Kannada Script Book | Sarvabhashin

kɐn̪ n̪ əɽɐ

ಕನ ಡ Kannada

sarvabhāshin

Script

The Kannada letters and words described in this book are each accompanied by a pronunciation key in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Please refer to these IPA keys for the exact pronunciation of a Kannada letter or word. The IPA is a scientific notation used for accurately transcribing the sounds of most human languages. More about the IPA can be found at http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/ and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipa . The similarities described in this book between the pronunciations of Kannada letters and ‘corresponding’ English letters are only guidelines and should be considered as such.

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k

This letter has a sound similar to k

in

4

skip

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ɡ

This letter has a sound similar to g

in

5

go

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These are the letters we’ve just seen

k

ɡ

6

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p

This letter has a sound similar to p

in

speak

7

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b

This letter has a sound similar to b

in

8

bat

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These are the letters we’ve seen so far

k

ɡ

p

b

9

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ʨ

This letter has a sound similar to tch

in

catch

10

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ʥ

This letter has a sound similar to dge

in

badge

11

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These are the letters we’ve seen so far

k

ɡ

p

b

ʨ

ʥ

The sounds of these letters are all called consonants 12

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Here’s a vowel sound

ɐ This vowel sounds similar to u

in

13

cut

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Look at these letters

kɐ

ɡɐ

ಕ

ಗ

pɐ

bɐ

ಪ

ಬ

ʨɐ

ʥɐ

ಚ

ಜ

The sounds of these letters are made up of a consonant and a vowel Notice how the letters look slightly different from their original shape? 14

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In short –

k

kɐ

ಕ ɡ

ɡɐ

ಗ p

b

pɐ

-

◌್

ʨ

=

ಪ bɐ

ಬ ʨɐ

ಚ ʥ

ʥɐ

ಜ 15

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Here’s another vowel

i This vowelsounds similar to i

in

pin

This vowel has a special sign of its own –

16

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Now look at these ‘combo’ letters, each having the sound of a consonant plus a vowel

ki

ɡi

pi

bi

ʨi

ʥi

Again, notice the difference from the original shape of the ‘basic’ letter? 17

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In short –

k

ki

ɡ

ɡi

p

pi

b

-

◌್ + ◌ಿ =

bi

ʨ

ʨi

ʥ

ʥi

18

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Notice the slightly different shape of this letter, compared to the others

ɡi

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And another vowel

u This vowel sounds similar to u

in

bull

This vowel, too, has a special sign of its own –

◌ು

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And some new combo letters, with their shape slightly changed from the original –

ku

ɡu

ಕು

ಗು

pu

bu

ಪ

ಬು

ʨu

ʥu

ಚು

ಜು 21

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And again, in short – k

ku

ಕು ɡ

ɡu

ಗು p

b

pu

-

◌್

◌ು +

ʨ

=

ಪ bu

ಬು ʨu

ಚು ʥ

ʥu

ು Get the idea?!

22

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Notice the slightly different shape of this letter, compared to the others

pu

ಪ

23

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These are all the various ‘basic’ and ‘combo’ letters we’ve seen thus far

k

ɡ

kɐ

ki

ಕ ɡɐ

ɡi

ಗ p

b

ʨ

ʥ

ku

ಕು ɡu

ಗು

pɐ

pi

ಪ bɐ

bi

ಬ ʨɐ

ʨi

ಚ ʥɐ

ʥi

ಜ

pu

ಪ bu

ಬು ʨu

ಚು ʥu

ಜು 24

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These letters look similar –

ʨ

ʨɐ

ʨi

ಚ ʥ

ʨu

ಚು

ʥɐ

ʥi

ಜ

25

ʥu

ಜು

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When two letters come one after the other and the first one has no vowel sound, that is, it is a

◌್ letter,

then the second letter is written in a ‘mini’ version below the first one

k

p

ʥ

b

+ + + +

ʨɐ

ಚ ɡi

bu

ಬು ʥ

26

= =

kʨɐ

ಕ pɡi

ʥbu

= ಜು =

bʥ

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Note that in such cases, any vowel or other signs originally belonging to the second letter are written attached to the first letter –

k

p

ʥ

b

+ + + +

ʨɐ

ಚ ɡi

bu

ಬು ʥ

= =

ಕ pɡi

ʥbu

= ಜು =

It’s as if the first and the second letter together form a new ‘joint’ letter

27

kʨɐ

bʥ

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Here are the mini versions of all the letters we’ve seen so far When the second letter has no vowel – k

k

◌್ ɡ

ɡ

◌್ p

◌್ +

p

=

b

ʨ

◌್ b

◌್ ʨ

◌್ ʥ

ʥ

◌್ 28

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When the second letter has the vowel ɐ – kɐ

kɐ

ಕ

◌

ɡɐ

ɡɐ

ಗ

◌

pɐ

◌್ +

ಪ bɐ

ಬ ʨɐ

ಚ ʥɐ

ಜ 29

pɐ

=

◌ bɐ

◌ ʨɐ

◌ ʥɐ

◌

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When the second letter has the vowel i – ki

ki

◌ಿ ɡi

ɡi

◌ಿ pi

◌್

+

pi

=

bi

ʨi

◌ಿ bi

◌ಿ ʨi

◌ಿ ʥi

ʥi

◌ಿ 30

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And when the second letter has the vowel u – ku

ku

ಕು

◌ು

ɡu

ɡu

ಗು

◌ು

pu

◌್

+

pu

ಪ bu

ಬು ʨu

=

◌ು bu

◌ು ʨu

ಚು ʥu

ಜು 31

◌ು ʥu

◌ು

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To sum up, the mini versionsare special forms that appear after a letter having

◌್

These mini versions can occur in the middleor at the end of a word, but never at the beginning

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j

This letter has a sound similar to y

in

yo-yo

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r

This letter has a sound similar to r

in

Italian Roma

This is a ‘rolled’ /r/, as in Spanish or Italian

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l

This letter has a sound similar to l

in

35

lad

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ʋ

This letter has a sound similar to v

in

victory

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These are the letters we’ve just seen

j

r

l

ʋ

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This is how these letters look, when the ɐ sound is added

jɐ

rɐ

ಯ

ರ

ಲ

ವ

lɐ

ʋɐ

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This is how these letters look, when the i sound is added

ji

ri

li

ʋi

39

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Notice the slightly different shape of this letter, compared to the others

ri

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This is how these letters look, when the u sound is added

ju

ru

ಯು

ರು

ಲು

ವ

lu

ʋu

41

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Notice the slightly different shape of this letter, compared to the others

ʋu

ವ

42

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These are all the various basic and combo letters we’ve just seen

j

r

l

jɐ

ji

rɐ

ri

ಯ ರ lɐ

li

ಲ ʋ

ju

ಯು ru

ರು lu

ಲು

ʋɐ

ʋi

ವ 43

ʋu

ವ

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These letters look very similar –

p

pɐ

pi

ಪ ʋ

pu

ಪ

ʋɐ

ʋi

ವ

ʋu

ವ

44

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These combo letters look somewhat similar –

jɐ

ju

ಯ

ಯು

Remember that ju has an extra curl at the end

45

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Here are the mini versions of the letters we’ve just seen When the second letter has no vowel –

j

j

◌್ r

◌್ +

r

=

l

ʋ

◌್ l

◌್ ʋ

◌್ 46

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When the second letter has the vowel ɐ –

jɐ

jɐ

ಯ ◌್ +

◌

rɐ

rɐ

ರ

◌

lɐ

ಲ ʋɐ

ವ 47

=

lɐ

◌ ʋɐ

◌

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When the second letter has the vowel i –

ji

ji

◌ಿ ri

◌್ +

ri

=

li

ʋi

◌ಿ li

◌ಿ ʋi

◌ಿ 48

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And when the second letter has the vowel u –

ju

ju

ಯು ◌್ +

◌ು

ru

ru

ರು

◌ು

lu

ಲು ʋu

ವ 49

=

lu

◌ು ʋu

◌ು

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Note that most of the mini versions we’ve just seen look quite different from their ‘full’ versions –

jɐ

ಯ◌ rɐ

ರ ◌ lɐ

ಲ ◌

50

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These mini versions look somewhat similar –

pɐ

ʋɐ

◌

◌

51

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r likes being different from the rest

For instance, you would expect

r

+

kɐ

ಕ

to look like

ರ But it doesn’t! Instead, it is written like this –

rkɐ

ಕ That is,

rtakes on a special mini form

and jumps ahead of the next letter! 52

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Some more examples will make this a little clear

r

ʨɐ

+ r

ಚ

rʨɐ

= ಚ

pi

+ r

rpi

= ju

rju

+ ಯು = ಯು r

ʋ

+ r

= rɐ

+

rʋ

ರ

rrɐ

= ರ

Don’t stress. This will become second nature as you learn more. 53

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These are some actual Kannada words Can you read them?

