Solar Energy House Design Kuwait

Kuwait J. Sci. Eng. 37 (2B) pp. 59-72, 2010

Solar conscious house design in Kuwait

ADNAN AL-ANZI AND OMAR KHATTAB

Department of Architecture, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, Kuwait. ABSTRACT

Housing plots with poor thermal orientation impose an architectural design challenge. In fact, poor environmental design decisions in these plots display serious malfunction expressed in glare, overheating and faulty integration of natural and electric lighting sources. In this paper, we discuss the reasons solar-conscious design of residential buildings is often ignored by architects in Kuwait. This paper also examines how solar design decisions can be used to reduce building energy use in residential buildings of poor thermal plot orientation in Kuwait leading to enhanced comfort, and improved productivity. The cooling load corresponding to a present housing context with poor plot orientation was compared with that of di€erent solar design parameters such as orientation, glazing distribution and shading strategies. The proposed design took into consideration the proper solar concerns and ignored the poor street orientation. Also, the proposed design has a building form that di€ers considerably from the present conventional box-like house design. Moreover, shading strategies of the proposed design give functional and aesthetic expression to the building form. Using building energy simulation, it was found that a signi®cant cooling load reduction and energy use reduction of around 43% can be achieved when the optimum solar orientation is considered using single glazing. It was also found that the use of double glazing in the proposed design resulted in a reduction of about 50% in both cooling load and energy use of the house. In addition, it was found that the equipment size of the proposed design is about 50% of the existing one. This equipment size reduction results in smaller equipment dimensions and lower CFM requirements. In particular, the CFM requirement in the proposed design is about 50% of the existing case. This huge equipment size-reduction has a large positive impact on the overall space, noise and HVAC operation as a whole.

House design, HVAC, Kuwait, Orientation, Solar, Energy Consumption. Keywords:

INTRODUCTION

Great architecture is achieved by successful interposition between people and their natural environment, which seldom provides our optimal development and well being. In fact, the objective of any architectural design is to manipulate the building form to wrest the objective conditions for our optimal development, so

60

Adnan Al-Anzi and Omar Khattab

that a successful and attractive building design is achieved. What is meant here is that the designer should consider the tangible relationship between the building and its human occupants. In other words, building design is not only a visual experience between humans and buildings, but it is an experience between humans and their environmental context, of which buildings are an integral part. Recognition of this fact is essential in building design, because it will a€ect both the aesthetics and performance of the building. In fact, environmental factors are form makers in proper architectural design (Fitch & Bobenhausen, 1999). When architects start to design a building, they are simultaneously dictating the interaction between that building and the environment due to the inseparable relation between architectural considerations and environmental impacts. Such architectural considerations include solar orientation, building proportion, size and location of windows, massing and color of building facades (Lechner, 1990). Architectural design is a complex process that involves informed compromises among many functional, aesthetic, social and technical criteria. Especially in the dense urban built environment, architectural form and material expression maybe in¯uenced by interrelated factors involving con®guration of the site, contextual characteristics of adjacent, already-built architecture, and/or the complexity of the building program. This paper focuses principally on one important design criterion, namely energy consumption, and the in¯uence that site orientation, building con®guration, and fenestration have upon the use of energy. Other equally-important criteria are de-emphasized in this study, so that the impact of energy-related design decisions can be more clearly seen. Hence, the impact of proper solar orientation is thoroughly examined and discussed in detail in the paper. The sun is frequently the most important environmental factor in architectural design; this fact is very well known in the architectural community. In particular, di€erent building orientations will have di€erent thermal responses to solar load. This means that each facË ade in a particular building should have its unique design treatment in relation to its orientation. This will consequently a€ect the building form when taken into consideration by the architect. In other words, solar environmental impacts are form-givers in architecture. Avoidance of hot summer sun is greatly a€ected by site conditions, such as the surroundings of the building site. The proper size, shape and orientation of the building on the plot are crucial for the thermal performance of buildings. The problem discussed in this paper is largely caused by the orientation of the plot of an existing house, which a€ected the philosophy of the architectural design. It is important to mention at this point that plot orientation is a

