Indigenous_people_of_the_philippines
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INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES Alysson Khryss H. Liwag University of Batangas
Outline A
Guide to the Indigenous Tribes of the Philippines
Other
Major Tribes in the Country
Issues
Regarding the Indigenous People
Republic Rights
Act 8371
of the Indigenous People
A Guide to the Indigenous Tribes of the Philippines
Among the archipelago’s existing communities, there are indigenous tribes who have managed to keep their cultural identity, despite the non-recognition and marginalization they’re facing.
Although there are quite a number of indigenous tribes or ethnic groups in the country, they remain some of the most poor, least privileged, and impeded members of society.
They mostly reside in the mountains, and hence were not affected by Spanish or American colonization, which is the primary reason they were able to retain their customs and traditions.
There
are two main ethnic groups comprising several upland and lowland indigenous tribes living within the Philippines:
The indigenous people living in the northern part of the country are called the Igorots.
Those non-Muslim indigenous tribes living in the south are referred to as Lumad.
Igorot Tribes from the Northern Philippines
The Igorots, which comprises numerous tribes in the northern part of the country, are mostly residing in the mountain ranges of the Cordillera Region.
They are popularly known for being rice cultivators. An assortment of the group called the Ifugaos built the Banaue Rice Terraces – frequently called the ‘eighth wonder of the world’.
The ancestors of this indigenous tribe carved a system of irrigated rice terraces in the mountains of Ifugao more than 2,000 years ago.
Filipino woman of Iugao mountain tribes in Banaue village, north Luzon, Philippines
The
Igorot tribe also includes the Bontoc, Ibaloi, Isneg, Kalinga, Kankanaey and Tinguian groups.
Other
tribes living in the north are Isnag from Apayao, Gaddang (found between Kalinga and Isabela provinces), and the Ilongots living within the east mountains of Luzon called the Sierra Madre and the Caraballo Mountains.
The
Ilongots are known for their intense aggressiveness and cultural conservatism.
The Banaue village cluster-part of the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras
Lumad Tribes from the Southern Philippines
In Mindanao, these existing non-Muslim indigenous groups are collectively known as the Lumad – a Cebuano term which means ‘native’ or ‘indigenous.’
There Lumad tribes comprise about 13 ethnic groups which are the Blaan, Bukidnon, Higaonon, Mamanwa, Mandaya, Manobo, Mansaka, Sangir, Subanen, Tagabawa, Tagakaulo, Tasaday, and T’boli.
Their tribe is generally known for tribal music produced by musical instruments they have created.
The Manobo tribe
includes further big ethnic groups such as the Ata-Manobo, AgusanManobo, and Dulangan-Manobo to name a few.
The
total population of the Manobo group is unknown as they occupy core areas in main provinces of the Mindanao Region.
Lumad tribe member in Davao City
Other Major Tribes in the Country I.
Badjaos Originally
from the islands of Sulu in Mindanao, they’re known as the sea tribes living on houseboats.
They
try to make ends meet by depending on the sea as divers, fishermen, and navigators.
Because
of conflicts in the region, the majority of them has migrated to neighboring countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia, whereas those who stayed in the Philippines moved to some areas in Luzon.
II.
Ati and Tumandok One
of the few clans in Visayas, the Ati and Tumandok tribes of Panay Island are the first to call the island their home.
Genetically
related to other indigenous groups in the country, they mostly resemble the Aetas or Negritos who are characterised by their dark skin.
While
some adopted Western religions, they still carry some animistic beliefs and rituals passed down by their ancestors.
III. Palawan
Tribes
Palawan
is also home to various tribes such as the Batak, Palaweño, Palawano, and the Tagbanwa.
Mostly
living in mountains or lowland dwellings, some of these groups have also been included in the large Manobo tribe of the South.
They
have not totally embraced urban living, with the majority living in more rural settings.
IV. Mangyan The Mangyans of
Mindoro are well-known clans in the Philippines because they have the biggest populace.
Comprising
eight different Mangyan groups, they have a peaceful reputation, unlike the headhunting tribes of the North and warrior tribes from the South.