ಯುಗ ಜರುಗು ವಗ

ಚಚು

ಪ

ಗಬು ವ ಯ

ಪಕ ಲ

ಕಪ

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Here are their pronunciations and meanings biri

ʥɐrʊɡu1

juɡɐ

ಯುಗ ಜರುಗು crack, burst

eon, era

move aside, shift

ʋɐrɡɐ

ʨɐrʨu

ɡɐbbu

ವಗ

category

ಚಚು

ಗಬು

church

stink, stench

ʋjəjɐ1

pɐlli

ಪ

ವ ಯ

lizard

expenditure

pukkəlɐ1

ʨikkəppɐ1

ಪಕ ಲ

ಕಪ

coward, sissy

father’s younger brother

Some pronunciation keys above have been marked with a superscript 1 In these keys, ə is a short or ‘lazily pronounced’ version of ɐ and ʊ is a short or lazily pronounced version of u For now, just assume ə=ɐ ʊ=u 55

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s

This letter has a sound similar to s

in

56

sit

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ɕ

This letter has a sound similar to sh

in

ship

Some people pronounce this letter similar to s

in

57

sit

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ɦ

This letter has a sound similar to h

in

58

hat

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These are the letters we’ve just seen

s

ɕ

ɦ

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This is how these basic letters are modified to make the combo letters for ɐ, i and u

sɐ

ɕɐ

ɦɐ

si

ɕi

ɦi

su

ɕu

ɦu

ಸ ಶ ಹ ಸು ಶು ಹು 60

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Notice the slightly different shapes of these letters

ɕi

ɦi

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These are all the various basic and combo letters we’ve just seen

s

ɕ

ɦ

sɐ

si

ɕɐ

ɕi

ಸ ಶ ɦɐ

ɦi

ಹ

su

ಸು ɕu

ಶು ɦu

ಹು

62

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These letters look somewhat similar –

p

pɐ

pi

ಪ s

pu

ಪ

sɐ

si

ಸ

63

su

ಸು

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Here are the mini versions of the letters we’ve just seen When the second letter has no vowel –

s

s

◌್ ◌್ +

ɕ

ɕ

= ◌್

ɦ

ɦ

◌್

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When the second letter has the vowel ɐ –

sɐ

ಸ

sɐ

◌

ɕɐ

ɕɐ

ɦɐ

ɦɐ

◌್ + ಶ = ◌ ಹ

65

◌

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When the second letter has the vowel i –

si

si

◌ಿ ◌್ +

ɕi

ɕi

= ◌ಿ

ɦi

ɦi

◌ಿ

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And when the second letter has the vowel u – su

su

ಸ

◌ು

ɕu

ɕu

ɦu

ɦu

◌್ + ಶ = ◌ು ಹ

67

◌ು

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Some actual Kannada words with these letters we’ve just seen

ಸ ಶು

ಹಬ

ಶಕ

ಹುಚು

ಸ ಲ

ಹಸ

ಸು

ಶುಕ ಗ ಹ 68

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How many correct? sɐri

siɦi

ಸ OK, all right ɕiɕu

sweet ɦɐbbɐ

ಶು

ಹಬ

infant

festival

ɕɐkjɐ

ɦuʨʨu

ಶಕ

ಹುಚು

possible

madness, mania

sʋɐlpɐ

ɦrɐsʋɐ

ಸ ಲ

ಹಸ

a little, some

short

ɦiɡɡɪsu1

ɕukrəɡrəɦɐ

ಸು

ಶುಕ ಗ ಹ

expand, enlarge

Venus (planet)

1

ɪ is a short or lazily pronounced version of i For now, just assume ɪ = i 69

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n̪

This letter has a sound similar to’ n

in

tenth

To pronounce this letter, the tip of your tongue touches the back of your front teeth

70

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m

This letter has a sound similar to m

in

mother

71

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These are the basic letters we’ve just seen

n̪

m

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This is how these basic letters are modified to make the combo letters for ɐ, i and u

n̪ ɐ

mɐ

ನ

ಮ

n̪ i

mi

n̪ u

mu

ನು

ಮು 73

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These are all the various basic and combo letters we’ve just seen

n̪

m

n̪ ɐ

n̪ i

mɐ

mi

ನ ಮ

n̪ u

ನು mu

ಮು

74

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These sets of letters look similar –

s

n̪

sɐ

si

ಸ n̪ ɐ

n̪ i

ನ p

ʋ

ಸು n̪ u

ನು

pɐ

pi

ಪ ʋɐ

ʋi

ವ m

su

pu

ಪ ʋu

ವ

mɐ

mi

ಮ

mu

ಮು 75

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Here are the mini versions of the letters we’ve just seen When the second letter has no vowel –

n̪

◌್ +

n̪

=

m

◌್ m

◌್

When the second letter has the vowel ɐ –

n̪ ɐ

◌್ +

ನ mɐ

ಮ 76

n̪ ɐ

=

◌ mɐ

◌

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When the second letter has the vowel i –

n̪ i

◌್ +

n̪ i

mi

=

◌ಿ mi

◌ಿ

And when the second letter has the vowel u –

n̪ u

◌್ +

ನ mu

ಮ 77

n̪ u

=

◌ು mu

◌ು

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Note that most of the mini versions we’ve just seen look quite different from their ‘full’ versions –

n̪ ɐ

ನ ◌ mɐ

ಮ ◌

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Some actual Kannada words with these letters we’ve just seen

ಮಗನು

ಚಮ

ನ

ಬಹ

ಜನ ಮ

ಮುಗ ಲು ಸು

ಕ ರು

ಕಮ

ಮುನು ಗು 79

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Here’s how you pronounce them, and what they mean

mɐɡən̪ u

ʨɐrmɐ

ಮಗನು

ಚಮ

son ʨin̪ n̪ u

skin brɐɦmɐ

ನ

ಬಹ

gold

Brahma, a Hindu god

ʥɐn̪ mɐ

muɡɡəlu

ಜನ

ಮುಗ ಲು

birth

mould, fungus

mɐn̪ n̪ ɪsu

ಮ

miksəru

ಸು

ಕ ರು

forgive, pardon

mixer, blender

ʨikkəmmɐ

mun̪ n̪ ʊɡɡu

ಕಮ

ಮುನು ಗು

father’s younger brother’s wife

go forward, proceed

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Remember the mini version rule? Let’s extend it slightly. When two or more letters come one after the other and all before the last have no vowel sound, that is, they are all

◌್ letters,

then all letters after the first one are written in their respective ‘mini’ versions below the first one

l

k

+ ɕ

jɐ

+ಯ=ಲ ʨ

+ m

ʋi

+ b

+ m

ɕʨʋi

= ru

mbru

+ ರು = ಮು p

+

lkjɐ

s

+ 81

mps

=ಮ

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Again, remember that any vowel or other signs originally belonging to the last letter are written attached to the first letter –

l

k

+ ɕ

jɐ

+ಯ=ಲ ʨ

+ m

ʋi

+ b

+ m

ɕʨʋi

= ru

mbru

+ ರು = ಮು p

+

lkjɐ

s

+

mps

=ಮ

So, all these letters in question together form a new ‘joint’ letter

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r, as expected, decides to rebel

Remember that

r

kɐ

rkɐ

+ ಕ = ಕ Let’s extend this rule a bit

r

k

+

jɐ

rkjɐ

+ಯ= ಕ

That is,

r takes on its special mini form

and jumps ahead of all the letters

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One thing to note

Since

k

rɐ

krɐ

+ ರ =

ಕ

therefore

k

r

+

jɐ

krjɐ

+ಯ= ಕ So,

r takes on its special mini form

only when it is the first letter of such a no-vowel sequence

like in the example we saw on the previous page –

r

k

+

jɐ

rkjɐ

+ಯ= ಕ

The good news is, such strings of letters are quite rare in Kannada J 84

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Here’s a new vowel, along with its sign

e

◌ೆ This vowel sounds similar to e

in

85

pen

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Now look at these combo letters, each having the sound of a consonant plus the e vowel

ke

ɡe

ೆ

pe

ʨe

ೆ

be

ೆ

ೆ

ʥe

ೆ

ೆ

je

re

86

ೆ

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And some more combo letters, with this new vowel

le

ʋe

ೆ se

ೆ ɕe

ೆ ɦe

n̪ e

ೆ me

ೆ 87

ೆ

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Here’s a few words with our new vowel

