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Training & Development
© 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
ES Certification Chapter 1: Intro to Drilling
Slide 2 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Before We Start: Your Safety is Our Primary Concern
CPR-certified volunteer
Scheduled emergency drills
Emergency caller
Other essential information:
Runner
Location of nearest AED and volunteer operator
Exits
Muster point location
Slide 3 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
– Bathrooms – Kitchen/coffee/drink area – Smoking area
Course Learning Objectives
Describe a typical drilling operation
Identify the properties of drilling fluid
Define the term “solids control” and understand importance
Describe the step-wise removal process
Identify how each piece of solids control equipment works
Perform pre-operational checks
Explain how to operate each piece of equipment
Slide 4 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
7
Course Learning Objectives, Continued
Identify MI Swaco solids control equipment and processes – – – – –
Shakers and screens Hydro-cyclones ES Pumps Centrifuges Dewatering
Perform maintenance on each piece of equipment Recognize improper operation and apply appropriate remedies
Slide 5 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
7
Course Organization This course will include the following:
Classroom instruction Graded shop exercises Required PPE – Safety glasses – Coveralls – Steel toe boots
Daily quizzes Final exam
Slide 6 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
7
8
Course Grading
Class Exercises
– 10% of total grade – Conducted throughout class
– 35% of total grade – Examination on last day of class – 75% pass mark
Quizzes – 20% of total grade – Conducted throughout class
Task Based Assessments – – – –
35% of total grade Conducted throughout class Graded on completion of tasks 75% pass mark
Slide 7 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Final Examination
Final Grade – Your final grade must be 75% or higher to pass the course.
Task-Based Assessments An instructor will observe while you complete the TBAs. This assessment includes hands-on tasks that you have learned throughout the course.
Slide 8 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
8
Exercise: Petroleum Industry Introduction Let’s begin by thinking about how significant the petroleum industry is to our daily lives. Try to list three non-living things that are not related to the petroleum industry.
Slide 9 © 2012 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
9
Introduction to the Oilfield The petroleum industry is essential to the modern world. Petroleum is used to make many products other than gasoline, including medical supplies, cosmetics, and plastics. Products Made from a Barrel of Crude Oil (1 barrel = 42 gallons)
Slide 10 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
10
You are a part of this!
Slide 11 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Night Energy Use Early 1970s
© 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
11
Night Energy Use 2005
© 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
11
Drilling Rigs Overview Onshore Rigs
© 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Offshore Installations
12
Onshore Rigs Conventional: has a straight derrick and is permanently installed on one site.
Slide 15 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
13 Mobile: can be moved from one location to another. (service/workover)
Offshore Rig Installations
14
Offshore rigs typically have facilities for the following functions:
House crew members
Drill offshore wells
Extract and process the hydrocarbons
Store hydrocarbons until transportation
Slide 16 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Bottom Supported Offshore Rigs
Built on concrete or steel legs
Supporting deck
Includes space for production facilities
Crew member housing
Used for long-term assignments
Used in shallow water
Attached to the sea floor
Slide 17 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
14
Platforms
Built on concrete or steel legs
Anchored onto the seabed
Space for drilling rigs, crew housing, and production facilities
Immobile
Designed for long-term use
Slide 18 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
15
Floating Offshore Rigs
Known as a Mobile Drilling Unit
Equipped to drill for hydrocarbons
Easy to install
Slide 19 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
14
Jack-Ups
Physically “jacked up” above sea level using movable legs
Moveable to different locations
Legs anchored to the seabed
Slide 20 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
15
15
Jack-up Rigs
Sea Level Sea Floor
© 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Semi-Submersible Platforms
Light enough to float; heavy enough to stay upright
Leveled by altering amount of liquid in buoyancy tanks
Anchored to the seabed using chain, wire rope, polyester rope, or a combination of materials
Some use GPS to control dynamic positioning
Slide 22 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
16
Drillships
Used to drill exploratory oil or gas wells in deep water
Used as a platform for well completion work
Marine riser is lowered from the drillship to the seabed
Blowout preventer (BOP) connects to the wellhead on the sea floor
Slide 23 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
16
Tension Leg Platform
Floating rig used for offshore production of oil or gas
Permanently anchored by tethers (tension leg) grouped at each corner
Tension legs stabilize the platform and prevent vertical motion
Wellheads are connected on deck
Slide 24 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
17
Exercise: Rig Identification Answer questions 1-2 in your manual. Then, identify each of the 6 types of rigs shown. Be prepared to discuss your answers aloud.
