Quartz School For Well Site Supervisors Quartz School For Well Site Supervisors Quartz School For Well Site Supervisors Quartz School For Well Site Supervisors

Quartz School for Well Site Supervisors

Module – 3 Drilling Bits & Hydraulics

Section – 1 Drill Bit Technology

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology •

C. Alvarez

Contents: 1.

Objectives

2.

Drill Bit Types

3.

Bit Design

4.

Rock Failure Mechanism

5.

Drill Bit Classification

6.

Bit Selection

7.

Bit Evaluation

8.

Bit Performance

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology

1.

Objectives: •

C. Alvarez

By the end of this Section YOU should be able to: •

Recognize different bit types

•

Describe various design considerations for roller cone and PDC bits

•

Select bits for various formation types and drilling conditions

•

Grade bits using the IADC Dull Grading System

•

Utilize the IADC code to describe and compare bits

•

Identify important operational aspects that effect bit performance

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 2. Drill Bit Types • Roller Cone Bits: Milled tooth bits,

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 2.

Drill Bit Types • Roller Cone Bits: Tungsten Carbide Inserts bits,

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 2.

Drill Bit Types • Natural Diamond bits,

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 2.

Drill Bit Types • Natural Diamond bits,

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 2.

Drill Bit Types • PDC (Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts) bits

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 2.

Drill Bit Types • PDC (Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts) bits

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 2.

Drill Bit Types • TSP (Thermally Stable Polycrystalline) bits

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 2.

Drill Bit Types • TSP (Thermally Stable Polycrystalline) bits

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 2.

Drill Bit Types • Diamond Impregnated Bits

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 2.

Drill Bit Types • According to the Cutter Structure: Fixed Cutter Bit or Roller Cone Bit Drill Bits

Fixed Cutter

PDC

Natural Diamond

Roller Cone

Mill Tooth

Diamond

TSP

Impregnated

Diamond

Roller Bearing

Insert

Journal Bearing

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 2.

Drill Bit Types a.

Fixed Cutter (Drag Bits) – PDC: Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts

Drill Bits

Fixed Cutter

PDC

Natural Diamond

Roller Cone

Mill Tooth

Diamond

TSP

Impregnated

Diamond

Roller Bearing

Insert

Journal Bearing

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 2.

Drill Bit Types a.

Fixed Cutter (Drag Bit) – PDC: Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts 19 mm

C. Alvarez

16 mm

13 mm

11 mm

8 mm

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 2.

Drill Bit Types a.

Fixed Cutter (Drag Bit) – Natural Diamond Drill Bits

Fixed Cutter

PDC

Natural Diamond

Roller Cone

Mill Tooth

Diamond

TSP

Impregnated

Diamond

Roller Bearing

Insert

Journal Bearing

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 2.

Drill Bit Types a.

Fixed Cutter (Drag Bit) – Cutting Elements: Natural Diamond • Natural Diamonds • Size • Shape • Quality

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 2.

Drill Bit Types a.

Fixed Cutter (Drag Bit) – TSP: Thermally Stable Polycrystalline

Drill Bits

Fixed Cutter

PDC

Natural Diamond

Roller Cone

Mill Tooth

Diamond

TSP

Impregnated

Diamond

Roller Bearing

Insert

Journal Bearing

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 2.

Drill Bit Types a.

Fixed Cutter (Drag Bit) – Cutting Elements: TSP

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 2.

Drill Bit Types • Fixed Cutter (Drag Bit) – Impregnated Diamond Bits

Drill Bits

Fixed Cutter

PDC

Natural Diamond

Roller Cone

Mill Tooth

Diamond

TSP

Impregnated

Diamond

Roller Bearing

Insert

Journal Bearing

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 2.

Drill Bit Types a.

Fixed Cutter (Drag Bit) – Cutting Elements: Impregnated Diamond Powder •

Bit Blades impregnated with grinded, powdered, or granular natural diamond

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 2.

Drill Bit Types b.

Roller Cone Bits • Alternative Names: Rock Bits Tri-Cone™ Bits

Drill Bits

Fixed Cutter

PDC

Natural Diamond

Roller Cone

Mill Tooth

Diamond

TSP

Impregnated

Diamond

Roller Bearing

Insert

Journal Bearing

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 2.

Drill Bit Types b.

Roller Cone Bits – Mill Tooth Bits

Drill Bits

Fixed Cutter

PDC

Natural Diamond

Roller Cone

Mill Tooth

Insert

Roller Bearing

Journal Bearing

Diamond

TSP

Impregnated

Diamond

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 2.

Drill Bit Types b.

Roller Cone Bits – Cutting Elements: Mill Tooth Bits • Teeth & Hard facing:

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 2.

Drill Bit Types b.

Roller Cone Bits – Inserts Bits

Drill Bits

Fixed Cutter

PDC

Natural Diamond

Roller Cone

Mill Tooth

Insert

Roller Bearing

Journal Bearing

Diamond

TSP

Impregnated

Diamond

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 2.

Drill Bit Types b.

Roller Cone Bits – Insert Bits •

Cutting Elements: Tungsten Carbide Inserts

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 2.

Drill Bit Types b.

Roller Cone Bits – Mill Tooth Bits •

Roller Bearing Drill Bits

Fixed Cutter

PDC

Natural Diamond

Roller Cone

Mill Tooth

Insert

Roller Bearing

Journal Bearing

Diamond

TSP

Impregnated

Diamond

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 2.

Drill Bit Types b.

Roller Cone Bits – Mill Tooth & Insert Bits •

Journal Bearing

Drill Bits

Fixed Cutter

PDC

Natural Diamond

Roller Cone

Mill Tooth

Insert

Roller Bearing

Journal Bearing

Diamond

TSP

Impregnated

Diamond

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Bearing Assembly: • A bearing is a device that sits between the cone and its attachment to the leg of the bit to reduce the force of friction as the cone rotates. • Roller cone bit bearings must operate under severe conditions temperature and loads, • Roller cone bits use three types of bearing in the bearing assembly: • Ball bearings; • Roller bearings; • Journal bearings.