Solar conscious house design in Kuwait

61

consequence of site planning and road design, which is not considered for proper residential thermal performance in the case presented in this paper. SOLAR INTERACTION WITH BUILDING SURFACES

Solar radiation is an undesirable source of heat gain in buildings during cooling seasons. This is especially true for heavily skin-load dominated buildings in areas with high cooling degree days (CDD), such as in the State of Kuwait. It is estimated that for high-rise buildings used for oces and commercial use, the AC load would normally account for 50-60% of the total energy consumption (Ling et al., 1987). Solar energy passing through windows is converted into heat through absorption by building mass and other components, and direct gain systems have a great impact on heat production during daytime hours. Houses with southwest orientations require 7% more heating load than those with south-facing orientations in a site at 29oN latitude (Taheri & Sha®e, 1995). Cooling energy requirements through glazing in residential buildings also vary with orientation in cooling dominated locations such as Phoenix, AZ (Sullivan & Selkowitz, 1987). Moreover, houses with south-facing orientations use less energy than the same houses with northern orientations (Anderson et al., 1985). The main reason behind the advantages of southern orientations in the northern hemisphere is the time and intensity of solar exposure that southern orientations experience in sites such as Kuwait City (Latitude = 29.22oN). The southern facË ades of buildings in Kuwait in the summer are exposed to solar radiation from the moment when the solar azimuth angle (as) is little greater than 90o to the time when it is little less than -90o. Meanwhile, the solar radiation exposure to southern facades in winter is from sunrise to sunset. It is important to mention at this point that sunrise in winter in Kuwait City appears from a southeasterly direction, while it appears from the northeast in summer. Table 1 tabulates the time di€erent facË ade orientations are exposed to solar radiation in the summer solstice, equinox and winter solstice. Table 1: The time building facades are exposed to direct solar radiation in Kuwait City

* North facades receives direct solar radiation in the early morning and late afternoon

Kuwait City Latitude = 29.22o N Time Summer Solstice Equinox Winter Solstice

δs o

23.45 0 -23.45

Façade Orientation N* E/W S Time in hours 8.65 6.94 5.22 0.00 6.00 12.00 0.00 5.06 10.1

62

Adnan Al-Anzi and Omar Khattab

The important ®ndings in this study are the fact that facË ades experience di€erent times of direct solar radiation exposure at di€erent times of the year. In general, the time period that south-facing facades are exposed to the sun is longer in winter than summer. In addition, it is found that the time period south facades are exposed to the sun in summer is even less than that of north facades. In general, this simple result demonstrates one of the reasons behind the advantages of south-oriented spaces. Even though time exposure of di€erent facades to solar radiation is an important indication of the advantages of south oriented spaces, calculation of incident solar radiation on di€erent facades is the main support for this argument. In general, the solar irradiation incidence on building facades is not constant throughout the day. In fact, the irradiance incidence on any particular facË ade is a function of solar altitude and the atmospheric conditions, as can be shown using the ASHRAE clear sky model (ASHRAE, 2001). Figure 1 illustrates the total solar radiation incidence on di€erent building facades in Kuwait City. The ®gure clearly demonstrates that a south facË ade receives the least solar radiation in summer over the roof, east, west or even a north facË ade of buildings in the city. Moreover, south-facing facades receive more solar radiation in winter than all other wall orientations. This fact has been understood throughout building history. In fact, the great Greek philosopher Socrates once stated: ``In houses that look toward the south, the sun penetrates the portico in winter, while in summer the path of the sun is right over our heads above the roof so that there is shade'' (quoted in Tabb, 1984). 3000

Btu/day.sf

2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Month N

S

E, W

Roof

Figure 1: Total solar daily radiation incidence on building walls in

Kuwait City (Latitude = 29.22o N)

