National Food Security Act 2013

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NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY ACT 2013: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES Presented by: N. Lohith BAM-12- 38

Major Advisor :

Course-in-charge:

Dr. Y. Radha Principal Scientist, WTC, ANGRAU, Hyderabad

Dr. D. Vishnu Sankar Rao Professor and University Head

contents 1. Introduction to Food Security 2. Need for NFSA 3. Back ground of FSA 4. Salient features of NFSA 5. Food grains required for FSA 6. Cost of NFSA implementation 7. Food security programs in different states 8. Chattisgarh FSA Vs National FSA 9. Consequences of Food Security Act 10. Criticism of NFSA 11. Suggestions 12. Conclusion

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• Human concern for food security is as old as humanity itself • The issue of food security became an international concern when world food conference in Rome (1974) adopted food

security as its main topic • Declaration of this conference was that “every man, woman and child has the inalienable right to be free from hunger and malnutrition in order to develop fully and maintain their physical and mental faculties” 4

DEFINITION OF FOOD SECURITY FAO DEFINITION (1983): ―All people at all times have both physical and economic access to basic food they need”

WORLD BANK DEFINITION (1986): “Access by all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life. Its essential elements are the availability of food and the ability to acquire it”

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Four dimensions of Food Security Physical Availability of Food The supply side, determined by the level of food production, stock level & net trade.

Economic & Physical access to Food

Food

Security

Adequate supply of food does not guarantee household level food security. Food access depends on incomes, expenditure, markets & prices in achieving food security objectives

Food Utilization

The way the body makes the most of various nutrients in the food. Involves care & feeding practices, food preparation, diversity of diet & intra-household distribution of food.

Stability of the other 3 dimensions over time Access on a periodic basis. Weather, political conditions or economic factors have an impact on food security status.

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Physical Availability of Food (in million tonnes) Table no.1

Crop

2011-12

2012-13

Rice

105.31

104.22

Wheat

94.88

93.62

Coarse cereals

42.04

39.52

Total cereals

242.23

237.3618

Pulses

17.09

18.00

Total food grains

259.32

255.36

Oilseeds

29.79

Sugar

24.60

30.72 26.00

Vegetables

156.325

156.445

Fruits

76.42

79.40

Milk

127.9

133.7

Source:-RBI Hand Book on India Economy 2011-12

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Figure 1: Trend in Production of Food grains 120.00

255

270.00

105.31

104.22

220.00

94.88

93.62

259.32 244.78

100.00 196.81

176.39

80.00

170.00

85.93

69.68

120.00

108.42 53.63

82.02 40.00

74.29

129.59

Production (million 60.00 tonnes)

84.98

95.32

50.83

Rice

42.22

55.14 70.00

36.31

34.58

Wheat

Coarse Cereals

20.00

Pulses Food grain

20.00

23.83

20.58 11.00

0.00

Rice Wheat Coarse Cereals Pulses Food grain

195051 20.58 6.46 15.38 8.41 50.83

196061 34.58 11.00 23.74 12.70 82.02

197071 42.22 23.83 30.55 11.82 108.42

198081 53.63 36.31 29.02 10.63 129.59

199091 74.29 55.14 32.70 14.26 176.39

200001 84.98 69.68 31.08 11.07 196.81

201011 95.32 85.93 43.68 18.24 244.78

201112 105.31 94.88 42.04 17.09 259.32

Source: Hand book of Indian Economy, RBI, 2011-12.

201213 104.22 93.62 39.5 18 255

-30.00

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Net Availability of Cereals and Pulses (in million tonnes) Table no. 2

Year

Cereal

Pulses

1950-51

44.3

8.0

1960-61

64.6

11.1

1970-71

84.0

10.3

1980-81

104.8

9.4

1990-91

145.7

12.9

2000-01

145.6

11.3

2005-06

157.4

12.7

2006-07

168.8

13.3

2007-08

168.9

14.7

2008-09

165.9

17.6

2009-10

173.7

15.8

2010-11

176.5

13.7

Source: Indian Economy,Gaurav Datt and Ashwani Mahajan,2012

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Per capita availability, 2012-13 (in gram per day) Table no. 3

