Inorganic-medicinal-chemistry

• Side Effects: systemic alkalosis rebound hyperacidity edema (dorsal or tibial area) • 1 std for acidbase titrations • manufacture of “soda lime glass” • prep: Solvay process

INORGANIC MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY HYDROGEN • aka “inflammable air” • prep: Lane Process & Messerschmidt Process (both produces 99% pure hydrogen) • lightest element • most abundant element in the universe • 3rd most abundant element in earth H+ hydrogen ion Ions H3O+ hydronium ion H-1 hydride ion Protium most abundant Isotopes Deuterium heavy hydrogen Tritium radioactive Group IA: ALKALI METALS • most reactive group • valence electron: 1 • activity & alkalinity  with atomic number • degree of solvation  with atomic number A. LITHIUM • synonym: “earth” (soil) • lightest metal; 3rd lightest element • discoverer: J.A. Arfvedson • Pharmacologic actions: o DOC for bipolar disorder (manic phase): Li2CO3 o depressant (Cl- conduction) o diuretic (Na/Ca exchanger in renal tubules) • Non-pharmacologic action: o heat exchanger in aircon (Li + Freon = cool air) Compound

Li2CO3

Li2O LiF Lithium stearate LiC18H35O2 LiCl LiAlH4

Other Name

Other Name

Sodium ethanoate

Sodium Acetate CH3COONa

Sodium Bicarbonate NaHCO3

Baking soda

Sodium dihydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4 Sodium metabisulfite Na2S2O5

Sodium pyrosulfite • water soluble antioxidant

• rock salt • halite Sodium chloride • table salt NaCl • soler salt

Notes

Quilonium-R • Indication: Bipolar (extended-release) disorder Lithane® (regular • component of tab) Lithia water Eskalith® (cap) flux in ceramic Lithia glazes manufacture of ceramics cosmetics, in plastics, and as a lubricant in powder metallurgy manufacture of mineral water, esp. Lithia water reducing agent, esp. in pharmaceutical and perfume manufacturing absorb CO2, esp. in spacesuits

LiOH B. SODIUM • cation of choice to optimize pharmaceutical utility of organic medicaments • most abundant extracellular cation Compound

Sodium Carbonate Na2CO3

-decahydrate: washing soda, sal soda, soda crystal -sesquihydrate: trona, urao -anhydrous: soda ash, calcined soda Fleet® enema • cathartic (evacuation • source of P or enema) phosphate

Uses

• urinary and systemic alkalizer • diuretic • antacid (ADR: rebound hyperacidity) • Tests: Zn uranyl acetate Mg uranyl acetate Co uranyl acetate • systemic antacid (1st line tx for acidosis) • carbonating agent

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Sodium citrate Na3C6H5O7

Sodium Fluoride NaF • caustic soda • sosa • lye Sodium Hydroxide NaOH

Sodium Phosphate Na3PO4 Sodium Hypochlorite NaOCl

Sodium Iodide NaI

• Dakin’s solution (concentrated) • Modified Dakin’s solution (diluted) • Chlorox (normal concentration)

• electrolyte replenisher (in ORS) • tonicity adjuster • condiments • preservative • alkalizer • buffer • diuretic • expectorant • sequestering agent (Benedict’s) • shorten coagulation time by binding Ca in a nonionized form • pro-coagulant in vivo • anti-coagulant in vitro • anticariogenic (2% solution) • stimulator of bone formation • saponifying agent • titrant for acids • readily attack glass • component of soda lime (Ca(OH)2; NaOH, KOH)  CO2 absorber reducing agent • disinfectant • bleaching agent

• solubilizer of iodine • expectorant

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Sodium Lactate C3H5NaO3

Sodium Nitrite NaNO2

Salitre (in Philippine market)

Chile saltpeter Sodium Nitrate NaNO3

prep: Guggenheim process

Sodium Sulfate Na2SO4

• Glauber’s salt (•10H2O) • Sal mirabile

1 std of KFR (Method I: Titrimetry) for H2O content determination hypotensive agent

