Hydraulic Calculations
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Fire Protection Hydraulic Calculations (Wet and Dry Systems) BSSI 1001 John Willden, P.Eng.
Hydraulic Equations Q AOP Density for first sprinkler flow
where: Q = USGPM AOP = Area of Sprinkler operations 1500 – 3000 ft2 for light hazard
Density = USGPM/ft2 or water/square foot
Hydraulic Equations Q p K
2
for first sprinkler pressure
where: Q = USGPM K=sprinkler factor p=pressure in psig
QK p
Hydraulic Equations Pf FQ1.85
PF Pf L
where: Pf = pressure drop per foot (psig/ft) Q = USGPM pipe flow F = friction factor from table PF = total pressure loss
Hydraulic Example 10 ft
10 ft
Q=
Q=
Q=
1½ in
1¼ in
1 in
P=
P= Q=
16 ft
P= Q=
10 ft
P=
10 ft
Q=
1 in P=
P=
Ordinary Hazard group 1 we get 0.15 USGPM/ft2 If each sprinkler is covering 130 ft2 we have:
Hydraulic Example 10 ft
10 ft
Q=
Q=
Q=
1½ in
1¼ in
1 in
P=
P= Q=
16 ft
P= Q=
10 ft
P=
10 ft
Q=
1 in P=
P=
Q = Area x Density = 130 ft2 x 0.15 USGPM = 19.5 USGPM
Hydraulic Example 10 ft
10 ft
Q=
Q=
Q=
1½ in
1¼ in
1 in
P=
P= Q=
16 ft
P= Q=
10 ft
P=
p = (Q/K)2 = (19.5/5.65)2 = 11.91 psig
10 ft
Q = 19.5
1 in P=
P=
Hydraulic Example 10 ft
10 ft
10 ft
Q=
Q=
Q=
1½ in
1¼ in
1 in
P=
P= Q=
P=
10 ft
Q = 19.5
1 in P=
pf = FC120 x Q1.85 16 ft
P= Q=
= 5.10 x 10-4 x 19.51.85
= 0.124 psig/ft
P =11.91
Hydraulic Example 10 ft
10 ft
10 ft
Q4 =
Q3 =
Q2 =
1½ in
1¼ in
1 in
P4 =
P5 = Q5 =
P3 =
10 ft
Q1 = 19.5
1 in P2 =
Pf = p f x L 16 ft
P= Q=
= 0.124 x 10 ft
= 1.24 psig
P1 =11.91
Hydraulic Example 10 ft
10 ft
Q4 =
Q3 =
Q2 =
1½ in
1¼ in
1 in
P4 =
P5 = Q5 =
16 ft
P= Q=
10 ft
P3 =
10 ft
Q1 = 19.5
1 in P2 =
P2 = Pf + P1 = 1.24 + 11.91 = 13.15 psig
P1 =11.91
Hydraulic Example 10 ft
10 ft
10 ft
Q4 =
Q3 =
Q2 =
1½ in
1¼ in
1 in
P4 =
P5 = Q5 =
P3 =
10 ft
Q1 = 19.5
1 in P2 =13.15
Q2 = K P2 + Q1 16 ft
P= Q=
= 5.65
13.15 + 19.5
= 20.49 + 19.5 = 39.99 USGPM
P1 =11.91
Hydraulic Example 10 ft
Q4 =
Q3 =
1½ in
1¼ in P4 =
P5 = Q5 =
16 ft
P= Q=
10 ft
10 ft
10 ft
Q1 = 19.5
Q2 =39.99 1 in
P3 =
1 in P2 =13.15
Now you try the next sprinkler
P1 =11.91
wet systems are always full of water they sprinkle when a head opens TO SPRINKLERS CHECK VALVE
ALARM VALVE (SPRINKLER VALVE) INDICATING VALVE
SIAMESE CONNECTION (FIRE DEPARTMENT CONNECTION)
FROM SERVICE MAIN
Details of Wet System
© 1997, The Viking Corporation
dry systems are full of compressed air they bleed off the air and sprinkle when a head opens TO SPRINKLERS ALARM VALVE (DRY SPRINKLER VALVE) FIRE DEPARTMENT CHECK VALVE
INDICATING VALVE CHECK VALVE SIAMESE CONNECTION (FIRE DEPARTMENT CONNECTION)
FROM SERVICE MAIN
Dry Pipe System
© 1997, The Viking Corporation