Commodity

Per capita availability

Minimum per capita requirement

Total cereals Pulses

528.70

46.78

400 80

Total food grains Oil

568.79

480

39.73

30

Sugar Vegetables

54.79 348.47

20 300

Fruits Milk

176.86

150 300

297.81

Source:-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad

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• India ranked 10th largest Economy of world on nominal GDP basis and 3rd largest economy on PPP basis

But India has………….. • 29% of the 872.9 million undernourished people (FAO 2009) • 49% of the world’s underweight children (WHO 2009) • 34% of the world’s stunted children (WHO 2009) • 32.7% of all people in India fall below the international poverty line of US$ 1.25 per day (PPP) while 68.7% live on less than US$ 2 per day (World Bank 2010) • According to the latest data on child under nutrition from 2005– 10, India ranked second to last on child underweight out of 129 countries— below Ethiopia, Niger, Nepal, and Bangladesh.

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Global Hunger Index This index basically measures malnutrition and hunger based on three parameters  Proportion of people who are undernourished  Proportion of children under five who are underweight,  The Child mortality rate. 13

India’s status on Global Hunger Index Table no. 4

Year

Rank in Hunger index

Out of total no. of countries

1990

Score

Status

31.73

Alarming

2007

94

118

25.03.

Alarming

2008

66

88

23.70

Alarming

2009

65

88

23.90

Alarming

2010

67

84

24.10

Alarming

2011

67

81

24.2

Alarming

2012

65

79

22.9

Alarming

Source:-Global Hunger Report, IFPRI 14

Major states at hunger index and the underlying components Table no. 5 State Punjab Kerala AP Assam Haryana Tamilnadu Rajasthan West Bengal UP Maharashtra Karnataka Orissa Gujarat Chhattisgarh Bihar Jharkhand MP India

Prevalence of calorie Under weight children Under 5 mortality rates Indian state undernourishment (%) below 5 years (%) (deaths /100 Lives) hunger index rank 11.1 28.6 19.6 14.6 15.1 29.1 14.0 18.5 14.5 27.0 28.1 21.4 23.3 23.3 17.3 19.6 23.4 20.0

24.6 22.7 32.7 36.4 39.7 30 40.4 38.5 42.3 36.7 37.6 40.9 44.7 47.6 56.1 57.1 59.8 42.5

5.2 1.6 6.3 8.5 5.2 3.5 8.5 5.9 9.6 4.7 5.5 9.1 6.1 9.0 8.5 9.3 9.4 7.4

Source:-Global Hunger Report, IFPRI

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 15

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Back ground of food security movement….

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• 1996- Supreme Court declared that the right to live guaranteed in any civilized society implies the right to food. • 2001- the Court ordered the implementation of eight centrally sponsored schemes as legal entitlements. These include Public Distribution System (PDS) Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) The Midday Meal Scheme (MMS) Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) • 2008 - the Court ordered that Below Poverty Line (BPL) families be entitled to 35 kg of food grains per month at subsidized prices.

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• Then the National Food Security Bill had a stopstart journey. Here’s a timeline of its... • Oct 2010 - the National Advisory Council (NAC) drafted a National Food Security Bill, proposing legal entitlements for about 75 percent of the population. • Jan 2011 - an Expert Committee set up by the Prime Minister under the chairmanship of Dr. C. Rangarajan examined the Bill and made several recommendations, including reducing the proportion of the population entitled to benefits and computerizing PDS.

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• July 2011- A ministerial panel gave its approval to draft food security Bill • Jan 2012- The Bill was referred to the Parliament Standing Committee on Food • Nov 2012- A parliamentary panel sends the draft back to the food ministry to incorporate changes after consulting with state governments. • 19 Mar 2013- Union Cabinet approves an amended draft • 4 June 2013- The Cabinet discussed on approving the food security law through an ordinance. • 4 July 2013 - Cabinet approved the food aid program as an ordinance. 20

• 26 Aug 2013- the bill was passed in the LokSabha • 2 Sept 2013- the bill was passed in the Rajyasabha • 10 Sept 2013- received the assent of the President of India.

With this the NFSB 2013 became the Act and gave the majority of those living in India the right to subsidised food grains. 21

Salient features of NFSA….

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The National Food Security Act, 2013 aims to provide for food and nutritional security in human life cycle approach, by ensuring access to adequate quantity of quality food at affordable prices to people to live a life with dignity.