Sodium Tartrate Na2C4H4O6 Sodium Thiocyanate NaSCN

Sodium Thiosulfate Na2S2O3

• antifungal • tx of goiter • antacid (management of acidosis) • diuretic • vasodilator • preservative • tx of cyanide poisoning • fertilizer (believed to be the oldest known inorganic fertilizer) • manufacture of explosive saline cathartic

• photographer’s hypo • prismatic rice

Sodium Perborate Na2B2O4(OH)4

• chemical antidote in CN poisoning • management of iodine toxicity (converts iodine to harmless iodide)  trearment of iodism: NaCl treatment of ANUG  trench mouth

C. POTASSIUM • aka kalium • most abundant and predominant intracellular cation • deficiency: hypokalemia  paralysis • toxicity: hyperkalemia  cardiac arrest • gives glass brown color and light resistant • Pharmacologic action: o diuretic o responsible for cardiac muscle contraction Compound

Other Name

Potassium Acetate CH3COOK Potassium Bicarbonate KHCO3 Potassium Carbonate K2CO3 Potassium dihydrogen phosphate KH2PO4 Potassium Chloride

Uses

same uses as Na acetate same uses as NaHCO3 • carbonate of potash • salt of tartar • salt of wormwood • Pearl ash (Perlash)

same uses as Na2CO3

Potassium Citrate K3C6H5O7 Potassium Hydroxide KOH Potassium Bromide KBr

• electrolyte replenisher (slow

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• caustic potash • lye potash

Sulfurated Potash K2Sx.K2S2O3

IV drip, IV infusion) • source of K • lethal injection  NEVER by IV push/bolus • diuretic • expectorant • diaphoretic • saponifying agent • soft soap depressant

Potassium Iodide KI • liver of sulfur • heparis sulfur

Potassium Chlorate KClO3 Potassium Nitrate KNO3

• same as NaI • component of Wagner’s, Mayer’s, Valser’s • preparation of white lotion • (+) ZnSO4: antipsoriasis oxidizing agent

• salt peter • diuretic • salitre • meat preservative • sal prunelle • mineral chameleon • oxidizing agent Potassium • antiseptic (1:5000) Permanganate • VS (std sol’n) in KMnO4 permanganometry (no indicator) •4H2O • cathartic Potassium Sodium Tartrate • Rochelle salt • sequestering KNaC4H4O6 agent • Sal signette Potassium hypotensive agent Thiocyanate KSCN Potassium • cream of tartar • cathartic Bitartrate • creamor • the ONLY KC4H5O6 insoluble K+ salt D. AMMONIUM • hypothetical alkali metal • preparation: Haber process • Pharmacologic action: o diuretic o buffer o expectorant o anti-cariogenic Compound

Ammonium Acetate CH3COONH4 Ammonium Carbonate (NH4)2CO3

cathartic

Kalium durules® (1 tab q 4h RTC)

KCl

Ammonium Chloride NH4Cl Ammoniated Mercury

Other Name

Spirit of Minderesus / Mendererus • sal volatile • hartshorn • preston salt • baker’s ammonia Muriate of Hartshorn

• Mercuric amidochloride

Uses

styptic (closure of small wounds) • expectorant (NH4+) • antacid (CO32-) • respiratory stimulant • expectorant • diuretic • urinary/systemic acidifier (1st line) • topical antiinfective

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HgNH2Cl Ammonium Iodide NH4I

16 Ammonia

• “white precipitate”

• Ammonium Hydroxide • Household Ammonia

• source of iodine • expectorant • antifungal • 10% NH3 • prepared in 15.56C • “16” – measured using Degree Baume / Baume’s Density Scale