While
some has already converted into Christianity, there’s still a large percentage of those who practice animistic religious beliefs.
V.
Aetas or Negritos The Aetas (or Agta or Ayta) are
one of the earliest known inhabitants of the Philippines who are now living in scattered mountainous areas of the country.
They
were called by the Spanish colonizers as the ‘Negritos’ because of their dark to darkbrown skin.
They
are nomadic but are very skilled in weaving and plaiting, and Aeta women are considered experts in herbal medicine.
Issues Regarding the Indigenous People I.
Poverty
Most tribes of indigenous people live in the mountains and forestland. Unfortunately, companies in mining and logging do not give a second thought to how they affect the ecology and the homes and livelihood of the tribes living in the area.
One unfortunate example is the situation in Benguet where the Benguet Corporation decided to switch to open-pit mining and ended up bulldozing mountains, leaving entire villages devastated of their land and livelihood.
Most of them live well below the average standard, living in crude huts in villages, with farming, fishing, and logging being main forms of livelihood.
II.
Violation of Human Rights Poverty
causes most to be susceptible to the advances of businessmen seeking to take their land, and when their land does get taken, poverty is the effect. In most issues, poverty ends up being the core of the matter.
Several
people have been killed over the years, due to land disputes gone wrong. In addition to that, villages and communities have been forced off their ancestral lands by big businessmen who wish to convert farms into golf courses and resorts.
Although
oftentimes the law indicates the indigenous people are in the right, business interests have intimidated and/or influenced government departments into turning a blind eye to their sufferings.
III.
Mining and Deforestation The
main problems that Indigenous Peoples face are from large-scale mining that digs up their land, in the construction of large-scale dams that floods their land, in widespread logging that deforests their land, or in the creation of nature reserves or agriculture that sees them ejected from or restricted in access to their own land.
All
of these activities can lead to conflict which leads to militarization of their land, and in loss of livelihood or encroachment of settlements which can lead urbanization.
Republic Act 8371: The Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act Some
ten million people or 15% of the Philippine population belong to distinct indigenous communities or cultures retain a close link with their traditions.
To
honor their identities, the Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act (IPRA) was passed on October 29, 1997.
This
law recognized the ancestral land rights of the indigenous people.
This law also creates the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) an office under the Office of the President and shall be the primary government agency responsible for the formulation and implementation of policies, plans and programs to recognize, protect and promote the rights of Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples.
The Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act (IPRA) is modeled on the provisions of the UN Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
Rights of the Indigenous People I.
Right to Ancestral Domain
Chapter III, section 7 of the Republic Act No. 8371 of 1997 covers the Rights to Ancestral Domain
Right of ownership
Right to develop lands and natural resources
Right to stay in the territories
Right in case of displacement
Right to regulate entry of migrants
Right to resolve conflict
Right to transfer lands/property
Right to redemption
II.
Right to Empowerment and Self-governance Chapter
IV, sections 15, 16, and 17 of the Republic Act No. 8371 of 1997 cover the Right to Empowerment and Self-governance
Right to use their own commonly accepted justice systems, conflict resolution institutions, peace building processes or mechanisms and other customary laws and practices
Right to participate in decision-making
Right to determine and decide priorities for development
III.
Right to Social Justice and Human Rights
Chapter V, sections 21, 22, and 23 of the Republic Act No. 8371 of 1997 cover the Right to Social Justice and Human Rights
Equal protection and Nondiscrimination of the ICCs/IPs
Rights during Armed Conflict
Freedom from discrimination and Right to Equal Opportunity and Treatment
IV.
Right to Cultural Integrity
Chapter VI of the Republic Act No. 8371 of 1997 covers the Right to Cultural Integrity
Protection of Indigenous Culture, Traditions and Institutions
Educational Systems
Recognition of Cultural Diversity
Community Intellectual Rights
Rights to Religious, Cultural Sites and Ceremonies
Right to Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices and to Develop own Sciences and Technologies
Sustainable Agro-Technical Development
Funds for Archeological and Historical Sites
End of presentation.