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Entitlements…. Public Distribution System:  Priority households are entitled to 5 kgs of food grains per person per month.  2.43 crore Antyodaya households to get 35 kgs.  The combined coverage is up to 75% of the rural population and up to 50% of the urban population.  The Bill will cover around 810 million citizens. (67%) 24

Children’s Entitlements…. children in the age group of 6 months to 6 years, the Bill guarantees an ageappropriate meal, free of charge, through the local anganwadi. children aged 6-14 years, free midday meal will be provided every day in all schools run by local bodies, government and govt aided schools, up to Class VIII. Children who suffer from malnutrition will be identified through the local anganwadi and meals will be provided to them free of charge. 25

Entitlements of Pregnant and Lactating Women…. Every pregnant and lactating mother is entitled to a free meal at the local anganwadi (during pregnancy and six months after childbirth).

Maternal benefits of Rs 6,000, is given in instalments (maternal benefits to a pregnant woman beyond two live births is denied) . 26

Identification of Eligible Households…. The Central Government is to determine the state-wise coverage of the PDS, in terms of proportion of the rural/urban population. Then numbers of eligible persons will be calculated from Census population figures. The identification of eligible households is left to state governments. The lists of eligible households are to be displayed publicly by state governments. 27

Food Commissions… The act provides for the creation of State Food Commissions Each Commission shall consist of a chairperson, five other members and a member-secretary (including at least two women) The main function of the State Commission is to monitor and evaluate the implementation of the act, give advice to the state governments and their agencies, and inquire into violations of entitlements. 28

PDS Reforms….  Doorstep delivery of foodgrains  ICT applications and end-to-end computerisation  Using aadhaar (UID) for unique identification of entitled beneficiaries  Full transparency of records  Preference to public institutions or bodies in licensing of fair price shops. 29

Women Empowerment….

For the purpose of issue of ration cards, the eldest woman (above 18) shall be the head of the household. 30

Obligations of Government and Local Authorities….  Central Government : provide food grains (funds) to state governments to implement the main entitlements. It also has to provide assistance to state governments to meet local distribution costs.  State governments : implementing the relevant schemes, in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Central Government. They are free to extend benefits and entitlements beyond what is prescribed in the Bill, from their own resources  Local Authorities and Panchayati Raj Institutions are responsible for proper implementation of the act in their respective areas

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FOOD GRAINS

Vs

CASH TRANSFER/SMART CARDS

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Mechanism Advantages Insulates the beneficiaries PDS

Disadvantages

from inflation and price volatility

Fair price shops have low margins; thus not very viable

The food grain entitlement can only be used to prepare food

Often sub-standard quality of food grains, Adulteration of food grain

Well-developed network of FPS ensures access to food grain even in remote areas

Large leakages and diversions of subsidized food grain

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Mechanism Cash Transfer

Smart Cards/ Food Coupons

Advantages Cash in the hands of poor expands their choices and relieves financial constraints to some extent Potential for fully electronic transfer Cash transfer programs involve low administrative costs because it does not need procurement, storage and distribution facilities The household has freedom to go to any PDS shop. It might promote quality of grains as well as service

Disadvantages Requires extensive banking network

Cash can be used to buy non food items May expose recipients to price volatility and inflation

Needs computerization and networking of PDS shops

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Food Grains Required for the Food Security Bill…. The (NFSB) require of about 61.2 mt of cereals (in mt)

Table no. 6

Item

wheat

rice

total

Requirement for the Beneficiary population (67% of 1.215 Billion people @ 5 kg grain per person)

22.0

26.8

48.8

Additional requirement for AAY (@ 2 kg grain for 2.5 crore household assuming 5 persons per household)

1.4

1.6

3.0

Estimated requirement for OWS

2.9

3.6

6.5

Additional requirement for protecting the average annual offtake of states

1.3

1.6

2.9

Total Annual Requirement

27.6

33.6

61.2

Monthly requirement (Annual Requirement / 12)

2.3

2.8

5.1

Source: Ministry of consumer affairs, food and public distribution

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•The annual food grain requirement for implementing the National Food Security Act is estimated at 61 million tonne. •Out of this proposed 61 million tonnes of food grains, our 82.4 crore of targeted people require only 49.44 million tonnes and rest shall be for other institutional arrangements.