E. CESIUM • catalyst in polymerization of resin forming material • 1st element discovered by the use of spectroscope (sky blue) Group IB: COINAGE METALS • can occur in free metal state • complexes / chelates • very malleable • easy to recover from ore A. COPPER • Cuprum • only reddish metal • 3rd most malleable metal • 2nd best conductor of electricity • component of HEMOCYANIN (respiratory pigment) and cytochrome oxidase • 2 important alloys: o Brass: Cu + Zn o Bronze: Cu + Sn • Pharmacologic actions: o protein precipitant o enhances physiological utilization of iron • toxicity: Wilson’s disease (antidote: D-penicillamine) Compound

Other Name

• blue vitriol • blue stone Copper Sulfate CuSO4•5H2O

Uses

• component of Benedict’s, Barfoed’s, and Fehling’s reagent • antidote for P poisoning • ingredient of Bordeaux mixture insecticide

Cupric • Paris green Acetoarsenite • [Cu3(AsO3)2•Cu(C2H3O)2] Cuprous Citrate Hatchett’s brown astringent (8%) C6H8Cu2O74+ Cupric • Scheele’s green hydrogen • CuHAsO3 arsenite B. SILVER • aka argentum, shining, bright • oligodynamic property (germicidal action) • toxicity: argyria / Blue Man syndrome • antidote: NSS (0.9% NaCl) Compound

Other Name

• lapiz infernulariz • lunar caustic • indelible ink • caustic pencil Silver Nitrate AgNO3

Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate Silver Iodide AgI Mild Silver Proteinate Strong Silver Proteinate Colloidal Silver Proteinate Colloidal Silver Chloride

• Howe’s solution • Ag(NH3)2NO3

Argyrol Protargol Collargol Lunosol

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silver protein stabilizer: Disodium EDTA

C. GOLD • aka aurum, shining dawn, king of all metals • most malleable and ductile • best conductor of electricity • dissolved by: o Aqua regia (Royal water): 3 HCl + 1 HNO3 o Selenic acid (H2SeO4) – the only SINGLE acid that can dissolve gold Compound

Other Name

Uses

Aurothioglucose Solganal® (IM) Gold Na Myochrysine® tx of gout and RA thiomalate (IM) Auranofin Ridaura® Group IIA: ALKALINE EARTH METALS A. BERYLLIUM • never employed in medicine because it is the most toxic metal • fluorescent lamp B. MAGNESIUM • 2nd most abundant intracellular cation • present in chlorophyll (significance: Photosynthesis) • present in Grignard’s reagent (R – Mg – X) • natural sources: o as silicates: talc, asbestos o as CO3: magnesite, dolomite o as SO4: kieserite • Pharmacologic action: o laxative o depressant o natural Ca-channel blocker • Antidote: Calcium Gluconate Compound

Magnesium Carbonate MgCO3

Other Name

• antacid • laxative

Calcined Magnesia

• antacid • laxative • component of universal antidote Activated charcoal : MgO : tannic acid (2:1:1) • cathartic (PO) • anticonvulsant (IM) (eclampsia) • antidote for Ba toxicity (Baritosis) • same as MgCO3 • SE: diarrhea (essential

Magnesium Oxide MgO

Magnesium Sulfate MgSO4 Magnesium Hydroxide Mg(OH)2

Uses

Magnesia

Uses

• treatment of warts • eye antiseptic for newborn babies of mother with gonorrhea (ophthalmia neonatorum) • wet dressing for 3rd degree burn at 0.5%

• dental protective • desensitizing agent • poisonous • disinfectant • eye antiseptic • for vaginitis germicide for ear and throat general germicide

Epsom salt (•7H2O)

• milk of magnesia • magnesia magma

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Hydrated Mg Silicate Mg3Si4O10(OH)2

• talc • soapstone • French chalk

combination with Al(OH)3) • dispense in BLUE BOTTLE • “softest” known mineral • filtering agent • clarifying agent • dusting powder

Magnesium • lemonada purganti Citrate • purgative lemon C6H6MgO7 C. CALCIUM • 3rd most abundant cation in extracellular fluid • major constituent of bones and teeth  hydroxyapatite • Vitamin D is needed for its maximum absorption • Pharmacologic action: o blood coagulation factor (1o972) o important in muscle contraction (skeletal & smooth) o release of neurotransmitter o primary element of bones and teeth, 98-99% • Deficiency states: o Osteoporosis – most common bone disorder; defective bone resorption o Osteomalacia – defective bone mineralization in adult o Rickets – defective bone mineralization in children o Hypocalcemia Compound

