Teori Dasar Ultrasonik
This document was uploaded by user and they confirmed that they have the permission to share it. If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this DMCA report form. Report DMCA
Overview
Download & View Teori Dasar Ultrasonik as PDF for free.
More details
- Words: 1,182
- Pages: 59
Loading documents preview...
Introduction to Ultrasonic Testing SD 218 © SLAMET WALUYO PT. MULTI KHARISMA PERKASA 2007 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Straight beam probe housing
socket
dampingblock
matchingelement
crystal
protecting face (probe delay)
workpiece
Sound pulse Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Angle beam probe damping blocks housing socket perspex wedge (probe delay)
workpiece
crystal
Sound pulse
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
3
Sound field
N = near field length
near field
far field
= angle of divergence acoustical axis (central beam)
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Flaw detection
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Flaw detection 10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
20
30
40
Flaw detection 10
20
30
40
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Bad flaw orientation
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Improper flaw location
crack
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Angle reflection 10
crack
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
20
30
40
Angle reflection
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Vertical, near surface flaw
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
20
30
40
Tandem technique (top) a1 T
5 10
5 10
15
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
15
R
Tandem technique (middle) a2 T
5 10
15
5 10
15
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
R
Tandem technique (bottom) a3 T
5 10
15
5 10
15
R
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Improper flaw orientation
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
20
30
40
Perfect flaw orientation
10
20
30
40
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Flaw detectability with improper flaw orientation reflected sound waves
5 10
15
sound beam flat defect Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Flaw distance
s
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Principle of transit time measurement finish signal (echo) transmitter start signal (pulse) sound transit path
Stopwatch probe transit time measurement
work piece Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
CRT / A-scan display
0
2
4
6
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Priciple, transmission pulse transmitter
transmission pulse
sound wave starts at crystal
work piece probe light point
0
2
4
6
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Priciple, sound wave in the workpiece transmitter sound wave
work piece probe
0
2
4
6
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Priciple, sound pulse at the back wall transmitter
work piece probe
0
2
4
6
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Priciple, sound pulse at the coupling surface transmitter
work piece probe
0
2
4
6
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Priciple, echo display and 2nd run transmitter
work piece probe back wall echo
0
2
4
6
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Probe delay
2
electrical zero (initial pulse)
4
6
mechanical zero (surface)
crystal probe protecting face
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
8
10
Probe delay electical zero (initial pulse)
0
probe
2
4
delay (wedge) sound wave
work piece
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
6
8
10
mechanical zero (surface)
Flaw location and echo display flaw
work piece probe back wall echo flaw echo
0
2
4
6
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Flaw location and echo display flaw work piece probe back wall echo flaw echo 0
2
4
6
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Flaw location and echo display flaw work piece probe
flaw echo
0
2
back wall echo
4
6
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Flaw location and echo display flaw
work piece probe back wall echo flaw echo covered by initial pulse
0
2
4
6
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Flaw location and echo display flaw
work piece probe back wall echo: without with flaw 0
2
4
6
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Flaw location and echo display flaw
work piece probe
flaw echo sequence
0
2
4
6
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Dead zone dead zone
0
2
4
6
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
8
10
Near surface detectability with angle beam pobes
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
20
TR-probe / dual crystal probe transmitter socket acoustical barrier
receiver socket damping blocks
crystal delay
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Probe delay with TR-probes
BE
IP
0
2
4
TR-probe
work piece
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
6
8
10
Cross talk at high gain
BE
IP
flaw echo
cross talk echo 0
2
4
TR-probe
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
6
8
flaw
10
Range calibration
0 0
2
4
6 50
8
10
div.