ಮ ೆ

ೆ ೆ

ೆ ೆ

ಬ ೆ

ೆಕ

ೆ

ೆ ೆ

ೆಸರು ಚು 88

ೆ

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And here’s how you say them, and what they mean

mɐn̪ e

kere

ಮ ೆ

ೆ ೆ

house, home

lake

bele

bɐɡɡe

ೆ ೆ

ಬ ೆ

price, value

about, concerning

lekkɐ

sippe

ೆಕ

ೆ

calculation, accounts

peel, husk

ɦeʥʥe

ɦesəru

ೆ ೆ

ೆಸರು

step, pace

name

jemen̪

meʨʨʊɡe

ಚು

Yemen, an Arab country

praise

89

ೆ

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Here’s another vowel, along with its sign

o

◌ೊ This vowel sounds similar to o

in

or

but shorter in length

This sign looks like

◌ೆ + ◌ೂ 90

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Now look at these combo letters, each having the sound of a consonant plus the o vowel

ko

ɡo

po

bo

ೊ

ೊ ೊ

ʨo

ʥo

ೊ

ೊ

jo

ro

ೊ

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And some more combo letters, with this new vowel

lo

ʋo

ೊ so

ɕo

ೊ

ೊ

ɦo

ೊ

n̪ o

mo

ೊ 92

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Note that for

j,

the right-most curl is removed before the

j

◌ೊ o vowel is added o

- ◌್ + ◌ೊ =

93

jo

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And some new words with our new vowel

ೊ ೆ

ೊ ೆ

ೊ ೆ

ೊಜು

ೊಪ

ೊರ ೆ

ಗರು ವ

ೊಬ ರ

ಗ

ಮನ 94

ಸು

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Here are their pronunciations and meanings sose

n̪ ore

ೊ ೆ

ೊ ೆ

daughter-in-law

foam, froth

koʨʨe

ɡoʥʥu

ೊ ೆ

ೊಜು

soppu

ɦorəɡe

muck

thick sauce

ೊಪ

ೊರ ೆ

green vegetables

outside

poɡəru

ɡobbərɐ

ಗರು

ೊಬ ರ

arrogance

manure

ɕiʋəmoɡɡɐ

mɐn̪ əʋolisu

ವ

ಗ

ಮನ

Shimoga, a town in Karnataka

persuade, win over

95

ಸು

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t̪

This letter has a sound similar to t

in

Spanish toro

To pronounce this letter, the tip of your tongue touches the back of your front teeth

96

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d̪

This letter has a sound similar to d

in

Spanish diez

To pronounce this letter, the tip of your tongue touches the back of your front teeth

97

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These are the basic letters we’ve just seen

t̪

d̪

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This is how these basic letters are modified to make the combo letters for ɐ, i and u

t̪ ɐ

d̪ ɐ

ತ

ದ

t̪ i

d̪ i

t̪ u

d̪ u

ತು

ದು 99

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This is how these basic letters are modified to make the combo letters for e and o

t̪ e

d̪ e

ೆ

t̪ o

d̪ o

ೊ

ೆ

ೊ

100

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These are all the various basic and combo letters we’ve just seen

t̪

d̪

t̪ ɐ

t̪ i

d̪ ɐ

d̪ i

ತ ದ

t̪ u

t̪ e

d̪ u

d̪ e

ತು ದು

Notice the slightly different shape of

d̪ i

101

t̪ o

ೆ ೊ d̪ o

ೆ ೊ

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Here are the mini versions of the letters we’ve just seen Let’s just take the simplest example When the second letter has the vowel ɐ –

t̪ ɐ

◌್ +

ತ d̪ ɐ

ದ

t̪ ɐ

=

Note that the mini version of t̪ looksquite different from its ‘full’ version –

t̪ ɐ

ತ ◌ 102

◌ d̪ ɐ

◌

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Can you read these Kannada words?

ೆ

ೊ ೆ

ದಪ

ಸದು

ೆಲುಗು

ೊಗಲು

ಮುತು

ವ

ನವ ೆಹ

ನು ವ ದು

New Delhi

food

103

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How’d you fare?

d̪ iɕe

d̪ ore

ೆ

ೊ ೆ

direction

king

d̪ ɐppɐ

sɐd̪ d̪ u

ದಪ

ಸದು

fat, thick

noise

t̪ elʊɡu

t̪ oɡəlu

ೆಲುಗು

ೊಗಲು

Telugu, a southern Indian language

hide, leather

mut̪ t̪ u

ʋjɐkt̪ i

ಮುತು

ವ

pearl

person

n̪ ɐʋədeɦəli

t̪ in̪ n̪ ʊʋʊd̪ u

ನವ ೆಹ

ನು ವ ದು

New Delhi

food

104

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ʈ

This letter has a sound similar to t

in

ash tray

To pronounce this letter, the tip of your tongue curls right back and touches the roof of your mouth

105

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ɖ

This letter has a sound similar to d

in

rushed

To pronounce this letter, the tip of your tongue curls right back and touches the roof of your mouth

106

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ɽ

Sometimes, this letter also has a sound similar to tt dd r

in in in

the American pronunciation of better the American pronunciation of ladder Spanish pero

but with the tongue curled further back and ‘flapping’ against the roof of the mouth

This particular sound occurs only when the letter appears in certain positions in a word, and will be marked in the pronunciation key

107

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These are the basic letters we’ve just seen

ʈ

ɖ

108

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This is how these basic letters are modified to make the combo letters for ɐ, i and u

ʈɐ

ɖɐ

ಟ

ಡ

ʈi

ɖi

ʈu

ɖu

ಟು

ಡು 109

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This is how these basic letters are modified to make the combo letters for e and o

ʈe

ɖe

ೆ

ʈo

ɖo

ೊ

ೆ

ೊ

110

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These are all the various basic and combo letters we’ve just seen

ʈ

ɖ

ʈɐ

ʈi

ɖɐ

ɖi

ಟ ಡ

ʈu

ʈe

ɖu

ɖe

ಟು ಡು

Notice the slightly different shape of

ɖi

111

ʈo

ೆ ೊ ɖo

ೆ ೊ

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Here are the mini versions of the letters we’ve just seen Let’s just take the simplest example When the second letter has the vowel ɐ –

ʈɐ

◌್ +

ಟ ɖɐ

ಡ

112

ʈɐ

=

◌ ɖɐ

◌

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These sets of letters look similar –

d̪

d̪ ɐ

d̪ i

ದ ɖ

ɖɐ

ಡ

d̪ u

d̪ e

d̪ o

ದು ೆ ೊ ɖi

ɖu

ɖe

ɖo

ಡು ೆ ೊ

As do their mini versions –

d̪ ɐ

ɖɐ

◌

◌ 113

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And some Kannada words with these new letters

ತು

ಕರ

ಟ

ದುಡು

ಡಬ

ಪಟ

ಗ ೆ

ೆ

ೊ

ನಡುಗು 114

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All correct? t̪ uʈi

kɐrəɽi

ತು

ಕರ

lip

bear

kiʈəki

d̪ uɖɖu

ಟ

ದುಡು

window

money

ɖɐbbɐ

puʈʈɐ

ಡಬ

ಪಟ

box

small, little

ɡɐɖɖe

moʈʈe

ಗ ೆ

ೆ

lump

egg

roʈʈi

n̪ ɐɖʊɡu

ೊ

ನಡುಗು

roṭi, Indian unleavened bread

shiver, tremble

115

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Remember this letter?

k

The letter below is pronounced just like the one above, except that the letter below is pronounced with a little ‘puff of air’

kʰ

It has a sound similar to ck-h

in

brick-house

116

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Remember this letter?

ɡ

The letter below is pronounced just like the one above, except that the letter below is pronounced with a little ‘puff of air’

ɡʱ

It has a sound similar to ggh

in

egghead

117

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Remember this letter?

p

The letter below is pronounced just like the one above, except that the letter below is pronounced with a little ‘puff of air’

pʰ

It has a sound similar to ph

in

uphold

118

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Remember this letter?

b

The letter below is pronounced just like the one above, except that the letter below is pronounced with a little ‘puff of air’

bʱ

It has a sound similar to bh

in

clubhouse

119

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Remember this letter?