Other Name

Calcium Bromide CaBr2 Calcium Carbonate CaCO3 Calcium Chloride CaCl2 Calcium Gluconate C12H22CaO14

Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2

• precipitated chalk • prepared chalk • calcite • marble • limestone muriate of lime

• slaked lime • milk of lime • calcium hydrate

Calcium Lactate C6H10CaO6 Calcium Biphosphate CaHPO4•2H2O Calcium Oxide CaO

Uses

sedative (depressant)

• lime • quicklime • calx bone ash

Calcium Phosphate Calcium • chlorinated lime Hypochlorite • chloride of lime Ca(ClO)2 Calcium Sulfate • plaster of Paris CaSO4 (•1/2 H2O)

• antacid (Tums®) • ingredient of toothpaste • dentifrice – tooth whitening (by friction) calcium replenisher calcium supplement and replenisher (IV) • antacid • saponifying agent • prevents milk curdling  promoting digestability of milk calcium supplement source of calcium and phosphate • component of Bordeaux mixture • insecticide antacid • disinfectant • bleaching agent • rodenticide

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• gypsum / terra alba (•2H2O)

• prep of surgical casts and dental impressions recommended Ca salt as electrolyte replenisher (USP)

Dibasic Calcium Phosphate CaHPO4 D. STRONTIUM • use: manufacture of flares • flame test: crimson to scarlet red • radioactive Sr is used as bone scanner (has affinity for bones) Strontium Sensodyne™ temperature Chloride desensitizing SrCl2 agent (coats alveolar nerves) E. BARIUM • aka heavy • toxicity: Baritosis (manifestation: husky voice) barium meal • diagnosis of peptic ulcer; Barium Sulfate radiopaque subs BaSO4 used for GIT imaging • CO2 absorber Barium CO2 absorber Hydroxide F. RADIUM • discoverer: Marie Curie • radioactive element used for: o cancer radiotherapy o diagnostic purpose Group IIB: VOLATILE METAL exhibit autocomplexation A. ZINC • amphoteric (acid/base) • present in insulin • deficiency: Parakeratosis (thick, inflamed, scaly skin) • toxicity: Metal Fume Fever (renal failure) • antidote: NaHCO3 + CBR (complete bed rest) Compound

Zinc Chloride ZnCl2

Zinc Oxide ZnO Zinc Sulfide ZnS

Other Name

• Burnett’s disinfectant fluid • Astring-o-sol (original formula)

• zinc white • Lasaar’s paste • white lotion • white sulfide • Lithopone: 30%ZnS, 70%BaS white vitriol

Zinc Sulfate ZnSO4•7H2O Hydrated Zn natural calamine Silicate Zinc-eugenol Cement B. CADMIUM • Pharmacologic action: astringent • manufacture of stink bomb

Uses

• component of Lucas reagent (test for alcohol) • disinfectant / antiseptic • dentin desensitizer • corrosive component of calamine lotion • parasiticide • topical protectant • antiseptic