Outline A
Guide to the Indigenous Tribes of the Philippines
Other
Major Tribes in the Country
Issues
Regarding the Indigenous People
Republic Rights
Act 8371
of the Indigenous People
A Guide to the Indigenous Tribes of the Philippines
Among the archipelago’s existing communities, there are indigenous tribes who have managed to keep their cultural identity, despite the non-recognition and marginalization they’re facing.
Although there are quite a number of indigenous tribes or ethnic groups in the country, they remain some of the most poor, least privileged, and impeded members of society.
They mostly reside in the mountains, and hence were not affected by Spanish or American colonization, which is the primary reason they were able to retain their customs and traditions.
There
are two main ethnic groups comprising several upland and lowland indigenous tribes living within the Philippines:
The indigenous people living in the northern part of the country are called the Igorots.
Those non-Muslim indigenous tribes living in the south are referred to as Lumad.
Igorot Tribes from the Northern Philippines
The Igorots, which comprises numerous tribes in the northern part of the country, are mostly residing in the mountain ranges of the Cordillera Region.
They are popularly known for being rice cultivators. An assortment of the group called the Ifugaos built the Banaue Rice Terraces – frequently called the ‘eighth wonder of the world’.
The ancestors of this indigenous tribe carved a system of irrigated rice terraces in the mountains of Ifugao more than 2,000 years ago.
Filipino woman of Iugao mountain tribes in Banaue village, north Luzon, Philippines
The
Igorot tribe also includes the Bontoc, Ibaloi, Isneg, Kalinga, Kankanaey and Tinguian groups.
Other
tribes living in the north are Isnag from Apayao, Gaddang (found between Kalinga and Isabela provinces), and the Ilongots living within the east mountains of Luzon called the Sierra Madre and the Caraballo Mountains.
The
Ilongots are known for their intense aggressiveness and cultural conservatism.
The Banaue village cluster-part of the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras
Lumad Tribes from the Southern Philippines
In Mindanao, these existing non-Muslim indigenous groups are collectively known as the Lumad – a Cebuano term which means ‘native’ or ‘indigenous.’
There Lumad tribes comprise about 13 ethnic groups which are the Blaan, Bukidnon, Higaonon, Mamanwa, Mandaya, Manobo, Mansaka, Sangir, Subanen, Tagabawa, Tagakaulo, Tasaday, and T’boli.
Their tribe is generally known for tribal music produced by musical instruments they have created.
The Manobo tribe
includes further big ethnic groups such as the Ata-Manobo, AgusanManobo, and Dulangan-Manobo to name a few.
The
total population of the Manobo group is unknown as they occupy core areas in main provinces of the Mindanao Region.
Lumad tribe member in Davao City
Other Major Tribes in the Country I.
Badjaos Originally
from the islands of Sulu in Mindanao, they’re known as the sea tribes living on houseboats.
They
try to make ends meet by depending on the sea as divers, fishermen, and navigators.
Because
of conflicts in the region, the majority of them has migrated to neighboring countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia, whereas those who stayed in the Philippines moved to some areas in Luzon.
II.
Ati and Tumandok One
of the few clans in Visayas, the Ati and Tumandok tribes of Panay Island are the first to call the island their home.
Genetically
related to other indigenous groups in the country, they mostly resemble the Aetas or Negritos who are characterised by their dark skin.
While
some adopted Western religions, they still carry some animistic beliefs and rituals passed down by their ancestors.
III. Palawan
Tribes
Palawan
is also home to various tribes such as the Batak, Palaweño, Palawano, and the Tagbanwa.
Mostly
living in mountains or lowland dwellings, some of these groups have also been included in the large Manobo tribe of the South.
They
have not totally embraced urban living, with the majority living in more rural settings.
IV. Mangyan The Mangyans of
Mindoro are well-known clans in the Philippines because they have the biggest populace.
Comprising
eight different Mangyan groups, they have a peaceful reputation, unlike the headhunting tribes of the North and warrior tribes from the South.