• Some roller cone bits use all three and some use only roller and ball bearings. C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Bearing Assembly: Roller Bearings & Ball Bearings

This Thisbit bitalso alsouses usesball ball bearings,as bearings,aswell wellas asanother anotherset set ofof smaller smallerroller rollerbearings bearingsnear near the theend, end,or ornose,of nose,of the thecone. cone.

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Bearing Assembly: Roller Bearings & Ball Bearings

Some Someroller rollerbearing bearingbits bitsdo donot not use useroller rollerbearings bearingsininthe thenose. nose. Instead, Instead,they theyuse useaaplain,or plain,or journal journalbearing. bearing.

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Bearing Assembly: Roller Bearings & Ball Bearings

• •

Reduce Friction Increases RPM Capacity

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Bearing Assembly: Sealed Roller Bearing System

Crowned Roller

Conventional Roller

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Bearing Assembly: Sealed Roller Bearing System

Crowned Roller

Conventional Roller

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Bearing Assembly: Roller Bearing Applications: Non-Sealed • Short Hours / Economic • High Temperature

Sealed • High RPM / Low Weight • Large Bit Diameter Courtesy of C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Bearing Assembly: Journal Bearings

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Bearing Assembly: Journal Bearing (components)

37 C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Bearing Assembly: Journal Bearing (components)

Main Bearing Retention Bearing Thrust Bearing Pin Bearing

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Bearing Assembly: Journal Bearing – Applications • All Sealed • Moderate Sliding Speed - Low to Moderate RPM - Small to Medium Bit Diameter • High Weights

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Bearing Assembly: Main Bearings Rollers

C. Alvarez

Friction / Journal

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Bearing Assembly: Retention Bearings Balls

C. Alvarez

Threaded Ring

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Bearing Assembly: Ball Bearing Retention Failure

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Bearing Assembly: Threaded Ring Failure

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Bearing Assembly: Sealed Bearings & Lubrication System

C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Bearing Assembly: Seals HNBR Ribbed Texturized HNBR Texturized

O-Ring and HNBR Radial C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Cone Design

• Cone Design: • All the three cones have the same shape with the No 1 cone having a spear point, • The basic factor to be decided is the journal or pin angle, • The journal angle is formed between the axis of the journal and the horizontal, • One important factor which affect the journal angle is the degree of meshing or interfit, (the distance that the crests of the teeth of one cone extended into the grooves of the other.

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Roller Cone Bit Components Nose

Cutter #3

Cutter #1 Inner Row

Gage Row Heel Row

Cutter #2 Lug

Shirttail

Nozzle, Pod & Socket Bit Bowl

Bit Body

Pin C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Cone Nomination #1 Cone CW

#3 Cone

#2 Cone

ConesSet-up Set-up Cones

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Cone Components Lugs - 3 per bit - All 3 are the same

Cutters - 3 per bit - All 3 are different

Component Parts

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Cone Components

To make 1 Roller Cone bit it takes: - 3 lugs, - 3 cutters, - 3 sets of component parts

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Cone Design – Journal Angle

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Cone Design – Cone Offset or Skew

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Cone Design – Cone Offset or Skew

Soft Formation C. Alvarez

Hard formation

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Cone Design – Cone Offset or Skew

Reduced Offset – 0º - 2º – Reduced Gage Scraping – More Durable – Slower Drilling –Abrasive / Hard Formations C. Alvarez

Increased Offset – 3º - 5º – Increased Gage Scraping – Less Durable – Faster Drilling – Soft / Sticky Formations

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Cone Design – Cone Profile

– – – – C. Alvarez

Flat Cone Profile Minimum Bottom Scraping More Durable Slower Drilling Abrasive / Hard Formations

– – – –

Round Cone Profile Increased Bottom Scraping Less Durable Faster Drilling Soft / Sticky Formations

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Cone Design • Cutting Structure: • Soft Formation bits: • These types require deep penetration into the rock so the teeth are long, thin and widely spaced (to prevent balling), • The long teeth take-up space, so the bearing size must be reduced. This is allowable since the loading should not be excessive in soft formation.

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Cone Design • Cutting Structure:

• Medium Formation Bits: • These types required to withstand heavier loads so teeth height is decrease and their width increased, • these bits rely on scraping/gouging action with only limited penetration, • The spacing of teeth must still be sufficient to allow good cleaning.

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Cone Design • Cutting Structure:

• Hard Formation Bits: • These do not rely on tooth penetration so the teeth are shorter than those used for softer formations • the teeth must be strong enough to withstand the crushing/chipping action and sufficient numbers of teeth should be used to reduce the unit load, • Spacing of teeth is lees critical since the ROP is reduced and the cuttings tend to be smaller. C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Cone Design – Cutting Structure

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Cone Design – Cutting Structure

Gauge Protection

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Cone Design – Cutting Structure (Gauge Protection) • • • • • • •

C. Alvarez

Shirttail Hardmetal • All Applications Heel Pacs (or G-pacs) • All Insert and Abrasive Tooth, High RPM TuffGage • Hard Formation Bits GageGuard ( T ) • Directional Shirttail Inserts (KP, KPR) • Deviated Wells Lug Pads ( L ) • High RPM / Deviated PDC Insert Options ( D ) • Abrasive • Thermal Cracking

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Cone Design – Tooth Cutter Structure

Faster Drilling Less Durable C. Alvarez

Slower Drilling More Durable

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Cone Design – Tooth Cutter Structure (Tooth Hard Metal)

Cutter Hard facing

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Cone Design – Tooth Cutter Structure (Tooth Hard Metal)

Self Sharpening C. Alvarez

Full Coverage

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Cone Design – Tooth Cutter Structure (Hard Metal Types)

Premium Armorclad II

Standard Duraclad Premium Armorclad C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

Built-In PMC 65/171

3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Cone Design – Tooth Cutter Structure Comparison

Soft = = = = = = = = = = ==> Hard

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Cone Design – Insert Bit Cutter Structure • The cutting structure for insert bits follows the same pattern as for milled tooth bits, • Long chisel shaped inserts are required for soft formation, • Short inserts are used for hard formation bits, • There is little change in the cutting structure of an insert bit due to wear. This allows an insert bit to be used over a wider range of formation types than is usually impossible for a milled tooth bit.

