Philosophical & Sociological Foundation Of Education

Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

1

Biyani's Think Tank Concept based notes

Philosophical & Sociological Foundation of Education M. Ed.

Shyam Sundar Kumawat Deptt. of Education Biyani Girls B.Ed. College, Jaipur

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2 Published by :

Think Tanks Biyani Group of Colleges

Concept & Copyright :

Biyani Shikshan Samiti Sector-3, Vidhyadhar Nagar, Jaipur-302 023 (Rajasthan) Ph : 0141-2338371, 2338591-95 Fax : 0141-2338007 E-mail : [email protected] Website :www.gurukpo.com; www.biyanicolleges.org

First Edition : 2009 While every effort is taken to avoid errors or omissions in this Publication, any mistake or omission that may have crept in is not intentional. It may be taken note of that neither the publisher nor the author will be responsible for any damage or loss of any kind arising to anyone in any manner on account of such errors and omissions.

Leaser Type Setted by : Biyani College Printing Department

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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

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Preface

I

am glad to present this book, especially designed to serve the needs of the students. The

book has been written keeping in mind the general weakness in understanding the fundamental concepts of the topics. The book is self-explanatory and adopts the “Teach Yourself” style. It is based on question-answer pattern. The language of book is quite easy and understandable based on scientific approach. Any further improvement in the contents of the book by making corrections, omission and inclusion is keen to be achieved based on suggestions from the readers for which the author shall be obliged. I acknowledge special thanks to Mr. Rajeev Biyani, Chairman & Dr. Sanjay Biyani, Director (Acad.) Biyani Group of Colleges, who are the backbones and main concept provider and also have been constant source of motivation throughout this Endeavour. They played an active role in coordinating the various stages of this Endeavour and spearheaded the publishing work. I look forward to receiving valuable suggestions from professors of various educational institutions, other faculty members and students for improvement of the quality of the book. The reader may feel free to send in their comments and suggestions to the under mentioned address. Author

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Syllabus Section-A Philosophical Foundations of Education 1. The Meaning & nature of Philosophy: Use of Philosophy, Branches of Philosophy; metaphysics, epistemalogy, and axiology and their implications for education; philosophical redirection of educational research in recent times.

2. Indian Philosophical Foundations of Education-Characteristics of Indian Philosophy; Education as conceived in vadic times; Nature of the learner goals of life, theory of knowledge and teh ethical values as advocated in the following philosophies: Buddhism Jainism Nyaya Vedanta (Upanishad, Geeta and Advaita Vedanta only) Samkhya. Teacher student relationship as mainfest in Bhagwatgeeta and Upnishads. Quranic monism and monotheism and its influence in education

3. Western Philosphical Foundations of Education-A short introduction to major Western Philosophical Naturalism: Its metaphysics and epistomogy: aims of education, educative process, freedom and discipline in education according to Naturalism Indealism : Its Metaphysics and theories of knowledge: the nature of the learner, aims of education, teacher pupil relationship, of educaation, freedom and discipline values in education and theories of Knowledge, Realism : Its Metaphysics and the learner, freedom and discipline. Realism: Its Metaphysics and theories of Knowledge: aims of education, nature of the learner and educative process according to Realism. Pragmatism: Its methaphysics anf theories of knowledge; the nature of the learner, aims of education, teacher pupil relationship, method of education and curriculum according Exictenalism to Pragmatism. 4. Contemporary philosophical thought and education Humanism Existentalism

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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

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Section B Sociological Foundation of Education 1. Concept, meaning, scope and Functions of Socilogy of Edu. Education as a Social Sub-system. i. Concept of Social system ii. Specific characteristics of education as a special sub-system iii. Education and its relationship with other special sub-system i.e. Family, Caste and State. 2. Education as a social process: i. Theories of socialization. ii. Process of acculturaration and socialisation. iii. Role of family, Cste, and state in preservation transmission and enrichment of culture. iv. The concept of culture. Cultural lag, conflict, v. Unity and diversity in India, making compsite culture. Role of education. vi. Concept of Social stratification & Factors & affecting 3. (a) Change and Education: i. Concepts of change and planned change. ii. Process of Planned change. iii. Functions and qualities of change agent. iv. Social Mobility, Modernization and Education. v. Impact of science and technology on society & education. (b) Social structure & Edcation-Conflict and Crisis within Indian Social Structure. 4. Social dimension of Education i. ii. iii. iv.

Approaches to religious and moral education Humanistic and spiritual approaches. Socialistic democratic state of Indian society and education. Existing educational disparities, nature and causes equalisation of education opportunities. Radical thought attenations in education, Deschooling, Concep and consepnces. Futurelogy of Education.

Sessional Work: 1. Two term papers 2. Three abstract of recent articless related to the subject published in journals

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6

Content S.No Name of Chapter 1 2

Page Number

Philisophical Foundations of Education Sociological Foundation of Education

3 4

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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

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Section A

Philosophical Foundations of Education

iz’u &1

fQykWlQh dk eq[; rRo gS& v-) Kku ehekalk l-) ewY; ehekalk

c-) n-)

rRo ehekalk mijksDr lHkh (n)

iz’u &2

rRo ehekalk dk lEcU/k gS& v-) Kku ls l-) lR; ls

c-) n-)

ewY;ksa ls fpUru ls (l)

iz’u &3

f’k{kk ds vf/kdak’k mn~ns’; fn;s & v-) rRo ehekalk l-) ewY; ehekalk

c-) n-)

Kku ehekalk rdZ ehekalk (c)

iz’u &4

dkUV rRo ekurk gS & v-) vkRek dks l-) rdZ cqf) dks

c-) n-)

fopkj dks mijksDr LkHkh dks (l)

iz’u &5

vkn’kZokn dh Kkuehekalk esa iz/kkurk gS & v-) Kku i{k dh c-) l-) fØ;k i{k dh n-)

Hkko i{k dh mijksDr LkHkh dks (c)

iz’u &6

vkn’kZokn us f’k{kk dks izHkkfor fd;k & v-) f’k{k.k fof/k;ksa c-) l-) ikB~;Øe dks n-)

f’k{k.k mn~ns’;ksa vuq’kklu dks (c)

iz’u &7

^,ehy^ iqLrd dh jpuk dh & v-) gjcVZ LisUlj us l-) :lks us

c-) n-)

csdu us Qkscy s us (l)

iz’u &8

ÝkfUll csdu dk ;ksxnku gSa & v-) vkxeu f’k{k.k fof/k l-) mijksDr nksuksa

c-) n-)

fuxeu f’k{k.k fof/k mijksDr dksbZ ugha (v)

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8

iz’u &9

^cqjkbZ;k lekt ls vkrh gSa^ dFku fn;k & v-) gjcVZ us c-) l-) :lks n-)

Ýkafcy us tkWu ykWd us (l)

iz’u &10

;FkkFkZoknh lR; ekurs gSa & v-) inkFkZ l-) cqf)

c-) n-)

txr mijksDr LkHkh (n)

iz’u &11

iz’u &12

iz;kstuokn ds izorZd gSa& v-) tku Mhoh l-) fdyiSfVªd

c-) n-)

fofy;e tsEl mijksDr dksbZ ugha (c)

iz;kstuokn lR; ekurk gSa& v-) inkFkZ l-) vuqHko

c-) n-)

izd`fr vkRek (l)

iz’u &13

^^O;fDr dh vkUrfjdrk gh ;FkkFkZ ;k lR; gS^^ ;g dFku gS& v-) dk.V dk c-) fddZxknZ dk l-) T;ka iky lk=Z n-) nsdkrZ dk (c)

iz’u &14

xhrk dh ekSfydrk gSa & v-) fu"dke deZ l-) nksuks gh

c-) n-)

fLFkrizK% mijksDr dksbZ ugha (l)

iz’u &15

lka[; &n’kZu ds izorZd gS & v-) iratfy c-) l-) xkSre n-)

dfiy d.kkn (c)

iz’u &16

;ksx n’kZu ds ewy rRo gS & v-) izd`fr l-) bZ’oj

c-) n-)

iq:"k mijksDr lHkh (n)

iz’u &17

U;k; n’kZu ds izorZd gS& v-) egf"kZ d.kkn l-) egf"kZ xkSre

c-) n-)

dfiy _f"k jkekuqtkpk;Z (l)

iz’u &18

v}Sr &n’kZu ds izorZd gS& v-) ’kdajkpk;Z l-) cknjk;.k

c-) n-)

jkekuqtkpk;Z egf"kZ dfiy (v)

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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

iz’u &19

tSu f’k{kk dh fof/k gS & v-) vUr% izKk fof/k l-) fuf/k;klu fof/k

c-) n-)

9

dSoY; fof/k mijksDr lHkh (n)

iz’u &20

ckS) mins’k dk lkj gS& v-) eqfDr cks/k l-) fuokZ.k dh voLFkk

c-) n-)

nq%[k fujks/k mijksDr lHkh (n)

iz'u 21 %

n’kZu dk vFkZ Li"V dhft, \ Define the meaning of Philosophy ?

mRrj%&

n’kZu dk vFkZ & fdlh Hkh foKku dks le>us ds fy, mlesa vFkZ dh foospuk fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa ls gksuh pkfg, vr% t:jh gS fd n’kZu ds vFkZ dks fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa ls le>uk pkfg,A 1n’kZu dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ & n’kZu 'kCn Hkkjrh; izkphu Hkk"kk laLd`r ls fudyk gSA ^n’kZu^ 'kCn laLd`r dh ^n`’k^ /kkrq ls cuk gS ftldk vFkZ gS ns[kuk A vkXay Hkk"kk esa fQyklkWQh 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftldk fuekZ.k nks 'kCnks ls feydj cuk gS] fQyksl $lksfQ;k fQyksl dk vFkZ gS izse ;k vuqjkx] lksfQ;k dk vFkZ gS Kku A bl izdkj iqjs 'kCn dk vFkZ gqvk Kku dk izse vFkok KkukuqjkxA 2n’kZu dk fof’k"V vFkZ & n’kZu ,slh tfVy leL;kvksa dk dfBu vuq’kkflr rFkk lko/kkuh ds lkFk fd;k gqvk fo’ys"k.k gS ftldk ekuo us dHkh vuqHko fd;k gksA 3n’kZu dk O;kid vFkZ & O;kid vFkZ esa n’kZu] rdZiw.kZ] fof/kiwoZd ,oa Øfed :i ls fopkj djus dh dyk gS bl vFkZ esa lalkj dk izR;sd O;fDr tUetkr nk’kZfud gSA izR;sd O;fDr dks vius thou dh ;k=k esa vusdkusd vuqHko izkIr gksrs gS og fdlh u fdlh :i esa lR; dh [kkst esa fujUrj yxk jgrk gSA 4Hkkjrh; n`f"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj n’kZu dk vFkZ & Hkkjrh; fpUru ds vuqlkj ijerRo dk lk{kkRdkj ;k vijks{kkuqHko gh n’kZu dk vFkZ gS n’kZu og gS ftlds }kjk ;FkkFkZ rRo dh vuqHkwfr gks ^n`';rs ;FkkFkZ rRoeusu^ euq vkSj ;kKoYD; us vkRen’kZu dks lE;d n’kZu ekuk gSA os dgrs gS vkRek lk{kkr~ vuqHko djus ;ksX; gS vkSj ;g vuqHko Jo.k] euu rFkk fufn/;klu ls izkI; gSA n’kZu dh ifjHkk"kk n’kZu dh izeq[k ifjHkk"kk,a fuEufyf[kr gS %& IysVks ds vuqlkj & ^^inkFkZ ;k oLrqvksa dh 'kk’or~ izd`fr dk Kku izkIr djuk n’kZu ds mn~ns’; gS^^A vjLrq ds vuqlkj & ^^ n’kZu ,slk foKku gS tks ijerRo ds ;FkkZFk dh tkap djrk gSA fQ’rs us n’kZu’kkL= dks Kku dk foKku dgk gSA gjcVZ LisUlj us vU; fo|kvksa ds leku n’kZu dk eq[; mn~ns’; Kku izkfIr dks ekuk rFkk foKku ds ewyHkwr fl)kUr ;k rkfdZd v/;;u n’kZu’kkL= dks dgka gSA dkEVs us n’kZu’kkL= dks foKkuksa dk foKku dgk gSA For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

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n’kZu dk fo"k; {ks= % n’kZUk dk fo"k; {ks= O;kid gS v/;;u dh lqfo/kk gsrq bls rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA ¼1½ rRo ehekalk ¼2½ Kku ehekalk ¼3½ ewY; ehekalk iz'u 22%

n’kZu dh vko’;drk dks Li"V fdft, \ Define the need of philosophy ?

mRrj%&

n’kZu dh vko’;drk fuEu izdkj ls gS ¼1½ n’kZu vkSj f’k{kk ds mn~ns’; %& f’k{kk thou dks LeqUurk cukus okyh ,d fnO; psruk gSA thou ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k gh n’kZu gSA n’kZu gh thou ds y{;ksa dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gS f'k{kk thou ds y{;ksa ds vuq:i vius mís’;ksa dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA f’k{kk ds mn~ns’; rkRdkfyd fopkj/kkjkvksa ls izHkkfor gksrs jgs gS vkSj gksrs jgsxaAs f’k{kk ds fofHkUu mn~ns’;ksa ds :i esa n’kZu ewyr% thou ds lk/kuksa dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA ¼2½ n’kZu ,oa ikB~;Øe %& f’k{kk Øe esa ge oSKkfud fo"k;ksa dks iz/kkurk ns ;k lakLd`frd fo"k;ksa dks blesa nLrdkjh dks LFkku fn;k tk; ;k ugha vkfn ckrsa gekjh nk’kZfud n`f"Vdks.k ls izHkkfor gksxh vk/;kfRed fopkj/kkjk uSfrd’kkL= rFkk /keZ’kkL= dks ikB~;Øe esa lfEefyr djus ij cy nsrh gS A vknZ’koknh n’kZu ikB~;Øe esa ekuoh; fopkjksa ,oa ewY;ksa dks vf/kd egRo nsrk gSA izd`froknh nk’kZfud ckyd ds LokHkkfod fodkl ij vf/kd cy nsrs gSA ¼3½ n’kZu ,oa f’k{k.k fof/k;ka %& ikB~;Øe dh rjg gh n’kZu’kkL= f’k{k.k fof/k ds p;u esa Hkh lgk;d gksrk gSA fofHkUu nk’kZfudksa us Hkh vius nk’kZfud fl)kUrksa ds vuqdwy f’k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk izfriknu fd;k gSA vkn’kZoknh O;k[;ku ,oa iz’uksRrj fof/k dks mi;qDr le>rs gSa rks izd`froknh ckyd dh LorU=rk ij cy nsrs gS tcfd iz;kstuoknh fØ;kfof/k dks mi;qDr le>rs gS Li"V gS fd ftl n’kZu us fl)kURkksa dk tSlk izfriknu fd;k gS mlesa leFkZdksa us mlds vuqdwy gh f’k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk izfriknu fd;k gSA ¼4½ n’kZu rFkk vuq’kklu %& f’k{kk ds vU; vaxksa dh rjg vuq’kklu Hkh n’kZu ls izHkkfor gksrk gS A fdlh ns’k dh nk’kZfud ,oa jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk vuq’kklu ds Lo:i dks fuf’pr djrh gSA izd`froknh ckyd ds LokHkkfod fodkl ds fy, fdlh izdkj ds fu;=a.k dh vko’;drk ds mi;ksx dks ugha ekurs A vkn’kZoknh iz;ksxkRed vuq’kklu ij cy nsrs gSa tcfd iz;kstuoknh vkRefu;=a.k ds i{kikrh gSA ¼5½ n’kZu vkSj f’k{kd %& nk’kZfud fopkj/kkjkvksa esa ifjorZu ds lkFk gh fo|ky; esa f’k{kd dk LFkku cnyrk jgk gS D;ksa fd n’kZu gh f’k{kk esa f’k{kd ds LFkku dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA izd`froknh fopkj/kkjk f’k{kd dk LFkku insZ ds ihNs ekurh gS tcfd vkn’kZoknh ds vuqlkj fo|ky; esa f’k{kd dk LFkku egRoiw.kZ gSA ¼6½ n’kZu ,oa ikB~;iqLrds %& ikB~;Øe dh Hkkafr ikB~;iqLrdksa ij Hkh n’kZu dk O;kid izHkko iM+rk gSA ikB~;iqLrdsa thou dh ekU;rkvksa vkn’kksZ ,oa f’k{kk ds y{;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, l’kDr lk/ku gSaA ikB~;iqLrdksa ds p;u ,oa fuekZ.k For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

¼7½

iz'u 23%

11

izn’kZu dk vk/kkj dk dk;Z djrk gSA ikB~;iqLrdksa ds pquko ds fy, thou dh ekU;rkvksa] vkn’kksZ ,oa fl)kUrksa dks /;ku esa j[kk tkrk gS D;ksa fd blds }kjk thou esa ekun.Mksa dh LFkkiuk dh tkrh gSA n’kZu ,oa 'kSf{kd iz’kklu %& fo|ky; esa 'kSf{kd iz’kklu esa Hkh n’kZu’kkL= dk dkQh izHkko jgrk gS A n’kZUk lekt dks ekU;rkvksa rFkk vkn’kksZ dk fo’ys"k.k djds mlds fy, ekxZn’kZd fl)kUr fuf’pr djrk gSA fo|ky; dk 'kklu fdlds gkFk esa gks \ f’k{kk ij jkT; dk fu;=a.k gks vFkok ugha \ bu iz’uksa dk mRrj n’kZu }kjk fn;k tkrk gSA

Hkkjrh; n’kZu dh vkSj f’k{kk dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe dks Li"V fdft, \ Explain the Indian philosophy and historical background of education ?

mRrj%&

Hkkjrh; f’k{kk dk bfrgkl cgqr izkphu gS] izkphu Hkkjr dh f’k{kk ds Lo:i dk o.kZu gesa osnks esa fey tkrk gSA lcls izkphu osn _Xosn gSA blh osn esa rRdkyhu f’k{kk ds Lo:i dk o.kZu gS oSfnd ;qx esa f’k{kk dks egRoiw.kZ LFkku izkIr FkkA oSfnddky esa f’k{kk %&oSfnddky esa yxHkx 2500 bZ0iw0 ls 500 bZ0iw0 rd ekuk tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa vHkh yxHkx 3000 bZ0iw0 esa vk, FksA bl dky dh f’k{kk dks czkge.kh; f’k{kk Hkh dgrs gS D;ksa fd bl le; dh f’k{kk ij czkgE.kksa dk vf/kdkj Fkk bl le; xq:vksa ds }kjk ,d le; esa vusd Nk=ksa dks f’k{kk nh tkrh FkhA ;|fi ml le; fo|ky; ugha Fks ijUrq bl ckr ds mnkgj.k feyrs gS fd ckydksa dks lkewfgd :i ls f’k{kk nh tkrh FkhA oSfnd dky esa vusd izdkj dh f’k{kk laLFkk, FkhA mues ls izeq[k f’k{kk laLFkk, bl izdkj gS & pj.k ?kfVdk] Vksy] ifj"kn~] xq:dqy] fo|kihB] fof’k"V fo|ky;] efUnj egkfo|ky; czkgEk.kh; egkfo|ky; rFkk fo’ofo|ky; oSfnd ;qx esa f’k{kk dsk mfpr LFkku izkIr Fkk f’k{kk eks{k izkIr djus dk lk/ku ekuh tkrh FkhA izkphu Hkkjrh; f’k{kk dk lcls izeq[k mn~ns’; czã dks le>uk FkkA oSfnd dky esa f’k{kk dh fo’ks"krk,a & oSfnddky esa f’k{kk dh izeq[k fo’ks"krk,a ;k f’k{kk ds mn~ns’; bl izdkj Fks %& 1eks{k izkIr djukA 2laLd`fr dk laj{k.k 3LoLF; pfj= dk fodkl 4lkekftd dq’kyrk dh izkfIr 5O;fDrRo dk fodkl izkphu dky esa xq: &f’k"; dk lEcU/k izkphu dky esa xq:&f’k"; dk lEcU/k firk&iq= dh Hkkafr FkkA dqN _f"k;ksa us vkpk;Z dks Nk= dk ekul firk ekuk gSA xq: Nk=ksa dks Kku iznku djrk Fkk ijUrq blls Hkh vkSj vf/kd egRoiw.kZ og pfj= dk fuekZ.k djuk ekurk Fkk A Nk= fo|k v/;;u djus ds fy, mUgh lEekfur xq:vksa ds ikl tkrs Fks ftudh fo}rk ds dkj.k [;kfr FkhA izkphu dky esa f’k"; xq: dh ru&eu /ku ls lsok djrs FksA xq: vkSj f’k"; ds dRrZO; bl izdkj ds Fks & 1xq: ds dRrZO; & izkphu le; esa xq: ds dRRkZO;&f’k{k.k dk;Z djukA Nk=ksa ds Hkkstu vkSj oL= dh O;oLFkk djuk] vko’;drk iM+us ij mudh fpfdRlk vkSj lsok&lqJq"kk djuk gksrk FkkA xq: Hkh ;ksX; f’k{kdksa dks mRlkfgr fd;k djrs FksA For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

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2-

f’k"; ds drZO; & izkphu le; esa f’k"; ds dRrZO; fHk{kk ekaxuk] ydM+h pquuk] i’kq pjkuk] ikuh Hkjuk] v/;;u djuk ,oa xq: dh vkKk dk ikyu djuk gksrk FkkA ml le; Nk= ij fuUnk ugha djrs Fks A ;fn dksbZ Nk= ,slk djrs gq, ik;k tkrk Fkk rks mls nf.Mr fd;k tkrk FkkA xq: vius f’k";ksa dks fdlh izdkj ls dksbZ d"V ugha gksus nsrk Fkk xq: lnSo vius f’k";ksa dh mUufr ds fy, iz;Ru’khy jgrk FkkA f’k"; Hkh bl ckr dk /;ku j[krs Fks fd muesa fdlh dk;Z ls xq: dks dksbZ d"V u igqaps f’k"; xq: dh izR;sd vkKk dk ikyu djrs Fks mudk eq[; dk;Z xq: dh lsok djuk gksrk FkkA xq: vius f’k";ksa dk 'kkjhfjd] ekufld vkSj vk/;kfRed fodkl djus dks lrr iz;Ru’khy jgrk Fkk A og ckydksa esa vPNh vknrksa dk fuekZ.k djrk Fkk xq: vius f’k";ksa ds fy, Hkkstu vkSj oL= dk Hkh izcU/k djrk FkkA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd xq: vkSj f’k"; ds ikjLifjd lEcU/k Lusg vkSj drZO; dh Hkkoukvksa ls ;qDr gksrs FksA xq: vkSj f’k"; nksuks dk gh ,d leku y{; Kku dh izkfIr djuk gksrk FkkA iz'u 24%

ckS) n’kZu ds izeq[k fl)kUr D;k gS \ vFkok ckS) n’kZu ds izeq[k rRo D;k&D;k gS \ What are the main elements/constituents of Boddh Darshan ?

mRrj%&

egkRek cq) ,d uohu /keZ ds izorZd gh ugha Fks oju~ ,d izeq[k n’kZu’kkL=h Hkh Fks mUgksusa oSfnd deZdkaMks ds fojks/k&Lo:i ,d uohu /keZ dk mn~Hko fd;kA xkSre cq) ¼cpiu dk uke fl)kFkZ½ dk tUe usiky ds rjkbZ {ks= esa fLFkr yqfEcuh ou uked LFkku ij 563 bZ0iw0 esa gqvk FkkA 483 bZ0 iw0 esa 80 o"kZ dh vk;q esa xksj[kiqj ftys esa dq’khuxj esa mudk nsgkolku ¼fuokZ.k½ gqvkA ckS) n’kZu ds izeq[k fl)kUr %& ckS) n’kZu ds fl)kUr muesa /keZxzUFk ¼f=fiVd½ esa fyf[kr gS bu fl)kUrksa dh foospuk fuEuor~ dh tk ldrh gS& 1pkj vk;Z lR; & vius xzaFk O;k[;ku esa cq) us pkj vk;Z lR;ksa dks crk;k gSa ;s ckS) /keZ dh vk/kkjf’kyk gSA v & nq%[k & cq) us crk;k fd thou nq%[k ls ifjiw.kZ gSA ftlds dkj.k tho tUe ej.k ls NqVdkjk ugha fey ikrk A c & nq%[kksa dk mn~xe & ckS) n’kZu esa nq%[kksa dk mn~xe vfo|k vKku ekuk gSA l & nq%[kksa dk fuokj.k & ckS) n’kZu dk fo’okl gS fd ekuo ds nq%[kksa dk fuokj.k fd;k tk ldrk gS A nq%[kksa ds fuokj.k ls gh fuokZ.k ;k eks{k izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA n & nq%[k fuokj.k ekxZ & nq%[kksa dk ewy dkj.k r`".kk gSA r`".kk dks lewy u"V djus dk ekxZ vk"Vkafxd ekxZ gSA ckS) /keZ esa nq%[kks ds fuokj.k gsrq v"Vkax ekxZ ds vuqlj.k dk fo/kku fd;k x;k gSA 2v"Vkafxd ekxZ & v"Vkax ekxZ ds vuqlj euq"; dks u rks dBksj riL;k o dfBu ozr ls 'kjhj dks d"V nsuk pkfg, vkSj u gh lkalkfjd lq[kksa esa yhu jguk pkfg,A blfy, loZ= R;kx djrs gq, fuEukafdr v"Vkax ekxZ dk voyEcu djuk pkfg,A For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