Slide 25 © 2012 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
18-19
Drilling Rig Components In this section, we will review the parts and systems of drilling rigs.
Slide 26 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
20
20
Overview
Drilling rigs are typically used to find and extract oil, natural gas and/or water.
Uses of Drilling Rigs Sample mineral deposits Remove hydrocarbons Install underground utilities or instrumentation
Slide 27 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Well drilling and isolation Logging Installation of completion tools Fishing Pressure management
Derrick
The structure used to support the crown blocks and drillstring of the rig.
Slide 28 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
20
Drillstring
Made up of the drillpipe, bottomhole assembly (BHA), and any other tools used to make the drill bit turn at the bottom of the wellbore.
Slide 29 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
20
Hoisting System Overview The hoisting system consists of the following parts:
Drawworks
Crown block
Travelling block
Hook
Drilling line
Swivel
Slide 30 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
21
21-25
Hoisting System Crown Block Crown block
Handling of the drillstring Drilling line
Drilling line Fast line
Traveling Block
Traveling block
Shock absorber
Drum
Hook
Mast Drilling hook
Swivel bail Deadline
Swivel
Kelly spinner
Drawworks Deadline anchor
Storage reel © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Traveling Block
Rotating System Now let’s discuss the rotating system. The rotating system includes the following parts: Swivel Kelly Rotary Table Drillpipe Drill collar Bit Slide 32 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
26
The Swivel
26 Hook
Hangs on the hook
Connects to and rotates the Kelly
Supports the drillstring
Allows the rotation
Swivel bail Gooseneck
Swivel
Kelly spinner
© 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
27
Kelly and Rotary System Top Upset Kelly
Kelly Saver Sub Kelly Cross Section (Hexagonal)
Kelly Drive Bushing
Master Bushing Turntable Bottom Upset © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
27
Kelly Bushing Kelly
Slide 35 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Kelly Bushing
27
Master Bushing
Master Bushing
Slide 36 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Rotary Table
Revolving or spinning section of the drillfloor
Provides power to turn the drillstring
Slide 37 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
28
Top-Drive Used to turn the drillstring Benefits Enables drilling that can be done with three joint stands instead of single joints of pipe Allows driller to quickly engage the pumps or rotary while tripping pipe Helps drill difficult, extended-reach wellbores Enables drillers to minimize the frequency and cost of stuck pipe
© 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
29
Drill Pipe
A tubular steel conduit fitted with special threaded ends called tool joints.
Connects the rig surface equipment with the bottomhole assembly (BHA) and the bit.
Slide 39 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
30
30
Drill Pipe
Drill Pipe
© 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Drill Collar
Component of a drillstring that provides weight on bit for drilling.
Thick-walled tubular pieces machined from solid bars of steel.
Slide 41 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
30
Stand/Joints
Stands are normally +/- 30 feet lengths of drillpipe
Screw together to form the drillstring
Usually up of three “joints” of drillpipe
Slide 42 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
30
Stand Joints, Continued
Stands on a rig
Slide 43 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
31
Power Systems Mechanical
Diesel engines drive motors which use gears and chains to transmit the power to the rig.
Used on small and/or old rigs.
Commonly used onshore.
© 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Electrical
Diesel engines produce alternating current (AC) power.
AC power is converted to direct current (DC) power.
Power used to drive the mud pumps, drawworks, and rotary table.