only FDA approved OTC ophthalmic astringent topical protectant dental protective

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• poisoning: Itai-itai Disease (severe bone & joint pains; renal failure, photophobia) • treatment: palliative; no specific treatment. Although EDTA may be beneficial immediately after exposure Cadmium emetic Chloride CdCl2 Cadmium the only “yellow anti-seborrheic Sulfide sulfide” CdS Cadmium ophthalmic Sulfate antiseptic CdSO4 C. MERCURY •aka Hydragyrium, Quicksilver, messenger of Gods •industrial use: thermometer, amalgams (dental cement) •disease: Minamata Disease / Pink Disease / Erethism •antidote: EDTA •all mercury salts are poisonous. The best antidote is Sodium Formaldehyde Sulfoxylate •how to remove mercury that falls into cracks? Cover with sulfur calomel • cathartic Mercurous • Black lotion: Chloride calomel + lime HgCl / Hg2Cl2 water Mercuric corrosive disinfectant Chloride sublimate HgCl2 Mercurous tx of syphilis Iodide HgI stimulant of Mercuric Iodide indolent ulcers Mercuric Mayer’s reagent topical antiseptic Potassium Iodide yellow precipitate ophthalmic antiMercuric Oxide infective Hg (10-20%); cetyl alcohol (70%); SLS, Water Soluble dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, glycerin, Mercury water Group IIIA: BORON GROUP A. BORON • industrial use: in vulcanizing rubber • in glass  decreases coefficient of expansion sal sativum • buffer (ophthalmic solution 2%) • antiseptic Boric Acid • tonicity adjusting H3BO3 agent • toxicity: lobster appearance • Borax • antiseptic Sodium • Dobelle’s solution • eye wash Tetraborate • wet dressing for Na2B4O7•10H2O wounds • first nat. prod. w/ boron Boromycin • isolated from S. antibioticus • anti-HIV in vitro but it didn’t work B. ALUMINUM • most abundant metal • 3rd most abundant element • Pharmacologic uses: o astringent o burns (aluminum foil)

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• toxicity: Shaver’s disease (Bauxide Pneumoconiosis) • antidote: BAL, Deferoxamine • astringent Aluminum • antiseptic Chloride • antiperspirant / AlCl3 deodorant • Tawas • astringent • M+ is monovalent • antiperspirant / Alum (Na, K, NH4) deodorant M+2M+32(SO)• • M+3 is trivalent (Al, 24H2O Tl, Cr, or Fe) • [AlNH4(SO4)2•12H2O] – NH4 salt • amphojel • antacid / Aluminum protectant • cremalin gel Hydroxide • disadvantages: Al(OH)3 constipation and PO43- deficiency Phosphagel • antacid • astringent Aluminum • demulcent Phosphate • advantage: do not AlPO4 interfere with PO43- absorption tx (PO) of Aluminum phosphatic Carbonate calculci (kidney Al2(CO3)3 stones) Aluminum Alumina tx of silicosis Oxide AlO3 adsorbent in • kaolin diarrhea - china clay suspending agent • bentonite - soap clay - mineral soap - colloidal hydrated Al Aluminum silicate Silicate - Wilhinite dental abrasive • pumice (volcanic origin most common rock • Feldspar - potassium Al silicate C. GALLIUM • Pharmacologic use: tx of cancer-related hypercalcemia by binding with transfer • Nonpharma: substitute for Hg in manufacture of arc lamps D. THALLIUM • green twigs • use: ant poison, insecticide Group IVA: CARBON GROUP A. CARBON • King of all elements • the only element that can form bond with itself (catenation) • forms: o CRYSTALLINE – definite arrangement of atoms - graphite - diamond (purest native form of uncombined carbon) o AMORPHOUS - bituminous (soft coal) - anthracite (hard coal) - coke (impure form of carbon) Compound

Uses

Notes

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• tx of acne (liquid form), warts, corns, calluses, eczema/dermatits • antacid Carbon Trioxide • pharmaceutical for CO3 effervescent tablet Carbon Dioxide CO2

•solid CO2  dry ice •GRAY container

• toxicity: 210x greater affinity to hemoglobin than oxygen leading to asphyxia then death • tx: o 100% oxygen (AE: vasoconstriction) o artificial air (80% He + 20% O2) o hyperbaric oxygen

Carbon Monoxide CO

B. GERMANIUM • possesses immune system enhancing and antitumor effect • “Eka silicon” • Germanium Dioxide (GeO2)  increases RBC production, useful in treating anemia;  immune system C. SILICON • 2nd most abundant element; most abundant metalloid • toxicity: Silicosis (condition resembling TB in symptoms  develops after long exposure) Compound