¼1½ ¼2½ ¼3½ ¼4½ ¼5½ ¼6½ ¼7½ ¼8½ 31-

2-

34-

iz'u 25%

13

lE;d n`f"V %& pkj vk;Z lR;ksas dks lnSo ;kn j[kuk lE;d n`f"V gSA lE;d ladYi %& lkalkfjd Hkksx&foykl ,oa lq[kksa dh dkeuk dk ifjR;kx rFkk vkReifj"dkj gh ladYi dk nwljk ekxZ gSA lE;d okd %& lnSo lR; Hkk"k.k ,oa vlR; cksyus dk R;kx lE;d okd~ dgykrk gSA lE;d dekZUr%& bldk vfHkizk; 'kqHk dk;Z djus ls gS tks lnkpkj dk vk/kkj gSA lE;d vktho %& thou ;kiu esa bZekunkjh dk O;ogkj rFkk U;k;ksfpr
pkj ewy fl)kUr& ckS) /keZ ds pkj ewy fl)kUr fuEufyf[kr gS %& izRkhR;leqRikn & egkRek cq) ds vuqlkj tks O;fDr izrhR;leqRikn dks le rel="nofollow">rk gS og /keZ dks le>rk gS bl fl)kUr ls rkRi;Z gS ,d oLrq nwljh oLrq dk dkj.k gksrh gS tSls feV~Vh ?kM+s dk dkj.k gS vkSj vkx /kq,a dk blesa oLrq ;k nzO; rks izeq[k gS vkSj izrhr gksus okys :i] jl vkfn mlds xq.k fdUrq ckS) n’kZu nzO; dks ugha ekurk mlds vuqlkj izrhr gksus okyk txr~ /keZek= gS vFkkZr~ :i] jl vkfn rks gS fdUrq mudk vk/kkj dksbZ nzO; ugah gSA bl n’kZu ds vuqlkj ;gka dsoy voLFkk,a gS vkSj os ,d ds i’pkr~ nwljh vkrh jgrh gSA orZeku voLFkk vrhr voLFkk dk vkJ; ysdj vfLrRo esa vkbZ vkSj ubZ O;oLFkk dk lgkjk cudj yqIr gks xbZ blh dk uke izrhR;leqRikn gSA deZokn & blls vk’k; gS fd ge tks Hkksxrs gS og gekjs gh deZ dk LokHkkfod Qy gS fdlh ckg~; lRrk dk ml ij fu;=a.k ugha gksrk A nq%[kksa dk vUr djus dh n`f"V ls cq) us dgk gS fd vius m)kjd Loa; cuks tc rd nq%[kksa ds dkj.kksa dk uk’k ugha gksrk] dksbZ rqEgkjk m)kj ugha dj ldrkA u’ojrk ;k {k.kHkaxqjrk & u’ojrk rhljk fl)kUr gSA egkRek cq) ds vuqlkj izR;sd oLrq ifjorZu’khy gS fdlh oLrq dk Lo:i LFkk;h ugha gSA og ifjofrZr gksrh jgrh gSA vukReokn & xkSre cq) vkRek ds 'kk’or vfLrRo dks ugha ekurs muds vuqlkj gekjk O;fDrRo dqN ekufld /kkjkvksa dk izokgek= gSA dHkh Kku gksrk gS dHkh vPNk gksrk gS A dHkh lq[k&nq%[k dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gS vkSj ;g izokg fuokZ.k izkIr u gksus rd pyrk jgrk gSA ;gh vukReokn gSA

ckS) n’kZu ds vuqlkj 'kSf{kd mn~ns’; ikB~;Øe o f’k{k.k fof/k;ksa dh foospuk fdft, A Give a detail description of the different teaching methods, educational objectives and syllabus. according to Boddh Darshan?

mRrj

egkRek cq) dh f’k{kkvksa vkSj mins’kksa dk muds f’k";ksa us O;kid izpkj fd;kA muds f’k";ksa gsrq ckS) la?k ds lnL; fuf’pr fu;eksa ls funsZf’kr gksrs Fks muds dRrZO;ksa vFkok For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

14

dk;ksZ dk leqfpr fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;k Fkk f’k{kk iznku djus gsrq f’k{kk dsUnzks ds :i esa fogkjksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ ftuesa fcuk tkfr&Hksn ds lHkh dks leku :i ls f’k{kk iznku dh tkrh FkhA ckS) ;qx ds izeq[k f’k{kk dsUnz Fks & x;k] dq’khuxj] oS’kkyh] JkoLrh] ukyUnk] okjk.klh] ikVyhiq= vkfn A f’k{kk ds mn~ns’; %& 1f’k{kk ds ek/;e ls leLr izdkj dh vKkurk dks nwj fd;k tk;s ftlls nq%[kksa ls fuo`fr fey ldsA 2f’k{kk ds }kjk ckydksa esa mPp Lrj ij fpUru] euu o rdZ dh {kerk dk fodkl gksA 3f’k{kk ds ek/;e ls mPp uSfrd o pkfjf=d ewY;ksa dks LFkkfir fd;k tk;sA 4f’k{kk ds ek/;e ls ckydksa dks v"Vkafxd ekxZ dh tkudkjh nh tk;sA 5f’k{kk ds ek/;e ls egkRek cq) ds mins’kksa dk izpkj&izlkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A 6f’k{kk ds ek/;e ls ckyd dks pkj vk;Z lR;ksa ds n’kZu djok;s tkus pkfg,A 7f’k{kk ds ek/;e ls ckydksa esa ekuo ,drk dk vkHkkl djkuk] muesa tkafr&ikfr ds HksnHkkoksa ds izfr fojfDr mRiUu djukA 8f’k{kk ds ek/;e ls muesa lkalkfjd oSHko ds izfr rqPNrk dk Hkko mRiUu dj mUgsa vk/;kfRed dY;k.k ds iFk ij vxzlj djukA ikB~;Øe ckS)dkyhu f’k{kk orZeku ;qx ds leku vkSipkfjd f’k{kk ugha FkhA f'k{kk ckS) eBksa esa nh tkrh FkhA leLr f’k{kk dsUnzksa esa vk/;kfRed f’k{kk vFkkZr~ fuokZ.k izkfIr dh f’k{kk ikB~;p;kZ@ikB~;Øe dh O;oLFkk FkhA 1/kkfeZd f’k{kk& pkj vk;Z lR;] v"Vkafxd ekxZ] tUe&tjk&e`R;q dk cU/ku vkfn dh f’k{kk 2HkkSfrd f’k{kk & czkâe.k ,oa {kf=; oxZ ds Nk=ksa dks pkj osn ,oa vBkjg f’kYiksa dh f’k{kk nh tkrh FkhA 3O;kogkfjd fo"k;ksa dk Kku & ;q) dyk] [kxksy] T;ksfr"k ,oa fpfdRlk eq[; fo"k; gksrs Fks A 4ckS) /keZ dk izpkj & ckS)dkyhu f’k{kk izpkj&izlkj Hkh ikB~;Øe dk vfuok;Z fgLlk FkkA 5lR; ekxZ dh [kkst & lR;ekxZ dh [kkst gsrq vk"Vkafxd ekxZ dh f’k{kk nh tkrh FkhA ftlds }kjk f’k"; esa lE;d ok.kh] lE;d deZ ] lE;d thou] lE;d O;k;ke vkfn dh f’k{kk lkFk gh ckS) fogkjksa ,oa eBksa esa flykbZ] Hkou fuekZ.k] vk;qosZn] T;ksfr"k] m|ksx rFkk vU; HkkSfrd fo"k;ksa dh Hkh f’k{kk nh tkrh FkhA f’k{k.k fof/k;k¡ %& ckS)dkyhu f’k{kk O;oLFkk esa fuEukafdr f’k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk& 1½ O;k[;ku fof/k 2½ okrkZyki fof/k 3½ okn&fookn fof/k 4½ ekSf[kd fof/k 5½ Hkze.k fof/k ckS)dky esa v/;kid ,oa f’k"; ds e/; lEcU/k vR;Ur e/kqj o fudV ds Fks A xq: vius f’k";ksa ds izfr firk rqY; O;ogkj djrk FkkA rFkk f’k"; Hkh xq: dks iw.kZ lEeku nsrs FksA os xq: dh lsok djrs FksA rFkk muds vuq:i leqfpr :i ls dRrZO; ikyu ij /;ku nsrs FksA v/;kid vius f’k";ksa dks fuokZ.k izkfIr ds ;ksX; cukus ds fy, muds O;fDrRo ds iw.kZ fodkl ij cy nsrs FksA f’k";ksa dks nl fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk vfuok;Z Fkk A ;s nl For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

15

fu;e Fks & czâp;Z] vafglk] vifjxzg] lR;] /keZ esa J)k] e/;kUrj Hkkstu dk fu"ks/k] fodkl ls fojfDr] lqxfU/kr nzO;ks dk fu"ks/k] lq[kizn 'kS¸;k rFkk vklu dk ifjR;kx RkFkk Lo.kZ ,oa pkanh vkfn ewY;oku oLrqvksa dk vLohdkj djukA iz'u 26

tSu n’kZu dk 'kSf{kd ;ksxnku Li"V fdft, A Specify the main educational contribution of Jain darshan?

mRrj

tSu 'kCn ^ftu^ ls cuk gS ftu dk vFkZ gS t;fr bfr ftu% vFkkZr tks deZ:ih 'k=qvksa ij fot; izkIr dj ysrk gS og ftu gS vkSj dkykUrj esa ftu /keZ ds vuq;k;h tSu dgykus yxs tks vkRek deZ:ih 'k=qvksa vFkkZr~ eu] ek;k] yksHk] eksg] vagdkj] Øks/k] jkx&}s"k vkfn ij fot; izkIr dj iap egkozr ,oa f=jRu dk ikyu dj mPPk dj uSfrdrk izkIr dk jkx}s"k vkfn ls eqDr gks tkrk gSA og ftu gS ftu tSu rhFkZadjksa dk i;kZ;okph Hkh gSA f’k{kk ds mn~ns’; %& 1f’k{kk }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa nwljks ds fopkjks o n`f"Vdks.k dk vknj djus dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djukA 2f’k{kk }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa lgu’khyrk o lfg".kqrk ds xq.kksa dk fodkl djukA 3f’k{kk dk mn~ns’; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks mnkj fpr okyk cukuk rkfd og vius ladqfpr fopkjksa ls Åapk mB lds A 4fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa iztkrkaf=d xq.kksa dk fodkl djukA 5f’k{kk }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks bl ;ksX; cukkuk fd os vafglk] lR; vLrs;] la;e ,oa vko’;drk ls vf/kd laxzg u djus lds lEcU/k esa ikap ozrks ds egRo dks le>s rFkk bu ozrks dks vius O;kogkfjd thou esa viuk,aA tSu n’kZu ,oa ikB~;Øe tSu n’kZu ds vuqlkj ikB~;p;kZ ikB~;Øe dks eq[;r% nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr djrk gSA ¼1½ HkkSfrd fo"k;ksa dk Kku ¼2½ vk/;kfRed fo"k;ksa dk Kku 1½ vk/;kfRed fo"k;ksa dk v/;;u & tSu n’kZu ds vUrxZr vk/;kfRed fo"k;ksa dk v/;;u fuEufyf[kr :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA v½ vkxe xzUFk& tSu n’kZu esa vkxe xzUFkksa dk izeq[k LFkku gSa ;s xzUFk vkxe fl)kar ds uke ls tkus tkrs gSA vkxe xzUFk fl)karks dks tSu /keZ ds nksuks gh lEiznk; fnxEcj ,oa 'osrkEcj leku :i ls Lohdkj djrs gSA c½ pfj= ,oa izcU/k xzUFk& vkxe xzUFkks ds i’pkr~ pkfjf=d xzUFkks dk LFkku gS pkfjf=d xzUFkks esa rhFkZdaj ,oa eqfu;ks ds thou ls lEcfU/kr o.kZu feyrk gSA mDr xzUFkksa ds ek/;e ls ckydksa esa vafglk ozr ,oa dBksj thou;kiu dh Hkkouk tkxzr djuk gSA tSu n’kZu ds vuqlkj O;fDr ds thou dks mUufr’khy cukus okyk Kku gh lPpk ;k oS/k Kku gSA 2½ HkkSfrd fo"k;ksa dk v/;;u %&vk/;kfRed fo"k;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk tSu n’kZu ds vuqlkj HkkSfrd fo"k;ksa dk Hkh ikB~;Øe esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku gS A rdZ’kkL=] bfrgkl] O;kdj.k] n’kZu] dkO;] ;ksx vkfn dks Hkh ikB~;Øe esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA yfyrdyk] okLrqdyk vkSj f’kYidyk Hkh ikB~;Øe vax gSA tSu n’kZu ,oa f’k{k.k fof/k;ka tSu n’kZu ds vuqlkj deZ cU/ku dks Kku ds ek/;e ls gh dkVk tk ldrk gSA Kku og ryokj gS tks deZ :ih cU/ku dks dkVus dh lkeF;Z j[krh gSA Kku dh izkfIr f’k{kk }kjk For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

16

gh lEHko gSA tSu lkfgR; ds v/;;u ,oa iBu ls fuEufyf[kr f’k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk ladsr feyrk gSA 1½ O;k[;ku fof/k 2½ okrkZyki fof/k 3½ Lok/;k; fof/k 4½ ekSf[kd n’kZu 5½ vuqisz{kk fof/k tSu n’kZu ,oa xq: f’k"; lEcU/k & xq: f’k"; lEcU/k firk&iq=or gksrs Fks vuq’kklu dBksj Fkk vkSj thou la;fer O;rhr djuk iM+rk FkkA eBksa dh LoPNrk] lkt&lTtk] lkQ&lQkbZ vkfn dk Hkkj f’k"; ds da/kks ij jgrk FkkA og xq: dh ru&eu ls lsok djrk FkkA xq: Hkh f’k"; dks iq=or Lusg djrk FkkA tSu n’kZu ds vuqlkj f’k"; dks xq: ds izfr leiZ.k dh Hkkouk j[kuh pkfg, A mlesa fouezrk] vkKkdkfjrk vkfn xq.k gksus pkfg,A xq: f’k"; lEcU/k e/kqj ,oa ikfjokfjd gksrs FksA fo/kks/;;u x.ks’k prqFkhZ ds fnu izkjEHk gksrk gSA vkSj fo|k lekfIr i’pkr~ fonkbZ lekjksg euk;k tkrk Fkka bl izdkj tSu n’kZu ds vuqlkj xq: f’k"; lEcU/k iw.kZr% ikfjokfjd Hkkouk ij vk/kkfjr gksrs FksA iz'u 27%

U;k; n’kZu ds vuqlkj 'kSf{kd egRo dh D;k vo/kkj.kk gSA What is the concept of educational importance according to Nyay Darshan

mRrj

U;k; n’kZu ds izorZd xkSre gS A U;k; n’kZu dks v{kikn gsrq fo|k okn fo|k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA U;k; dk vFkZ gS og izfØ;k ftlds }kjk efLr"d ,d fu"d"kZ ij igqapsA fdUrq mfpr fu"d"kZ ij igqpua k rks rdZ djuk gSA oLrqr% U;k; n’kZu rdZ fo|k dk izfriknu djus okyk n’kZu gS blfy, bls rdZ’kkL= Hkh dgk tkrk gSA U;k; n’kZu dk 'kSf{kd egRo & U;k; n’kZu ds izkjfEHkd lq= esa dgk x;k gS fd 16 inkFkksZ dk rRo Kku uh%Js;l ;k eks{k izkfIr dk lk/ku gSA U;k; n’kZu ds vUrxZr Kku ds fy, ;ksx lk/ku ekxZ dks vko’;d ekuk gSA vkSj ;ksx lk/kuk ds fy, LoLFk 'kjhj rFkk uSfrd vkpj.k dh vko’;drk gSA bl izdkj U;k; n’kZu ds vuqlkj 'kkfjjhd xq.kksa rFkk uSfrd vkpj.kksa dk fodkl djuk f’k{kk dk eq[; mn~ns’; ekuk tkrk gSA U;k; n’kZu ds vuqlkj f’k{kk ds izeq[k mn~ns’; ¼1½ ;FkkFkZ Kku iznku djuk A ¼2½ vk/;kfRed fodkl djuk & blesa O;fDr dks vkRek] tho] bZ’oj] txr rFkk ln~fopkj ls Kku dk fodkl djuk gksrk gSA ¼3½ eks{k izkIr djuk & blesa O;fDr dh nq%[k fuo`fr dks egRo gS rFkk bls thou dk mRre y{; ekuk gSA f’k{kk dk ikB~;Øe &U;k; n’kZu ds vuqlkj ikB~;Øe esa /keZ vkSj uhfr izk.kk;ke ] vklu rFkk bfUnz; izf’k{k.k] ekufld o HkkSfrd fodkl gsrq Hkk"kk] lkfgR;] xf.kr] ;ksxn’kZu rFkk rdZ’kkL= dks egRo fn;k tkuk pkfg, lkFk gh osn lEcU/kh Kku rdZ dks iz/kkurk nh xbZ gSA blds vuqlkj ikB~;Øe dh fo"k;&oLrq dh izekf.kdrk dks egRo fn;k x;k gSA f’k{k.k fof/k;ka & U;k; n’kZu us Kku izkIr djus ds lksikuks dk mYys[k fd;k gSA ftldk lEcU/k lh/kk f’k{k.k fof/k;ksa ls gksrk gSA blds vuqlkj Kku oLrq ls bfUnz;ksa dks] bfUnz;ksa ls eu dks] eu ls vg~e dks vge ls cqf) dks rFkk cqf) ls vkRek dks izkIr gksrk gSA U;k; n’kZu esa vkRek ds fodkl ls izkFkfedrk nh xbZ gSA vkSj blds fy, pkj izeq[k fof/k;ksa dks fn;k x;k gSA izR;{k fof/k] vuqeku fof/k] mieku fof/k rFkk 'kCn fof/kA izR;{k f’k{k.k fof/k & bldks euksoSKkfud i)fr Hkh dgrs gSA For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

17

vuqeku f’k{k.k fof/k &izR;{k Kku ij vk/kkfjr gS vkSj mlds fodkl esa lgk;d gS vuqeku fof/k ls oLrqvksa dh xfr dk cks/k gksrk gS xfr ds lkFk&lkFk oLrqvksa ds xq.kksa dk Hkh cks/k gksrk gSA mieku f’k{k.k fof/k & ;g fof/k mij mYysf[kr nksuksa fof/k;ksa dk foLrkj :i gS bl fof/k dk Hkh rHkh iz;ksx lEHko gks ikrk gS tcfd Kku izR;{k vkSj vuqeku ds :i esa fn;k tk pqdk gSA 'kCn f’k{k.k fof/k & bl fof/k ds vUrxZr ekSf[kd rFkk fyf[kr 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS RkFkk 'kCnksa ds ek/;e ls oLrqvksa dk cks/k fd;k tkrk gSA U;k; n’kZu ds vuqlkj xq: f’k"; dh Hkwfedk & U;k; n’kZu ds vUrxZr uhfr’kkL= dks egRo fn;k x;k gS A U;k; dk vf/kdkjh xq: ekuk x;k vkSj xq: ls ;g vis{kk dh xbZ fd mls vius fo"k; dk ;FkkFkZ Kku gks vkSj mlds Lo:i dks Hkyh izdkj le>s A xq: }kjk f’k";ksa dks f’k{k.k ds le; dksbZ HksnHkko ugha j[kuk pkfg,A f’k";ksa dks xq: ds izfr vknj rFkk lEeku dk Hkko j[kuk visf{kr ekuk x;k gSA xq: dks ;g Hkh /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd v"Vkax ;ksx ekxZ ls fdu f’k";ksa us flf);k izkIr dh gSA xq:&f’k"; dk lEcU/k fudV dk gksuk pkfg,A xq: dk vknj f’k"; djs vkSj xq: f’k"; dks laokn ¼mins’k½ djsAa laokn o mins’k nksuks 'kCn lehirk ds cks/kd gSA blls ladsr feyrk gS fd xq: o f'k"; esa ikjLifjd vknj& izse dk Hkko ik;k tkrk gSA U;k; n’kZu ds vuqlkj xq: vkSj f’k"; nksuksa ds }kjk neuoknh fl)kUr dk ikyu djuk Js"B crk;k x;k gS ;gh lqdeZ gSA ftlls nq%[kksa dk uk’k fd;k tk ldrk gSA bls vkRe &laLdkj Hkh dgrs gSA tks eqfDr dk lk/ku gSA iz’u 28

v}Sr n’kZu ij vk/kkfjr f’k{kk i)fr dks le>kb;s \ Explain in detail the educational policy on Adavit Darshan?

mRrj

v}Sr osnkUr nk’kZfud txr dh vf}rh; nsu gS 'kadjkpk;Z ds iwoZ vkSj i’pkr~ Hkkjr esa fdrus gh nk’kZfud er LFkkfir gq, tks fd fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa vf}fr; fl) gq,A ijUrq lokZxha.k nk’kZfud n`f"Vdks.k ls tks LFkku v}Sr n’kZu dk gS og fdlh dk Hkh ugha gSA blds vUrxZr 'kadjkpk;Z ds xw<+ fopkjks ls Hkjh gqbZ jpukvksa dks fn;k x;k gS tks vR;Ur lq{e vUrZn`f"V vkSj vk/;kfRedrk ls ;qDr gSA v}Sr n’kZu ij vk/kkfjr f’k{kk 'kadjkpk;Z thou vkSj f’k{kk dks ,d:i ekurs gSA muds vuqlkj thou dh vo/kkj.kk ek= HkkSfrd lq[k le`f) dks Hkksx djus ds fy, gh ugh gq;h gSA oju~ KkuktZu ds fy, Hkh gqbZ gSA vr% f’k{kk vkSj thou esa ikFkZd; u gksdj vHksn gS bl izdkj 'kadjkpk;Z thou vkSj f’k{kk ds xgu lEcU/k dsk Lohdkj djrs gSA vkSj nksuks dk ijLij vU;ksU;kfJr ekudj Js"B thou dks lqf’k{kk dk Qy Lohdkj djrs gSA os f’k{kk ds egRo dks O;fDr vkSj lekt nksuks ds lUnHkZ esa Lohdkj djrs gSA muds vuqlkj f’k{kk ls O;fDr dks vejRo ¼eks{k½ izkIr gksrk gSA f’k{kk dk vFkZ & 'kadjkpk;Z us czã Kku dks f’k{kk ekuk gS lkFk gh f’k{kk dh izfØ;k HkkSfrd rFkk vk/;kfRed gksuh pkfg,A f’k{kk ds mn~ns’; & vk/;kfRed fodkl dks f’k{kk dk mn~ns’; ekuk gS A f’k{kk dk ikB~;Øe & f’k{kk ds ikB~;Øe esa czã Kku dks izeq[k LFkku fn;k gSA txr ds Kku dks egRo ugha fn;k gSA ikB~;Øe esa osnks ds Kku ds lkFk&lkFk n’kZu ds rhu ewy rRo fpr~] vfpRk~ rFkk bZ’oj ds Kku dks lfEefyr djus ij tksj fn;k gSA For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

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f’k{k.k fof/k;k¡ & v}Sr n’kZu esa vkxeu rFkk fuxeu nksuks fof/k;ksa dks iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA xq: &f’k"; dh Hkwfedk & v}Sr n’kZu esa xq: dh Hkwfedk dks egRoiw.kZ ekuk x;k gS vkSj f’k"; ds lokZxha.k fodkl dks egRo fn;k x;k gS A 'kadjkpk;Z us czã Kku dks rdZ rFkk Jqfr ds vk/kkj ij fn;k tk, xq: }kjk f’k";ksa dks bZ’oj dh mikluk vkSj czã Kku dh f’k{kk nh tk, A xq: dks vk/;kfRed Kku dk cks/k gksuk vko’;d gSA f’k";ksa esa uSfrd vkpj.kksa dk izf’k{k.k fn;k tkuk pkfg,A iz’u 29

Jhen~Hkxonxhrk dh rRoehaeklk dks crkb;sA deZ;ksx] Kku;ksx rFkk HkfDr;ksx dks le>kb;s A Explain the metaphysics of Shrimadbhagwadgita also give an explanation of Karma yoga, Gyanyoga, and Bhaktiyoga?

