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Training on GT Controls
Introduction to Control Philosophy A Gas Turbine Consists of 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Starting means Auxiliaries Compressor Combustion System Turbine Exhaust Load
Introduction to Control Philosophy Control system Communicates with the turbine to Measure, adjust the parameters
The Main Inputs are Air & Fuel and the Outputs are Load & Exhaust Gases.
It also protects the turbine from abnormal operations
Gas Turbine Controls 1. Basic Control Parameters of GT 2. Minimum Gate Concept of Six Control Loop •
Start up
•
Speed/Load
•
Temperature
•
Acceleration
•
Manual
•
Shut down
Main
Auxiliary
Simplified control schematic
Min Value
Example of Minimum FSR of Six Control Loops on HMI Screen
Detailed Control Schematic
We will use this as reference as we go in detail of the course
Startup Control
Start up control controls the amount of fuel to the GT from zero speed to Full Speed No Load
FSRSU is minimum of the six control loops
Speed control schematic • The Speed Control Loop ensures the correct speed as required by the system • The Load Control Loop maintains the power out put. (The load control can be either Isochronous or Droop, depending on whether the system is connected to Grid or Isolated) This serves both Speed & Load functions and so called Speed/Load Controller FSRN is the minimum of Six Control Loops
Speed Control Characteristics Droop speed control is a proportional control, changing FSR in proportion to the difference between actual turbine speed and the speed reference (TNH & TNR) Isochronous Controller is a closed loop controller that maintains the Turbine Speed to the reference speed by regulating FSR during the isolated operation.
Droop Control Curve
Exhaust Temperature control Temperature Controller ensures that the Turbine internals are protected from over heat and Optimum power is produced.
The firing temperature is difficult to measure and hence the Controller uses the exhaust thermocouples as reference which is directly proportional to Firing Temperature Tf = Tx (Pcd/Pa) k
Exhaust/Firing Temperature Relation
Curve comparing the load
at different ambient
The firing temperature remains constant even with increase in MW, FSR & CPR ratio with less exhaust temperatures
Temperature control scheme
FSRT is the minimum of the Six Control Loops
Exhaust Temp. control set points
Exhaust temp control reference set point TTRXB calculated based on CPD The back up exhaust temp reference is based on FSR in case of CPD measurement failure
TTKn_K Isothermal
TTKn_I TTKn_C
CPD FSR
Protection of Turbine internals and optimum power
Acceleration control
0.35 %/sec
0.10 %/sec 0%
40% 50% 75% 95% 100%
TNH Acceleration Control functions during sudden Load Changes and Start Up
Manual control
Manual Control Loop Can be used to limit fuel to prevent over firing and over riding active control
Shut Down control
Shut down control loop reduces the fuel at a predetermined during shut down to reduce thermal stresses
FSRSD is the minimum of Six Control Loops
IGV Control IGV Control Loop • Controls air fuel ratio • Prevents Compressor
Pulsations
IGV Control
IGV scheduling is required to ensure the protection from Pulsation/Stall by excessive opening at lower speeds/loads and negative pressures at partial loads by less opening
IGV Schedule Maintains higher Exhaust Temperature at partial loadsfor Combined Cycle Operation
IGV Control Isothermal
The exhaust temp. varies for simple and combined cycle operations. IGV temperature control never exceeds the base temperature control set point
CPD
IGV control reference Maintains higher Exhaust Temperature at partial loads for Combined Cycle Operation
Electro Hydraulic Servo valve Servo valve is the interface between the electrical and mechanical systems Servo valve controls the direction and rate of motion of a hydraulic actuator based on the input current to the servo. Servo valve contains three electrically isolated coils on the torque motor. A null-bias spring positions the servo so that actuator goes to the fail safe position when ALL power and/or control signal is lost.
Liquid Fuel Control Scheme As the speed sensors in the FD send a signal to controller, it compares with demand signal and an error signal is created. The amplifier in the controller will change the signal to drive the servo Valve of the Bypass valve.
Amplifier
Liquid Fuel Control The VSVO card receives the PR signals from 77FD – 1,2 &3 and Outputs Analog Signal, the fuel necessary to meet the demand.
The VSVO Card modulates Servo Valve based on FQROUT & FQ1
Gas Fuel Control Scheme
Fuel Gas Control System consists of Stop ratio Valve, Gas Control Valve Controls
Gas Stop Ratio Valve Scheme • SRV is a dual function Valve, as a stop Valve and to hold desired P2 Pressure • Control loop consists of both Pressure and Position Control Loops • P2 is Controlled by pressure loop as a function of TNH with a gain & offset, the signal FPRG • Position Loop takes feed back from Valve Position FSGR
The VSVO Card modulates Servo Valve based on FPRG, FPG & FSGR
Gas Control Valve Scheme The position of the gas control valve is proportional to FSR2 which represents called for gas fuel flow
The VSVO Card modulates Servo Valve based on FSROUT & FSG
Fuel Splitter Scheme • Transfer from one fuel to the other on command. • Allow time for filling the lines with the type of fuel to which turbine operation is being transferred.
IGV Control scheme VSVO
The Inlet Guide Vanes (IGVs) modulate during • Acceleration of the gas turbine to rated speed • Loading and unloading
• Deceleration of the gas turbine
The VSVO Card modulates Servo Valve based on CSRGV & CSGV
IGV Schedule IGV modulation maintains • Proper flows and pressures, and thus stresses, in the compressor • Maintains a minimum pressure drop across the fuel nozzles • High exhaust temperatures at low loads during combined cycle operation
GT Protections • GT is not allowed to start until permissives are set correctly • GT Trips during operation if operating limits exceeded
Protection System ensures that GT is safe from dangerous operating conditions
Duel Fuel Trip oil scheme • The Trip Oil System is the primary interference between the master protection circuits and the fuel flow and VIGV position control devices