tunica, -ae (/)

tunic

127

moment, then commotion

22

u

crowd,

hirba, -ae (f) tuus, -a,

-um

your

Ubi ...

?

Where where,

ubi 17

Unde

22

undique

V

18

18

.

Where

?

.

on

.

.

?

.

when .

.

from?

.

all sides,

from

all sides

-um

one

urbs, urbis (f)

city

ut

as

uxor, uxor is (/)

wife

valde

very, exceedingly, very

Vale! Valete!

Goodbye!

Onus,

24

.

mob

(sing.)

-a,

vehementer vehiculum,

much,

very

violently

vehicle

(n)

-i

much

velle (see v6lo)

26

-um

venetus, -a,

venio, venire

verbero 24

(4),

blue veni,

ventum

to

verbosus,

come

to beat,

(1) -a,

-um

whip

talkative

vestrum

your

21

vester, vestra,

25

veto, vetire (1), vetui, v^titum

to forbid

v^xo

to

(1)

annoy

road, street

via, -ae (f)

viator, viatoris (m)

vicinus, -a,

(pi.)

traveler

-um

neighboring, adjacent

26

victor, victoris (m)

conqueror, victor

26

vict6ria, -ae (f)

victory

video, videre

(2), vidl,

visum

to see

20

videtur

he, she,

19

vigil6(l)

to

vuicus, villa,

24

19

-i

vir, viri

(m)

awake

wine

(n)

man

Vir optime!

Sir!

virga, -ae (f)

22

stay

manager

farmhouse

-ae (/) -i

seems

overseer, farm

(m)

vinum,

it

be watchful,

stick

vfeito (1)

to visit

VltO (1)

to avoid

23

vix

scarcely, with difficulty

18

vobis

to

volo, velle {irreg.), volui

to wish, want,

vos

you

vox, vocis (/)

voice

128

you, for you

(pi.)

be willing

ECCE ROMANI

is

a complete multi-level Latin program:

Books 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Language Activity Books (Student's Editions) 1, 2, 3 and 4. Language Activity Books (Teacher's Editions) 1, 2, 3 and 4. Teacher's Handbooks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Test Masters 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Posters 1 and 2.

Student's

Cassette

1.

The Romans Speak For Themselves

ECCE ROMANI

is

1,

2 and Teacher's Handbook.

a Latin reading program, providing connected

Latin Passages from the

first

lesson.

ECCE ROMANI provides a coherent introduction to Latin grammar and syntax, within the meaningful context of Latin language. ECCE ROMANI has an integrated word study program. ECCE ROMANI introduces Roman culture through both reading passages in Latin, and separate cultural background sections in English.

ECCE ROMANI Language Activity Books offer review, reinforcement and extension activities. Teacher's Editions provide answers. ECCE ROMANI Teacher's Handbooks explain the complete program; provide a teaching guide to each lesson; list vocabulary, grammar, and syntax covered; present a select bibliography of resource materials;

and offer additional background readings

for the teacher.

ECCE ROMANI can be used with beginning-level students from F.L.E.S.

through College programs.

Longman «

90000

9

780582"366657

ISBN 0-5A2-3bbb5-A