13

Solar conscious house design in Kuwait

63

Climatic conditions of Kuwait

Kuwait is located in the northeastern portion of the Arabian Peninsula at 29.22oN latitude and 47.98oE longitude (ASHRAE, 2001). The air dry-bulb temperature reaches an average maximum of 44oC, falling to an average minimum of 29oC in the summer (Allison, 1979). Maximum temperature can reach over 50oC. Winter temperature conditions are much lower than summer ones, ranging between 4oC (minimum) and 40oC (maximum). Unlike the relatively regular pattern in summer temperatures, greater variations of temperature are experienced in the winter. Table 2 summarizes the cooling design conditions in Kuwait City. Table 2: Cooling design conditions for Kuwait City (ASHRAE, 2001)

*Data taken from Visual Doe2 results (Visual DOE3.3, 2002) Cooling

Cooling (1%) Evaporation DB/ Range/ WB/MDB MWB oF (oC) oF (oC) 115/27.7/69 78/91 (46.1/15.4/20.6) (25.6/32.8)

Heating

CDD/CDH 65o F base

Heating (99%) DB

HDD/HDH 65o F base

oF-Day/ oF-Hour*

oF (oC)

oF-Day/ oF-Hour*

5515/134,760

41 (5)

983/26,952

Kuwait has very high CDD65 compared to cities in the US. In fact, the CDD65 of Kuwait City is 5,515 oF-Day, while Miami, Florida is 4,148; Phoenix, AZ is 4,290; and Boulder, CO is 922o F-day (NREL, 1995). The extreme climatic conditions of Kuwait City, tabulated in Table 2, are an important indication of the need of ecient environmental considerations in architecture that must lead to high thermal performance in order to achieve energy savings. As a matter of fact, building energy consumption in Kuwait is extremely high compared to the other countries in the Middle East. In particular, Kuwait has the highest annual energy consumption per head of population in equivalent barrels of oil in the Arab world (Croome, 1991), due mainly to the high percentage of people that live in the cities. HOUSE MODEL DESCRIPTION

The residential building for this study is located in a suburb of Kuwait City. The plot area of the house is 34 x 25 m (850m2). It is surrounded on three sides by neighboring houses, and a minor street that is running through in a SE to NW direction. The main street imposes a poor thermal orientation on the front facË ade of the house. In fact, the orientation of the main facË ade is SW, as shown in Figure 4.

64

Adnan Al-Anzi and Omar Khattab

The construction of the house was ®nished in 1996 and it was occupied in the same year. It is owned and occupied by a family of nine. The residence is built out of concrete and painted with Sigma terracotta color. Glazing is framed with bronze aluminum and protected by dark brown shutters. The ground ¯oor contains a reception area, dining room, kitchenette, study room and the master bedroom with its own dressing room and bathroom. The ®rst ¯oor consists of ®ve bedrooms, three bathrooms, a kitchenette, two small halls and a living room. The second ¯oor contains the maids' bedrooms, laundry rooms and a bathroom. The attached service area to the side of the house has a bedroom with its bathroom, kitchen and three storage spaces. The built up area of the residence is 706.72 m2, which is about 84% of the plot area. Analysis of glazing area and distribution shows that there is more glazing area on the SE and SW elevations than on the NE and NW elevations, as it is tabulated in Table 3. Table 3: Facade area analysis of the existing building Orientation Elevation

NE

Wall Area (m2)

113.78 5.88 5.16%

Glass Area (m2) % Glazing

SE

198.58 38.35 19.31%

SW

224.97 42.99 19.10%

NW

235.91 26.35 11.16%

Table 4: Envelope characteristics of the existing house Component

Value

Wall U-value Roof R-value Floor R-value Window U-value Window SC Internal Mass

0.0775 Btu/hr.ft2.oF (0.44 W/m2.oC) 0.07 Btu/hr.ft2.oF (0.4 W/m2.oC) 0.22 Btu/hr.ft2.oF (1.25 W/m2.oC) 1.09 Btu/hr.ft2.oF (6.17 W/m2.oC) 0.95 (single-clear) Heavy Proposed design