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Hkxon~xhrk dks bZ’oj&laxhr dgk x;k gS D;kas fd Hkxoku Jhd`".k us Loa; funsZ’k fd;k gS A xhrk dks mifu"knksa dk lkj dgk x;k gSA xhrk esa mifu"kn~ ds lR;ksa dh ljy] Li"V vkSj vkstLoh 'kCnksa esa lkeus j[krh gS A vr% xhrk dk Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa gh cM+k egRo jgk gS A Hkxon~xhrk dks mifu"knksa dk fupksM+ ekuk tkrk gS Hkxon~xhrk esa 18 v/;k; rFkk 700 'yksd gS rFkk ;g egkHkkjr dk vax gSA Hkxon~xhrk dks mifu"knksa dk fupksM+ ekuk tkrk gSA ijUrq Hkxno~xhrk esa mifu"knksa dh iqujko`fRk u gksdj mlls vkxs fodkl fd;k x;k gSA Hkxon~xhrk esa deZ ;ksx] Kku ;ksx rFkk HkfDr ;ksx rhuks dks egRo fn;k x;k gSA rFkk blesa leUo; Hkh fd;k x;k gSA tc fd mifu"knksa es dsoy Kku ;ksx dks gh egRo fn;k x;k gSA Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk dh rRoehekalk & xhrk ds vUrxZr bZ’oj gh ije nzO; ekuk x;k gS rFkk blh ls fo’o dh mRifr rFkk fouk’k gS bZ’oj gh fo’o dh uSfrd O;oLFkk djrk gSA rFkk thoksa dks deksZ ds vuqlkj lq[k&nq%[k iznku djrk gSA bZ’oj gh deZ Qy nkrk gSA xhrk esa bZ’oj dks ^iq:"kksRre^ dgk x;k gSA bZ’oj dks iq:"kksRre] oklqnso] izHkq ;k lk{kh] nz"Vk] czã] ije iq:"k] fo".kq dgk x;k gSA ijeiq:"k ;k iq:"kksRre gh lkalkfjd oLrqvksa dh mRifRr fLFkfr vkSj y; dk dkj.k gSA iq:"kksRre fuxqZ.k] lxq.k] fujkdkj]lkdkj lc dqN gSA iq:"kksRre ls ijs dqN Hkh ugha gSA bZ’oj dks v{kj] ije Kkuh] txr dk ije fu/kku rFkk lukru iq:"k dgk x;k gSA bZ’oj fo’o esa O;kIr gSA xhrk esa bZ’ojokn dk gh leFkZu gqvk gSA xhrk dh rRoehekalk dks le>us ds fy, rhu rRoksa dks le>uk vko’;d gSA ftldh ehekalk xhrk ds vUnj dh xbZ gS & deZ ;ksx] Kku ;ksx rFkk HkfDr ;ksxA ¼1½

deZ ;ksx & deZ ;ksx gh xhrk dk eq[;k mins’k gSA fu"dke deZ gh deZ ;ksx gS A vukLkDr deZ gh deZ ;ksx gSA xhrk esa deZ nks izdkj dk ekuk x;k gSA vklDRk deZ rFkk vuklDr deZA vlkfDr gh deZ djus ds fy, izsfjr djrh gSA ijUrq deZ ;ksxh dks vklfDr ij fot; djuh pkfg,A fcuk Qy dh bPNk ds deZ djuk pkfg,A deZ ;ksxh ykHk&gkfu dh Hkkouk ls izsfjr ugha gksrk ,sls deZ dks vukLkDr deZ dgrs gSA xhrk esa deZ dks ldke rFkk fu"dke Hkh ekuk x;k gSA ldke deZ vklDr deZ dh rjg Qy ikus dh bPNk okyk gksrk gSA rFkk fu"dke deZ vukLkDr deZ dh For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

¼2½

¼3½

iz’u 30

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rjg Qy dh bPNk u djus okyk gksrk gSA fu"dke deZ ls cU/ku ugha gksrk gSA fu"dke deZ dks xhrk esa deZ ;ksx ekuk gSA fu"dke deZ bZ’ojkFkZ deZ gSA vkSj bZ’ojkFkZ deZ gh vuklDr deZ gSA ,slk iq:"k gh deZ djrs gq, ikiksa ls fyIr ugha gksrkA Kku ;ksx %& bl lalkj esa Kku ds leku vkSj dksbZ Hkh oLrq ifo= ugha gSA Kku ;ksxh lHkh thokRekvksa dks ijekRek dk Lo:i le>rk gSA Kku ;ksx fuo`fr ekxZ ij vf/kd cy nsrk gSA vius LkHkh deksZ] bPNkvksa rFkk vkadk{kkvks dks rFkk Loa; vius dks ijekRek dks vfiZr dj nsuk gh Xkhrk dk Kku ;ksx gSA Kkuh O;fDr ds fy, lalkj dk vkd"kZ.k e`xr`".kk ds leku gS dsoy czã gh lR;] txr feF;k gSA vkRek gh czã gSA rFkk czã gh vkRek gS Kku;ksx dh lcls cM+h fo’ks"krk leRo ;ksx dh gS bls xhrk esa fLFkrizK dgrs gSA fLFkrizK dk vFkZ gS ftldh cqf)fLFkj gks xbZ gks ,sls O;fDr dh lHkh dkeuk,a rFkk bPNk,a lekIr gks xbZ gks ,sls O;fDr dh lHkh dkeuk,a rFkk bPNk,a lekIr gks tkrh gS] og ijekRek esa larq"V jgrk gSA og lEiw.kZ fo’o dks viuk ifjokj le>rk gSA og lq[k &nq%[k] ykHk&gkfu rFkk t;&ijkt; esa leku jgrk gSA xhrk esa Kku nks izdkj dk ekuk x;k gS&rkfdZd Kku rFkk vk/;kfRed Kku rkfdZd Kku esa oLrq ds ckg~; :i dh O;k[;k cqf) ds }kjk dh tkrh gSA bls foKku Hkh dgrs gSA vk/;kfRed Kku dks Kku dgk tkrk gS u fd foKkuA blesa Kkrk vkSj Ks; nksuksa ,d gh gks tkrs gSA HkfDr ;ksx & fdlh dks vius ls mRd`"V lRrk ekudj mlds lkeus J)kiwoZd >qduk vkSj mlds vuqdwy O;ogkj djuk HkfDr dgykrk gSA fo}kuksa us HkfDr 'kCn dk iz;ksx bZ’oj ds izfr fu"dkeizse ;k vuU; vuqjkx ds fy, fd;k gSA bZ’oj ds izfr ije vuqjkx HkfDr gSA xhrk esa d`".k &HkfDr dks iz/kkurk nh xbZ gSA blds vuqlkj bZ’oj dh 'kj.k esa tkuk gh HkfDr gSA Jhd`".k vtqZu ls dgrs gS fd lEiw.kZ /keksZ dk eq>esa viZ.k djds esjh 'kj.k esa vkvksaA HkfDr;ksx ds lgkjs HkDr Hkxoku dk lkehI; pkgrk gSA HkDr Hkxoku ds fy, viuk loZLo U;kSNkoj dj nsrk gSA HkfDr ekxZ esa czã ds lkdkj :i ;k lxq.k :i dh mikluk gksrh gSA

xhrk n’kZu esa of.kZr f’k{kk ds mn~ns’;] ikB~;Øe] f’k{k.k fof/k;ka dks Li"V djrs gq, xq:&f’k"; lEcU/kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A Explain the teacher-student relationship keeping in view the different teaching objectives, syllabus teaching methodologies as found in Geta Darshan?

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JhenHkxon~xhrk ds vUrxZr f’k{k.k izfØ;k ds lkFk ijke’kZ vkSj funsZ’ku dks Hkh egRo fn;k x;k gS vkSj f’k{kk ds LkHkh ?kVdksa ds Lo:i dks fn;k x;k gSA xhrk dk Kku ,d laokn ds :i esa fn;k x;k gSA f’k{kk dk vFkZ & f’k{kk dks xhrk eqfDr dk lk/ku ekurh gSA xhrk ds vUrxZr deZ;ksx] Kku;ksx rFkk HkfDr ;ksx rhuksa dks egRo fn;k x;k gSA f’k{kk ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS tks euq"; dks fLFkrizK% dh voLFkk rd igqpkarh gS A fLFkrizK O;fDr dks gh eqfDr ;k eks{k izkIr gksrk gSA Kku vkSj deZ dk ;ksx gh thou dh f’k{kk iz.kkyh cukrh gSA ftls lPph f’k{kk ekuk x;k gSA f’k{kk dks thou dh fujUrj izfØ;k Hkh ekuk x;k gS f’k{kk izkIr djuk ,d Js"B rFkk ifo= deZ ekuk x;k gSA lalkj esa f’k{kk ls c<+dj dksbZ ifo= oLrq ugha gSA xhrk esa f’k{kk dks tUe&tUekUrj rd pyus okyh izfØ;k ekuk x;k gSA For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

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f’k{kk ds mn~ns’; %& 1ln~xq.kksa dk fodkl djukA 2vk/;kfRed Kku dk fodkl djukA 3vk/;kfRed ;ksx dh vuqHkwfr djukA 4vejrk dh izkfIr 5ijksidkj rFkk lsok ls lkekftd xq.kksa dk fodkl djukA 6eqfDr rFkk 'kqf) djukA f’k{kk dk ikB~;Øe Hkxon~xhrk Kku dh vis{kk vkpj.k dk fo"k; gSA blfy, xhrk esa ikB~;Øe lEcU/kh fopkj izR;{k :i esa ugha feyrs vfirq mudk ladsr gh feyrk gSA xhrk ds vuqlkj ikB~;Øe dh izeq[k fo’ks"krk,a bl izdkj gS %& ikB~;Øe esa lS)kfUrd rFkk O;kogkfjd ikB~;oLrq dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA bles osn] mifu"kn~] uhfr’kkL= rFkk iqjk.k gS A blds lkFk blesa uSfrd] lkekftd rFkk lkalkfjd fo"k;oLrq dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA lkekftd rFkk vk/;kfRed fØ;kvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA xhrk esa mifu"knksa dh ijk o vijk fo|k dh vksj ladsr fd;k x;k gSA ikB~;Øe esa lkalkfjd vkSj vk/;kfRed Kku dks lfEefyr fd;k tk, A ikB~;Øe dh iw.kZrk nksuks izdkj ds Kkuksa dks lfEefyr djus ls gks ldrh gSA f’k{k.k fof/k;ka 1deZ;ksx fof/k & bl fof/k ds vUrxZr vH;kl ds fy, bfUnz;ksa dk izf’k{k.k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj muesa LoHkko ds vuqlkj dk;Z djus dk volj fn;k tkrk gSA 2Kku;ksx fof/k & bl fof/k esa vkxeu rFkk fuxeu fof/k;ksa dks iz/kkurk nh xbZ gSA 3HkfDr;ksx & bl fof/k ds vUrxZr ;ksxfof/k] HkfDr fof/k] leiZ.k fof/k] la;e fof/k] eqfDr ds lk/ku rFkk 'kq)rk dh fof/k vkfnA xq:&f’k"; dh Hkwfedk & xhrk esa xq:&f’k"; ds e/; la’k; gksus ij laokn gksrk gSA f’k"; iz’uksa dh lgk;rk ls vius la’k;ksa dk fuokj.k djus dk iz;kl djrk gS f’k"; ds vUnj vkfRed rFk nSoh 'kfDRk;ka gksrh gSA f’k"; esa lkfRod xq.kksa dh vis{kk dh tkrh gS Axq: f’k"; esa mRre xq.kksa dk fodkl djrk gSA f’k";ksa esa xq: ds izfr fu"Bk dk Hkko gks vkSj mls ftKklq gksuk pkfg,A xhrk esa xq: dks ,d egku~ O;fDr ekuk x;k gSA ftlesa fofHkUu xq.kksa dk lekos’k gksrk gSA f’k"; dks xq: esa iwjh vkLFkk gksrh gSA xq: vius f’k"; dks ,d HkDr rFkk l[kk ekurk gS] xq: vius f’k"; dks bl vkRefo’okl ds lkFk mins’k nsrk gS] mRlkg c<+krk gS rFkk mls thou esa la?k"kZ djus fy, rS;kj djrk gS fd f’k"; mldk l[kk rFkk lgk;d gSA xq: f’k"; dh lQyrk dk lk/ku gksrk gS A xq: Hkxoku ds leku vknj.kh; ekuk gSA xq: vkSj f’k"; ds e/; lqlEcU/kksa dh vis{kk dh xbZ gSA xq: f’k"; dks rkefld ijkorZu ls 'kq) djrk gSA xq: f’k"; dks lHkh ikiksa rFkk nq%[kksa ls eqDr djrk gSA iz’u 31

bLyke n’kZu ds vuqlkj f’k{kk dk vFkZ] mn~ns’; ,oa ikB~;oLrq ds Lo:i ds lkFk f’k{k.k fof/k;ksa dks crkb;sA Explain the meaning of education objectives, content matter of syllabus according to Islam Darshan & also explain the educational policies in Islam. For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

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Hkkjr esa e/; ;qx esa bLyke dk vkxeu gqvk ftlus Hkkjrh; lekt&laLd`fr ,oa fopkj/kkjk dh fpUru ds u, rRo nsdj ubZ f’k{kk n’kZu dk lw=ikr fd;kA Qyr% bLyke /keZ ds fl)kUrksa ds vuqdwy f’k{kk dk laxBu fd;k x;k vkSj mlds vFkZ] mn~ns’;] ikB~;Øe] fof/k] laLFkk] fo|kFkhZ] v/;kid ,oa vusd lEcU/k ds ckjs esa ubZ vo/kkj.kk, Hkh cuh ftUgsa ge laxfBr :i esa bLyke f’k{kk n’kZUk dgrs gSA f’k{kk dk vFkZ & f’k{kk dk vFkZ dqjku esa fy[kk x;k bYe ;k Kku gS ftls i<+us] lh[kus vkSj /kkj.k djus vkSj O;ogkj esa iz;ksx djus dk lefUor uke gh f’k{kk gSA f’k{kk ds mn~ns’; & bLyke n’kZu ,oa ijEijkvksa esa f’k{kk }kjk euq"; ds HkkSfrd ,oa vk/;kfRed nksuksa i{kksa ds fodkl ij cy fn;k x;k gSA blesa Hkh lcls vf/kd cy euq";ksa dks dqjku 'kjhQ ds Kku vkSj mlds fn[kk, x;s ekxZ ij pyus ds izf’k{k.k ij fn;k x;k gS blds }kjk fuf’pr f’k{kk ds mn~ns’; fuEufyf[kr gS %& 1Kku izkfIr dk mn~ns’; 2vk/;kfRed ,oa uSfrd fodkl dk mn~ns’; 3lkekftd fodkl dk mn~ns’; 4lkaLd`frd fodkl dk mn~ns’; 5O;kolkf;d] vkfFkZd vkSj HkkSfrd fodkl dk mn~ns’; 6bLyke /keZ dh f’k{kk f’k{kk dk ikB~;Øe %& 1HkkSfrd fo"k; & Hkk"kk] lkfgR;] Hkk"kk 'kkL=] O;kdj.k] lektfoKku] bfrgkl] jktuhfrfoKku] xf.kr] T;ksfr"k 'kkL=] izkd`frd foKku] fpfdRlk foKku] d`f"k m|ksx] okf.kT;] fp=dyk] Hkou fuekZ.k] uDdklh] f’kYi dkS’ky vkSj ;q)dyk 2HkkSfrd fØ;k,a & ,d nwljs ds lkFk vPNk O;ogkj ,oa nhUk&ghu dh lsok 3/kkfeZd fo"k; & /keZ’kkL= ¼dqjku] gnhls vkSj vU; /kkfeZd xzUFk½ v/;kRe 'kkL=] bLykeh n’kZu vkSj 'kjh;r ¼bLykeh dkuwu½ vkSj ulhgrsa 4/kkfeZd fØ;k,a& uekt ,oa jkstk f’k{k.k fof/k;ka & 1mins’k fof/k & lkjk dqjku ,d izdkj dk mins’k gSA 2lpsru vuqdj.k fof/k & dqjku dh vk;rsa jVkbZ tkrh gSA bl psruk ds lkFk dh ;g vYykg ls izkFkZuk Lo:i gSA 3iqLrd v/;;u fof/k &bLykeh f’k{kk dk vkjEHk iqLrd v/;;u ls gh gksrk gS tcfd pUnz dyek dk ikB jCckuh mysek ds }kjk djk;k tkrk gSA 4O;k[;ku fof/k & edrc ,oa enjls esa O;k[;ku fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA rdZ & rF;ksa dks lh/ks xzg.k u djds muds fo"k; esa ^D;k^] ^D;ksa^ vkSj ^dSls^ iz’u djus viuh 'kadkvks dks ckj&ckj mBkus vkSj rdZ ds vk/kkj ij mudk lek/kku [kkstus dh fof/k dks rdZ fof/k dgrs gaSA 5lekjksg ,oa ;k=k fof/k & efLtn] bZnxkg] rhFkZ LFkku ij ,d= gksdj f’k{kk yh o nh tkrh gS A eDdk o enhuk dh ;k=k esa Hkh bLykeh f’k{kk nh tkrh gSA f’k{kd %& bLyke /keZ esa f’k{kd dk LFkku vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ dgk tkrk gSA blfy, bLykeh f’k{kk esa Hkh f’k{kd dk LFkku egRoiw.kZ gSA dqjku dh vk;rksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd vYykg gh lcls cM+k f’k{kd gS A f’k{kd dk dÙkZO; yksxksa dks dqÝ ds vU/ksjs ls fudkydj bZeku ds mtkys esa ykuk gSaA f’k{kd ds dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gS %& 1bLyke dk izpkj&izlkj djuk A For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

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uSfrdrk dk fodkl djukA izkphu bLykeh fu;eksa rFkk lkekftd ijEijkvksa dks izfrikfnr djukA uSfrdrk ls ifjiw.kZ dfork,a fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks d.BLFk djkukA fof’k"V :i ls eqlyeku vuqukf;;ksa esa Kku dk izlkj djukA ekuo eqY;ksa dh f’k{kk iznku djukA fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds pfj= dk fodkl djukA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks O;kogkfjd thou rFkk HkkSfrd ykHkksa dh izkfIr ds fy, rS;kj djukA f’k{kkFkhZ dk dÙkZO; bLyke /keZ n’kZu esa f’k{kkfFkZ;ksa ls ;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd os vYykg vkSj iSxEcj eksgEen lkgc esa fo’okl djsa vkSj muds fn[kk, x;s ekxZ ij pys os la;eh vkSj ifjJeh gks vius f’k{kdksa dh vkKk dk ikyu djsA dHkh dksbZ vijk/k u djsa vkSj ;fn Hkwy ls dHkh vijk/k gks tk, rks mlds fy, rkSck ¼i’pkrki½ djsAa fo|ky; izcU/ku bLykeh f’k{kk ds fy, izkjfEHkd vkSj mPp f’k{kk izkjfEHkd f’k{kk dsUnzks dks edrc rFkk mPp f’k{kk dsUnzkas dks enjlk dgdj iqdkjk tkrk gSA 1edrc & bLykeh f’k{kk esa NksVs cPpksa dh izkjfEHkd f’k{kk ?kj ds vkl&ikl dh efLtnksa esa yxs izkjfEHkd Ldwyksa esa nh tkrh gSA ;s Ldwy izkphu f’k{kk O;oLFkk ds vuq:i gSA bUgsa edrc dgdj iqdkjk tkrk gSA edrc ds pkj izdkj gksrs gS & ¼d½ dqjku Ldwy ¼[k½ Qkjlh Ldwy ¼x½ Qkjlh dqjku Ldwy ¼?k½ vjch Ldwy 2enjlk& bLykeh mPp f’k{kk dk izcU/k enjlksa esa fd;k tkrk Fkk A ;s vUrjkZ"Vªh; f’k{kk dsUnzks ds :i esa dk;Z djrs FksA bu dsUnzks dh LFkkiuk dk mn~ns’; eqfLye /keZ] LkH;rk rFkk laLd`fr dk Lkaj{k.k o izlkj djuk FkkA bu enjlksa esa f’k{kk dk ek/;e vjch o Qkjlh Hkk"kk, Fkh A f’k{kk dh O;oLFkk jktkvksa ds }kjk nh tkrh FkhA 3vuq’kklu & bLyke /keZ esa vuq’kklu dks cM+k egRo fn;k x;k gSA blds vuqlkj eksgEen lkgc ds fn[kk, x;s ekxZ ij pyuk gh lPpk vuq’kklu gSA bl vuq’kklu dk igyk dne gS vius vUnj fNis 'kSrku dks ekjukA nwljk dne gS la;e cjruk vkSj rhljk dne gS fu;eksa dk ikyuk djuk vkSj Hkwy gksus ij rkSCkk ¼i’pkrki½ djuk ,oa Hkwylq/kkj djukA iz’u 32

dqjku ds ,ds’ojokn ls D;k rkRi;Z gS \ What do you understand by Quranic monism?

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bLyke /keZ ds izorZd gtjr eqgEen lkgc Fks A bZlkbZ /keZ ds i’pkr~ ;g fo’o dk lcls cM+k /keZ gSA eqgEen lkgc dk tUe 570 bZ0 esa vjc ns’k ds izfl) uxj eDdk esa gqvk A 40 o"kZ dh vk;q esa eqgEen lkgc ^bLyke ds iSxEcj^ ds uke ls fo[;kr gq, A bLyke /keZ dh lcls ifo= iqLrd dqjku gSA dqjku 'kjhQ ds vuqlkj bl lalkj dk tUenkrk vYykg gSA vkSj fo’o ds ftrus Hkh thou gS os vYykg ds cUns ¼nkl½ gSA blh dkj.k ls dqjku es vYykg esa vVwV vkLFkk dk gksuk vko’;d cryk;k x;k gSA vYYkkg esa vkLFkk ds vfrfjDRk fdlh Hkh izdkj ls laLkkj ds fuekZ.kdrkZ dh mikluk djuk oftZr gSA vYykg ds izR;sd cUns dks d;ker ds For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

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vfUre le; rd vYykg ds U;k; esa fo’okl j[kuk pkfg,A izR;sd O;fDr dks ln&deZ djus esa fo’okl j[kuk pkfg,A dqjku 'kjhQ dh 11osa v/;k; ds vuqlkj vYykg tM+ vkSj vkRek ls mPp gSA dqjku 'kjhQ ds vuqlj vYykg ij lc dqN vk/kkfjr gSA og u mRiUu djrk gS vkSj u gh mRiUu fd;k tkrk gSA vkSj muds leku dksbZ Hkh ugha gSA bLyke ds ,ds’ojokn dks bl :i es Hkh le>k tk ldrk gS fd ^yk bykg] bfYykg eqgenqjZlqfYyykg^ vFkkZr~ vYykg ds flok; vkSj dksbZ iwtuh; ugha gSa rFkk eksgEen mlds jlwy ¼jktnwr½ gSA iz’u 33

izd`frokn dh rRoehaeklk dh fo’ks"krkvksa dks crkb;s A Explain the metaphysics of naturalism.

mRrj

izd`frokn dh rRoehekalk dh fo’ks"krk,a & 1blds vuqlkj vfUre lR; izd`fr rFkk inkFkZ dks ekuk tkrk gSA 2blds vUrxZr mtkZ dks Hkh lR; ekurs gS D;ksa fd inkFkksZ dks mtkZ esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gSA 3izd`frokn dks HkkSfrdokn Hkh dgrs gSA tks KkusfUnz;ksa rd gh lhfer gSA 4bldk bZ’ojh; lRrk esa fo’okl ugha gSA 5izd`fr vkSj inkFkZ ls ijs fdlh Hkh lRrk es budk fo’okl ugha gSA 6izd`fr dh lRrk vkUrfjd dh vis{kk ckg~; vf/kd gSA 7eu vkSj 'kjhj nks RkRoksa ds fodkl dks egÙo nsrk gS vkSj buesa ijLij fuHkZjrk dk mYys[k gksrk gSA 8;g fo’o izd`fr dh ,d jpuk gS vkSj HkkSfrd lalkj gh lR; gSA 9euq"; izd`fr dh lcls Js"B jpuk gSA 10euq"; dk fodkl ,d izkd`frd fØ;k gSA 11izd`fr lalkj esa larqyu cuk;s j[krh gSA

iz’u 34

izd`frokn ij vk/kkfjr f’k{kk dh foospuk dhft, A Describe the educational based on naturalism.

mRrj

f’k{kk ds {ks= esa izd`frokn dk izHkko nks :iksa esa fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS A izFke rks mlus n’kZu ds :i esa f’k{kk ds y{;ksa vkSj mn~ns’;ksa dks fuf’pr fd;k gSA f}rh; mlus ekuo izd`fr dh O;k[;k djds f’k{k.k fof/k;ksa vkSj f’k{kk ds lk/kuksa dh O;k[;k dh gSA izd`frokn ds QyLo:i f’k{kk esa cky dsfUnzr f’k{kk dk izpyu izkjEHk gqvk A f’k{kk ds {ks= esa izd`frokn u rks HkkSfrd txr dk izd`frokn gS u ;kfU=d izd`frokn vkSj u gh tSodh; izd`frokn A bu rhuksa ls fHkUu og ,d ueuh; O;k[;k gS tks fd f’k{kk dks ckyd ds lEIkw.kZ vuqHko ij vk/kkfjr djuk pkgrh gS vkSj fdrkch Kku ds fo:) gSA f’k{kk dk vFkZ & izd`frokn ds vuqlkj okLrfod f’k{kk og gS tks euq"; dks mldh izd`fr ds vuq:i fodkl djds ,oa thou dks lq[ke; cukus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA :lks us viuh iqLrd ^,ehy^ esa f’k{kk dh ifjHkk"kk dh gS tks bl izdkj gS & ^^ckyd dh izFke ckj dh f’k{kk fo’kq) :i ls fu"ks/kkRed gksuh pkfg,A blesa lR; vkSj ln~xq.k dk dk f’k{k.k fcYdqy lfEefyr u gksdj ckyd ds ân; dks voxq.k ls rFkk eu dks =qfV ls cpkuk fufgr gS^^A For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

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f’k{kk ds ?kVd & f’k{kk ds mn~ns’;] f’k{k.k izfØ;k] ikB;Øe dk fodkl] f’k{k.k fof/k;ka] f’k{kd dh Hkwfedk] Nk= dh Hkwfedk] fo|ky; izcU/ku rFkk fo|ky; vuq’kklu vkfn A f’k{kk ds mn~ns’; %& 1ckyd dk lEiw.kZ fodkl djukA 2'kkjhfjd rFkk ekufld fodkl djukA 3oSKkfud vfHko`fr dk fodkl djukA 4LokHkkfod vfHko`f) ds fy, volj iznku djukA 5LokLF; ds fu;eksa dk cks/k djukA 6thfodksiktZu ds dkS’kyksa dk fodkl djukA f’k{kk izfØ;k & izd`froknh f’k{kk dh izfØ;k bldh rRoehekalk ls vf/kd izHkkfor gSA :lks us izkd`frd f’k{kk dks gh LokHkkfod ekuk vkSj fo|ky; dh fu;fer ,oa d`f=e f’k{kk iz.kkyh dh vkykspuk dh A mudk ekuuk Fkk fd izkd`frd :i esa iz R;sd oLrq lqUnj gksrh gS ijUrq euq"; ,oa lekt mldh lqUnjrk dks fod`r dj nsrk gS blfy, ckyd esa f’k{kk dh izfØ;k lkekftd ifjos’k esa u gksdj izkd`frd okrkoj.k esa nsuk vko’;d gSA f’k{kk dh izfØ;k esa f’k{kd dh Hkwfedk xkS.k gksrh gSA f’k{kd dh vis{kk Nk= dks vf/kd fØ;k’khy j[kus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ckyd ds 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld fodkl dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, mudh voLFkkvksa ds vuq:i f’k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA bl f’k{k.k izfØ;k eas lekt dh vis{kk ckyd ds O;fDrRo ds fodkl dks fo’ks"k egRo fn;k tkrk gSA f’k{kk dk ikB~;Øe & izd`froknh f’k{kk ds ikB~;Øe esa HkkSfrd foKku fo"k;ksa dks iz/kkurk nh xbZ gSA :lks us viuh iqLrd ^,ehy^ esa ckydks dh fHkUu&fHkUu voLFkkvksa ds fy, fofHkUu ikB~;Øeksa dh :ijs[kk izLrqr dh gS A 1'kS’kokoLFkk ds fy, ikB~;Øe & 'kkjhfjd LokLF; o KkusfUnz;ksa ds fodkl dks /;ku esa j[kk tk;s [ksy&dwn dks LFkku fn;k tk;sA 2ckY;koLFkk & 12 o"kZ dh vk;q rd iqLrdksa ls nwj j[kk tk;sA ckY;koLFkk esa [ksyus&dwnus rFkk mBus&cSBus dh LorU=rk nh tkuh pkfg,A ftlls mUgsa fofHkUu izdkj ds vuqHko izkIr gks ldsA 3fd’kksjkoLFkk gsrq &izkd`frd foKku] Hkk"kk] xf.kr] laxhr] fp=dyk] lkekftd thou rFkk gLrdyk lEcU/kh fo"k;ksa dks ikB~;Øe esa 'kkfey fd;k tk;sA 4;qokoLFkk gsrq ikB~;Øe & uSfrd o /kkfeZd f’k{kk dks 'kkfey fd;k tk;sA bl Lrj ds ikB~;Øe esa 'kkjhfjd f’k{kk] laxhr dyk] HkkSfrd foKku vkfnA izd`frokn ds ikB~;Øe dh izeq[k fo’ks"krk,a 1ikB~;Øe cky&dsfUnzr gksuk pkfg,A 2'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld vfHko`f) ,oa fodkl dks egÙo 3HkkSfrd foKku ds fo"k;ksa dks izkFkfedrk 4foKku }kjk Kku dk fodkl gksrk gSA 5blds ikB~;Øe esa eq[;r% xf.kr] HkwxHkZ&’kkL=] Hkwxksy] tho foKku dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA f’k{k.k fof/k;k& izd`frokn esa vkxeu fprau dk fo’ks"k mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA djds lh[kus ¼learning by doing½ dks vf/kd egÙo fn;k x;k gSA blesa O;fDrxr f’k{k.k fof/k;ksa dks iz/kkurk nh xbZ gSA u fd lkewfgd f’k{k.k fof/k;ksa dks] iz;ksxkRed fof/k rFkk iz;ksx’kkyk fof/k;ka egÙoiw.kZ gSA fujh{k.k &losZ{k.k fof/k dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