ʨ

The letter below is pronounced just like the one above, except that the letter below is pronounced with a little ‘puff of air’

ʨʰ

It has a sound similar to ch-h

in

church-house

120

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Remember this letter?

ʥ

The letter below is pronounced just like the one above, except that the letter below is pronounced with a little ‘puff of air’

ʥʱ

It has a sound similar to dgeh

in

badgeholder

121

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These are the basic letters we’ve just seen

kʰ

ɡʱ

pʰ

bʱ

ʨʰ

ʥʱ

122

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This is how these basic letters are modified to make the combo letters for ɐ

kʰɐ

ɡʱɐ

ಖ

ಘ

pʰɐ

bʱɐ

ಫ

ಭ

ʨʰɐ

ʥʱɐ

ಛ

ಝ 123

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This is how these basic letters are modified to make the combo letters for i

kʰi

ɡʱi

pʰi

bʱi

ʨʰi

ʥʱi

124

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This is how these basic letters are modified to make the combo letters for u

kʰu

ɡʱu

ಖು

ಘು

pʰu

bʱu

ಫ

ಭು

ʨʰu

ʥʱʊ

ಛು

ಝು 125

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This is how these basic letters are modified to make the combo letters for e

kʰe

pʰe

ʨʰe

ɡʱe

ೆ

bʱe

ೆ

ʥʱe

ೆ 126

ೆ ೆ

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This is how these basic letters are modified to make the combo letters for o

kʰo

ɡʱo

pʰo

bʱo

ʨʰo

ʥʱo

ೊ

ೊ

ೊ

ೊ 127

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These are all the various basic and combo letters we’ve just seen

kʰ

ɡʱ

pʰ

kʰɐ

kʰi

ɡʱɐ

ɡʱi

ಖ ಘ pʰɐ

pʰi

ಫ bʱ

bʱɐ

ಭ

kʰu

kʰe

ɡʱu

ɡʱe

ಖು ಘು pʰu

bʱi

bʱu

ಭು

And the list goes on…

128

ೆ

ೊ

ɡʱo

ೆ

pʰe

ಫ

kʰo

ೊ

pʰo

ೆ bʱe

ೆ

bʱo

ೊ

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And…

ʨʰ

ʨʰɐ

ʨʰi

ಛ ʥʱ

ʥʱu

ʨʰu

ʨʰe

ಛು

ೆ ೊ

ʥʱɐ

ʥʱi

ʥʱe

ʥʱo

ಝ

ಝು ...done!

129

ʨʰo

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Most of these ‘puff-of-air’ letters have a little ‘pendulum’ at the bottom –

ɡʱ

pʰ

bʱ

ʨʰ

ʥʱ

130

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In some cases, this pendulum is the only thing that differentiates these puff-of-air letters from the ones with no puff of air –

p

pʰ

b

bʱ

These two combo letters have one more difference other than the pendulum, namely the swish at the upper right

bɐ

bʱɐ

ಬ

ಭ 131

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These sets of letters lookvery similar –

ʋ

ʋɐ

ʋi

ವ p

pɐ

pʰɐ

pi

ɡʱɐ

ಘ

ʋo

pu

ೆ pe

po

ಪ pʰi

ಫ ɡʱ

ʋe

ವ

ಪ pʰ

ʋu

pʰu

ೆ pʰe

pʰo

ಫ ɡʱi

ɡʱu

ಘು 132

ೆ ɡʱe

ɡʱo

ೆ

ೊ

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Notice how ʋi looks slightly different from other combo letters for i

ʋi

pi

pʰi

133

ɡʱi

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Also notice how ɡʱu and ɡʱo look slightly different from the rest –

ɡʱu

ɡʱo

ಘು

ೊ

ʋu

ʋo

ವ pu

po

ಪ pʰu

pʰo

ಫ 134

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These sets of letters look similar –

r

rɐ

ri

ru

ರ j

ರು jɐ

re

ro

ೆ

ೊ ji

ಯ ju

je

jo

ʥʱɐ

ʥʱi

ಯು ʥʱ

ಝ ʥʱu

ʥʱe

ಝು 135

ʥʱo

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These combo letters look somewhat similar –

ru

jɐ

ʥʱɐ

ರು

ಯ

ಝ

Remember that ʥʱu has an extra curl at the end –

ʥʱɐ

ʥʱu

ಝ

ಝು

136

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Here are the mini versions of the letters we’ve just seen Let’s just take the simplest example When the second letter has the vowel ɐ –

kʰɐ

kʰɐ

ಖ

◌

ɡʱɐ

◌್ +

ಘ pʰɐ

ಫ

ɡʱɐ

=

◌ pʰɐ

◌

bʱɐ

bʱɐ

ಭ

◌

More to come…

137

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And here are the remaining ones

◌್ +

ʨʰɐ

ʨʰɐ

ಛ

◌

ʥʱɐ

ಝ

138

=

ʥʱɐ

◌

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Some Kannada words with the new letters we’ve just seen

ಫಲ

ಝ

ಛ

ಭ

ದ ಘಟಕ

ನ ಮುಖ ಘನ ೆ

ಸಭ

139

ೆ ಝಲ

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Full marks?

pʰɐlɐ

ಫಲ

ʥʱɐri

kʰin̪ n̪ ɐ

ಝ

ನ

fruit

stream, rivulet

sad, depressed

ʨʰɐt̪ ri

bʱɐkt̪ i

mukʰjɐ

ಛ

umbrella ʨʰid̪ rɐ

ಭ

ಮುಖ

devotion

main

pʰilm

ɡʱɐn̪ ət̪ e

ದ

ಘನ ೆ

pore, opening

film

dignity

ɡʱɐʈəkɐ

sɐbʱjət̪ e

ʥʱɐlləri

ಘಟಕ unit

ಸಭ

ೆ ಝಲ

politeness, manners

140

cymbal

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Remember this letter?

t̪

The letter below is pronounced just like the one above, except that the letter below is pronounced with a little ‘puff of air’

t̪ ʰ

It has a sound similar to th-h

in

bath-house

141

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Remember this letter?

d̪

The letter below is pronounced just like the one above, except that the letter below is pronounced with a little ‘puff of air’

d̪ ʱ

It has a sound similar to dh

in

adhere

142

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These are thebasic letters we’ve just seen –

t̪ ʰ

d̪ ʱ

143

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This is how these basic letters are modified to make the combo letters for ɐ, i and u

t̪ ʰɐ

d̪ ʱɐ

ಥ

ಧ

t̪ ʰi

d̪ ʱi

t̪ ʰu

d̪ ʱu

ಥು

ಧು 144

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This is how these basic letters are modified to make the combo letters for e and o

t̪ ʰe

d̪ ʱe

ೆ

t̪ ʰo

d̪ ʱo

ೊ

ೆ

ಧ 145

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These are all the various basic and combo letters we’ve just seen

t̪ ʰ

d̪ ʱ

t̪ ʰɐ

t̪ ʰi

d̪ ʱɐ

d̪ ʱi

ಥ ಧ

t̪ ʰu

t̪ ʰe

d̪ ʱu

d̪ ʱe

ಥು ಧು

t̪ ʰo

ೆ ೊ d̪ ʱo

ೆ ೊ

Note the slightly different shape of these letters from other i letters

t̪ ʰi

d̪ ʱi

146

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Here are the mini versions of the letters we’ve just seen When the second letter has the vowel ɐ –

t̪ ʰɐ

◌್ +

ಥ t̪ ʱɐ

ಧ

147

d̪ ʰɐ

=

◌ d̪ ʱɐ

◌

http://tiny.cc/sarvabhashin

These sets of letters look similar –

d̪

d̪ ɐ

d̪ i

ದ ɖ

t̪ ʰ

d̪ ʱ

ɖi

t̪ ʰɐ

t̪ ʰi

d̪ ʱɐ

d̪ ʱi

ಥ ಧ

d̪ e

d̪ o

ದು ೆ ೊ

ɖɐ

ಡ

d̪ u

ɖu

ɖe

ɖo

t̪ ʰu

t̪ ʰe

t̪ ʰo

d̪ ʱu

d̪ ʱe

ಡು ೆ ೊ ಥು ಧು 148

ೆ ೆ

ೊ

d̪ ʱo

ೊ

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As do all their mini versions –

d̪ ɐ

◌ ɖɐ

◌ t̪ ʰɐ

◌ d̪ ʱɐ

◌ 149

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The pendulum strikes again –

t̪ ʰ

Ford̪ ʱ

d̪ ʱ

ಧ, this is the only thing differentiating it fromd̪ ದ d̪

d̪ ʱ

150

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These words aren’t too difficult

ಕ ೆ ಧ

ಧು ವ

ಬು ಪದ

ಸ

151

ೆ

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Here you go

kɐtʰe

t̪ it̪ ʰi

ಕ ೆ story

date according to the lunar calendar

d̪ ʱʋɐn̪ i

d̪ ʱruʋɐ

ಧ

ಧು ವ

tone, note

Earth’s pole

bud̪ d̪ ʱi

st̪ ʰit̪ i

ಬು intelligence

status, condition

pɐd̪ d̪ ʱət̪ i

spɐrd̪ ʱe

ಪದ

ಸ

practice, method

ೆ

contest, competition

152

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Remember this letter?