Other Name

Silicon Dioxide SiO2 Glass

Kaolin

Siliceous Earth

Bentonite

Talc Attapulgite (Mg,Al)2Si4O10(OH)• 4H2O

Uses

glidant Na2CO3 + pure silica • bolus alba • china clay • kaolinite • porcelain clay • native hydrated Al silicate • Fuller’s earth • Diatomaceous earth • Kieselguhr • Celite

adsorbent

absorbent

• naturally occurring Al silicate; most abundant of all clays • suspending agent hydrated Mg • clarifying agent silicate • dusting agent • Palygorskite • polymagma • Mg aluminium • diatabs phyllosilicate • quintess polymeric dimethyl siloxane condensation of silica vapor hydrolysis of orthosilicates

Simethicone Silica gel fume Silica gel D. TIN • Stannum • use: prep of tin cans • Stannous Chloride + Metallic Au (in weakly acidic solution)  Purple of Cassius

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Alloys of Tin Babbit 80% Tin, 20% Antimony Gun metal 10% Tin, 90% Copper Pewter 80% Tin, 20% Lead Rose metal 25% Tin, 25% Lead, 50% Bismuth Solder 50% Tin, 50% Lead Plumber’s 33% Tin, 67% Lead solder Stannous • anticariogenic Fluoride (8%) SnF2 Stannic Oxide • germicide SnO2 E. LEAD • Plumbum • most ubiquitous metal • Pharmacologic use: astringent, protein precipitant • poisoning: Plumbism (CNS: low memory retention, poor reading comprehension) • antidote: EDTA, Ca Versenate • source of poisoning: lead pipes, paints, batteries • sugar of lead Lead (II) Acetate • burrow’s solution Pb(CH3COO)2 • plumbous acetate Goulard’s extract skin inflammation Lead Subacetate  lead (II) acetate C4H10O8Pb3 + PbO Lead (II) Oxide Litharge® astringent Galena • most common ore Lead (II) Sulfide • rotten egg odor; black sulfide Group IVB A. TITANIUM • aka Titan (Son of the earth) • use: powerful reducing agent Titanium Dioxide Titanium (IV) • opaquant Oxide (Ocusert®) TiO2 • UV ray protectant B. ZIRCONIUM • use: same with Al but banned due to granuloma formation • former Official Compounds: both used as antiperspirant and for athlete’s foot o Oxide o CO3 Group VA: NITROGEN GROUP A. NITROGEN • Mephitic air, azote  without life • most abundant gas in air: 71% N2, 29% O2 • refrigerant (liquid NN (very stable) N2)  inert Nitrogen • BLACK container atmosphere for readily oxidizable • substitute: Argon subatnces • Laughing Gas • inhalational anesthetic (1st • Dinitrogen anesthesia; tooth monoxide extraction Nitrous Oxide surgery) N2O Dr. John Snow – • SE: diffusion father of hypoxia anesthesiology • BLUE container • air pollutant (vs) Nitrogen Nitrite  Dioxide vasodilator; for NO2 CN poisoning

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oxidizing agent Nitrogen Trioxide (vs) Nitrate  NO3 preservative respiratory Aromatic spirit • spirit of Hartshorn stimulant of ammonia • spirit of sal volatile B. PHOSPHORUS • aka light carrier; St. Elmo’s fire; “luminous vomitus phosgene” • 2 forms: o white/yellow: poisonous (watusi) o red: non-poisonous • PO4: antacid; cathartic C. ARSENIC • aka Lewisite metal • poison of choice of professional killers (colorless, tasteless, odorless) • toxicity: Aldrich-Mee’s Line (leukonychia) • antidote: BAL (Dimercaprol/Dimercaptopropanol) • test in As detection o Marsh Test (modified form: Gutzeit Test) o Fleitmann’s Test As2O3 Arsenic (III) • insecticide trioxide • anti-leukemia AsI3 1 std in the prep Arsenic (III) of ceric sulfate iodide (cerimetry) D. ANTIMONY • stibium • antiseptic; internal protective for ulcer • tartar emetic • emetic (no longer used because it is • brown mixture Antimony K TOXIC) Tartrate • tx of K2Sb2(C4H2O6)2 schistosomiasis (liver fluke) E. BISMUTH • beautiful meadow • astringent • antiseptic • internal protective for ulcer • 30% - conc. as ointment • cause: dark stool, blue-black gums • antidote: BAL Bismuth Bi2O2(CO3) • antacid subcarbonate • astringent Bi subgallate C7H5BiO6 • antiseptic Bi subnitrate

