Chang Zhang-fu - Chinese Materia Medica (2014).pdf

International Standard Library of Chinese Medicine

Chinese Materia Medica

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Project Editors: Zhou Ling, Lara Deasy ＆ Liu Shui Copy Editor: Xu Qian-qian Book Designer: Li Xi Cover Designer: Li Xi Typesetter: Shan Si

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  图书在版编目（CIP）数据   中药学 = Chinese materia medica：英文 / 常章富，贾德贤， （美）贝今墨（Bare，J.）主编 . —北京：人民卫生出版社， 2011   国际标准化英文版中医教材   ISBN 978-7-117-19647-5   Ⅰ. ①中…  Ⅱ. ①常…②贾…③贝…  Ⅲ. ①中药学 - 教 材 - 英文  Ⅳ. ①R28   中国版本图书馆 CIP 数据核字（2014）第 210183 号 人卫社官网  www.pmph.com  出版物查询，在线购书 人卫医学网  www.ipmph.com  医  学考试辅导，医学数 据库服务，医学教育资 源，大众健康资讯   版权所有，侵权必究！

中药学——国际标准化英文版中医教材 主    编：常章富  贾德贤  James Bare（美） 出版发行：人民卫生出版社（中继线 010-59780011） 地    址：中国北京市朝阳区潘家园南里 19 号           世界医药图书大厦 B 座 邮    编：100021 网    址：http： ∥www.pmph.com E  -   mail：pmph @ pmph.com 购书热线：010-59787592  010-59787584  010-65264830 开    本：787×1092  1/16 版    次：2014 年  月第 1 版  2014 年  月第 1 版第 1 次印刷 标准书号：ISBN 978-7-117-19647-5/R·19648 打击盗版举报电话：010-59787491  E-mail：WQ @ pmph.com （凡属印装质量问题请与本社市场营销中心联系退换）

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International Standard Library of Chinese Medicine

Chinese Materia Medica Chang Zhang-fu （常章富）

Professor, Chief Physician, Beijing University of CM, Beijing, China

Jia De-xian （贾德贤）， Ph.D. TCM

Professor of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of CM, Beijing, China

James Bare， Ph.D.， L.Ac.

Administrative Dean, New York College of TCM, Mineola, NY, USA

Associate editor Guo Xin （郭忻）， M.S. TCM

Professor, Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China

Cui Ying （崔瑛）， Ph.D. TCM

Professor, Henan University of TCM, Zhengzhou, China

Lan Sen-lin （蓝森麟）， Ph.D. TCM

Associate Professor, Guangzhou University of TCM, Guangzhou, China

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Website: http://www.pmph.com/en Book Title: Chinese Materia Medica (International Standard Library of Chinese Medicine) (DVD Included)             中药学（国际标准化英文版中医教材）（含光盘） Copyright © 2014 by People’s Medical Publishing House. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a database or retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, photocopy, or other recording means, without the prior wri■en permission of the publisher. Contact address: No. 19, Pan Jia Yuan Nan Li, Chaoyang District, Be■ing 100021, P.R. China, phone/fax: 8610 5978 7584, E-mail: [email protected] For text and trade sales, as well as review copy enquiries, please contact PMPH at [email protected]

Disclaimer This book is for educational and reference purposes only. In view of the possibility of human error or changes in medical science, the author, editor, publisher and any other party involved in the publication of this work do not guarantee that the information contained herein is in any respect accurate or complete. The medicinal therapies and treatment techniques presented in this book are provided for the purpose of reference only. If readers wish to a■empt any of the techniques or utilize any of the medicinal therapies contained in this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for any such actions. It is the responsibility of the readers to understand and adhere to local laws and regulations concerning the practice of these techniques and methods. The authors, editors and publisher disclaim all responsibility for any liability, loss, injury, or damage incurred as a consequence, directly or indirectly, of the use and application of any of the contents of this book.

First published: 2014 ISBN: 978-7-117-19647-5/R·19648 Cataloguing in Publication Data: A catalogue record for this book is available from the CIP-Database China.

Printed in The People’s Republic of China

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Contributors (Listed alphabetically by name) Feng Zhi-yi (冯志毅), Ph.D. TCM Associate Professor, Henan University of TCM, Zhengzhou, China

Wang Hui (王辉), Ph.D. TCM Associate Professor, Henan University of TCM, Zhengzhou, China

He Shi-min (何世民) , Ph.D. TCM Wang Jun-ming (王君明), Ph.D. TCM Lecturer, Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, Associate Professor, Henan University of TCM, China Zhengzhou, China Jin Su-an (金素安) , Ph.D. TCM Wu Hao-zhong (吴浩忠), B.A. TCM Associate Professor, Shanghai University of TCM, ■xperimentalist, Beijing University of CM, Beijing, Shanghai, China China Lan Hai (蓝海), M.S. TCM Associate Professor, Guangzhou University of TCM, Guangzhou, China

Wu Jia-rui (吴嘉瑞), Ph.D. TCM Associate Professor, Beijing University of CM, Beijing, China

Luo Xing-hong (罗兴洪), Ph.D. TCM Associate Pharmacist, Simcere Pharmaceutical Group, Nanjing, China

Yuan Ying (袁颖), Ph.D. TCM Associate Professor, Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China

Mao Min (毛敏), M.S. TCM Pharmacist-in-charge, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China

Zhou Chi (周驰), M.S. TCM ■ditor, China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

Wang Hai (王海), B.A. TCM ■xperimentalist, Beijing University of CM, Beijing, China

Translators Hu Su-min (胡素敏), Ph.D. TCM Professor, Beijing University of CM, Beijing, China

Xi Sheng-yan (奚胜艳), Ph.D. TCM Associate Professor, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

Gao Zeng-ping (高增平), Ph.D. TCM Professor, Beijing University of CM, Beijing, China

Ni Sheng-lou (倪胜楼), Ph.D. TCM ■ditor, China News of TCM

Zhang Lin (张林), Ph.D. TCM Associate Professor, Beijing University of CM, Beijing, China

Wang Jing-xia (王景霞), Ph.D. TCM Associate Professor, Beijing University of CM, Beijing, China

Zhang Chun-yue (张春月), Ph.D. TCM Associate Professor, Beijing University of CM, Beijing, China

Ou Li-na (欧丽娜), Ph.D. TCM Associate Professor, Beijing University of CM, Beijing, China

Wang Qian (王谦) , Ph.D. TCM Professor, Beijing University of CM, Beijing, China

Zhou Ling (周玲), M.S. TCM ■ditor, People’s Medical Publishing House, Beijing, China

Huang Jian-mei (黄建梅), Ph.D. TCM Professor, Beijing University of CM, Beijing, China

Yin Sheng-jun (殷胜骏), Ph.D. TCM Physician, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China

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English Editors James Bare, Ph.D., L.Ac. Li Hui (李蕙), Ph.D., L.Ac. Administrative Dean, New York College of TCM, Professor, Paci■c College of Oriental Medicine, Mineola, NY, USA New York, USA

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About the Authors Chang Zhang-fu（常章富） Chang Zhang-fu, professor, clinical doctor, ex-dean of the Clinical Pharmacology Faculty, School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), member of China Association of Chinese Medicine and Chinese Pharmaceutical Association, consultant of Pharmacist Certification Center, State Food and Drug Administration, consultant of Chinese Medicine Doctor Certification Center, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, has published 30 papers, about 50 books (writer or co-writer) and 100 articles in popular Chinese Medicine Journals.

Jia De-xian（贾德贤） Jia De-xian, Medical Doctor, Ph.D. of Chinese Medicine, professor and medical doctor of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Vice Dean of International School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), ■xecutive Council Member of the 2nd Board of Specialty Committee of Translation, WFCMS. She has published 22 papers and 19 books (writer or co-writer) on Chinese medicine, Chinese materia medica, diabetic nephropathy laboratory research and relevant ■nglish translations including Chinese Medicine Terms and State Pharmacopeia of People’s Republic of China. She has worked in Norway, Sweden, ■ngland and Singapore as an invited professor.

James Bare James Bare graduated from Johns Hopkins University and received his Ph.D. in Linguistics from the University of Michigan. He has held academic positions at Lawrence University, Oberlin College, Carleton College, SUNY New Paltz, and the University of Minnesota, and has lived and worked abroad in Taiwan, India, Singapore and Korea. He graduated in 1998 from New York College of Traditional Chinese Medicine (NYCTCM), and has worked there since that time as Administrative Dean.

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Editorial Board for International Standard Library of Chinese Medicine Executive Directors Li Zhen-ji (李振吉)

Hu Guo-chen (胡国臣)

Vice Chairman and Secretary-General, World

President and Editor-in-Chief, People’s Medical

Federation of Chinese Medical Societies, Beijing,

Publishing House, Beijing, China

China

Directors You Zhao-ling (尤昭玲)

Xie Jian-qun (谢建群)

Former President and Professor of Chinese Medical

President and Professor of Chinese Internal Medicine,

Gynecology, Hunan University of TCM, Changsha,

Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China

China

General Coordinator Liu Shui (刘水) Director of International TCM Publications, People’s Medical Publishing House, Beijing, China

Members (Listed alphabetically by last name) Chang Zhang-fu (常章富)

Chen Hong-feng (陈红风), Ph.D. TCM

Professor, Chief Physician, Beijing University of

Professor of Chinese External Medicine, Shanghai

CM, Beijing, China

University of TCM, Shanghai, China

Chen Jia-xu (陈家旭), Ph.D. TCM

Chen Ming (陈明), Ph.D. TCM

Professor of TCM Diagnostics, Beijing University of

Professor of Shāng Hán Lùn, Beijing University of

CM, Beijing, China

CM, Beijing, China

Cui Hai (崔海), Ph.D. TCM

Deng Zhong-jia (邓中甲)

Associate Professor of TCM, Capital Medical

Professor of Chinese Medicinal Formulae, Chengdu

University, Beijing, China

University of TCM, Chengdu, China

Ding Xiao-hong (丁晓红)

Doug Eisenstark, L.Ac

Associate Professor of Tui Na, International Education

Professor of Chinese Medicine, Emperor’s College,

College, Nanjing University of TCM, Nanjing,China

Los Angeles, USA

Stephen X. Guo (郭鑫太), M.A. International

Han Chou-ping (韩丑萍)

Affairs

Associate Professor, International Education College,

Director of Jande International, New York, USA

Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China

Hu Jun (胡俊), B.A. Medical English

Hu Ke-xin (胡克信), Ph.D. TCM

Currently Pursuing Master’s Degree of Science in Social

Professor of Otorhinolaryngology, Keelung City

History of Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China

Municipal Hospital, Taiwan, China

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Hu Zhen (胡臻)

Huang Fei-li (黄霏莉)

Professor and Head of Department of Traditional

Professor of Cosmetology, Hong Kong Baptist

Chinese Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College,

University, Hong Kong, China

Wenzhou, China Russell William James, M.S. TCM

Jia De-xian (贾德贤), Ph.D. TCM

IELTS Examiner ＆ Marker, Beijing, China

Professor of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of CM, Beijing, China

Jin Hong-zhu (金宏柱)

Lixing Lao (劳力行), Ph.D. MB, L.Ac.

Professor of Acupuncture ＆ Tui Na, Nanjing

Professor and Director, School of Chinese Medicine,

University of TCM, Nanjing, China

The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Adjunct Professor, Center for Integrative Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Past Co-President of the Society for Acupuncture Research Vice President, World Federation of AcupunctureMoxibustion Societies (WFAS)

Hon K. Lee (李汉光), Dipl. OM, L.Ac.

Li Dao-fang (李道坊), Ph.D. TCM

Director of the Jow Ga Shaolin Institute, Herndon,

President of Florida Acupuncture Association;

Virginia, USA

Executive Board Director, National Federation of Chinese TCM Organizations, Kissimmee, USA

Mei Li (李梅), M.S. TOM, L.Ac.

Li Ming-dong (李名栋), Ph.D. OMD, L.Ac.

Translator and Editor, People’s Medical Publishing

Professor of Chinese Internal Medicine, Yo San

House, Beijing, China

University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Los Angeles, USA

Li Wan-ling (李云宁)

Liang Li-na (梁丽娜), Ph.D. TCM

Qi Gong and TCM Translator, Beijing, China

Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

Liu Zhan-wen (刘占文)

Lü Ming (吕明)

Professor of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of

Professor of Tui Na, Changchun University of CM,

CM, Beijing, China

Changchun, China

Mark L. Mondot, B.A. Chinese Language, L.Ac.

Jane Lyttleton, Hons, M Phil, Dip TCM, Cert Ac.

Translator and Editor, People’s Medical Publishing

Lecturer, University of Western Sydney, Sydney,

House, Beijing, China

Australia

Julie Mulin Qiao-Wong (乔木林)

Andy Rosenfarb, M.S. TOM, L.Ac.

Professor of Chinese Medicine, Victoria University,

Acupuncture Health Associates, New Jersey, USA

Melbourne, Australia Paul F. Ryan, M.S. Dipl.OM, L.Ac. (NY, CA, China)

Martin Schweizer, Ph.D. Molecular Biology, L.Ac.

Acupuncture Preceptor, Lutheran Medical Center,

Emeritus Professor of Medicinal Chemistry, University

Department of Neurology, Brooklyn, New York, USA

of Utah, USA

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Secondo Scarsella, MD, DDS

Sun Guang-ren (孙广仁), M.S. TCM

Visiting Professor of Tui Na, Nanjing University of

Professor of TCM Fundamentals, Shandong University

TCM, China Department of Maxillofacial Surgery,

of TCM, Jinan, China

San Salvatore Hospital, L’Aquila, Italy Tsai Chun-hui, Ph.D.

Tu Ya (图娅)

Associate Professor of Pediatrics, School of Medicine,

Professor of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing

University of Colorado, Denver, USA

University of CM, Beijing, China

Wang Shou-chuan (汪受传)

Wei Qi-ping (韦企平)

Professor of TCM Pediatrics, Nanjing University of

Professor of Ophthalmology, Beijing University of

TCM, Nanjing, China

CM, Beijing

Douglas Wile, Ph.D.

Jane Frances Wilson, M.S., L.Ac.

Former Professor of History ＆ Philosophy of Chinese

Senior Lecturer of School of Life Sciences, University

Medicine and of Chinese Language at Paci■c College

of Westminster, London, UK

of Oriental Medicine, New York; Professor of Chinese language at Alverno College, Milwaukee, USA Xiao Ping (肖平)

Xu Shi-zu (徐士祖), M.A. Chinese Martial Arts

Associate Professor, Hunan University of TCM,

Chinese Traditional Sports and Health Cultivation

Changsha, China

Instructor, School of Physical Education, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China

Yan Dao-nan (严道南)

Ye Qiao-bo (叶俏波), Ph.D. TCM

Professor of Otorhinolaryngology, Nanjing University

Physician, Lecturer of Chinese Medicinal Formulas,

of TCM, Nanjing, China

Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China

Zhang Ji (张吉)

Zhang Ji (张季), Ph.D. TCM

Professor of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing

Professor of Chinese Materia Medica, Emperor’s

University of CM, Beijing, China

College of Oriental Medicine, Alhambra University, Dongguk University, Los Angeles, USA

Helen Q. Zhang (张齐), Ph.D. TCM, L.Ac.

Zhang Qing-rong (张庆荣)

Director of Qi TCM Clinic, New York, USA

Professor of TCM Fundamentals, Liaoning University of TCM, Shenyang, China

Zhao Bai-xiao (赵百孝), Ph.D. TCM

Zhao Xia (赵霞), Ph.D. TCM

Professor of Acupuncture and Moxibustion,

Professor of TCM Pediatrics, Nanjing University of

Dean, School of Acupuncture and Moxibustion,

TCM, Nanjing, China

Beijing University of TCM, China Zhou Gang (周刚), Ph.D. TCM

Greg Zimmerman, M.S., L.Ac.

Lecturer of Shāng Hán Lùn, Beijing University of

Acupuncturist, Yi An Chinese Medicine Clinic, Irvine,

CM, Beijing, China

CA

Sponsored by World Federation of Chinese Medical Societies

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Preface

We are so grateful and proud that Chinese medicine is one of the many traditional medicines in this world which are making contributions to preserve health and save life. Chinese medicine was the protective god for Chinese peoples’ lives before Western medicine was introduced to China about 400 years ago. It is different in many ways when compared to modern medicine and to other traditional medicines, and these differences include the understanding of the body, health, disease, how the disease happened, and the principles, materials and techniques of the treatment. Many people who have experienced it say that Chinese medicine is so effective and wonderful, yet some others say that it is strange and unscientific. We would say that different types of medicine are complementary one to another, and they should be used in integration, since each kind of medicine has its own advantages and weaknesses. Chinese medicine is welcomed for its effectiveness, convenience and ecological harmony. Chinese herbal medicine, which treats patients mostly with medicinal plants and other medicinal substances such as animal products, mineral products, extracts and synthetics from natural compounds, is supposed to treat the body from inside to outside, and acupuncture, moxibustion, cupping and scraping are supposed to treat from outside to inside. ■ven though they are often used together or in conjunction, herbal treatment is considered the mainstream in China. This book, “Chinese Materia Medica”, is going to introduce more than 300 Chinese medicinal substances with illustrations and botanical pictures, including information on the Source, ■xplanation of Name, Habitat, Collection, Processing, Properties, ■ntered Channels, Characteristics, Actions, Clinical Applications, Dosage ＆ Administration, Cautions ＆ Contraindications, Ingredients and Pharmacological Research. Its aim is to show the herbs from as many aspects as we could, the traditional development and the contemporary new ■ndings, the cultural legacy and the scienti■c evidence, the positive side and the negative side. Chinese medicine is sacred but not an enshrined bible. It is just a medical science continuously in development. Please feel it, enjoy it, study it and develop it together with us. Studying Chinese medicine is not easy, since it has traditional language style, special terms and different concepts in which you can feel the influence from ancient Chinese philosophy, Taoism and Confucian culture, so we have tried to compose it and translate it very carefully with our full heart, with an understanding of Chinese medicine theoretically and clinically, as well as with recognition that many of our readers may have only limited or no

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knowledge of the Chinese language. We would like to transmit to you an original and practical Chinese medicine and the usage of herbs. The herbs in this book are categorized according to the problem or disease pattern, which is surely different from the common understanding, but you will f ind the relevant information that you want, because we have cross-referenced the commonly-used disease or syndrome name under Clinical Applications. For instance, the term “hay fever” is never mentioned in Chinese medicine, but it is covered under “exterior syndromes” in Chinese medicine, and through the cross-reference you def initely can f ind the corresponding terms and the suitable herbs for you or your patients. For the purpose of clearly understanding the difference between similar herbs and to get the whole image of the herbs in each chapter, we made a chapter summary at the end in table form. Questions are also given that are helpful for reviewing and improving study. Mr. Chang Zhang-fu, an excellent medical doctor and professor of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), main author of this book, excels at the literature and clinical application study and is in charge of the Chinese edition. Mrs. Jia De-xian, medical doctor and Ph.D. of Chinese Medicine, Chinese Herbal Medicine professor of BUCM, main author of this book, having rich experience in the clinical application of Chinese medicine, and having taught Chinese medicine in ■nglish for international students inside and outside China, is in charge of the ■nglish translation and primary recti■cation. Mr. James Bare, working at the New York College of Traditional Chinese Medicine (NYCTCM) as administrative dean and thus knowledgeable in Chinese Medicine, is in charge of f inal recti■cation. We wish to express our appreciation to Dr. Zhang Ji (■mperor’s College of Oriental Medicine), Dr. Al Stone, and Lara Deasy who have helped organizing the herb list and compiling sample chapters for the book. We also give thanks to Ph.D and postgraduate students from Beijing University of CM who have been of inestimable help to us in achieving this work; they include Zhang Qian (张骞), Yuan Meng-xian (袁梦贤), Chang Dan (常丹), Xu Zi-wei (徐自伟), Zhu Si-yuan (朱思媛), Lai Yuan-yuan (来媛媛), Li Yu-jie (李玉杰), Liu Xiujuan (刘秀娟), Zhang Meng-qi (张梦奇), Zhang Yue (张月) and Gao Tian-cheng (高天承). We hope that our work could offer you some useful knowledge and that we could share with you the benef its of Chinese medicine. Authors July 2014

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Table of Contents

Part One  General Discussion.......................................................................1 Introduction..............................................................................................................2 Chapter 1  Chinese Herbal Properties. ..........................................................7 Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5

Four Qi.................................................................................................. 7 Five Flavors........................................................................................... 8 Ascending and Descending, Floating and Sinking.............................. 10 Channel Entering. ............................................................................... 12 Toxicity................................................................................................ 13

Chapter 2  Application of Chinese Herbal Medicine................................17 Section 1 Combination........................................................................................ 17 Section 2 Incompatibility.................................................................................... 19 Section 3 Dosage................................................................................................. 22 Section 4 Preparation and Administration. ........................................................ 24 Chapter 3  Chinese Medicinal Processing. .................................................29 Section 1 Section 2

Purposes of Processing........................................................................ 29 Commonly Used Processing Methods. ............................................... 30

Chapter 4  Storage of Chinese Herbs ..........................................................36 Section 1 Storage of Chinese Herbs. ................................................................... 36 Section 2 “Xīn Chén” (Fresh-Aged) Concept of Chinese Medicinals................... 41 Chapter 5  Collection of Chinese Medicinals.............................................43 Chapter 6  Habitat of Chinese Medicinals..................................................48 Section 1 Section 2

In■uence of Habitat on Medicinal E■cacy ......................................... 48 Genuine Regional Medicinals ............................................................. 49

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Part Two  Speci■c Discussion......................................................................55 Chapter 1  Herbs that Release the Exterior ..............................................56 Section 1 Section 2

Herbs that Disperse Wind Cold .......................................................... 57 Herbs that Disperse Wind Heat .......................................................... 84

Chapter 2  Herbs that Clear Heat ............................................................... 110 Section 1 Herbs that Clear Heat and Subdue Fire............................................. 111 Section 2 Herbs that Clear Heat and Dry Dampness........................................ 127 Section 3 Herbs that Clear Heat and Relieve Toxicity....................................... 139 Section 4 Herbs that Clear Heat and Cool Blood.............................................. 164 Section 5 Herbs that Clear Heat from De■ciency. ............................................ 174 Chapter 3  Herbs that Drain Downwards...................................................189 Section 1 Purgatives.......................................................................................... 189 Section 2 Lubricant Laxatives........................................................................... 197 Chapter 4  Herbs that Expel Wind and Damp...........................................203 Chapter 5  Herbs that Transform Dampness............................................229 Chapter 6  Herbs that Drain Dampness ....................................................244 Section 1 Herbs that Drain Dampness to Relieve Edema. ................................ 245 Section 2 Herbs that Promote Urination and Relieve Stranguria ..................... 256 Section 3 Herbs that Clear Damp Heat and Relieve Jaundice........................... 272 Chapter 7  Herbs that Warm the Interior...................................................282 Chapter 8  Herbs that Regulate Qi. .............................................................305 Chapter 9  Herbs that Improve the Digestion..........................................330 Chapter 10  Herbs that Expel Parasites ...................................................345 Chapter 11  Herbs that Stop Bleeding........................................................354 Section 1 Herbs that Cool Blood and Stop Bleeding......................................... 355 Section 2 Herbs that Resolve Blood Stasis and Stop Bleeding. ......................... 366 Section 3 Astringent Herbs that Stop Bleeding................................................. 375 Section 4 Warm Herbs that Stop Bleeding........................................................ 382

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Chapter 12  Herbs that Invigorate Blood and Transform Stasis. ......392 Chapter 13 Herbs that Transform Phlegm, Arrest Cough and Calm Wheezing .....................................................................................428 Section 1 Section 2

Herbs that Transform Phlegm........................................................... 429 Herbs that Arrest Cough and Calm Wheezing.................................. 455

Chapter 14  Herbs that Calm the Mind.......................................................475 Section 1 Section 2

Minerals and Shells that Strongly Calm the Mind............................. 476 Herbs that Mildly Calm the Mind..................................................... 484

Chapter 15  Herbs that Calm the Liver and Extinguish Wind.............496 Section 1 Section 2

Herbs that Calm the Liver and Subdue Hyperactive Yang................ 497 Herbs that Extinguish Wind and Relieve Convulsions. .................... 508

Chapter 16  Herbs that Open the Ori■ces.................................................529 Chapter 17  Herbs that Tonify the Body. ...................................................546 Section 1 Herbs that Tonify Qi.......................................................................... 548 Section 2 Herbs that Tonify Yang...................................................................... 568 Section 3 Herbs that Tonify Blood. ................................................................... 592 Section 4 Herbs that Tonify Yin. ....................................................................... 604 Chapter 18  Herbs that Astringe. .................................................................641 Section 1 Herbs that Arrest Sweating. .............................................................. 642 Section 2 Herbs that Astringe the Lung and Large Intestine............................ 645 Section 3 Herbs that Secure Essence, Reduce Urination and Check Leukorrhea........................................................................................ 656 Chapter 19 Herbs that Kill Parasites and Dry Dampness to Relieve Itching...........................................................................................671 Index by Chinese Medicinals-Pinyin Names..............................................680 Index by Chinese Medicinals-Latin Names................................................683 Index by Chinese Medicinals-English Names............................................686 Color Illustrations

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Part One

General Discussion

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2

INTRODUCTiON  

Chinese herbal medicine constitutes a major component of traditional Chinese medicine. It is a special characteristic of Chinese culture that the knowledge of Chinese herbs, based on TCM fundamental theory, re■ects the historical utilization of natural resources from plants and minerals for the main stream healthcare in China. More than 3,000 herbs were recorded in ancient texts. Over the years Chinese herbs have continued to develop and the latest f igures haved reached a total of 12,800 species. For thousands of years Chinese herbs have served to safeguard the health of Chinese people. Chinese pharmacology is the study of the origin, collection, processing, properties and effects of Chinese herbs, and is a key part of traditional Chinese medicine.

The Origin of Chinese Herbal Medicine The origin of Chinese herbs can be traced back to primitive society circa 2070 B.C. The ancient Chinese people through the process of trial and error, worked out the benef its of Chinese herbs to target treatment of diseases, and also figured out the poison categories which should either be avoided or taken with certain precautions. At the same time, they learned to utilize certain poisonous herbs to induce vomiting and purgation to achieve treatment results. Through many years of clinical experiments, the treatment of diseases using Chinese herbs and herbal formulas was established. Over time, knowledge was accumulated that certain plant foods could also be incorporated into herbal medicine, establishing the intimate association between food and medicinals known as “medicinals and foods are of the same source” philosophy. Later, with the development of farming, hunting and fishing, other food sources were introduced into the diet and gradually these as well as minerals were also included into the categories of herbal medicine.