100 mm steel, L
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Calibration block 1 with angle beam probes 5
15
10
0
m
m
70°
10
60° 45°
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
1st echo from circular section
5
10
15
0
2
4
100 mm
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
6
8
10
Echo sequence from 100 mm radius
5
10
15
0
2
4
6
8
10
100 mm 200 mm 300 mm
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
25 mm radius of calibration block 2 this wave will be absorbed !
s 1 = 25 mm s 2 = 100 mm s 3 = 175 mm etc. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
50 mm radius of calibration block 2
s 1 = 50 mm s 2 = 125 mm s 3 = 200 mm etc. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
100 mm range calibration on K2
5
10
15
0
2
0
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
4
6
8
10
100 mm steel
Flaw location s = sound path k = scale factor R = screen reading
s = k•R
0 15
10
2
5
s work piece
reflector
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
4
6
8
10
Flaw location with angle beam probes projection point
Sound entry point
"flaw triangle"
a ß s ß = probe angle s = sound path a = surface distance d = depth
d
a = s•sin ß d = s•cos ß
ß
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
flaw location
Flaw location with angle beam probes
x 15
10
a
a = surface distance a' = reduced surface distance x = x-value = distance: index point front edge of probe
a'
5
s work piece
d reflector
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Flaw location with an angle beam probe on a plate a 15
T
10
5
s
d = apparent depth apparent flaw location
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Flaw location with an angle beam probe on a plate d' = apparent depth d = real depth T = work piece thickness
a = s • sin d‘ = s • cos d = 2T - d
a 15
T
10
5
s
d
real flaw location
d' apparent flaw location
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Large defects parallel to the scanning surface
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Scanning the edge of the defect
Flaw echo drops to 50% of its maximum value
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Flaw sizes and echo amplitudes
R
IP
0
2
4
6
BE
8
10
R
IP
0
2
4
6
BE
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
R
IP
0
2
4
6
BE
8
10
Flaw distances and echo amplitudes IP
0
R
2
BE
4
IP
0
6
R
2
4
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
10
BE
6
IP
0
8
8
10
R BE
2
4
6
8
10
Defect evaluation by comparison - 1
instrument gain: G = 34 dB
F
IP
BE 80 %
F 0
2
4
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
6
8
10
Defect evaluation by comparison - 2
R
IP
0 instrument gain:
2
4
34 dB
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
6
BE
8
10
Defect evaluation by comparison - 3
RE BE
IP
+ 8 dB
0 instrument gain:
2
4
42 dB
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
6
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Straight beam probe housing
socket
dampingblock
matchingelement
crystal
protecting face (probe delay)
workpiece
Sound pulse Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Angle beam probe damping blocks housing socket perspex wedge (probe delay)
workpiece
crystal
Sound pulse
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
3
Sound field
N = near field length
near field
far field
= angle of divergence acoustical axis (central beam)
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Flaw detection
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Flaw detection 10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
20
30
40
Flaw detection 10
20
30
40
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Bad flaw orientation
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Improper flaw location
crack
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Angle reflection 10
crack
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
20
30
40
Angle reflection
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Vertical, near surface flaw
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
20
30
40
Tandem technique (top) a1 T
5 10
5 10
15
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
15
R
Tandem technique (middle) a2 T
5 10
15
5 10
15
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
R
Tandem technique (bottom) a3 T
5 10
15
5 10
15
R
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Improper flaw orientation
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
20
30
40
Perfect flaw orientation
10
20
30
40
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Flaw detectability with improper flaw orientation reflected sound waves
5 10
15
sound beam flat defect Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Flaw distance
s
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Principle of transit time measurement finish signal (echo) transmitter start signal (pulse) sound transit path
Stopwatch probe transit time measurement
work piece Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
CRT / A-scan display
0
2
4
6
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Priciple, transmission pulse transmitter
transmission pulse
sound wave starts at crystal
work piece probe light point
0
2
4
6
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Priciple, sound wave in the workpiece transmitter sound wave
work piece probe
0
2
4
6
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Priciple, sound pulse at the back wall transmitter
work piece probe
0
2
4
6
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Priciple, sound pulse at the coupling surface transmitter
work piece probe
0
2
4
6
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Priciple, echo display and 2nd run transmitter
work piece probe back wall echo
0
2
4
6
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Probe delay
2
electrical zero (initial pulse)
4
6
mechanical zero (surface)
crystal probe protecting face
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
8
10
Probe delay electical zero (initial pulse)
0
probe
2
4
delay (wedge) sound wave
work piece
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
6
8
10
mechanical zero (surface)
Flaw location and echo display flaw
work piece probe back wall echo flaw echo
0
2
4
6
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Flaw location and echo display flaw work piece probe back wall echo flaw echo 0
2
4
6
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Flaw location and echo display flaw work piece probe
flaw echo
0
2
back wall echo
4
6
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Flaw location and echo display flaw
work piece probe back wall echo flaw echo covered by initial pulse
0
2
4
6
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Flaw location and echo display flaw
work piece probe back wall echo: without with flaw 0
2
4
6
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Flaw location and echo display flaw
work piece probe
flaw echo sequence
0
2
4
6
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Dead zone dead zone
0
2
4
6
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
8
10
Near surface detectability with angle beam pobes
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
20
TR-probe / dual crystal probe transmitter socket acoustical barrier
receiver socket damping blocks
crystal delay
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Probe delay with TR-probes
BE
IP
0
2
4
TR-probe
work piece
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
6
8
10
Cross talk at high gain
BE
IP
flaw echo
cross talk echo 0
2
4
TR-probe
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
6
8
flaw
10
Range calibration
0 0
2
4
6 50
8
10
div.