Exercise: Rig System Components Use the cards distributed in class. Separate the cards according to one of the following systems:
Hoisting
Rotating
Circulating
Power System
Slide 45 © 2012 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
32
Mud: The Circulating System of the Well The mud system can be compared to the circulatory system in the human body.
Slide 46 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
33
Circulation System Purpose The circulation system is used to:
Insure mud is being pumped into the well
Recycle the mud
Clean the mud
Cool the mud
Adjust the mud
Protect against well problems
Slide 47 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
33
Exercise: Solids Control Diagram Where is the solids control equipment in this diagram?
Slide 48 © 2012 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
33
Drillstring Components
The drillstring is composed of several matching pipes.
The pipes are added in succession until final depth is reached.
Slide 49 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
34
35
Drill Bits: Definition Polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit
Tool used to drill formations
Located at bottom of the drillstring
Types of Drill Bits
Roller Cone
Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC)
Diamond Impreg
Slide 50 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Tri-Cone Drill bits
Cutting Actions
Drill bits are used to break the formation into usable-size cuttings that can be removed from the hole
Cuttings must be small enough to transport to the surface
Slide 51 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
36
Discussion Question
How do drill bits affect solids control equipment?
Slide 52 © 2012 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
36
Drill Bit Types There are three main types of drill bits:
Roller Cone
Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) cutter
Diamond Impreg
Detailed information about each bit type is available in your student manual on pages 37-42. Slide 53 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
37
Reservoir Characteristics A reservoir is a subsurface collection of hydrocarbons.
Found in porous rock or fractured rock formations
Trapped by overlying rock formations
Reach the hydrocarbons by drilling through cap rock
Slide 57 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
43
Permeability Permeability is the ability to transmit fluids through interconnected pore spaces.
Slide 58 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
44
Discussion Question How does sediment size affect permeability?
Slide 59 © 2012 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
44
Porosity Porosity is the total amount of void space in rock.
Slide 60 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
45
Discussion Question Now imagine that you will pour a liquid through the sediments shown in this image. How will the liquid behave differently? Why do you have to have both permeability and porosity to have a production formation? Slide 61 © 2012 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
45
Basic Drilling Operations and Terms Making Hole
The rig is drilling deeper into the ground.
Slide 62 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Tripping Pipe
Pulling the drill string out of the wellbore and then running it back in.
46
Casing
46
A large-diameter pipe lowered into an open hole and cemented in place. Casing is used to:
Protect fresh-water formations
Isolate a zone of lost returns
Isolate formations with significantly different pressure gradients
Slide 63 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
47
Surface Casing
First casing that is run into the well.
Used to protect the water table and aquifers near the drilling site.
Drinking water aquifer
Cemented steel casing to protect aquifer
Impervious shale layer
Slide 64 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
47
Intermediate Casing Drillpipe
A casing string that is set in place after the surface casing and before the production casing. Provides protection against collapsing if the formation is weak or experiences excessive pressure. Allows the crew to use drilling fluids of various densities.
Slide 65 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Surface casing Intermediate casing
47
Long String Casing
Require higher strength materials on the upper portion of the string
Setting long string is usually a one time operation Production casing
Slide 66 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Logging Measuring formation properties with electrically powered instruments Used to make decisions about drilling and production operations. Recorded measurements are called a “log.”
Slide 67 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
48
Directional Drilling
To drill a non-vertical well.
Replaces the need to drill multiple wells to efficiently produce a reservoir.
Allows Multiple wells on one location
Slide 68 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
48
Differential Pressure
Difference in formation pressure and wellbore pressure
Differential pressure can be classified as:
Overbalanced
Underbalanced
Balanced
Slide 69 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
49
Types of Differential Pressure
Slide 70 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
48
Underbalanced Drilling vs. Conventional Drilling
Slide 71 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
49
Kicks
50
A dangerous and possibly life-threatening, undesirable influx of formation fluid or gas in to the wellbore.