Development of Chinese Herbal Medicine 1. Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties (circa 2070-221 B.C.) During the Xia Dynasty, it was discovered that wine could be produced from the fermentation of grains and fruits. This wine was not only used as a beverage but also as an herbal wine for the treatment of many diseases. Herbal wine was utilized to unblock blood vessels and also served as an herbal guide as well in that it could be used as an ethanol base to extract ethanol-soluble herbs. With the advent of pottery during the Xia and Shang Dynasties, Chinese herbal formula decoctions were developed. ■xamples were recorded in the Yi Yin’s Decoction Classic (Yī Yĭn Tāng Yè Jīng, 伊尹汤液经). During the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 B.C.) the word herb “药” was mentioned in the Jinwen oracle. During the ■astern Han period, Xu Shen stated in Elucidations of Script and Explications of Characters (Shuō Wén Jiě Zì-Căo Bù, 说文解字·草部) that plants can be used as herbal medicine. In 1046-771 B.C. (Western Zhou Dynasty), the book of Zhou Li: Heaven Of■cial Chief Minister (Zhōu Lĭ-Tiān Guān Zhŏng Zăi, 周礼·天官冢宰) recorded the “five flavors and five grains for treatment of diseases”. “The f ive herbs nominated are plants, wood, insects, stones and grains.” This

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Introduction

shows that there was a general understanding of herbal medicine for treatment of many ailments. There was a total of approximately more than 300 species incorporating plants, minerals and others which could be used as herbal medicine. In 1973, the discovery of the ancient grave of Mawangdui in Changsha unearthed China’s oldest medical text, Formulas for Fifty-two Diseases (Wŭ Shí Èr Bìng Fāng, 五十二病方), estimated to be compiled around the 3rd century B.C. There were a total of more than 300 formulas with no less than 290 species of herbs being used. A documented detailed description was recorded on the methods of preparation of the herbs, their usage and contraindications, etc. 2. Qin and Han period (221-220 B.C.) During the Western Han period, the extant text entitled Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (Shén Nóng Bĕn Căo Jīng, 神农本草经), also known as “Bĕn Jīng”, was written. This book was not written by one author but was compiled over an extensive period with revision and supplementation to the original content. The actual date of the book’s completion subject to much debate but is estimated to be not more than 2nd century B.C. The original text is no long extant; the current version was collated and compiled by scholars of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Herbs recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (Shén Nóng Bĕn Căo Jīng, 神农 本草经) are effective; for example, mercury for treatment of scabies; má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) for sedating wheezing; cháng shān (Radix Dichroae) for malaria; huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) for dysentery; niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) for abortion; hăi zăo (Sargassum) for alleviating nodules; ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) for hemorrhage; rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) for tonifying deficiency; chuān wū (Radix Aconiti Praeparata), căo wū (Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii Praeparata) and fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) for moderating pain; bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) for easing vomiting; yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae) for eliminating jaundice, etc. This great work had signi■cant impact on the further development of materia medica. 3. Wei, Jin and North and South Dynasty period (220-589 A.D.) Due to the extensive turmoil and war during this period, many valuable medical texts were destroyed or lost with the exception of more than one hundred books on materia medica. Some of the surviving texts are Li Dang-zhi’s Medicinal Records (Lĭ Dāng Zhī Yào Lù, 李当之药录) circa 200 A.D.; Wu Pu’s Materia Medica (Wú Pŭ Bĕn Căo, 吴普本草) circa 239 A.D.; Xu Zhi-cai’s Medicinal Combination (Xú Zhī Cái Yào Duì, 徐之才药对); and Tao Hong Jing’s Collective Commentaries on the Classic of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Jīng Jí Zhù, 本草经集注) circa 500 A.D. with 730 species of herbs being recorded in the book. 4. Sui Tang and Wu Dai period (581-960 A.D.) During this period there was immense progress in the identification of useful Chinese herbs, amounting to a total of more than 1,000 species. Due to errors made during the process of copying the textual material, it was necessary to embark on the work of editing and compilation. In 659 A.D., some court of■cials decided to compile a book entitled Newly Revised Materia Medica (Xīn Xiū Bĕn Căo, 新修本草), also known as Tang Materia Medica (Táng Bĕn Căo, 唐本草), with a total volume of 54 fascicles and a total recording of 844 herbs. After the book was completed, the government designated this book as an of■cial text book for medical students, thus making it the ■rst book commissioned by the government. During the period of the Wu Dai (935-965 A.D.) further supplementations with annotations were added to this book, resulting in the work Newly Revised Materia Medica entitled Materia Medica of Sichuan (Shŭ Bĕn Căo, 蜀本草). 5. Song Dynasty (960-1279 A.D.) Woodblock printing technique became available during the Song Dynasty, and was extensively

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Chinese Materia Medica

used by the scholars embarking on the work of editing and revising materia medica. In 973 A.D. (Kai Bao year 6), ■mperor Tai Zu commissioned Liu Han, Ma Zhi et. al. to proceed with the editing and revision of Newly Revised Materia Medica, and they produced a newly edited text entitled Newly Completed Revision of Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (Kāi Băo Xīn Xáng Dīng Běn Căo, 开宝 新详定本草). This f inished text was not to the satisfaction of the emperor, and thus further revision of the book was commissioned by the emperor, with the newly edited version entitled Revised Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (Kāi Băo Chóng Dīng Bĕn Căo, 开宝重订本草), also known as Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (Kāi Băo Bĕn Căo, 开宝本草). In 1057 A.D., ■mperor Ren Zong commissioned Zhang Yu-xi et. al. to edit the materia medica entitled Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (Kāi Băo Bĕn Căo, 开宝本草), which subsequently served as the basis for the later edition of Materia Medica of the Jiayou Era (Jiā Yòu Bĕn Căo, 嘉佑本草), with a total collection of some 1,083 species of herbs. In 1082 A.D., Materia Medica Arranged According to Pattern (Zhèng Lèi Bĕn Căo, 证类本草) [complete title: Zhenghe Classified Materia Medica from Historical Classics for Emergency (Zhèng Hé Jīng Shĭ Zhèng Lèi Bèi Jí Bĕn Căo, 政和经史证类备急本草)] was compiled by Tang Shen-wei. It has thirty volumes containing 1,558 medicinals and each medicinal has an illustration. More than 3,000 formulas are listed with discussions for 1,000 of them. The book is regarded as the most representative herbal monograph of the Song Dynasty. 6. Jin Yuan period (1115-1368 A.D.) The rapid development and publication of materia medica during the Song Dynasty laid the foundation for further advancement of materia medica in the Jin Yuan period. ■xploration of the mechanism of herbal interactions by Song physicians and Confucian scholars broadened the academic ideas of the Jin Yuan physicians. The main trend of this period, apart from accumulating massive information on materia medica to determine the source and origin of herbs, was a shift in focus to the re■nement of the eff icacy of herbs as well as a quest for the pharmacodynamics of medicinals. Some of the outstanding works of this period were Notes on Medicinals in Plain Questions (Sù Wèn Yào Zhù, 素问药注) and Discussion on the Materia Medica (Běn Căo Lùn, 本草论) by Liu Wan-su; Pouch of Pearls (Zhēn Zhū Náng, 珍珠囊) by Zhang Yuan-su; Systematic Summary of the Theories of Chinese Medicine (Yào Lèi Fă Xiàng, 药类法象) and Key Principles in Medication (Yòng Yào Xīn Fă, 用药心法) by Li Dong-yuan; Materia Medica for Decoctions (Tāng Yè Běn Căo, 汤液 本草) by Wang Hao-gu; and Supplement to the ‘Extension of the Materia Medica’ (Bĕn Căo Yăn Yì Bŭ Yí, 本草衍义补遗) by Zhu Dan-xi. 7. Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 A.D.) With the advanced development of Chinese medicine and the ongoing accumulation of medical knowledge during the Ming Dynasty, the knowledge of Materia Medica Arranged According to Pattern, which had been used for many years, could no longer satisfy the requirements of the period. In 1503 A.D., Liu Wen-tai was commissioned to re-edit and revise the materia medica. The book, entitled Essentials of Materia Medica Distinctions (Bĕn Căo Pĭn Huì Jīng Yào, 本草品汇精要), was completed in 1505 A.D. There were a total of 42 volumes and altogether there were 1,815 species of herbs which were then sub-categorized into jade, plant, wood, human, animals, birds, insects, fish, fruits, grain and vegetables. ■ach entry was def ined according to the parts, the place where harvested, function, color, ■avor, property, odor, movement, antagonism, incompatibility, constraint, treatment, combinations, contraindications, substitute, avoidance, antidote, counterfeit, etc., totaling approximately 24 items for each entry. The book contains 1,358 color diagrams, making it China’s earliest book with color diagrams of herbs.

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Introduction

Li Shi-zhen (1518-1593 A.D.) is hailed as an outstanding contributor to the study of pharmacology; his life was dedicated to achieving and disseminating information on materia medica. His major work, The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Gāng Mù, 本草纲目), was published in 1578 A.D. after an extended period of 27 years’ work. The book comprises 52 volumes with 200 million words incorporating 1,892 species of herbs. This included new species with some 1,100 images and diagrams. Apart from the information on herbology it includes information on plants, animals, minerals, geography, metallurgy, astronomy, chemistry, phenology and many other areas associated with pharmacoloy. The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica has been translated into many languages ​​and is renowned worldwide as a major achievement on matters of natural science. 8. Qing Dynasty (1644-1911 A.D.) By the Qing Dynasty, research on the materia medica had become very popular in several different ways. First, by following the methods of previous dynasties, continuous work was applied to the ongoing revision of materia medica such as Zhao Xue-min’s Supplement to ‘The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica’ (Bĕn Căo Gāng Mù Shí Yí, 本草纲目拾遗), etc. Second, in accordance with the clinical application, the essence of The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica was being utilized to become part and parcel of the compendium of materia medica such as Wang Ang’s Essentials of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Bèi Yào, 本草备要) in 1694 A.D., Wu Yiluo’s Thoroughly Revised Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Cóng Xīn, 本草从新) in 1657 A.D., Huang Gong-xiu’s Seeking Accuracy in the Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Qiú Zhēn, 本草求真), etc. Third were books compiled from fragmented textual collections of ancient literature such as Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica and reproduced into a series of books such as books by Gu Guanguang et. al. Fourth were annotations and explanations to Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica, such as Zhang Lu’s Encountering the Sources of the Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Féng Yuán, 本草逢原) in 1695 A.D. and Zou Shu’s Commentary on the ‘Classic of Materia Medica’ (Bĕn Jīng Shū Zhèng, 本经疏证) in 1837 A.D. Among them, the most in■uential texts are Supplement to ‘The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica’ and Seeking Accuracy in the Materia Medica. The first edition of Supplement to ‘The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica’ was published in 1765 A.D. with subsequent and ongoing revision taking place thereafter with the ■nal edition of this book being published in 1803 A.D.. 9. Republican period (1911-1949 A.D.) During the post-Xin Hai revolution period, traditional Chinese medicine was greatly in■uenced by the rapid spread of Western culture and Western medicine, resulting in an emergence of repudiation of traditional culture in China. This caused tremendous obstruction of the further advancement of traditional Chinese medicine. Subsequent to the establishment of Chinese medicine schools and the need to source teaching materials for Chinese medicine, a revived consolidation of Chinese medicine theory resulted in the book entitled Orthodox Interpretation of the Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Zhèng Yì, 本草正义) by Zhang Shan-lei in 1932 A.D. The most in■uential book of this period was the publishing of Chinese Materia Medica Dictionary (Zhōng Guó Yào Xué Dà Cí Diăn, 中国药学大辞典) by Chen Cun-ren in 1935 A.D. 10. People’s Republic of China (1949 A.D. onwards) The government of the People’s Republic of China recognized the importance of the further advancement of Chinese medicine and with the development of modern natural science and technology in China, herbal medicine has made unprecedented achievements.

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Since 1954, publishers throughout China, based on the requirements of the government’s Health Department, have embarked on the editing and compilation of many Chinese medical texts and literature. Tremendous effort was expanded on the photocopying and compiling of some of the important work of materia medica, i.e., Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica, Newly Revised Materia Medica (fragmented volumes), Revised Materia Medica of the Zhenghe Era (Chóng Xiū Zhèng Hé Bĕn Căo, 重修政和本草), Materia Medica of South Yunnan (Diān Nán Bĕn Căo, 滇南 本草), Essentials of Materia Medica Distinctions, and The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica. In addition, an endeavor to collect and collate some of the valuable materia medica books from overseas was undertaken and yielded satisfactory results. Some of the representative materia medica books of recent years are the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Grand Materia Medica, Chinese Herbal Medicine, etc.

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CHAPTER 1  

Chinese Herbal Properties Chinese herbal properties include four qi, ■ve ■avors, ascending and descending, ■oating and sinking, channel entering and toxicity. The properties of each herb are determined by the effects on the human body when the herb is ingested.

Section 1  Four Qi Four qi, also called four natures, are cold, hot, warm and cool. These terms do not refer to temperature, but to the intrinsic nature of the herb and its effect on the human body.

Determination of Four Qi The nature of an herb reflects its action on the human body, and is opposite to the nature of diseases that it treats. Generally speaking, cold- or cool-natured herbs have actions such as clearing heat and purging fire, cooling blood, relieving sore throat and detoxifying, while warm- or hotnatured herbs can generally warm yang and dissipate cold. In addition, some herbal treatises may make additional distinctions such as “extremely cold”, “slightly cold”, “extremely hot” or “slightly warm”.

Clinical Applications of Four Qi The four qi theory is applied to direct accurate selection of herbs according to the following principles: · Appropriate herbs should be selected based on the cold or hot nature of a disease, so as to “treat warm diseases with cold herbs, and treat cold diseases with warm herbs”. For example, shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), both having a cold nature, are used to treat high fever in the qi level; fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) and gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis), both having a hot nature, are used for treating yang collapse. · Appropriate herbs should be selected based on gradation of hot or cold natures. For example, in order to treat yang collapse, fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), which has an extremely hot nature, is selected, while for abdominal pain due to coldness in the middle, warm-natured wēi jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Rosc.) is selected. Misuse of these two herbs under such conditions could be harmful or even fatal. · In order to treat a mixture of cold and heat, both cold and hot herbs should be used simultaneously. · In cases of true cold with false heat or true heat with false cold syndrome, hot or cold herbs should be applied respectively, assisted by opposite-assistant herbs if necessary.

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In■uential Factors of Four Qi It should be noted that processing can have an influence on the nature of some herbs. For example, gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) is neutral (slightly cool) when used unprocessed, but becomes slightly warm when honey-fried; dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) is cold when used unprocessed, but becomes slightly warm when processed.

Section 2  Five Flavors Five ■avors—acrid, sweet, sour, bitter and salty—describe the actual tastes of herbs, and also govern the actions of the herbs.

Determination of Five Flavors The five flavor theory is also used to explain the properties of herbs. The five flavors are determined over time through clinical practice and by observing the various reactions on the human body after administration.

Actions and Clinical Applications of Five Flavors Five ■avors summarize the effects of herbs on the human body. Among the ■ve ■avors, acrid, sweet and bland ■avors belong to yang, while sour, bitter and salty ■avors belong to yin. 1. Acrid Acrid ■avor can disperse, promote qi movement and activate blood. For example, jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae) and bò he (Herba Menthae) can release the exterior and are commonly used for exterior syndrome; xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi) can promote qi movement and soothe the liver, so it is the ■rst choice for qi stagnation and liver constraint; and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) is able to activate blood and promote qi circulation, so it is suitable for blood stasis and qi stagnation. Acrid ■avor can also moisten dryness through dispersing and distributing ■uids; e.g., bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) combined with liú huáng (Sulfur) is used to treat constipation due to intestinal dryness. In addition, herbs with acrid ■avor may also possess the actions of drying dampness, opening the ori■ces, etc. Since acrid herbs normally consume qi and ■uids, patients with qi or ■uid de■ciency should use them with caution. 2. Sweet Sweet ■avor can tonify de■ciency, regulate the middle, relieve spasms and pain, and detoxify and harmonize the properties of other herbs. For example, huáng qí (Radix Astragali), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), suŏ yáng (Herba Cynomorii) and shí hú (Caulis Dendrobii) have the respective actions of tonifying qi, nourishing blood, supplementing yang and enriching yin, and thus are used for qi de■ciency, blood de■ciency, yang de■ciency and yin de■ciency; yí táng (Saccharum Granorum) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) have the actions of harmonizing the middle and relieving spasms and pain, and are often used for spasms and pain in the abdomen and

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Chapter 1  Chinese Herbal Properties

limbs; gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and fēng mì (Mel) are used for herbal and food toxins; and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) is also used to harmonize the properties of other herbs, especially when strong or toxic herbs are combined. In addition, sweet herbs are mostly moist and therefore are capable of moistening dryness; e.g., ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) can be used for lung or intestinal dryness. Since sweet herbs often hinder digestion, patients with dampness and food retention or qi stagnation due to food retention should use them with caution. 3. Sour Sour ■avor can induce astringency. For example, wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) is often used for spontaneous sweating, night sweats, spermatorrhea and nocturnal seminal emission; wŭ bèi zĭ (Galla Chinensis) is commonly used for chronic diarrhea and dysentery; wū méi (Fructus Mume) is used for chronic cough; and shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) is used for exhaustion with profuse sweating, metrostaxis and metrorrhagia, etc. In addition, sour herbs are able to promote ■uid production and sedate roundworms; e.g., mù guā (Fructus Chaenomelis) can promote ■uid production and stimulate appetite, and is often used for dyspepsia due to stomach fluid insufficiency; and wū méi (Fructus Mume) has the actions of promoting ■uid production and stimulating appetite, and is used for dyspepsia due to stomach ■uid insuf■ciency, as well as for abdominal pain due to roundworms. Since sour herbs may cause retention of pathogenic qi, they should be used cautiously in cases when pathogens are not completely driven out. For patients with excessive gastric secretion, sour herbs are forbidden. 4. Bitter Bitter ■avor has three main actions: to purge, to dry dampness and to consolidate. “Bitter flavor can purge” has three meanings: first, bitter flavor can clear and purge; e.g., dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and lú huì (Aloe) can purge ■re and promote bowel movements, and are often used for constipation due to heat accumulation. Secondly, bitter flavor can descend counter■ow qi; e.g., kŭ xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) can descend lung qi to relieve cough and calm wheezing; e.g., dài zhĕ shí (Haematitum) is often selected for hiccups, vomiting and wheezing. Thirdly, bitter ■avor can clear heat and purge ■re; e.g., huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) are suitable for ■re or heat accumulating internally or ■re attacking upwards. Bitter flavor can dry dampness; e.g., cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis), both bitter and warm in property, can dry dampness and dissipate cold, and are often used for cold dampness syndrome; huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis), both bitter and cold in property, can dry dampness and clear heat, and are often used for damp heat syndrome, etc. Bitter flavor can consolidate yin by purging fire to preserve yin; e.g., huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) is often used for yin def iciency with exuberant ■re. Bitter ■avor can also consolidate the intestines and arrest diarrhea; e.g., huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) used in a small dose can treat dyspepsia due to spleen de■ciency or food retention. Since bitter herbs may consume qi and impair the stomach, they are not recommended for patients with severe ■uid consumption or spleen and stomach de■ciency. 5. Salty Salty ■avor can soften hard masses and induce bowel movements by purging. For example, kūn

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Chinese Materia Medica

bù (Thallus Laminariae seu ■ckloniae) and hăi zăo (Sargassum) can resolve phlegm and soften hard masses, and are used for scrofula, masses and lumps; biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) is often used for abdominal masses and lumps; and máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas) can purge ■re and soften hard stools, and is often used for dry and hard stools due to heat accumulating in the large intestines. 6. Astringent Astringent ■avor has almost the same action as sour ■avor with respect to inducing astringency, so is often put in the same category as sour ■avor. For example, lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) can astringe to treat various diseases caused by failure to astringe; chì shí zhī (Halloysitum Rubrum) can astringe the intestines and arrest diarrhea and dysentery, and is used for chronic diarrhea, dysentery and anal prolapse; hăi piāo xiāo (■ndoconcha Sepiae) can stop bleeding and reduce leukorrhea, and is used for metrorrhagia, metrostaxis and leukorrhea. Since astringent herbs may cause retention of pathogenic factors, they should be avoided in cases when pathogens are not completely driven out. 7. Bland Bland ■avor can promote urination and is often put in the same category as sweet ■avor. For example, fú líng (Poria) and zhū líng (Polyporus) are often used for edema and dif■cult urination. Since bland herbs can consume yin ■uid, patients with yin and ■uid de■ciency should use them with caution.

Section 3  Ascending and Descending, Floating and Sinking Actions of ascending, descending, floating and sinking refer respectively to the upward, downward, outward and inward directions in which herbs tend to act on the body. They are used in correspondence to the location of disease but against the tendency of the disease. They represent the orientation of actions and are one of the basic ways to indicate medicinal function. Ascending and ■oating belong to yang, while descending and sinking belong to yin.

Determination of Ascending, Descending, Floating and Sinking The actions of ascending, descending, floating and sinking are determined by the following factors: · Texture and weight: Light herbs such as ■owers and leaves often have ascending or ■oating actions, such as jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and sāng yè (Folium Mori); heavy herbs such as seeds, fruits, minerals and shells often have descending or sinking actions, such as zĭ sū zĭ (Fructus Perillae), zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus), cí shí (Magnetitum) and shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis). · Odor: Herbs with light odor often have ascending or ■oating actions, such as zĭ sū yè (Folium Perillae) and jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae); herbs with strong odor often have descending or sinking actions, such as shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei). · Properties: Acrid, sweet, warm and hot herbs usually have ascending or ■oating actions, such as guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi); sour, bitter, salty, cold and cool herbs usually have descending or sinking actions, such as tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas).

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Chapter 1  Chinese Herbal Properties

Clinical efficacy: Clinical efficacy is taken as a major factor to determine the actions of ascending, descending, ■oating and sinking. Aiming at various pathological conditions, herbs with corresponding action tendencies—i.e., upward, downward, inward and outward—are used to improve or eliminate such diseases. For example, bái qián (Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Stauntonii) can dispel phlegm and descend counter■ow of lung qi, and is good at treating cough, wheezing, profuse phlegm and qi counter■ow with lung excess syndrome, and therefore it is judged as descending and sinking; jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) can open the lung qi, disperse the lung qi and bene■t the throat, and is used for cough with profuse phlegm, sore throat and hoarseness, and therefore it has an ascending and ■oating nature. Generally speaking, ascending and ■oating herbs have upward and outward actions and are used for relieving exterior syndrome, raising yang, dispelling wind, dissipating cold, inducing vomiting, opening the ori■ces, etc.; descending and sinking herbs have downward and inward actions and are usually used for purging, clearing heat, promoting urination, calming the mind, subduing yang and extinguishing wind, improving digestion to eliminate stagnant food, descending counter■ow to arrest vomiting, astringing, stopping cough, calming wheezing, etc. ·

Clinical Applications of Ascending, Descending, Floating and Sinking The clinical applications of ascending, descending, ■oating and sinking actions are as follows: · Herbs are selected corresponding to disease locations. For diseases located in the upper or exterior parts of the body, it is appropriate to use ascending and ■oating herbs; e.g., for treatment of bloodshot, swollen and painful eyes, herbs such as bò he (Herba Menthae), chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae) and màn jīng zĭ (Fructus Viticis) are often used; for wind-cold exterior syndrome, herbs such as jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae), zĭ sū (Folium Perillae) and fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) are often used. For diseases located in the lower or interior part of the body, it is appropriate to use descending and sinking herbs; e.g., for beriberi with swelling and pain, herbs such as huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) are often used; for constipation due to heat accumulation, herbs such as dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei), máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas) and zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) are often used. · Herbs are selected to act against disease tendencies. Generally, for diseases of prolapse, ascending and floating herbs with actions of raising yang should be chosen or combined. For example, in cases of anal prolapse with chronic diarrhea, herbs such as shēng má (Rhizoma Cimicifugae) and chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) are combined with herbs for tonifying the middle and invigorating qi. For diseases of upward liver yang hyperactivity, descending and sinking herbs such as xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae), cí shí (Magnetitum) and shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) are often selected. For incessant sweating with de■ciency, descending and sinking herbs with the action of arresting sweating should be combined with tonics, such as má huáng gēn (Radix et Rhizoma ■phedrae) and calcined lóng gŭ (Os Draconis). For measles with obstruction of lung qi, ascending and ■oating herbs with the actions of dispersing the lung qi and promoting eruption should be combined with herbs of clearing heat and toxin, such as má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) and fú píng (Herba Spirodelae).

In■uential Factors of Ascending, Descending, Floating and Sinking In■uential factors of ascending, descending, ■oating and sinking are as follows:

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Processing: for example, unprocessed má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) is good at inducing sweating and releasing the exterior, while the honey-fried herb is better at calming wheezing. Wineprocessing always adds to ascending and dispersing actions of an herb; e.g., dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) when wine-processed can act on the head and face, and therefore have a strengthened effect on clearing heat in the upper part of the body. · Combination: for example, huáng qí (Radix Astragali), which is sweet and warm, with actions of replenishing qi and raising yang, consolidating the exterior and promoting water flow, can lift middle qi when combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) and shēng má (Rhizoma Cimicifugae), which have ascending and ■oating actions; but can promote urination to relieve edema when combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and fáng jĭ (Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae), which have descending and sinking actions. ·

Section 4  Channel Entering Channel entering refers to the selective therapeutic effects of an herb on a certain part of the body. Herbs exert obvious or speci■c therapeutic actions on certain channels or organs, but have little effects on the others. The concept of channel entering provides direction for application of herbs in the treatment of channel- and organ-related diseases.