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Cone Design – Insert Bit Cutter Structure

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Cone Design – Insert Bit Cutter Structure (Soft Formations)

Soft Formation Inserts C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Cone Design – Insert Bit Cutter Structure (Medium Formations)

Medium Formation Inserts C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Cone Design – Insert Bit Cutter Structure (Hard Formations)

Hard Formation Inserts C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Cone Design – Fluid Circulation

Jet Nozzle

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design a.

Roller Cone Bits • Cone Design – Fluid Circulation

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design b.

Fixed Cutter Bits • Cutter Material • The cutter material are formed with high pressure and temperature process, • The first stage in the process is to manufacture artificial diamond crystals, • The second stage is to mix the artificial diamond crystals with catalyst/binder in a temperature exceeding 1400oC and pressure of 750,000 psi.

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design b.

Fixed Cutter Bits • Cutter Material

• Shear revisited • Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design b.

Fixed Cutter Bits • Cutter Material – Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts, PDC 19 mm

C. Alvarez

16 mm

13 mm 11 mm

8 mm

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design b.

Fixed Cutter Bits • Cutter Material – Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts, PDC

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design b.

Fixed Cutter Bits • Cutter Backrake Angle Backrake Angle: The angle of orientation of the cutter from true vertical (90°). The lower the angle, the closer to vertical the cutter is, and therefore is more aggressive

BLADE

PDC CUTTER

γ

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design b.

Fixed Cutter Bits • Body Material

Steel Body High Precision, Simple Repair, Rapid manufacture

C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design b.

Fixed Cutter Bits • Body Material

Tungsten Carbide Matrix Erosion Resistant

C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design b.

Fixed Cutter Bits • Bit Profile

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design b.

Fixed Cutter Bits • Bit Profile

There are two general profiles utilized for diamond bits: The “C” profile, which has a small nose radius and long taper, and the “R” profile which has a short taper and thus larger nose radius C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design b.

Fixed Cutter Bits • Bit Profile

The “C” profile is most common as it provides superior rates of penetration with reasonable stabilization. The “R” profile tends to be used in very hard formations as the higher applied weights are applied more evenly over the nose cutting structure. Additionally, due to the shorter length of the profile, a modification of the “R” will be used for hard rock sidetracks. Profile variations from the “C” & “R” will compromise between the penetration rate and durability, depending on the application. The blade profile is generally flat, though may also appear ribbed, which is known as “ridge set”. C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design b.

Fixed Cutter Bits • Bit Profile

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design b.

Fixed Cutter Bits • Bit Profile

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design b.

Fixed Cutter Bits • Cutter Arrangement • Cutter Density: • This is a compromise between reducing the amount of load per cutter by increasing the number of cutters and yet keeping the number of cutters small enough to allow efficient cleaning of the face of the bit, • Cutter Exposure: • This is important to ensure good cleaning of the bit face, • Full exposure provides more space between the bit body and the formation, • Partial exposure provide good back-up therefore support the cutters.

C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design b.

Fixed Cutter Bits • Cutter Arrangement • Fluid Circulation: • Circulation across the bit face must be designed to remove the cuttings efficiently and also cool the bit face, • These requirements may be satisfied by increasing the fluid flowrate, • The increased fluid flowrate may however cause excessive erosion of the face and premature bit failure.

C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design b.

Fixed Cutter Bits • Cutting Structure

3 Different types of Fixed Cutter Bits

C. Alvarez

•

PDC Bits

•

Natural Diamond / TSP Bits

•

Impregnated Diamond Bits

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design b.

Fixed Cutter Bits • Cutting Structure – PDC Bits Use Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts as the primary cutting structure.

Tungsten Carbide Substrate

Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design b.

Fixed Cutter Bits • Cutting Structure – PDC Bits

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design b.

Fixed Cutter Bits • Cutting Structure – Natural Diamond Bits Use exposed surface-set Diamonds as the primary cutting structure.

C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design b.

Fixed Cutter Bits • Cutting Structure – Natural Diamond Bits

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design b.

Fixed Cutter Bits • Cutting Structure – Thermally Stable PDC Bits (TSP Bits) Use exposed surface-set Thermally Stable Polycrystalline (TSP) as the primary cutting structure.

Triangular TSP Stones

C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design b.

Fixed Cutter Bits • Cutting Structure – Thermally Stable PDC Bits (TSP Bits)

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design b.

Fixed Cutter Bits • Cutting Structure – Diamond Impregnated Bits Use Diamond Grit set within the bit blades as the primary cutting structure.

Bit Blade Matrix Diamond Grit

C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 3.

Drill Bit Design b.

Fixed Cutter Bits • Cutting Structure – Diamond Impregnated Bits

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 4.

Drilling Mechanism Rock Failure Mechanism • Two basic types of rock failure:

a. Shear Failure:

PDC BIT CONTINUOUS SHEARING

b. Compressive Failure: ROLLER CONE BIT CYCLIC COMPRESSION

C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 4.

Drilling Mechanism Rock Failure Mechanism • Formation Strength: •

Compressive Strength

•

Shear Strength

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 4.

Drilling Mechanism Rock Failure Mechanism • Compressive Failure:

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 4.

Drilling Mechanism Rock Failure Mechanism • Shear Failure:

PDC BIT CONTINUOUS SHEARING

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 4.