25

[ksy&fof/k] dgkuh fof/k] fo’ys"k.k fof/k izeq[k gS rFkk mPp Lrj ij vUos{k.k fof/k dks Hkh fo’ks"k egRo fn;k x;k gSA v/;kid dh Hkwfedk &izd`froknh f’k{k.k dh izfØ;k esa f’k{kd dk LFkku xkS.k ekuk tkrk gS] mlds vuqlkj f’k{kd dh Hkwfedk] ,d funsZ’kd] fujh{kd rFkk fe= dh gksrh gSA f’k{kd dks viuh f’k{k.k izfØ;k ckyd ds vuq:i O;ofLFkr djuh pkfg,A f’k{kd dks ckydksa ds fy, ,sls volj iznku djrk gS ftlesa og LorU= :i ls viuh vfHkO;fDr dj lds f’k{kd dk dk;Z ;g gS fd Nk=ksa dks mudh :fp;ksa] ;ksX;rkvksa ,oa vko’;drkvksa ds vuq:i fodkl gsrq leqfpr okrkoj.k mRiUUk djsa ckyd dks Loa; vius vuqHkoksa }kjk lh[kus dk volj fn;k tk,A Nk= dh Hkwfedk & izd`froknh f’k{kk cky&dsfUnzr ekuh xbZ gSA ckydksa dks muds vuqHkoksa }kjk gh lh[kus dk volj fn;k tk, A ckydksa dh ewy izo`fRr;ksa] :fp;ksa] ;ksX;rkvksa ,oa vko’;drkvksa dk iwjk&iwjk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A :lks ds vuqlkj ^^ckydksa dh f’k{kk ds fy, f’k{kd }kjk muesa ftKklk mRiUu djuh pkfg,A blesa ifj.kkeLo:i ckyd inkFkksZ] thoksa rFkk oLrqvksa dk vius vuqHkoksa }kjk Kku izkIr dj ldrk gSA fo|ky; izcU/ku & izd`froknh fo|ky; dh O;oLFkk dks ckyd ds fy, vko’;d ugha ekurs] ckyd dks fo|ky; ls vyx lekt ls nwj rFkk ekrk&fir ls Hkh nwj izkd`frd okrkoj.k esa NksM+ nsuk pkfg,A f’k{kd dk dk;Z fujh{kd dk ns[kHkky dk gh gks ftlls og ckydksa dks izkd`frd vkinkvksa rFkk nq"ifj.kkeksa ls cpk lds A ;fn fo|ky;ksa dh O;oLFkk dj nh xbZ gS rks muds vUrxZr izkd`frd orkoj.k mRiUu fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ftlls ckydksa dh ;ksX;rkvksa dk LokHkkfod :i ls fodkl gks ldsA fo|ky; vuq’kklu & izd`froknh ckyd dks vuq’kklu esa j[kus ds fy, vf/kd LOkrU=rk nsuk pkgrk gS mlds vuqlkj ckyd ij izfrcU/k de ls de yxk;s tk;s A izfrcU/k ckyd ds fodkl esa ck/kd gksrs gSA ckyd dks fdlh Hkh izdkj dk n.M ugha nsuk pkfg,A izd`frokn ds vuqlkj vuq’kklu dk vFkZ izd`fr ds fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk gS og ckydksa dks vuq’kklu lEcU/kh fdlh Hkh izdkj ds mins’k nsus dh vko’;drk ugha le>rsA izd`froknh f’k{kk dh leh{kk & izd`froknh lekt vkSj jk"Vª dks egRo u nsdj ckyd ds fodkl dks vf/kd egRo nsrs gSA ijUrq ckyd ds fodkl dh fn’kk jk"Vª vkSj lekt gh ns ldrk gSA izd`froknh f’k{kk esa euq"; dh lkekftd] uSfrd] pkjhf=d rFkk vk/;kfRed fodkl dks dksbZ egRo ugha fn;k x;k gS A ewY;ksa dks Hkh LFkku ugha fn;k gSA izd`froknh 'kkjhfjd fodkl gsrq [ksydwn] O;k;ke rFkk HkkSfrd lq[kksa dh izkfIr ds fy, foKku dh f’k{kk dks fo’ks"k egRo nsrs gSA izd`froknh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; rFkk dyk dh f’k{kk dks vf/kd egRo ugha nsrs gSA izd`frokfn;ksa dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku f’k{k.k &’kkL= esa jgk gSA vf/kdka’k f’k{k.k fof/k;ka izd`frokn dh gh nsu gSA izd`froknh f’k{kk esa HkkokRed i{k dks dksbZ egRo ugha fn;k x;k gS blesa bl ckr ij rks cy fn;k x;k fd ckyd dks D;k lh[kuk pkfg, fdUrq D;k ugha lh[kuk pkfg, bldh vksj dksbZ /;ku ugha fn;k gS HkkokRed f’k{kk ds fcuk ,d vPNk euq"; ugha cuk;k tk ldrkA izd`frokn esa v/;kid dk LFkku xkS.k ekuk x;k gS vkSj f’k{kk&izfØ;k dks cky&dsfUnzr ijUrq cky&dsfUnzr f’k{kk dh izfØ;k dh Li"V :i ls O;k[;k ugha dh xbZ gSA izd`frokn esa LorU=rk ij vf/kd cy fn;k x;k gS ijUrq vf/kd LorU=rk ckydksa ds fy, fgrdj ugha gksrh gSA For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

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izd`frokn esa vuq’kklu ds fy, izkd`frd ifj.kkeksa }kjk n.M dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA izd`fr dk U;k; ;k izd`fr dk n.M uSfrd ewY;kas ij vk/kkfjr ugha gksrk gS bl izdkj ds vuq’kklu dk LkHkh us fojks/k fd;k gSA iz’u % 35

vkn’kZokn dh Kkueheklka dh fo’ks"krk,a crkb;s \ Discuss the main characteristics of Epistemology?

mRrj

vkn’kZokn ,d Kku ehekalk dk n’kZu gSA rRoehekalk dk ugha blds vUrxZr Kku dk fo’kn foospu fd;k x;k gSA lqdjkr] IysVksa] MsdkVZ vkfn ds fopkjksa us vkn’kZoknh Kku ehekalk dks Li"V fd;k gSA vkn’kZokn dh Kku ehekalk dh izeq[k fo’ks"krk,a bl izdkj gS %& 1vkn’kZokn Kkuehekalk dk n’kZu gSA 2bl n’kZu esa Hkko i{k iz/kku gSA 3bldh Kku ehekalk dks dkUV rFkk cdZys us fn;kA 4fo’o dh jpuk bZ’oj }kjk dh xbZ tks lkFkZd izrhr gksrk gSA 5ckSf)d Kku ,oa fpUru Kku gh izeq[k gSA 6izR;{khdj.k] le; rFkk LFkku ?kVuk rFkk oLrq dh xq.koÙkk gSA 7Kku dk eq[; lzksr fuxeu fpUru ,oa leh{kk gSA 8bl n’kZu dk Kku izR;{k rFkk vuqeku ls Hkh izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA

iz’u % 36

vkn’kZokn dh rRoehekalk dks LIk"V dhft, . Describe the metaphysics of Idealism.

mRrj

vkn’kZokn esa ^fopkj^ dks gh vfUre lR; ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA izd`fr dh i`Fkd lRrk ugha gSA ;g fopkj ij vk/kkfjr gS A fopkj gh og ije RkRo gSA tks fo’o ij fu;U=.k djrk gSA leLr fo’o esa fopkj gh lr~ gSA fo’o fopkj dk gh izdk’ku gSA izd`fr vkSj euq"; esa fopkj ds vk/kkj ij gh lEcU/k gSA bl HkkSfrd txr dks gh lc dqN ugha le>uk pkfg, blds vfrfjDr ,d ekufld txr gS tks HkkSfrd txr ls Hkh vf/kd egRoiw.kZ ,oa ;FkkZFk gSA IysVks us bl czãk.M dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gS fopkj txr vkSj oLrq txr A vkn’kZokn dh rRoehekalk dh ize[q k fo’ks"krk,a %& 1vkn’kZoknh fopkj rFkk vkRek dks lR; ekurs gSA 2blesa vk/;kfRed Lo% dks iz/kkurk nsrs gSA 3vkRek 'kjhj dk thou gSA 4vkn’kZoknh vkRek dks fujis{k ekurs gSA 5vkn’kZoknh vkRek dks vuqHkwfr dk fo"k; ekurs gSA 6blesa lR; dh izd`fr vkUrfjd gSA v½ v}Sroknh vkRek ,oa bZ’oj dks ,d gh ekurs gSA c½ }Sroknh nksuks dh lRrk es fo’okl j[krs gSA 7vkn’kZoknh dks cqf)oknh n’kZu rFkk vk/;kfRed n’kZu Hkh dgrs gSA 8vkn’kZoknh f’k{kk ds Lo:i dks euks%dsfUnzr ekurs gSA 9vkn’kZokn dk vlR; lqfuf’pr rFkk lkoZHkkSfed gSA For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

10iz’u % 37

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vkn’kZokn dks dbZ ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gS tSls vkRek] psruk] vuqHko] vuqHkwfr rFkk fuxeu fpUruA

f’k{kk dk vFkZ] mn~ns’;] izfØ;k] ikB~;Øe] f’k{k.k fof/k vkfn ds vk/kkj ij vkn’kZoknh f’k{kk dh foospuk dhft, \ Describe the idealism education based on the meaning of education, process, syllabus and educational methodology

mRrj

f’k{kk dk fl)kUr n’kZu ekuk tkrk gSA vkn’kZokn us izkphudky ls f’k{kk dks funsZf’kr fd;k gS vkSj f’k{kk dh izfØ;k dks izHkkfor fd;k gS lHkh nk’kZfud fopkj/kkjkvksa us vius&vius
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lfEefyr fd;k tk,a] ftlls euq"; dks euq"; cuk;k tk lds vkSj pkfjf=d o uSfrd xq.kksa dk fodkl fd;k tk ldsA ikB~;Øe esa 'kkjhfjd f’k{kk ds lkFk&lkFk laxhr dh f’k{kk dks Hkh egRo fn;k x;kA f’k{k.k fof/k %& vkn’kZokfn;ksa ds vuqlj uSfrd ewY;ksa dks vf/kd egRo fn;k x;k A blds fy, mUgksus vuqdj.k fof/k dks mi;ksxh cuk;k A lqdjkr us iz’uksRrj fof/k dks mi;ksxh crk;k rks gjcVZ us O;k[;ku fof/k dksA vkn’kZokn ds vuqlkj ;kstuk fof/k Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA 1izopu ,oa O;k[;ku fof/k vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA 2iz’uksRrj fof/k dk Hkh mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 3vuqdj.k fof/k dk fo’ks"k egRo gSaA 4okn&fookn fof/k dk mi;ksx djrs gSA 5Lo% fØ;k fof/k dks Hkh egRo fn;k tkrk gSA 6fuxeu f’k{k.k fof/k izeq[k gSA v/;kid dh Hkwfedk & vkn’kZoknh f’k{kk esa f’k{kd dk LFkku f’k{k.k izfØ;k esa loksZifj ekuk x;k gSA f’k{kd Nk= ds thou dk ekxZn’kZd gksrk gSA f’k{kd Nk=ksa dks okLrfod Kku nsus dk iz;Ru djrk gSA f’k{kd vius vkpj.k ls Nk=ksa esa uSfrd ,oa /kkfeZd ewY;ksa dk fodkl djrk gSA f’k{kd ds fcuk f’k{k.k dh izfØ;k dks v/kqjh ekuk tkrk gSA f’k{kd dh izeq[k Hkwfedk,a fuEu gS %& & f’k{kd vf/kd fØ;k’khy jgrk gS rFkk Nk= Jksrk gksrs gSA & f’k{kd dks vkn’kZ Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu djuk gksrk gSA & ckyd ds vkRe fodkl rFkk pfj= fodkl dks egRo fn;k tkrk gS & f’k{kd dks fo"k; dk LokfeRo gksuk pkfg,A & f’k{kd dh Hkwfedk ,d nk’kZfud dh gksrh gSA & f’k{kd dks pfj= fodkl] uSfrd ,oa /kkfeZd ewY;ksa dk fodkl djuk pkfg,A vkn’kZoknh f’k{kk dh leh{kk %& 1vkn’kZoknh f’k{kk esa n’kZu ij vf/kd cy fn;k x;k gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i f’k{kk ds }kjk nk’kZfud gh rS;kj fd;s tk ldrs gSA 2vkn’kZoknh f’k{kk esa vkn’kZ rFkk ewY;ksa ij fopkj fd;k x;k gS fdUrq mu vkn’kksZ ,oa ewY;ks dks izkIr djus dh fof/k;ksa dk foospu ugha fd;k x;k gSA 3vkn’kZoknh f’k{kk ds ikB~;Øe esa fofo/krk ij vf/kd /;ku ugha fn;k x;k gSA 4vkn’kZoknh f’k{kk esa iz;ksxkRed f’k{k.k fof/k;ksa dks vf/kd egRo ugha fn;k cfYd O;k[;ku o iz’uksRrj fof/k dks vf/kd egRo fn;k x;k gSA 5vkn’kZoknh f’k{kk iz.kkyh esa f’k{kd dks fo’ks"k LFkku fn;k x;k gS rFkk Nk=ksa dh fØ;k’khyrk ij dksbZ /;ku ugha fn;k x;k gSA 6vkn’kZokn dh fopkj/kkjk esa lnSo vfUre lRrk dh ckr dh tkrh gS ftldk Kku izkIr djuk vf/kd dfBu gSA 7vkn’kZoknh f’k{kk dk mÌs’; vkRekuqHkwfr gS tcfd lkekU; Nk= 'kkjhfjd vuqHkwfr rFkk lkekftd vuqHkwfr rd gh igqpa ikrs gSA vkRekuqHkwfr dk vHkko vf/kdka’k f’k{kdksa esa Hkh gksrk gSA 8vkn’kZokn esa O;fDr ,ao lekt ,d nwljs ds iwjd ekus tkrs gS tc fd vkn’kZoknh oS;fDrd fØ;k dks eq[; ekurs gSA lkekftd fØ;kvksa dks xkS.kA bl leh{kk ls Li"V gksrk gS fd vkn’kZokn gh f’k{kk dk okLrfod n’kZu gS ftls f’k{kk dk fl)kUr dgk tkrk gSA f’k{kd rFkk Nk= dk lEcU/k cM+k ifo= rFkk For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

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vk/;kfREkd /kjkry ij gksrk gSA f’k{kk dh izfØ;k }kjk euq"; dks ,d vkn’kZ euq"; cukus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA vkn’kZoknh f’k{kk esa ladYi 'kfDr ds fodkl dh vksj fo’ks"k /;ku fn;k tkrk gS ladYi ’kfDr dk vFkZ gksrk gS O;fDr vius fuekZ.k esa vius fodkl esa Loa; gh ;ksxnku djrk gS A blh 'kfDr ds }kjk og lekt dk mRFkku Hkh djrk gSA O;fDr viuh ladYi 'kfDr ls viuk fodkl djrk gS rFkk vius HkkX; dk fuekZ.k Hkh djrk gSA iz’u % 38

;FkkFkZokn dk vFkZ Li"V dhft, lkFk gh ;FkkFkZokn o vkn’kZokn esa vUrj crkb, \ Clarify the meaning of realism. Give the difference between realism and idealism.

mRrj

;FkkFkZokn ds fy, vaxzsth esa izpfyr 'kCn gSa Realism ¼fj;fyTe½ fj;y (Real) ’kCn xzhd Hkk"kk ds jsl Res ls cuk gSA Res ’kCn dk vFkZ gS ^oLrq^ vr% Real dk vFkZ gqvk oLrq lEcU/kh bl izdkj Realism oLrq ds vfLrRo lEcU/kh fopkjksa ds izfr ,d n`f"Vdks.k gS ftlds vuqlkj txr dh oLrq, ;FkkFkZ gS vFkkZr~ tSlh gedks fn[kkbZ nsrh gS oSlh gh gSA ifjHkk"kk,a %& Lokeh jkerhFkZ ds vuqlkj &^^;FkkFkZokn dk vFkZ ml fo’okl vkSj fl)kUr ls gS tks txr dks oSlk gh Lohdkj djrk gS tSlk og fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA jkWl ds vuqlkj & ^^;FkkFkZokn bl ckr ij cy nsrk gS fd tks dqN ge izR;{k esa vuqHko djrs gS muds ihNs rFkk muls feyrk &tqyrk oLrqvksa dk ,d txr gSa A ;FkkFkZokn ,oa vkn’kZokn esa Hksn & ¼1½ txr vkSj oLrq dh O;k[;k &;FkkFkZokfn;ksa dk fo’okl gS fd tks gesa txr vkSj txr dh oLrq,a fn[kkbZ nsrh gS mUgh dks lR; ekurs gSa vkn’kZoknh txr ls ijs dh lRrk esa fo’okl djrs gSa vkSj txr vkSj fo’o dks u’oj ekurs gSA ¼2½ rRoehekalk dh O;k[;k& vkn’kZoknh izd`fr vkSj euq"; esa lkeUtL; ekurs gSA vkSj txr esa euq"; dks iz/kkurk nsrs gSA tcfd ;FkkFkZoknh izd`fr vkSj euq"; esa lkeUtL; dks egRo ugha nsrs vkSj u gh euq"; dks txr esa izeq[k LFkku nsrs gSA ¼3½ Kkuehekalk dh O;k[;k & ;FkkFkZoknh Kku dks vuqHkotU; gh ekurs gS tks ge KkusfUnz;ksa ls txr dh oLrq ns[krs gSa vkSj buds lEcU/k esa tks ges tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gS mls gh Kku ekuk tkrk gS vFkkZr~ izR;{k Kku esa budk fo’okl gS tcfd vkn’kZoknh viuh vUrn`Zf"V rFkk vUr% izKk dk Kku dh n`f"V ls fo’ks"k egRo nsrs gSA Kku n`f"V ls ;s Kkrk vkSj Ks; dks Hkh fo’ks"k egRo nsrs gSA txr dh oLRkqvksa dks vf/kd egRo nsrs gSA txr dh oLrqvksa dks vf/kd egRo ugha fn;k tkrk gSA

iz’u % 39

;FkkFkZokn ds vuqlkj f’k{kk ds Lo:i dk o.kZu dhft, A Describe the mode of education according to realism.

mRrj

f’k{kk dk vFkZ & ;FkkFkZoknh f’k{kk dks fodkl dh izfØ;k ekurs gSA ;g Kku dks Kku ds fy, ugha rFkk u gh Kku dks eqfDr ds lk/ku ds :i esa Lohdkj djrs gSA mudk ekuuk gS fd Kku dk Lo:i ,slk gksuk pkfg, tks muds fy, vko’;d rFkk mi;ksxh gks rFkk For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

30

thou dks lq[kh cuk ldsA ;FkkFkZokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj f’k{kk dk thou esa mi;ksx djuk Hkh vko’;d gS ;fn f’k{kk thou ds fy, mi;ksxh ugha gSa rks mls ekufld vH;kl gh ekuuk pkfg,A f’k{kk ds mÌs’;&;FkkFkZokn ds vuqlkj f’k{kk dk eq[; mÌs’; thou dks lq[ke; cukuk gSA bl mÌs’; dh iwfrZ gsrq dqN fof’k"V f’k{kk ds mÌs’;ksa dk izfriknu fd;k x;k gS os mÌs’; bl izdkj gS %& 1'kkjhfjd fodkl djukA 2bfUnz;ksa dk izf’k{k.k djukA 3ekufld ;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl djukA 4izkd`frd ,oa lkekftd i;kZoj.k dh tkudkjh nsuk 5oSKkfud vfHko`fr o n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl djukA 6O;kolkf;d {kerkvksa dk fodkl djukA 7uSfrd ewY;ksa dk fodkl djukA f’k{k.k izfØ;k & ;FkkFkZokn ds vuqlkj f’k{kk dh izfØ;k esa ekuo fodkl dks egRo fn;k tkrk gSA f’k{kk dh izfØ;k }kjk ,slh f’k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh tk, tks ckydksa ds fy, O;fDrxr rFkk lkekftd :i ls mi;ksxh gks ftlds }kjk ekuo laLd`fr dk fodkl fd;k tk ldsA fo|ky; dks lekt ds y?kq :i esa dk;Z djuk pkfg, A fo|ky;ksa dks izcU/ku gsrq LorU=rk Hkh gksuh pkfg, ftlls fo|ky; LFkkuh; vko’;drkvksa dks Hkh /;ku esa j[k ldsA f’k{kk dh izfØ;k esa ekuoh; rRoksa dks fo’ks"k LFkku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A f’k{kk dk ikB~;Øe & ;FkkFkZoknh f’k{kk ds ikB~;Øe ds fy, f’k{kk ds mÌs’; fn’kk iznku djrs gSA lq[ke; thou dh rS;kjh ds fy, ckyd dks mlds thou ds fy, rS;kj djuk gksrk gS blfy, ikB~;Øe dk Lo:i ,slk gksuk pkfg, ftldk ckyd ds thou ls lh/kk lEcU/k gks rFkk mlds fy, O;fDrxr mi;ksfxrk Hkh gks blfy, ;FkkFkZoknh f’k{kk ds ikB~;Øe esa lHkh fo"k;ksa dks LFkku nsrs gSA ;FkkFkZoknh ikB~;Øe dk mÌs’; vknrksa rFkk vfHko`fRk;ksa dk fodkl djuk gSA ;FkkFkZoknh ckydksa dks viuh :fp;ksa] ;ksX;rkvksa rFkk vko’;drkuqlkj fo"k;ksa dks p;u dh LorU=rk nsrk gS ijUrq ;g ekr`Hkk"kk] fdlh O;olk; vFkok fdlh fo"k; dh f’k{kk dks vfuok;Z cukus ds i{k esa ugha gSA ikB~;Øe esa vkRefoKku rFkk euksfoKku fo"k; dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk blds lkFk&lkFk blesa dyk ] dfork] lkfgR;] thofu;ka] n’kZu rFkk /keZ dk Hkh lekos’k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A f’k{k.k fof/k;ka &;FkkFkZoknh f’k{k.k esa ,slh fof/k;ksa dks izkFkfedrk nsrs gS ftlls mUgsa ;FkkFkZ Kku izkIr gks lds blds fy, ;FkkFkZokfn;ksa us Hkze.k] ns’kkVu rFkk 'kSf{kd ;k=kvksa dsk egRoiw.kZ crk;k gS ,slh f’k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftlls oSKkfud rF;ksa dk Li"V] ljy rFkk O;ofLFkr Kku fn;k tk ldsA f’k{kd dks vius O;fDrxr fopkjksa dks f’k{k.k ls vyx j[kuk pkfg,A vfirq ckydksa dks :fp vkSj vko’;drkvksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, f’k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk p;u fd;k tkuk pkfg,A f’k{kd dks vius f’k{k.k dh vis{kk Nk=ksa dks lh[kus esa lgk;rk iznku djuh pkfg,A ;FkkFkZokn ds vuqlkj f’k{k.k fof/k;ksa dh lwph ;gka izLrqr dh xbZ gS & 1;FkkFkZokn ,slh f’k{k.k fof/k;ksa dks vf/kd egRo nsrs gS ftuls 'kq) Kku fn;k tk ldsA 2buesa 'kSf{kd ;k=k,a rFkk ns’kkVu ize[q k fof/k gS ftlls 'kq) Kku izkIr gksrk gSA 3blesa cgq&bfUnz; vk;ke dk mi;ksx djrs gSA 4;FkkFkZokn esa fujh{k.k] losZ{k.k] iz;ksx fof/k;ksa dks Hkh fo’ks"k egRo fn;k tkrk gSA For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

