Instruments 1 Crammer

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F = (oC x 9/5) +32 C = (oF -32) x5 /9 Kelvin = 273 + oC 1 Bar = 14.5psi 1nm = 6080ft Temp increase 1.98oC / 1000ft Max -56.5oC until 65,617ft then rising 0.3oC/1000ft Density Altitude = pressure alti + (120xISA temp deviation) Gimbal wander = 15 x sin(latitude) Transport Wander = change of long x sin(mean lat) Clockwise in NH Torque = Force x Distance EMforce = K x Hot junction temp Capacitance = E x Area / Distance

Turning: 90o – Pitch up - bank under reads 180o – Maximum pitch up – bank correct 270o – Pitch up – bank over reads Accelerating – Nose up; Decelerating – nose down

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INS Provides position, track, heading and GS Acceleration -> 1st integration -> Speed -> 2nd integration -> Distance Needs Lat/Lon inputting. Can only calc Lat Calculates track, heading, distance, drift. It will fly shortest great circle path 3 rate integrating gyros, 2 Accelerometers IRS 3 RLGs + 3 Accelerometers Schuler Cycle 84.4 minutes FMS Cost index 0 = least fuel burn Sequence = IDENT -> POS INIT -> POS REF Modes - Dual Mode – FMCs synced one master one slave - Independent mode – FMCs independent and controlled from each side of cockpit - Single Mode – If one FMC fails other FMC performs all actions. Both MCDUs control Temp Sensors Type

Magnetism Soft Iron – easy to magnetise – non-permanent Isogonals – Lines of joining variation Agonic Line – Joining lines where variation is 0

Attitude Errors

Temp / application Low - GA Medium High - EGT High - turbine

Bimetalic No Resistance Yes DC Thermocouples No Radiation Yes TAT always > SAT SAT = OAT x (1+0.2xKrxM2) – All values in Kelvin Diaphragm Low Pressure Aneriod Sealed capsule - Altimeter Pressure Same as Aneriod – not Capsule sealed e.g. ASI Bellows Stacked Aneriod – wider measurement Burdon Higher pressure – oil etc Tube Pressure Resistive (electronic) – wide Transducer range

FL and Mach constant when OAT decreases IAS remains the same TAS decreases

Compass Errors Accelerating - Heading E/W turns North Decelerating – Heading E/W turns South Turning through N – lags behind real heading Turning through S – Leads on real heading Turning E/W no error unless dip+bankangle > 90o Turning errors max at pole, 0 @ aclinic line Greater bank angle > error

Power req.

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Blockages / errors Piot tube – ASI behaves as Alti Static Port – ASI reverse of Alti, Alti freezes Unpressurised cabin -> overread Colder than ISA Alti overreads (dangerous) Gyros / basic instruments Turn Rate Gyro - Hoz axis Indicator 1 Gimbal, 1 degree freedom Senses rate of Yaw Parallel to hoz axis of aircraft

Turn Coordinator Attitude Indicator

DI

Remote compass Gyro Compass

As above – Sensitive to Yaw and Roll. Indicates faster Earth Gyro (2 gimbals) – 2 Degrees freedom, Vertical Axis. Tied to earth by pendulous vanes and air jets Electric – more ridged, less errors Tied to aircraft horizontal 2 degs freedom, 2 gimbals, horizontal spin Axis Flux valve -> Stator Flux Valve -> Amplifier -> Torque motor

AutoPilot Inner loop – provides stability Outer loop – Provides flight guidance and monitors performance Fail Operational – 3 Aps, landing continues if an autopilot fails Fail passive – 2 APs if 1 fails no out of trim situation, AP is disengaged

Traffic causing an RA

The example is 100ft above and descending

Traffic causing a TA

300ft below and climbing

Proximate Traffic not generating a TA or RA and inside the 6 NM and 1,200ft Other traffic not generating a TA or RA and outside of 6NM and 1,200ft

Flight recorders - Cockpit voice recorder 30 minutes recording time - Flight data recorder 25 hours recording - Starts when plane moves under its Radio Altimeter - 4200Mhz to 4400Mhz signal - Work from 2,500ft down - Input to TCAS and GPWS Failure conditions – A to E – A = Catastrophic TCAS / ACAS - > 19 passengers or MTOM > 5,700kg - Traffic Advisory – “TRAFFIC, TRAFFIC” traffic likely to enter the collision area. Time to collision 48 seconds - Resolution Advisory – Corrective = “CLIMB, CLIMB” time to collision 35-15 seconds. Preventative advisories e.g. “LEVEL OFF, LEVEL OFF”.

1,400ft below and descending

No-bearing Advisories

Alti +/- 60ft Accuracy Drift max at poles 15 x sin(lat) Topple – max at equator Flux valve – 487.5 Hz AC

GPWS - Respond to instruction in 30 seconds 1 Excessive baro SINK RATE, SINK RATE descent WHOOP PULL UP 2 Rising ground TERRAIN, TERRAIN WHOOP PULL UP 3 Height loss TO / DON’T SINK GO 4 Proximity to TOO LOW, ground GEAR/FLAPS 5 Below Glide slope GLIDESLOPE

Either a blue or white diamond. 800ft above and descending

EGPWS - Terrain – D.Base – no exp. - Obstacle - D.base 28 days