Drilling Mechanism Rock Failure Mechanism • Compressive & Shear Failure:

NATURAL DIAMOND OR IMPREG BIT CONTINUOUS CRUSHING & ABRASION

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 4.

Drilling Mechanism Rock Failure Mechanism • Formation Failure with Diamond Bits: IMPREG DIAMOND BIT: Hard Formation GRINDING Soft formation SHEARING

NATURAL DIAMOND BIT: PLOUGHING/GRINDING

F C. Alvarez

PDC BIT: SHEARING IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 4.

Drilling Mechanism Rock Failure Mechanism • Drilling Mechanism for Bit Type

C. Alvarez

Gouging & Scraping

Mill Tooth

Chipping and Crushing

Insert

Shearing

PDC

Ploughing

Natural Diamond

Grinding

Impregnated Diamond

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 5.

IADC Drill Bit Classification a.

Roller Cone Bits

517G Cutting Structure Formations w ith Series Soft Low Compressive

8-1/2” EHP 51

C. Alvarez

Strength and High Drillability STEEL Medium to Medium TOOTH Hard Formations w ith BITS High Compressive Strength Hard Semi-Abrasive and Abrasive Formations Soft Formations w ith Low Compressive Strength and High Drillability Soft to Medium Formations w ith Low Compressive Strength INSERT Medium Hard BITS Formations w ith High Compressive Strength Hard Semi-Abrasive and Abrasive Formations Extremely Hard and Abrasive Formations

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Cutting Structure Type (1 to 4) 1 refers to the softest formation in a particular Series and 4 refers to the hardest formation within the Series

Bearing/Gauge Description Standard Roller Bearing Roller Bearing Air Cooled Roller Bearing Gauge Protected Sealed Roller Bearing Sealed Roller Brg Gauge Protected Sealed Friction Bearing Sealed Frction Brg Gauge Protected

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Features Available (Optional) A - Air Application B - Special Bearing Seal C - Center Jet D - Deviation Control E - Extended Nozzles G - Gauge/Body Protection H - Horizontal Steering Appl. J - Jet Deflection L - Lug Pads M - Motor Application S - Standard Steel Tooth T - Two Cone Bit W - Enhanced Cutting Structure X - Predominantly Chisel Tooth Insert Y - Conical Tooth Insert Z - Other Shape Insert

8

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 5.

IADC Drill Bit Classification b.

Fixed Cutter Bits

M432 Body Material Steel or Matrix. Cutter Density PDC: 1 to 4, diamond bits: 6 to 8 (the lower the number, the lighter set the bit). 12-1/4” DS66H

Cutter Size/Type For PDC cutter, 1 indicates >24 mm, 2 is between 14 and 24 mm, 3 is between 8 and 14 mm and 4 is smaller than 8. For diamond bits, 1 represents natural diamond, 2 is for TSP, 3 is a combination of natural diamond and TSP and 4 is for impregnated. Profile The final digit indicates the general body style and varies from 1 (flat profile) to 4 (long flanked turbine style).

Fixed cutter IADC codes are intended only to provide a means for characterizing the general physical appearance of fixed cutter drill bits. Unlike the IADC classification for roller bits, these codes do not represent an application guideline. C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 5.

IADC Drill Bit Classification a.

IADC Codes for Roller Cone Bits Tooth

1-1

Soft

1

2

1-3

3

2-1

Hard C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 5.

IADC Drill Bit Classification a.

Roller Cone Bits Tooth

Soft

4-1

1 Insert

2

4

3

5 6 7

Hard C. Alvarez

8-3

8 IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 5.

IADC Drill Bit Classification b. Soft

Fixed Cutter Bits Tooth

PDC

1 Insert

2

4

3

5 6 7

Hard C. Alvarez

8 IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 5.

IADC Drill Bit Classification b.

Fixed Cutter Bits PDC

Tooth Soft

1 Insert

2

4

3

5 6

Diamond

7 Hard C. Alvarez

8 IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 5.

IADC Drill Bit Classification b.

Fixed Cutter Bits PDC

Tooth Soft

1 Insert

2 3

4 Impregnated Diamond

5 6

Diamond

7 Hard C. Alvarez

8

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 6.

Bit Selection Bit Application Spectrum: PDC

Mill Tooth Penetration Rate

Insert

Impreg & Natural Diamond Formation Compressive Strength

DP C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 6.

Bit Selection Bit Application Spectrum:

Which One ?

C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 6.

Bit Selection PDC Selection Factors:

Advantages • Very Fast ROP • Long Life Potential Considerations • Impact Damage • Abrasiveness • Stability

Courtesy of

C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 6.

Bit Selection Mill Tooth Bit Selection Factors:

Advantages • Fast ROP • Good Stability • Economic Considerations • Tooth Wear Rate • Bearing Life

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 6.

Bit Selection Insert Bit Selection Factors:

Advantages • Cutting Structure Durability • Range of Formations • Interbed Tolerance • Steerability and Stability Considerations • Slower ROP • Bearing Life

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 6.

Bit Selection Natural & Impregnated Diamond Bit Selection Factors:

Advantages • Very Durable • Hard Rock Capability • Low Junk-in-Hole Risk Considerations • Slower ROP • RPM Sensitivity • High Cost Applications

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 6.

Bit Selection Drill Bit Selection Comparison Chart

C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 6.

Bit Selection Roller Cone Bits

• Selection Criteria: • In order to select the best bit for a particular application, comparison charts are often used, • These charts contain bit availability from the major suppliers, • They have been designed in accordance with the IADC, • The position of each bit in the chart is defined by three numbers and one character, • The sequence of numeric characters defines the following: • Series, • Types, • Bearing Features. C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 6.

Bit Selection Roller Cone Bits – Selection Criteria.

• Series: • Series 1-3 apply to milled tooth bits and classified as soft, medium or hard, • Series 4-8 apply to insert bits and are classified as soft, medium, hard and extra hard. • Types: • Each series is divided into 4 types according to the hardness application of the bit, • For example type 3 is harder bit than a type 2 within the same series

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 6.