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Figure 2. Stock position of food grains in the Central Pool vis-a-vis minimum buffer norms

Source : FCI

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Figure 3. Procurement, allocation and off-take of food grains (in LMT)

Source : FCI 38

Cost of NFSA implementation

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 The Food Bill will cost around Rs 1.3 lakh crore annually which is about 1.1% of GDP.  About 62 million tonnes of food grain will be needed under the food bill.  Even if the grain quantity remains fixed each year, the subsidy cost will keep increasing annually.

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Figure 4. Cost of food subsidy Cost of Food Subsidy 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 Amount (Rs. crores) 40,000 20,000 0

Year Source : CACP

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 The cost of the bill is likely to be Rs 1.25 – 1.30 lakh crore each year  India is already spending Rs 1.16 lakh crore on schemes that are listed as entitlements under the FSB.

food subsidy (Rs 85,000 crore), midday meal scheme (Rs 13,215 crore), Integrated Child Development Scheme (Rs 17,700 crore) maternity entitlements (Rs 450 crore). Thus, the additional expenditure is around Rs 8,635 crore, or say Rs 10,000 which is hardly significant in comparison with the GDP numbers.

 In reality, a much bigger amount is wasted annually by way of rotting food grains stocked under FCI Thus, it is wrong to say that the Food Bill will incur any extra significant expenditure by the government.

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Food Security Programs of different states….  Several Indian states have been running their own food security programs.  Tamil Nadu has perhaps the best run system in the country. Most recently, Chhattisgarh has emerged as a model state in terms of running the food program most efficiently.  60 percent of the poverty gap has been wiped out in Tamil Nadu; the figure for Chhattisgarh is 40 percent and nearly 20 percent at the all-India level.

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Andhra Pradesh first introduced a Rs 2-per-kg rice scheme in 1985

In 2011, the state government introduced good quality rice under PDS at Rs 1 per kg for BPL families. The scheme benefits 2.70 crore families.  Antyodaya families get 35 kg per family, while other BPL families get four kg per person subject to maximum of 20 kg The state spends Rs 2,600 crore as subsidy for rice at Rs 1. Some 3.24 lakh tonnes are provided. 44

 The government also subsidizes red gram dal at Rs 50 per kg, palm oil at Rs 40 per litre, kerosene at Rs 15 per litre, sugar at Rs 13.50 per kg, and wheat at Rs 7 per kg.

 "Amma Hastham" scheme was launched in 2013 under which the government provides nine essential commodities — four more than were being provided earlier — in a packet through ration shops every month for Rs 185, against an actual cost of Rs 292.

 It includes 1 kg toor dal, 1 litre palm oil, 1 kg whole meal atta, 1 kg wheat, ½ kg sugar, 1 kg salt, ¼ kg chilli powder, ½ kg tamarind and 100 gm turmeric powder.

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The Chhattisgarh Food Security Bill, 2012 Chhattisgarh became the first state to have its own food security Act It is seen as a model for other states in effectively implementing food bill.

The bill covers around 42 lakh families. 46

 Panchayats and Municipalities will be responsible for implementation of the Act.  Entitlements will be given on the basis of per household and not on per person.  To prevent leakage and corruption a) Computerization of records and publication of all beneficiaries and benefits given to them. b) Gram Panchayats will be allowed to run ration outlets. c) Vigilance committees d) Social audits by the Gram Sabha, etc 47

Chhattisgarh food security 2012

National food security bill 2013

Food grain entitlements Antyodaya and prority (per households) General

35 kg food grain at Rs 1 & 2/Kg

5 kg per person per month

2 kg iodized salt 2 kg black gram at Rs 5/kg(tribal) 2 kg pulses at Rs 10/ kg(tribal) 15 kg food grain at RS 15/kg

35 kg food grain per household No provision of noon food grain item

Type of entitelments

Only on household basis

Antyodaya only on household basis All others on per person basis

Antyodaya

Include vulnerable group

Only poorest of poor

Destitutes and homeless

Free meal

No provision

PDS reform

Use IT and SMS services

Deliver to doorstep of PDS. No IT services yet announced

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 Right to food become a legal right- The proposed bill aims to provide legal right over subsidised foodgrain to 75 per cent in rural areas and 50 per cent in urban areas  Food and nutritional security for people who don’t have access to food at a subsidized rate.

