Lesson 2 Chapter 5-2

DESCRIBES SAMPLING PROCEDURE AND SAMPLE LESSON 2

Activity: Fix Me 1. PASMLE

Arrange and identify the words from scrabbled letters.

2. MEARF 3. YTSSTICAMI 4. MANDOR 5. LUCSTER 6. NOWSLLAB 7. OUQAT 8. VUTANLORY 9. SEVIRUPOP 10. APLINSMG

Answer: 1. SAMPLE 2. FRAME 3. SYSTEMATIC 4. RANDOM 5. CLUSTER 6. SNOWBALL 7. QUOTA 8. VOLUNTARY 9. PURPOSIVE 10. SAMPLING

Learning Objectives Discusses the different sampling procedure and sample to be used in a qualitative research. Uses the appropriate sampling procedure and sample in a given research context. Demonstrate cooperation in group tasks Shows eagerness in research writing

Yehudi is a student researcher. He’s interested in studying why people believe the way they do about the issue on ExtraJudicial Killing. He puts together a survey asking people for reasons to support their side about the issue on Extra-Judicial Killing. Yehudi is puzzled as to who will be his respondents of the study. He wants his research to say something about the opinions of the Grade 11 and 12 Senior High School Students in Bohol, but it wouldn’t be possible for him to give the survey to every Grade 11 and 12 Senior High School Students in Bohol because that would take forever. So, he needs to develop a sample, or group of subjects. This is done through a process called sampling. The goal is to choose a sample that represents the whole population so that Yehudi can make inferences about the population from his sample.

What have you observed about the situation of Yehudi?

If you were Yehudi, what will you do to choose/select your respondents?

Why it is must to critically choose the correct sampling procedure?

Introduction In qualitative research, a sample is a smaller set of cases a researcher selects from a large group and generalizes to the population. Three things must be clear to the researcher:  how much data s/he needs  how s/he will select the sample  how s/he will get participants if human participants are needed

◦ Experts say that the researcher needs a sample that is appropriate to the research question and the theoretical aims of the study, and that provides an adequate amount of data to fully analyze the topic and answer the research questions.

HISTORY The beginning of sampling could be traced back to the early political activities of the Americans in 1920 when Literary Digest did a pioneering survey about the American citizens’ favorite among the 1920 presidential candidates. This was the very first survey that served as the impetus for the discovery by academic researchers of other sampling strategies that they categorized into two classes: probability sampling or unbiased sampling and non-probability sampling (Babbie 2013)  

What is population?

Population - The bigger group from where you choose the sample

What is Sampling?

Sampling Is a word that refers to your method or process of selecting respondents or people to answer questions meant to yield data for a research study

How about sample?

Sample The chosen one constitute the sample through which you will derive facts and evidence to support the claims or conclusions propounded by your research problem. Is a group of people, objects, or items that are taken from a larger population for measurement. The sample should be representative of the population to ensure that we can generalise the findings from the research sample to the population as a whole

Sampling frame The term used to mean list of the members of such population from where you will get the sample

History The beginning of sampling could be traced back to the early political activities of the Americans in 1920 when Literary Digest did a pioneering survey about the American citizen’s favorite among the 1920 presidential candidates.

Two general categories of Sampling procedures 1. Probability Sampling or Unbiased Sampling 2. Non-Probability Sampling

Probability Sampling or Unbiased Sampling - involves all members listed in the sampling frame representing a certain population focused on by your study. - an equal chance of participation in the sampling or selection process is given to every member listed in the sampling frame.

Types of Probability Sampling 1. Simple Random Sampling 2. Systematic Sampling 3. Stratified Sampling 4. Cluster Sampling

Types of Probability Sampling 1. Simple Random Sampling Happens through any of these two method > Have a list of all members of the population; write each name on a card, and choose cards through a pure-chance selection > Have a list of all members; give a number to member and then use randomized or unordered numbers in selecting names from the list.

Types of Probability Sampling 2. Systematic Sampling ◦ for this kind of probability sampling, chance and system are the ones to determine who should compose the sample ◦ For instance, if you want to have a sample of 150, you may select a set of numbers like 1 to 15, and out of list of 1,500 students, take every 15th name in the list until you complete the total number of respondents to constitute your sample.

Types of Probability Sampling 3. Stratified Sampling ◦ The group comprising the sample is chosen in a way that such group is liable to subdivision during the data analysis stage

Types of Probability Sampling 4. Cluster Sampling ◦ This is a probability sampling that makes you isolate a set of persons instead of individual members to serve as sample members. ◦ For example, if you want to have a sample of 120 out of 1,000 students, you can randomly select three sections with 40 students each to constitute the sample.

Non-Probability Sampling ◦ Disregards random selection of subjects ◦ The subjects are chosen based on their availability or the purpose of the study, and some cases, on the sole discretion of the researcher.

Types of Non-Probability Sampling 1. Quota Sampling 2. Voluntary Sampling 3. Purposive or Judgmental Sampling 4. Availability Sampling 5. Snowball Sampling

Types of Non-Probability Sampling 1. Quota Sampling – you resort to quota sampling when you think you know the characteristics of the target population very well. In this case, you tend to choose sample members processing or indicating the characteristics of the target population.

Types of Non-Probability Sampling 2. Voluntary Sampling – since the subjects you expect to participate in the sample selection are the ones volunteering to constitute the sample, there is no need for you to do any selection process.

Types of Non-Probability Sampling 3. Purposive or Judgmental Sampling – you chooses people whom you are sure could correspond to the objectives of your study, like selecting those with rich experience or interest in your study.

Types of Non-Probability Sampling 4. Availability Sampling – the willingness of a person as your subject to interact with you counts a lot in this non-probability sampling method.

Types of Non-Probability Sampling 5. Snowball Sampling – similar to snow expanding widely or rolling rapidly, this sampling methods does not give a specific set of samples. This is true for a study involving unspecified group of people. Dealing with varied groups of people such as street children, mendicants, drug dependents, call center workers, informal settlers, street vendors, and the like is possible in this kind of nonprobability sampling.

1.Identify the differences between the probability and non-probability sampling as method of selecting sample? 2. Which among the two sampling procedure is most likely use in selecting your sample? 3. Based from the research problem of Yehudi, what is the appropriate sampling procedure to be used? Explain why? 4. Why is there a must to critically choose the correct sampling procedure in research?

Group Meet Up Go to your respective Research Group, discuss in your group what appropriate sampling method for your chosen research topic. Justify your reasons why you choose such sampling method. Choose representative to present your work.

As researchers, you will not be responsible for selecting the sampling method. The explanations given are meant to help you understand the reasons for using each method.

In a ¼ sheet of paper, write P if the sentence talks about probability sampling otherwise, write NP if its non-probability. ________1. Checking every 10th student in the list ________2. Interviewing some persons you meet on the campus ________3. Dividing 100 persons into groups ________4. Choosing subjects behaving like the majority members of NPC town ________5. Choosing a group of subjects among several groups

_______6. Choosing subjects capable of helping you meet the aim of your study _______7. Choosing samples by chance but through an organizational pattern _______8. Letting all members in the population join the selection process _______9. Having people willing to be chosen as respondents _______10. Matching people’s traits with the population members’ traits