Milk of Bismuth

H9Bi5N4O22 Bismuth cream (Bismuth subnitrate + Bismuth hydroxide)

• antacid • internal protective especially for gastric patient • H. pylori infection / PUD

Group VB A. TANTALUM • not affected by any body fluid, therefore inert in our body • sheet form use in repair of bones, nerve, and tissue Group VIA: CHALCOGENS A. OXYGEN • Other names: o Empyreal Air (Scheele) o Dephlogisticated Air (Priestly) o YNE o Acid Former (Lavoisier)  oxys = sour; genes = born

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• most abundant element • use: tx of hypoxia/asphyxia • GREEN container B. SULFUR • Other Names: o “Sufra”  yellow (Arabic term) o Brimstone o Shulbari  enemy of copper • Source o crude furnace o Calcarone: synthesized via Frasch Process • Uses o in prep of scabicidal and keratolytic ointment or lotion o stimulant cathartic o depilatory agent o fumigant o anti-dandruff Varieties 1. Amorphous sulfur 2. Liquid Sulfur heating sulfur at 160-180C 3. Plastic Sulfur resembles rubber 4. Precipitated sulfur / lac sulfur / milk sulfur • component of Flowers of Sulfur / azufre 5. Sublimed • Lime/CaO + Sublimed Sulfur – (boiling) Sulfur  Vleminckx’s solution C. SELENIUM • selena, moon • essential trace element • promotes absorption of Vit. E • antioxidant; production of “red glass”, rubber industry • deficiency: Keshan disease anti-dandruff Selenium SeS2  Selsun Disulfide Blue® 2.5% Group VIB A. CHROMIUM • essential trace element • glucose tolerance factor • deficiency: hyperglycemia (DM-like) • K2Cr2O7  powerful oxidizing agent B. MOLYBDENUM • essential trace element • co-factor enzyme • Molybdenum Oxide + FeSO4 – use: hematinic (MOLIRON®) C. URANIUM • discovered by Becquerel • radioactive element used for manufacture of atomic bomb • no pharmaceutical use Group VIIA: HALOGENS A. FLUORINE • strongest oxidizing agent; most electronegative • Superhalogen (Linus Pauling) • poisoning: Fluorosis o manifestation: mottled enamel; abnormal bone growth NaF anti-cariogenic at 2% solution SnF2 anti-cariogenic at 8% solution Na2FPO3 anti-cariogenic CCl2F2 refrigerant, aerosol propeller (FREON) B. CHLORINE • dephlogisticated muriatic acid • “chloros”  greenish yellow • most abundant extracellular anion • water disinfectant • Cl- are precipitated with AgNO3