Theoretical Basis 1. Theory of zang-fu organs The theory of zang-fu organs discusses the physiological functions and pathological changes of the zang-fu organs as well as their relationships with each other. For example, physiological dysfunction of the heart may lead to symptoms such as insomnia, profuse dreaming, restlessness, mania, dementia, forgetfulness and loss of consciousness, and these symptoms could be relieved or eliminated by herbs such as suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae) for nourishing the heart and calming the mind, yuăn zhì (Radix Polygalae) for tranquilizing the heart and calming the mind, zhū shā (Cinnabaris) for suppressing fright and calming the mind and shè xiāng (Moschus) for opening the ori■ces and resuscitating the mind. These herbs all enter the heart channel. 2. Theory of channels and collaterals The theory of channels and collaterals states that, apart from the zang-fu organs, there are many channels and collaterals inside the human body, of which the twelve main channels and eight extraordinary channels are the major ones. ■ach of the channels and collaterals correlates with the internal zang-fu organs, establishing communication between the upper and lower parts of the body as well as between the internal and external areas of the body to make for an organic whole. The pathological changes of a certain zang- or fu-organ can be re■ected on the exterior part of body, and pathological changes of a certain channel or collateral may also lead to corresponding signs and symptoms. When this happens, herbs are selected to relieve or eliminate these signs and symptoms, and it is said that such herbs enter that specific channel. For example, the foot taiyang bladder channel dominates the exterior and is involved with defense of the human body. When external pathogenic wind, cold or dampness invade the channel, symptoms such as head and nape pain, body pain, limb and joint aching can be induced; qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), with actions of dispersing wind-cold-dampness and relieving pain, can be used to treat the above symptoms, and

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thus this herb is considered as entering the bladder channel.

Determination of Channel Entering 1. Properties of herbs The properties of herbs, such as shape, color, qi and flavor, are taken as important factors in determining channel entering. The ■ve ■avors are most often referenced in this regard; e.g., acrid ■avor enters the lung, so that chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae), being acrid, enter the lung channel; sweet flavor enters the spleen, so that yí táng (Saccharum Granorum), gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), being sweet, enter the spleen channel. 2. Therapeutic effects of herbs Through long-term clinical observation, physicians gradually started to realize that each herb is capable of treating certain kinds of diseases, and that this information could be applied to correctly determine the channel entering of the herb. For example, zĭ sū zĭ (Fructus Perillae) and bái qián (Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Stauntonii) can be used to treat cough due to lung dysfunction, so they are said to enter the lung channel; fú shén (Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis) and băi zĭ rén (Semen Platycladi) can treat palpitations and insomnia due to heart dysfunction, so they are said to enter the heart channel. ■ach herb can enter one or more channels.

Section 5  Toxicity Toxicity refers to adverse effects on the human body which are caused by herbs. In a broader sense, toxicity can also refer to the severity of the therapeutic effects of herbs on the human body.

Characteristics of Toxicity In Chinese materia medica, the notion of toxicity has both a narrow and a broad sense. In its narrow sense, toxicity refers to the tendency of an herb to cause adverse reactions in the human body. In a broad sense, it refers to the characteristics of an herb. Nowadays, the narrow sense of toxicity is the one most often used.

Classi■cation of Herbs According to Toxicity 1. Toxic herbs Toxic herbs are divided into two categories based on whether or not their toxicity can be easily neutralized. (1) Herbs difficult to neutralize toxicity: the toxicity of such herbs cannot be eliminated or reduced by processing; e.g., minerals such as pí shí (Arsenicum), zhū shā (Cinnabaris), qīng fĕn (Calomelas) and qiān dān (Minium). In clinical use, the dosage of such herbs should be carefully controlled to ensure medication safety. (2) Herbs easy to neutralize toxicity: the toxicity of such herbs can be eliminated or reduced by processing; e.g., plants such as chuān wū (Radix Aconiti), căo wū (Radix Aconiti Kusnezoff ii), fù

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zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), mă qián zĭ (Semen Strychni), bā dòu (Semen Crotonis) and bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae); and animals such as chán sū (Venenum Bufonis), jīn qián bái huā shé (Bungarus Parvus), wú gōng (Scolopendra) and quán xiē (Scorpio). In clinical use, proper processing or dosage control of such herbs should be applied to ensure medication safety. Moreover, herbs can be classi■ed as “extremely toxic”, “toxic” or “slightly toxic” in order to alert practitioners about their potential for damage to the human body. 2. Non-toxic herbs Non-toxic herbs are divided into two categories according to whether or not an overdose would cause a toxic effect on the human body. (1) Potentially toxic: such herbs will not cause damage to the human body when used in a normal dosage range or with slight overdose, but may damage the human body if prescribed in a large or extremely large dosage; e.g., plants such as dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei), rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae); animals such as lù róng (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum), hăi gŏu shèn (Testes et Penis Callorhini) and huáng gŏu shèn (Testis et Penis Canis); and minerals such as cí shí (Magnetitum), dài zhĕ shí (Haematitum) and zào fán (Melanteritum). (2) Actually non-toxic: such herbs can be also used as food and will not do harm to the human body even if consumed in an extremely large amount; e.g., plants such as shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae), xiăo mài (Fructus Tritici) and yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis); and animals such as zĭ hé chē (Placenta Hominis), goat meat and pig skin.

In■uential Factors The toxicity of herbs is in■uenced by multiple factors: · Source, medicinal part, habitat, collecting time, storage, processing, dosage form and pharmaceutical technology · Combination, administration route, dosage, frequency and action time, and area of external application during use · Patient’s constitution, age, sex, ethnicity, skin and mucosa condition · Whether the natural environment of the herb is contaminated

Main Reasons for Toxic Reactions The main reasons for toxic reactions are: 1. Confusion of species The incorrect herb might be used mistakenly; e.g., xiāng jiā pí (Cortex Periplocae) is taken as wŭ jiā pí (Cortex Acanthopanacis) mistakenly in some areas of China, which can lead to toxic effects. 2. Taking toxic herbs by mistake People believing in “secret formulas” or wrong information recorded in medical documents may take toxic herbs by mistake. 3. Overdose For example, overconsumption of rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) or excessive external application of bān máo (Mylabris) can cause toxic reaction or even death. 4. Improper processing Some herbs have a reduced toxicity after processing. If processing is carried out improperly, the

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toxicity will not be reduced, leading to toxic effects. 5. Wrong dosage form Some herbs should be taken in a certain dosage form; if not, toxic effects will result. For example, pí shí (Arsenicum) cannot be taken in wine or else the toxicity will be increased, causing toxic reaction or death. 6. Long-term treatment course Adverse reactions will occur if toxic herbs or herbs containing toxic ingredients are taken for a long period. 7. Improper combination Improper combination of herbs in patent medicine or decoction, or integrative application of both Chinese and Western medicine can cause adverse reactions. 8. Incorrect dispensing of herbs Some herbs are not administered well and are dispensed wrongly to the patient; e.g., there was once a case of death when pí shí (Arsenicum) was mistakenly dispensed to a patient. 9. Inaccurate pattern differentiation There are always adverse reactions reported due to inaccurate pattern differentiation, such as wrongly prescribing hot and cold herbs, or tonifying and reducing herbs. For example, if a large dose of huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) is used for diarrhea due to spleen de■ciency, it will cause aggravation of the diarrhea; or if a large dose of dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) is administered for blood de■ciency with diarrhea, it can lead to incessant diarrhea. 10. Individual constitution Individuals have different tolerance to herbs and some people are more susceptible to herbs than others. For example, herbs such as bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) are normally non-toxic to most people, but there were reports of allergic reactions after they were administered to some patients.

Signi■cance of the Theory of Toxicity in Directing Clinical Practice 1. Correct application of toxic herbs The dosage of toxic herbs should be strictly controlled, regardless of administration route internally or externally. They should not be administered in overly large dosage, nor for a long period. 2. Proper administration to reduce toxicity (1) Herbs should be combined properly, and contraindications (including integrative application of Chinese and Western medicine) should be avoided. (2) The correct administration route, which could strengthen therapeutic effect as well as reduce toxicity, should be chosen. Herbs with a greater toxicity and stronger action should be used cautiously, and administered through the digestive tract (i.e., oral, nasal or anal administration), respiratory tract or externally, rather than intravenously. (3) Daily administration frequency should be reasonably determined. The total daily dosage of an herb should be within the daily maximum tolerance of the human body. (4) Cumulative toxic effects should be avoided. Toxic herbs, compound prescriptions or patent medicines should not be consumed randomly or over a long term. Toxic herbs should be discontinued once pathogens are eliminated or the disease recovers, waiting for self-regulation afterwards; or the dosage of toxic herbs should be reduced, changed for herbs with moderate actions, or switched to

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dietary therapy to strengthen therapeutic effects. (5) For herbs with severe toxicity used externally, they should not be applied on a large area so as not to cause over-absorption . 3. Accurate pattern differentiation to ensure reduction in toxicity To eliminate adverse reactions, the patient’s condition should be differentiated accurately and comprehensively, such as pattern, constitution, age, sex, ethnicity and skin condition. 4. Allergic patients should be identi■ed for early prevention and treatment Careful inquiry about a patient’s allergy history will be helpful in preventing allergic reactions, as some herbs might cause allergy in certain patients.

Review Questions 1. Describe the contents of the theory of herbal properties. 2. What is the de■nition of four qi? What is the origin of this concept? What effects do the four qi have on the human body? 3. What is the de■nition of ■ve ■avors? What is the origin of this concept? 4. Describe the actions of sweet and bland ■avors and their clinical signi■cance. 5. Describe the actions of sour and astringent ■avors and their clinical signi■cance. 6. Describe the actions of bitter and salty ■avors and their clinical signi■cance. 7. Describe the actions of acrid and aromatic ■avors and their clinical signi■cance. 8. What is the de■nition of ascending, descending, ■oating and sinking? What is the origin of these concepts? 9. Describe the de■nition, theoretical basis and determination of channel entering. Give examples. 10. Do the same reasons apply to explain channel entering when several herbs enter the same channel? Why? Give examples. 11. Describe the de■nition of toxicity. 12. Describe the in■uential factors of toxicity. 13. Describe the factors inducing toxic effects. 14. Why should four qi, five flavors, ascending, descending, floating and sinking of the herbs be considered in determination of channel entering?

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CHAPTER 2  

Application of Chinese Herbal Medicine Application of Chinese herbal medicine includes the topics of combination theories and techniques, cautions and contraindications of herbs, dosage and usage. Knowledge of these topics is necessary for practitioners in order to improve the clinical safety of application and effectiveness of Chinese medicine.

Section 1  Combination One herb used in combination with another herb or other herbs is a common modality in Chinese herbal medicine, the possible purposes of which are mutual complementation in actions between two herbs, restriction of unwanted properties and side-effects of one of the herbs, and accommodation of complicated body situations. How and why the herbs are chosen for the combination is known as combination theory.

Seven Relations of Compatibility (Qī Qíng, 七情) “Seven relations of compatibility”, also known as qī qíng (“seven application patterns”) in Chinese medicine, refers to the seven basic application modalities used in the clinic. The property and eff icacy of an herb is modi■ed through such combination relationships. 1. Acting singly One single herb only is applied in the prescription. For example, rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) can be used alone for strengthening qi and avoiding collapse, as is seen in Dú Shēn Tāng (Ginseng Decoction). 2. Mutual reinforcement (xiāng xū, 相须) Two herbs similar in properties and actions are applied together as a combination in the prescription, in order to mutually increase their therapeutic effects. For example, shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) is often used together with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) in combination to increase their effect in purging ■re. 3. Assistance (xiāng shĭ, 相使) Two herbs partly similar in properties and actions are applied together, one of the herbs serving as the major one for the target, and the other one acting as an assistant to improve the effects of the major herb. For example, huáng qí (Radix Astragali) is good at both tonifying qi and draining water while fú líng (Poria) is excellent in draining water and fortifying the spleen, so when fú líng is used in combination with huáng qí, it will improve the effects of huáng qí. 4. Restraint (xiāng wèi, 相畏) Two herbs are used in a combination so that the toxicity or adverse reactions of one herb are restrained or reduced by the other. For example, raw bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) is toxic, but the toxicity is restrained by shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) if used together. 5. Suppression (xiāng shā, 相杀) Two herbs are used in a combination so that one restrains or reduces the other in toxicity or

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adverse reactions. For example, raw bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) is toxic, but shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) restrains the toxicity of bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) if used together. 6. Inhibition (xiāng wù, 相恶) If used in combination, the therapeutic effects of one herb could be reduced or counteracted by another, such that their combined use is not encouraged. For example, lái fú zĭ (Semen Raphani) can reduce the qi tonifying effect of rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), so it is said that rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) is averse to lái fú zĭ (Semen Raphani). 7. Antagonism (xiāng făn, 相反) If two herbs are used together and one increases the toxicity of the other, they are in an incompatible relationship and are not allowed to be used in combination. For example, chuān wū (Radix Aconiti) is incompatible with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) is incompatible with gān suì (Radix Kansui). These seven relationships of compatibility have the following effects on use of medicinal herbs. The single pattern, which neither increases the effect of treatment nor decreases the toxicity, can be used anytime. The mutual reinforcement and assistance combinations, which positively improve the effect of treatment, should be encouraged. The restraint and suppression combinations, which reduce toxicity, should be encouraged when any toxic or harsh herbs are used. The inhibition combination, which decreases the effect of treatment, should be avoided, and the antagonism combination, which increases toxicity, should of course be prohibited in application.

Chief, Deputy, Assistant and Envoy “Chief, deputy, assistant and envoy” demonstrates the possible relationships among the herbs and also characterizes the position of each herb in a formula. It is an important way to help a new learner analyze a formula and understand how excellent prescriptions are formulated. 1. Chief herb Also known as the “king herb”, it is the most important herb and plays the major role in the formula. By considering the actions of this herb the treatment strategy of the whole formula can be understood. 2. Deputy herb Also known as the “minister herb”, it may serve in two ways in the formula—it may either act as a deputy medicinal to improve the effects of the chief medicinal on the targeted pattern or disease, or it is used for controlling the secondary patterns or symptoms of the patient. 3. Assistant herb It (or they) may serve in three ways in the formula. First, it may serve as an assistant for improving the positive effects of the chief and deputy herb, or used for the treatment of the secondary patterns; secondly, it may be used to control the toxicity, side effects or harsh properties of the chief or deputy herbs; and thirdly, it has opposite properties to the chief herb but could also bene■t treatment and therefore is chosen carefully according to pathological condition. 4. Envoy herb It (or they) may serve in two ways in the formula. First, it may serve as a guide to direct other herbs in the formula to work effectively on the target; and secondly, it may serve as a coordinator to make the formula achieve a better effect.

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Section 2  Incompatibility When herbs are used, some important issues involving incompatibility should be considered very carefully, such as incompatibility between differentiation patterns and herbs, prohibited combinations, cautions and contraindicated herbs for pregnancy, and incompatibility between patterns and foods.

Incompatibility between Patterns and Herbs Some herbs or categories of herbs that may not be compatible with some patterns or problems according to the theories of Chinese Materia Medica should not be used for those problems. If the nature and property of the herb are not compatible with the pattern manifested by the body, the herb should not be used since it may worsen the problem. Contraindications for some categories of herbs are as follows. Herbs that may induce perspiration are prohibited for patients with spontaneous sweating in de■ciency pattern, since these herbs may worsen the sweating and consume yin and body ■uid. Herbs that are cold in nature are prohibited for patients with yang de■ciency and interior cold, since they may weaken yang and worsen the cold pattern. Herbs that are bitter and warm in nature are prohibited for patients with yin de■ciency and interior heat, since their bitter nature may cause the side effect of dryness and damage yin. Herbs that are bitter and cold in nature or with a purging effect are not encouraged for patients with diarrhea in de■ciency-cold pattern, since they may damage the spleen and stomach. Herbs that are bland and good at draining dampness and promoting diuresis are not encouraged for patients with yin-fluid de■ciency, since the draining action may consume body ■uids. Herbs that are warm or hot in nature are prohibited for patients with yin de■ciency and excessive interior ■re, since they may increase the heat and damage yin. Herbs with the effect of breaking up blood stasis are prohibited for women with profuse menstruation, since they may cause more serious bleeding. Aromatic herbs are prohibited for patients with exhaustion or syncope in order to avoid worsening the patient’s condition. Tonifying herbs are not encouraged for patients in excess pattern yet without qi deficiency, since they may promote excessive pathogenic qi. Herbs with effects of securing the exterior and checking sweating are prohibited for patients with exterior syndrome, since treatment for exterior syndrome normally involves promoting diaphoresis. Finally, herbs for astringing to arrest diarrhea are not allowed for patients with diarrhea in damp heat pattern. Contraindications for some individual herbs are as follows. Má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) is contraindicated for patients with spontaneous sweating in de■ciency pattern, since it is so strong in inducing perspiration; it also should not be used for patients with asthma in de■ciency pattern, hypertension or insomnia. Gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) should not be used for patients with excessive dampness or edema. Shēng má (Rhizoma Cimicifugae) should not be used for patients with measles eruption or yin de■ciency resulting in vigorous ■re pattern. Huáng yào zĭ (Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae) should not be used for patients with pathological liver impairment. Mă dōu líng (Fructus Aristolochiae) should not be used for patients with nephrosis. Finally, a large dose of mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus) should not be used for women during lactation. The above examples are given as introductory material; in the beginning of each chapter and

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under the “Cautions and Contraindications” of each herb you will receive more detailed information.

Prohibited Combinations Some herbs should normally not be used together with certain others, and the details are summarized in the “eighteen antagonisms” and the “nineteen mutual inhibitions”. 1. Eighteen antagonisms The “eighteen antagonisms” include three groups of incompatible herbs: (1) Gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) is incompatible with gān suì (Radix Kansui), jīng dà jĭ (Radix ■uphorbiae Pekinensis), hăi zăo (Sargassum) and yuán huā (Flos Genkwa). (2) Wū tóu [chuān wū (Radix Aconiti), căo wū (Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii) and fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis)] are incompatible with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) [guā lóu pí (Pericarpium Trichosanthis), guā lóu rén (Semen Trichosanthis), tiān huā fěn (Radix Trichosanthis)], bèi mŭ [chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae), zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii)], bái liăn (Radix Ampelopsis) and bái jí (Rhizoma Bletillae). (3) Lí lú (Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri) is incompatible with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), nán shā shēn (Radix Adenophorae), dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae), xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae), kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis), xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari), sháo yào [bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra)]. 2. Nineteen mutual inhibitions The “nineteen mutual inhibitions”, which involve nineteen herbs, include nine pairs of herbs that are inhibiting each other. They are: liú huáng (Sulphur) antagonizes máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas); shuĭ yín (Hydrargyrum) antagonizes pī shuāng (Arsenic Trioxide); láng dú (Radix ■uphorbiae Fischerianae) antagonizes mì tuó sēng (Lithargyrum); bā dòu (Semen Crotonis) antagonizes qiān niú zĭ (Fructus Crotonis); dīng xiāng (Flos Caryophylli) antagonizes yù jīn (Radix Curcumae); chuān wū (Radix Aconiti) and căo wū (Radix Aconiti Kusnezof■i) antagonize xī jiăo (Cornu Rhinocerotis); yá xiāo (Natrii Sulfas) antagonizes sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii); guān guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) antagonizes chì shí zhī (Halloysitum Rubrum); and rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) antagonizes wŭ líng zhī (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng). 3. Understanding the “eighteen antagonisms” and “nineteen mutual inhibitions” (1) The eighteen antagonisms and nineteen mutual inhibitions summarize empirical knowledge passed down through generations. Awareness of these is very important for safety in the clinical application of Chinese herbal medicine. (2) Most of the ancient Chinese physicians respected the knowledge of the eighteen antagonisms and nineteen mutual inhibitions, though some had suspicions about their validity. At present, most practitioners believe that the eighteen antagonisms and nineteen mutual inhibitions are not completely contraindicated. (3) Literature-based research is not enough to prove the validity of the eighteen antagonisms and nineteen mutual inhibitions, and clinical and experimental research is truly necessary. (4) In recent years, many experimental research projects on the eighteen antagonisms and nineteen mutual inhibitions have been carried out, and some tentative conclusions have been drawn, but in general it is still too early to say yes or no. (5) Before definite results are arrived at, combined use of the contraindicating pairs of herbs involved in the eighteen antagonisms and nineteen mutual inhibitions should remain taboo for new learners.

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Cautions and Contraindicated Herbs for Pregnancy Some herbs that may negatively affect the fetus or possibly cause miscarriage should be prohibited during pregnancy, or be used very carefully under medical supervision. Any herbs that are harmful either to the mother or to the fetus belong to the forbidden list for pregnancy. Depending on the level of toxicity and drastic properties, they are classified into two groups—prohibited herbs and herbs to be used with caution. The prohibited herbs normally are those with strong toxicity or drastic properties, such as zhū shā (Cinnabaris), shuĭ yín (Hydrargyrum), pī shuāng (Arsenic Trioxide), xióng huáng (Realgar), qīng fĕn (Calomelas), bān máo (Mylabris), mă qián zĭ (Semen Strychni), chán sū (Venenum Bufonis), chuān wū (Radix Aconiti), căo wū (Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii), lí lú (Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri), dăn fán (Chalcanthitum), guā dì (Pedicellus Melo), bā dòu (Semen Crotonis), gān suì (Radix Kansui), jīng dà jĭ (Radix ■uphorbiae Pekinensis), qiān jīn zĭ (Semen ■uphorbiae), yuán huā (Flos Genkwa), qiān niú zĭ (Semen Pharbitidis), shāng lù (Radix Phytolaccae), shè xiāng (Moschus), gān qī (Resina Toxicodendri), shuĭ zhì (Hirudo), méng chóng (Tabanus), sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii) and é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae). The herbs to be used with caution include those with actions of invigorating blood, dissolving blood stasis, breaking up qi, moving stagnation or purging, as well as acrid hot herbs or those which may cause descending effects, such as niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), hóng huā (Flos Carthami), táo rén (Semen Persicae), jiāng huáng (Rhizoma Curcumae Longae), mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan), zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus), dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei), máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas), fān xiè yè (Natrii Sulfas), lú huì (Aloe), fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis), ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and dōng kuí zĭ (Semen Malvae).

Understanding the contraindicated herbs for pregnancy The above list of supposedly dangerous herbs for pregnancy is mostly derived from the clinical experience of generations of Chinese physicians. It should be respected and such herbs should be used with care. It is especially important not to use the herbs from the prohibited list, either topically or internally. For those herbs which are unavoidable but on the list, several issues should be dealt with before use, such as the pattern differentiation, dose to be applied, the duration of treatment, the method of processing and the way of combination.

Incompatibility between Patterns and Foods During treatment, some foods are not allowed to be eaten together with herbs. Generally, raw, cold, spicy, greasy or sticky foods, foods with hot property and seafood should be avoided during treatment because they may affect digestion, may cause stomach sickness, increased heat and even worsening of problems. For example, raw and cold foods are incompatible with cold pattern; spicy and greasy foods, and foods with hot property are incompatible with heat pattern; oily foods, fat, animal offal and alcohol are incompatible with chest bì; pepper, hot pepper, garlic and alcohol are incompatible with ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang; oily or fried foods, sticky, cold and other dif■cult-to-digest foods are incompatible with spleen and stomach de■ciency; seafood and spicy foods are incompatible with sores, ulcers and dermatopathy; and oily foods are incompatible

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with exterior pattern.

Section 3  Dosage Dosage in Chinese medicine generally means the daily amount of each herb for adult oral administration. Sometimes it also refers to the relative amount of an herb in a formula.

Conversion of Dosage Units The measuring unit for Chinese herbs changed from dynasty to dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the hexadecimal system (a system of counting based on the number 16) was used. In this system 1 jin = 16 liang = 160 qian. At present, the decimal system (a system of counting based on the number 10) is generally used, where 1 kg = 1000 g. For convenient conversion from the old measuring units to the contemporary ones, some approximate values are recommended for use, which are 1 liang = 30 g, 1 qian = 3 g, 1 fen = 0.3 g and 1 li = 0.03 g. ■xcept for drastic, toxic, or extracted herbs, the commonly-used dosage of a dry single herb for oral administration in one day for an adult is from 3 g to 9 g. Some herbs can have a dosage as high as 15 g to 30 g.

Factors for Determination of Herbal Dosage 1. Nature and property (1) Quality The higher the quality of an herb, the smaller the dosage required to produce the same effect. (2) Texture Flowers, leaves and other substances which are relatively loose in texture should be used in smaller doses. Stones, shells or other substances which are solid but have a lot of impurities should be used in larger doses. Dried herbs require relatively smaller doses than fresh herbs. (3) Taste and smell Generally herbs which are light in taste and smell and with milder effects should be used in larger doses, while herbs which are strong in taste and smell and with more drastic effects should be used in smaller doses. (4) Toxicity The dosage for a toxic herb should be strictly limited to ensure safe use, while for a non-toxic herb the dosage can be more ■exible. 2. Mode of application (1) Combination and position in the formula If an herb is applied as a single herb, the dosage should be relatively larger than if it is applied in a combination. If an herb has the position of chief in a formula, the dosage should be relatively larger than if it only serves as an assistant. (2) Pharmaceutical form If an herb is used in decoction, the dosage should be larger than if it is taken in pill or powder form. (3) Medical purpose Herbs applied in different dosage may show different clinical effects, so the dosage sometimes

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varies according to the different medical purposes. For example, 6 g to 15 g of bīng láng is for moving intestinal qi and transforming accumulation, while 60 g to 120 g is more effective for killing and expelling intestinal tapeworms. 3. General condition of the patient (1) Constitution For purposes of purging or dispelling pathogens, a larger dose is normally applied in the case of a strong patient, while a smaller dose is more appropriate for a weaker patient. For nourishing purposes, a larger dose is normally given to a patient with good digestion, while a smaller dose is given to a patient with a sensitive stomach. (2) Age A smaller dose should be given to children and elderly patients, because they are vulnerable to the effects of all medications including herbs; a larger dose could be given to young people, because they are strong enough to tolerate the effects of the herbs. For children under five years old, the dose is normally one-fourth of that of an adult, while for children above ■ve years old, the dose is normally half of that of an adult. (3) Gender Generally there is no difference of dosage for men and women, but a decreased dose is applied during menstruation and pregnancy, particularly when herbs are used for blood invigoration. (4) Course of disease The dosage for new cases should be slightly larger than that for chronic ones, because the longer the pathogenic qi occupies the body the more the anti-pathogenic qi is damaged. (5) State of disease A larger dose is normally used for acute and severe cases, and a smaller dose for more chronic cases. (6) Lifestyle and occupation Determination of dosage sometimes also depends on a person’s lifestyle and occupation. For example, if an herb that is acrid and hot in property is given to a patient who usually has an aversion to spicy food or one who works in a high-temperature environment, its dosage should be smaller than that given to a patient who has no problem with spicy food or who works in a normal-temperature environment. 4. Local natural environment Local natural factors, such as the seasonal temperature and the environmental humidity, should also be taken into consideration when determining the dosage of an herb.