The proposed design combines both proper solar orientation and architectural solutions. The main design concept is based on the fact that more facË ade area is to be oriented to the north and south directions so that solar heat gain is reduced as much as possible in the summer season. A serious attempt is made to expose more walls and glazing area to the north and south with proper shading strategies. For instance, the main building functions, such as living and dining areas, are oriented to face the exact north and south directions as a consequence of the design concept. However, the design on the rectangular plot area is constrained by being

Solar conscious house design in Kuwait

65

forced to deal with a long southeast facË ade and a short west one. As a design solution to the long southeast facË ade, certain architectural functions such as bathrooms and service areas are located with minimal glazing areas to act as thermal bu€er zones. On the other hand, the short west facË ade is used as an entrance that leads to a staircase, which acts as a thermal bu€er zone as well. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the ¯oor plan of the existing and proposed design.

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: (a) Ground ¯oor of the existing house; (b) Ground ¯oor of the proposed design

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: (a) First ¯oor of the existing house; (b) First ¯oor of the proposed design

The reception and dining mainly faces north with views toward a swimming pool; the staircase is located toward the east. Moreover, the library and a study room are facing south and overlooking the garden. The ®rst ¯oor consists of three bedrooms, all having a good connection with the living room and each of them are well studied in terms of introducing natural light; the master bedroom faces south and overlooks the front garden; the living room is overlooking the swimming pool with the good north orientation and it has also a balcony that can be used in good weather conditions. In addition, the kitchenette is located next to the living room. All of the four bathrooms are designed to have enough natural light and clean ventilation. In addition to the proper space location,

66

Adnan Al-Anzi and Omar Khattab

location of glazing and its related shading strategies are also studied carefully. A projection factor (P/H=0.6) is used for all overhangs and ®ns which are used for shading the glazing. This projection factor is a consequence of a double skin wall which is used in the south wall as an energy-conscious choice. This deep overhang is used to cast complete shade on the south glazing during the complete overheated summer season. Glazing on the north side is also treated to achieve shading by using vertical ®ns. Building energy simulation model

Visual DOE 3.3 is a visual interface of the DOE-2 building energy simulation program. The thermal modeling of the existing and proposed house is basically to divide the spaces into two di€erent thermal zones on each ¯oor. Wall, roof and glazing construction are described earlier in this paper and are shown in Tables 3 and 4. Lighting and occupancy schedules are shown in Figure 4. 1.2 1.2 1

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

Fraction

Fraction

1

0.4

(a)

0.2

0.4 0.2

(b)

0 1

0 1

3

5

7

9

11

13

15

17

19

21

3

5

7

9

11

23

Week Days Time Ends Week

(a)

13

15

17

19

21

23

Light Time Equipment

(b)

Figure 4: Schedule of residence interior conditions: (a) Occupancy

schedule; (b) Light and equipment schedule

RESULTS

The proposed design has a building form that di€ers considerably from the traditional box-like design. The new building form is a consequence of better thermal and visual performance along with site location limitations. The proposed building form is an architectural vocabulary based on scienti®c solar concepts that are proven by building energy simulations. Figure 5 illustrates the di€erence in the house form transformation. In fact, this new building form is based on greater understanding of solar interaction with building surfaces in terms of level and quality of solar radiation incident on di€erent building surfaces, which is illustrated in Table 1 and Figure 1. The quanti®cation of this solar understanding is performed using the Visual DOE3.3 building energy simulation software.