preaction systems are full of compressed air until a fire is detected then they fill with water to get ready TO SPRINKLERS CHECK VALVES
ALARM VALVE (PREACTION SPRINKLER VALVE)
INDICATING VALVE
SIAMESE CONNECTION (FIRE DEPARTMENT CONNECTION) CHECK VALVE FROM SERVICE MAIN
deluge systems are empty and the sprinkler heads are open they all come on at once when a fire is detected TO SPRINKLERS CHECK VALVE ALARM VALVE (PREACTION SPRINKLER VALVE)
INDICATING VALVE
CHECK VALVE
SIAMESE CONNECTION (FIRE DEPARTMENT CONNECTION)
FROM SERVICE MAIN
Sprinkler Heads three major types of sprinkler heads upright pendant sidewall dry type
http://www.vikingcorp.com/databook/sprinklers/
Sprinkler Arrangements Tree systems Only one path to each sprinkler head
Grid systems At least two paths to each sprinkler head
Sprinkler Arrangements Loop systems There are two paths to each sprinkler head but the system can also be used to circulate heating or cooling water
upright
pendant
– cont’d
Typical Alarm Valve
Parts of Alarm Valve
Fire Protection Symbols pendent head – hangs down upright head – stands up sidewall head – sticks out sideways upright (elevation view) pendent (elevation view) siamese connection – fire department check valve
Fire Protection Symbols ALARM VALVE (wet) ALARM VALVE (dry) ALARM VALVE (preaction) ALARM VALVE (deluge) FC
flushing connection (flanged)
FC
flushing connection (cap) open stem and yoke valve (OS & Y)
Hydraulic Equations Q AOP Density for first sprinkler flow
where: Q = USGPM AOP = Area of Sprinkler operations 1500 – 3000 ft2 for light hazard
Density = USGPM/ft2 or water/square foot
Hydraulic Equations Q p K
2
for first sprinkler pressure
where: Q = USGPM K=sprinkler factor p=pressure in psig
QK p
Hydraulic Equations Pf FQ1.85
PF Pf L
where: Pf = pressure drop per foot (psig/ft) Q = USGPM pipe flow F = friction factor from table PF = total pressure loss
Hydraulic Example 10 ft
10 ft
Q=
Q=
Q=
1½ in
1¼ in
1 in
P=
P= Q=
16 ft
P= Q=
10 ft
P=
10 ft
Q=
1 in P=
P=
Ordinary Hazard group 1 we get 0.15 USGPM/ft2 If each sprinkler is covering 130 ft2 we have:
Hydraulic Example 10 ft
10 ft
Q=
Q=
Q=
1½ in
1¼ in
1 in
P=
P= Q=
16 ft
P= Q=
10 ft
P=
10 ft
Q=
1 in P=
P=
Q = Area x Density = 130 ft2 x 0.15 USGPM = 19.5 USGPM
Hydraulic Example 10 ft
10 ft
Q=
Q=
Q=
1½ in
1¼ in
1 in
P=
P= Q=
16 ft
P= Q=
10 ft
P=
p = (Q/K)2 = (19.5/5.65)2 = 11.91 psig
10 ft
Q = 19.5
1 in P=
P=
Hydraulic Example 10 ft
10 ft
10 ft
Q=
Q=
Q=
1½ in
1¼ in
1 in
P=
P= Q=
P=
10 ft
Q = 19.5
1 in P=
pf = FC120 x Q1.85 16 ft
P= Q=
= 5.10 x 10-4 x 19.51.85
= 0.124 psig/ft
P =11.91
Hydraulic Example 10 ft
10 ft
10 ft
Q4 =
Q3 =
Q2 =
1½ in
1¼ in
1 in
P4 =
P5 = Q5 =
P3 =
10 ft
Q1 = 19.5
1 in P2 =
Pf = p f x L 16 ft