Kicks can happen when any of the following occurs:
Not keeping the hole full
Insufficient mud density
Swabbing or surging
Lost circulation
Poor well planning
Slide 72 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Typical Formation Program The formation program describes the lithology and the bit diameter for each depth that is reached.
Slide 73 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
51
52
Cement The material used to permanently seal the annular spaces between casing and borehole walls. Casing
Casing
Casing
Cement
Cement
Cement
Cement Drill Slide 74 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Cement pumped out from pipe
Discussion Question Why do we need to cement the casing in the hole?
Slide 75 © 2012 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
52
Oilfield Etiquette
Before arriving at the rig
Upon arrival at the rig
During your rig stay
Before leaving the rig
Slide 76 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
53
Drilling Personnel Hierarchy
Slide 77 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
54
55
Drilling Rig Categories Category 1 Category of devices to use according to ATEX
Category 2
Category 3
Zones
0
20
1
21
2
22
Type of atmosphere
Gas
Dust
Gas
Dust
Gas
Dust
Presence of hazardous atmosphere
Continuously Not present (>1000 hrs per during year) normal operation (>10 <1000 hrs/year)
Slide 78 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Accidental presence (>0.1 <10 hrs/year)
55
Drilling Rig Zones Classified Area
Zone 0
Div 1
Zone 1
Time that hazardous gases are present Continually
Estimated % Division (North America) <5%
Normally present Occasionally in normal operations
Zone 2
Div 2
Slide 79 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Not normally >95% present
Comments
Division 1 is split into Zone 0 & 1. Zone 0 is a small percentage of locations usually confined to inside vented tanks. Zone 2 and Division 2 are essentially the same.
Exercise: Danger Zones and Rig Layouts Examine the rig layout shown in your manual. Identify the zones where explosive gases or fluids may be present. Be prepared to explain your answer.
Slide 80 © 2012 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
56
Exercise: Systems Review Answer the questions in your manual. Be prepared to discuss your responses aloud.
Slide 81 © 2012 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
57
ES Certification Thank you for participating.
Slide 82 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
© 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
ES Certification Chapter 1: Intro to Drilling
Slide 2 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Before We Start: Your Safety is Our Primary Concern
CPR-certified volunteer
Scheduled emergency drills
Emergency caller
Other essential information:
Runner
Location of nearest AED and volunteer operator
Exits
Muster point location
Slide 3 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
– Bathrooms – Kitchen/coffee/drink area – Smoking area
Course Learning Objectives
Describe a typical drilling operation
Identify the properties of drilling fluid
Define the term “solids control” and understand importance
Describe the step-wise removal process
Identify how each piece of solids control equipment works
Perform pre-operational checks
Explain how to operate each piece of equipment
Slide 4 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
7
Course Learning Objectives, Continued
Identify MI Swaco solids control equipment and processes – – – – –
Shakers and screens Hydro-cyclones ES Pumps Centrifuges Dewatering
Perform maintenance on each piece of equipment Recognize improper operation and apply appropriate remedies
Slide 5 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
7
Course Organization This course will include the following:
Classroom instruction Graded shop exercises Required PPE – Safety glasses – Coveralls – Steel toe boots
Daily quizzes Final exam
Slide 6 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
7
8
Course Grading
Class Exercises
– 10% of total grade – Conducted throughout class
– 35% of total grade – Examination on last day of class – 75% pass mark
Quizzes – 20% of total grade – Conducted throughout class
Task Based Assessments – – – –
35% of total grade Conducted throughout class Graded on completion of tasks 75% pass mark
Slide 7 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Final Examination
Final Grade – Your final grade must be 75% or higher to pass the course.
Task-Based Assessments An instructor will observe while you complete the TBAs. This assessment includes hands-on tasks that you have learned throughout the course.
Slide 8 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
8
Exercise: Petroleum Industry Introduction Let’s begin by thinking about how significant the petroleum industry is to our daily lives. Try to list three non-living things that are not related to the petroleum industry.
