Pharmaceutical And Beverage Packaging

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Pharmaceuticals beverages

A C I T U CE A G M IN R G A A PH CK PA

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PHARMACEUTICAL PACKAGING Packaging is defined as a technique which allows containment of pharmaceutical product from the time of production in a unit till its use. Role of pharmaceutical packaging is to provide life-saving drugs, surgical devices, blood and blood products, nutraceuticals, powders, poultices, liquid and dosage forms, solid and semisolid dosage forms. Packaging of pharmaceuticals essentially provides containment, drug safety, identity, convenience of handling and delivery.

CATEGORIES OF PHARMACEUTICAL PACKAGING Primary Packaging: This is the first packaging envelope which is in touch with the dosage form or equipment. The packaging needs to be such that there is no interaction with the drug and will provide proper containment of pharmaceuticals. Examples: blister packages, strip packages   Secondary Packaging: This is consecutive covering or package which stores pharmaceuticals packages in it for their grouping. Examples: cartons, boxes   Tertiary packaging: This is to provide bulk handling and shipping of pharmaceuticals from one place to another. Examples: containers, barrels

CONTAINERS FOR PHARMACEUTICALS 1) Ampoule 2) Bag 3) Blister 4) Bottle 5) Cartridge 6) Gas cylinder 7) Injection needle 8) Injection syringe 9) Pressurized container 10)Single-dose container 11) Strip 12)Tube 13)Vial

TWO TYPES OF CONTAINERS

1. Glass Containers 2. Plastic Containers

GLASS CONTAINERS These need to be chemically inert, impermeable, strong and rigid proving FDA clearance.

FOUR TYPES OF GLASSES USED IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY Type I - Borosilicate Glass: Highly resistant and chemically inert glass. Alkali’s and earth cations of glass are replaced by boron and/or aluminum and zinc. These are used to contain strong acids and alkalis.   Type II - Treated Soda Lime Glass: These are more chemically inert than Type I glass. The glass surface is de-alkalized by “Sulfur treatment” which prevents blooming/weathering from bottles.   Type III - Regular Soda Lime Glass: Untreated soda lime glass with average chemical resistance.   Type IV - General Purpose Soda Lime Glass: Glass is not used for parenterals, used only for products intended to be used orally or topically.

GLASS CONTAINERS Colored glass is used to screen out ultraviolet rays and is thus effective for protecting contents from light. Amber glass and red colored glass is used for this purpose. Major disadvantage of glass as a packaging material is its fragility and weight.  

PLASTIC CONTAINERS Plastic Containers: Plastic containers of high quality can be easily formed with different designs. These packages are extremely resistant to breakage and leakage. Primarily plastic containers are made from the following polymers:

PLASTIC CONTAINERS 1. Polyethylene (PE): Provides good barrier against moisture, relatively poor one against oxygen and other gases. High density polyethylene is used with density ranging from 0.910.96 leading to four basic characteristics of container, (1) Stiffness, (2) Moisture-vapor transmission, (3) stress cracking and (4) clarity or translucency based on polymer density used. 2. Polypropylene (PP): Polypropylene has features of polyethylene in addition it does not stress-crack in any condition. Hot aromatic or halogenated solvents soften the package. It has high melting point making it suitable for boilable packages and products needed to be sterilized. Brittleness at low temperature is its major disadvantages. 3.Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Can be produced with crystal clear clarity, will provide good gaseous barrier and stiffness. Reduction in residual vinyl chloride monomers had further enhanced PVC quality. PVC is used as coating on glass bottles providing shatter resistant coating. 4.Polystyrene (PS): Rigid and crystal clear plastic. Not useful for liquid products. Polystyrene has high water and gaseous permeability also these are easily stretchable and breakable. To increase their strength and quality for permeability polystyrene is combined with rubber and acrylic compounds. Base on the composition these are classified as intermediate impact, high impact and super impact packages.

PLASTIC CONTAINERS 5. Nylon (Polyamide): Many dibasic acids and amines combine to provide numerous varieties of nylon. Nylon is extremely strong and is quite difficult to be destroyed by mechanical means. Nylon provides resistance to wide range of acids and alkali only disadvantage of it is being permeable to water vapor for some amount this can also be dealt with coating of PE over the container. Not used for long term storage of products. 6. Polycarbonate: Has an ability to be sterilized repeatedly. It has immense rigidity and is a possible replacement for glass, vials and syringes. It has qualities like high dimensional stability, high impact strength, resistance to strain, low water absorption, transparency, and resistance to heat and flame. Polycarbonates have impact strength five times greater than any other common packaging plastics. 7. Acrylic Multipolymers (Nitrile Polymers): These are polymers of acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile monomers. These provide for packaging of those products which are not packed in usual packages as they provide for high gas barrier, good chemical resistance, and good strength. 8.Polyethylene terepthalate (PET): Condensation polymer formed by reaction of terepthalic acid or dimethyl terepthalic acid with ethylene glycol. It has excellent strength and provides barrier for gas and aroma making it as a useful package for cosmetics, mouth washes and other products.