 Subsidized food to pregnant women and children under the age of 16.  Food at very cheap rates of between one and three rupees per kilogram to up to 70% of the population.  Reduction in malnutrition  Increase purchasing power of poor people as they can spend money on other basic needs

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 Continuance

of

Antyodaya

Anna

Yojana (AAY) – Protection to 2.43 crore poorest of poor families under the Antodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) to supply of 35 kg foodgrains per month per family would continue.

 Bill seeks to utilize already existing infrastructures

like

PDS

and

aganwadi’s. This has prevented further wastage of money to develop the infrastructures. 51

• Bezbaruah (2013) opinioned that the successful implementation of this ambitious food security program will weave a meaningful safety net for a vast majority of Indians who eke out their living in the unorganized sector virtually devoid of any social security system to fall back upon .

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Negative impact  The very low prices of the subsidized food will distort the market and farmers who can’t sell to the government-assured program will lose out on the open market because prices will be forced down.  Small land holdings farmer diverted from food grain production.  Some farmers who don’t need subsidized grain because they grow it. Corrupt intermediaries who often run the public distribution system could then pay farmers off for their share of grain and sell it in the open market, which is likely to lead to an over-supply of grain and a collapse in prices.

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Contd…

 Inadequte food production In bad agricultural years, the country may have to import food. Since India is not normally an importer, even a small order

of 5-10 million tonnes will rock the international markets. As international prices are far above domestic prices, the subsidy bill will bloat even more

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Challenges  Lead to some impact on the farm sector as the Bill’s focus on cereal and food grain production ―may distort the farm production structure by not providing the right incentives for other crops such as pulses, oilseeds and cash crops, states need to identify the beneficiaries

 The Bill does not categories properly between BPL and APL and both are entitled to 5 Kg grain per person per month.

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Table no. 7

Leakages from PDS

Type of leakage Total leakage

Leakage at fair price shop

Leakage through ghost card

Percent

States

Abnormal leakage

A>70 %

Bihar and Punjab

Very high leakage

25-50%

Assam, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Rajasthan

Low leakage

<25 %

AP, Kerala, Orissa, TN and west Bengal

Very high leakages

>50%

Bihar, Haryana and Punjab

High leakage

25-50%

UP & Rajasthan

Moderate leakage

10-25 %

Bihar, Gujarat, KTK, Maharashtra,Orissa,TN and West Bengal

Low leakage

<10%

Assam,HP,MP, Orissa,TN & West Bengal.

Very high Leakage

>30%

Assam,HP &MP.

High leakage

10-50%

Bihar, Gujarat,Ktk,Maharashtra, Orissa, Uttarpradesh and west Bengal

Moderate leakage

<10%

AP,Haryana,Kerala,Punjab, Rajasthan and TN

Source: Planning Commission Government of India New Delhi 2005

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Diversion of Food grains (kg/BPL Family/annum)

Table no. 8

State

Off take by States

Off-take by identified BPL families

Food Grains not reaching the poor house hold

AP

466.16

197.62

268.51

Assam

490.76

227.32

263.44

Bihar

138.13

12.24

125.89

Gujarat

320.24

169.47

150.77

Haryana

416.16

138.79

277.37

HP

492.22

266.14

226.08

KTK

480.80

139.91

340.89

Kerala

407.58

248.58

159.00

MP

365.57

124.04

241.53

Maharashtra

347.29

227.27

120.02

Orissa

276.37

175.88

100.49

Punjab

364.24

38.25

326.00

Rajasthan

366.53

238.43

128.10

TN

525.95

181.14

344.81

UP

285.16

92.73

192.43

West Bengal

336.78

246.19

90.59

16 states total

380.00

160.25

219.75

Source: Ghumaan and Dhiman(2013)

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The Major reasons for leakage are: Inclusion Error Ghost Cards Shadow Ownership Non-accountability of FPS

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Figure 5. Gap in Storage Capacity with FCI

Source : CAG 60

 India’s population is likely to reach 1.5 billion by 2030, the challenge facing the country is to produce more and more from diminishing per capita arable and irrigation.  Given the rising costs of the scheme and rising population, its sustainability is under question. This is a mega program and will require a huge food subsidy. The cost of it will go up from 0.8% of Gross Domestic Product to around 1.1% of GDP. This

is a serious increase in a situation where the government does not have enough resources 61