Slide 9 © 2012 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
9
Introduction to the Oilfield The petroleum industry is essential to the modern world. Petroleum is used to make many products other than gasoline, including medical supplies, cosmetics, and plastics. Products Made from a Barrel of Crude Oil (1 barrel = 42 gallons)
Slide 10 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
10
You are a part of this!
Slide 11 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Night Energy Use Early 1970s
© 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
11
Night Energy Use 2005
© 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
11
Drilling Rigs Overview Onshore Rigs
© 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Offshore Installations
12
Onshore Rigs Conventional: has a straight derrick and is permanently installed on one site.
Slide 15 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
13 Mobile: can be moved from one location to another. (service/workover)
Offshore Rig Installations
14
Offshore rigs typically have facilities for the following functions:
House crew members
Drill offshore wells
Extract and process the hydrocarbons
Store hydrocarbons until transportation
Slide 16 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Bottom Supported Offshore Rigs
Built on concrete or steel legs
Supporting deck
Includes space for production facilities
Crew member housing
Used for long-term assignments
Used in shallow water
Attached to the sea floor
Slide 17 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
14
Platforms
Built on concrete or steel legs
Anchored onto the seabed
Space for drilling rigs, crew housing, and production facilities
Immobile
Designed for long-term use
Slide 18 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
15
Floating Offshore Rigs
Known as a Mobile Drilling Unit
Equipped to drill for hydrocarbons
Easy to install
Slide 19 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
14
Jack-Ups
Physically “jacked up” above sea level using movable legs
Moveable to different locations
Legs anchored to the seabed
Slide 20 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
15
15
Jack-up Rigs
Sea Level Sea Floor
© 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Semi-Submersible Platforms
Light enough to float; heavy enough to stay upright
Leveled by altering amount of liquid in buoyancy tanks
Anchored to the seabed using chain, wire rope, polyester rope, or a combination of materials
Some use GPS to control dynamic positioning
Slide 22 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
16
Drillships
Used to drill exploratory oil or gas wells in deep water
Used as a platform for well completion work
Marine riser is lowered from the drillship to the seabed
Blowout preventer (BOP) connects to the wellhead on the sea floor
Slide 23 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
16
Tension Leg Platform
Floating rig used for offshore production of oil or gas
Permanently anchored by tethers (tension leg) grouped at each corner
Tension legs stabilize the platform and prevent vertical motion
Wellheads are connected on deck
Slide 24 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
17
Exercise: Rig Identification Answer questions 1-2 in your manual. Then, identify each of the 6 types of rigs shown. Be prepared to discuss your answers aloud.
Slide 25 © 2012 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
18-19
Drilling Rig Components In this section, we will review the parts and systems of drilling rigs.
Slide 26 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
20
20
Overview
Drilling rigs are typically used to find and extract oil, natural gas and/or water.
Uses of Drilling Rigs Sample mineral deposits Remove hydrocarbons Install underground utilities or instrumentation
Slide 27 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Well drilling and isolation Logging Installation of completion tools Fishing Pressure management
Derrick
The structure used to support the crown blocks and drillstring of the rig.
Slide 28 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
20
Drillstring
Made up of the drillpipe, bottomhole assembly (BHA), and any other tools used to make the drill bit turn at the bottom of the wellbore.