F O G I N ES G A AG K R C PA EVE B

PACKAGING OF BEVERAGES The beverage industry is one among the front-liners where massive investments are being made for expansion and technological up gradation

CURRENT TRENDS IN PACKAGING BEVERAGES - to improve the conventional containers - extend their share in the large market - extend the shelf-life of the products - provide greater consumer convenience - to produce economic packages

PACKAGING REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL TYPES OF BEVERAGES - Absolutely leak-proof and prevent contamination - Protect the contents against chemical deterioration - No pick up of external flavours - Be hygienic and safe - Retain carbonation in the case of carbonated beverages - Economical, easy to use and dispose - Good aesthetic appearance

NON-CARBONATED DRINKS These include fruit juices, fruit drinks, and fruit nectars.

The major deterioration that occurs in fruit beverages: - loss of nutrition - physio-chemical changes - microbial growth

PACKAGING MATERIALS FOR FRUIT BEVERAGES 1) Glass Containers The use of glass bottles for the packaging of fruit beverages was wide- spread although the hot-fill/hold/cool process had to be applied with care to avoid breakage of the containers. The improvements that have occurred in glass bottle packaging are: • Light weight • Surface coating to increase abrasion resistance • Use of wide mouth containers fitted with easy-open-caps. 2) Metal Containers Tinplate cans made of low carbon mild steel of 99.75% purity, coated with tin with easy open ends are used. They are lacquered internally to prevent corrosion.

PACKAGING MATERIALS FOR FRUIT BEVERAGES 3) Plastic Containers Fruit juices contain organic substances, which are sensitive to bacterial contamination. Packaging of such products is done through hot filling, to achieve extended shelf life, PET bottles are usually used for hot filling applications. 4) Aseptic Packages These aseptic packages are made by combining thermoplastic with paperboard and aluminum foil. Their multi-layered construction enables the carton to protect the contents from various factors responsible for spoilage. The aluminum foil layer is a strong barrier for O2 and light. The inner plastic layer made of polyethylene makes it possible to seal through the liquid. The outer paper layer provides stiffness. 5) Bag-in-Box System It consists of a collapsible bag within a rigid container, a filling machine to introduce the liquid product into the bag and a dispenser to draw the product out.

COFFEE Coffee is made from the coffee beans, which is converted into a consumable beverage.

COFFEE Some of the major deterioration reactions in coffee : • Staling: This may be due to loss of flavour volatiles or due to chemical changes caused by moisture and oxygen absorption • Evolution of CO2, which is emitted during the roasting process. • Ingress of moisture in instant coffee results in caking.

PACKAGING MATERIALS FOR COFFEE Packaging materials for coffee: - paperboard carton with a liner or an overwrap of polypropylene - regenerated cellulosic film - plastic jars, bottles, pouches, strips and envelopes.

CARBONATED DRINKS Carbonated Drinks Carbonated drinks contain carbonated water, flavour, colour, sweeteners and preservatives.

CARBONATED DRINKS Two major deteriorative changes that occur in carbonated drinks are:  loss of carbonation  rancidification of essential flavouring oils.

SOFTDRINKS Packaging Materials 1) polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle Advantages of PET container: • Superior packaging to product ratio: • PET bottles are 32% more energy efficient than glass bottles 2) Glass bottles and Aluminum Cans Generate 230% and 175% times more atmospheric emissions compared to PET. 3) Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) Meets several requirements for soft drinks packaging such as physical, chemical and barrier properties. It has a barrier to CO2, O2, water vapour and UV light which is 4-5 times better than PET.

ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES Beer (Grain Based) Beer is made from grains and has low alcoholic content around 5% by volume. Beer needs high performance in both CO2 and O2 barrier compared to PET used in carbonated soft drinks (CSD) applications. Packaging material: Glass bottle with crown closure Wine (Fruit/Sap based) Wine is a beverage resulting from the fermentation by yeasts of the juice of grapes with appropriate processing and additions. Packaging material: glass bottle sealed with natural cork. Brandy and Whisky These drinks are obtained by distillation of alcohol containing drinks. Packaging material: Because of their high alcohol percentages, these liquors are mostly packed in glass bottles so that they can be kept for an infinite time after opening.