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f’k{kd dh Hkwfedk %& ;FkkFkZokn ds vuqlkj f’k{kd dh Hkwfedkvksa dk mYys[k fuEukafdr iafDRk;ksa esa fd;k x;k gS & 1f’k{kd Nk=ksa dh {kerkvksa rFkk ;ksX;rkvksa dk /;ku j[krk gS 2f’k{kd dks f’k{k.k ds lkFk funsZ’ku Hkh nsuk gksrk gSA 3f’k{kd dks thou dh okLrfodrkvksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A 4f’k{kd esa Nk=ksa ds leL;k lek/kku dh {kerk,a gksuh pkfg,A 5f’k{kd esa fo"k; ds izfr vkRe&fo’okl gksuk pkfg,A 6f’k{kd dks Nk=ksa esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dk fodkl djuk pkfg,A 7f’k{kd }kjk Nk= dks ifjJeh gksus dk izksRlkgu nsuk pkfg,A 8;FkkFkZokn ds vuqlkj ^djds lh[kuk^ vf/kd izHkko’kkyh gksrk gSA ftlds fy, Nk=ksa dks vf/kd fØ;k’khy j[kk tk,A 9f’k{kk ds ewY;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k f’k{kd dks djuk pkfg,A ;FkkFkZoknh f’k{kk dh leh{kk & ;FkkFkZokn ds vuqlkj f’k{kk dk Lo:i O;kogkfjd gksuk pkfg,A vc lHkh ;g ekuus yxs gSa fd f’k{kk dk Lo:i dqN Hkh gks ijUrq mldk thou esa mi;ksx vo’; gksuk pkfg, ;s vO;kogkfjd f’k{kk dks egRo ugha nsrs gSA ;FkkFkZoknh f’k{k.k izfØ;k ikB~;Øe rFkk mÌs’; ds fu/kkZj.k esa oSKkfud rFkk O;kogkfjd n`f"Vdks.k viukrs gSA ;FkkFkZoknh KkusfUnz;ksa ds izf’k{k.k ij vf/kd cy nsrs gSA vkSj ;s KkusfUnz;ksa dks Kku dk eq[; Lrks= ,oa lk/ku ekurs gSA fo’ks"krk,a & 1f’k{kk dh O;kogkfjd izo`fr ij vf/kd cy fn;k tkrk gSA 2f’k{kk ds mÌs’;ksa esa O;fDrxr fodkl] thfodksiktZu dh {kerkvksa dks egRo fn;k tkrk gSA 3f’k{kk dh izfØ;k esa oSKkfud vkSj rduhdh fo"k; dks fo’ks"k egRo fn;k tkrk gSA 4;FkkFkZokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj f’k{k.k esa oSKkfud fof/k;ksa dks izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA 5f’k{kk dh izfØ;k esa KkusfUnz;ks ds izf’k{k.k ij fo’ks"k LFkku fn;k tkrk gSA 6;FkkFkZokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj izR;{k Kku dks gh 'kq) ekuk tkrk gSA 7bfUnz; vuqHko dks Kku dk lzksr rFkk lk/ku ekurs gSA 8fo|ky; dks lekt dk y?kq:i ekurs gSA vkSj vuq’kklu esa vkRefu;a=.k dks fo’ks"k LFkku nsrs gSA ;FkkFkZoknh f’k{kk n’kZu ds eq[; nks"k %& 1lHkh f’k{k.k fof/k;ksa esa oLrqfu"Brk rFkk ;FkkFkZrk dk xq.k lEHko ugha gSA 2;FkkFkZoknh f’k{k.k dh izfØ;k esa ewY;ksa dks fo’ks"k egRo ugha fn;k x;k gSA tks fd lHkh lektksa vkSj O;fDr;ksa ds fy, vf/kd egRoiw.kZ rFkk vko’;d gSA 3;FkkFkZoknh f’k{kk esa HkkokRed i{k vkSj fØ;kRed i{k ij vf/kd /;ku ugha fn;k x;k gSA 4f’k{kk dh izfØ;k esa oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k ds fodkl dks gh ;FkkFkZ Kku ekuk x;k gSA tc fd dyk] lkfgR;]lkekftd fo"k;ksa dks fo’ks"k egRo ugha fn;k x;k gSA 5/kkfeZd ,oa uSfrd vkpj.k dks Hkh dksbZ LFkku ugha fn;k x;k gSA

For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

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iz’u % 40

iz;kstuokn dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, bldh rRo ehekalk dks le rel="nofollow">kb;s A Give a clear meaning of pragmatism. Explain its methodology

mRrj

vaxzsth dk ^izSXEkSfVTe^ 'kCn xzhd 'kCn iSzXeSfVdkst ls fudyk gSA ftldk vFkZ gS ^O;kogkfjd^ vFkok ^O;ogk;Z^ izSXeSfVTe dh fopkj/kkjk dk vk’k; ;g gS fd ;fn fdlh ewY; fopkj dk;Z vFkok fl)kUr dh dksbZ O;ogkfjdrk vFkok mi;ksfxrk gS rks og mÙke gS vU;Fkk ugha A fofy;Ek tsEl us Loa; ;g Lohdkj fd;k fd ;g iz;kstuokn ,d n’kZu dh vis{kk mik; vf/kd gS D;ksa fd blesa fdlh vfUre lR; dks ugha ekuk tkrk gS cfYd ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd vfUre lR; cu jgk gSA jkWl us vius 'kCnksa esa blh rF; dks izdV fd;k gS & ^^iz;kstuokn fuf’pr :i ls ,d ekuorkoknh n’kZu gSA tks ;g ekurk gS fd euq"; fØ;k esa Hkkx ysdj vius ewY;ksa dk fuekZ.k djrk gS] vkSj ;g ekurk gS fd okLrfodrk lnSo fuekZ.k dh voLFkk esa jgrh gSA iz;kstuokn dh rRoehekalk iz;kstuoknh fdlh Hkh vfUre lR; esa fo’okl ugha j[krs A os txr dh jpuk dh vis{kk euq"; thou ds okLrfod i{k ij vf/kd fopkj djrs gSA txr ds ckjs esa mudk dsoy bruk dguk gS fd; ;g txr vusd oLrqvksa vkSj fØ;kvksa ls cuk gS budh og blls vf/kd O;k[;k ugha djrkA iz;kstuoknh vkRek dks eu dk gh nwljk :i ekurs gSA eu ,d inkFkZtU; psru rRo gSA fofy;e tsEl &lalkj dh mUgha oLrqvksa ,oa fØ;kvksa dks lR; ekuus es fo’okl j[krk gS tks ekuo thou ds fy, mi;ksxh gSA iz;kstuoknh rRoehekalk dk cks/k fuEu :i ls gksrk gS %& 1leLr txr vxzHkwfe gSA 2txr dk y{k.k loZ= izfØ;k vkSj ifjorZu’khy gSA 3txr vfuf’pr gSA 4txr viw.kZ vkSj vfu/kkZfjr gSA 5txr cgqrRooknh gSA 6txr ds lk/; mldh Loa; dh izfØ;k ds vUrxZr gSA 7txr u rks vrhfUnz; lr~ gS u bls vius esa lek;s gh gSA 8euq"; txr ds lkFk lkarR;iw.kZ fLFkfr esa gSA 9euq"; txr esa lfØ; dkj.k ugha gSA 10txr izxfr dk fuf’pr fo’okl ugha nsrk gSA

iz’u % 41

iz;kstuokn ij vk/kkfjr f’k{kk dh leh{kk dhft,A Analyze the education based on pragmatism.

mRrj

iz;kstuoknh lR;ksa ,oa ewY;ksa dks euq"; }kjk fufeZr ekurs gSA blfy, iz;kstuokn ds vuqlkj f’k{kk dh izfØ;k ,slh gksuh pkfg, ftlls og Nk=ksa dks lR;ksa o ewY;ksa dks izsf"kr dj lds] fuekZ.k dj ldsA iz;kstuoknh lR; dks Hkh ifjorZu’khy ekurs gSA vr% iz;kstuokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj f’k{kk }kjk ckydksa esa ,slh {kerkvksa dk fodkl fd;k tk,] ftlls ckyd vius thou dks mi;ksxh cuk lds rFkk lekt esa Hkyh izdkj lek;kstu dj ldsA iz;kstuoknh f’k{kk dh ijEijkvksa dks egRo ugha nsrs mldk ekuuk gS fd f’k{kk For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

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ckydksa cnyrs gq, ifjos’k ds fy, nsuh pkfg, bUgksus izxfr’khy f’k{kk Lo:i fn;k tks tkWu Mhoh ds fl)kUrksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA f’k{kk dk vFkZ %&iz;kstuoknh f’k{kk dks euq"; ds fodkl dh izfØ;k ekurs gSA f’k{kk dh izfØ;k dk lEiknu lkekftd okrkoj.k esa gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA ftlds }kjk lekt dh laLd`fr dk laj{k.k] izlkj rFkk fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA ckydksa esa ,slh {kerkvksa dk fodkl fd;k tk, ftls og vius lkekftd ,oa izkd`frd okrkoj.k esa lek;kstu dj ldsA iz;kstuoknh f’k{kk dh izfØ;k esa lkekftd l{kerkvksa ds fodkl dks egRo nsrs gSA tkWu Mhoh us iz;kstuoknh f’k{kk dh izfØ;k bl izdkj ls nh gS ^^f’k{kk O;fDr dh mu lHkh ;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl djrh gS tks muesa vius okrkoj.k ij fu;U=.k j[kus rFkk viuh lEHkkoukvksa dks iw.kZ djus dh lkeF;Z iznku djsAa f’k{kk ds mÌs’; %& iz;kstuoknh iwoZ fuf’pr lR;ks]a vkn’kksZ ,oa ewY;ksa esa fo’okl ugha djrs D;ksa fd euq"; dk izkd`frd] lkaLd`frd rFkk lkekftd okrkoj.k cnyrk jgrk gS vkS; ;g cnyk gqvk okrkoj.k euq"; dks u;s&u;s vuqHko iznku djrk gS ftlls u;s&u;s lR;ska] vkn’kksZ rFkk ewY;ksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk jgrk gS blfy, f’k{kk ds mÌs’;ksa dks fuf’pr ugha fd;k tk ldrk A bl lEcU/k esa tkWu Mhoh us mYys[k fd;k gS fd ^^ f’k{kk ds vius dksbZ mÌs’; ugha gksrs] mÌs’; rks O;fDr;ksa ds gksrs gS vkSj O;fDr;ksa ds mÌs’;ksa esa cM+h fHkUurk gksrh gS vkSj tSls tSls O;fDr;ksa dk fodkl gksrk gS muds mÌs’; cnyrs jgrs gS^^A iz;kstuoknh f’k{kk ds mÌs’; %& 1lkekftd l{kerk dk fodkl djuk 2leL;k &lek/kku dh ;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl djukA 3usr`Ro ds xq.kksa dk fodkl djukA 4O;fDrxr xq.kksa dk fodkl djukA 5dk;Z&dkS’kyksa dk fodkl djukA f’k{k.k izfØ;k & iz;kstuoknh f’k{k.k izfØ;k esa ^djds lh[kus^ dks izkFkfedrk nsrs gS A f’k{kk esa funsZ’ku dk vf/kd mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A iz;kstuoknh n’kZu f’k{kk dh izfØ;k ;kstuk ,slh gksuh pkfg, ftlls Nk= lR;ksa o ewY;ksa dk fuekZ.k dj ldsA f’k{kk dk ikB~;Øe & iz;kstuokn ds vuqlkj ikB~;Øe dk Lo:i vuqHko dsfUnzr rFkk fdz;k&dsfUnzr gksrk gS] iz;kstuokfn;ksa us ikB~;Øe ds fodkl gsrq dqN vf/kfu;eksa dsk fn;k gS ;s vf/kfu;e bl izdkj gS & 1mi;ksfxrk dk vf/kfu;e & thouksi;ksxh Kku dk lekos’k gks 2vfHk:fp dk vf/kfu;e & ckydksa dh LokHkkfod :fp;ksa dks 'kkfey 3fØ;k dk vf/kfu;e & [ksydwn] lkfgfR;d rFkk lkaLd`frd fØ;k,a 4vuqHko dk vf/kfu;e& vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuSfrd] HkkSfrd foKku dh ifjfLFkfr;ka 5,dhdj.k dk vf/kfu;e & lHkh fo"k;ksa dks ,dhd`r djds i<+k;k tk;sA f’k{k.k 123-

fof/k;ka & fØ;k & dsfUnzr rFkk vuqHko dsfUnzr fof/k;ksa dk mi;ksx vf/kd gSA ;kstuk fof/k bldh izeq[k nsu gSA izdYi dk;kZs dks Hkh egRo fn;k tkrk gSA vkt bldk gh vf/kd mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

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34

4123456-

leL;k &lek/kku ls fo"k;ksa dk Kku nsrs gSA f’k{kd dh Hkwfedk f’k{kd dh Hkwfedk ,d funsZ’kd ,oa lykgdkj dh gksrh gSA Nk= ^djds vf/kd lh[kus^ dh fØ;k dks viukrs gSA f’k{kd Nk=ksa dks l`tukRed izdYiksa dks nsrk gSA Nk=ksa dh lkewfgd fØ;kvksa dks c<+kok fn;k tkrk gSA f’k{kk ds ewY;ksa dks f’k{kd vius vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij lqfuf’pr djrk gSA f’k{kd Nk=ksa dks usr`Ro ds xq.kksa ds fodkl ds fy, Hkh volj nsrk gSA

iz;kstuoknh f’k{kk dh leh{kk 1iz;kstuoknh n’kZu dh dksbZ rRoehekalk ugha gS ;g fdlh vfUre lR; esa fo’okl ugha djrs budh f’k{kk ds dksbZ vkn’kZ ,oa ewY; ugha gSA mÌs’; o ikB~;Øe Hkh fuf’pr ugha gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa f’k{kk dh izfØ;k dk :i fodflr djuk vlEHko lk izrhr gksrk gSA 2f’k{kk ds mÌs’;ksa esa ckyd ds lEiw.kZ fodkl dks egRo fn;k gS ijUrq lEiw.kZ fodkl ls D;k rkRi;Z gS bldk mUgksus dksbZ mYys[k ugha fd;k gSA 3iz;kstuokfn;ksa us f’k{kk dks vuqHko dsfUnzr ekuk gS tcfd mudh f’k{k.k fof/k leL;k dsfUnzr gSA ekuo dks lHkh Kku vuqHkoksa ls ugha fn;k tk ldrkA 4vk/kqfud le; esa ekuoh; Kku ds {ks= esa fofo/k izdkj ds u;s&u;s fo"k;ksa dk fodkl gks jgk gS mu lHkh dks Kku dks ,dhdj.k vk;ke ls nsuk lEHko ugh gSA 5tkWu Mhoh rFkk fdyiSfVªd Hkh f’k{kk ds mÌs’;ksa ds lEcU/k esa ,d nwljs ls lger ugha gSA 6iz;kstuokn ds vius vkn’kZ ,oa ewY; ugha gSA 7iz;kstuokn f'k{kk }kjk lHkh dks lq[kh ,oa le`)’kkyh cukuk pkgrk gS blds ifj.kkeLo:i vkt lalkj ds lHkh ns’kksa ds O;kolkf;d f’k{kk dks izkFkfedrk nh tk jgh gS rFkk f’k{kk }kjk /kkfeZd ,oa uSfrd ewY;ksa ij /;ku ugha fn;k tk jgk gSA blfy, vkt lekt es vjktdrk vf/kd fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA 8iz;kstuokfn;ksa dh eq[; nsu ;kstuk fof/k gSA bl ;kstuk fof/k ds }kjk lHkh fo"k;ksa dh f’k{kk ugha nh tk ldrh gS D;ksa fd fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ds fodkl esa ,d rkfdZd ,oa euksoSKkfud Øe gksrk gS] bl fof/k ds vUrxZr bl rjg dh dksbZ O;oLFkk ugha gSA iz’u % 42

ekuookn ds vuqlkj f’k{kk ds izeq[k mÌs’; crkb, rFkk bu mÌs’;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, f’k{kk dk ikB~;Øe dSlk gks \ Li"V fdft, A Describe the main objectives of education according to Humanism. What can be the syllabus of education for attaining the objectives.

mRrj

ekuorkokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj euq"; ,oa lekt ds thou esa f’k{kk dk vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA f’k{kk vkn’kZ lekt dh LFkkiuk dk lk/ku gSA f’k{kk ,d l`tukRed izfØ;k gSA f’k{kk ij ekuoh; izse dh Hkkouk mRiUu djus dk nkf;Ro gSA vkSj f’k{kk ds }kjk gh fo’o cU/kqRo dh Hkkouk dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% f’k{kk ds y{; ekuo dh vko’;drkvksa vkSj :fp;ksa ds vuq:i gksus pkfg, A f’k{kk dks ckyd ds O;fDrRo dk fodkl djuk pkfg,A thfodksiktZu dh {kerk mRiUu djuh pkfg,A mRrjnkf;Ro iw.kZ thou O;rhr djus dh ;ksX;rk fodflr djuh pkfg, vkSj ekuoh; leL;kvksa dks For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

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le>dj mUgsa fujUrj gy djus dh n{krk iSnk djuh pkfg,A bl izdkj ekuooknh f’k{kk ekuo dsfUnzr gSA f’k{kk dk vFkZ %& ekuookfn;ksa ds vuqlkj f’k{kk ,d ltZukRed izfØ;k gS tks euq"; dks orZeku ds lkFk mlesa Hkfo"; dks Hkh lqUnj vkSj izxfr’khy cukrh gSA f’k{kk ds mÌs’;%& 1lEiw.kZ ;ksX;rkvksa vkSj {kerkvksa dk fodkl 2mPpre ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk fodkl 3ekuoh; leL;kvksa ds izfr laons u’khyrk dk fodkl 4LorU=] foosdiw.kZ vkSj lUrqfyr O;fDrRo dk fodkl 5vkRecks/k dks tkx`r djukA 6ekufld fodkl ij cyA f’k{kk dk ikB~;Øe %& ekuookn ds vuqlkj ikB~;Øe Nk= ds vkUrfjd thou rFkk mlds oS;fDrd fodkl ds fu/kkZfjr xq.kksa dks mHkkjus esa l{ke gksuk pkfg, lkFk gh ekuoh; fodkl dh voLFkkvksa dks /;ku esa j[kus ij cy nsrk gSA ikB~;Øe esa ekuoh; vkn’kZ rFkk lkaLd`frd fojklr dks LFkku feyuk pkfg,A mijksDr rF;ksa dks /;ku es j[kdj ikB~;Øe esa ekufodh fo"k;] lkfgR;] vk/kqfud Hkk"kka, rFkk laxhr] yfyr dyk, vkfn dks egRoiw.kZ LFkku fn;k tkrk gSA blds i’pkr~ ikB~;Øe esa izkd`frd foKkuksa dks LFkku feyuk pkfg,A lexz ekuo ds fodkl ds fy, ikB~;Øe esa mDr ds vfrfjDr lkekftd fo"k;ks]a 'kkjhfjd ,oa LokLF; foKku rFkk O;kogkfjd fo"k;ksa dks LFkku iznku djus ij cy fn;k tkrk gS A ekuookn ] /keZ fujis{krk dk fgek;rh gksus ds dkj.k ikB~;Øe esa /kkfeZd f’k{kk dks LFkku iznku ugha djrk gSA f’k{k.k fof/k;ka& ekuorkokfn;ksa us ckyd dh LorU=rk ij fo’ks"k cy fn;k gS blfy, os ,slh f’k{k.k fof/k;ksa dks viukus ij cy nsrs gS tks ckyd dh LorU=rk esa ck/kk mRiUu ugh djrh A ekuorkokfn;ksa us f’k{k.k fof/k ds rhu vk/kkj crk;s gSA ckyd dh ;ksX;rk,a ,oa vko’;drk,a & f’k{k.k fof/k dk igyk vk/kkj ckyd dh vko’;drk,a] fodkl dh voLFkk,a] ;ksX;rk,a] {kerk,a] :fp;ka] vkdka{kk, vkSj vfHko`fr;ka gksuh pkfg,A oSKkfud izfØ;k & ekuooknh f’k{k.k fof/k dk nwljk vk/kkj oSKkfud fof/k dks ekurs gSA budk ekuuk gS fd bl fof/k ds iz;ksx ls ckydksa esa rdZiw.kZ fpUru vkSj oSKkfud vfHko`fr dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA ekuooknh izfØ;k& ekuorkokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj f’k{k.k fof/k dk rhljk vk/kkj ekuoh; vuqHkoksa dk iz;ksx gSA ekuorkokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj f’k{kd ds vuqlkj f’k{kd }kjk tks Hkh f’k{k.k fof/k iz;qDr dh tk;s] mlesa ekuoh; laLi’kZ vo’; gksuk pkfg,A fo"k; oLrq dks ekuoh; vuqHkoksa ls lefUor djds i<+k;k tkuk pkfg,A f’k{kd & ekuookn ds vuqlkj f’k{kd ds fuEufyf[kr xq.k ,oa dk;Z gksus pkfg, & 1f’k{kdksa dk n`f"Vdks.k vR;Ur mnkj vkSj O;kid gksuk pkfg,A 2f’k{kd dks ekuoh; xq.kksa ls ;qDr gksuk pkfg,A 3f’k{kd dks ckydksa ij viuk er vkjksfir ugha djuk pkfg,A 4f’k{kd dks oSKkfud fof/k dk leqfpr Kku gksuk pkfg,A 5f’k{kd dks ifjorZu vkSj iqujZpuk esa fo’okl j[kuk pkfg,A 6f’k{kd dks ckyd ds vk/;kfRed fodkl ds y{; dks egRo nsuk pkfg,A For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

36

Nk= %& ekuooknh ckyd ds O;fDrRo dk vknj djrs gSA os mUgsa f’k{kdksa dk vU/kk HkDr cukus ds i{k esa ugha gSA os mUgsa LorU= :i ls lkspus ,oa fu.kZ; ysus dh LorU=rk nsus ds i{k esa gSA f’k{kd f’k{kkFkhZ ds lEcU/k ds fo"k; esa ekuooknh f’k{kd vkSj Nk= ds chp ’kkld ,oa 'kkflr ds lEcU/k esa ?kksj fojks/kh gS os buds chp ekuoh; lEcU/k ds i{k esa gS tks izse o lg;ksx ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS ;s f’k{kdksa ls ;g vis{kk djrs gS fd os vius Nk= dks fdlh Hkh izdkj ds Hk;] }Un vkSj ruko ls eqDr j[ks budh n`f"V ls mlh fLFkfr esa Nk=ksa esa ekuoh; xq.kksa dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA iz’u % 43

vfLrRookn ij vk/kkfjr f’k{kk ds izk:i dks le>kb;s rFkk ^O;fDRk dh vkUrfjdrk gh lR; gS^ dFku dh iqf"V dhft,A Describe or explain the mode of education according to extantalismand emphasize to fact that inner qualities of person all a real truth.

mRrj

f’k{kk es vfLrRookn us fo’ks"k :fp ugha fn[kkbZ ] bldk ,d dkj.k ;g Hkh gks ldrk gSa fd ;g n'kZu vHkh fodkl dh voLFkk esa gh gSaA blus vfLrRokn ds fufgrkFkksZ ij thou ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fopkj iwjk ugha fd;kA vr% f'k{kk ij vHkh budk dksbZ /;ku ugha x;kA fQj Hkh vfLrRokn ds izeq[k fl)kUrksa ds lUnHkZ esa f'k{kk ij ;gka dqN fopkj fd;s x;s gSA f'k{kk dk vFkZ & f'k{kk og lk/ku gS tks euq"; dks og cuus esa lgk;rk djrh gS tks og cuuk pkgrk gSa ;s ifjokj dh lh[kus dh loksZre laLFkk ekurs gSA ;s f'k{kk dks mlesa O;kid :i esa Lohdkj djrs gSA f'k{kk ds mÌs'; & vfLrRokn ds vuqlkj f'k{kk dk y{; vkUrfjd lR; dk lk{kkRdkj gSA ledkyhu ;kfU=d vkSj vkS|ksfxd thou us vk/kqfud ekuo dks fpUrkvksa ]Hk;] vijk/kh psrukvksa vkSj grk'kkvksa ls Hkj fn;k gS og HkhM+ esa Hkh vdsyk jgrk gSA mldh oS;fDrdrk Hkz"V gks x;h gSA f'k{kk dks mls mldh vkRexr psruk dk Kku nsuk pkfg,A f'k{kk dk vfLrRooknh y{; ekuorkoknh gS mldk y{; vkRe&lk{kkRdkj gS og vkRe vfLrRo dk Kku iznku djrk gSA vfLrRokfn;ksa dk y{; f'k{kk ds }kjk ckyd ds O;fDRkRo dk lEiw.kZ fodkl gSA f'k{kk dk ljksdkj lEiw.kZ euq"; ls gS mldk y{; pfj= fuekZ.k vkSj vkRelk{kkRdkj gSA f'k{kk dk ikB~;Øe & vfLrRokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj ikB~;Øe esa foKku ds vykok ekufodh v/;;u] uhfr'kkL= vkSj /keZ dks Hkh LFkku feyuk pkfg,A bl fopkj/kkjk ls izHkkfor gksdj vktdy bUthfu;fjax dkWystksa esa ikB~;Øe esa n'kZu'kkL=] uhfr'kkL=] euksfoKku vkSj lkekftd v/;;u i<+k;s tk jgs gSA v/;kid& vfLrRokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj v/;kid ,d ,slh 'kSf{kd ifjfLFkfr mRiUu djrk gS ftlesa fo|kFkhZ vius ls lEidZ dj ldrk gSA vkSj vius izfr psru gksdj vkRelk{kkRdkj izkIr dj ldrk gSA blds fy, f'k{kd dks Loa; vfLrRooknh n`f"Vdks.k j[kuk pkfg,A mls Loa; vkRe&lk{kkRdkj dk vuqHko gksuk pkfg, rkfd og bl izfØ;k esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lgk;rk dj ldsA fo|kFkhZ &vfLrRooknh f'k{kkFkhZ dks mlesa p;u dh LorU=rk nsuk pkgrs gS fd og D;k cuuk pkgrk gSa vkSj og ;g dSls cuuk pkgrk gSa vkSj ;g dk;Z dksbZ f'k{kkFkhZ rHkh dj ldrk gS tc mls viuh {kerk dk Kku gks og lgh p;u djus esa fuiq.k gks vkSj mldh izkfIr ds fy, lgh dk;Z djus esa l{ke gks ;s f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ls ;g vis{kk djrs gS fd os fdlh Hkh leL;k dk lkgl ds lkFk lkeuk djs] dHkh mnkl u gks vkSj dHkh fgEer uk gkjsA For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