ʈ

The letter below is pronounced just like the one above, except that the letter below is pronounced with a little ‘puff of air’

ʈʰ

It has a sound similar to th

in

penthouse

153

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Remember this letter?

ɖ

The letter below is pronounced just like the one above, except that the letter below is pronounced with a little ‘puff of air’

ɖʱ

It has a sound similar to dh

in

madhouse

154

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These are the letters we’ve just seen –

ʈʰ

ɖʱ

155

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This is how these basic letters are modified to make the combo letters for ɐ, i and u

ʈʰə

ɖʱə

ಠ

ಢ

ʈʰɪ

ɖʱɪ

ʈʰʊ

ɖʱʊ

ಠು

ಢು 156

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This is how these basic letters are modified to make the combo letters for e and o

ʈʰe

ɖʱe

ೆ

ʈʰo

ɖʱo

ೊ

ೆ

ೊ

157

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These are all the various basic and combo letters we’ve just seen

ʈʰ

ɖʱ

ʈʰɐ

ʈʰi

ɖʱɐ

ɖʱi

ಠ ಢ

ʈʰu

ʈʰe

ɖʱu

ɖʱe

ಠು ಢು

ʈʰo

ೆ ೊ ɖʱo

ೆ ೊ

Note the slightly different shape of these letters from other i letters

ʈʰi

ɖʱi

158

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Here are the mini versions of the letters we’ve just seen When the second letter has the vowel ɐ –

ʈʰɐ

◌್ +

ಠ ɖʱɐ

ಢ

159

ʈʰɐ

=

◌ ɖʱɐ

◌

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These sets of letters look similar –

d̪

ɖ

d̪ ɐ

ದ ɖɐ

d̪ i

ɖi

ಡ t̪ ʰ

t̪ ʰɐ

ɖʱ

d̪ ʱɐ

ಧ ɖʱɐ

ಢ

ದು ɖu

d̪ e

ɖe

ಡು t̪ ʰi

ಥ d̪ ʱ

d̪ u

t̪ ʰu

ɖʱi

d̪ ʱu

ಧು ɖʱu

ಢು 160

ೆ ೆ

t̪ ʰe

ಥು d̪ ʱi

d̪ o

ɖo

ೊ t̪ ʰo

ೆ d̪ ʱe

ɖʱe

ೊ

ೊ d̪ ʱo

ೆ ೆ

ೊ

ɖʱo

ೊ

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As do all their mini versions –

d̪ ɐ

◌ ɖɐ

◌ t̪ ʰɐ

◌ d̪ ʱɐ

◌

ɖʱɐ

◌ 161

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These sets of letters too look similar –

r

rɐ

ri

ರ ʈʰ

ʈʰɐ

ಠ

ru

re

ರು ʈʰi

ʈʰu

ಠು

ೆ ʈʰe

But their mini versions don’t!

rɐ

◌ ʈʰɐ

◌ 162

ro

ೊ

ೆ

ʈʰo

ೊ

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Both thesesets of letters have a dot in the middle

t̪ ʰ

t̪ ʰɐ

t̪ ʰi

ಥ ʈʰ

ʈʰɐ

ಠ

t̪ ʰu

t̪ ʰe

t̪ ʰo

ಥು ʈʰi

ʈʰu

ಠು

As do their mini versions

t̪ ʰɐ

◌ ʈʰɐ

◌ 163

ೆ ʈʰe

ೆ

ೊ ʈʰo

ೊ

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Test your newly acquired skills

ಠ ೆ

ಢ ೆ ಪಠ

ಮ ೆಮಠ

ಢಮರುಗ

164

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Came out with flying colours?

ʈʰɐsse

ɖʱɐɡe

ಠ ೆ

ಢ ೆ

stamp, seal

fatigue

ɖʱikki

pɐʈʰjɐ

ಪಠ

collision

curriculum

mɐn̪ emɐʈʰɐ

ɖʱɐmərʊɡɐ

ಮ ೆಮಠ

ಢಮರುಗ

‘house and home’

Indian hand-held drum

165

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ɭ

This letter has a sound similar to l l

in in

hold boulder

To pronounce this letter, the tip of your tongue curls right back and touches the roof of your mouth It sounds similar to

l

but with the tongue curled further back 166

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ʃ

This letter has a sound similar to sh

in

ash tray

To pronounce this letter, the tip of your tongue curls right back and touches the roof of your mouth

In everyday speech, it’s mostly pronounced the same as

ɕ

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These are the letters we’ve just seen –

ɭ

ʃ

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This is how these basic letters are modified to make the combo letters for ɐ, i and u

ɭɐ

ʃɐ

ಳ

ಷ

ɭʊ

ʃʊ

ɭɪ

ʃɪ

ಳು

ಷು 169

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And this is how they are modified to make the combo letters for e and o

ɭe

ɭo

ʃe

ೆ

ʃo

ೊ

ೆ

ೊ

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These are all the various basic and combo letters we’ve just seen

ɭ

ɭɐ

ɭi

ಳ ʃ

ʃɐ

ಷ

ɭu

ɭe

ಳು ʃi

ʃu

ಷು

171

ɭo

ೆ

ೊ

ʃe

ʃo

ೆ

ೊ

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And here are their mini versions When the second letter has the vowel ɐ –

ɭɐ

◌್ +

ಳ ʃɐ

ಷ

172

ɭɐ

=

◌ ʃɐ

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Camouflage at its very best –

ʋ

ʋɐ

ʋi

ʋu

ವ p

pɐ

ವ pi

pu

ಪ pʰ

pʰɐ

pʰi

pʰu

ɡʱɐ

ಘ ʃ

ʃɐ

ಷ

pe

ɡʱu

pʰe

pʰo

ೆ ɡʱe

ɡʱo

ಘು ʃi

ʃu

ಷು 173

po

ೆ

ಫ ɡʱi

ʋo

ೆ

ಪ

ಫ ɡʱ

ʋe

ೆ ʃe

ೊ ʃo

ೆ

ೊ

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ʃi falls into the latter category below

ʋi

pi

pʰi

ɡʱi

174

ʃi

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Also notice how the vowel signs for u and o have slightly different shapes in these combo letter sets

ʋu

pu

pʰu

ವ

ಪ

ಫ

ɡʱu

ʃu

ಘು

ಷು

ʋo

po

ɡʱo

pʰo

ʃo

ೊ

ೊ 175

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Here are all their mini versions

ʋɐ

◌ pɐ

pʰɐ

◌

◌

ɡʱɐ

ʃɐ

◌

◌

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Here we go again

ಬ ೆ

ಷರತು

ಕಳ

ಷ

ಸ ಳ

ಷ

ಲ

ೆಳ ು

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Piece of cake?

bɐɭe

ʃɐrət̪ t̪ u

ಬ ೆ

ಷರತು

bangle

condition, stipulation

kɐɭɭɐ

ɕiʃjɐ

ಕಳ

ಷ

thief

pupil, disciple

st̪ ʰɐɭɐ

ʃɐʃʈi

ಸ ಳ

ಷ

place, location

sixth day of the lunar fortnight

lɐkʃmi

beɭɭʊɭɭi

ಲ

ೆಳ ು

Lakshmi, a Hindu goddess

garlic

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ŋ

This letter has a sound similar to ng

in

sing

It is not pronounced like the ng

in

179

finger

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ɲ

This letter has a sound similar to ni gne ñ

in in in

onion French montagne Spanish España

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ɳ

This letter has a sound similar to n

in

wander

To pronounce this letter, the tip of your tongue curls right back and touches the roof of your mouth

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These are the letters we’ve just seen –

ŋ

ɲ

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ɳ

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This is how these basic letters are modified to make the combo letters for ɐ, i and u