Relationship between Dose and Ef■cacy The dose of an herb affects the therapeutic ef■cacy in the following three ways: 1. Dose increase followed by ef■cacy increase In general, the effects of an herb get stronger when its dose is increased. For example, rén shēn in a large dose normally shows an effect of powerfully tonifying primordial qi and is applied for qi-collapse syndrome, while in a smaller dose it is usually applied for nourishing general qi of the spleen and the lung; dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) in a large dose normally shows an effect of purging the large intestines to treat heat constipation, while in a smaller dose it works like a laxative for curing milder constipation cases; huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) in a large dose normally shows an effect of clearing toxic damp heat while in a smaller dose (particularly below 3 g) it clears heat,

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dries dampness and improves appetite. 2. Actions vary with the dose The actions of some commonly-used herbs vary with the change in dosage. For example, raw bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) in its usual dose is applied for invigorating spleen qi, drying dampness and promoting the water metabolism to cure diarrhea in the pattern of spleen qi de■ciency, while in a large dose it can strengthen spleen qi and mildly improve bowel movements to treat constipation with qi de■ciency. 3. Overdose equals toxicity The dose of an herb determines the toxicity of the herb. If a dose is applied beyond the maximum tolerance of the body, a normally non-toxic herb becomes toxic to the body. For example, kŭ xìng rén (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) is slightly toxic, since its amygdalin can be hydrolyzed by emulsion to release hydrocyanic acid which is very toxic. Theoretically 1 g of kŭ xìng rén (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) produces 2.5 mg of hydrocyanic acid. When hydrocyanic acid is used in a very small dose, it can mildly inhibit the respiratory center and have the therapeutic effects of relieving cough and dyspnea, while if used up to 0.05 g per time, it presents lethal toxicity to human beings. 0.05 g of hydrocyanic acid equals 20 g (about 50 to 60 pieces) of kŭ xìng rén (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), which is considered the maximum tolerated dose. This leads to the conclusion that 10-20 g of kŭ xìng rén (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) per administration should be non-toxic, but over 20 g toxic.

Section 4  Preparation and Administration Route of Administration The route of administration greatly in■uences herbal effectiveness, since different body tissues vary as to absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion and the sensitivity to medications. The same formula shows different eff icacy if the route of administration is different, to the extent that sometimes even a special route of administration is needed to achieve a speci■c effect. Traditionally the two major routes of administration are oral and skin application, but other routes are sometimes also utilized, such as inhalation through the respiratory passage, absorbing through a mucous membrane (including sublingual absorption), rectal application, breast feeding and so forth. Since the 1930’s, administration through injection has also been applied, including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous and arterial injection, injection at points and intra-amniotic injection. Generally, the route of administration is determined by the nature of the disease and the form of the medication.

Medicinal Forms All herbs need to be prepared into a form suitable for use in the clinic. Traditional forms for oral administration mainly include decoction, pills, powder, liquor preparation, densely extracted preparation and distillate; for skin and mucous membrane administration, forms include ointment, plasters, powder, pellets, liniment, lotions and vapors; for rectal administration, suppositories, medicated tampons and lozenges are applied. Besides these, injections, capsules, granules, aerosols,

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medicated ■lm, and effervescent preparations are also used nowadays.

Decoction Decoction is the most commonly used form in China. The medical effect of a decoction depends on the right decocting method. 1. Cooking utensils Pottery utensils are preferred for their good qualities like chemical stability, non-interaction between the utensil and the herbs, even conduction of heat and temperature maintenance. Hightemperature resistance vessels made of glass can also be used. Metal pots made from iron, copper and aluminum are prohibited, however, because the metal may react with the herbal ingredients to decrease their effect or even to produce toxicity. 2. Water for decoction Water is the most commonly used solvent for herbal decoctions. Any drinking water can be used as long as it is not contaminated or repeatedly boiled. 3. Amount of water Theoretically the total required amount of water should include the water absorbed by the dry herbal slices, the water evaporated during the decocting and the decocted liquid left when the process is ■nished. It is dif■cult to calculate how much water is needed, but at least the herbal texture, the absorbency of the herbs and the duration of cooking should be taken into consideration. In general, the water level required is about 2 cm higher than the pressed herbs. For herbs that are harder and more solid in texture, or which need a longer cooking time, the quantity of water required should be relatively more than usual. On the other hand, for herbs that are loose in texture or herbs containing volatile oils which evaporate easily, the cooking time is normally shorter than usual and therefore the required quantity of water should be relatively less. 4. Soaking before decoction Before decoction, soaking in water is necessary for better extraction of the effective ingredients and for shortening the duration of the decoction in order to avoid damaging some of the active ingredients during an overly long decoction. Most herbs only require 20-40 minutes of soaking at room temperature, but one hour of soaking may be necessary for seed- and fruit-based formulas. Soaking time can be a little longer in winter but shorter in summer to avoid rotting of the herbal ingredients. 5. Temperature and duration Appropriate temperature and cooking duration will facilitate the extraction of active compounds from the herbs. Generally, the decoction is brought to a boil at high temperature, and then cooked at a stabilized low temperature while keeping the water at a boil. For herbs which are aromatic or dispersing in action, 10-15 minutes cooking is enough after a quick boiling; for minerals, bones, horns or shells, and for tonifying herbs, a longer cooking time over a low temperature is necessary in order to more completely extract the active compounds. 6. Repetition of cooking In general, one pack of herbs requires two repetitions of decoction. During decoction of herbs in water, the active compounds will be extracted from inside the herbs into the water. When the concentration of active compounds in the water equals the concentration inside the herbs, the extraction process will slow down or cease, so that another decoction with fresh water is needed in order to extract more of the active compounds from the herbs.

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7. Filter after decoction After every decoction, the herbal liquid should be filtered out immediately by pressing the herbs. Otherwise, some of the herbal liquid may be reabsorbed by the herbs as the water temperature declines. 8. Controlling the decoction amount Decoctions can be true solutions, colloidal solutions or suspensions. The quantity of active compounds contained in a decoction varies directly with the amount of the decoction, which means that the larger the amount of decoction got from cooking, the more the active compounds that have been extracted. But too large an amount of decoction is unacceptable to patients even though more extracts are contained inside. On the other hand, a smaller amount of decoction may be welcome, but it also means less extracts to be taken. In general, 250-300 ml. per time is considered necessary for adults, with a correspondingly lesser amount for children. In addition, it is recommended to mix the results of each of the two decoction repetitions together before oral administration in order to ensure uniform concentration of active compounds. 9. Herbs requiring special treatment in decoctions Most herbs can be decocted together in the same way, but some herbs need to be treated differently because of their special nature, actions or some speci■c clinical purposes. The details are listed below: (1) Decocted ■rst Some medicinal substances require 10-15 minutes longer cooking before adding other herbs. There are several possible reasons for this longer cooking time. For example, minerals and shells such as cí shí (Magnetitum) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) should be decocted ■rst for better extraction of their active ingredients. Some toxic herbs, such as fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis) and chuān wū (Radix Aconiti), need to be cooked longer to decrease their toxicity. In addition, if dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) is cooked longer, its purging effect will be decreased. (2) Decocted later Some herbs need to be decocted for a shorter time than usual, so they are added to the decoction later than the other herbs in the same formula. For example, bò he (Herba Menthae) and bái dòu kòu (Fructus Amomi Kravanh) are herbs that contain volatile components which can be easily damaged during decocting, so they should be added into the decoction when it is nearly done. Also, decocting can decrease the purging effect of dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and fān xiè yè (Folium Sennae), so they should be decocted later or just brewed in boiling water to maintain the original effect. (3) Wrap-boiling Some medicinal substances, such as pollen like pú huáng (Pollen Typhae), extremely small seeds like tíng lì zĭ (Semen Descurainiae seu Lepidii) and ■ne powder like huá shí fĕn (Pulvis Talci) all need to be wrapped in gauze or a cloth sack during decoction because they easily ■oat to the top of the water, which makes the decocting dif■cult. In addition, some herbs, such as xuán fù huā (Flos Inulae), have hairs or cilia which are dif■cult to ■lter out from the decoction. These can irritate the throat to cause coughing and vomiting, so such herbs should be wrapped for decoction. (4) Decocted separately Some valuable herbs such as rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and xī yáng shēn (Radix Panacis Quinquefolii) are recommended to be decocted separately to avoid their active compounds being absorbed by other herbs. In addition, clinical demands can determine whether certain herbs should be decocted separately or not.

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(5) Melted Gels, such as ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini), guī băn jiāo (Colla Testudinis Plastri), biē jiă jiāo (Colla Carapacis Trionycis) and lù jiăo jiāo (Colla Cornus Cervi), can easily stick to the pot or to other herbs, causing undesirable burning. Therefore these substances need to be melted with warm water or warm decoction before oral administration. (6) Infused Some medicinal substances do not need to be decocted, but need to be infused in water or mixed with water before oral administration. For example, máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas), a powder; zhú lì (Succus Bambusae), a sap; and fēng mì (Mel), honey, all dissolve in water quickly, so they can be infused in water or decoction for oral administration; the powders of líng yáng jiăo (Cornu Saigae Tataricae) and hŭ pò (Succinum) are indissoluble, while niú huáng (Calculus Bovis) cannot tolerate high temperatures, so these powders are usually taken directly with water or decoction instead of being decocted. (7) Decocted with decoction A few substances such as zào xīn tŭ (Terra Flava Usta) need to be decocted separately for about 15 minutes, and then the other herbs decocted with the water from the ■rst decoction used as solvent.

Administration Oral administration is most common for Chinese medicine. ■ffects are not only related to the medicinal form, but also to the time and frequency of administration and the temperature of the decoction. 1. Time of administration The time of administration is closely related to body digestion, development of the disease and the nature of the herbs. (1) Taken on an empty stomach Some herbs need to be taken in the early morning when the stomach and duodenum are normally empty. By then, there is no food inside and the herbs can quickly move down to the intestines and work there in the best way. For example, purgatives and parasiticides in Chinese medicine should be taken on an empty stomach. (2) Taken before meals Herbs taken before meals will be absorbed better by the small intestine. Most herbs—especially tonics—are generally taken before meals. (3) Taken after meals If herbs are taken after meals, the food inside the stomach may moderate irritation from the herbs. Herbs for improving digestion or herbs that may irritate the stomach and intestines should thus be taken after meals. (4) Taken at bedtime Herbs taken at bedtime seek to match the circadian rhythm of the body to obtain maximum medicinal effect. For example, herbs for sleeping should be taken 30 minutes to 1 hour before going to bed, herbs for inhibiting nocturnal emission should be taken before sleeping and laxatives are generally taken at bedtime to achieve better defecation next morning. (5) Taken at a speci■c time Some illnesses are subject to regular relapse, so the herbs have to be taken regularly at speci■c times. For example, herbs for malaria are normally taken 2 hours before an expected attack.

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(6) Taken anytime In an emergency, herbs can be taken at any time. 2. Administrative frequency Generally herbs are administered twice or three times a day. But for emergencies, one dose can be taken every 4 hours throughout the day to keep up a continuous treatment. For more chronic cases, one dose can be taken every other day or can be taken freely like tea drinks. Herbs which cause drastic perspiration or purgation should be taken regularly but stopped immediately when the target symptom is gone to avoid damaging healthy qi though over-treatment. Herbs for vomiting should be taken slowly and frequently in small doses to avoid irritation. 3. Temperature of the decoction Generally, decoctions should be taken warm, but there are some exceptions. For example, herbs which are hot in nature prescribed for cold syndromes are normally taken warm. Herbs that are acrid and warm in properties and used for excessive wind-cold exterior syndromes should be taken hot, and the patient should be covered warmly as well to achieve better perspiration. Herbs which are cold in nature and particularly used for heat in the stomach and intestines should be taken cool. If the heat is mainly in other organs or the patient dislikes ingesting cold liquids, then the herbs could also be taken warm. Pills or powders and such solid medicinals should generally be taken with warm boiled water.

Review Questions 1. What does “combination” mean? What are the “seven relations of compatibility”? Illustrate the “seven relations of compatibility” with examples. 2. Summarize the “seven relations of compatibility” from the point of view of efficacy. How do you use the knowledge of the “seven relations of compatibility” in the clinic? 3. What is incompatibility? Give the patterns of incompatibility. 4. ■xplain “incompatibility between patterns and herbs” with examples. 5. ■xplain “incompatibility between patterns and foods” with examples. 6. G ive the concepts and contents of “prohibited combination” and “cautions and contraindicated herbs for pregnancy”. How do you understand them? 7. Give examples to illustrate how one determines the dose of herbs according to their nature. 8. Give examples to illustrate how administration methods affect the dose of herbs. 9. How to determine the dose of an herb according to the patient’s status？Give some examples. 10. Give examples to illustrate how climate and environmental factors affect the dosage amount. 11. Give some examples to show how the dose in■uences the effects of an herb. 12. Why should pottery utensils be used for decoction? Why are metal pots prohibited? 13. How to decide the amount of water for decoction? Give some examples. 14. Why do herbs need to be soaked before decoction? 15. How do you control the temperature and duration of a decoction? Give some examples. 16. How many times is the decoction process usually repeated for one pack of herbs? What should one do when the decocting is done? Why? 17. ■xplain with examples why some herbs need to be decocted ■rst, decocted later, decocted wrapped, decocted separately, melted, infused and decocted with decoction. 18. ■xplain the administration methods of herbs with examples.

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CHAPTER 3  

Chinese Medicinal Processing Most Chinese medicinal substances originate from plants, animals or minerals; before use they need to be processed simply according to the theories of Chinese medicine for more effective decoction or in preparation for further pharmaceutical manufacturing. Primary processing methods include cleaning, cutting, grinding, baking and so on. Originally the Chinese term for “processing” (炮制) meant baking, burning, toasting or sun drying using heat or ■re, but now it involves more complicated processing techniques. Some medicinal substances are harsh, overly potent or toxic. In such cases processing is able to reduce the unwanted effects and increase the safety of Chinese herbal medicine.

Section 1  Purposes of Processing The purposes of processing include: 1. To improve the effect of herbs Most processing methods aim at improving the therapeutic effects of Chinese medicinal substances by increasing extraction of their active components. For example, if the herb is sliced, the area exposed to the solvent is increased, facilitating the extraction of the active components. The effects of some other herbs can be improved by processing with a special assisting material. For example, honey-frying can increase the effects of băi bù (Radix Stemonae) and zĭ wăn (Radix et Rhizoma Asteris) in moistening the lung and relieving cough, wine-frying can increase the effect of chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) in warmly activating blood, vinegar-frying can increase the effect of yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis) and xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi) in relieving pain, ginger juice-frying can increase the effect of bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) in inhibiting vomiting, while sheep fat-frying can improve the effects of yín yáng huò (Herba ■pimedii) in tonifying the kidney and invigorating yang. Some substances simply need to be calcined or fried directly to improve their effects. For example, míng fán (Alumen) can be calcined into kū fán (Alumen Dehydratum) and then its effectiveness in drying dampness and healing ulcers is improved, and dry-fried huái huā (Flos Sophorae) is more effective in stanching bleeding than is the fresh herb. 2. To reduce the adverse effects of herbs Adverse effects here include toxicity, side effects and allergic reactions. Through different kinds of processing, adverse effects can be reduced or eliminated. For example, chuān wū (Radix Aconiti), fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis), căo wū (Radix Aconiti Kusnezof■i), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), tiān nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis) and mă qián zĭ (Semen Strychni) are all rather toxic when used raw, but much milder when the processed herbs are used. For example, bā dòu (Semen Crotonis) and qiān jīn zĭ (Semen ■uphorbiae) are both drastic purgatives with strong toxicity, but the defatted seeds are much milder both in toxicity and action; also, wine-fried cháng shān is much milder in emetic effect than its raw counterpart. 3. To change the properties of herbs The properties of many herbs can be changed by processing and can be adapted to ■t different

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clinical conditions. Some examples are as follows. Dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) when fresh is cool in nature and effective at cooling blood, but when steamed as shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) it is slightly warm and good at nourishing blood. If fresh ginger, shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens), is well-roasted, its dispersing property is reduced but its interior-warming action is increased. Tiān nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis) is usually warm in property, but when processed with cow bile it takes on the cold property of the bile, and at the same time the actions of extinguishing wind and relieving spasm are improved. Dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) is naturally descending and purging in property, but wine-processing allows it to act in the upper body and to take on a better action of invigorating blood. Raw hé shŏu wū (Radix Polygoni Multi■ori) acts as a purgative, whereas the processed herb is tonifying for the liver and kidney. 4. To allow for proper storage of herbs Some medicinal substances, especially plant and animal products, need to be dried to prevent them from deteriorating and becoming moldy. Sāng piāo xiāo (Oötheca Mantidis) additionally needs to be steamed to kill the ova and prevent incubation during storage. 5. To maintain ef■cacy of herbs Seed-based medicinal substances, such as zĭ sū zĭ (Fructus Perillae) and lái fú zĭ (Semen Raphani), sprout easily during storage; processing with steaming or dry-frying can interrupt this sprouting to prevent any changes in ef■cacy. Substances rich in glycosides, such as huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and kŭ xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), need to be heated before storage to destroy their own enzymes and prevent enzymolysis in order to maintain their ef■cacy. 6. To prepare for further processing Minerals, shells and some seeds, such as zì rán tóng (Pyritum), cí shí (Magnetitum) and zhēn zhū mŭ (Concha Margaritiferae Usta), need to be crushed, ground or cut for further preparation or clinical administration. Many plants also need to be cut into segments, slices, pieces or cubes for clinical decoction or pharmaceutical preparation. 7. To clean the herbs Herbs should be cleaned before storage or clinical use for accurate weighing and for maintenance of good quality. The cleaning process includes washing away clods, dirt and sand, and clearing away the non-medicinal portions of the plant or other foreign substances; for example, cutting off the residual part of the stem from the plant, separating the cork from the bark, brushing off the hair from the leaf of the loquat, and removing the head and feet from the body of the cicada for better medicinal application. 8. To remove unpleasant odors Some animal and botanical products, such as hăi zăo (Sargassum) and ròu cōng róng (Herba Cistanches), may have distinctive unpleasant odors, which can be removed by such processes as rinsing, wine-frying, vinegar-frying or dry-frying.

Section 2  Commonly Used Processing Methods Preparatory Processing 1. Cleaning Selecting, sorting, winnowing, sifting, scraping and brushing all can be utilized to remove impurities and non-medicinal portions of the herb. For example, the stems and leaves of hé huān huā

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(Flos Albiziae) should be picked off, the hair on the back surface of pí pá yè (Folium ■riobotryae) and shí wéi yè (Folium Pyrrosiae) should be scraped off, and the cork of hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis) and ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) should be peeled off. 2. Breaking into pieces Pounding, grinding, ■aking or ■ling can all be utilized to make some medicinal substances (especially minerals and shells) smaller or even rendered into fine powder for further pharmaceutical preparation or clinical administration. For example, mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) and lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) are normally pounded for better extraction in decoction, hŭ pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis) and zhēn zhū (Margarita) are ground for convenient oral administration, and líng yáng jiăo (Cornu Saigae Tataricae) is ■aked into slices or ■led into powder for pharmaceutical purposes or easy oral administration. 3. Cutting Cutting applied to plant-origin medicinal substances facilitates drying, storage, weighing, extraction of active components and further processing of the herbs. There are several different ways of cutting is accomplished. For example, tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) and bīng láng (Semen Arecae) are generally cut into thin slices, zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) into thick slices, huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and jī xuè téng (Caulis Spatholobi) into tapering slices, bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) into round slices, ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis) into round plate-slices, sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori) and pí pá yè (Folium ■riobotryae) into small stick-pieces, bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) and má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) into segments, and fú líng (Poria) and gé gēn (Radix Puerariae Lobatae) into cubes.

Processing with Water Water processing refers to processing methods in which water or other liquids are involved. Water is applied to clean or soften the herbs, or to moderate the properties of herbs. Commonly used methods include washing, sprinkling, moistening, rinsing, soaking and re■ning with water. 1. Washing Washing is immersing herbs quickly in water to clean them and prevent the loss of the ingredients. 2. Sprinkling Sprinkling is spreading clean water to soften dried solid herbs in order to facilitate cutting. Generally, sprinkling should be done 2-3 times, but this depends on the texture of the particular herb. 3. Moistening Moistening is the application of water or other liquids to herbs, facilitating cutting and preventing the potential loss of ingredients. There are quite a few moistening techniques being used, such as sprinkling-moistening, washing-moistening, soaking-moistening, open-moistening, sealedmoistening, covered-moistening, shadow-moistening, wrapped-moistening, and double-moistening. The texture of the herbs, the surrounding temperature and available utensils normally determine the moistening technique used. For example, jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae) is better moistened by sprinkling, bīng láng (Semen Arecae) by soaking, dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) by washing with wine, and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis) by soaking with ginger juice. Tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) should be moistened in a sealed container. 4. Rinsing Rinsing is putting the medicinal substances into frequently-refreshed or recycled water for

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thorough soaking to remove unpleasant odors, salt used as an assisting material or toxic components. For example, kūn bù (Thallus Laminariae), hăi zăo (Sargassum) and salt-prepared fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) should be rinsed to remove the salt before use, and zĭ hé chē (Placenta Hominis) is rinsed to remove the odor of blood. 5. Re■ning with water Re■ning with water is repetitiously grinding and ■ltering with water in order to re■ne the powder of mineral- or shell-source medicinal substances. The resultant very ■ne powder is normally used in the manufacture of ophthalmologic or skin preparations. For example, zhū shā (Cinnabaris), lú gān shí (Calamina), xióng huáng (Realgar) and huá shí (Talcum) are often re■ned in this way for speci■c pharmaceutical purposes.

Processing with Fire 1. Stir-frying Stir-frying is putting the cleaned and cut herbal materials into a container, placing the container over ■re and then stir-frying the herbs continuously until the herb color changes. Sometimes assisting material is needed for better frying. Stir-frying without assisting material is also termed as “simple dry-frying”. Depending on the fire temperature and frying duration, herbs can be fried to yellow, to brown and to scorched. If processed by dry-frying to yellow, the herbal effects are improved, while the properties and side effects are moderated. For example, by dry-frying, niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) becomes less cold in property, its original potential side effect of causing diarrhea is moderated and the extraction during decoction is improved. Dry-fried yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis) is more effective in invigorating the spleen and relieving diarrhea than the unfried herb. If processed by dry-frying to brown, the herbal effects can also be improved and some of the properties can be moderated. For example, by dry-frying to brown, the cold-bitter property of zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) is reduced and the effects on digestion of bīng láng (Semen Arecae) are improved. If processed by dry-frying to scorched—also called carbonization—the effects of herbs on checking bleeding are improved. For example, if carbonized, zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and wū méi (Fructus Mume) show better effectiveness in stanching bleeding. Some herbs need to be fried together with dry and solid materials like sand, earth and mineral powder to keep temperatures even from the inside to the outside of the herbs. In this way, the herbs become crispy and easy to crush, the active substances of the herbs are easily extracted in decoction, the toxicity of the herbs is reduced, the properties of the herbs are moderated and the effects are improved. Soil, wheat bran, rice, sand, the powder of gecko shell and talcum powder are commonly used as assisting materials for stir-frying. For example, bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) is stir-fried with soil, zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii) with bran, bān máo (Mylabris) with rice, chuān shān jiă (Mylabris) with sand and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) with talcum powder. 2. Frying with liquids Frying with liquids means frying herbs together with liquid substances such that some of the liquid is absorbed by the herbs. In this way the effects of the herbs are improved, the side effects are reduced and the properties of the herbs are changed. The commonly used liquid substances include honey, wine, vinegar, ginger juice, saline solution and also, in ancient times, baby urine. If fried with honey, the qi-nourishing effects of huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae), and the lung-moistening and cough-relieving effects of kuăn dōng huā (Flos Farfarae)

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are improved; if fried with wine, the channel-unblocking effects of chuān xù duàn (Radix Dipsaci) and the kidney-strengthening effects of niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) are improved; if fried with vinegar, the liver-soothing and pain-relieving effects of qīng pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride) are improved; and if fried with saline solution, the kidney-nourishing effects of dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) and bā jĭ tiān (Radix Morindae Of■cinalis) are improved as well. 3. Calcining Calcining is a method of processing by which minerals or shells are heated in a f ire to the point where they are easily crushed. Calcining can be classi■ed as either open or sealed. Open calcining is also known as direct calcining. The minerals or shells are placed directly into the f ire or into a non-sealed container to be heated. Calcining can make the minerals and shells lose their moisture content so that they can be crushed and decocted easily. For example, such substances as bái fán (Alumen), dài zhĕ shí (Haematitum), zĭ shí yīng (Haematitum) and hăi gé qiào (Concha Meretricis seu Cyclinae) are often calcined before use. Through calcining, the drying and astringing effects of some minerals and shells are enhanced. Lóng gŭ (Os Draconis), mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) and chì shí zhī (Halloysitum Rubrum) are often calcined for this purpose. Sealed calcining actually means carbonizing or heating to a high temperature in a sealed container without oxygen, which is generally reserved as a processing method for plants. Through this method, plant-based medicinal substances attain better effectiveness in checking bleeding, reducing toxicity or modi■cation of properties. Xuè yú tàn (Crinis Carbonisatus), zōng lǚ tàn (Petiolus Trachycarpi Carbonisatus), dēng xīn căo tàn (Medulla Junci Carbonisatus) and gān qī tàn (Resina Toxicodendri Carbonisatus) are all carbonized plant products. 4. Roasting Roasting is a method of processing by which herbs are roasted directly or packed with wet ■our or wet paper and put into a heating talcum powder or bran for roasting. In ancient times, the herbs were packed with wet paper or ■our and roasted in a ■ring ash until the paper or ■our burnt up and the herbs were well done. Through roasting, the harsh properties and side effects of the herbs are reduced. Hē zĭ (Fructus Chebulae) and ròu dòu kòu (Semen Myristicae) are often processed by this method to achieve a certain purpose. 5. Baking Baking is directly or indirectly heating some animal medicinal substances with low temperature in order to make them thoroughly dry for grinding, better storage or reduced toxicity. Méng chóng (Tabanus) and wú gōng (Scolopendra) normally need to be baked in this way.