37

fo|kFkhZ&v/;kid lEcU/k %& vfLrRookn v/;kid vkSj fo|kFkhZ esa futh lEcU/k ij cy nsrk gSA buesa ^eSa&rqe^ dk lEcU/k gks u fd ^;g &og^A nksuks ds e/; lh/kk] O;fDrxr] futh lEcU/k fo|eku gksuk vfLrRo dk |ksrd gSA bl lEcU/k esa vUr%fØ;k vf/kd LokHkkfod gksrh gSA v/;kid lnSo bl ckr dk /;ku j[krk gS fd lkeus cSBk gqvk fo|kFkhZ ek= la[;k ;k vuqØekad u gksdj okLrfod lÙkk gSA O;fDroknh f'k{kk& O;fDrokn ij vfLrRookn dk vkxzg gS f'k{kk ds lEcU/k esa bu fu"d"kksZ dks fuxZfer djus ls iwoZ O;fDrokn ij fopkj fd;k gSA vfLrRokn O;fDrxr LorU=rk dk leFkZd gS og O;fDr ds :i esa O;fDr dks izkFkfedrk nsrk gSA vfLrRooknh fdlh Hkh izdkj dh ^lkeqfgdrk^ ;k lfØ;rk dks] tks O;fDr dh bu rRoksa ls j{kk dj ysxk] lUnsg dh n`f"V ls ns[krk gS og mudks oSls thou ds lkj rRoksa ds :i esa le>rk gSA tSlk okLro esa fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ekurk gS fd buls cpk ugha tk ldrk gS A thou dk lkeuk vo'; gh blls xgure vkSj lEHkor% lEiw.kZ Lrjksa ij fd;k tkuk pkfg, vU;Fkk ;g dsoy fn[kkok gksxk vkSj ge dsoy thou&fØ;k dh xfr;ksa ds e/; ls xqtj jgs gksxasA

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38

Section B

Sociological Foundation in Education

iz’u 1 Hkkjrh; lekt dk izkphu Lo:i gS v-) lkewfgd thou l-) /kkfeZd lewg

c-) n-)

tkfr izFkk mijksDr lHkh (n)

iz’u 2 ^^fo|ky; lekt dk y?kq :i gS^^ dFku gSA v-) nq[khZe dk c-) l-) vksVkos dk n-)

tkWulu dk tkWu Mhoh dk (n)

iz’u 3 lekt'kkL= ds izorZd gSA v-) tkWu Mhoh l-) vxLr dkEVs

c-) n-)

fofy;e tsEl tkWtZ isuh (l)

iz’u 4 lkekftd lajpuk dh fo'ks"krk gS& v-) ,drk l-) Øec)rk

c-) n-)

ifjorZu'khyrk mijksDr lHkh (n)

iz’u 5 lkekftd Lrjhdj.k dh izeq[k fopkj/kkjk gS & v-) izdk;Zoknh c-) la?k"kZoknh l-) ladyuoknh n-) mijksDr LkHkh (n) iz’u 6 la?k"kZoknh fopkj/kkjk ds izorZd gS & v-) ewjs l-) dkyZ ekDlZ

c-) n-)

fdaXlys Msfol ,oa fycVZ eksj lksjksfdu (l)

iz’u 7 ^^lkekftd fLFkfr esa dksbZ Hkh ifjorZu lkekftd xfr'khyrk gS^^dFku gS& v-) ;ax ,oa esd dk c-) lh-oh xqM dk l-) cks xkMZl dk n-) feyj dk (l) iz’u 8 lkekftd xfr'khyrk dks izHkkfor djus okys ?kVd gS & v-) lkekftd lajpuk c-) tkfr izFkk For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

l-)

f'k{kk

n-)

39

mijksDr lHkh (n)

iz’u 9 laLd`frdj.k esa o`f) djrk gS& v-) vk/kqfudhdj.k l-) uxjhdj.k

c-) n-)

if'pehdj.k vkS|ksfxdhdj.k (l)

iz’u 10 lekthdj.k ds eq[; vfHkdj.k gS & v-) ifjokj l-) fofHkUu lkekftd laLFkk,

c-) n-)

ØhM+k lewg mijksDr LkHkh (n)

iz’u 11 ckyd ds lekthdj.k dk lcls l'kDr vfHkdj.k gS& v-) ifjokj c-) fo|ky; l-) ikl&iM+kSl n-) ØhM+k leqg (c) iz’u 12 fo|ky; f'k{kk dk dSlk lk/ku gS \ v-) vkSipkfjd l-) fujkSipkfjd

c-) n-)

vukSipkfjd mijksDr dksbZ ugha (v)

iz’u 13 /keZ dk vFkZ gksrk gSa & v-) vkpj.k l-) lR; dk ekxZ

c-) n-)

/kkj.k djuk mijksDr lHkh (n)

iz’u 14 loksZPp laLd`fr dk lEcU/k gksrk gS & v-) lR; c-) l-) f'koe~ n-)

lqUnjrk ls mijksDr lHkh ls (n)

iz’u 15 ^^ tura= og ljdkj gS] ftlesa lc Hkkx ysrs gS^^ dFku gS& v-) vjLrq dk c-) lhys dk l-) fydau dk n-) esftuh dk (c) iz’u 16 jk"Vªh; ,drk lfefr dk xBu gqvk Fkk & v-) 1967 dks c-) l-) 1987 dks n-)

1977 dks 1997 dks (v)

iz’u 17 HkkokRed ,drk lfefr ds v/;{k Fks & v-) tkfdj gqlSu c-) l-) eqnkfy;j n-)

tokgjyky usg: MkW0 lEiw.kkZuUn (n)

iz’u 18 f'k{kk dks lafo/kku dh leorhZ lwph esa dc j[kk x;k \ & v-) 1949 esa c-) 1950 esa For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

40

l-)

1971 esa

n-)

1976 esa (n)

iz’u 19 oafpr oxZ gS & v-) vkfFkZd n`f"V ls l-) lkaLd`frd n`f"V ls

c-) n-)

lkekftd n`f"V ls mijksDr lHkh (n)

iz’u 20 vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij vYila[;d jk"Vªkas dh leL;k o f'k{kk esa ;ksxnku djrs gSA v-) la;qDr jk"Vª la?k c-) ;qusLdks l-) ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx n-) mijksDr lHkh (n) iz’u

21

lkekftd mi&O;oLFkk ds :i esa f'k{kk'kkL= dh Hkwfedk dh foospuk dhft,A Describe the role of education as a form of social sub system.

vFkok f'k{kk ,d lkekftd mi&O;oLFkk gSA Li"V dhft,A Describe the role of education as a social sub system.

mRrj

nq[khZe ^^f'k{kk vius LoHkko ls ,d lkekftd izfØ;k gS bldh mRifr bldh fØ;k,a rFkk bldk ifj.kke lc dqN lkekftd lUnHkksZ esa gh gksrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd bldk lEcU/k fdlh Hkh vU; foKku dh vis{kk lekt'kkL= ls vf/kd gS^^A f'k{kk ,d lkekftd izfØ;k gS vr% ;g lkekftd O;oLFkk dk gh ,d vax gSa rFkk bls lkekftd miO;oLFkk dgk x;k gS lekt ds lnL;ksa dk viuh vko';drvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, vU; ds lEidZ esa vkuk rFkk vUr% fØ;k djuk ,d lkekftd ifj.kke ds fy, lEiUu fd;k tkrk gSA O;fDr dh ;g lkekftd Hkwfedk gksrh gS rFkk bl izdkj dh fofHkUUk Hkwfedkvksa dk O;fDr thou i;ZUr fuoZgu djrk gS ;g bl mÌs'; ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd fdl le; og fdl miO;oLFkk dk lfØ; lnL; gSA rFkk fdl esa fuf"Ø; gS le;] y{; ,oa vko';drk ds vuqlkj O;fDr ,d miO;oLFkk ls nwljh esa Loa; dks lfØ; :i esa ifjofrZr dj ysrk gSA cqzeSd ^^ tc fdlh laxBu esa Hkyh&Hkkafr O;ofLFkr in okyk dksbZ O;fDr vius inksa dh n`f"V ls vU;ksa ds lkFk vUr%fØ;k djrk gS rc os ,d lkekftd O;oLFkk cukrs gS^^A

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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

41

lEiw.kZ lkekftd izfØ;k

lEiw.kZ lkekftd izfØ;k

iw.kZ lkekftd O;oLFkk dh miO;oLFkk, 'kSf{kd

vkfFkZd

lEiw.kZ lkekftd izfØ;k

lkaLd`frd lkekftd

lEiw.kZ lkekftd izfØ;k

miO;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk,a %& 1miO;oLFkk Loa; esa iw.kZ O;oLFkk gksrh gSA fHkUu fHkUUk miO;oLFkk,a feydj ,d cM+h O;oLFkk dk Lo:i xzg.k djrh gSA 2,d fo'ks"k izdkj dk lewg miO;oLFkk dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA 3bu lewgksa ds lnL; vU; miO;oLFkkvksa ds lnL; Hkh gks ldrs gSA 4;s miO;oLFkk,a fdlh y{; ds fy, iz;kljr jgrh gSA 5blesa ,sls rRo jgrs gS tks fojks/k vFkok lg;ksx djrs gSA rFkk y{; izkfIr esa lqfo/kk ;k ck/kk mifLFkr djrs gSA 6y{; izkfIr gsrq buesa ,dtqV gksus dh izo`fr ikbZ tkrh gSA 7;s miO;oLFkk,a vUr%fØ;k djrh gS rFkk ikjLifjd :i esa fUkHkZj Hkh gksrh gSA 8buesa lnL; la[;k vf/kd gksrh gSA 9buesa ifjorZu'khyrk dk xq.k gksrk gS rFkk ,d miO;oLFkk esa ifjorZu vkus ls nwljh Hkh cnyrh gSA 10- budh izd`fr vU; mi O;oLFkkvksa ij fu;U=.k LFkkfir djus dh gksrh gSA 11- ,d O;oLFkk nwljh O;oLFkk dks viuh fo'ks"krk,a iznku djus dk Hkh iz;kl djrh gSA lkekftd miO;oLFkk esa bldh fofHkUu bdkbZ;k vkil esa iw.kZr;k tqM+h gksrh gS rFkk ,d dh xfrfof/k;ksa dk ifj.kke nwljh bdkbZ ij Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA VsydkV ikjlUl ,oa uht ts- Lesyj us bl rF; dks Li"V djrs gq, dgk fd iw.kZ lekt miO;oLFkkvksa esa foHkDr gS tks pkj izdkj ds vk/kkjHkwr dk;ksZ gsrq caVs gSA vkxzg.k &y{; izkfIr] ,dhdj.k rFkk izfreku LFkkiuk A fdlh Hkh miO;oLFkk dks ifjHkkf"kr djs rks dg ldrs gS fd ^^mi O;oLFkk o`gn~ lkekftd izfØ;k] vUr%fØ;k ds lwpukra= dk Loa; esa iw.kZ ,d Hkkx gS tks i`Fkd jgdj Hkh O;oLFkk ls tqM+k jgrk gS^^A

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42

f'k{kk ,d lkekftd miO;oLFkk ds :i esa %& O;fDr lekt dh ewyHkwr bdkbZ gS rFkk f'k{kk ds fcuk O;fDr dh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrh A f'k{kk ,d izdkj ls laxhr gS ftlesa nks Li"V Loj curs jgrs gS tc os fofHkUu rkyksa esa jkx cnyrs gS rks ;g ekywe gksrk gS fd euq"; dh vkUrfjd 'kfDRk 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld] ckSf)d vkSj dkYifud l`tu vkSj vUrckZs/k dh 'kfDRk;ksa dk fodkl gks jgk gSA f'k{kk dh lekt ds fcuk dYiuk Hkh ugha dh tk ldrh gS f'k{kk dh izfØ;k ds rhu vax feykdj bls miO;oLFkk dk Lo:i iznku djrs gSA Nk=

v/;kid

vUr% fØ;k

f'k{kk dks rhu izdkj dh pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy, Hkwfedkvksa dk fuokZg djuk gksrk gSA ,sfrgkfld ewY;ksa o laLd`fr dk laj{k.k djukA lelkef;d ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lkaetL; djuk Hkfo"; ds vn`'; lekt dh rS;kj djukA iz'u 22

lekthdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gS \ lekthdj.k ds fofHkUu fl)kUrksa ds vuqlkj lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k Li"V dhft,A What do you understand by socialization, describe the procedure of socialization keeping in view the different principles of socialization?

mRrj

euq"; dk tUe lekt esa gksrk gSA lekt esa tUe ysus ds i'pkr~ og /khjs&/khjs vkl&ikl ds okrkoj.k ds lEidZ esa vkrk gS vkSj mlls izHkkfor gksrk gSA izkjEHk esa euq"; ek= ,d tSfod izk.kh gksrk gSA D;ksa fd vkgkj&funzk ds vykok mls fdlh vkSj ckr dk Kku ugha gksrk vkSj mldh voLFkk cgqr dqN i'kqvksa ds leku gksrh gS blds vfrfjDr tUe ds le; ckyd esa lHkh izdkj ds lkekftd xq.kksa dk Hkh vHkko gksrk gSA ekrk&firk ,oa ifjokj ds lEidZ esa vkdj og muls lkekftd f'k"Vkpkj dh ckrs lh[krk gS vkxs pydj mlds lEidZ dk {ks= vksj vf/kd O;kid gks tkrk gS rFkk og fofHkUu lkekftd rjhdksa ls vius dk;ksZ dks lapkyu djuk lh[k ysrk gS rFkk mldk izR;sd O;ogkj lekt ds fu;eksa ds vuqlkj gksus yxrk gS bl izdkj og ek= tSfod izk.kh ls ,d lkekftd izk.kh cu tkrk gSA lekt'kkL= esa cPps ds lkekftd cuus dh blh izfØ;k dks lekthdj.k dgk tkrk gSA ifjHkk"kk %& tkWulu ^^lekthdj.k og izf'k{k.k gS tks lh[kus okyks dks lkekftd Hkwfedk vnk djus esa leFkZ cukrk gSA

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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

43

cksxkMZl ^^lekthdj.k og izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk O;fDr ,d nwljs ij fuHkZj jgdj O;ogkj djuk lh[krk gS vkSj blds }kjk lkekftd vkRe&fu;U=.k lkekftd mRrjnkf;Ro rFkk lUrqfyr O;fDrRo dk vuqHko izkIr djrk gSA dksfuax ^^lekthdj.k ls rkRi;Z ml izfØ;k ls gS ftlesa ,d O;fDr vius lekt ftlesa og tUek gS dk dk;Zjr ¼;k mi;ksxh½ lnL; curk gSa vFkkZr lekt dh tujhfr;ks ,oa :f<+;ksa ds vuqlkj O;ogkj ,oa dk;Z djrk gSA lekthdj.k ds fl)kUr 1-

dwys dk fl)kUr & lekt'kkL=h dwys dk dFku gS fd O;fDr dk lekthdj.k nwljs O;fDRk;ksa ds lkFk feydj jgus ls gksrk gS O;fDr viuh nSfud vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, rFkk vius Loa; ds fodkl ds fy, nwljksa ls fopkj&foe'kZ djrk gS vkSj mlh ds ifj.kkeLo:i O;fDr ds lekt esa jgus dh dyk dk fodkl gksus yxrk gS bl izdkj dwys ds vuqlkj O;fDr dk lekthdj.k lekt ds vU; O;fDr;ksa esa lEidZ esa vkus ls gksrk gSaA lekt ds vU; O;fDr ftl lhek rd O;fDr dks izHkkfor djsx a s mlh lhek rd mldk lekthdj.k gksxkA dwys ds fl)kUr dks ^niZ.k fl)kUr^ dgk tkrk gS blds vuqlkj O;fDr ^Lo^ dk fodkl nwljs O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk vUr%fØ;kvksa ,oa vius ewY;kadu }kjk djrk gS mUgksus vius fl)kUr esa rhu ckrks ij tksj fn;k gS & nwljs yksx esjs ckjs esa D;k lksprs gS \ nwljs yksxks us esjs ckjs esa tks /kkj.kk cukbZ gS] mlds lUnHkZ esa EkSa D;k lksprk gWw \ eSa vius ckjs esa lkspdj vius dks dSlk ekurk gWw \ dwys ds vuqlkj O;fDr lekt:ih niZ.k esa ;g ns[kus dk iz;kl djrk gS fd vU; yksx mlds ckjs esa D;k lksprs gS mudh bl /kkj.kk ds vk/kkj ij og vius ^Lo^ dk fodkl djrk gS vU; 'kCnksa esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd O;fDr Loa; ds ckjs esa Kku nwljs O;fDr;ksa dh izfrfØ;kvksa ls izkIr djrk gS bl izdkj nwljs O;fDr gekjk lkekftd niZ.k gS ftuds ek/;e ls ge vius ckjs esa /kkj.kk cukrs gSA 2ÝkW;M dk euksfo'ys"k.k fl)kUr %& ÝkW;M us vius fl)kUr esa euksfo'ys"k.kkRed mikxe dks viuk;kA ÝkW;M dk fl)kUr bl ekU;rk ij vk/kkfjr gS fd efLr"d xfr'khy ,oa VksiksxzkfQdy gSA ÝkW;M ds vuqlkj ekuo efLr"d ds rhu Hkkx ,sls gS tks fd vUrZlEcfU/kr gS A bne~] vge~ o ije vg~e A bne~ (Id) bne~ dks O;fDr dk ekSfyd Lo:i ekuk tkrk gS tks fd vpsru eu dh xgjkbZ;ksa es fNik gqvk gksrk gS blesa bPNkvksa o izo`fÙk;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS bne~ fdlh dkuwu ;k fu;e dks ugha tkurk ;g lgh o xyr dks ugha ekurk ;g dsoy viuh vko';drkvksa o ewy izo`fr;ksa dks lUrq"V djuk tkurk gS ;g lq[k fl)kUr ls funsZf'kr gksrk gSA vge~ & ;g LIk"V gS fd bne~ dks opZLo LFkkfir djus ugha fn;k tk ldrk vr% vge~ ,d nwljh O;oLFkk ds :i esa iqfyl ds tSls dk;Z djrk gSaA ;g bne~ dh vuSfrd ,oa fu;e fo:) dk;Zokgh dks fu;fU=r djrk gS ;g O;fDr;ksa ds vUnj izcU/kd ;k dk;Zikyd dh gSfl;r ls fo|eku jgrk gS vge~ fu;e fo:) fØ;kvksa dks jksdus esa fØ;kUo;d bdkbZ ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA blds ikl lc izdkj dh ohVks 'kfDr gS ;g bne~ ls mitrk gS ,oa ;FkkZFkrk ds fl)kUr dk For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

44

vuqxeu djrk gS vge~ cqf)erk iwoZd ewy izo`fRr;ksa ds ckjs esa fu.kZ; ysrk gSaA ;g lq[k o lUrqf"V dks vf/kdre o nq%[k dks U;wure djus dk iz;kl drk gSA ije~ vge~ & rhljh O;oLFkk ije~ vge~ gSa ;g iw.kZ:is.k uSfrd gS ;g vkn'kkZRed O;oLFkk gS tks okLrfodrk ;k ;FkkFkZrk dh ijokg ugha djrh A bldk y{; lq[k dh vis{kk iw.kZrk gSA ije~ vge~ fu.kZ; ysus okyh O;oLFkk gS ftlesa lgh o xyr dk fu.kZ; fy;k tkrk gSa A ftlesa lkekftd ekudksa ds lUnHkZ esa Lohdk;Zrk o vLohdk;Zrk ij Hkh fopkj fd;k tkrk gS ;g O;fDr esa vijk/k cks/k ,oa n.M dh O;oLFkk djrh gSAlekt esa lc O;fDr lkekftd ekudksa dk vkUrfjdhdj.k dj ysrk gS A izkjfEHkd O;oLFkk lekt dh fofHkUu laLFkk,a O;fDr dks iqjLd`r o nf.Mr djrh gSA 3nq[khZe dk fl)kUr ^ lkewfgd izfr;ksfxrk^& nq[khZe ds fl)kUr dks lkewfgd izfrfuf/kRo dk fl)kUr dgk tkrk gS budk dFku gS fd lekt esa vusd n`f"Vdks.k] ewY;] izfreku rFkk O;ogkj gksrs gS fd ;s lkewfgd :i ls O;fDr ds O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrs gSA nq[khZe vius fl)kUr esa bl ckr ij cy nsrk gS fd O;fDr lkewfgd izfrfuf/kRo dk vuqlj.k djrk gS vkSj mlh ls mldk lekthdj.k gksrk gS nwljs 'kCnksa esa O;fDr lkekftd fopkjks]a n`f"Vdks.kksa] ewY;ksa o O;ogkjksa dks blfy, xzg.k djrk gS fd muds ihNs lekt dh lkekftd 'kfDr gksrh gS mlh ls O;fDr dk lekthdj.k gks tkrk gSA 4ehM dk ^^lkekftd fo'ys"k.k^^ fl)kUr&ehM us lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k dk lekt'kkL=h; fo'ys"k.k fd;k gS budk dguk gS fd cPps dks tc nwljs O;fDr;ksa ls laons ukRed lEidZ LFkkfir gksrk gS rHkh mlesa ^Lo^ vFkok ^vge^ dk fodkl gksrk gS ehM us ^eS^ rFkk ^eq>^ ds vk/kkj ij vius fl)kUr dks le>kus dk iz;kl fd;k gS tc rd cPps esa ^Lo^ psruk tkxzr ugha gksrh ^eSa^ ds leku O;ogkj djrk gSA ^Lo^ psruk tkxzr gks tkus ds i'pkr~ og ^eq>^ ds leku O;ogkj djus yxrk gSA ^eSa^ dk vFkZ vU; O;fDr;ksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ds izfr cPps dk izR;qRrj gS tcfd ^eq>^ og lc dqN gS ftlesa izfr O;fDr Loa; lpsr gksrk gSa eSa rFkk eq> esa vius ls iz'uksRrj djrk jgrk gS blh ls mlesa ^Lo^ dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS rFkk og nwljksa dh Hkwfedk fuHkkus yxrk gSA iz'u 23

laLd`fr ds lEizR;; dks crkb;sA f'k{kk o laLd`fr ds e/; lEcU/k dks Li"V dhft, A Explain the concept of culture? Explain the relation between education & culture ?

mRrj

lalkj dh leLr oLrqvksa dks eksVs rkSj ij nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gSa& ,d izkd`frd vkSj nwljh ekuo fufeZr ,oa fodflrA O;kid vFkZ esa laLd`fr esa og lc dqN gS tks ekuo fufeZr ,oa fodflr gSA laLd`fr 'kCn ls Hkh ;gh vFkZ fudyrk gS A laLd`fr& le$d`fr vFkkZr~ vPNh izdkj ls lskp&le>dj fd;s x;s dk;ZA laLd`fr ds vuqlkj gh fdlh lekt dh thou'kSyh dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA laLd`fr esa vkn'kksZ] ewY;ksa ] fo'oklks ,oa ekU;rkvksa ,oa ekudksa dk ;ksx laLd`fr esa gksrk gSA laLd`fr ds eq[; vax ijEijk,] fpUru 'kSyh] dyk] f'kYi] oLrq eqY; rFkk vkpj.k gksrs gSA laLd`fr lkekftd ijEijkvksa dk ,d izk:i gksrk gS laLd`fr lH;rk dh lgsyh gSA laLd`fr ml Qwy ds leku gS tks ekuo dh fØ;kvksa }kjk f[kyrk gS ijUrq laLd`fr vfrlqUnj iq"i gS tks ekuo dh fØ;kvksa }kjk mlds izk:i dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gS laLd`fr ds vfrlqUnj i{k dk fodkl djuk f'k{kk dk dk;Z gSA For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

45

ifjHkk"kk Vk;yj ^^ laLd`fr og tfVy iw.kZrk gS ftlesa mu lcdk Kku] fo'okl] dyk] uSfrdrk] fu;e] jhfr&fjokt vkSj blh izdkj dh vU; {kerkvksa vkSj vknrksa dk lekos'k gksrk gS ftUgsa euq"; lekt ds lnL; ds :i esa lh[krk gSA vkSVkos & ^^fdlh lekt dh laLd`fr ls vFkZ ml lekt dh lEiw.kZ thou 'kSyh ls gksrk gS^^A laLd`fr ds okLrfod izR;; dks bl izdkj ls Hkh le>k tk ldrk gS vius vkfndky esa ekuo i'kqor FkkA /khjs&/khjs mlus vius efLr"d vkSj cqf) ds iz;ksx ls vius thou dks ljy o lq[ke; cukus gsrq vius jgu&lgu o [kku&iku dh fof/k;ka fodflr dh A fopkjksa ds vknku&iznku gsrq Hkk"kk dk fodkl vksj vius iz;ksx dh vusd oLRkqvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k] D;ksa fd ml le; vkokxeu gsrq u ekxZ Fks vkSj u lk/ku blfy, lalkj ds fHkUu&fHkUu Hkkxksa esa cls euq";ksa us vius&vius jgu&lgu ,oa [kku&iku dh fof/k;ka fodflr dh viuh Hkk"kkvksa dk fodkl fd;kA dkykUrj esa mlus O;ogkj izfreku jhfr&fjokt] dyk dkS'ky] laxhr] u`R;] Hkk"kk&lkfgR;] /keZ&n'kZu] vkn'kZ&fo'okl vkSj ewY; fodflr fd;sA bl izdkj ls laLd`fr dks fuEu :i esa ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSA ^^ fdlh lekt dh LkaLd`fr ls rkRi;Z ml lekt ds O;fDr;ksa ds jgu&lgu ,oa [kku&iku dh fof/k;ksa] O;ogkj izfrekuks]a vkpkj&fopkj] jhfr&fjokt] dyk&dkS'ky] laxhr u`R;] Hkk"kk&lkfgR;] /keZ&n'kZu] vkn'kZ] fo'okl vkSj ewY;ksa ds ml fof'k"V :i ls gksrk gS tks mldh igpku gksrs gSA laLd`fr dh fo'ks"krk,a 123456-

laLd`fr vkn'kkZRed gksrh gSa& laLd`fr esa lewg ds vkn'kZ&fu;eksa ,oa fopkjksa dk lekos'k gksrk gSa ;g leqg ds O;ogkj ds vkn'kZ&fu;eksa ,oa izfrekuksa dk lEiw.kZ ;ksx gSA laLd`fr ,d lefUor iz.kkyh gSa & laLd`fr esa O;oLFkk orZeku gksrh gSA blds fofHkUu vax ,d&nwljs ds lkFk lefUor gksrs gSA laLd`fr lEiw.kZ lkekftd fojklr gSa& laLd`fr vrhr ls la;qDr gksrh gSA vrhr thfor jgrk gSA D;ksa fd ;g laLd`fr esa lekosf'kr gSa ;g ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h dks ijEijkvksa ,oa izFkkvksa }kjk gLrkfjar gksrk jgrk gSA LkaLd`fr Je&foHkktu }kjk vf/kd tfVy Lo:iksa esa fodflr gks tkrh gSA laLd`fr Je foHkktu }kjk vf/kd tfVy Lo:iksa ,oa vUrZlEcU/kksa esa fodflr gksdj lekt ds lnL;ksa dh vU;ksU;kfJrk esa o`f) djrh gSA laLd`fr dqN vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djrh gS&laLd`fr lewgksa dh mu uSfrd ,oa lkekftd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djrh gS tks Loa; esa y{; gSA laLd`fr euq"; dh O;fDrxr fojklr ugha ] vfirq lkekftd fojklr gksrh gSa &;g lewg ds lnL;ksa dh izdk'kuksa dk lfEeJ.k gS ;g lkekftd d`fr gksrh gSa] euq"; dk futh O;ogkj tc lkekftd O;ogkj dk izfreku cu tkrk gS rks og laLd`fr dk :i /kkj.k dj ysrk gSA