Slide 29 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
20
Hoisting System Overview The hoisting system consists of the following parts:
Drawworks
Crown block
Travelling block
Hook
Drilling line
Swivel
Slide 30 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
21
21-25
Hoisting System Crown Block Crown block
Handling of the drillstring Drilling line
Drilling line Fast line
Traveling Block
Traveling block
Shock absorber
Drum
Hook
Mast Drilling hook
Swivel bail Deadline
Swivel
Kelly spinner
Drawworks Deadline anchor
Storage reel © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Traveling Block
Rotating System Now let’s discuss the rotating system. The rotating system includes the following parts: Swivel Kelly Rotary Table Drillpipe Drill collar Bit Slide 32 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
26
The Swivel
26 Hook
Hangs on the hook
Connects to and rotates the Kelly
Supports the drillstring
Allows the rotation
Swivel bail Gooseneck
Swivel
Kelly spinner
© 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
27
Kelly and Rotary System Top Upset Kelly
Kelly Saver Sub Kelly Cross Section (Hexagonal)
Kelly Drive Bushing
Master Bushing Turntable Bottom Upset © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
27
Kelly Bushing Kelly
Slide 35 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Kelly Bushing
27
Master Bushing
Master Bushing
Slide 36 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Rotary Table
Revolving or spinning section of the drillfloor
Provides power to turn the drillstring
Slide 37 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
28
Top-Drive Used to turn the drillstring Benefits Enables drilling that can be done with three joint stands instead of single joints of pipe Allows driller to quickly engage the pumps or rotary while tripping pipe Helps drill difficult, extended-reach wellbores Enables drillers to minimize the frequency and cost of stuck pipe
© 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
29
Drill Pipe
A tubular steel conduit fitted with special threaded ends called tool joints.
Connects the rig surface equipment with the bottomhole assembly (BHA) and the bit.
Slide 39 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
30
30
Drill Pipe
Drill Pipe
© 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Drill Collar
Component of a drillstring that provides weight on bit for drilling.
Thick-walled tubular pieces machined from solid bars of steel.
Slide 41 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
30
Stand/Joints
Stands are normally +/- 30 feet lengths of drillpipe
Screw together to form the drillstring
Usually up of three “joints” of drillpipe
Slide 42 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
30
Stand Joints, Continued
Stands on a rig
Slide 43 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
31
Power Systems Mechanical
Diesel engines drive motors which use gears and chains to transmit the power to the rig.
Used on small and/or old rigs.
Commonly used onshore.
© 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Electrical
Diesel engines produce alternating current (AC) power.
AC power is converted to direct current (DC) power.
Power used to drive the mud pumps, drawworks, and rotary table.
Exercise: Rig System Components Use the cards distributed in class. Separate the cards according to one of the following systems:
Hoisting
Rotating
Circulating
Power System
Slide 45 © 2012 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
32
Mud: The Circulating System of the Well The mud system can be compared to the circulatory system in the human body.
Slide 46 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
33
Circulation System Purpose The circulation system is used to:
Insure mud is being pumped into the well
Recycle the mud
Clean the mud
Cool the mud
Adjust the mud
Protect against well problems
Slide 47 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
33
Exercise: Solids Control Diagram Where is the solids control equipment in this diagram?
Slide 48 © 2012 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
33
Drillstring Components
The drillstring is composed of several matching pipes.
The pipes are added in succession until final depth is reached.
Slide 49 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
34
35
Drill Bits: Definition Polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit
Tool used to drill formations
Located at bottom of the drillstring
Types of Drill Bits
Roller Cone
Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC)
Diamond Impreg
Slide 50 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Tri-Cone Drill bits
Cutting Actions
Drill bits are used to break the formation into usable-size cuttings that can be removed from the hole
Cuttings must be small enough to transport to the surface
Slide 51 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
36
Discussion Question
How do drill bits affect solids control equipment?
Slide 52 © 2012 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
36
Drill Bit Types There are three main types of drill bits:
Roller Cone
Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) cutter
Diamond Impreg
Detailed information about each bit type is available in your student manual on pages 37-42. Slide 53 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
37
Reservoir Characteristics A reservoir is a subsurface collection of hydrocarbons.
Found in porous rock or fractured rock formations
Trapped by overlying rock formations
Reach the hydrocarbons by drilling through cap rock
Slide 57 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
43
Permeability Permeability is the ability to transmit fluids through interconnected pore spaces.
Slide 58 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
44
Discussion Question How does sediment size affect permeability?
Slide 59 © 2012 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
44
Porosity Porosity is the total amount of void space in rock.