Table no. 9

Crop

(in million tonnes) Projected demand during 2020 by NCAP

Estimated Demand projected for production for Vision 2020 (by 2020 planning commission)

Rice

130

117.08

119

Wheat

110

105.64

92

34.92

15.6

Coarse grains Total Cereals

236.99

262.2

226.6

Pulses

43.61

42.8

19.5

Total food grain

280.6

278.62

246.1

Oilseed

85.33

40.62

Source: Policy Brief on demand for foodgrains during 2020,Ramesh Chand, NCAP, New Delhi 62

Supply-Demand Gap for selected Food Item (million tones) Table no. 10 Gap (Supply-Demand) Food items 2011

2021

2026

Rice

1.26

8.98

9.13

Wheat

21.21

27.33

32.04

Total cereals

21.19

-2.94

-16.97

Pulses

-8.05

-24.92

-39.31

Edible oil

-6.66

-17.68

-26.99

Sugar

-4.31

-39.67

-74.13

Source: Surabi (2011) 63

Criticism of NFSA….

64

ICMR norms: adult requires 14kgs and children 7kgs of food grains per month. But the act provides 5kgs per person per month

No place for pulses and oil in the entitlement, so fails to address the widespread problem of malnutrition

No agriculture and productionrelated entitlements for farmers 65

No entitlements to destitute, homeless and starving persons

No entitlements to the third and onward born child.

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• Patnaik (2013) opinioned that the NFSA, in its present shape is only a small, incremental step in the right direction with little resemblance to the legislation that had been shaped and drafted by the Right to Food Campaign. The legislation will certainly deal with crucial aspects of access and availability of

food for a large section of the population, but has left out the entire nutritional dimension of the right to food. It will mitigate hunger, but not address the underlying problem of malnutrition to the extent that it could potentially have.

67

• Kalkoti (2012) suggested that the only way forward to address the issue of food for all is to pay attention to the much neglected supply-side. Strengthening the farm production base and raising productivity by all possible ways and means. This calls for a combination of visionary and committed leadership with political will to address issues of our rain dependent farming system, predominance of small unviable holdings and tenant farmers, and extremely weak rural infrastructure to sustain farm development. This necessitates assessment and mobilization of financial, technological and human resources.

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 The Food Bill should be linked to the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) which assures 100 days of unskilled work to people in the rural areas.  It could also be linked to education as is done in Bangladesh where school children and their families are given access to subsidized food. In India we have the midday meal scheme for children to improve their attendance in schools.

 The bill should have included subsidized rates for pulses which for many of the poorest are the only source of protein and other nutrients.  Food and nutrition insecurity can be effective only with adequate attention to ensuring access to safe drinking water and hygiene and sanitation facilities.  Need to reduce the leakages from the distribution system and make it transparent

69

• Surender Kumar (2013) suggested that for the effective implementation of food security act various measures should be taken such as encouragement of Future market to avoid wide fluctuations in prices and prevent distress selling by small farmers, improvement communication system through ICT to help farmers to get a better deal for their produce. Crop insurance schemes can be promoted to protect the farmers against Natural Calamities. The Government should encourage the use of latest techniques; motivate each district/block to achieve local self-sufficiency in food grain production. Thus, by ensuring above stated measurements, India can achieve food security in real sense and in a realistic time frame.

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Conclusion

•India will not have problem of Cereals availability in the long run (2020-21) and will have shortage of Pulse and Oilseed production if adequate steps are not taken by the Government of India. •Given the inflationary tendencies in economy, Food Security Act 2013 will increase the Real Income of the targeted beneficiaries.

•To ensure success of Food Security in India we have to achieve the Food Production Targets and improve the efficiency of public distribution system. 71

“There are people in the world so hungry, that God cannot appear to them except in the form of bread.” Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948)

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• difference between ordinance an act...... • An Act is a bill that was presented in a State legislative home/Parliament of India, passed by both the houses of the State legislature or Parliament, sent for accent of the State Governor or the President of India, and then it becomes an Act. • Whereas ordinance is a legal order or law made by the State Government or the Union Government when the Legislature or Parliament is not in session, this a temporary arrangement made by the said government with regard to such a law & its implementation in the State or the whole of the country as the case may be. Such ordinance is legal & can be implemented for the time being, but it has to be passed by the State legislature or the parliament within six months & made as a proper Act.

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