Bit Selection Roller Cone Bits – Selection Criteria. • Bearing Features: There are slight variation in the categories depending on the comparison chart used for example: “1” Means a standard roller bearing, “2” Means air cooled roller bearing, “3” Means a roller bearing bit with gauge protection, “4” Means sealed roller bearings are included, “5” Means both sealed roller bearings and gauge protection included, “6” Means sealed friction bearing included, “7” Means both sealed friction bearings and gauge protection included.

C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 6.

Bit Selection Roller Cone Bits – Selection Criteria.

• Additional Design Features: • This character is used to define additional features of the bit for example: • If a bit is classified as 1-2-4-E, this means the bit is a soft formation milled tooth bit with sealed roller and extended nozzles. • The term soft , medium and hard are very broad categorization of the geological strata.

C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 6.

Bit Selection Roller Cone Bits – Selection Criteria.

• Formation Types: • Soft Formations: • Unconsolidated clays and sands and large flowrate recommended (500-800 GPM), • They can be drilled with low WOB (3000 - 5000 lbs/in of bit diameter) and high RPM (125-250), • Medium Formations: • This may include shale, gypsum, shaley lime, sand and Siltstone, • Generally low WOB (3000 - 6000 lbs/in of bit diameter and (100 - 150 RPM.

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 6.

Bit Selection Roller Cone Bits – Selection Criteria. • Formation Types:

• Hard Formations: • This may include limestone, anhydrite, hard sandstone and dolomite, • High WOB may be required (6000-10000 lbs/in of bit diameter), • A slower RPM (40 - 100 ) this slower RPM is to help grinding/crushing action.

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 7.

Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System

• As each bit is pulled out from the hole, its physical appearance is inspected and graded according to the wear it has sustained, • The evaluation is useful for the following reasons: • Improve bit type selection, • Identify the affect of drilling parameters, • Gain experience on bit life and when to pull before failure, • Evaluate bit performance and help their design.

C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 7.

Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System

Developed in 1992 by the International Association of Drilling Contractors for describing used bits. The methodology is composed of an 8 character code that describes bit wear and the reason why the bit was pulled.

Inner

1

Cutting Structure Dull Bearings Outer Char. Location Seals Gauge

2

3

4

5

6

Other Dull Char.

Reason Pulled

7

8

1 Inner Cutting Structure (All Inner Rows) 2 Outer Cutting Structure (Gauge Row Only) 3 Dull Characteristic (Use Codes, Cutting Structure Only) 4 Location (Where Dull Characteristic Occurs) 5 Bearing / Seals (Condition of Roller Cone) 6 Gauge (What is the Final Gauge Diameter) 7 Other Dull Characteristic (Use Codes, not limited to CS) 8 Reason Pulled (Use Codes, Termination of Bit Run) C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 7.

Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System

Inner

1

Cutting Structure Dull Bearings Outer Char. Location Seals Gauge

2

3

4

5

Other Dull Char.

Reason Pulled

7

8

6

Tooth Height Measurement - Roller Cone

C. Alvarez

1

Inner Cutting Structure (All Inner Rows)

2

Outer Cutting Structure (Gauge Row Only) IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 7.

Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System Cutting Structure Dull Bearings Outer Char. Location Seals Gauge

Inner

1

2

3

4

5

Other Dull Char.

Reason Pulled

7

8

6

Tooth Height Measurement - Fixed Cutter 2/3 D

1. INNER ROWS

2. OUTER ROWS

2/3 D 2 1 0

1/3 D

1/3 D 3

4

5 6 8

7 8

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 7.

Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System

Inner

Cutting Structure Dull Bearings Outer Char. Location Seals Gauge

1

2

3

4

5

Other Dull Char.

Reason Pulled

7

8

6

3. Major Dull Characteristics (Use only Cutting Structure Related Codes) *BC - Broken Cone

FC - Flat Crested Wear

RG - Rounded Gauge

BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters

HC - Heat Checking

RO – Ring Out

BU - Balled Up Bit

*LC - Lost Cone

SD - Shirrtail Damage

*CC - Cracked Cone

LN - Lost Nozzle

*CD - Cone Dragged

LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters

SS - Self Sharpening Wear

CI - Cone Interference

OC - Off Center Wear

CR - Cored

PB - Pinched Bit

CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters

PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage

ER - Erosion C. Alvarez

TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics

* Show Cone #’s under Location (4) IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 7.

Inner

1

Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System Cutting Structure Dull Bearings Outer Char. Location Seals Gauge

2 4.

3

4

Reason Pulled

7

8

6

Location - Roller Cone N - Nose Row

C. Alvarez

5

Other Dull Char.

Cone #

M - Middle Row

1

G - Gauge Row

2

A - All Rows

3

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 7.

Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System

Inner

Cutting Structure Dull Bearings Outer Char. Location Seals Gauge

1 4.

2

3

4

5

Other Dull Char.

Reason Pulled

7

8

6

Location - Fixed Cutter C - Cone N - Nose T - Taper G

S - Shoulder G - Gauge

C

N

G

G

S T

S C

N

C

N

G S S T T

A - All Areas C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

N

C 130/171

3.1. Drill Bit Technology 7.

Inner

1 5.

Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System Cutting Structure Dull Bearings Outer Char. Location Seals Gauge

2

3

4

5

Other Dull Char.

Reason Pulled

7

8

6

Bearings / Seals Non-Sealed Bearing 0 - No Life Used 8 - All Life Used

Sealed Bearings E - Seals Effective F - Seals Failed

N - Not Able to Grade 131 C. Alvarez

X - Fixed Cutter Bit IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 7.

Inner

Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System Cutting Structure Dull Bearings Outer Char. Location Seals Gauge

1 6.

2

3

4

5

Other Dull Char.