Processing with both Fire and Water 1. Decocting Decocting means boiling herbs with water or other liquids. Through decocting, harsh properties or toxicity are reduced. For example, yuán huā (Flos Genkwa) is often decocted with vinegar, and chuān wū (Radix Aconiti) and căo wū (Radix Aconiti Kusnezof■i) are decocted with water to reduce their toxicity. Decocting can also improve the medicinal effects of some herbs. For example, if huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) is decocted with wine, its power to clear lung heat is increased. Moreover, decocting can also clean impurities. For example, decoction with tofu can facilitate removal of impurities from pearls. 2. Steaming Steaming is a method of processing by which herbs are steamed directly or indirectly with

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heated water. Through steaming, the nature, properties and some therapeutic effects of herbs are transformed. For example, if dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) is steamed with wine, its purging effect is reduced; if hé shŏu wū (Radix Polygoni Multiflori) is processed by repetitious steaming and drying, it can nourish the liver and kidney and enrich the blood-essence instead of purging the large intestine. Sometimes steaming serves to maintain the original effect of the herb, or is used in preparation for storage or further slicing. For example, huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) is often wine-steamed or water-steamed and sāng piāo xiāo (Oötheca Mantidis) is water-steamed for these purposes. 3. Quenching Quenching means heating an herb until red hot and then immediately plunging it into cold liquid, in order to make minerals and shells more brittle and easy to be crushed and decocted. For example, zì rán tóng (Pyritum), biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) and dài zhĕ shí (Haematitum) should be quenched by vinegar, and lú gān shí (Calamina) should be quenched by a decoction of huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis). 4. Scalding Scalding means quickly blanching seeds or juicy plant-origin herbs in boiling water to facilitate the removal or breaking of the skin for quicker and more thorough drying. For example, xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and táo rén (Semen Persicae) need to have their skin scalded off for storage and use, and mă chĭ xiàn (Herba Portulacae) and tiān mén dōng (Radix Asparagi) are scalded for easy drying.

Other Processing Methods 1. Pulverization Pulverization means crushing and defatting seeds, and crystallization refers to crystallizing minerals. For example, bā dòu (Semen Crotonis) and qiān jīn zĭ (Semen ■uphorbiae) can be defatted to prepare bā dòu shuāng (Semen Crotonis Pulveratum) and qiān jīn zĭ shuāng (Semen ■uphorbiae Pulveratum), respectively, and xī guā shuāng (Mirabilitum Praeparatum) is partly made from the crystal of máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas). 2. Fermentation Fermentation means mixing herbs and assisting materials together and putting the mixture into an environment with appropriate temperature and moisture for chemical decomposition by mold and enzymes. Through this process, the original properties of the herb can be partly or completely changed into a new pharmaceutical form. For example, shén qū (Massa Medicata Fermentata), dàn dòu chĭ (Semen Sojae Praeparatum) and bàn xià qū (Rhizoma Pinelliae Fermentata) are all fermented products. 3. Sprouting Sprouting means putting ripe fruit or seeds into an environment with appropriate temperature and moisture to make them sprout. The sprouted fruits or seeds have their own actions which are different from the original; for example, gŭ yá (Fructus Setariae Germinatus), mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus) and dà dòu juăn (Semen Sojae Germinatum) are all sprouted products. 4. Repetitive processing Repetitive processing is a method by which herbs are processed many times repetitively with one or more kinds of assisting materials, in order to moderate their properties, reduce or remove their toxicity, and improve their medicinal effectiveness. For example, bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) can

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be processed with the assisting materials of fresh ginger and bái fán (Alumen), and tiān nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis) can be processed with the assisting materials of fresh ginger, bái fán (Alumen) and cow (or pig) bile. In addition, distillation is also used in herbal processing. For example, zhú lì (Succus Bambusae), yolk oil and black bean oil are all prepared by using this method.

Review Questions 1. Give examples to explain the purposes of processing. 2. Give examples to explain the preparatory processing methods and the processing methods with water. 3. Give examples to explain the processing methods with ■re and the processing methods with both water and ■re.

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CHAPTER 4  

Storage of Chinese Herbs

Properties and actions of Chinese herbs are influenced by how well they are stored. Proper storage is one of the important steps in maintaining the therapeutic quality of Chinese herbs and is therefore an essential skill for practitioners of Chinese medicine to learn.

Section 1  Storage of Chinese Herbs The storage of Chinese herbs requires skill to maximize the therapeutic qualities and potency of the herbs. The topic of storage includes not only the condition, method and length of storage, but also standards of quality before entering into storage and preparation of Chinese medicinal materials and herbal pieces for decoction. Both raw herbs and prepared Chinese medicinal products are included in this study.

In■uence on Medicinal Nature Storage affects the quality and clinical effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicinal materials, herbal pieces prepared for decoction and prepared Chinese medicinal products. Proper storage is essential to maintaining quality and effectiveness during collection, processing, manufacture of prepared products and clinical application. During storage, Chinese medicinals can easily lose potency or go bad through the influence of external factors such as vermin, insects, microbes, humidity, improper temperature, sunlight, air and prolonged storage time. Without good storage practices, not only are the quality and effectiveness of the materials dif■cult to maintain, but patients may suffer harm as well. Ancient Chinese doctors long ago recognized the relationship between storage practices and the quality and effectiveness of Chinese herbs, and thus have always paid close attention to it.

Classi■cation of Qualitative Change and Damage Chinese medicinal materials and herbal pieces 1. Insects, worms, pests Insects, worms and other pests can damage Chinese medicinal materials and herbal pieces. Pests and their eggs can attach to the herbal materials while they are stored, and can also enter or hide in storehouses, containers or wrappers. Once in a suitable environment, they may multiply enormously and severely damage the medicinal materials. Storage pests can cause great damage to both herbal and animal materials. Those materials with a signi■cant amount of starch, sugar, fat or protein are particularly susceptible due to their nutritional value. ■xamples include shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae), yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis), bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae), bĕi shā shēn (Radix Glehniae), kŭ xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), jīn qián bái huā shé (Bungarus Parvus), etc. When the herbal materials are infested, quality and effectiveness decrease, or their medical nature is completely lost. In mild cases, herbal materials are

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Chapter 4  Storage of Chinese Herbs

hollowed out by pests boring into the material, causing decay; in serious cases of worm infestation, herbal materials degrade into powder. In addition, the herbal materials can be polluted with crumbled pieces of dead pests. These, along with the excretions and secretions of the pests, introduce an adulteration to the materials, which can seriously influence or completely spoil their original medicinal nature. 2. Mildew Mildew causes deterioration of medicinal herbs under certain conditions of temperature and humidity. Mycotic spores, abundant in nature, may scatter on the surfaces of herbs and then grow and develop in a warm and damp environment. At the beginning, they have the appearance of whitish hairs, netlike threads or stains and later become yellow or green mycelia. Their enzyme secretions can erode the internal tissues of herbal materials, leading to deterioration. Damage caused by mildew is somewhat less than that caused by pests. Materials can still lose their ef■cacy in mild cases, but can carry toxicity in serious conditions. For example, gān zhé (sugar cane), with sweet ■avor and a cold nature, usually functions to generate body ■uids and relieve thirst. Drinking the juice pressed from the sugar cane can aid in the treatment of damaged body ■uids due to heat syndrome. However, if the sugar cane is moldy because of unsuitable storage, it can produce a neurotropic toxin that is highly poisonous to the human nervous system. Disability and death caused by drinking moldy sugar cane juice have been repeatedly reported. Recent research has found more than ten types of mildew toxin that can lead to cancer, such as ■avacol B1, B2, G, M, versicolorin and penicillic acid. All of these strains can be found in moldy herbal materials. 3. Change of color and luster Color and luster serve as standard indicators of quality. All materials and herbal pieces, dry or fresh, have their own inherent color and luster. Without good care, or if stored too long, their pigments may undergo chemical changes due to the effects of various factors (enzymes, heat, mildew, etc.), causing corresponding changes in their inherent color and luster. For example, some materials change color from light to dark, e.g., zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis), bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae), shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) and tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis); some change from dark to light, e.g., huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis); and some change from bright to lusterless, e.g., hóng huā (Flos Carthami), yĕ jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi Indici), jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and là méi huā (Flos Chimonanthus Praecox). Change of color and luster indicates alteration of the intrinsic nature of a medicinal material. In case of a mild or partial change, the original quality and effectiveness are decreased, but in serious cases, the quality changes completely and the medicinal material no longer has an effect. Some changes even enhance toxicity. For example, shēng yào (Hydrargyrum Oxydatum Crudum), which should be stored in a dark, sealed condition with low temperature, is easily reduced to mercury if it is exposed to high temperature or bright light. The darkened color in this case indicates greater toxicity. 4. Oil exf iltration Oil ex■ltration, also termed “oil escaping”, affects medicinal materials and herbal pieces that are rich in volatile oils, fat and glucide. When exposed to heat, humidity or other inappropriate conditions, the interior oil easily diffuses to the surface and takes on a soft, tacky, muddy appearance, with an oil-like substance on the exterior and a rancid odor. In the case of herbs containing rich volatile oils, such as dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and

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dīng xiāng (Flos Caryophylli), oil ex■ltration is caused by the volatile oil rapidly moving outward and aggregating on the surface, leading to oil deterioration in certain storage conditions. In the case of other herbs containing fatty oils, such as băi zĭ rén (Semen Platycladi), táo rén (Semen Persicae) and xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), the oil ex■ltration is due to the chemical process that shifts the fatty acids into free fatty acids, which separate and effuse outward to the exterior, where oxidative decomposition occurs. In addition, some herbal materials and pieces such as niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae), mài mén dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), tiān mén dōng (Radix Asparagi), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and huáng jīng (Rhizoma Polygonati), which are rich in sticky glucide, will soften when exposed to moisture. This process also belongs to the category of oil ex■ltration in TCM. Herbal oil exfiltration may damage the components, decrease the quality and potency of medicinal materials or even change the components of a material completely, thereby leading to the loss of the original quality and effectiveness. In addition, inappropriate storage of Chinese herbs also can lead to the phenomena of odor dissipation, weathering, dissolution, spontaneous combustion, adhesion, etc., such that the herbs become less effective or ineffective, or even harmful to the human body.

Prepared Chinese medicinal products Similarly, inappropriate storage may lead to a partial or complete change in quality of prepared Chinese medicinal products. Different kinds of quality changes affect different kinds of medicinal forms (e.g., capsules vs. pills). The most common factors in quality deterioration are moth damage, mildew, rancidity, volatilization and precipitation. Whatever the qualitative changes, the therapeutic effectiveness may be reduced or completely lost, even to the point of being harmful to the human body. (Table 4-1) Table 4-1  Factors Inducing Most Common Deteriorations in Quality Factors

Affected Forms of Prepared Medicinal Products

Moth damage

Honeyed pills, water-paste pills, powders, medicinal teas and herbal leavens

Mildew

Honeyed pills, extracts and tablets

Rancidity

Mixtures, wines, extracts, syrups and ointments

Volatilization

Aromatic agents and tinctures

Precipitation

Medicinal liquors, oral liquids and injections

Basic Requirements for Storage Conditions ■xcept for some medicinal minerals that only need a clean and dry environment, most Chinese medicinals require certain basic conditions for successful storage and preservation. These can be summarized as follows: Storage containers need to be lightproof when used to store Chinese medicinal materials, herbal pieces, and prepared products that easily decompose when exposed to light. For example, colorless, transparent or translucent containers should be shaded by black packing material; optionally, lightproof brown containers can be employed. Sealed methods of storage are classified in three grades: closed, airtight and sealed. Closed

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containers can prevent dust and foreign matter from entering. Airtight containers can prevent weathering, moisture absorption, volatilization or the entrance of foreign matter. Sealing by fusing containers closed or tight sealing with appropriate materials can prevent the intrusion of air and water, or pollution. Storage temperature is also de■ned by three grades: shade, cold, and room temperature. “Shade” refers to a storage temperature not exceeding 20℃ (68℉). “Cold” refers to a storage temperature maintained between 2-10℃ (35-50℉). “Room temperature” refers to a storage temperature maintained between 10-30℃ (50-85℉). In addition, some Chinese medicinals must be stored in a dark place and at a temperature not exceeding 20℃ (68℉).

Basic Measures of Quality Conservation Basic measures of quality conservation of medicinal materials and herbal pieces 1. Traditional methods The storage area for Chinese medicinal materials and herbal pieces should be moisture-proof, insulated from heat, easy to seal, rat-proof and pest-free. It is also necessary to maintain a clean, dry, ventilated and cool environment below the required temperature and with a relative humidity below 70％. Chinese medicinal materials and herbal pieces have to be cleaned and dried using appropriate techniques before being placed into storage. Dryness is the most important measure—the absolute moisture content should be strictly controlled to within 7％-13％. During storage, materials and herbal pieces should be checked regularly. Sunlight and heat can lower humidity as well as kill pests in the medicinals. They can be stored with lime, charcoal or plant ash to drive out dampness. Chinese medicinal materials and herbal pieces that are prone to mildew, oil ex■ltration, change in color and luster, or moth and worm infestation, along with some valuable or expensive medicinals, should all be stored in sealed jars, bottles, boxes, cabinets or metal containers in order to avoid the impact of air, humidity, light, microbes and pests from the outside. For example, shè xiāng (Moschus) should be sealed in a bottle to prevent the loss of ■avor; niú huáng is best stored in a bottle, and during the rainy season this bottle should be put in a vat ■lled with lime (from limestone) to avoid dampness and mildew. In small amounts, some medicinal materials and herbal pieces can be stored by a method called “storing herbs with opposite natures together”. This helps to inhibit moths and worms, mildew and oil ex■ltration. For example, rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and animal medicinals that are attractive to moths can be protected by being stored together with huā jiāo (Pericarpium Zanthoxyli) or xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari). When mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) are stored together, mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) can more readily maintain its color while zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) is less palatable to moths. Animal medicinals, herbal materials and pieces rich in fat, glucide and volatile oils, along with some valuable medicinals such as rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and lù róng (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum) can be sprayed and sealed with 95％ medicinal alcohol or 100-proof (50％) liquor to protect against moth infestation and mildew. Storage of some flammable medicinal materials, such as liú huáng (Sulfur) and zhāng năo (Camphora), must follow requirements for ■re management and should be stored in safe places away from heat. In the summer, excessive stacking of materials and herbal pieces should be avoided, as

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this may produce heat and induce spontaneous combustion. 2. Modern technology The following advances in modern technology have contributed to improved storage of medicinal materials. Moisture control technology, such as an “air curtain” installed above the door to the storage area, prevents damp and hot air from entering. Drying technology such as far infrared radiation or microwave drying technology can insulate materials from heat and moisture. Aseptic packaging technology can prevent moisture and mildew. Controlled atmospheric storage technology creating a sealed condition and filling the container with carbon dioxide or nitrogen in order to reduce oxygen concentration—can cause pests to suffocate and die as well as inhibit growth of microorganisms. Refrigeration technology can indirectly kill pests and inhibit growth of microbes. Steam heating technology, gas (such as epoxy ethane, etc.) sterilization technology, 60Co -γ ray radiation technology, ■-J insecticidal technology (the process of increasing CO2 to a greater pressure, and then rapidly decompressing to kill insects) and fumigation technology using volatile oils of Chinese medicinals [such as dīng xiāng (Flos Caryophylli) and bì chéng qié (Fructus Litseae)] can directly kill pests and microbes. These various technologies can be chosen in accordance to appropriate conditions.

Basic measures of quality conservation with respect to prepared Chinese medicinal products Since there are many forms of prepared Chinese medicinal products with very complicated compositions and natures, different measures of conservation are applied to the storage of different forms of products in order to ensure product quality. Unless otherwise specified, the following storage methods are applied to the respectively-noted varieties of prepared forms. (Table 4-2) Table 4-2  Measures of Quality Conservation for Prepared Herbal Products Forms of Prepared Chinese Medicinal Products

Storage Measures

Honey pills, water-paste pills, paste pills, concentrated pills, micropills, gelcaps, tablets, capsules, plasters, ointments, lotions, coated plastics, teas and powders containing volatile components and subject to be moisture absorption, etc.

Sealed for storage

Soft extracts, mixtures, syrups, wines and distilled medicinal water, plasters, suppositories and extracts

Sealed and stored in a cool place

Powders, glues, teas, nasal preparations and granules

Sealed and stored in a dry place

Wax-wrapped pills and pastilles

Sealed and stored in a cool and dry place

Injection material

Stored in lightproof containers

Ointments

Sealed in lightproof containers

Tinctures, liquid extract agents, ophthalmic preparations, aerosols, and sprays

Sealed in lightproof containers and stored in a cool place

Gels

Sealed in lightproof containers and protected from freezing temperatures

In addition, the storage area for prepared Chinese medicinal products should be moisture-proof, insulated from heat, easy to seal, rat-proof and pest-free. It is also necessary to maintain a clean, dry and ventilated environment, with room temperature and relative humidity controlled to a specific standard.

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Chapter 4  Storage of Chinese Herbs

Section 2  “Xīn Chén” (Fresh-Aged) Concept of Chinese Medicinals According to the preface of Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (Shén Nóng Bĕn Căo Jīng, 神农本草经), composed during the Han Dynasty (202 B.C.-220 A.D.), one should pay attention to medicine’s curing periods. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420-581 A.D.), the preface to the Collective Commentaries on the Classic of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Jīng Jí Zhù, 本草经集注) noted: “As for the quality of láng dú (Radix ■uphorbiae Fischerianae), zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus), jú pí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) and wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae), storing for a long time is good; as for the quality of the other kinds of medicinals, fresh is good.” During the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.), the six herbs mentioned above are summarized as “Six-Chén (Aged)”. Poems were compiled to facilitate their memorization. From the Jin and Yuan Dynasties (1115-1368 A.D.) to the modern era, various herbal texts and physicians either passed down or complemented this doctrine, so that the theory of “Xīn Chén” (fresh-aged) has been continuously improved.

Introduction of “Xīn Chén” “Xīn Chén” refers to fresh and aged medicinal materials and mainly denotes the length of storage time. Generally, Xīn (fresh/new) medicinal materials include fresh materials being used without storage or stored at a low temperature for a short period of time after collection, or dry materials collected recently and stored for less than one year. If collected in previous years, and the storage has lasted for more than one year, the materials are called Chén (cured/aged) medicinal materials.

“Xīn Chén” Affects Medicinal Actions Whether the original source is plants, animals or minerals, storage time in■uences ef■cacy of herbs; as time goes by various components in materials undergo changes, which inevitably affect their quality and ef■cacy. Generally, the ef■cacy is higher for materials which have been collected and dried recently or stored for a short time. The opposite applies to materials in long-term storage; their ef■cacy may be greatly reduced, or even lost. Thus fresh herbs are preferable clinically. For example, jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae), bò he (Herba Menthae) and huò xiāng (Herba Agastachis) may lose their volatile oils during storage and become less effective or even ineffective. Zhāng năo (Herba Agastachis), bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum) and shè xiāng (Moschus) may partly lose their volatile components, which are easily oxidized, decomposed or spontaneously volatilized and, as such, they become less effective with long-term storage. Xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), táo rén (Semen Persicae), huŏ má rén (Semen Cannabis) and băi zĭ rén (Semen Platycladi) are rich in fatty oils so that long storage may induce oil ex■ltration, resulting in a deeper color and diminished ef■cacy. Some herbs are more effective fresh, but less effective or ineffective dried. This is because effective chemical components may break down or change during the drying process. For example, shí hú (Caulis Dendrobii), lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) and ŏu jié (Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis)

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all clear heat and generate ■uids; however, these herbs’ actions are more effective while fresh and juicy. Máo gèn (Herba Ranunculi Japonici) contains protoanemonin, a volatile and irritant chemical component with the ability to produce blistering. When the fresh herb is crushed and applied to the skin it produces a blister, sometimes also called “dressing acupuncture”. Protoanemonin is richly abundant in the fresh juicy herb but gradually transforms into anemonin during the drying process and lengthy storage. This new chemical component is not an irritant any more and is unable to cause blistering, hence losing its clinical effectiveness. Conversely, some medicinal materials benefit from long-term storage by virtue of chemical changes of components that develop a more effective potency with less toxicity. For example, má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and yuán huā (Flos Genkwa) all bene■t from long-term storage, in that their toxicities and aggressive properties can be moderated and relieved. Aged zōng lǚ tàn (Petiolus Trachycarpi Carbonisatus) is much more effective than fresh young zōng lǚ tàn (Petiolus Trachycarpi Carbonisatus). Newly picked shēng bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) is not able to dispel phlegm, but it shows obvious ability to dispel phlegm after one year of storage.

Importance of the Correct Understanding of “Xīn Chén” The theory of “Xīn Chén” in TCM is summed up as a relationship between storage and ef■cacy. It correlates the in■uence of storage time to the degree of ef■cacy. Relieving toxicity and maintaining or increasing ef■cacy are basic principles for choosing fresh or aged materials. As to clearly stated periods of storage that are the most effective, it depends on the quality and property of the herbs. If their property is strong and dry, long-term storage is necessary in order to moderate their aggressive dryness while maintaining their efficacy; on the other hand, if their property is mild, then long-term storage is not necessary because it may reduce the potency of the medicinals. For example, according to the experience of ancient practitioners, chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) should have one-year storage but má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) should be stored for at least three years.

Questions 1. Why is it said that proper storage conditions are necessary for maintaining quality and medicinal properties of medicinal materials in TCM? 2. What are the changes that can occur during storage to damage the quality of Chinese medicinal materials and herbal pieces prepared for decoction? 3. Describe the basic requirements and measures taken for storing Chinese medicinal materials, herbal pieces prepared for decoction and prepared Chinese medicinal products. 4. Describe how the in■uence of “Xīn” and “Chén” relates to the ef■cacy of medicinal materials and how the theory of “Xīn Chén” is understood in TCM.

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CHAPTER 5  

Collection of Chinese Medicinals Most Chinese medicinals originate from plants, animals or minerals, though a few are arti■cial products. Since collection time and method directly affect the quality and ef■cacy of the medicinals, it is important to learn when and how to gather them properly. Correct collection means collecting the proper part of the plant or animal at the correct time and using the correct method. The proper part refers to the part of the plant or animal suitable for medicinal use; e.g., leaf, ■ower, bark, stem, root, fruit or whole plant in the case of plants, or horn, egg, bone or hair in the case of animals. The correct time refers to the season or period most suitable for collecting the various medicinal materials; e.g., spring, summer, autumn, winter or whole year, or morning, noon or evening in a day. The correct method means that each different material has its own proper way to be collected; e.g., how to pluck, to shoot, to harvest, to peel, to dig, to cut down, to catch or to gather.

Collection Time In■uences Effectiveness Thousands of years of clinical experience have shown that the amount of effective components in the medicinal substance (termed “essence” in ancient times), which determines the quality and effectiveness of the substance, is closely related to the place of origin and collection time. As early as the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 A.D.), Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica—Preface (Shén Nóng Bĕn Căo Jīng—Xù Lù, 神农本草经·序录) emphasized “the time for collection and processing should follow natural law (采造时月)”. Supplement to ‘Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces’—Collection Time (Qiān Jīn Yì Fāng—Căi Yào Shí Jié, 千金翼方·采药时节) in the Tang Dynasty (682 A.D.) listed various collection times for 234 types of medicinals, and emphasized that “the herbs which are not collected at the proper time would work as deadwood without any medicinal benefits”. In the north of China, there is an old saying “yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae) should be collected in the spring, qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae) in the summer, zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) dug in the autumn and spring, jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) picked in the middle of September, and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) collected on mountains in October (春采茵陈夏采蒿，知母黄芩秋春刨，九月中旬摘菊花，十 月上山采连翘)”. In the south, however, the spring and summer come earlier, so “yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae) should be collected in the f irst month of the lunar year (normally February on the Western calendar) and qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae) in the second month. When qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae) is left until the third month to be harvested, it can only be used as f irewood (正月茵陈二月蒿，三月蒿子当柴烧)”. Modern research has also shown strong evidence that in different stages of growth the quality and quantity of the effective components are different in different parts of the plant.

In■uence on medicinal plants All the medicinal parts of a plant in its growing or maturing stage—roots, stems, leaves, ■owers and fruits—contain different amounts of effective components in different seasons or periods; e.g., glycyrrhizic acid in 3- or 4-year-old gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) is almost twice that

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in one-year-old plants, and the amount of general ginsenoside in ginseng is highest in 6- or 7-yearold plants. Some vary according to month; e.g., dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) has the highest amount of essentials in July, and berberine of huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) is at its highest level in July and can last for 6 years at this level in the harvested plant. Some changes manifest day by day; e.g., rutin is found both in huái mĭ (Flos Sophorae Immaturus) and huái huā (Flos Sophorae Immaturus), but the quantity of rutin is 28％ greater in the buds than in the ■owers. Some vary with hours; e.g., the alkaloid level of màn tuó luó (Flos Daturae) is high in the leaves in the morning and high in the roots in the evening. In a word, quality and ef■cacy of herbs are closely related to the season and growing time.

In■uence on medicinal animals As with herbs, animal medicinal substances also have their own rules concerning time of collection, since animal products for medicinal purposes can be tissues or organs of various animal bodies, physiological secretions or excretions and pathological products, which change every day along with body growth and development. For example, lù róng (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum) and lù jiăo (Cornu Cervi) share the same source, but lù róng (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum) is normally sawn off 45-60 days after Qingming (Tomb-sweeping Day), and lù jiăo (Cornu Cervi) is the completely matured antler, which is normally shed naturally. They are different, not only in reinforcing power, but in other actions. To summarize, collection time and method are important factors in■uencing clinical ef■cacy, so general knowledge in this area is essential in order to ensure the quality of the medicinal substance.

Collection Time Physicians and pharmacists throughout history have focused on researching collection time and have accumulated abundant experience. Generally, all Chinese medicinals should be collected at the time that their effective components are at their peak in terms of quantity, but each plant has its own rules to follow.