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Hkk"kk laLd`fr dk eq[; okgu gS & Hkk"kk ds ek/;e ls O;fDr vrhr esa lh[ks x;s O;ogkj dks gLrkafjr djrh gS rFkk laxzghr Kku dks Hkfo"; esa gLrkafjr djus esa l{ke cukrh gSA laLd`fr lh[kh xbZ ;ksX;rk gSa &LkaLd`fr uSlfxZd ugha gksrhA lekthdj.k vknrksa ,oa fopkjksa }kjk lh[ks x;s y{k.kksa dks laLd`fr dgk tkrk gSA laLd`fr lh[kh tkrh gSA Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh fo'ks"krk,a & vk/;kfRedrk lfg".kqrk HkkSfrd o vHkkSfrd esa leUo; vk'kkokn o.kkZJe O;oLFkk iquZtUe dk fl)kUr xzg.k'khyrk vk/kkjHkwr ,drk f'k{kk }kjk laLd`fr ds dk;Z %&

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laLd`fr dk laj{k.k & f'k{kk laLd`fr dk laj{k.k djrh gSA f'k{kk laLd`fr ds :i dks lgstdj dj j[krh gSA laLd`fr dk gLrkUrj.k & f'k{kk laLd`fr dks ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h esa gLrkUrfjr djus dk dk;Z djrh gSA laLd`fr dk ifjektZu &f'k{kk laLd`fr esa vk;h cqjkbZ;ksa dks nwj djus dk Hkh dk;Z djrh gSA og laLd`fr dk ifjektZu] ifj'kks/ku djrh gSA

lkekftd xfr'khyrk ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS A lkekftd xfr'khyrk ds izdkj dkSu&dkSuls gS \ f'k{kk rFkk lkekftd xfr'khyrk esa lEcU/k Li"V dhft,A What do you mean by social mobility ? Explain the different types of social mobility ? Explain the relationship between education & social mobility.

mRrj

lkekftd xfr'khyrk dk vFkZ & O;fDr dk ,d lkekftd fLFkfr ls gVdj nwljh lkekftd fLFkfr esa pys tkukA fdlh ,d fof'k"V izdkj ds lkekftd
Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

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led{k ;k {kSfrt lkekftd xfr'khyrk & tc ,d O;fDr ;k oLrq ,d fLFkfr lewg ls viuh iafDr esa gh mlh fLFkfr ds nwljs lewg esa LFkkukUrfjr gks tkrk gS rks mls led{k ;k {kSfrt lkekftd xfr'khyrk dgrs gSA 2mnzx ;k jsf[kd lkekftd xfr'khyrk & fdlh O;fDr ;k lewg }kjk vius ls mij ;k uhps dh fLFkfr okys lewg esa izos'k djukA 3O;fDrxr ;k lewg lkekftd xfr'khyrk & fdlh ,d O;fDr dh lkekftd fLFkfr ;k in esa cnyko vkuk vFkok iwjs lewg dh fLFkfr ;k in esa ifjorZu vkuk A 4Li)kZRed lkekftd xfr'khyrk& Loiz;klksa ls izfrLi)kZ ds ifj.kkeLo:i in ;k fLFkfr izkIr djukA 5iznr lkekftd xfr'khyrk & fdlh izHkkoiw.kZ O;fDr dh vuqdEik ls in ;k fLFkfr izkIr djukA f'k{kk o lkekftd xfr'khyrk dk lEcU/k & lkekftd xfr'khyrk ,oa f'k{kk ds lEcU/k dk izR;{k mnkgj.k orZeku lekt f'k{kk ds izpkj&izlkj ls lkekftd xfr'khyrk dk Rofjr :i fn[kkbZ ns jgk gSA LFkku] in o fLFkfr;ka rhozrk ls ifjofrZr gks jgh gSA Hkwe.Myhdj.k ds nkSj esa fo'o lhfer gks x;k gSA f'k{kk izkIr djuk gks ;k O;olk; djuk] O;fDr le; o LFkku dh lhekvksa esa ca/kdj jguk ugha pkgrkA ;g lc f'k{kk dk gh izfrQy gSA lkekftd xfr'khyrk ij f'k{kk dk izHkko %& 12345-

f'k{kk ds Lrj dk izHkko &izR;sd O;fDr viuh {kerk o dq'kyrk ds vuq:i f'k{kk ds ,d Lrj rd igqWp ikrk gS tks Nk= ftl Llrj rd f'k{kk izkIr dj ikrk gSa mlh ds vuqlkj lekt es in o fLFkfr dks izkIr dj ikrk gSA ikB~;Øe dh fofo/krk dk izHkko & f'k{kk esa vk, uokpkj rFkk ikB~;Øeksa dh fofo/krk us lkekftd xfr'khyrk dks c<+k fn;k gS Nk= ds lEeq[k vufxur {ks= gS og bPNkuqlkj viuh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu dj ldus esa leFkZ gSA nwjLFk f'k{kk ,oa eqDr fo|ky;ksa dk izHkko & nwjLFk f'k{kk ,oa eqDr fo|ky;ksa ls NksVs&NksVs dkedkt esa yxs O;fDr Hkh izf'k{k.k izkIr dj Js"B inksa ij igqap ldrs gSA f'k{kdksa dh lkekftd xfr'khyrk & f'k{kd ds in esa fofHkUu Lrj gksrs gSA r`rh; Js.kh f'k{kd f'k{kk izkIr djds izFke ;k f}rh; Js.kh rd igqap ldrk gSA Nk=ksa dh lkekftd xfr'khyrk &f'k{kk ds volj izR;sd Nk= ds fy, leku gksrs gSA izR;sd Nk= Loa; dh izfrHkk] {kerk] :fp ds vuq:i Loa; dks fHkUu&fHkUu in ,oa fLFkfr ds ;ksX; cuk ysrk gSA

f'k{kk dk lkekftd xfr'khyrk ij izHkko %& lh-,- ,.Mjlu us vius v/;;uksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd f'k{kk dk lkekftd xfr'khyrk ij cgqr O;kid izHkko ugha iM+rkA mudk dguk gS fd vesfjdk ds vusd yksx /kuh cu x;sA D;ksa fd muds ekrk&firk cgqr /kuh Fks] u fd viuh f'k{kk ds dkj.kA /kuk<~; vFkok ÅWps lkekftd Lrj ds gks x;sA Hkkjr ds ikjlh] cksgjs] tSu oxZ ds yksx f'k{kk ds vk/kkj ij lkekftd xfr'khyrk ugha izkIr dj ik;sA iSr`d lEifÙk gh oLrqr% muds lkekftd Lrj dk iz/kku dkj.k ekuk tk ldrk gSA For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

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,.Mjlu dh mi;qZDr ckrksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g ekuuk dfBu gS fd f'k{kk dk lkekftd xfr'khyrk ij izHkko dqN Hkh ugha iM+rkA ge tkurs gS fd xkzeh.k {ks=ksa ds vusd yksx vius cPpksa dks mPp f'k{kk nsus gsrq 'kgjksa esa vk tkrs gS bl izdkj f'k{kk fuf'pr :i ls lkekftd xfr'khyrk dks izHkkfor djrh gSA iz'u 25

^^f'k{kk lkekftd ifjorZu dk ,d vfHkdj.k gSa^^ Li"V dhft,A lkekftd ifjorZu esa f'k{kk dh D;k Hkwfedk gSa \ The education is agent of social change, what is the role of education in social change ?

mRrj

lkekftd ifjorZu nks 'kCnksa ls feydj cuk gS&lkekftd rFkk ifjorZu *lkekftd^ 'kCn dh O;k[;k djrs gq, lekt'kkL=h fQ'kj us crk;k gS fd lekt ds lEcU/kksa dks lkekftd dgk tkrk gS vFkkZr~ lekt dh izR;sd ?kVuk &lEcU/kksa ds tky dks gh lkekftd dh ifjHkk"kk nh xbZ gS blh izdkj ifjorZu dk vFkZ gS&iwoZ dh voLFkk dks uohu :i iznku djukA bl izdkj lekt dh iwoZdkyhu vFkok Hkwrdkyhu voLFkkvksa dks ubZ voLFkk izkIr gksuk ;k mUgsa u;k :i feyuk A ifjHkk"kk,a%& Msfol & ^^ lekt ds dk;Z ,oa Lo:i esa gksus okys ifjorZu gh lkekftd ifjorZu dgykrs gS^^A ftUlcxZ & ^^lkekftd ifjorZu ls esjk vk'k; lkekftd lajpuk vFkkZr lekt dk vkdkj] laxBu] vaxks dk lUrqyu ;k blds laXkBu ds izdkjksa es ifjorZu ls gS^^ Mklu rFkk xsfVl &lkaLd`frd ifjorZu gh lkekftd ifjorZu gS] D;ksa fd leLr laLd`fr vius mn~xe] vFkZ rFkk iz;ksx esa lkekftd gh gksrh gSA f'k{kk lkekftd ifjorZu dh vfHkdrkZ ¼vfHkdj.k½ ds :i esa orZeku le; esa f'k{kk lkekftd ifjorZu dk ,d l'kDr vfHkdj.k fl) gks jgh gSA vkt izR;sd f'k{kk'kkL=h rFkk lekt'kkL=h bl rF; dks fufoZokn Lohdkj djrk gS fd f'k{kk ds }kjk rhoz lkekftd ifjorZu gksuk lEHko gS bls ;fn bl rjg ls dgk tk; rc Hkh lR; gS fd lekt us f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dsoy blfy, dh gS fd blds }kjk lkekftd ifjorZu yk, tk ldsA f'k{kk okLro esa dbZ mik;ksa ls lkekftd ifjorZu dk ekxZ iz'kLr djrh gSA 12345-

laLd`fr dk gLrkUrj.k & f'k{kk lekt dh laLd`fr dk gLrkUrj.k] ifjektZu rFkk p;u djds lkaLd`frd ifjorZu ykrh gSA n`f"Vdks.k mnkj cukuk & f'k{kk lekt ds O;fDRk;ksa ds n`f"Vdks.kksa dks mnkj rFkk O;kid cukrh gSA ftlls os uohurkvksa dks Lohdkj djus esa ladksp ugha djrs gSA oSKkfud izxfr & f'k{kk ds }kjk oSKkfud mUufr gksrh gSA ftlls u;s&u;s vkfo"dkj gksrs gSA tks lekt ds dbZ {ks=ksa es ia fjorZu ykrs gSA vkfFkZd izxfr & f'k{kk ds dkj.k lekt dh vkfFkZd mUufr gksrh gS vkSj vkfFkZd izxfr lkekftd ifjorZu ykrh gSA O;ogkj ifjorZu & f'k{kk O;fDr;ksa ds O;ogkj] vknrks]a thou'kSyh rFkk fopkj'kSyh o fpUru 'kfDr dks izHkkfor dj lkekftd ifjorZu ykrh gSA For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

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vU/kkuqdj.k ls cpko %& f'k{kk ds dkj.k O;fDr /keZ dk vU/kkuqdj.k ugha djrk gSA og /keZ dk oSKkfud fo'ys"k.k dj fQj mls Lohdkj ;k vLohdkj djrk gSA cqjkbZ;ka nwj djuk %& f'k{kk lekt esa O;kIr cqjkbZ;ksa rFkk dqjhfr;ksa ls tulk/kkj.k dks voxr djkdj muds fo:) tuer rS;kj djrh gSA ifjorZuksa dks rhoz xfr& f'k{kk lekt esa gks jgs ifjorZuksa dh leh{kk ewY;akdu rFkk lekykspuk dj ifjorZuksa dh xfr dks rhozz djrh gSA ck/kk nwj djuk &lkekftd ifjorZuksa ds ekxZ es tks ck/kk,a vkrh gS f'k{kk mu ck/kkvksa dks nwj djds ifjorZuksa dh xfr dks rhoz djrh gSA Kku dk izlkj & f'k{kk Kku ds HkaMkj dk fodkl djrh gS rFkk Kku dks tulk/kkj.k rd igqapkdj muds vkpkj&fopkjksa dks cnyus dh ps"Vk djrh gSA

lkekftd ifjorZu gsrq f'k{kk dh Hkwfedk f'k{kk fofo/k mik;ksa rFkk izHkkoksa ls lkekftd ifjorZu ykrh gS rFkk lkekftd ifjorZu dh xfr rhoz djrh gSA ;fn dksbZ lekt f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls lkekftd ifjorZu ykuk pkgrk gSa rks ml lekt dks ;g /;ku j[kuk gksxk fd gj izdkj dh f'k{kk lkekftd ifjorZu ugha yk ldrh gS ml lekt dks viuh f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh Hkh iqujZpuk djuh gksxh vkSj f'k{kk dks og :i iznku djuk gksxk ftlls og lkekftd ifjorZu ykus esa vf/kd l{ke gks ldsA blds fy, f'k{kk dh Hkwfedk fuEu izdkj ls gksuh pkfg, & 1-

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f'k{kk 'kk'or ewY;ksa dks LFkk;h djus okyh gks&izR;sd lekt pkgrk gS fd lekt esa tks Hkh ifjorZu vk, mlds ifj.kkeLo:i og izxfr dh vksj vxzlj gksA ifjorZuksa ds }kjk lekt voufr dh vksj ugha tkuk pkgrk gSA ifjorZuksa ds }kjk lekt voufr dh vksj u pyk tk,] bl lEHkkouk dks jksdus ds fy, lekt dks pkfg, fd og ,slh f'k{kk &O;OkLFkk dk fodkl djsa tks lekt ds 'kk'or ewY;ksa dks LFkk;h dj ldsA tSls lR;] vafglk] lfg".kqrk vkfn A f'k{kk ifjorZu gsrq izsjd cus & lekt ,slh f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk djsa tks lekt dh ifjorZu gsrq izsj.kk iznku djsAa og lekt dks ;g Li"V dj lds fd ifjorZu u dsoy vko';d gh gS] vfirq dY;k.kdkjh rFkk lekt ds vfLrRo gsrq vfuok;Z gSaA f'k{kk tutkxj.k okyh gks & ogh f'k{kk&O;oLFkk lkekftd ifjorZu vPNh izdkj ls yk ldrh gS] tks lekt esa tutkxj.k rFkk uopsruk dk fcxqy ctkrh gksA f'k{kk lkekftd ewY;ksa dh fuekZ=h gks& lkekftd ifjorZuksa ds fy, ftl f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh tk;s og ,slh gks tks lekt dh laLd`fr dk ifjektZu dj ldsA laLd`fr esa O;kIr cqjkbZ;ksa dks nwj dj lds] rFkk laLd`fr ds mu ewY;ksa dk p;u dj lds tks orZeku le; ds vuqdwy gSa rFkk mu ewY;ksa dks R;kx lds tks vkt mi;ksxh ugha gSA f'k{kk oSKkfud izxfr dk Kku djkus okyh gks& lekt dks ifjorZu ykus ds fy, ,slh f'k{kk O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg, tks lekt ds lnL;ksa dks fo'o esa gks jgs oSKkfud vkfo"dkjksa] [kkstksa rFkk lR;ksa dk Kku djk ldsA f'k{kk lkekftd dk;ZdÙkkZvksa dk mfpr izf'k{k.k djkus okyh gks & f'k{kk lkekftd dk;ZdÙkkvksa dks izf'k{k.k iznku dj ifjorZu dk ekxZ iz'kLr djus okyh gksA ,slh f'k{k.k O;oLFkk vko';d gS tks dqN pqus O;fDr;ksa dks lkekftd dk;ZdÙkkZ ds :i esa izf'kf{kr dj ldsA For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

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f'k{kk ukxfjdksa esa vPNs xq.kksa dk fodkl djus okyh gks& lkekftd ifjorZuksa ds fy, vko';d gS fd lekt ds O;fDRk;ksa esa dqN fof'k"V xq.k gks tSls& mnkjrk] lkgl] xzg.k'khyrk] fo'ys"k.k] rdZ rFkk fpUru 'kfDr vkfnA f'k{kk lekt dk fodkl djus okyh gks & lkekftd ifjorZu gsrq f'k{kk dh ,slh O;oLFkk ds fodkl dh vko';drk gS tks lekt ds Lo:i] mldh dqjhfr;ksa rFkk dqizFkkvksa dsh vksj O;fDr;ksa dk /;ku vkdf"kZr dj lds rFkk mUgsa nwj djus ds fy, izsfjr dj ldsA

foKku vkSj rduhdh dk lekt vkSj f'k{kk ij IkM+us okys izHkkoksa dk Li"V dhft, \ Discuss the effects of science and technology in society and education in detail ?

mRrj

fiNys nks lkS o"kksZ esa f'k{kk ds {ks= es foKku us viuk egRoiw.kZ LFkku cuk fy;k gS ;|fi foKku us ikB~;Øe es viuk l=goha rFkk vBkjoh 'krkfCn;ksa esa cuk fy;k FkkA ijUrq bl fn'kk esa fo'ks"k% mUufr 19oha 'krkCnh ds e/;dky ls gh vkjEHk gqbZA bl izo`fr dks euksoSKkfud rFkk lkekftd izo`fÙk;ksa ls cgqr vf/kd cy feyk dqN foKkuokfn;ksa us euksfoKku }kjk izofrZr vuq'kkluokn ds fl)kUr dks Lohdkj fd;kA foKku ds iBu&ikBu ds fy, ,d ubZ v/;;u &v/;kiu iz.kkyh dh vko';drk gqbZA ;g ikBu iz.kkyh euksfoKku }kjk gh izkIr gqbZA LorU=rk izkfIr ds i'pkr~ jk"Vª ds le{k pqukSrh ds :i esa f'k{kk dk lkoZHkkSfedj.k FkkA lafo/kku esa Hkh vfuok;Z izkFkfed f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk djus dk nkok fd;k x;kA bl fn'kk esa esa iz;kl Hkh fd;s tkrs jgs fdUrq jk"Vª dh foiUu vkfFkZd fLFkfr ls mHkjus ds fy, leLr iz;kl vFkZO;oLFkk dks lq/kkjus ij dsfUnzr gks x,A lkFk&lkFk foKku dh mUufr dk izHkko lekt ij fn[kkbZ nsuk izkjEHk gks x;kA 19oha 'krkCnh ds vfUre n'kd dh fLFkfr rd vkrs&vkrs jk"Vª us rduhdh fodkl ds ml LFkku dks izkIr fd;k ftlls og vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij viuh igpku cukus esa lQy gks ldk rFkk vU; jk"Vªkas ds lkFk rduhdh vknku&iznku esa c<+ksrjh gqbZA blh nkSjku leLr fo'o Hkwe.Myhdj.k dh izfØ;k ls xqtj jgk Fkk ftldk izHkko gekjs ns'k ij Hkh iM+kA fo'ks"kdj f'k{kk ds {ks= esa rduhdh Kku ,oa lapkj ØkfUr dk ifj.kke cgqr 'kh?kz fn[kkbZ nsus yxkA Hkkjr ds izFke iz/kkueU=h tokgjyky usg: us ns'k ds vkfFkZd o lkekftd fodkl esa foKku ,oa rduhdh egRo dks Hkh vkxs c<+k;kA

1983 esa Hkkjr esa izkS|ksfxdh ¼rduhdh½ uhfr cukbZ x;hA bl uhfr dk mÌs'; ns'k dh lEizHkqrk] v[k.Mrk ,oa ,drk dks ljf{kar j[krs gq, ns'k ds vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd fodkl dks vkRefuHkZjrk dh vksj ys tkuk FkkA foKku o rduhdh dk f'k{kk o lekt ij izHkko & 12345-

nwjLFk vf/kxe lqfo/kk fofo/k ikB~;Øe 'kSf{kd uokpkjksa dk iz;ksx ijke'kZ lsok dsUnz lekt esa tkx:drk For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

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lekt ds y{;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k ubZ lkekftd O;oLFkk lekt dh fofHkUu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku lekt ds lnL;ksa esa fuMjrk eYVhehfM;k vf/kxe dsUnz fo'o ds vU; jk"Vªkas ls lEidZ dk ikB~;Øe ij izHkko v|ru Kku

^'kSf{kd fo"kerk^ dk vFkZ ,oa laizR;; Li"V dhft, A bl leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, vius jpukRed lq>ko Hkh nhft,A Discuss the concept and meaning of educational disparity, describe your creative suggestions for resolving this problem.

mRrj

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa Li"V mYys[k fd;k x;k gS fd jkT;] /keZ] tkfr] iztkfr vFkok TkUe LFkku ds vk/kkj ij O;fDr;ksa esa Hksn ugha djsxkA Hkkjr tSls iztkrkf=ad jk"Vª esa f'k{kk ds leku volj iznku djus dk laizR;; dksbZ u;k fopkj ugha gSA oSfnd dky ls gh gekjs ns'k esa lcdks f'k{kk ds leku volj iznku djus ij cy fn;k x;k FkkA dkykUrj esa lekt esa O;kIr dqjhfr;ksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i f'k{kk iznku djus esa HksnHkko j[kk tkus yxkA dqN fo'ks"k tkfr ds lnL;ksa ,oa efgykvksa dks f'k{kk nsuk ml le; dfBu gks x;kA ifj.kkeLo:i ,slh tkfr;ka f'k{kk ds {ks= esa fiNM+ xbZA ;gka 'kSf{kd fo"kerk ls rkRi;Z tks tkfr;ksa] fiNM+s oxksZ] lekt ds oafpr oxksZ lkFk gh efgykvksa dh f'k{kk ds {ks= esa fiNM+is u ls gSA f'k{kk ds voljksa dh lekUkrk & ns'k ds lHkh cPpksa dks fcuk fdlh HksnHkko ds f'k{kk izkIr djus ds leku volj vkSj leku lqfo/kk,a iznku djuk gSA tkfr] /keZ] jax] :i] fyxa rFkk {ks= ds vk/kkj ij i{kikr u djrs gq, lcds fy, f'k{kk ds mi;qDr volj iznku djuk gS bu voljks ds vfrfjDr lqfo/kk,a tqVkdj iznku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ftlls tks oxZ fdUgha dkj.kksa ls f'k{kk esa fiNM+k gS mls vfrfjDr volj iznku dj lkekU; /kkjk esa feyk fn;k tk;sA f'k{kk vk;ksx us bl fo"k; es fy[kk gSa ^^ f'k{kk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ lkekftd mÌs'; 'kSf{kd voljksa dh lekurk iznku djuk gSa ,oa fiNM+s vFkok vi;kZIr lqfo/kk,a izkIr oxZ ;k O;fDr;ksa dk vius fodkl ds fy, f'k{kk izkIRk djus ds ;ksX; cukuk gSaA f'k{kk ds voljksa dh lekurk dh vko';drk 1234-

;g ,d le lekt dks LFkkfir djus ds fy, vko';d gSa&,sls lekt dks ftlesa lerk rFkk lkekftd U;k; dlkSVh gksA bldh vko';drk bl dkj.k gSa fd turU= esa lc O;fDr;ksa ds f'kf{kr gksus ij gh turU=h; laLFkkvksa dh lQyrk fuHkZj djrh gSaA 'kSf{kd voljksa dh lekurk gh jk"Vª ds 'kh?kz fodkl dks izkIr dj ldrh gSaA f'k{kk ds voljksa dh lekurk jk"Vª ds lc O;fDr;ksa esa mudh fufgr {kerkvksa dks fodflr djus esa lgk;d gksxhA For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

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vf/kd fudV lg&lEcU/k] fofHkUu O;oLkk;ksa ds fy, ftrus deZpkfj;ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSa mudh la[;k esa rFkk mu O;olk; ds fy, fof'k"V izf'k{k.k izkIr O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k esa izkIr gks tk;sxkA

f'k{kk ds leku voljksa ds fy, {ks= %& 1-

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fiNM+s oxksZ dh f'k{kk v-½ vuqlwfpr tkfr c-½ vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ka l-½ tjk;e is'kk n-½ [kkukcnks'k vkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+k oxZ ukjh f'k{kk {ks=h; vlUrqyu fodykaxks dh f'k{kk vYila[;dksa dh f'k{kk

vuqlwfpr tkfr o tutkfr;ksa dh f'k{kk gsrq jpukRed lq>ko fo|ky;ksa esa bu tkfr ds ckydksa gsrq iqLrdks]a ys[ku lkexzh] oL= vkSj e/;kUg~ Hkkstu dh fu%'kqYd O;oLFkk fdlh Øk¶V ;k dkS'ky dk Kku izkIr djus ij cy fn;k tkuk pkfg,A f'k{kk dk ek/;e mudh Hkk"kk,a gh gksuh pkfg,] ikB~;iqLrdksa dh jpuk Hkh mUghsa dh Hkk"kk esa gksuh pkfg,A ftyk eq[;ky;ksa ij Nk=koklksa dh LFkkiuk djukA buds fo|ky;ksa esa fu;qDr v/;kidksa dks bu tkfr;ks ds thou vkSj laLd`fr dk i;kZIRk Kku gksuk pkfg,A bu tkfr;ksa ds {ks=ksa esa gh f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dsUnzks dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg,] ftlls Hkkoh v/;kid ml okrkoj.k ls Hkyh&Hkkafr ifjfpr gks lds] tgka mudks v/;kiu dk;Z djuk gSA

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fu%'kDrtuksa dh f'k{kk gsrq lq>kko %&

lkekU; f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds lkFk&lkFk gh buds fy, dk;ZØe cuk;k tk;sA bu ckyd@ckfydkvksa ds fy, fof'k"V fo|ky; [kksydj i`Fkd f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,A xEHkhj :i ls ckf/kr cPpksa ds fy, tuin eq[;ky;ksa ij Nk=kokl lqfo/kk lfgr fo'ks"k fo|ky; gksus pkfg,A bu ckydksa dks f'k{k.k iznku djus ds fy, f'k{kdksa dks fo'ks"k izf'k{k.k iznku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A Loa;lsoh laxBuksa }kjk fd;s tkus okys iz;kl dks ljdkj dks izksRlkfgr djuk pkfg,A 312-