While
some has already converted into Christianity, there’s still a large percentage of those who practice animistic religious beliefs.
V.
Aetas or Negritos The Aetas (or Agta or Ayta) are
one of the earliest known inhabitants of the Philippines who are now living in scattered mountainous areas of the country.
They
were called by the Spanish colonizers as the ‘Negritos’ because of their dark to darkbrown skin.
They
are nomadic but are very skilled in weaving and plaiting, and Aeta women are considered experts in herbal medicine.
Issues Regarding the Indigenous People I.
Poverty
Most tribes of indigenous people live in the mountains and forestland. Unfortunately, companies in mining and logging do not give a second thought to how they affect the ecology and the homes and livelihood of the tribes living in the area.
One unfortunate example is the situation in Benguet where the Benguet Corporation decided to switch to open-pit mining and ended up bulldozing mountains, leaving entire villages devastated of their land and livelihood.
Most of them live well below the average standard, living in crude huts in villages, with farming, fishing, and logging being main forms of livelihood.
II.
Violation of Human Rights Poverty
causes most to be susceptible to the advances of businessmen seeking to take their land, and when their land does get taken, poverty is the effect. In most issues, poverty ends up being the core of the matter.
Several
people have been killed over the years, due to land disputes gone wrong. In addition to that, villages and communities have been forced off their ancestral lands by big businessmen who wish to convert farms into golf courses and resorts.
Although
oftentimes the law indicates the indigenous people are in the right, business interests have intimidated and/or influenced government departments into turning a blind eye to their sufferings.
III.
Mining and Deforestation The
main problems that Indigenous Peoples face are from large-scale mining that digs up their land, in the construction of large-scale dams that floods their land, in widespread logging that deforests their land, or in the creation of nature reserves or agriculture that sees them ejected from or restricted in access to their own land.
All
of these activities can lead to conflict which leads to militarization of their land, and in loss of livelihood or encroachment of settlements which can lead urbanization.
Republic Act 8371: The Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act Some
ten million people or 15% of the Philippine population belong to distinct indigenous communities or cultures retain a close link with their traditions.
To
honor their identities, the Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act (IPRA) was passed on October 29, 1997.
This
law recognized the ancestral land rights of the indigenous people.
This law also creates the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) an office under the Office of the President and shall be the primary government agency responsible for the formulation and implementation of policies, plans and programs to recognize, protect and promote the rights of Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples.
The Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act (IPRA) is modeled on the provisions of the UN Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
Rights of the Indigenous People I.
Right to Ancestral Domain
Chapter III, section 7 of the Republic Act No. 8371 of 1997 covers the Rights to Ancestral Domain
Right of ownership
Right to develop lands and natural resources
Right to stay in the territories
Right in case of displacement
Right to regulate entry of migrants
Right to resolve conflict
Right to transfer lands/property
Right to redemption
II.
Right to Empowerment and Self-governance Chapter
IV, sections 15, 16, and 17 of the Republic Act No. 8371 of 1997 cover the Right to Empowerment and Self-governance
Right to use their own commonly accepted justice systems, conflict resolution institutions, peace building processes or mechanisms and other customary laws and practices
Right to participate in decision-making
Right to determine and decide priorities for development
III.
Right to Social Justice and Human Rights
Chapter V, sections 21, 22, and 23 of the Republic Act No. 8371 of 1997 cover the Right to Social Justice and Human Rights
Equal protection and Nondiscrimination of the ICCs/IPs
Rights during Armed Conflict
Freedom from discrimination and Right to Equal Opportunity and Treatment
IV.
Right to Cultural Integrity
Chapter VI of the Republic Act No. 8371 of 1997 covers the Right to Cultural Integrity
Protection of Indigenous Culture, Traditions and Institutions
Educational Systems
Recognition of Cultural Diversity
Community Intellectual Rights
Rights to Religious, Cultural Sites and Ceremonies
Right to Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices and to Develop own Sciences and Technologies
Sustainable Agro-Technical Development
Funds for Archeological and Historical Sites
End of presentation.
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