Reason Pulled

7

8

6

Gauge - measure in 16’s of an inch. I

- In Gauge

1/16 - 1/16” Out of Gauge

2/16 -

1/8” Out of Gauge

4/16 -

1/4” Out of Gauge

Measuring the Gauge of Roller Cone Bit: - Pull a ring gauge tightly against 2 of the cutters - Take a measurement between the 3rd cutter and the ring gauge - Multiply that measurement by 2/3 C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 7.

Inner

1

Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System Cutting Structure Dull Bearings Outer Char. Location Seals Gauge

2

3

4

5

Other Dull Char.

Reason Pulled

7

8

6

6. Gauge - measure in 16’s of an inch. Fixed Cutter Bits GAUGE WEAR I : IN GAUGE 1/16” : 1/16” UNDERGAUGE 2/16” : 1/8” UNDERGAUGE • • • C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 7.

Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System

Inner

1

Cutting Structure Dull Bearings Outer Char. Location Seals Gauge

2

3

4

5

Other Dull Char.

Reason Pulled

7

8

6

7 Other Dull Characteristics (Use all Related Codes) *BC - Broken Cone

FC - Flat Crested Wear

RG - Rounded Gauge

BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters

HC - Heat Checking

RO – Ring Out

BU - Balled Up Bit

*LC - Lost Cone

SD - Shirrtail Damage

*CC - Cracked Cone

LN - Lost Nozzle

*CD - Cone Dragged

LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters

SS - Self Sharpening Wear

CI - Cone Interference

OC - Off Center Wear

CR - Cored

PB - Pinched Bit

CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters

PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage

ER - Erosion 134 C. Alvarez

TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics

* Show Cone #’s under Location (4) IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 7.

Inner

1

Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System Cutting Structure Dull Bearings Outer Char. Location Seals Gauge

2

3

4

5

Other Dull Char.

Reason Pulled

7

8

6

8. Reason Pulled Or Run Terminated BHA - Change Bottom Hole Assembly DMF - Downhole Motor Failure DTF - Downhole Tool Failure

RIG - Rig Repair CM - Condition Mud CP - Core Point

PR – Penetration Rate TD - Total Depth Casing Depth

DSF - Drill String Failure

DP - Drill Plug FM - Formation Change

TQ - Torque

DST - Drill Stem Test

HP - Hole Problems

LOG - Run Logs

TW - Twist Off WC – Weather Conditions

HR - Hours on Bit

LIH - Left in Hole

PP - Pump Pressure

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 7.

Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System Cutting Structure INNER ROWS

OUTER ROWS

DULL CHAR

LOCATION

B

G

Remarks

BRNG/ SEALS

GAUGE 1/16”

OTHER CHAR

REASON PULLED

The cutting structure is graded from 0 to 8 depending on the proportion of cutting structure lost (0 = Intact, 8 = 100% worn). Fixed Cutter Bits

Roller Cone Bits 0

1

2

3

4

Inner Cutting Structure (All Inner Rows)

Outer Cutting Structure (Gauge Row Only)

Cone 3 C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

5

6

7

8

Cone 1

Cone 2

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Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System Cutting Structure INNER ROWS

OUTER ROWS

DULL CHAR

Fixed Cutter Bits BF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics C. Alvarez

LOCATION

B

G

BRNG/ SEALS

GAUGE 1/16”

Remarks OTHER CHAR

REASON PULLED

Roller Cone Bits *BC - Broken Cone BF - Bone Failure BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit *CC - Cracked Cone *CD - Cone Dragged CI - Cone Interference CR - Cored CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters ER - Erosion FC - Flat Crested Wear HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage *LC - Lost Cone

LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear PB - Pinched Bit PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristic * Show Cone under Location 4

Note that this is for the Primary dull characteristics.

IPM QuartzHycalog School –PDC Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill BitInformation Technology Ref : Reed & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference

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Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System Fixed Cutter – Main Wear Characteristics

POST OR STUD CUTTERS

NO WEAR (NO)

CYLINDER CUTTERS

NO WEAR (NO)

WORN CUTTER (WT)

WORN CUTTER (WT)

BROKEN CUTTER (BT)

BROKEN CUTTER (BT)

LOST CUTTER (LT)

LOST CUTTER (LT)

BOND FAILURE (BF)

EROSION (ER)

BOND FAILURE (BF)

Courtesy of C. Alvarez

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Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System Dull Characteristics – Some Examples Fixed Cutter Bits BF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics

C. Alvarez

BU - Balled Up

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Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System Dull Characteristics – Some Examples Roller Cone Bits

*BC - Broken Cone BF - Bone Failure BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit *CC - Cracked Cone *CD - Cone Dragged CI - Cone Interference CR - Cored CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters ER - Erosion FC - Flat Crested Wear HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage *LC - Lost Cone

LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear PB - Pinched Bit PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristic * Show Cone under Location 4

BU – Balled Up Bit (primary) CD – Cone Dragged (secondary)

Ref : IADC Drilling Manual – Eleventh Edition

C. Alvarez

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Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System Dull Characteristics – Some Examples Fixed Cutter Bits BF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics

C. Alvarez

CT – Chipped Cutter

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Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System Dull Characteristics – Some Examples Fixed Cutter Bits BF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics

C. Alvarez

LT – Lost Cutter

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 7.

Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System Dull Characteristics – Some Examples Roller Cone Bits

*BC - Broken Cone BF - Bone Failure BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit *CC - Cracked Cone *CD - Cone Dragged CI - Cone Interference CR - Cored CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters ER - Erosion FC - Flat Crested Wear HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage *LC - Lost Cone

LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear PB - Pinched Bit PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristic

BT – Broken Teeth/Cutters

* Show Cone under Location 4 Ref : IADC Drilling Manual – Eleventh Edition

C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 7.

Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System Dull Characteristics – Some Examples Fixed Cutter Bits BF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics

C. Alvarez

La

RO – Ring Out

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System Dull Characteristics – Some Examples Roller Cone Bits

*BC - Broken Cone BF - Bone Failure BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit *CC - Cracked Cone *CD - Cone Dragged CI - Cone Interference CR - Cored CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters ER - Erosion FC - Flat Crested Wear HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage *LC - Lost Cone

LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear PB - Pinched Bit PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristic

JD – Junk Damage

* Show Cone under Location 4 Ref : IADC Drilling Manual – Eleventh Edition

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 7.

Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System Dull Characteristics – Some Examples Fixed Cutter Bits BF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics

C. Alvarez

WT – Worn Cutters

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 7.

Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System Dull Characteristics – Some Examples Roller Cone Bits

*BC - Broken Cone BF - Bone Failure BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit *CC - Cracked Cone *CD - Cone Dragged CI - Cone Interference CR - Cored CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters ER - Erosion FC - Flat Crested Wear HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage *LC - Lost Cone

LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear PB - Pinched Bit PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristic * Show Cone under Location 4

SD - Shirttail Damage

Ref : IADC Drilling Manual – Eleventh Edition

C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 7.

Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System Dull Characteristics – Some Examples Roller Cone Bits

*BC - Broken Cone BF - Bone Failure BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit *CC - Cracked Cone *CD - Cone Dragged CI - Cone Interference CR - Cored CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters ER - Erosion FC - Flat Crested Wear HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage *LC - Lost Cone

LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear PB - Pinched Bit PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristic * Show Cone under Location 4

TR - Tracking

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 7.

Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System Dull Characteristics – Some Examples Roller Cone Bits

*BC - Broken Cone BF - Bone Failure BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit *CC - Cracked Cone *CD - Cone Dragged CI - Cone Interference CR - Cored CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters ER - Erosion FC - Flat Crested Wear HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage *LC - Lost Cone

LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear PB - Pinched Bit PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristic

SS – Self Sharpening Wear

* Show Cone under Location 4

Ref : IADC Drilling Manual – Eleventh Edition

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 7.

Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System Dull Characteristics – Some Examples Roller Cone Bits

*BC - Broken Cone BF - Bone Failure BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit *CC - Cracked Cone *CD - Cone Dragged CI - Cone Interference CR - Cored CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters ER - Erosion FC - Flat Crested Wear HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage *LC - Lost Cone

LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear PB - Pinched Bit PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristic

ER – Erosion * Show Cone under Location 4

Ref : IADC Drilling Manual – Eleventh Edition

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 7.

Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System Cutting Structure INNER ROWS

OUTER ROWS

DULL CHAR

LOCATION

Fixed Cutter Bits

B

G

BRNG/ SEALS

GAUGE 1/16”

Remarks OTHER CHAR

REASON PULLED

Roller Cone Bits N - Nose Row M - Middle Row G - Gauge Row A - All Rows

Cone 1, 2 or 3

C - Cone N - Nose T - Taper S - Shoulder G - Gauge

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 7.

Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System Cutting Structure

INNER ROWS

OUTER ROWS

DULL CHAR

Fixed Cutter Bits This box is for roller cone bits. Fixed cutter bits will always be designated by "X".

LOCATION

B

G

BRNG/ SEALS

GAUGE 1/16”

Remarks OTHER CHAR

REASON PULLED

Roller Cone Bits Non Sealed Bearings A linear scale estimating bearing life used. (0 -No life used, 8 - All life used, i.e., no bearing life remaining.) Sealed Bearings E - Seals Effective F - Seals Failed N - Not Able to Grade

C. Alvarez

IPM QuartzHycalog School –PDC Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill BitInformation Technology Ref : Reed & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference

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Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System

Cutting Structure INNER ROWS

OUTER ROWS

DULL CHAR

LOCATION

B

G

BRNG/ SEALS

GAUGE 1/16”

Remarks OTHER CHAR

REASON PULLED

For all Bits The letter “I” is used to designate bits that are in gauge. If the bit is under gauge, the amount is recorded to the nearest 1/16” of an inch. For example, if the bit is 1/8” under gauge, this is reported as 2/16 or often only as 2.

C. Alvarez

IPM QuartzHycalog School –PDC Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill BitInformation Technology Ref : Reed & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 7.

Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System Cutting Structure INNER ROWS

OUTER ROWS

DULL CHAR

LOCATION

B

G

BRNG/ SEALS

GAUGE 1/16”

Remarks OTHER CHAR

REASON PULLED

This is for the Secondary dull char. and it uses the same codes as for the Primary dull char.

Fixed Cutter Bits BF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics C. Alvarez

Roller Cone Bits *BC - Broken Cone BF - Bone Failure BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit *CC - Cracked Cone *CD - Cone Dragged CI - Cone Interference CR - Cored CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters ER - Erosion FC - Flat Crested Wear HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage *LC - Lost Cone

LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear PB - Pinched Bit PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristic * Show Cone under Location 4

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 7.

Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System Cutting Structure INNER ROWS

OUTER ROWS

DULL CHAR

LOCATION

B

G

BRNG/ SEALS

GAUGE 1/16”

Remarks OTHER CHAR

REASON PULLED

For All Bits BHA - Change Bottom Hole Assembly DMF - Down hole Motor Failure DSF - Drill String Failure DST - Drill Stem Test DTF - Down hole Tool Failure RIG - Rig Repair CM - Condition Mud CP - Core Point DP - Drill Plug FM - Formation Change C. Alvarez

HP - Hole Problems HR - Hours PP - Pump Pressure PR - Penetration Rate TD - Total Depth/Casing Point TQ - Torque TW - Twist Off WC - Weather Conditions WO - Washout -DrillString

IPM QuartzHycalog School –PDC Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill BitInformation Technology Ref : Reed & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 7.

Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System Keys To Dull Bit Grading: • Know What a Sharp Bit Looks Like • Normal Dull Conditions • Sequence of Events • Paint a Mental Picture of Dull • Consistency

156 C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 7.

Drill Bit Evaluation – IADC Dull Grading System Keys To Dull Bit Grading: GRADE A LOT OF BITS..!