L=h f'k{kk gsrq lq>ko

ckfydkvksa ds fy, iwoZ ek/;fed fo|ky; muds x`g ds lehi gksus pkfg,A fo|ky;ksa esa vkoklh; lqfo/kk,a Hkh miyC/k djk;h tkuh pkfg;sA For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

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L=h f'k{kk gsrq lqfo/kk,a rFkk izksRlkgu dks c<+k;k tkuk pkfg,A efgyk ikWfyVsfDud dh LFkkiuk dh tk;sA izkFkfed Lrj ij dqy izko/kkuksa dk 50% efgykvksa ds fy, fuf'pr fd;k tk,A lapkj ek/;eksa }kjk izlkfjr dk;ZØeksa esa fyxaHksn o i{kikriw.kZ dk;ZØeksa dks jksdk tkuk gksxk rHkh fo|ky;ksa eas fyaxh; lekurk lEcU/kh ewY;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldsxkA

vYila[;dks dh f'k{kk gsrq lq>ko

enjlk f'k{kk dk vk/kqfudhdj.k fd;k tk;sA izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa lqfo/kk,a iznku djus ds fy, foRrh; lgk;rkA vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dsUnzksa dh LFkkiukA ckfydkvksa gsrq vkoklh; mPprj ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiukA ^Hkfo";'kkL= ls vkidk D;k vFkZ gS\ Hkfo"; dk v/;;u f'k{kk dh leL;kvksa dks le>kus esa fdl izdkj lgk;d gks ldrk gS A Li"V dhft, \ What do you understand by futurology ? How can the study of future be helpful in replaning the problem of education.

mRrj

ekuo lnSo vius Hkfo"; ds izfr fpfUrr jgk gSaA mlus blds fy, vusdkusd ;kstuk,a cukbZ gSa vusdkusd izcU/k fd;s gSa ;s ;kstuk,a thou ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa ls lEcU/k jgh gSA izkphu Hkkjr esa bl yksd ds LFkku ij ijyksd lEcU/kh Hkfo"; dh fpUrk T;knk dh xbZ Fkh tcfd if'pe esa bl yksd dh fpUrk izeq[k jgh gSA bu fpUrkvksa us bu lekt ds O;fDr;ksa dks Hkfo"; ds lEcU/k esa O;ofLFkr v/;;u ds fy, mRizsfjr ,oa foo'k fd;kA ifj.kker% bu lektksa esa ,d ,sls 'kkL= dk tUe gqvk gS ftls Hkfo"; ds v/;;u lEcU/kh 'kkL= ;k Hkfo";'kkL= ds uke ls tkuk tkus yxk gSaA Hkfo"; 'kkL= dk fodkl ,oa {ks= & Hkfo";'kkL= ,d u;k fo"k; gS tks fd fuekZ.kkoLFkk esa gSA osUMy csy us Hkfo"; lEcU/kh bl foKku ds lEcU/k esa fy[kk gSa fd Hkfo"; ds bl v/;;u dk izeq[k Lo:i u rks o.kZu gS vkSj u ;g izeq[kr% Hkfo";ok.kh gh gS ;g uoiz;ksx rFkk n'kZu gS A blds vUrxZr ewY;ksa vkSj y{;ksa dk Li"Vhdj.k vkSj ewY;kadu izo`fÙk;ksa dk fooj.k fn;k tkrk gS rFkk blesa oSdfYid Hkfo";ksa dk izLrqfrdj.k rFkk vUr%fuHkZjrkvksa ds orZeku Øeksa dk fooj.k vkrk gSA Hkfo";'kkL= dk ewyHkwr lEizR;; ;g gSa fd Hkfo"; Lor% gh ?kfVr ugha gks tkrk ge mls cukrs gS vkSj ge bldk mi;ksx dj ldrs gS vkus okys dy ds ewY;ksa] ikfjokfjd lajpukvks]a rduhdh vkfn ds :iksa dh dYiuk dh tk ldrh gSA Hkfo"; ds fy, f'k{kk f'k{kk ds Lo:i dk fu/kkZj.k rRdkyhu lkekftd] vkfFkZd ] jktuhfrd vkfn ifjfLFkfr;ka djrh gSa vr% ;fn ge Hkfo"; dh f'k{kk ds Lo:i dk fu/kkZj.k djuk pkgrs gSa rks gesa ml le; ds Hkfo"; ds fy, f'k{kk dk fu/kkZj.k djuk gS ml le; dh fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk gksxk mnkgj.k ds fy, eku fyft, &ge Hkkjr es 2050 dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk vuqeku djuk gksxk bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds Lo:i fu/kkZj.k ds fy, Hkfo";'kkfL=;ksa fof/k;ksa ,oa izfØ;kvksa dk vkJ; ysuk gksxk vr% Hkfo"; ds fy, f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk ds v/;;u dk vk/kkj Hkfo";'kkL= gSSA 1-

Hkfo"; dh f'k{kk ds mÌs'; & ,ufou VkQyj us Hkfo"; dh f'k{kk ds nks mÌs';ksa ij tksj fn;k gS fd og & For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

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O;fDr dks bl izdkj f'kf{kr djs fd og Hkfo"; esa gksus okys ifjOkrZu dk vuqeku yxkdj mlds vuqdwy vius dks cuk ldsA Hkkoh thou dh Hkwfedkvksa dh dYiuk djus ,oa le>us dk izf'k{k.k & ekWfjl jkstu ekxs dk er gS fd O;fDr ds Hkkoh O;olk; ds fp= ls ml O;fDr ds orZeku n`f"Vdks.k] eqY;ksa rFkk O;ogkj ij izHkko iM+ ldrk gS vr% Nk=ksa dks Hkfo"; ds thou dh dYiuk djus] mls le>us] mlds vuq:i O;ogkj djus dk volj rFkk izf'k{k.k fn;k tkuk vko';d gSA Hkfo"; dh vutku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lkaetL; LFkkfir djus dh {kerk dk fodkl& Hkfo"; dh f'k{kk Nk=ksa esa vutku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lkeatL; dh {kerk fodflr djrh gS rFkk muds O;fDrRo dks xfr'khy cukrh gS lkFk gh Nk=ksa esa lkexzh ,d=hdj.k dh dq'kyrk] fo'ys"k.k dh dq'kyrk] xzg.k djus dh dq'kyrk] lh[kus dh dq'kyrk dk fodkl djrh gSA Hkfo"; ds oSdfYid Lo:i dh dYiuk djus dh {kerk dk fodkl & vkxkeh 3&4 n'kdksa esa m|ksx ,oa O;olk;ksa dk Lo:i D;k gksxk lkekftd laLFkkvska dk Lo:i D;k gksxk \ lkekftd lEcU/kksa dh fLFkfr D;k gksxh \ bu leLr ckrksa esa le; ds vuqlkj cukuk Hkfo"; dh f'k{kk dk mÌs'; gSaA Hkfo"; dks ekius dh {kerk dk fodkl & VkWQyj dk er gSa fd Hkfo"; dh f'k{kk Nk=ksa esa Hkfo"; ds Lo:i dks ekius dh {kerk dk fodkl djuk gS vFkkZr og fl[kkrh gSa fd Hkfo"; dk Lo:i orZeku ls fdruk vf/kd gksuk rFkk fdl lhek rd vkxs tk ldrk gSaA yksdrkfU=d rjhdksa ij cy & Hkfo"; dh f'k{kk i)fr dh fof/k;ksa esa yksdrkfU=drk gksuh pkfg,A Hkfo"; dh f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ;qusLdksa us ,d egRoiw.kZ izfrosnu yfuZxa Vw ch (Learning to be) ds uke ls izdkf'kr fd;k blesa f'k{kkk ds fuEukfdar mÌs'; crk;s x;s gSaA thoui;ZUr pyus okyh (life long) f'k{kk iznku djukA ekuo dk lEiw.kZ fodkl djukA yksdrkfU=drk esa fo'okl mRiUu djukA vUrjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; dk fuekZ.k djukA

ful~ fo|ky;hdj.k ls D;k rkRi;Z gSa] bldk izfriknu D;ksa fd;k x;k gSa \ What do you understand by re-schooling? Why the concept of re-schooling was propaganda ?

mRrj

ful~ fo|ky;hdj.k ;k fufoZ|ky;hdj.k dk fopkj boku bfyp ds }kjk fd;k x;k fd lekt dk fufoZ|ky;hdj.k dj nsuk pkfg,A fufoZ|ky;hdj.k ls rkRi;Z gS fd lekt ls fo|ky;ksa dh lekIr dj nsuk pkfg,A boku bfyp us ^Mh&Ldwfyax lkslkbVh^ uked iqLrd ds lkFk f'k{kk n'kZu esa ,d uohu izR;; fn;k bl iqLrd ds i'pkr~ mUgksusa ^'kSMks odZ^ uked iqLrd esa Hkh vius fopkj fn,A fo|ky;foghu lekt dh /kkj.kk bl vuqeku ij dsfUnzr gS fd lkoZtfud f'k{kk fo|ky;h f'k{kk }kjk lEHko ugha gSA bfyp dk dguk gS fd vusdksa fo|kFkhZ fo'ks"kdj os tks fu/kZu gS vr% izKkRed
Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

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bfyp dk dguk gS fd fo|ky; tSls fd og gS muls lekt dks dksbZ ykHk ugha fey jgk gSA oju~ os rks jk"Vª dh iwt a h O;FkZ ds f'k{k.k esa xaok jgs gSa rks nwljh vksj nfjnzksa dh n'kk esa dksbZ Hkh ifjorZu ykus esa vleFkZ gSa blfy, vko';drk bl ckr dh gSa fd fo|ky; ds fodYi ryk'k fd;s tk;sA bfyp dgrk gSa fd orZeku izdkj ds fo|ky;ksa dks ,d fodflr lekt esa dksbZ LFkku ugha fn;k tk;s muds vuqlkj fo|ky;foghu lekt dk vFkZ ,d ,slh lkekftd O;oLFkk ls gSa ftlls ewY;ksa ds laLFkkiu ij cy ugha gSa oju~ tkucq rel="nofollow">dj ,d fØ;k'khyrk ds thou dks miHkksDrk ds thou dh rqyuk esa pquk x;k gS ,d ,slh thou'kSyh dk pquko fd;k tkrk gSa tks gesa LoSfPNd rFkk Lora= cukus esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSA blds fy, gesa ,d ekud dh Ja[` kyk dh vko';drk gksxh tks gesa ;g vuqHkwfr iznku djsxh fd ge mu laLFkkvks dks igpku ys tks fd O;fDrxr o`f) dks yr dh rqyuk esa lgk;rk nsrh gS vkSj lkFk&lkFk ;g bPNk Hkh fd ge vius rduhdh lk/kuksa dks bl izdkj dh laLFkkvksa esa mUufr ykus esa O;Dr djsAa fo|ky; dh lekfIr D;ksa \ bfyp ds vuqlkj vf/kdka'k ckyd tkurs gSa fd fo|ky; muds fy, D;k djrk gSa \ ckydksa esa fo|ky; la'k; ,oa 'kadk, mRiUu djrs gSA vkSj fQj muesa ,d u;k vkSj >qBk rdZ fodflr fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls ckyd >wBh lQyrk ds ihNs Hkkxrk gSa ckyd dk fo|ky;hdj.k fd;k tkrk gS ftlls og f'k{k.k dks vf/kxe le>us yxs] d{kksUufr dks f'k{kk le>s] mikf/k;ksa dks ;ksX;rk ;k {kerk le>us yxsa] /kkjk izokfgrksa dks dqN u;k dgus dh ;ksX;rk le>s vkSj ewY;ksa ds LFkku ij lsok dks Lohdkj djs bfyp vkxs dgrs gSa vkt ds fo|ky; ckydksa esa ;g Hkez iSnk djrs gS ftlds f'kdkj gksdj os fpfdRldh; ns[kHkky dks LokLF; lsok] lekt lsok dks lkeqnkf;d thou] iqfyl j{kk dks lqj{kk] lSU; O;oLFkk dks jk"Vª dh lsok rFkk vkik/kkih dks mRiknd dk;Z le>us yxrs gSa ;s lc xyr /kkj.kk,a ml Hkze ds dkj.k gSa tks ckydksa esa fo|ky; }kjk iSnk fd;k tkrk gSA ,d vksj rks f'k{kk O;; c<+ jgs gSa ] nwljh vksj fo'o esa fuj{kjrk rFkk 'kSf{kd viO;; rFkk vojks/ku c<+ jgs gSA viuh i<+kbZ chp esa gh NksM+us okyks dh la[;k fnuksa&fnu c<+rh tk jgh gSaA tc lekt esa ifjokj] iM+kSl] efUnj] efLtn] jktuSfrd ny ]Dyc] la?k rFkk ,slh vU; O;kolkf;d laLFkk, gS rc i`Fkd ls fo|ky;ksa dh vko';drk ugha gSaA fo|ky; iwoZ fu/kkZfjr ikB~;Øe vkfn ds }kjk fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa ij ,d leku cks> yknuk pkgrs gSa ge fofHkUUk ;ksX;rkvksa okys O;fDr;ksa ij leku cks> ugah ykn ldrs gSA tcfd orZeku fo|ky; ,slk dj jgs gSA leqfpr f'k{kk gsrq vfuok;Z gSa fd ckyd dh ;ksX;rkvksa rFkk mlds fy, rS;kj 'kSf{kd cks> ds e/; rkjrE;rk ,oa mi;qDrrk gksA bu nksuska ds e/; lefUor mi;qDrrk gksA bu nksuksa ds e/; lefUor mi;qDrrk fo|ky; ds LFkku ij vU; laLFkk,a vis{kkd`r vf/kd lekurk ds lkFk jg ldrh gSA fo|ky;ksa esa ,d izdkj dh vfoosdhd`r fLFkjrka, gksrh gS tks vusd xyr /kkj.kkvksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;g /kkj.kk fd ge O;ogkjxr ifjorZuksa dks eki ldrs gS] iwjh rjg ls fujk/kkj gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa ;g nkok fd;k tk jgk gSa fd ;fn f'k{kk rduhdh dks vksj vf/kd foRrh; lgk;rk nh tk; rks fo|ky; ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ka iSnk dj ldrs gS ftues cgdj O;fDr vf/kxe dj ldrk gSa fdUrq ;g /kkj.kk Hkh okLro esa fujk/kkj gS D;ksa fd vc rd fo|ky;ksa ds ftrus Hkh u;s&u;s fodYi gekjs lkeus vk;s gSa os dksbZ vPNs ifj.kke ugha ns ik;s gSA okLro esa vkt ds Ldwy Nk=ksa dh lsok ugha djrs vfirq v/;kidksa ds mÌs';ksa dh lsok djrs gSa] mi;qZDRk rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij boku bfyp dgrs gS fd vkt ds lektksa esa ,sls fo|ky;ksa dks lekIr dj nsuk pkfg, tks For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

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O;fDr;ksa ds vf/kxe dh D;k O;oLFkk gksxhA blds fy, bfyp pkj lk/kuksa dk fodkl djus dh flQkfj'k djrs gSA 'kSf{kd rRoksa ds fy, lUnHkZ lsok,a & vf/kxe ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj dh oLrq,a vk/kkjHkwr lk/ku gS izd`fr] iqLrdky;] l'kqYd laLFkk,a iz;ksx'kkyk,a] laxzgky;] vtk;c?kj] ukV~;'kkyka,] fpfM+;k?kj] dy&dkj[kkus] gokbZ vM~Ms] d`f"k QkeZ] ckx cxhp vkfn lc feydj vf/kxe ds vlhfer volj iznku djrs gSA dkS'ky fofue; dsUnz &okLrfod ,oa thouksi;kxh vf/kxe ds fy, ,slh O;oLFkk gks ftlls os O;fDr tks fdlh u fdlh {ks= rFkk dk;Z ls lEcfU/kr dkS'ky vftZr dj pqds gks os vius dkS'ky dh lwph cuk;s o ;s Hkh fy[kk gks fd os fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lh[kus okys dk viuk dkS'ky lh[kk ldrs gSA lkFkh esy&feyki & vf/kxe lEizs"k.k ds fy, ;g Hkh vR;Ur mi;ksxh gSa fd vf/kxedrkZ dks mu fØ;k &dykiksa esa O;Lr j[kk tk; ftlesa mudh :fp gSA f'k{kkfonks dh lUnHkZ lsok,a& boku bfyp lkekftd vf/kxe ds fy, vius izLrkoksa esa dgrs gS fd fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ds Kkrk ,sls f'k{kkfonksa dh lwph ;k funsZf'kdk cuk;h tk; ftlesa buds uke] irs] ;ksX;rk,a fo'ks"k ;ksX;rkvksa ds {ks= mudh 'krsZ 'kkfey gks] blesa os viuk 'kqYd Hkh ns ldrs gS os fu/kkZfjr 'kqYd nsdj mudh lsok,a izkIr dj ldrs gSA

la{ksi esa fufoZ|ky;hdj.k ls fuEu rF; izdV gksrs gS& 1234567891011iz'u 30

;g lHkh izdkj ds fo|ky;ksa dk fojks/k djrk gSA ;g fo|ky;hdj.k dk Hkh fojks/k djrk gSA ;g f'k{kd dk fojks/k djrk gSA vn`';&ikB~;Øe dh ckr Lohdkj djrk gSA izek.k&i=ksa rFkk mikf/k;ksa dk fojks/k djrk gSA iw.kZdkyhu mifLFkfr dh vkykspuk djrk gSA f'k{k.k dks ,d HkkSfrdoknh O;olk; ekurk gSA Lo&izsj.kkRed vf/kxe ij cy nsrk gSA fo|ky; ,d vf/kxe tky ds leku gks f'k{kk &mÌs';ksa dks egRo nsus dh ckr Lohdkj djrk gSaA n{krk fofue; ij cy nsrk gSaA vk/kqfudhdj.k ,oa f'k{kk dk laizR;; Li"V dhft, \ Describe the concept of modernization and education ?

mRrj

ijEijkRed lektksa esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa ;k vkS|ksxhdj.k ds dkj.k if'peh lektksa esa vk, ifjorZuksa dks le>us rFkk nksuksa esa fHkUurk dks izdV djus ds fy, fo}kuksa us vk/kqfuddj.k dh vo/kkj.kk dks tUe fn;kA ,d rjQ ijEijkxr lekt dks j[kk vksj nwljh rjQ vk/kqfud lekt dksA bl izdkj mUgksus ijEijkRed cuke vk/kqfudrk dks tUe fn;k blds lkFk gh tc ik'pkR; fo}ku mifuos'kksa ,oa fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dh ppkZ djrs gSa rks os vk/kqfudhdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk dk lgkjk ysrs gSA ifjHkk"kk %& jk"Vªh; f'k{kk vk;ksx ¼1964&66½ ds izfrosnu esa Hkh vk/kqfudhdj.k dks blh :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSa& fdlh jk"Vª ds vk/kqfudhdj.k ls rkRi;Z foKku ,oa rduhdh ds iz;ksx ls ml jk"Vª ds vkfFkZd fodkl djus vkSj tu & lk/kkj.k ds thou Lrj dks Åapk mBkus ls gSA For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

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vkt vk/kqfudhdj.k esa izcU/k rduhdh dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSa rc vk/kqfudhdj.k dks bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS ^^fdlh jk"Vª ds vk/kqfudhdj.k ls rkRi;Z ns'k&fons'k dh v|ru oSKkfudksa [kkstksa vkSj oSKkfud ,oa izcU/k rduhdh ds iz;ksx ls vkS|ksfxd fodkl djus] vkfFkZd fodkl djus] fofHkUu dk;Z{ks=ksa dh {kerk c<+kus vkSj bl lcls tulk/kkj.k ds thou&Lrj dks Åapk mBkus ls gksrk gSA eSfj;u ts- ysoh ^^ esjh vk/kqfudhdj.k dh ifjHkk"kk 'kfDr ds tM+ lzkrs ksa vkSj iz;Ru ds izHkko dks c<+kus ds fy, midj.kksa ds iz;ksx ij vk/kkfjr gSa eSa bu nks rRoksa esa ls izR;sd dks lkrRo dk vk/kkj ekurk g¡wA vk/kqfudhdj.k ,oa f'k{kk f'k{kk euq"; ds fopkj ,oa O;ogkj esa ifjorZu djus dk eq[; lk/ku gSa Hkkjr esa vk/kqfudhdj.k gsrq nks 'kh"kZ mik; f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr gSA igyk nlo"khZ; vfuok;Z f'k{kk ,oa fu%'kqYd lkekU; f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk vkSj nwljk mPp dksfV dh foKku] rduhdh ,oa iz'kklu dh f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk A ;fn /;kuiwoZd ns[kk&le>k tk, rks vk/kqfudhdj.k ds ftu vU; mik;ks& a vkfFkZd fodkl] izkd`frd lalk/kuksadh [kkst[ ekuo lalk/ku dk fuekZ.k] tula[;k fu;U=.k vkSj jk"Vªh; pfj= dk fuekZ.k bu lcdh izkfIr Hkh f'k{kk ij fuHkZj djrh gSaA vk/kqfudhdj.k es f'k{kk ds mÌs'; & vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k esa f'k{kk ds fuEufyf[kr mÌs'; lgk;d gks ldrs gS& 12345678-

rdZiw.kZ fpUru dk fodkl oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl usr`Ro ds xq.kksa dk fodkl uSfrd vkSj vk/;kfRed ewY;ksa dk fodkl ckSf)d {kerkvksa vkSj dkS'kyksa dk fodkl djukA iztkrkaf=d ukxfjdrk dk fodkl djukA lkekftd ifjorZu dks izkRs lkgu nsuk jk"Vªh;rk vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djukA

vk/kqfudhdj.k gsrq ikB~;Øe 12345678-

ikB~;Øe esa oSKkfud fo"k;ksa dh izeq[krk gksuh pkfg,A ikB~;Øe esa dEI;wVj dh f'k{kk dks vfuok;Z cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A vaxzsth dks ikB~;Øe esa lfEefyr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ikB~;Øe esa dk;Z vuqHko (Work experience) dks egRo fn;k tkuk pkfg,A ikB~;Øe esa O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A lektksi;ksxh mRiknd dk;Z (SUPW) rFkk jpukRedrk vkSj l`tukRedrk dks izksRlkfgr djus okys fo"k;ksa dks ikB~;Øe esa LFkku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A ikB~;Øe esa uSfrd vkSj vk/;kfRed f'k{kk rFkk ekuo ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk dk izko/kku gksuk pkfg,A ikB~;Øe esa LokLF; f'k{kk vkSj lektlsok dk;ZØeksa dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

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ikB~;Øe esa vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k dks rhoz cukus ds fy, L=h f'k{k] tula[;k f'k{kk] i;kZoj.k f'k{kk] izkS<+ f'k{kk vkfn dks Hkh egRo fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

vk/kqfudhdj.k esa f'k{k.k fof/k;ka & vk/kqfudhdj.k dh n`f"V ls ijEijkxr f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa ds LFkku ij oSKkfud vkSj euksoSKkfud f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bu fof/k;ksa esa izeq[k gSa & ;kstuk fof/k] leL;k &lek/kku fof/k] izn'kZu fof/k] âwfjfLVd fof/k] fujh{k.k fof/k] iz;ksx fof/k] vkSj Hkk"k.k fof/k vkfnA f'k{k.k esa Vsyhfotu] jsfM;ksa] VsifjdkMZj] ohfM;ks Vsi] izkstsDVj] dEI;wVj vkfn f'k{k.k lk/kuksa dk Hkh mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vk/kqfudhdj.k esa fo|ky; dh O;oLFkk & fo|ky; esa ikB~;Øe lgxkeh fØ;kvksa dh O;kid O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A fo|ky; dk Hkou] QuhZpj] HkkSfrd lqfo/kk,a] iqLrdky;] okpuky;] ØhM+kLFky] iz;ksx'kkykvksa vkfn dh mRre O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A fo|ky; dk 'kSf{kd okrkoj.k Js"B gksuk pkfg,] vkSj izkpk;Z rFkk f'k{kdksa dks vius ckydksa ds le{k vkn'kZ izLrqr djuk pkfg,A

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vk/kqfudhdj.k esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk & vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk cgqr egRoiw.kZ gS] blds fy, f'k{kd esa fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,a gksuh pkfg,& f'k{kd dks vius fo"k; dk iw.kZ ,oa vU; fo"k;ksa rFkk {ks=ks dk foLr`r Kku gksuk pkfg,A f'k{kd dks vius uohure 'kSf{kd izkS|ksfxdh dk iw.kZ Kku gksuk pkfg, vkSj mlds }kjk budk iz;ksx f'k{k.k esa fd;k tkuk pkfg,A f'k{kd dh f'k{k.k dk;Z esa :fp gksuh pkfg, vkSj mls f'k{kd ds egRo] mldh xfjek rFkk mlds dk;ksZ ls iw.kZ ifjfpr gksuk pkfg,A f'k{kd dks ns'k dh vk/kqfudhdj.k dh vko';drk ij cy nsuk pkfg,A f'k{kd dks vius Nk=ksa esa ldkjkRed] fu.kZ;kRed vkSj ;FkkFkZoknh n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl djuk pkfg,A f'k{kd dks vius Nk=ksa esa i<+us dh :fp tkxzr djuh pkfg,A f'k{kd dks fo|ky; esa fofHkUu ikB~;Øe lgxkeh fØ;kvksa dh O;oLFkk djuh pkfg, vkSj mues Hkkx ysus gsrq Nk=ksa dks izkRs lkfgr djuk pkfg,A f'k{kd dks vius Nk=ksa ds le{k vkn'kZ izLrqr djuk pkfg, vkSj mls ,d ekxZn'kZd dh Hkwfedk fuHkkuh pkfg,A

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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

lanHkZ xzaFk lwph 123-

'kekZ vkj-,'kekZ jtuh ]ikjhd eFkqjs'oj vjksM+k jhrk] ekjokgk lqns'k

f'k{kk ds nk'kZfud ,oa lkekftd ewy vk/kkj mnh;eku Hkkjrh; lekt vkSj f'k{k.k f'k{k.k ,oa vf/kxe ds euks&lkekftd vk/kkj

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