Medicinal plants Following long clinical practice, collection is carried out depending on the different period of growth. According to the different part of the plant, rules for collection time are given as follows: 1. Leaves Leaves are usually gathered when the buds are in bloom or about to bloom, since at that time the plants are at their utmost luxuriance with good quality in properties, tastes and effects, such as with dà qīng yè (Folium Isatidis), hé yè (Folium Nelumbinis), ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi) and pí pá yè (Folium ■riobotryae). There are some exceptions; e.g., sāng yè (Folium Mori) needs to be harvested between the end of autumn and the ■rst frost of winter. 2. Flowers Flowers are generally harvested when they start to bloom. In some plants, such as jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), xuán fù huā (Flos Inulae) and yuè jì huā (Flos Rosae Chinensis), ■owers should be plucked after they bloom, but in others, such as jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), huái mĭ (Flos Sophorae Immaturus) and xīn yí (Flos Magnoliae), buds should be collected before ■owering. Hóng huā (Flos Carthami) is an exception to this as it needs to be collected when the color of its petals

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turns from yellow to orange. Also, the pollen of pú huáng (Pollen Typhae) is collected when the ■ower is in full bloom. 3. Bark Tree bark, such as huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis) and dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae), is often harvested between the spring and summer, since the plants at that time are growing luxuriantly with plenty of juice inside, the bark is easy to peel off and the wounds to the tree heal easily. Root bark, such as mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori), is normally collected from the end of autumn to the early spring, same as the roots themselves. There are also exceptions; e.g., wŭ jiā pí (Cortex Acanthopanacis) is generally collected during the late summer to the early autumn; ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi), xiāng jiā pí (Cortex Periplocae) and qín pí (Cortex Fraxini) are collected in the spring or autumn; whereas dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii), kŭ liàn gēn pí (Cortex Meliae) and hăi tóng pí (Cortex ■rythrinae) can be collected the whole year round. 4. Fruits Fruits or fruit peels for medicinal purposes, such as guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi), mă dōu líng (Fructus Aristolochiae), huà jú hóng (■xocarpium Citri Grandis) and jú pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), are normally harvested when the fruits are ripe or nearly ripe, and then either the whole fruit or only the peel is collected. There are a few exceptions to this; e.g., wū méi (Fructus Mume), qīng pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride) and zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) are collected when the fruit is still immature; shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) is harvested when the fruit is completely ripe and turning red after frost; and similarly chuān liàn zĭ (Fructus Toosendan) but with yellow color after frost. Harvesting must be done just on time—if too early, the pulp will be thin with low yield; if too late, the pulp will be dry and loose with low quality, as with mù guā (Fructus Chaenomelis). In addition, berries spoil easily, so they should be harvested in the early morning or in the evening. During collection, one should be very careful to protect the skin, since the broken ones rot easily; e.g., gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii), sāng shèn (Fructus Mori) and fù pén zĭ (Fructus Rubi). 5. Seeds Seeds are extracted when fruits are ripe. Some dry fruit seeds should be harvested when the fruits are nearly ripe; otherwise the fully ripe fruits fall off or crack off very quickly and the seeds scatter; e.g. xiăo huí xiāng (Fructus Foeniculi), bái dòu kòu (Fructus Amomi Kravanh) and qiān niú zĭ (Semen Pharbitidis). 6. Whole plant The whole plant is generally harvested when the plant is ■ourishing or when the ■owers start blooming. In some plants, such as bò he (Herba Menthae), jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae), yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri) and zĭ sū (Herba Perillae), the part above ground needs to be cut off at the root. Similarly, with yè jiāo téng (Folium et Caulis Perillae) and rĕn dōng téng (Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae), the leaves and vine are collected together. Some others, such as zĭ huā dì dīng (Herba Violae), chē qián căo (Herba Plantaginis) and pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) need to be collected together with the root. Still others, such as yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae) and xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) need to be harvested a little early when the plant is very young with tender leaves. 7. Stems and woody materials The best collection time is generally in the autumn and winter; e.g., shŏu wū téng (Caulis Polygoni Multi■ori), rĕn dōng téng (Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae), hóng téng (Caulis Sargentodoxae), jī xuè téng (Caulis Spatholobi) and tōng căo (Medulla Tetrapanacis). There are some exceptions;

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e.g., hăi fēng téng (Caulis Piperis Kadsurae) is collected from the summer to the autumn, sāng zhī (Ramulus Mori) from the end of spring to early summer and guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) from March to July. Some woody materials are harvested the whole year round; e.g., the heartwoods of sū mù (Lignum Sappan), jiàng xiāng (Lignum Dalbergiae Odoriferae) and chén xiāng (Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum) and wooden thorn stems such as zào jiăo cì (Spina Gleditsiae). 8. Roots and rhizomes The best harvesting time for these is generally the late autumn or early spring. By that time, the plants are withering or the new sprouts are growing and the effective components in the roots or rhizomes are at their highest level; e.g., dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei), jīn qiáo mài (Rhizoma Fagopyri Dibotryis), huái niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae), tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae), cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis), qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii) and yù zhú (Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati). For some plants, such as tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae), better quality roots can be obtained during winter. There are a few exceptions—bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) can be harvested in the summer as well as late autumn or early spring, yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis) is collected in the summer, xià tiān wú (Rhizoma Corydalis Decumbentis) from the end of spring to the early summer and míng dăng shēn (Radix Changii) only in the spring. 9. Algae, fungi, and lichen The collecting time varies—fú líng (Poria) is collected in the early autumn, mă bó (Lasiosphaera seu Calvatia) is collected when its fruiting body has just matured, dōng chóng xià căo (Cordyceps) is collected in the early summer when the fungus has just emerged and the spores have not yet scattered, hăi zăo (Sargassum) is collected from the summer to the autumn and sōng luó (Chinese Usnea) can be collected the whole year round.

Animal products In the collection of animal products, maintenance of efficacy and ease of collection are the preconditions, and it is necessary to follow the natural rhythms of development in order to choose the best time. 1. Insects Generally collection time is determined in accordance with their natural hatching time and development process. Insect eggs are normally gathered before hatching; e.g., sāng piāo xiāo (Oötheca Mantidis) is collected from the late autumn to the following spring before the eggs start to incubate, since the longer the eggs are incubated the less medicinal effectiveness they have. To get the whole insect or the molted skin, the best time is when they are alive; e.g., tŭ biē chóng (■upolyphaga seu Steleophaga), méng chóng (Tabanus) and chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae) should be collected in the summer and autumn. 2. Amphibians Amphibians are generally collected in the summer and autumn; e.g., hoptoads and their secretions chán sū (Venenum Bufonis). There also is an exception—há ma yóu (Oviductus Ranae) comes from the Chinese forest frog, which is caught after the ■rst frost but before winter sets in. 3. Reptiles The best collection time generally is in the summer and autumn; e.g., qí shé (Agkistrodon), wū shāo shé (Zaocys) and gé jiè (Gecko). 4. Other vertebrates Most vertebrate products can be collected the whole year round; e.g., guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis), jī nèi jīn (■ndothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli), gŏu shèn (Peni et Testes

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Canitis), zĭ hé chē (Placenta Hominis), wŭ líng zhī (Faeces Trogopterori), yè míng shā (Faeces Vespertilionis) and cì wei pí (Corium ■rinacei). However, donkey skin processed for ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) is an exception as it is collected only after the Winter Solstice, since the donkey skin by that time is thick with good quality.

Minerals Minerals, such as shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), huá shí (Talcum), zì rán tóng (Pyritum) and liú huáng (Sulfur) can be collected at any time. This includes fossils such as lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) and hŭ pò (Succinum), as well as artificial mineral products such as qiān dān (Minium), mì tuó sēng (Lithargyrum), qīng fĕn (Mercurous Chloride) and shēng yào (Mercuric Oxide).

Questions 1. Why do Chinese medicinal plants and animals need to be collected at the right time? 2. ■xplain the collection time of medicinal plants with examples. 3. ■xplain brie■y the in■uence of collection time on the medicinal actions of animals and plants.

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CHAPTER 6  

Habitat of Chinese Medicinals

The habitat of Chinese medicinals, whether plant, animal or mineral, is an important factor in■uencing quality and ef■cacy, as has been proved by thousands of years of clinical experience and numerous works of modern research.

Section 1  In■uence of Habitat on Medicinal Ef■cacy In the past thousands of years of clinical practice, physicians and pharmacists have gradually realized the importance of habitat to the quality and efficacy of the medicinals. The same herb displays different levels of quality and ef■cacy when grown in a different place. As early as the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.), this was pointed out by Kong Zhi-yue in the preface of Newly Revised Materia Medica (Xīn Xiū Bĕn Căo, 新修本草).

In■uence on Plant Products The distribution and growth of plants depend on the local ecological environment, which is determined by factors such as landform, quality and composition of the soil, climate, sunshine and rainfall. Plants of the same species can present different appearance, quality, properties and actions when grown in different environments. For example, as recorded in Enlightening Primer of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Méng Quán, 本草蒙筌), written by Chen Jia-mo in the Ming Dynasty (13681644 A.D.), dāng guī grown in Sichuan (called chuān guī, 川归) has the properties of invigorating blood and purging, while the same plant grown in Gansu (called qín guī, 秦归) has the property of nourishing blood. Newly published studies show that chuān xiōng grown in Sichuan normally appears as an irregular f ist-like nodal lump with a yellow-brown surface, and is excellent in quality and actions. When grown in Gansu, on the other hand, it looks like găo bĕn (Rhizoma Ligustici), presenting as an irregular cylindrical lump with brown color on the surface and having poorer quality and actions. If grown in a cold region, ōu wū tóu (Aconitum Napellus) is non-toxic, whereas the same plant is strongly toxic if grown in a warm mediterranean climate.

In■uence on Animal Products As with plant products, habitat can also affect the quality and actions of animal products. For example, compared with that from other places, ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) produced in Shandong Province shows better quality and actions, since the water used in processing is naturally good.

In■uence on Mineral Products Mineral products show no exception to the general rule—their quality and actions often vary

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according to place. For example, modern research shows that lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) varies in quality and actions depending on the chemical composition, the age of the original fossil, the embedded condition and the local environment, and that those coming from the Nihe Sinus, Sanggan Ancient Lake, are the best. In a word, knowledge about the habitat of medicinal substances is a necessary component of quality control.

Section 2  Genuine Regional Medicinals “Dào Dì Yào Cái” (道地药材), sometimes written as “Dì Dào Yào Cái”, is commonly translated as “genuine regional medicinals”. It is a special term utilized to label those medicinals which possess perfect quality and have a long history of being produced in a particular area. Generally, the place information is attached to the name of the medicinal. The term “Dào Dì Yào Cái” is a compound phrase which is composed of two component parts in Chinese—“Dào Dì” and “Yào Cái”. The phrase “Dào Dì” appeared ■rst in Essentials of Materia Medica Distinctions (Bĕn Căo Pĭn Huì Jīng Yào, 本草品汇精要) written by Liu Wen-tai in the Ming Dynasty (1505 A.D.). “Dào” was an administrative partition in ancient China, while “Dì” means “region” or “area”; the phrase “Dào Dì” came to have the meaning of “true” and “genuine”, implying the best quality and excellent ef■cacy. “Yào Cái” simply means “herb” or “medicinal substance”.

How to De■ne “Dào Dì Yào Cái” Species The quality of herbs is highly dependent on the species. Botanically, one plant may have many species, but only one or two of them may be chosen for medicinal application, after many years of observation or cultivation. For example, as medicinal herbs from the family Leguminosae, Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao, Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. and several others can serve as huáng qí (Radix Astragali) in Chinese medicine, yet only the ■rst one, normally grown in Inner Mongolia, is considered “Dào Dì Yào Cái ”. Many species of dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) belong to the family Polygonaceae botanically, yet only Rheum palmatum L.and Rheum tanguticum Maxim ex Balf., which grow respectively in Qinghai and Gansu provinces, are considered the best, whereas Rheum franzenbachii Münt. and Rheum hotaoense C. Y. Chang ex C. T. Kao both also called dà huáng and grown respectively in Northern China and the coastal area of the Yellow River, are poor in quality.

Bio-ecological environment ■cologically, such factors as the quality of the soil, climate, amount of sunshine, environmental trace elements and microorganisms influence plant growth, blooming, dormancy, external appearance, internal structure, physiological functions and synthesis of effective ingredients, all of which contribute to the quality of herbs. If a medicinal plant can adapt gradually in a particular environment, the environment could transform the plant genetically through the factors mentioned above. For example, gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) produced in Ningxia Province is regarded as a “genuine regional medicinal” because of the unique biological environment, consisting of loose, weakly alkaline soil, highland climate with a lot of sunshine and a big variation in temperature over the

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course of a day. Huáng qí (Radix Astragali) produced in Inner Mongolia is regarded as a “genuine regional medicinal” partly because the trace element selenium in the soil is much higher there than in other areas where it is cultivated. Bio-ecological changes in the environment can also cause the degeneration of plant quality. For example, huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), which has an appearance resembling chicken feet, is regarded as a “genuine regional medicinal” in its normal habitat along the north bank of the Yangtse River. If it is transplanted to the south bank, however, the amount of berberine, which is an indicator of its quality, decreases to less than half of that of its counterparts grown on the north bank.

Cultivation Most herbs are cultivated though a few are collected from the wild. Animal products come mostly from domesticated animals. In addition to the issues of species and ecological environment, the quality of the medicinal substances also relies on skill in cultivation and domestication. Fortunately, for thousands of years people have accumulated rich experience in cultivation in order to guarantee the quality of the effective medicinal ingredients. For example, huái dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae from Huaiqing) and chuān fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis from Sichuan) need to be cultivated skillfully.

Collection and processing Time of collection and processing technology also affect herbal quality. For example, mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan), which comes mainly from the Feng Huang Mountain area of Tongling in Anhui Province, should generally be collected during the first ten days of October every year after 3-5 years plantation. At that time both the yield of the plant and the content of the effective ingredients are higher than if collected during the first ten days of August. Such herbs should of course be processed by authentic methods to preserve the high quality and ef■cacy. Another example is lù róng (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum), which should be collected 45-60 days after Qingming Day (from the middle of May to the last ten days of July) in order to get the best product.

Examples Through long clinical application, people have come to know what qualifies as a “genuine regional medicinal”. According to statistics, about 200 herbs are commonly accepted as “genuine regional medicinals”. Some examples—most of which are produced in China—are shown in the following table. Chinese name

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Latin Name

rén shēn (人参)

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng

wŭ wèi zĭ (五味子)

Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis

xì xīn (细辛)

Radix et Rhizoma Asari

lóng dăn (龙胆)

Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae

shēng má (升麻)

Rhizoma Cimicifugae

fáng fēng (防风)

Radix Saposhnikoviae

xiè bái (薤白)

Bulbus Allii Macrostemi

cì wŭ jiā (刺五加)

Radix et Rhizoma seu Caulis Acanthopanacis Senticosi

găo bĕn (藁本)

Rhizoma Ligustici

há ma yóu (哈蟆油)

Oviductus Ranae

Producing region

Northeast China

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Latin Name

Producing region

ròu cōng róng (肉苁蓉)

Herba Cistanches

huáng qí (黄芪)

Radix Astragali

zhī mŭ (知母)

Rhizoma Anemarrhenae

huáng qín (黄芩)

Radix Scutellariae

băn lán gēn (板蓝根),

Radix Isatidis

dăng shēn (党参)

Radix Codonopsis

lián qiào (连翘)

Fructus Forsythiae

yín yáng huò (淫羊藿)

Herba ■pimedii

zhū líng (猪苓)

Polyporus

shā yuàn zĭ (沙苑子)

Semen Astragali Complanati

dāng guī (当归)

Radix Angelicae Sinensis

suŏ yáng (锁阳)

Herba Cynomorii

qín jiāo (秦艽)

Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae

dà huáng (大黄)

Radix et Rhizoma Rhei

Qinghai

gŏu qĭ zĭ ( 枸杞子)

Fructus Lycii

Ningxia

zĭ căo (紫草)

Radix Arnebiae

ā wèi (阿魏)

Resina Ferulae

hú huáng lián (胡黄连)

Rhizoma Picrorhizae

chuān bèi mŭ (川贝母)

Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae

chuān xiōng (川芎)

Rhizoma Chuanxiong

chuān wū (川乌)

Radix Aconiti

fù zĭ (附子)

Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata

huáng lián (黄连)

Rhizoma Coptidis

mài dōng (麦冬)

Radix Ophiopogonis

xiān máo (仙茅)

Rhizoma Curculiginis

xù duàn (续断)

Radix Dipsaci

hòu pò (厚朴)

Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis

shĭ jūn zĭ (使君子)

Fructus Quisqualis

bā dòu (巴豆)

Fructus Crotonis

chuān liàn zĭ (川楝子)

Fructus Toosendan

dù zhòng (杜仲)

Cortex ■ucommiae

pí pá yè (枇杷叶)

Folium ■riobotryae

huā jiāo (花椒)

Pericarpium Zanthoxyli

Inner Mongolia

Hebei

Shaanxi

Gansu

Xinjiang Tibet

Sichuan

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Latin Name

sān qī (三七)

Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng

fú líng (茯苓)

Poria

mù xiāng (木香)

Radix Aucklandiae

hē zĭ (诃子)

Fructus Chebulae

huái dì huáng (怀地黄)

Radix Rehmanniae

huái shān yào (怀山药)

Rhizoma Dioscoreae

huái niú xī (怀牛膝)

Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae

huái jú huā (怀菊花)

Flos Chrysanthemi

tiān huā fĕn (天花粉)

Radix Trichosanthis

hé shŏu wū (何首乌)

Radix Polygoni Multi■ori

xióng huáng (雄黄)

Realgar

tiān dōng (天冬)

Radix Asparagi

tiān má (天麻)

Rhizoma Gastrodiae

bái jí (白及)

Rhizoma Bletillae

zhū shā (朱砂)

Cinnabaris

ròu guì (肉桂)

Cortex Cinnamomi

jīn chāi shí hú (金钗石斛)

Caulis Dendrobii

luó hàn guŏ (罗汉果)

Fructus Momordicae

gé jiè (蛤蚧)

Gecko

guăng huò xiāng (广藿香)

Herba Pogostemonis

shā rén (砂仁)

Fructus Amomi

chén pí (陈皮)

Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae

huà jú hóng (化橘红)

■xocarpium Citri Grandis

bīng láng (槟榔)

Semen Arecae

yì zhì rén (益智仁)

Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae

gāo liáng jiāng (高良姜)

Rhizoma Alpiniae Of■cinarum

ē jiāo (阿胶)

Colla Corii Asini

bĕi shā shēn (北沙参)

Radix Glehniae

guā lóu (瓜蒌)

Fructus Trichosanthis

bái wēi (白薇)

Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Atrati

bò he (薄荷)

Herba Menthae

cāng zhú (苍术)

Rhizoma Atractylodis

tài zĭ shēn (太子参)

Radix Pseudostellariae

Producing region

Yunnan

Henan

Hunan

Guizhou

Guangxi

Guangdong

Hainan

Shandong

Jiangsu

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Latin Name

Producing region

zhĭ qiào (枳壳)

Fructus Aurantii

xiāng rú (香薷)

Herba Moslae

wū gŭ jī (乌骨鸡)

Black-bone Chicken

bó bái sháo (亳白芍)

Radix Paeoniae Alba

fèng dān pí (凤丹皮)

Cortex Moutan

chú jú (滁菊)

Flos Chrysanthemi

gòng jú (贡菊)

Flos Chrysanthemi

xuān mù guā (宣木瓜)

Fructus Chaenomelis

huò shān shí hú (霍山石斛)

Caulis Dendrobii

zé xiè (泽泻)

Rhizoma Alismatis

jiàn shén qū (建神曲)

Massa Medicata Fermentata

qīng dài (青黛)

Indigo Naturalis

zhāng năo (樟脑)

Camphora

háng bái sháo (杭白芍)

Radix Paeoniae Alba

háng jú huā (杭菊花)

Flos Chrysanthemi

zhè bèi mŭ (浙贝母)

Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii

háng bái zhĭ (杭白芷)

Radix Angelicae Dahuricae

tái wū yào (台乌药)

Radix Linderae

yú bái zhú (于白术)

Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae

yán hú suŏ (延胡索)

Rhizoma Corydalis

shān zhū yú (山茱萸)

Fructus Corni

mŭ lì (牡蛎)

Concha Ostreae

dōng chóng xià căo (冬虫夏草)

Cordyceps

Qinhai-Tibet Plateau

ròu guì (肉桂)

Cortex Cinnamomi

Vietnam

fān xiè yè (番泻叶)

Folium Sennae

India or ■gypt

xī hóng huā (西红花)

Stigma Croci

Spain

fāng ér chá (方儿茶)

Catechu

xuè jié (血竭)

Sanguis Draconis

méi huā bīng piàn (梅花冰片)

Borneolum Syntheticum

pàng dà hăi (胖大海)

Semen Sterculiae Lychnophorae

ān xī xiāng (安息香)

Benzoinum

mò yào (没药)

Myrrha

rŭ xiāng (乳香)

Olibanum

sū hé xiāng (苏合香)

Styrax

Turkey

xī yáng shēn (西洋参)

Radix Panacis Quinquefolii

U.S. or Canada

Jiangxi

Anhui

Fujian Taiwan

Zhejiang

Indonesia

Somalia

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Transition of the Habitat Generally, the habitats of medicinals are rather stable. For example, as early as the Song Dynasty (960-1127 A.D.), practitioners had already realized that niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) produced in the area of Jiaozuo, Henan Province was the best. This kind of niú xī, also known as huái niú xī (incorporating the old place name), is still widely accepted as a “genuine regional medicinal”. Wū yào (Radix Linderae) from the Zhejiang area has also been regarded as the best throughout history. However, the natural environment changes and human behavior may cause habitat transition, so that sometimes plants or animals may ■nd a new better place to grow. For example, the classics of materia medica before the Qing Dynasty (1644 A.D.) all noted that the best rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) was from the Shangdang area (today’s Changzhi area in Shanxi Province), but during the Qing Dynasty (1644 A.D.), the virgin forest was cut down to a great extent and ■nally the local ginseng became extinct because of the disappearance of suitable environmental conditions. Subsequently the ginseng from the northeast of China was found to be excellent. Another example is sān qī (Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng), which was originally produced in Tianzhou (today the Tianyang and Baise areas) of Guangxi Province (so it was also called tián qī). Later it was transplanted successfully to Wenshan in Yunnan Province, where its quality is excellent and the yield is large, so that Yunnan has come to be a famous place for production of sān qī.

Habitat Protection and Development Habitat protection is the prerequisite for good herbal quality. Because “genuine regional medicinals” are not plentiful enough to satisfy the demands of clinical use, transplantation and artificial cultivation have become necessary. Since changes in the ecological environment must result in changes in herbal quality, the study of how to establish a similar ecological environment has become very important. For example, xī yáng shēn (Radix Panacis Quinquefolii), originally from North America, has been transplanted successfully into China. Antler and musk for medicinal purposes, which used to be taken from wild deer and musk deer, are now acquired from domestically raised deer. Chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), originally from Sichuan Province, has been transplanted to Gansu, but has poor quality compared to the original product. The amount of volatile oil in Vietnamese ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) reaches 6.4％, yet that of its transplanted counterpart in China is only 2.3％. There remains a lot be studied concerning transplantation and cultivation, such as how to best preserve and protect the ecological environment to maintain quality, and how to understand the relationship between environment and quality.

Review Questions 1. Why does the habitat of herbs affect medicinal actions? 2. Describe the meaning of “Dào Dì Yào Cái” (genuine regional medicinal). 3. What factors are supposed to affect the quality and yield of “Dào Dì Yào Cái”? 4. How to understand the concept of “genuine regional medicinal”?

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Part Two

Speci■c Discussion

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CHAPTER 1  

Herbs that Release the Exterior

Section 1  Herbs that Disperse Wind Cold  /  57 Má Huáng 麻黄  /  57 Guì Zhī 桂枝  /  59 Zĭ Sū Yè 紫苏叶  /  61 Zĭ Sū Gĕng 紫苏梗  /  63

Shēng Jiāng 生姜   /  63

Xīn Yí 辛夷  /  81 Cōng Bái 葱白  /  83

Section 2  Herbs that Disperse Wind Heat  /  84 Bò He 薄荷  /  84 Niú Bàng Zĭ 牛蒡子  /  86 Chán Tuì 蝉蜕  /  88

Shēng Jiāng Pí 生姜皮  /  65

Sāng Yè 桑叶  /  89

Shēng Jiāng Zhī 生姜汁  /  65

Jú Huā 菊花  /  91

Wēi Jiāng 煨姜  /  65

Màn Jīng Zĭ 蔓荆子  /  92

Xiāng Rú 香薷  /  65

Chái Hú 柴胡  /  94

Jīng Jiè 荆芥  /  67

Shēng Má 升麻  /  96

Fáng Fēng 防风  /  69

Gé Gēn 葛根  /  98

Qiāng Huó 羌活  /  72

Gé Huā 葛花  /  100

Bái Zhĭ 白芷  /  73

Fú Píng 浮萍  /  100

Xì Xīn 细辛  /  76

Mù Zéi 木贼  /  101

Găo Bĕn 藁本  /  78

Dàn Dòu Chĭ 淡豆豉  /  102

Cāng Ěr Zĭ 苍耳子  /  79

［Definition］  Herbs in this chapter are able to disperse exterior pathogens and release the super■cial part of the body. ［Properties ＆ Actions］  These herbs are mostly pungent and mainly enter the lung and bladder channels. They are effective at expelling pathogens from the skin, muscles and super■cial tissues through perspiration to release the exterior. Some herbs can also disperse lung qi, help excrete water, promote rash eruption and dispel wind dampness. ［Indications］  This group of herbs is mainly used for exterior syndromes arising from invasion of wind cold or wind heat and marked by aversion to cold, fever, headache, body aches and pain, abnormal sweating, ■oating pulse, etc. Some of the herbs are also used for coughing, asthma, edema, cutaneous rashes with diminished eruption and joint pain due to wind-damp obstruction, etc. ［Modifications］  For practical applications, prescriptions are made according to the type of pathogenic factors involved. In addition, the patient’s physique and climate changes are also taken into consideration. For example, exterior syndrome can sometimes be complicated with yang deficiency, qi deficiency or yin deficiency. Therefore, herbs for invigorating yang, replenishing qi or nourishing yin should be used in combination for strengthening the healthy qi to suppress the pathogen. When exterior syndromes occur in the summer, herbs that expel summerheat and dampness are often used in combination because the summer is mostly hot and rainy. Moisting herbs are used in autumn because of the cool and dry weather. If the exterior syndrome emerges in the early stage of febrile diseases, herbs that clear toxic heat should be used as well. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  The dosage of herbs that have strong perspiration effects needs to be carefully controlled in order to avoid over-sweating and consumption of yang qi and body ■uid.