ŋɐ

ɲɐ

ɳɐ

ŋɪ

ɲɪ

ɳɪ

ŋʊ

ɲʊ

ɳʊ

ಙ ಞ ಣ ಙಿ ಞಿ

ಙು ಞು ಣು 183

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And this is how they are modified to make the combo letters for e and o

ŋe

ŋo

ೆ

ೊ

ɲe

ɲo

184

ೆ

ɳe

ɳo

ೆ

ೊ ೊ

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These are all the various basic and combo letters we’ve just seen

ŋ

ŋɐ

ŋi

ŋu

ŋe

ಙ ಙಿ ಙು ɲ

ɳ

ɲɐ

ɲi

ɲu

ಞ ಞಿ ಞು ɳɐ

ಣ

ɳi

ɳu

ಣು

185

ŋo

ೆ

ೊ

ɲe

ɲo

ೆ

ɳe

ೆ

ɳo

ೊ

ೊ

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Note that the horizontal line on top of

disappears when writing these combo letters –

ɳɐ

ɳi

ಣ

ɳu

ಣು

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Here are the mini versions of the letters we’ve just seen Let’s just take the simplest example When the second letter has the vowel ɐ –

ŋɐ

ಙ

ŋɐ

◌

ɲɐ

ɲɐ

ɳɐ

ɳɐ

◌್ + ಞ = ◌ ಣ 187

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Thesesets of letters look similar

ʥ

ʥɐ

ʥi

ಜ ŋ

ŋɐ

ʥu

ʥe

ʥo

ಜು ŋi

ŋu

ಙ ಙಿ ಙು As do their mini versions

ʥɐ

◌ ŋɐ

◌ 188

ೆ ŋe

ೊ ŋo

ೆ

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ಟ ʈɐ lookssomewhat like an upside down ಣ ɳɐ The other letters in the respective sets are more distinct, though

ʈ

ɳ

ʈɐ

ʈi

ɳɐ

ɳi

ಟ ಣ

ʈu

ʈe

ɳu

ɳe

ಟು

ೆ

ʈo

ɳo

ಣು ೆ

Their mini versions too are somewhat like mirror images

ʈɐ

ɳɐ

◌

◌ 189

ೊ ೊ

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Do you notice any similarity in how these letters sound? –

kɐ

kʰɐ

ಕ

ಖ

ɡɐ

ɡʱɐ

ಗ

ಘ ŋɐ

ಙ To pronounce all these letters, your tongue touches the back of the roof of your mouth, called the velum

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And what about in these letters? –

ʨɐ

ʨʰɐ

ಚ

ಛ

ʥɐ

ʥʱɐ

ಜ

ಝ ɲɐ

ಞ To pronounce all these letters, your tongue touches the middle part of the roof of the mouth, called the palate Try saying them out loud and concentrate on the position of your tongue

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Some more similar-sounding letters, which we’ve already seen –

ʈɐ

ʈʰɐ

ಟ

ಠ

ɖɐ

ɖʱɐ

ಡ

ಢ ɳɐ

ಣ To pronounce all these letters, the tip of your tongue curls back and touches the roof of your mouth Try saying them out loud and concentrate on the position of your tongue

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Yet another bunch of similar-sounding letters

t̪ ɐ

t̪ ʰɐ

d̪ ɐ

d̪ ʱɐ

n̪ ɐ

To pronounce all these letters, the tip of your tongue touches your front teeth Try saying them out loud and concentrate on the position of your tongue

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And finally, the last batch of similar sounding letters –

pɐ

pʰɐ

bɐ

bʱɐ

mɐ

To pronounce all these letters, your lips touch each other Try saying them out loud and concentrate on the position of your tongue

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◌ಂ This sign is a ‘shortcut’ sign for the following letters – ŋ

ɲ

ɳ

n̪

Its pronunciation depends on what letter comes after it.

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Have a look at these words and their pronunciations–

ɕɐŋkʰɐ

ಶಙ

ಶಂಖ conch mɐŋɡəlɐ

ಮಙ ಲ

ಮಂಗಲ

delight, good fortune ʨɐnʨəlɐ

ಚಞ ಲ

fickle, playful

ಚಂಚಲ

sɐnʥəjɐ

ಸಞ ಯ

ಸಂಜಯ

Sanjaya, a male name

More to come

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kɐɳʈʰjɐ

ಕಣ

from the throat, guttural

ಕಂಠ

pɐɳɖɪt̪ ɐ

ಪ

ತ

ಪಂ ತ

scholar jɐn̪ t̪ rɐ

ಯನ

ಯಂತ

machine, device nɐn̪ d̪ ən̪ ɐ

ನನ ನ

ನಂದನ

Nandana, a male name sɐmpən̪ n̪ ɐ

ಸಮ ನ

ಸಂಪನ

completed, acquired sɐmbən̪ d̪ ʱɐ

ಸಮ ನ

ಸಂಬಂಧ

relation, connection 197

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Let’s look at it in a little more detail. In these words,

◌ಂ is like a shortcut for

ŋ–

ɕɐŋkʰɐ

mɐŋɡəlɐ

ಶಂಖ

ಮಂಗಲ

In these words,

◌ಂ is like a shortcut for

kɐɳʈʰjɐ

pɐɳɖɪt̪ ɐ

ಕಂಠ In these words,

ɳ–

ಪಂ ತ ◌ಂ is like a shortcut for

n̪ –

jɐn̪ t̪ rɐ

n̪ ɐn̪ d̪ ən̪ ɐ

ಯಂತ

ನಂದನ

In these words,

◌ಂ is like a shortcut for

sɐmpən̪ n̪ ɐ

m

sɐmbən̪ d̪ ʱɐ

ಸಂಪನ

ಸಂಬಂಧ 198

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No, we didn’t forget

In these words,

ɲ

◌ಂ is like a shortcut for

ɲ–

ʨɐnʨəlɐ

sɐnʥəjɐ

ಚಂಚಲ

ಸಂಜಯ

However, its pronunciation is not exactly like

Instead, it sounds more like a ‘normal’ n, like the n in name

199

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We can see a pattern over here. If

◌ಂ occurs before the following letters – k

kʰ

ɡ

then its pronunciation is

ɡʱ

ŋ ʨ

ʨʰ

ʥ

ʥʱ

n ʈ

ʈʰ

ɖ

ɖʱ

ɳ t̪

t̪ ʰ

d̪

d̪ ʱ

n̪ p

pʰ

b

bʱ

m

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Before all other letters, and at the end of a word, its pronunciation is usually

m sɐmjʊkt̪ ɐ

sɐmrəkʃəɳe

ಸುಂಯುಕ

ಸಂರ

joint, united

protection

sɐmləɡn̪ ɐ

sɐmʋət̪ sərɐ

ಸಂಲಗ

ೆ

ಸಂವತ ರ

attached, included

Vedic year

ʋɐmɕɐ

ɦɐmsɐ

ವಂಶ

ಹಂಸ

simɦɐ

kʰɐt̪ əm

clan, lineage

swan

ಂಹ

ಖತಂ

lion

finished

The odd exception might exist, but these would usually be rare or obscure words So don’t worry – As far as our nasal shortcut sign is concerned, you’re good to go! 201

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Great.

Now, an obvious question. What if a word starts with a vowel? How do we write it then?

There’s a slightly different way of doing this –

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If a word starts with a vowel, we use the following letters, instead of vowel signs –

ɐ

i

u

ಅ ಇ ಉ ʲe

ʷo

ಎ ಒ 203

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ಎ and ಒ have a slightly different pronunciation ʲe

ಎ This letter has a sound similar to ye

in

yes

ʷo

ಒ This letter has a sound similar to wo

in

won’t

but slightly shorter in length 204

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Our nasal shortcut sign works equally well with these ‘independent’ vowel letters –

ಅಂ ಇಂ ಉಂ ಎಂ ಒಂ Of course, the pronunciation of the sign will vary, depending on what letter follows

Some examples will make this clear

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Here are some words that use independent vowel letters –

ɐrt̪ ʰɐ meaning ɐkʃərɐ letter, alphabet

ಅಥ

uŋɡərɐ ring (ornament)

ಉಂಗರ

ಅ ರ

uɳɖe ball, sphere

ಉಂ ೆ

ɐn̪ t̪ ɐ end

ಅಂತ

ʲerəɽu two

ɐŋɡəɽi shop

ಅಂಗ

ʲeʃʈu how much

illi here

ಇ

ʲeɳʈu eight

ಎರಡು ಎಷು ಎಂಟು

ippət̪ t̪ u twenty

ಇಪ ತು

ʷoɭɭejɐ good

ಒ ೆ ಯ

iŋɡleɳɖ England

ಇಂ ೆ ಂ

ʷon̪ d̪ u one

ಒಂದು

uɡʊru fingernail, toenail

ಉಗುರು

ʷombət̪ t̪ u nine

206

ಒಂಬತು

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Speaking of vowels, here are some more –