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Hypochlorite (Na, K) HCl

bleaching agent muriatic acid (35-55% w/w); tx of achlorhydria

C. BROMINE • dark reddish brown fuming liquid with suffocating odor • quickly attacks the skin to cause burn that is slow to heal (NH3 water prevents its action) • Pcol action: sedative / depressant • poisoning: Bromism o headache o skin eruption o weakness o psychosis • antidote: NaCl, NH4Cl • Bromine 10th N solution  Koppeschaar’s solution • three bromide elixirs: Na, K, NH4+ D. IODINE • most metallic halogen (theoretical) • uses o expectorant o anti-fungal o antibacterial (1:5000 or 0.02%); greater antibacterial activity vs Chlorine and Bromine of the same strength; same strength as KMnO4 o isotopes have wide use in diagnosis and therapy (I131 – thyroid scan) • deficiency: Goiter • toxicity: Iodism Iodine Preparations Iodine solution 2% iodine in water • 15 mL strong I2 solution, 6 mL liquified Phenolated phenol in glycerine-water-1000mL Iodine Solution • antibacterial, irritant Strong Iodine • Lugol’s solution Solution • 5% I2 in water with KI • 2% I2 solution; 50% alcohol with KI Iodine Tincture • disinfectant Povidone10%, Betadine® Iodine E. ASTATINE • only metallic and synthetic halogen resembling iodine • only radioactive halogen Group VIIB A. MANGANESE • co-factor in: o protein synthesis o phosphorylation o fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis • poisoning: Manganism (Parkinson-like) • mineral chameleon KMnO4 • oxidizing agent; antiseptic MnO2 mask blue green color of the glass B. TECHNETIUM • 1st element produced artificially (“technetos”  artificial) • used in prep of radiopharmaceutical (Tc99 sestamibi) Group VIIIA: NOBLE GASES • unreactive; monovalent • inert gases; noble gases; stable gases A. HELIUM • 2nd most lightest gas • toxicity (inhalation): “Donald-duck like sound” • uses o carrier/diluents of medically important gases o component of artificial gas

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• BROWN container B. NEON • for advertising C. ARGON • most abundant noble gas • substitute for N2 in providing inert atmosphere D. KRYPTON • have inhalational anesthetic activity • least abundant of all noble gases • Ramsay and Travers – isolated krypton in liquid residues from argon E. XENON • investigational with inhalatory anesthetic activity • least abundant of all noble gases (Stanley and Moghissi, 1975) F. RADON • aka Niton (old name) • synthetic noble gas • used for tx of CA (cervical CA) Group VIIIB: TRIADS First triad: Fe, Co, Ni Second triad: Rh, Ru, Pd Third triad: Os, Ir, Pt A. IRON • present in proteins: • enhance absorption of Vit. C and Copper • best absorbed in the duodenum • Mucosal block postulation by Hahn is the best known hypothesis of iron absorption • use: hematinic • toxicity: GIT distress, cardiac collapse, hemochromatosis • antidote: Deferoxamine • most important element in engineering Cast iron / Pig from blast furnace (92-94% iron) Iron Cementite / solid solution of hard, brittle iron carbide White Cast Iron aka graphite scales; liquid iron is run Gray Cast Iron into sand molds and allowed to cool removal of impurities of cast irons Wrought Iron (99.9% iron) Iron Pyrite aka fool’s gold; native iron sulfide green vitriol • hematinic • most economical and most Ferrous Sulfate satisfactory form of iron prep • S/E: constipation Ferrous Fergon® Gluconate Ferrous Toleron® adv: less irritating Fumarate to the GI tract hematinic Ferrous • chalybeate pills Carbonate • ferrunginous pills • astringent • styptic Ferric Chloride • detection of tannin Ferric • Fe4[Fe(CN)6]2 ferrocyanide • Prussian blue Ferrous • Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2 ferricyanide • Turnbull’s blue makes calamine Ferric Oxide pink

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Ferrous ammonium sulfate Iron sorbitol

Mohr salt

used in analytical chemistry

complex of iron, sorbitol, citric acid and dextrin Monsel solution

Ferric subsulfate solution B. COBALT • essential in development of erythrocytes and hemoglobin • component of Vit. B12 (cyanocobalamin) • deficiency: megaloblastic anemia desiccator Cobaltous • lover’s ink indicator Chloride • sympathetic ink Cobalt meta• Thenard’s blue aluminate C. NICKEL • old Nick’s copper • fossil fuel D. OSMIUM • heaviest/densest metal • osmic acid and osmium tetroxide – used in staining microorganism for microscopic study esp electron microscopy E. PLATINUM • low oxidation potential and low reactivity  noble metal • catalyst in finely divided steel F. PALLADIUM • catalyst in finely divided steel Reference: Brex Pharmacy Reviewer, 2017

kimpcastro | Inorganic Medicinal Chemistry

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