P= Q=
= 0.124 x 10 ft
= 1.24 psig
P1 =11.91
Hydraulic Example 10 ft
10 ft
Q4 =
Q3 =
Q2 =
1½ in
1¼ in
1 in
P4 =
P5 = Q5 =
16 ft
P= Q=
10 ft
P3 =
10 ft
Q1 = 19.5
1 in P2 =
P2 = Pf + P1 = 1.24 + 11.91 = 13.15 psig
P1 =11.91
Hydraulic Example 10 ft
10 ft
10 ft
Q4 =
Q3 =
Q2 =
1½ in
1¼ in
1 in
P4 =
P5 = Q5 =
P3 =
10 ft
Q1 = 19.5
1 in P2 =13.15
Q2 = K P2 + Q1 16 ft
P= Q=
= 5.65
13.15 + 19.5
= 20.49 + 19.5 = 39.99 USGPM
P1 =11.91
Hydraulic Example 10 ft
Q4 =
Q3 =
1½ in
1¼ in P4 =
P5 = Q5 =
16 ft
P= Q=
10 ft
10 ft
10 ft
Q1 = 19.5
Q2 =39.99 1 in
P3 =
1 in P2 =13.15
Now you try the next sprinkler
P1 =11.91
wet systems are always full of water they sprinkle when a head opens TO SPRINKLERS CHECK VALVE
ALARM VALVE (SPRINKLER VALVE) INDICATING VALVE
SIAMESE CONNECTION (FIRE DEPARTMENT CONNECTION)
FROM SERVICE MAIN
Details of Wet System
© 1997, The Viking Corporation
dry systems are full of compressed air they bleed off the air and sprinkle when a head opens TO SPRINKLERS ALARM VALVE (DRY SPRINKLER VALVE) FIRE DEPARTMENT CHECK VALVE
INDICATING VALVE CHECK VALVE SIAMESE CONNECTION (FIRE DEPARTMENT CONNECTION)
FROM SERVICE MAIN
Dry Pipe System
© 1997, The Viking Corporation
preaction systems are full of compressed air until a fire is detected then they fill with water to get ready TO SPRINKLERS CHECK VALVES
ALARM VALVE (PREACTION SPRINKLER VALVE)
INDICATING VALVE
SIAMESE CONNECTION (FIRE DEPARTMENT CONNECTION) CHECK VALVE FROM SERVICE MAIN
deluge systems are empty and the sprinkler heads are open they all come on at once when a fire is detected TO SPRINKLERS CHECK VALVE ALARM VALVE (PREACTION SPRINKLER VALVE)
INDICATING VALVE
CHECK VALVE
SIAMESE CONNECTION (FIRE DEPARTMENT CONNECTION)
FROM SERVICE MAIN
Sprinkler Heads three major types of sprinkler heads upright pendant sidewall dry type
http://www.vikingcorp.com/databook/sprinklers/
Sprinkler Arrangements Tree systems Only one path to each sprinkler head
Grid systems At least two paths to each sprinkler head
Sprinkler Arrangements Loop systems There are two paths to each sprinkler head but the system can also be used to circulate heating or cooling water
upright
pendant
– cont’d
Typical Alarm Valve
Parts of Alarm Valve
Fire Protection Symbols pendent head – hangs down upright head – stands up sidewall head – sticks out sideways upright (elevation view) pendent (elevation view) siamese connection – fire department check valve
Fire Protection Symbols ALARM VALVE (wet) ALARM VALVE (dry) ALARM VALVE (preaction) ALARM VALVE (deluge) FC
flushing connection (flanged)
FC
flushing connection (cap) open stem and yoke valve (OS & Y)
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