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These herbs are prohibited for cases with spontaneous sweating, body ■uid consumption resulting from febrile diseases, chronic sores and ulcers, urinary infection and serious anemia. Most herbs in this chapter cannot be boiled for a long time because their aromatic active ingredients may evaporate during the decoction. In addition, the dosage of the herbs changes along with seasonal shifts and different regions. For example, in warm areas during the spring and summer, herbal dosage should be decreased appropriately because the body surface is more porous in summer. In cold areas during winter, the herbal dosage should be increased appropriately because the body surface is less porous. Herbs in this chapter are divided into two groups: · herbs that disperse wind cold · herbs that disperse wind heat

Section 1  Herbs that Disperse Wind Cold Herbs in this group are mainly pungent, warm or slightly warm, though some of them are bitter or slightly sweet. The pungent and warm herbs specialize in dispersing the wind cold by causing heavy perspiration in order to release the exterior. Some of them are also effective at dispersing the lung qi, relieving dyspnea, excreting water and eliminating dampness.

Má Huáng 麻黄 HERBA EPHEDRAE Ephedra ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (Shén Nóng Bĕn Căo Jīng, 神农本草经) in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was lóng shā (龙沙). It is the herbaceous stem of Ephedra sinica Stapf, Ephedra equisetina Bge. and Ephedra intermedia Schrenk et C. A. Mey., shrubs of the Ephedraceae family. ［■xplanation of Name］  Má, “rough”; huáng, “yellow”. The stems and branches are greenish-yellow and rough. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Gansu and Shanxi of China. ［Collection］  The herbaceous stems are collected in late autumn and dried in the shade or sun. The best quality are those with light green or greenishyellow surface, brownish-red center, bitter and astringent ■avor, and a strong and ■exible stem. ［Processing］  The woody stems, root base and impurities are removed and it is then cut into segments. It can be used raw, honey-fried or ground. ［Properties］  Acrid, slightly bitter; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, bladder. ［Characteristics］  Its acrid property enables it to disperse the lung and its warm property enables it to dredge the channels with strong potency. It enters the lung and bladder channels and is effective at inducing sweating to release the exterior, dispersing lung qi to relieve asthma, promoting diuresis

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to subside edema and dissipating cold to unblock the collaterals. ［Actions］  Induces sweat to release the exterior, disperses lung qi to relieve dyspnea and promotes urination to alleviate edema. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For exterior excess wind-cold syndrome, it can quickly release the exterior by strongly inducing perspiration.   It is particularly effective for exterior excess syndrome with aversion to cold, fever, headache without sweating and a ■oating and tight pulse due to excessive wind and cold attack. When applied, it is often combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), such as in the formula Má Huáng Tāng (■phedra Decoction).   For exterior excess wind-cold syndrome with yang de■ciency, which is manifested by chills, fever, headache without sweating and deep pulse, it is often combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) and xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) to warm the kidney yang and disperse wind cold, such as in the formula Má Huáng Fù Zĭ Xì Xīn Tāng (■phedra, Aconite and Asarum Decoction). 2. For excess cough and asthma, it can relieve asthma by dispersing lung qi. It is widely used for asthma that is induced by cold, heat, or phlegm and ■uid retention.   It is particularly effective for cough and asthma that are induced by wind cold with constrained lung qi when combined with xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and gān cǎo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae), such as in the formula Sān Ào Tāng (Rough and Ready Three Decoction).   For wind-cold induced asthma with thin phlegm, it is combined with xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) and gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) to warm the lung and relieve cough and asthma, such as in the formula Xiăo Qīng Lóng Tāng (Minor Green Dragon Decoction).   For acute asthma with high fever and rapid respiration induced by heat retention, it may also be combined with shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae), such as in the formula Má Xìng Shí Gān Tāng (■phedra, Apricot Kernel, Gypsum and Licorice Decoction). 3. For exterior excess edema manifested by aversion to wind, difficult urination and floating pulse, it is combined with gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae), such as in the formula Gān Cǎo Má Huáng Tāng (Licorice and ■phedra Decoction) to reduce edema by dispersing lung qi and inducing perspiration and diuresis.   It may also be combined with shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), such as in the formula Yuè Bì Jiā Zhú Tāng (Maidservant From Yue Decoction plus Atractylodes Macrocephala) 4. It also can dissipate cold and unblock the channels and is used for treating wind-cold-damp arthralgia, cold necrosis and subcutaneous nodules. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 1.5-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is ground into powder for nasal inhalation or topical application. The raw herb is effective in causing perspiration and diuresis. The honey-processed herb is effective at moistening the lung and relieving cough and dyspnea, but has weak perspiration effects. The ■ne ■oss has milder perspiration effects, so is used for children, the elderly and weak patients. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for people with spontaneous sweating due to qi de■ciency, night sweating due to yin de■ciency, or wheezing due to failure of the kidney to grasp qi. ［Ingredients］  The major components of Ephedra sinica Stapf are ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and volatile oils. Ephedra equisetina Bge. mainly contains ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, tannin

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Chapter 1  Herbs that Release the Exterior

and flavonoid glycosides. Among these, ephedrine is the principal component, followed by pseudoephedrine. ［Pharmacological Research］  The volatile oils can induce perspiration and relieve fever. ■phedrine and pseudoephedrine can ease convulsions of the smooth bronchial muscles. Pseudoephedrine also has strong action in diuresis. ■phedrine can also excite the heart, contract blood vessels, raise blood pressure and excite the central nervous system. In addition, it has effects of anti-in■ammation, anti-anaphylaxis, anti-thrombus, anti-tumor, antibiosis and antivirus, promoting red blood cell and bone marrow production, and in■uencing the metabolism of sugar, proteins and lipids. It is reported to clinically treat allergic rhinitis and bradycardia.

GuìZhī桂枝 RAMULUS CINNAMOMI Cassia Twig ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was guì. It is the twig of Cinnamomum cassia Presl., an evergreen tree of the Lauraceae family. ［■xplanation of Name］  Guì (equal to “guī, 圭” in ancient China) “jade utensils pointed on top and square on the bottom, particularly used for imperial ceremonies” and zhī “twig” or “branch”. It is called guì zhī because it has two vertical lines in the center forming a shape similar to jade utensils, while most plants only have one vertical line in the center of the leaf, stem or branch. It is also known as liŭ guì (柳桂), where liŭ means “willow”. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Guangxi, Guangdong and Fujian of China. Some can also be found in Yunnan Province of China. ［Collection］  The twigs are collected in the spring and summer. After the leaves are removed, the twigs are dried in the shade or the sun. The best quality are those that are young, evenly shaped, aromatic and reddish-brown. ［Processing］  After the residual leaves and impurities are removed, it is soaked in water for a short while, rinsed again, and then cut into thin slices and dried for use. ［Properties］  Acrid, sweet; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, heart, bladder. ［Characteristics］  It has acrid and warm properties that have dispersing effects and sweet and warm properties that assist yang. It enters the heart, lung and bladder channels and works on the exterior as well as the interior. It does not have as strong perspiration effects as má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), but it is effective at invigorating yang to move water circulation and at warming channels and the middle to dissipate cold. It is often used not only for exterior excess wind-cold syndrome, but also de■ciency wind-cold syndrome. In addition, it is used for yang de■ciency, blood stagnation due to cold, edema and phlegm-■uid retention.

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［Actions］  Releases the exterior, assists yang, warms the channels, promotes blood circulation, activates yang, transforms qi, dissipates cold and relieves pain. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For exterior wind-cold syndrome, it can disperse the pathogenic wind cold to release the exterior, ease the muscles and assist yang. Therefore it is used for exterior excess and exterior de■ciency wind-cold syndromes.   For exterior de■ciency with spontaneous sweating, it is often combined with bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) to harmonize the nutrient and defensive qi levels and mildly release the exterior, such as in the formula Guì Zhī Tāng (Cinnamon Twig Decoction).   For exterior excess with lack of sweating, it is combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) to disperse lung qi and wind cold, such as in the formula Má Huáng Tāng (■phedra Decoction). 2. For cold arthralgia and epigastro-abdominal pain, it warmly dredges the channels and collaterals, dissipates cold and relieves pain.   For arthralgia with cold pain, it is combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to dissipate cold and relieve pain, such as in the formula Guì Zhī Fù Zĭ Tāng (Cinnamon Twig and Aconite Decoction).   For arthralgia with blood de■ciency, it is combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) to nourish qi and blood, dissipate cold and dredge the channels, such as in the formula Huáng Qí Guì Zhī Wŭ Wù Tāng (Astragalus and Cinnamon Twig Five Substances Decoction).   For epigastro-abdominal cold pain, it is often used with bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and yí táng (Saccharum Granorum) to ease the middle and relieve pain, such as in the formula Xiăo Jiàn Zhōng Tāng (Minor Center-Fortifying Decoction). 3. For dysmenorrhea, irregular menses, amenorrhea and abdominal masses, it is effective at warmly dredging the channels, dissipating cold, relieving pain, breaking blood stasis and transforming abdominal masses.   For irregular menses and dysmenorrhea due to cold retention and blood stasis, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae) to warmly activate blood circulation and regulate menstruation to relieve pain, such as in the formula Wēn Jīng Tāng (Channel-Warming Decoction).   For amenorrhea due to blood stasis, it is often combined with dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae), táo rén (Semen Persicae) and hóng huā (Flos Carthami) to activate blood to promote menstruation.   For abdominal masses with blood stasis, it is combined with mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan), fú líng (Poria) and táo rén (Semen Persicae) to activate blood and transform the masses, such as in the formula Guì Zhī Fú Líng Wán (Cinnamon Twig and Poria Pill). 4. For chest oppression and heart palpitations, it is effective at warming the heart yang, activating blood circulation and relieving pain.   For heart pain and chest oppression due to yang de■ciency and phlegm stagnation, it is often combined with xiè bái (Bulbus Allii Macrostemi) and guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) to invigorate yang, dissipate phlegm and ease the chest, such as in the formula Guā Lóu Xiè Bái Guì Zhī Tāng (Trichosanthes Fruit, Chinese Chive and Cinnamon Twig Decoction).   For heart palpitations with intermittent pulse due to qi and blood deficiency, it is often combined with zhì gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle), rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to nourish qi and blood and invigorate yang, such as in the formula Zhì Gān Căo Tāng (Honey-Fried Licorice Decoction).

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5. For phlegm-■uid retention, edema and dif■cult urination, it is effective at warmly transforming yang into qi, promoting urination and treating water retention due to yang de■ciency.   For heart palpitations with shortness of breath and cough due to yang de■ciency and phlegm■uid retention, it is combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and fú líng (Poria) to invigorate yang and improve water circulation, such as in the formula Líng Guì Zhú Gān Tāng (Poria, Cinnamon Twig, Atractylodes Macrocephala and Licorice Decoction).   For edema and dif■cult urination with yang de■ciency, it is often combined with fú líng (Poria) and zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis), such as in the formula Wŭ Líng Săn (Five Substances Powder with Poria). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: it can be ground into powder and applied topically, or decocted for topical steaming and rinsing. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for those with febrile diseases, yin de■ciency, yang excess, bleeding due to heat, menorrhagia or pregnancy because its acrid and warm properties may assist heat, provoke bleeding and damage yin. ［Ingredients］  Mainly contains volatile oils which are composed of cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamyl acetate and small amounts of phenylpropyl acetate. It also contains mucoid substances, tannin, resins, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  The decoction can induce sweating and relieve fever. It shows inhibitory effects on staphylococcus ■avus, salmonella typhosa, dermatophytes, in■uenza virus and orphan virus. Cinnamic aldehyde has effects of sedation, anti-convulsion, analgesia and anti-tumor. Cinnamic oil can relieve coughing, improve diuresis, reinforce heart function, invigorate the stomach and inhibit tubercle bacillus. It can also dilate blood vessels, improve blood circulation and resist myocardial ischemia and allergic reaction.

ZǐSūYè 紫苏叶 FOLIUM PERILLAE Perilla Leaf ［Source］  Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (Míng Yī Bié Lù, 名医别录) in the Liang Dynasty of the North and South Kingdoms (500 A.D.). Its original name was sū (苏). It is the leaf of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt., an annual herb of the Labiatae family. ［■xplanation of Name］  Zĭ “purple”, sū “herb” and yè “leaf”. It is an herb with purple stems and leaves. It is also known as xiāng sū yè (香苏叶), where xiāng means “fragrant”. ［Habitat］  Produced everywhere in China. The best quality are those produced in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei and Hebei of China. ［Collection］  The leaves are collected in the summer when plentiful and dried in the shade. The best quality are those with purple complete leaves and pleasant fragrance. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is cleaned with water, cut into pieces and dried for use. ［Properties］  Acrid; warm.

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［■ntered Channels］  Lung, spleen. ［Characteristics］  It has acrid, warm and dispersing properties and enters the lung and spleen channels. It not only disperses wind cold from the lung channel, but also moves qi in the spleen and stomach. It is often used for common cold and is particularly effective for gastric distension. It can also be applied for abortion prevention and seafood poison relief. ［Actions］  Induces perspiration to release the exterior, moves qi to ease the middle and relieves seafood poisoning. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For wind-cold exterior syndrome, it is effective at ventilating the lung and dispersing wind cold.   For common cold with aversion to cold, fever, headache, nasal congestion, lack of sweating and cough, it is often combined with qián hú (Radix Peucedani), jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) and xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) to disperse the cold, disperse lung qi, dissipate phlegm and relieve coughing, such as in the formula Xìng Sū Săn (Apricot Kernel and Perilla Powder).   For exterior wind-cold syndrome with chest and stomach fullness due to qi stagnation, it is used together with xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi), chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae), such as in the formula Xiāng Sū Săn (Cyperus and Perilla Powder). 2. For qi stagnation in the spleen and stomach, it can move qi, ease the middle, calm the stomach and relieve nausea.   For chest fullness, nausea and vomiting due to dysfunction of the spleen and stomach, it is combined with huò xiāng (Herba Agastachis), chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) and bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) to move qi, calm the middle and descend the adverse qi, such as in the formula Huò Xiāng Zhèng Qì Săn (Agastache Qi-Correcting Powder).   For plum-stone qi (globus hystericus), which is generally caused by stagnation of qi and phlegm, it is often combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis) to regulate qi and transform phlegm, such as in the formula Bàn Xià Hòu Pò Tāng (Pinellia and Of■cinal Magnolia Bark Decoction). 3. For seafood poisoning, it can counteract symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. In these cases, it can be used alone in a large dose, or it can be combined with shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens), huò xiāng (Herba Agastachis) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to enhance the effects. It can also be used in daily cooking to mildly improve digestion and prevent seafood poisoning. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-10 g normally, at most 30-60 g in decoction for seafood poisoning. It can also be made into pills or powder. It should be decocted for a short time or decocted later when used together with other herbs to avoid volatilization of its volatile oils. For external use: the fresh or the dried herb is ground into powder or decocted and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  Those with qi de■ciency and exterior de■ciency need to be cautious because the acrid and warm properties may consume qi. ［Ingredients］  Mainly contains volatile oils which are composed of perilla aldehyde, laevoclination limonene and small quantities of α-pinene and isoegomaketone. It also contains arginine, cumic acid, pigments, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  The decoction and alcohol extraction can relieve fever by dilating cutaneous blood vessels and stimulating secretion of the sweat glands to induce perspiration. It can reduce phlegm secretion of the bronchi, relieve coughing and wheezing by relieving the smooth

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muscular spasms of the bronchi, stimulate digestive juice secretion, increase gastrointestinal motility and inhibit uterine contraction to calm the fetus. Its water infusion has the effects of bacteriostasis and antisepsis. The volatile oils can increase blood glucose. The hexahydrothymol has the effects of relieving itching, local anesthesia and antisepsis. The extraction has an anti-oxidant effect. The rosmarinci acid has the effect of anti-in■ammation. In addition, it has the effects of antibiosis, antianaphylaxis, anti-virus and increasing blood cholesterol. It can also improve intrinsic coagulation. Clinically, it is reported to treat cervical hemorrhage and chronic renal failure.

Attachment: ZǐSūGěng 紫苏梗 Caulis Perillae ［Source］  It is the stem of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. ［Properties］  Acrid; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, spleen. ［Actions］  Regulates the ■ow of qi and preventes miscarriage. ［Clinical Applications］  It is commonly used for chest fullness, epigastric and abdominal distension and threatened abortion.   For chest fullness and epigastric and abdominal distension, it is combined with xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi), chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) and zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii).   For morning sickness, it is often combined with shā rén (Fructus Amomi) to improve the effects. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction. It should be decocted only for a short time.

Shēng Jiāng 生姜 RHIZOMA ZINGIBERIS RECENS Fresh Ginger ［Source］  Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Liang Dynasty of the North and South Kingdoms (500 A.D.). It is the fresh rhizome of Zingiber officinale Rosc., a perennial herb of the Zingiberaceae family. ［■xplanation of Name］  Shēng “fresh” and jiāng “defense”. The fresh rhizome can defend against the attack of wind and cold pathogens. ［Habitat］  Widely produced throughout China. ［Collection］  The rhizomes are collected in late autumn when the stems and leaves wither. The stems, leaves and ■brous roots are cleared away before use. ［Processing］  It should be sliced before use, and used fresh. ［Properties］  Acrid; slightly warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, spleen. ［Characteristics］  It is acrid and slightly warm in order to disperse cold. It enters the lung channel, can disperse wind cold to release the exterior by inducing sweat, and can warm the lung to dissipate phlegm and relieve coughing; therefore it is often used for common cold and cough

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triggered by exterior wind and cold. It also enters the spleen and stomach channels to warm the middle and stop vomiting, so it is called the “holy herb for vomiting”. In addition, it can relieve seafood-induced food poisoning. ［Actions］  Releases the exterior by inducing perspiration, warms the middle and arrests vomiting, and warms the lung to relieve coughing ［Clinical Applications］  1. For wind-cold exterior syndrome, it shows a mild effect on inducing sweat and releasing the exterior; therefore it is often used for those cases with milder symptoms. It can be decocted alone and then taken with brown sugar, or decocted together with cōng bái (Bulbus Allii Fistulosi) for oral administration. For more serious cases, it is often used together with other acrid and warm herbs as an accessory ingredient in the formula in order to enhance the effect on perspiration, such as in the formula Guì Zhī Tāng (Cinnamon Twig Decoction). 2. For emesia, it is good at easing the stomach and relieving vomiting. It is effective for vomiting due to different causes, but particularly effective for vomiting triggered by cold retention. It can be used alone or combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Xiăo Bàn Xià Tāng (Minor Pinellia Decoction).   For vomiting triggered by stomach heat, it is combined with zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia), lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to clear stomach heat and relieve the vomiting. 3. For cough triggered by wind cold, it not only disperses the wind cold, but also warms the lung and reduces phlegm to stop coughing.   For mild cases, it can be used alone in decoction for oral administration, or chewed and swallowed raw.   For severe cases, it is often combined with xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), zĭ sū yè (Folium Perillae) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to reinforce the effects.   For chronic cough in cold pattern, it also can be used together with malt sugar or honey. 4. In addition, if used together with dà zăo (Fructus Jujubae), it can invigorate the stomach, whet the appetite and improve digestion. If used alone in decoction or crushed to make juice, it can relieve the poisoning reaction from seafood or from fresh bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) or tiān nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction; or made into juice, pills or powder. For external use: it is pound into paste for topical application or the slices fried for hot compresses. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is acrid and warm, and thus not suitable for persons with yin de■ciency or internal heat accumulation. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains volatile oils, which are composed of zingiberol, zingiberene, phellandrene, limonene, aromatic alcohol, methylheptenone, nonanal and α-borneol. It also contains zingiberone, which causes a hot sensation. ［Pharmacological Research］  It can invigorate the stomach, improve digestion, arrest vomiting, relieve fever and pain, relieve in■ammation, stop coughing and relieve convulsions. It also shows effects of hepatoprotection, promotion of gallbladder function, excitation of the vasomotor center and respiratory center, raising blood pressure, promoting blood circulation, anti-oxidant, antiplatelet, resisting 5-HT, anti-anaphylaxis, decreasing cholesterol, anti-mutagenesis, antisepsis, anti-fungus and killing trichomonas vaginalis.

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Attachment: Shēng Jiāng Pí 生姜皮 Cortex Zingiberis Rhizomatis ［Source］  It is the outer skin of the rhizome of Zingiber of■cinale Rosc. ［Properties］  Acrid; cool. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, stomach. ［Actions］  Regulates the middle and induces diuresis to alleviate edema. ［Clinical Applications］  ■dema, inhibited urination. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction.

Shēng Jiāng Zhī 生姜汁 Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis ［Source］  The fresh juice of Zingiber of■cinale Rosc. ［Properties］  Acrid; slightly warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, spleen, stomach. ［Actions］  Improves the discharge of phlegm and arrests vomiting. ［Clinical Applications］  Severe nausea and vomiting, or phlegm syncope. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  3-10 drops for oral administration after mixing with water, or for nasal spray. It also can be applied topically.

Wēi Jiāng 煨姜 Roasted Rhizoma Zingiberis ［Processing］  The fresh ginger is packed in rough paper after cleaning and the pack is soaked in water. The packs are then roasted by ■re until the paper is burned black and the ginger is fully cooked. ［Properties］  Acrid; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, stomach. ［Actions］  It is inferior to fresh ginger in the effect of dispersing, but superior in its effect of relieving coldpattern vomiting. ［Clinical Applications］  Vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea due to cold. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction.

Xiāng Rú香薷 HERBA MOSLAE Aromatic Madder ［Source］  Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Liang Dynasty of the North and South Kingdoms (500 A.D.). It is the above-ground part of Mosla chinensis Maxim. and Mosla chinensis (jiāng xiāng rú), perennial herbs of the Labiatae family. ［■xplanation of Name］  Xiāng means “aromatic”, and rú “slender”. The plant is aromatic, and the leaf is lanceolate and slender. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Jiangxi, Anhui, Hebei and Henan provinces of China. ［Collection］  The above-ground parts are collected on sunny days in summer and early autumn

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when the ■owers are blossoming and then dried in the shade. Aromatic plants with tender branches and many tassels are the best. ［Processing］  After impurities and residual roots are removed, the plants are cut into segments for use. ［Properties］  Acrid; slightly warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, stomach, spleen. ［Characteristics］  Acrid, slightly warm, aromatic and dispersing, it enters the lung, stomach and spleen channels. It not only can induce perspiration to release the exterior, transform dampness and regulate the middle, but also can disperse lung qi and induce diuresis to alleviate edema. It is similar to má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) in its ways of offecting, yet is particularly suitable for yin summerheat and wind edema, which earns it the title of “summer má huáng”. ［Actions］  Induces perspiration to release the exterior, transforms dampness and harmonizes the middle, and induces diuresis to alleviate edema. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For yin summerheat syndrome, it can induce perspiration to release the exterior while transforming dampness and harmonizing the middle inside.   For yin summerheat syndrome, which is basically due to the interior dispersion of summerheat and dampness along with an exterior attack by wind cold, and manifested by aversion to cold, fever, headache, lack of sweating, fullness sensation in the chest, nausea, and vomiting and diarrhea in severe cases, it is often combined with biăn dòu (Semen Lablab Album) and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis), such as in the formula Xiāng Rú Săn (Mosla Powder).   For severe cases with symptoms such as fever, aversion to cold, headache without sweating and thirst with ■ushed face, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis), such as in the formula Xīn Jiā Xiāng Rú Yĭn (Newly Supplemented Mosla Beverage).   For vomiting and diarrhea due to food poisoning, it is used together with huò xiāng (Herba Agastachis), pèi lán (Herba ■upatorii) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis). 2. For edema and dif■cult urination, it can raise yang qi, induce perspiration and excrete water to alleviate edema. It is often combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), such as in the formula Rú Zhú Wán (Mosla and Atractylodes Macrocephala Pill). It also can be combined with fú líng (Poria), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri) to strengthen the spleen and promote water excretion. 3. In addition, the ground fresh plant can be used for baldness in children. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder, or decocted for gargling. For external use: it is ground and applied topically. The decoction drunk cold is used for relieving summerheat, while the decoction cooked to a thick consistency or its pills are used for promoting the excretion of water and relieving edema. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for persons with spontaneous sweating because of its strong action on perspiration. ［Ingredients］  It contains volatile oils which are composed of oxyzymol, thymol, cymene, etc.

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［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of inducing sweating and relieving fever, relieving pain, antisepsis, anti-virus, reinforcing immunity and stimulating gastrointestinal motility. Its tincture can induce diuresis by stimulating the kidney vessels to cause glomerular congestion and further increase the ■ltration of urine. It can also expel phlegm, relieve coughing and inhibit dermatophytes.

Jīng Jiè 荆芥 HERBA SCHIZONEPETAE Schizonepeta ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was jiă sū (假苏). It is the above-ground part of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Bria., an annual herb of the family Labiatae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Jīng is a mispronounciation of jiāng, “ginger”, and jiè means “mustard”. It is aromatic and smells like mustard or ginger, so it is also known as jiāng jiè (姜芥). Its aroma is also like that of zĭ sū yè (Folium Perillae), so it is sometimes called jiă sū, where jiă means “false” and sū is the abbreviated form of zĭ sū yè. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Hebei, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hubei and Hunan provinces of China. The above-ground parts produced in Jiangxi are regarded as the best, whereas the plant tassels produced in Hebei are reputed to be the best. ［Collection］  The above-ground parts are harvested when the ■owers are blooming during the summer and autumn, and then dried in the shade. Alternately, the tassels are collected only. Big and solid tassels with light yellowish-green color and strong fragrance are the best. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, water is used for cleaning and softening the plants. They are then baked for 1 hour at 50℃, cut into segments, and dried directly in the sun or carbonized for use. ［Properties］  Acrid; slightly warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, liver. ［Characteristics］  Acrid, aromatic, slightly warm and mildly dispersing, it enters the lung and liver channels. When used raw, it is good at dispersing to release the exterior and promoting eruptions to alleviate itching, so is commonly used for exterior syndrome and rashes both in windcold or wind-heat types. When used carbonized, it becomes astringent to check bleeding. ［Actions］  The raw herb expels wind to release the exterior, promotes rash eruption and alleviates itching, whereas the carbonized herb stops bleeding. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For exterior syndromes of wind-cold or wind-heat type, it relieves the syndromes mainly by dispersing.   For exterior syndrome in wind-cold type, it is often combined with fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii) to reinforce the potency, as in the formula Jīng Fáng Bài Dú Săn (Schizonepeta and Saposhnikovia Toxin-Resolving Powder).