C. Alvarez

IPM Quartz School – Module 3: Drilling Bits & Hydraulics / Section 1: Drill Bit Technology

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 8.

Drill Bit Performance • Bit performance is judged on: • How much footage it drilled, • How fast it drilled (ROP), • How much it cost to run ( the capital cost of the bit plus the operating costs of running it in the hole) per foot of hole drilled. • The best method of assessing bit performance is by the cost:

C =

C. Alvarez

Cb

+ (Rt + F

Tt

)

Cr

C = Overall cost $/ft, Cb = Bit cost ($), Rt = Rotating hrs, Tt = Round trip time hrs, Cr = Rig spread cost ($)

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 8.

Drill Bit Performance a.

Roller Cone Bits: •

C. Alvarez

Penetration rate is function of many parameters including: •

WOB,

•

RPM,

•

Mud properties,

•

Hydraulic efficiency.

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 8.

Drill Bit Performance a.

Roller Cone Bits • Weight on Bit: • WOB is required to overcome the compressibility of the formation, • Once this threshold is exceeded, penetration rate increases with WOB, • WOB Limitations: • Hydraulic Horsepower (HHP) at the bit: If HHP at bit is not sufficient, the ROP is reduced by: • Bit Balling: Where the grooves between the teeth of the bit are clogged by formation cuttings (mostly in soft formation).

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 8.

Drill Bit Performance a.

Roller Cone Bits •

Weight on Bit: •

WOB Limitations: • Bottomhole Balling: Where the hole gets clogged-up with fine particles (occurs mostly with grinding action of hard formation bits).

• The HHP at the bit is calculated by:

HHP

C. Alvarez

b

=

Pb . Q

1714

Q = Flowrate (gpm), Pb = Pressure drop across the bit (psi),

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 8.

Drill Bit Performance a.

Roller Cone Bits - Weight On Bit Vs ROP

High HHP @ Bit ROP

Medium HHP @ Bit Low HHP @ Bit

ROP vs. Hole Cleaning C. Alvarez

WOB

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 8.

Drill Bit Performance a.

Roller Cone Bits • Weight on Bit Limitations: • Formation Types: WOB is limited in soft formation where excessive weight will only bury the teeth into the rock and cause an increased torque with no ROP increase. • Hole Deviation: In some areas WOB will produce bending in the drillstring leading to crooked hole. The drillstring should be properly stabilized to prevent this happening. • Bearing Life: the greater the load on the bearings, the shorter their operational hours. WOB must be balanced against bearing life. • Tooth Life: In hard formations, with larger compressive strength, excessive WOB will cause the teeth to break. This may be sign that a bit with shorter, more closely packed teeth or inserts is required. The last resort is to use either diamond or PDC bits.

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 8.

Drill Bit Performance a.

Roller Cone Bits • Rotary Speed: • The rotary speed will depend on time taken for an individual tooth to exceed the threshold, penetrate and remove the cuttings. The RPM applied to the bit will be function of: • Type of Bit: In general, lower RPMs are used for insert bits than for milled tooth bits. This is to allow the inserts more time to penetrate the formation. The insert crushes a wedge of rock and then forms a crack which loosens the fragment of rock. • Type of Formations: Harder formations are less easily penetrated and so require low RPM. A high RPM may cause damage to the bit or the drillstring.

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 8.

Drill Bit Performance a.

Roller Cone Bits • Rotary Speed

Soft Formation ROP

Hard Formation

ROP vs. RPM C. Alvarez

RPM

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 8.

Drill Bit Performance a.

Roller Cone Bits • Mud Properties: • In order to prevent an influx of formation fluids into the wellbore, mud hydrostatic pressure should be slightly higher (safety margin), • The overbalance forces the liquid part of the mud into the formation and deposit the solids part as filter cake, • In porous formation this will lead to a thick plaster being formed which prevents any further entry of fluids to the formations, • this also happens at the bottom of the hole where plaster affects cutting removal. • When the tooth penetrates the surface, the compressive strength of the rock is exceeded, cracks develop which loosen small fragments or chips from the formation,

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 8.

Drill Bit Performance a.

Roller Cone Bits • Mud Properties • The plastering effect covers up the cracks and prevents mud pressure being exerted below the chip, • The differential pressure on the chip therefore is tending to keep the chip against the formation, • This is known as the Static Chip Hold down Effect and leads to lower ROP. • To reduce the hold down effect: • Reduce the safety margin (within acceptable level to prevent a kick), • Reduce the solids content (both clays and drilled solids. Solids removal is essential to increase drilling efficiency.

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 8.

Drill Bit Performance a.

Roller Cone Bits • Mud Properties:

HP

Tooth Chip

Pore Pressure

Static Chip Hold Down Effect

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 8.

Drill Bit Performance a.

Roller Cone Bits • Mud Properties • Dynamic chip hold down effect is not significant since the filter cake is much thinner, • The hold down may occur when cracks form around the chip, mud enters the cracks to equalize the pressure, • In doing so pressure drop is created which tends to hold the chip against the bottom of the hole, • In general both static and dynamic hold down effects cause bit balling and hence reduce the ROP.

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 8.

Drill Bit Performance a.

Roller Cone Bits • Mud Properties:

Tooth Chip

Cracks

Dynamic Chip Hold Down Effect

C. Alvarez

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3.1. Drill Bit Technology 8.

Drill Bit Performance b.

Fixed Cutter Bits • WOB/RPM: • The basic trend is that PDC bits drill faster with low WOB and high RPM, • They also require higher RPM than roller cone bits, • The general recommendation is that the highest RPM that can be achieved should be used • PDC bits drill with more torque and RPM than roller cone bits. And the WOB should be sufficient enough to avoid premature failure. • Generally, When RPM is increased WOB should be reduced.

C. Alvarez

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