Solar conscious house design in Kuwait

(a)

67

(b)

Figure 5: (a) South West view of the existing house form; (b) A view shows

a high south glazing in the proposed house form

Figure 6: Supporting examples of rotating or con®guring parts of the house to optimize

solar orientation in residential areas in Kuwait

The choice of the proper form is based on the quanti®cation of both cooling load and total energy use. It is found that signi®cant cooling load reduction is achieved in

68

Adnan Al-Anzi and Omar Khattab

KWH

the proposed design. Comparisons between the total cooling energy use of the existing and proposed designs are shown in Figure 7. The results shown in Figure 7 include all thermal zones in each case. Figure 7 is graphed using the output results of the SS-A building monthly load summary report of VisualDOE3.3. 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0

`

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Month Exist ing

P roposed

Figure 7: Energy simulation comparison between the existing and proposed

design based on the VisualDOE simulation results

Table 5 summarizes the cooling load and thermal energy use for both the existing and proposed designs. Careful examination of the results in Table 5 reveals many interesting observations. The ®rst observation is that the cooling load of the existing building is much higher than the proposed one. In fact, the percent di€erence in the total cooling load for the proposed design (46.8 KW) is about 43% of the existing one (82.4 KW). It is interesting to note that the cooling load peak of the existing house is in the month of October at around 8:00 a.m. This is due to the glazing in the southeast facË ade, which experiences incident solar exposure from around 7:00 to 8:00 a.m. In addition, the percent di€erence in cooling energy use of the proposed design (154.7 MWh) is also about 43% of that of the existing house use (273.2 MWh). Table 5: Summary of VisualDOE2 simulation results Cooling Load Time

Zone

Existing Proposed

1 2 1 2

Montha

October October August August

Daya

13 13 8 8

Houra

8 7 22 20

a SS-A report of VisualDOE3.3 simulation software b SS-I report of VisualDOE3.3 simulation software

SHFb

0.991 0.953 0.775 0.800

Max Cooling Loada (KW) zone

39.1 43.3 22.9 23.9

Total

82.4

46.8

Cooling Energy Usea (MWh) zone

136.5 136.7 75.3 79.4

Total

273.2

154.7

69

Solar conscious house design in Kuwait

The results of Table 5 also show that the sensible heat factor (SHF) of the existing house is very high (around 0.95) compared to the SHF = 0.8 of the proposed one. This problem will a€ect the operation of the cooling equipment. In fact, the high SHF will dictate much higher air ¯ow operation. The machine sizing of constant volume package units, used for both the existing and the proposed design, is tabulated in Table 6. Cooling equipment size for the existing and proposed designs is based on the cooling load results of Table 5. A Carrier equipment selection manual is used to choose the proper machine selection for each thermal zone in both the existing and proposed cases. One typical machine is used for both zones in each case for simplicity. Therefore, the higher cooling load in the existing and proposed design will be used to select the cooling equipment for each zone in each case. Table 6: Cooling equipment selection Simulation Output Data Zone

Existing Proposed

Zone

1 2 1 2

Cooling Load

39.1 43.3 22.9 23.9

SHF

0.991 0.953 0.775 0.800

Carrier Manual Equipment Selection Data Total Cooling

43.3 43.3 23.9 23.9

Carrier Model #

Nominal Capacity KW/oC

Total Supplied Air (L/s)

50TJ012

29.2/35

1,520

50TJ016

52.8/35

3,525

Bypass

Total Cooling (KW)

Sensible Cooling (KW)

0.105

24.4

20.2

0.120

50.7

42.2

In general, the existing residence requires high sensible heat factor (SHF), which dictates larger CFM operation. The large CFM operation increases the evaporator fan energy use and increases the bypass factor of the evaporator (BPF). The high sensible heat factor of the existing design has a negative implication on not only the equipment size and operation, but also on the noise, duct size and space requirements. In fact, the high total cooling capacity of the existing design requires larger ducts to house the high CFM requirements. This in turn increases the noise associated with the air shipment to the zone and the false ceiling height as well. On the other hand, the equipment size of the proposed design is about 50% of the existing one. This equipment size reduction requires smaller equipment dimension, and a lower CFM requirement. In particular, the CFM requirement in the proposed design is about 50% of the existing case. This huge equipment size reduction has a great positive impact on the overall space, noise and HVAC operation. CONCLUSION

In this paper, the focus is principally on energy consumption and design criterion, as well as the in¯uence that site orientation, building con®guration,