Slide 60 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
45
Discussion Question Now imagine that you will pour a liquid through the sediments shown in this image. How will the liquid behave differently? Why do you have to have both permeability and porosity to have a production formation? Slide 61 © 2012 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
45
Basic Drilling Operations and Terms Making Hole
The rig is drilling deeper into the ground.
Slide 62 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Tripping Pipe
Pulling the drill string out of the wellbore and then running it back in.
46
Casing
46
A large-diameter pipe lowered into an open hole and cemented in place. Casing is used to:
Protect fresh-water formations
Isolate a zone of lost returns
Isolate formations with significantly different pressure gradients
Slide 63 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
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Surface Casing
First casing that is run into the well.
Used to protect the water table and aquifers near the drilling site.
Drinking water aquifer
Cemented steel casing to protect aquifer
Impervious shale layer
Slide 64 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
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Intermediate Casing Drillpipe
A casing string that is set in place after the surface casing and before the production casing. Provides protection against collapsing if the formation is weak or experiences excessive pressure. Allows the crew to use drilling fluids of various densities.
Slide 65 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Surface casing Intermediate casing
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Long String Casing
Require higher strength materials on the upper portion of the string
Setting long string is usually a one time operation Production casing
Slide 66 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Logging Measuring formation properties with electrically powered instruments Used to make decisions about drilling and production operations. Recorded measurements are called a “log.”
Slide 67 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
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Directional Drilling
To drill a non-vertical well.
Replaces the need to drill multiple wells to efficiently produce a reservoir.
Allows Multiple wells on one location
Slide 68 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
48
Differential Pressure
Difference in formation pressure and wellbore pressure
Differential pressure can be classified as:
Overbalanced
Underbalanced
Balanced
Slide 69 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
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Types of Differential Pressure
Slide 70 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
48
Underbalanced Drilling vs. Conventional Drilling
Slide 71 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
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Kicks
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A dangerous and possibly life-threatening, undesirable influx of formation fluid or gas in to the wellbore.
Kicks can happen when any of the following occurs:
Not keeping the hole full
Insufficient mud density
Swabbing or surging
Lost circulation
Poor well planning
Slide 72 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Typical Formation Program The formation program describes the lithology and the bit diameter for each depth that is reached.
Slide 73 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
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Cement The material used to permanently seal the annular spaces between casing and borehole walls. Casing
Casing
Casing
Cement
Cement
Cement
Cement Drill Slide 74 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Cement pumped out from pipe
Discussion Question Why do we need to cement the casing in the hole?
Slide 75 © 2012 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
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Oilfield Etiquette
Before arriving at the rig
Upon arrival at the rig
During your rig stay
Before leaving the rig
Slide 76 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
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Drilling Personnel Hierarchy
Slide 77 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
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Drilling Rig Categories Category 1 Category of devices to use according to ATEX
Category 2
Category 3
Zones
0
20
1
21
2
22
Type of atmosphere
Gas
Dust
Gas
Dust
Gas
Dust
Presence of hazardous atmosphere
Continuously Not present (>1000 hrs per during year) normal operation (>10 <1000 hrs/year)
Slide 78 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Accidental presence (>0.1 <10 hrs/year)
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Drilling Rig Zones Classified Area
Zone 0
Div 1
Zone 1
Time that hazardous gases are present Continually
Estimated % Division (North America) <5%
Normally present Occasionally in normal operations
Zone 2
Div 2
Slide 79 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Not normally >95% present
Comments
Division 1 is split into Zone 0 & 1. Zone 0 is a small percentage of locations usually confined to inside vented tanks. Zone 2 and Division 2 are essentially the same.
Exercise: Danger Zones and Rig Layouts Examine the rig layout shown in your manual. Identify the zones where explosive gases or fluids may be present. Be prepared to explain your answer.
Slide 80 © 2012 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
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Exercise: Systems Review Answer the questions in your manual. Be prepared to discuss your responses aloud.
Slide 81 © 2012 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
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ES Certification Thank you for participating.
Slide 82 © 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
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