100 mm steel, L
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Calibration block 1 with angle beam probes 5
15
10
0
m
m
70°
10
60° 45°
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
1st echo from circular section
5
10
15
0
2
4
100 mm
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
6
8
10
Echo sequence from 100 mm radius
5
10
15
0
2
4
6
8
10
100 mm 200 mm 300 mm
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
25 mm radius of calibration block 2 this wave will be absorbed !
s 1 = 25 mm s 2 = 100 mm s 3 = 175 mm etc. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
50 mm radius of calibration block 2
s 1 = 50 mm s 2 = 125 mm s 3 = 200 mm etc. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
100 mm range calibration on K2
5
10
15
0
2
0
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
4
6
8
10
100 mm steel
Flaw location s = sound path k = scale factor R = screen reading
s = k•R
0 15
10
2
5
s work piece
reflector
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
4
6
8
10
Flaw location with angle beam probes projection point
Sound entry point
"flaw triangle"
a ß s ß = probe angle s = sound path a = surface distance d = depth
d
a = s•sin ß d = s•cos ß
ß
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
flaw location
Flaw location with angle beam probes
x 15
10
a
a = surface distance a' = reduced surface distance x = x-value = distance: index point front edge of probe
a'
5
s work piece
d reflector
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Flaw location with an angle beam probe on a plate a 15
T
10
5
s
d = apparent depth apparent flaw location
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Flaw location with an angle beam probe on a plate d' = apparent depth d = real depth T = work piece thickness
a = s • sin d‘ = s • cos d = 2T - d
a 15
T
10
5
s
d
real flaw location
d' apparent flaw location
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Large defects parallel to the scanning surface
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Scanning the edge of the defect
Flaw echo drops to 50% of its maximum value
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Flaw sizes and echo amplitudes
R
IP
0
2
4
6
BE
8
10
R
IP
0
2
4
6
BE
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
R
IP
0
2
4
6
BE
8
10
Flaw distances and echo amplitudes IP
0
R
2
BE
4
IP
0
6
R
2
4
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
10
BE
6
IP
0
8
8
10
R BE
2
4
6
8
10
Defect evaluation by comparison - 1
instrument gain: G = 34 dB
F
IP
BE 80 %
F 0
2
4
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
6
8
10
Defect evaluation by comparison - 2
R
IP
0 instrument gain:
2
4
34 dB
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
6
BE
8
10
Defect evaluation by comparison - 3
RE BE
IP
+ 8 dB
0 instrument gain:
2
4
42 dB
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
6
8
10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic
Related Documents
Teori Dasar Ultrasonik
February 2021 0
Teori Ultrasonik & Flaw Detector
February 2021 0
Kimia Dasar Teori Elektrolisis
February 2021 0
Dasar Teori Flip-flop
February 2021 1
Dasar Teori Pltu Batubara
February 2021 1