ɑː

◌ಾ This sign has a sound similar to a

in

207

father

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iː

◌ೀ This sign has a sound similar to ee

in

208

bee

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uː

◌ೂ This sign has a sound similar to oo

in

209

tool

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eː

◌ೇ This sign has a sound similar to é

in

French fiancée

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oː

◌ೋ This sign has a sound similar to o

in

Italian Roma

This sign is written after a letter

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This is how the signs for ɑː, iː, uː, eː and oː are written –

kɑː

kiː

kuː

keː

ಾ

ೕ

ಕೂ

ೇ

koː

ೋ 212

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Here are all the vowels we’ve seen so far, attached to the letter

kɐ

k–

kɑː

ಕ

ಾ

ki

kiː

ೕ ku

kuː

ಕು

ಕೂ

ke

keː

ೆ

ೇ

ko

koː

ೊ

ೋ

Note how the vowels on the right are ‘longer’ versions of the ones on the left

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In some cases, the long vowel sign is simply the short vowel sign with an added

◌ೕ

ki

kiː

ke

keː

ೕ

ೆ

ೇ

ko

koː

ೊ

ೊ ೕ 214

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Remember that for

j,

the right-most curl is removed before the

j

◌ೋ oː vowel is added oː

- ◌್ + ◌ೋ =

215

joː

ೕ

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Here are some Kannada words with the new signs we’ve just seen –

ಾತ

ಾರ

ಾ

ಾನ

ಾಙ ಯ

ಕ ಾ ಟಕ

ೕನು

ೕರು

ೕ

ೕ

ೕ

ಹೂವ

ೕಸು

ಾಸ

ಧೂಳು

ಶೂನ

ಪ 216

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And some more –

ಮೂಖ

ೆಂಗಳೂರು

ೇ ೆ

ೇಶ

ೇದ

ೇ

ೇತ

ೇ

ೕ ೊ

ೋಂ

ೋ ೋ

ೆ

ೕಗ

ೋಷ ೆ

ಾ ♪♫J And we’re done! For now at least

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How many correct? t̪ ɑːt̪ ɐ grandfather prɑːɳi animal ʋɑːŋməjɐ literature

ಾತ ಾ ಾಙ ಯ ೕನು

miːn̪ u fish ʈʰiːʋi arrogance, showiness priːt̪ i love ɦuːʋu flower ɕuːn̪ jɐ emptiness, nothingness

ɦɑːrɐ garland

ಾರ

ʥɲɑːn̪ ɐ, ɡnɑːn̪ ɐ knowledge

ಾನ

kɐrn̪ ɑːʈəkɐ Karnataka, a state in India ɡiːru line, scratch

ೕ

ಕ ಾ ಟಕ ೕರು ೕಸು

pʰiːsu fees

ೕ

ೕ

ɕriːn̪ ɪʋɑːsɐ Srinivasa, a Hindu god

ಹೂವ

dʱuːɭu dust

ಧೂಳು

ಶೂನ

puːrt̪ i full

ಪ

218

ಾಸ

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muːrkʰɐ fool beŋɡəɭuːru Bangalore

ಮೂಖ ೆಂಗಳೂರು

beːre different, other

ೇ ೆ

d̪ eːɕɐ country

ʨʰeːd̪ ɐ denominator

ೇದ

t̪ ʰeːʈ identical, just like

ೇ

reːʥɪɡe disgust

ೇ

kʃeːt̪ rɐ area ʈoːpi cap pʰoːʈo photograph soːmɑːri lazybones, idler ɡʱoːʃəɳe announcement

ೇತ

ೋ

joːɡɐ yoga

ೕ ೊ ೋ

ɖʱoːŋɡi fraudulent

ಾ

ೋಷ ೆ Phew!

219

ೆ ೕಶ ೆ

ೕಗ

ೋಂ

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At the beginning of a word, these vowels are written like this –

ɑː

ಆ iː

uː

ಈ

ಊ

eː

oː

ಏ

ಓ 220

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Here are all the independent vowels we’ve seen so far, along with their corresponding vowel signs –

ɐ

ɑː

ಅ

ಆ i

ಇ

iː

◌ಿ

ಈ ◌ೀ

u

ಉ

◌ಾ uː

◌ು ಊ ◌ೂ

ʲe

e

ʲeː

eː

ಎ

◌ೆ

ಏ

◌ೇ

ʷo

o

ʷoː

oː

ಒ ◌ೊ ಓ ◌ೋ We already know that

ಅ ɐ does not have any vowel sign of its own 221

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All these pairs look similar in that the one on the right is a slightly modified version of the one on the left –

ɐ

ɑː

ಅ

ಆ

u

uː

ಉ

ಊ

ʲe

ʲeː

ಎ

ಏ

ʷo

ʷoː

ಒ

ಓ 222

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These two letters look very similar

i

ɲ

ಇ

ಞ

These letters all have a common basic shape

o

oː

ಒ ŋɐ

ʨɐ

ಓ ʥɐ

bɐ

bʱɐ

ಙ ಚ ಜ ಬ ಭ 223

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Some Kannada words beginning with the new vowel letters we’ve just seen –

ಆದ ೆ ಈಜು ಊಟ

ಆಂ ೋಳನ ಈ ೆ

ಊರ ಾ

ಏರು

ಏಕವಚನ

ಓಡು

ಓ ೆ ೋ ೆ

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You should have got all of these right! –

ɑːd̪ əre but

ಆದ ೆ

ɑːn̪ d̪ oːɭən̪ ɐ movement, agitation

iːʥu swim

ಈಜು

iːrʃje envy

ಆಂ ೋಳನ ಈ ೆ

ಊಟ

uːrəɡɑːji Indian pickle

ಊರ ಾ

ʲeːru climb

ಏರು

ʲeːkəʋəʨən̪ ə singular

ಏಕವಚನ

ʷoːɽu run

ಓಡು

ʷoːrekoːre bent, twisted

ಓ ೆ ೋ ೆ

uːʈɐ food, meal

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And even more vowel signs –

əj

◌ೈ This sign has a sound similar to i

in

fight

More precisely, it sounds like i in fight when pronounced in a Scottish accent

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əw

◌ೌ This sign has a sound similar to ow

in

cow

More precisely, it sounds like ow in cow when pronounced in a Scottish accent

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This is how the signs for əj and əw are written –

kəj

kəw

ೈ

ೌ

228

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Notice the similarity in the shapes of these combo letters –

ke

keː

ೆ

ೇ

kɑː

kəj

ೈ

kəw

ಾ

ೌ

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At the beginning of a word, these vowels are written like this–

kəj

kəw

ಐ

ಔ

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These letters look similar

ʲe

ಎ

ʲeː

ಏ

əj

ಐ

As do these

ʷo

ಒ

ʷoː

ಓ

231

əw

ಔ

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Here are some Kannada words with the new letters we’ve just seen –

ೈ ೌದು

ೖ ಾನ ೌಡ ೈ ೌ ಕ ಐದು

ಔಷಧ ಐಶ ಯ ಔ ತ 232

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And their pronunciations and meanings –

kəj hand ɦəwd̪ u yes məjd̪ ɑːn̪ ɐ playground pəwɽər powder ɕəjli style, method məwkʰɪkɐ oral, verbal əjd̪ u five əwʃəd̪ ʱɐ medicine əjɕʋərjɐ wealth, splendour əwʨɪt̪ jɐ appropriateness

233

ೈ ೌದು

ೖ ಾನ

ೌಡ ೈ ೌ ಕ ಐದು

ಔಷಧ ಐಶ ಯ ಔ ತ

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A few letters and signs still remain!