70

Adnan Al-Anzi and Omar Khattab

and facË ade fenestration have on the energy consumption in houses. Other, equally-important functional, aesthetic, social and technical criteria are not discussed in this paper, so that the impact of energy-related design decisions can be more clearly identi®ed. Hence, the impact of proper solar orientation was thoroughly examined and discussed in detail. The impact of proper solar orientation is discussed in this paper. An existing residential case study of house designs is used and compared to an alternative design case that is responsive to solar considerations. The new, proposed design provides the proper solar orientation of the building on site. The proposed design achieves better living standards in house design by providing higher thermal and daylighting quality throughout fenestration. This advantageous thermal and daylighting quality is achieved by better control of solar radiation introduced into building spaces, through proper south- and north-oriented spaces. In addition, proper shading strategies play another role in re®ning the quality of solar radiation. Optimum solar orientation of houses in Kuwait has the potential to provide a better indoor living environment and reduce a high percentage of energy consumption needed for cooling, as Al-Anzi (2006) indicates. Reducing the intensity of direct sun rays falling on the various walls of a house and penetrating its windows, through the proper solar orientation, becomes an important factor in housing design and planning in desert environments. (AlAzmi, 2000). Quantitatively, it is found that a signi®cant cooling load reduction and thermal energy use (43%) is achieved in the proposed design. It is also found that a signi®cant cooling machine size is achieved (50%). This signi®cant cooling load and machine size reduction have an appreciable impact on space, energy savings, noise, duct size and structural weight. While these ®ndings are mainly applied to the case of house design in Kuwait, its applicability can be extended to similar geographical areas with similar climatic conditions, especially the Arabian Gulf region that shares many of the climatic characteristics of Kuwait. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The data and proposed architectural design for this research study were collected by senior students in the Department of Architecture in Kuwait University. Their e€ort is acknowledged. REFERENCES Al Anzi, A. 2006. Al-shams wa al-emara [Sun and architecture] (Arabic text). Aalm Al Fikr, The National Council of Culture, Arts and Letters. April 2006, Vol. 34, Kuwait.

Solar conscious house design in Kuwait

71

``Al-Masaken ® Al-Biea'a Al-Sahrawiya'' [Houses in the Desert Environment] (Arabic text). Centre for Research & Kuwaiti Studies, Kuwait. Allsion, T. 1979. Building in the Kuwait climate. Kuwait Institute for Scienti®c Research, Report # KISR/PP1091/ENB-PT-G-7912, June, 1979. Anderson, B., Place, W., Kammerud, R. & Sco®eld, M. 1985. Impact of building orientation on residential heating and cooling. Energy and Building 8, No. 3: 205-224. ASHRAE. 2001. Handbook of Fundamentals, Atlanta, Georgia. Croome, D. J. 1991. The determinants of architectural form in modern buildings within the Arab world. Building and Environment, 26 (4): 349-362. Fitch, J. & Bobenhausen, W. 1999. American building: The environmental forces that shape it. Oxford University Press, Inc, New York. Lechner, N. 1990. Heating, cooling, lighting design for eciency. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Ling F., Loo, C. & Wong, S. 1987. Energy conservation in buildings: A case study of air conditioning load. Reg. Journal of Energy, Heat and Mass Transfer 9:31-34. NREL 1995. User's Manual for TMY2s Typical Metrological Years. June. Sullivan, R. & Selkowitz, S. 1987. Residential heating and cooling energy cost implications associated with window type. ASHRAE Transaction: Technical and Symposium Papers Presented at the 1987 Winter Meeting, NY, USA. Tabb, P. 1984. Solar energy planning. McGraw Hill, NY. Taheri, M. & Sha®e, S. 1995. Case study on the reduction of energy use for the heating of buildings. Renewable Energy 6(7):673-678. Visual DOE 3.3 Program Documentation. 2001. ELEY Associates, San Francisco. Al Azmi, K. 2000.

Submitted : Revised : Accepted :

4/6/2009 25/1/2010 17/2/2010

72

Solar conscious house design in Kuwait

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