æː

◌ಾ This sign has a sound similar to a

in

cat

Here’s an example of this vowel sign in combination with

kæː

ಾ 234

k

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Unfortunately, our new sign looks exactly like the mini version of

j

plus the vowel sign

◌ಾ ɑː

◌ಾ Fortunately, this sign is pronounced with the sound æː only in English words borrowed into Kannada

So the pronunciation is usually clear from the context

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At the beginning of a word, this sign is written like this–

æː

ಆ

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Like you read earlier, this sign is used in Kannada only to write words borrowed from English that have the a sound in cat

ɡæːs

ಾ

gas

bæːʈəriː

ಾ ಟ battery kæːnsər

ಾ ನ

cancer

æːksɪs bæːŋk

ಆ

ಾ ಂ

Axis Bank, a bank in India

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rʊ

◌ೃ This sign has a sound similar to rhu

in

rhubarb

This sign is written below a letter

Note that this sign behaves like a vowel sign

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This is how the sign for rʊ is written –

krʊ

ಕೃ Notice how these letter combos look similar –

kəj

krʊ

ೈ ಕೃ 239

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At the beginning of a word, this sign is written like this–

rʊ

ಋ Don’t confuse it with this letter combo –

jɐ

ಯ 240

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Some Kannada words which use this sign or its independent letter – krʊɕi

rʊɳɐ

ಕೃ

ಋಣ

agriculture

debt

ʋrʊkʃɐ

rʊʃi

ಋ sage, seer krʊʃɳɐ

ವೃ

ಕೃಷ

tree

Krishna, a Hindu god

ɦrʊd̪ əjɐ

mɑːt̪ rʊbʱuːmi

ಹೃದಯ

ಾತೃಭೂ

ɡrʊɦəst̪ ʰɐ

ʋrʊd̪ d̪ ʱɑːɕrəmɐ

heart

motherland

ಗೃಹಸ

ವೃ ಾ ಶ ಮ

household

old-age home

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z

̤ This letter has a sound similar to z

in

zebra

Except for the two dots below, it looks and behaves exactly like

j

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f

̤ This letter has a sound similar to f

in

fat

Except for the two dots below, it looks and behaves exactly like

pʰ

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These letters are only used to write non-Kannada words which have the sounds z and f And that too, not very consistently

You might come across both dotted and non-dotted versions, (and both pronunciations too) like so – ziːbrɑː

ʥiːbrɑː

ೕ̤ ಾ

ೕ ಾ zebra

̤

filɪppiːns

pʰilɪppiːns

ೕ

ೕ Philippines

So you’ll encounter these letters only rarely

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One last sign –

◌ಃ This sign has a sound similar to h

in

hat

but with a little twist (we’ll see how on the next page)

Note that this sign too behaves like a vowel sign

Like

◌ಂ

this sign can be added onto another vowel sign

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This is how this new sign combines with basic letters and is pronounced –

kɐɦɐ

kɑːɦɐ

ಕಃ

ಾಃ

kiɦi

kiːɦi

ಃ

ೕಃ

kuɦu

kuːɦu

ಕುಃ

ಕೂಃ

keːɦe

kəjɦi

ೇಃ

ೈ ಃ

koːɦo

kəwɦu

ೋಃ

ೌಃ

It never combines with the signs

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◌ೆ e and ◌ೊ o

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Like

◌ಂ

this new sign can also combine with independent vowel letters

ɐɦɐ

ɑːɦɐ

ಅಃ

ಆಃ

iɦi

iːɦi

ಇಃ

ಈಃ

uɦu

uːɦu

ಉಃ

ಊಃ

eːɦe

əjɦi

ಏಃ

ಐಃ

oːɦo

əwɦu

ಓಃ

ಔಃ

It never combines with the letters

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Got it? In a nutshell, the sign is pronounced

ɦ followed by a somewhat shortened repetition of the vowel just before it

kɑːɦɐ

ɑːɦɐ

ಾಃ

ಆಃ

kəwɦu

əwɦu

ೌಃ

ಔಃ Like so

punəɦɐ

bɐɦʊɕəɦɐ

ಪ ನಃ

ಬಹುಶಃ

again

likely

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When this sign occurs in the middle of a word, it's often pronounced as a ‘doubling’ of the next letter –

d̪ ukkʰɐ

niɕɕəbd̪ ɐ

ದುಃಖ

ಃಶಬ

sadness

noiseless

Not to fret This sign occurs very rarely in Kannada, only in some words borrowed from Sanskrit

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Remember

ɦ

◌ಃ has two circles and our nasal shortcut letter

◌ಂ has only one

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Let’s end with numerals and punctuation

೧೨೩೪೫೬೭೮೯೦ 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

Punctuation marks are similar to English In some old Kannada texts, you might find these punctuation marks –

।

॥

full stop

end of verse

Try your hand at these –

೩,೭೩೭ ೦.೬೧೧ ೧.೨% ೫೪,೭೮೯.೦೧

3,737 0.611 1.2% 54,789.01 251

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Here is a well-known piece of writing, in its Kannada version –

ಎ ಾ ಜ

ಹಕು ಗಳ

ಾ

ಾನವರೂ ಸ ತಂತ ಾ ೆ.

ಸ

ಾಗೂ ಘನ ೆ ಮತು

ಾನ ಾ

ಾ

ೆ.

ಮತು ಅಂತಃಕರಣಗಳನು ಪ ೆದವ ಾದ ಅವರು ಪರಸ ರ ಸ ೋದರ ವ

ೕ ೇಕ

ಾವ ಂದ

ಂದ

ಸ ೇಕು.

ellɑː mɑːn̪ əʋəruː sʋɐt̪ ən̪ t̪ rərɑːɡɪjeː ʥɐn̪ ɪsɪd̪ d̪ ɑːre . ɦɑːɡuː ɡʱɐn̪ ət̪ e mɐt̪ t̪ u ɦɐkkʊɡəɭəlli sɐmɑːn̪ ərɑːɡid̪ d̪ ɑːre . ʋiʋeːkɐ mɐt̪ t̪ u ɐn̪ t̪ əkkərəɳəɡəɭən̪ n̪ u pɐɽed̪ əʋərɑːd̪ d̪ ərɪn̪ d̪ ɐ ɐʋəru pɐrəspərɐ sɐɦoːd̪ ərɐ bʱɑːʋəd̪ ɪn̪ d̪ ɐ ʋɐrt̪ isəbeːku .

This is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

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This is the Kannada alphabet The names of the letters are the sounds of the letters themselves ɐ

ɑː

i

iː

u

uː

rʊ

ಅ

ಆ

ಇ

ಈ

ಉ

ಊ

ಋ

e

eː

əj

o

oː

əj

ಎ

ಏ

ಐ

ಒ

ಓ

ಔ

kɐ

kʰɐ

ɡʱɐ

ŋɐ

ಕ

ಖ

ಗ

ಘ

ಙ

ʨɐ

ʨʰɐ

ʥɐ

ಜ

ʥʱɐ

ಝ

ɲɐ

ಞ

ʈɐ

ʈʰɐ

ಠ

ɖɐ

ಡ

ɖʱɐ

ಢ

ɳɐ

ಣ

t̪ ɐ

t̪ ʰɐ

d̪ ɐ

d̪ ʱɐ

ಧ

n̪ ɐ

ನ

bʱɐ

mɐ

ಚ

ಛ

ಟ ತ

ಥ

ದ

pɐ

pʰɐ

bɐ

ಪ jɐ

ɡɐ

ಯ

ಫ

rɐ

ರ æː

ಆ

lɐ

ಲ

ಬ ʋɐ

ಭ

ɕɐ

ವ

ಶ zɐ

ಜ̤ 253

ʃɐ

ಷ

ಮ sɐ

ɦɐ

ಸ

ಹ fɐ

ಫ̤

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And these are the vowel and other signs, and their Kannada names –

ɐn̪ usʋɑːrɐ ಅನು ಾ ರ

◌ಂ

eː

eː

ʋɪsərɡɐ ಸಗ

◌ಃ əj

ɑː

i

iː

u

uː

rʊ

◌ಾ ◌ಿ ◌ೀ ◌ು ◌ೂ ◌ೃ oː

oː

əw

æː

◌ೆ ◌ೇ ◌ೈ ◌ೊ ◌ೋ ◌ೌ ◌ಾ

Good luck!

254

ɦɐlən̪ t̪ ɐ ಹಲಂತ

◌್

End Typeset in Segoe UI (English & IPA) and Vagisha (Kannada)

For more information on the Kannada script and its history – http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kannada.htm

References: Baraha Antarajāla Nighanṭu http://baraha.com/kannada/index.php Glosbe Kannada Hindi Dictionary http://glosbe.com/kn/hi/ Khandbahale, Sunil. Khandbahale.com http://www.khandbahale.com/kannada Spencer, Harold. A Kanarese Grammar http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/plc/kannada/ Kannada Wiktionary http://kn.wiktionary.org v2013-06-24 ©2012-2013 Arvind Iyengar. All Rights Reserved.