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  For exterior syndrome in wind-heat type, it is often used together with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and bò he (Herba Menthae), as in the formula Yín Qiào Săn (Lonicera and Forsythia Powder). 2. For diminished measles eruption, rubella and urticaria, it can dissipate the measles toxin by dispersing and arrest itching by dispelling wind.   In the early stage of measles eruption, it can be used in combination with bò he (Herba Menthae), chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae) and zĭ căo (Radix Arnebiae), such as in the formula Tòu Zhĕn Tāng (Rash-Dissipating Decoction).   For rubella and urticaria, it is often combined with fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae), kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis) and chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae), such as in the formula Xiāo Fēng Săn (Wind-Dispersing Powder).   For rashes due to damp heat, it is combined with dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae), kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis) and bái xiān pí (Cortex Dictamni) to clear damp heat and alleviate itching. 3. For dermatic sores in the initial stage but with exterior syndrome, it can disperse exogenous wind from the surface and dissipate toxins from the blood.   For those in wind-cold type, it is generally combined with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii) and fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae), such as in the formula Jīng Fáng Bài Dú Săn (Schizonepeta and Saposhnikovia Toxin-Resolving Powder).   For those in wind-heat type, it is combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae), such as in the formula Yín Qiào Bài Dú Săn (Lonicera and Forsythia Toxin-Resolving Powder). 4. For bleeding, its astringent carbonized form is applied to arrest bleeding.   For bleeding due to heat, it is combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to cool blood and arrest bleeding.   For bleeding in yang de■ciency type, it is combined with páo jiāng tàn (carbonized Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum), ài yè tàn (Folium Artemisiae Argyi Carbonisatum) and zào xīn tŭ (Terra Flava Usta) to warm and arrest bleeding.   For epistaxis, it is combined with jiāo zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae Praeparatus) and bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae).   For hematemesis, it is often combined with zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) and cè băi yè (Cacumen Platycladi).   For acute rectal bleeding, it is often combined with dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) and huái huā (Flos Sophorae).   For abnormal uterine bleeding, it is combined with zōng lǚ tàn (Petiolus Trachycarpi Carbonisatus) and xuè yú tàn (Crinis Carbonisatus). 5. In addition, for acute postpartum hemorrhage it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) to reinforce qi and arrest bleeding. For postpartum lochiorrhea, it is combined with táo rén (Semen Persicae) and pú huáng (Pollen Typhae) to resolve blood stasis and arrest bleeding as well. It can also be used topically for in■ammation and urticaria. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction (it is generally boiled for 5-10 minutes only), or made into pills or powder. For external use: an appropriate amount of it is boiled first and the warm decoction is then used for steaming and topical washing, or the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically, or the dry powder can be applied topically with some liquid adjuvant. Compared to other parts, the tassels are much stronger in affecting perspiration. For the purposes of releasing the exterior, facilitating rash eruption and releasing sores, it should be applied directly,

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but for stopping bleeding it must be carbonized ■rst. For patients without sweating, the fresh herb or the simply dried herb is used directly. For patients with sweating, it should be slightly stir-fried ■rst before decoction. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for persons with spontaneous sweating or headache due to yin de■ciency, because its acrid, warm and dispersing properties may consume qi and yin. ［Ingredients］  It contains volatile oils which are mainly composed of d-menthone, r-menthone, d-limonen, etc. It also contains schizonepetoside A, B, C, D, hesperetin, diosmetin, and apigenin-7O-glucoside. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of relieving fever, antibiosis, anti-virus, hemostasis, analgesia, anti-in■ammation, resisting allergic reaction and anti-oxidation. The decoction can slightly relieve fever, and strongly inhibit staphylococcus ■avus and diphtheria bacillus. It also shows some inhibitory effects on bacterium typhosum, dysentery bacilli, blue-pus bacillus and tubercle bacillus. The volatile oils show the effects of sedation, expelling phlegm and antiasthma. The methanol extract and ethyl acetate extract can both relieve pain and reduce in■ammation, but the latter also shows a strong inhibitory effect on LPO and the activity of lipid-oxidase. The carbonized herb shows the effect of hemostasis.

Fáng Fēng 防风 RADIX SAPOSHNIKOVIAE Saposhnikovia Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the root of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk., a perennial herb of the family Umbelliferae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Fáng means “barrier” or “defense” and fēng “wind”. It acts like a barrier or screen to protect the body from the invasion of wind. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi and the northeast area of China. The best quality is produced in the Heilongjiang Province. ［Collection］  The root of the plant is collected in spring and autumn. After fibrous roots and sediment are cleared away, it is dried in the sun. Big roots with light brown colored skin and light yellow colored wood are the best. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is cleaned with water and moistened until soft, then cut into thick slices for direct use or carbonized ■rst. ［Properties］  Acrid, sweet; slightly warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Bladder, liver, spleen. ［Characteristics］  Acrid, sweet and slightly warm to disperse in a mild way, it enters the bladder, liver and spleen channels. It is good at releasing the exterior by dispelling wind and dampness, relieving pain, alleviating itching and relieving convulsions, and thus it is considered a general choice for all wind-caused problems no matter whether the wind is exogenous or endogenous, or is

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complicated with damp, cold or heat. ［Actions］  Dispels wind to release the exterior, expels dampness, and relieves pain and convulsions. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For exterior syndrome in cold, cold-damp or heat pattern with or without qi de■ciency, it is able to release the exterior by dispelling wind and damp.   In cases of wind-cold type, it is often combined with jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae) and zĭ sū yè (Folium Perillae) to enhance the effect on dispersing wind cold.   For wind-heat type, it is used together with bò he (Herba Menthae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to reinforce the effects on dispersing wind heat and clearing heat.   For wind-cold-damp type manifested as aversion to cold with fever, lack of sweating, headache with neck rigidity and aching pain in the joints and muscles, it is used with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) and cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) to relieve pain and enhance the effects on expelling wind, cold and damp, such as in the formula Jiŭ Wèi Qiāng Huó Tāng (Nine Ingredients Notopterygium Decoction).   For exterior syndrome in excessive wind-heat type complicated with excessive heat congested in the internal organs and manifested as fever, aversion to cold, constipation and difficulty in urination, it is combined with jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae), dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) to enhance the effect on releasing the exterior and to simultaneously purge the large intestine, such as in the formula Fáng Fēng Tōng Shèng Săn (Ledebouriella SageInspired Powder).   For common cold in de■ciency type, it is often used together with huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to reinforce healthy qi and consolidate the exterior. 2. For rheumatic arthralgia and recurrent headache due to exterior wind attack, it is good at expelling wind, dissipating cold and dampness, and relieving pain.   For rheumatic pain in wind-cold-damp type, it is often combined with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis) and hăi fēng téng (Caulis Piperis Kadsurae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Juān Bì Tāng (Relieving Impediments Decoction).   For rheumatism due to wind-heat-damp invasion, it is often used together with rĕn dōng téng (Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae), luò shí téng (Caulis Trachelospermi) and qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae) to enhance the effects of dispelling wind, clearing heat and relieving pain.   For recurrent headache due to wind-cold invasion, it is combined with bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) and jīng jiè suì (Spica Schizonepetae) to enhance the potency.   For recurrent headache due to wind heat, it is often combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and màn jīng zĭ (Fructus Viticis) to improve the effects of expelling wind and clearing heat. For headache due to blood stasis, it is combined with chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and cì jí lí (Fructus Tribuli) to activate blood circulation and assist dispelling the wind.   For headache due to dampness stagnation, it is often combined with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis) and other similar herbs to improve the effects. 3. For urticaria and eczema, it can expel wind and eliminate dampness to alleviate itching.   For urticaria, it is often used together with jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae), kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to alleviate itching by expelling wind, activating blood and drying dampness, such as in the formula Xiāo Fēng Săn (Wind-Dispersing

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Powder).   For eczema, it is combined with tŭ fú líng (Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae), dry-fried cāng ĕr zĭ (Fructus Xanthii) and shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii) to dispel wind and eliminate dampness to relieve itching.   For either urticaria or eczema accompanied with blood heat and stasis, jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae), mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri) can also be used. 4. For tetanus and infantile convulsions, it can dispel wind and arrest convulsions.   For tetanus, it is often combined with tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae), tiān nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis) and bái fù zĭ (Rhizoma Typhonii) to reinforce the actions, such as in the formula Yù Zhēn Săn (True Jade Powder).   For chronic infantile convulsions due to deficiency of the spleen, it is combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis) and tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae).   For acute infantile convulsions with liver heat, it is often combined with dăn nán xīng (Arisaema cum Bile), tiān zhú huáng (Concretio Silicea Bambusae) and chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae). 5. For diarrhea with abdominal spastic pain relieved after bowel movement due to disharmony between the liver and spleen, it can soothe the liver and regulate the spleen to check diarrhea and stop pain. For such cases, it is often combined with chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to strengthen the spleen and move the liver qi to relieve pain and diarrhea, such as in the formula Tòng Xiè Yào Fāng (Important Formula for Painful Diarrhea). 6. Additionally, it can also be applied for mouth ulcers, bad breath, and thirst and hunger due to heat retention in the spleen and stomach, since it can disperse ■re if combined with shēng shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), such as in the formula Xiè Huáng Săn (YellowDraining Powder). Its carbonized product can arrest bleeding, so it is also applied for intestinal hemorrhage and vaginal bleeding. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or brewed in alcohol, or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is decocted for steaming and rinsing. For the purpose of releasing the exterior and relieving convulsions it is used raw, but for stopping bleeding it should be carbonized ■rst. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for persons with dry heat, or yin de■ciency with fire, or convulsions due to blood deficiency, since it is acrid and slightly warm and so may consume yin and blood and assist ■re. ［Ingredients］  It contains volatile oils which mainly include capryl aldehyde, β-bisabolene, nonylaldehyde, β-eudesmol, etc. It also contains chromone, coumarins, polysaccharide, β-sitosterol, daucosterol, mannitol and phenols. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of relieving fever and pain, sedation, anticonvulsion, anti-in■ammation, anti-blood coagulation, anti-anoxia, antibiosis, anti-in■uenza virus, anti-dermatophytes, inhibiting smooth muscle contractions and in■uencing the immune function. It also can remarkably inhibit lipid peroxides.

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Qiāng Huó 羌活 RADIX ET RHIZOMA NOTOPTERYGII Notoptetygium Root and Rhizome ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the rhizome and root of Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H. T. Chang or Notopterygium forbesii Boiss., perennial herbs of the family Umbelliferae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Qiāng is an old name of the Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan area of China, and huó means “making somebody alive ”. Qiāng huó means “an herb produced in this area which is like a miraculous cure”. Those produced in Sichuan province are called chuān qiāng (川羌), while those produced in the northwest are called xī qiāng (西羌). The medicinal part looks like a silkworm, the Chinese name of which is cán (蚕), so it is also called cán qiāng (蚕羌). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Sichuan, Gansu, Qinghai and Yunnan provinces, but those from Sichuan and the northwest of China are the best quality. ［Collection］  The rhizome and root are collected in spring and autumn. After the ■brous roots and sediment are cleared away, they are dried in the sun. Large roots with horizontal nodes looking like a silkworm, brown surface, dense cross-section, many cinnabar-colored spots and strong aroma are the best. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, they are washed with water and left moistened, cut into thick slices and then dried in the sun. ［Properties］  Acrid, bitter; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Bladder, kidney. ［Characteristics］  It is acrid, aromatic and warm and presents ascending, ■oating and dispersing effects. It is warmly bitter to dry up dampness. It enters the bladder and kidney channels, but acts more on the upper jiao and surface of the body to dispel wandering wind and cold-damp from the exterior, unblock the channels and relieve joint pain. It is effective for exterior syndrome complicated by dampness, taiyang headache and rheumatic arthralgia in the upper part of the body. ［Actions］  Disperses wind cold, eliminates dampness and relieves pain. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For exterior syndrome, it is good at dispelling wind, cold and dampness pathogens from the surface and relieving pain.   For exterior wind-cold syndrome complicated by dampness manifested as chills and fever without sweating, aching pain in muscles and joints, and heavy sensation in the limbs, it is often combined with dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and găo bĕn (Rhizoma Ligustici), such as in the formula Qiāng Huó Shèng Shī Tāng (Notopterygium Dampness-Drying Decoction).   For exterior wind-cold syndrome complicated by yang de■ciency manifested as chills and

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fever, and headache without sweating, it is often combined with fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae), rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) to support healthy qi to eliminate pathogens, such as in the formula Zài Zào Săn (Renewal Powder).   If combined with băn lán gēn (Radix Isatidis), pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) and jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), it can also be used for exterior wind-heat syndrome complicated by dampness, manifested as fever without sweating, aversion to wind and cold, aching limbs and sore throat, to release the exterior and clear toxic heat. 2. For recurrent headache, it is effective at dispelling wind, cold and dampness pathogens and relieving pain. ◆ For taiyang headache due to wind-cold attack, it is often used in combination with chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) to enhance the effects. ◆ For headache appearing around the supra-orbital bone due to wind heat, it is used in combination with bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae), jīng jiè suì (Spica Schizonepetae) and shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum). 3. For arthralgia in wind-cold-damp type, it is commonly used for dispelling wind, dampness and cold pathogens, unblocking the channels and alleviating joint pain. It is particularly effective for arthralgia in the shoulder, upper back and arms. For such cases, it is often combined with fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and jiāng huáng (Rhizoma Curcumae Longae) to enhance its effects, such as in the formula Juān Bì Tāng (Impediments-■xpelling Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It should not be applied for patients with vulnerable stomach since it has a strong odor and bitter taste, which may irritate the stomach to induce vomiting. It also should not be used for those cases with blood and yin de■ciency or internal heat because it is warm and dry in property and thus may consume yin and blood. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains volatile oils which are composed of limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene, β-ocimene, borneol acetate, etc. It also contains β-sitosterol, ammidin, nodakenin, psoralen, monosaccharides, amino acids, organic acids and alkaloids. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of relieving fever, analgesia, anti-in■ammation, anti-myocardial ischemia, anti-arrhythmia and antisepsis. It also can inhibit dermatophytes and brucella. The volatile oils can stimulate the sweat glands, relieve fever and pain, dilate the cerebral vessels, increase cerebral blood ■ow, and show effects of anti-allergy, anti-shock, anti-arrhythmia, anti-thrombogenesis, anti-epilepsy, anti-oxidant and anti-cervical cancer.

Bái Zhǐ白芷 RADIX ANGELICAE DAHURICAE Angelica Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the root of Angelica dahurica (Fisch. ex Hoffm.) Benth. et Hook f. and Angelica dahurica (Fisch. ex Hoffm.) Benth. et Hook. f. var. formosana (Boiss.) Shan et Yuan, perennial herbs of the family Umbelliferae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Bái means “white” and zhĭ “aromatic”. The root is white and aromatic, and can make skin moist and lustrous. It is also called xiāng bái zhĭ (香白芷), where

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xiāng means “fragrant”. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Sichuan, Zhejiang, Henan, Hebei and Anhui provinces of China. The best specimens are produced in Hangzhou of Zhejiang Province, Suining of Sichuan Province and Yuzhou of Henan Province. ［Collection］  The root is collected when the leaves are turning yellow during the late summer to the early autumn. After the fibrous roots and sediment are removed, it is dried in the sun or in a low-temperature oven. Single roots which are solid, big, heavy and aromatic with a powdery feeling are the best in quality. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is moistened with water and cut into thick slices for use. ［Properties］  Acrid; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, stomach. ［Characteristics］  Aromatic, warm, drying and dispersing, it enters the lung and stomach channels and is particularly good at expelling pathogens from the yangming channel. It can dispel wind cold from the superficial part of the body to release the exterior, relieve itching and relieve headache—particularly the pain around the forehead (yangming headache) —and toothache. It can also relieve stuffy nose by dispersing pathogens, arrest leukorrhea by drying up dampness and dissipating cold, assist in reducing swelling and expelling pus, and facilitate tissue granulation. ［Actions］  Dispels wind and cold, relieves stuffy nose and pain in the head, reduces swelling and expels pus, dries dampness and arrests leukorrhea. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For common cold, headache and toothache, it dispels wind-cold dampness and relieves pain, and serves as a key herb for treatment of forehead pain, pain around the supra-orbital bone and toothache.   For fever accompanied by aversion to cold, headache, body heaviness and aching limbs due to exterior wind, cold and dampness attack, it is used together with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis), as in the formula Jiŭ Wèi Qiāng Huó Tāng (Nine Ingredients Notopterygium Decoction).   For recurrent headache and pain around the supra-orbital bone in cold type, it is often combined with chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) to reinforce the actions of expelling wind and cold and relieving pain. For recurrent headache and pain around the supra-orbital bone in heat type, it is often combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and tea to expel wind heat.   For toothache in wind-cold type, it is often combined with xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) to warmly dispel wind cold and relieve pain. For toothache in wind-heat type, it is used together with shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum).   It is also used for arthralgia due to wind-cold dampness and cold pain in the back, in which case it is combined with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis), wēi líng xiān (Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis) and other herbs similar in actions. 2. For stuffy nose and sinusitis, it dispels wind and dries dampness, and relieves stuffy nose and pain.   For stuffy nose with profuse thin discharge due to wind cold attacking the lung, it is generally

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combined with cāng ĕr zĭ (Fructus Xanthii) and xīn yí (Flos Magnoliae), as in the formula Cāng Ĕr Zĭ Săn (Cockleburr Fruit Powder).   For stuffy nose with yellow turbid discharge due to wind heat invading the upper jiao, it is generally combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae). 3. For sores, snake bites and other tissue infections, it is a commonly-used herb, since it can effectively alleviate swelling, expel pus and relieve pain.   For sores and carbuncles before suppuration, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) to clear toxic heat and alleviate swelling.   When sores and carbuncles have suppurated but the abscess has not broken up, it is often combined with tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra), chuān shān jiă (Squama Manitis) and zào jiăo cì (Spina Gleditsiae) to enhance the effects of clearing toxic heat, alleviating swelling and assisting the breakup of abscesses, such as in the formula Xiān Fāng Huó Mìng Yĭn (Immortal Formula Life-Giving Beverage).   For snake bites, it is used together with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and xú cháng qīng (Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Paniculati) for oral administration, and with dăn fán (Chalcanthitum) and shè xiāng (Moschus) for external use. 4. For leukorrhea, it can dry up dampness to reduce the discharge of leukorrhea.   For cases with profuse, clear and thin leukorrhea due to cold dampness pouring down, it is often combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and fú líng (Poria) to invigorate the spleen and dissipate dampness.   For turbid yellow leukorrhea due to damp heat pouring down, it is combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and chūn pí (Cortex Ailanthi) to clear heat dampness. 5. Additionally, it also can dispel wind and dry dampness, alleviate itching and dissipate ecchymoses to treat eczema, urticaria and pigmentation. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is ground into powder and applied topically, or mixed with another adjuvant before use. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with blood de■ciency with heat, or headache due to yin de■ciency with yang hyperactivity, since it is acrid, warm and drying. ［Ingredients］  It contains byakangelicin, byakanngelicol, oxypeucedanin, ammidin, isoimperatorin, phellopterin, xanthotoxin and angelicotoxin. The herb produced in Hangzhou also contains many kinds of furan coumarins. ［Pharmacological Research］  It has the effects of relieving fever and pain, anti-in■ammation, antibiosis, anti-dermatophytes, anti-virus and hemostasis. A small dose of angelicotoxin shows effects of stimulating the vasomotor center, the respiratory center, the vagus nerve and the spinal cord of animals, and raising blood pressure, slowing down the pulse, deepening breathing, and inducing salivation and vomiting. A large dose of angelicotoxin induces convulsions and subsequently paralysis. The furan coumarins show the effect of photosensitization. It also can relax the smooth muscles.

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XìXīn 细辛 RADIX ET RHIZOMA ASARI Manchurian Wild Ginger ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the root and rhizome of Asarum heterotropoides Fr.Schmidt var. mandshuricum (Maxim.) Kitag., Asarum sieboldii Miq. var. seoulense Nakai or Asarum sieboldii Miq., perennial herbs of the family Aristolochiaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Xì means “thin”, and xīn “hot and aromatic ”. The root is thin but with very strong aroma. It is also known as xiăo xīn (小辛), where xiăo means “small”. ［Habitat］  Asarum heterotropoides Fr. Schmidt var. mandshuricum (Maxim.) Kitag. and Asarum sieboldii Miq. var. seoulense Nakai are mainly produced in Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces of China. Asarum sieboldii Miq. is mainly produced in Shaanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces of China. ［Collection］  The root and rhizome are collected when the fruits are ripe during the late summer to the early autumn. After the above-ground parts and sediment are removed, they are dried in the shade. Clean, gray-yellow roots with strong aroma and having a hot and benumbing taste are the best. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, the roots are moistened with water, cut into segments and dried in the shade. ［Properties］  Acrid; warm; slightly toxic. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, kidney, heart. ［Characteristic］  Acrid, warm, aromatic and dispersing, it enters the heart, lung and kidney channels and acts on the interior and the exterior, as well as the upper and the lower. It is quite effective even though slightly toxic. It is good at expelling wind cold and relieving stuffy nose and pain, and therefore is considered an essential herb for all cold pain and sinus headache, especially shaoyin headache, stuffy nose and toothache. Since it can also effectively warm the lung and resolve phlegm, it is often used for patients with cold ■uid retention in the lung. ［Actions］  Dispels wind to release the exterior, dissipates cold and relieves pain, warms the lung and resolves cold phlegm, and relieves congested facial ori■ces. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For wind-cold exterior pattern and yang deficiency, it not only dispels cold from the exterior but also dissipates interior cold.   For common cold manifested as headache, aching pain all over the body and stuffy nose with watery discharge, it is often combined with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii) and fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae), as in the formula Jiŭ Wèi Qiāng Huó Tāng (Nine Ingredients Notopterygium Decoction).   For yang de■ciency with exterior pattern manifested as fever, aversion to cold and deep pulse, it is combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) and má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) to

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warm yang and dissipate cold to release the exterior, such as in the formula Má Huáng Fù Zĭ Xì Xīn Tāng (■phedra, Aconite and Asarum Decoction). 2. For headache, toothache and arthralgia, it is a commonly-used essential herb.   For recurrent headache due to wind-cold attack, it is combined with chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) and jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae) to enhance the effect of dispelling wind cold.   For recurrent headache due to wind-heat invasion, it is often combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) and màn jīng zĭ (Fructus Viticis) to disperse wind heat.   For sinus headache with watery discharge in wind-cold type, it is combined with xīn yí (Flos Magnoliae), bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) and cāng ĕr zĭ (Fructus Xanthii) to enhance the effects of dispersing wind cold and relieving congestion, while for that with yellow turbid discharge in wind-heat type, in addition to the previously-mentioned three herbs, shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) are normally used to clear heat and enhance the effect of dispersing wind.   For toothache in wind-cold type, it is decocted with bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) and huā jiāo (Pericarpium Zanthoxyli) for mouth rinsing. For toothache due to wind heat, it is decocted with shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and shēng má (Rhizoma Cimicifugae), or with an equal amount of huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) for mouth rinsing.   For arthralgia, especially chronic cases accompanied by aching weakness of the loins and knees due to wind-cold dampness invasion, it is combined with sāng jì shēng (Herba Taxilli), dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis) and dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae), such as in the formula Dú Huó Jì Shēng Tāng (Pubescent Angelica and Mistletoe Decoction).   For those cases with serious joint pain and dif■cult movement, it is often combined with căo wū (Radix Aconiti Kusnezof■i), wēi líng xiān (Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis) and shēn jīn căo (Herba Lycopodii) to expel cold, dredge the collaterals and alleviate pain. 3. For cough with wheezing due to cold ■uid retention, it disperses exterior cold, warms the lung and resolves interior phlegm ■uid as well.   For those cases with clear phlegm triggered by exterior wind and cold, it is often combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to release the exterior, help expel phlegm fluid, and relieve cough and wheezing, such as in the formula Xiăo Qīng Lóng Tāng (Minor Green Dragon Decoction).   For those chronic cases manifested by coughing with profuse thin phlegm, it is combined with fú líng (Poria), gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to warm the lung, resolve phlegm and relieve coughing, as in the formula Líng Gān Wŭ Wèi Jiāng Xīn Tāng (Poria, Licorice, Chinese Magnolivine Fruit, Dried Ginger and Asarum Decoction). 4. In addition, it can open the ori■ces to restore consciousness and thus be applied for the attack of pathogenic factors or wind-stroke in bi pattern, manifested with lockjaw, suffocation and loss of consciousness. For such cases, it is often ground into powder and applied in mixture with equal amount of the powdered zào jiá (Fructus Gleditsiae), and inhaled into the nose to cause sneezing, as in the formula Tōng Guān Săn (Resuscitation Powder). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 1-3 g in decoction, or 0.5-1 g in powder. For external use: it is ground into powder for nasal inhalation or application to the ear or umbilicus, or topical application mixed with another liquid adjuvant. It also can be decocted ■rst for mouth rinsing. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with qi de■ciency accompanied

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by spontaneous sweating, yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity with headache, or cough with lung heat or yin de■ciency, since it is acrid, aromatic and warmly dispersing. It is slightly toxic, so overdose must be avoided, especially for the powder form. It is antagonized by lí lú. If an overdose is taken or if it is decocted for too short a time, it may cause intoxication of the patient. Toxic symptoms include headache and vomiting, as well as lockjaw, convulsions and respiratory paralysis in critical cases. ［Ingredients］  It contains volatile oils which are composed of methyleugenol, shikimol and asarone. It also contains N-isobutyl-dodecatetraeneamide and higenamine. ［Pharmacological Research］  The volatile oils, water extracts and alcohol extracts have the effects of relieving pain and fever, bacteriostasis, anti-inflammation, cough prevention, antihistamine, anti-allergy and local anesthesia. Large dose of volatile oils can ■rst excite the central nervous system and then depress it. The alcohol infusion of Asarum heterotropoides Fr. Schmidt var. mandshuricum (Maxim.) Kitag. and Asarum sieboldii Miq. var. seoulense Nakai can strengthen cardiac contractility, accelerate the heart rate and increase coronary blood ■ow. It also can expand the visceral vessels, relax the smooth muscles, promote lipid metabolism and raise blood sugar. Shikimol is more toxic and carcinogenic.

Gǎo Běn 藁本 RHIZOMA LIGUSTICI Chinese Lovage Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the rhizome and root of Ligusticum sinense Oliv. and Ligusticum jeholense Nakai et Kitag., perennial herbs of the family Umbelliferae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Găo “straw of grain” and bĕn “foundation” or “root”. The medicinal part is the root of the plant. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, Hebei and Liaoning provinces of China. ［Collection］  The rhizome and root are collected when the above-ground part of the plant is withered in autumn or when the plant breaks in the following early spring. After the soil and stem remnants are cleaned away, the roots are dried in the sun or baked until dry. Big and ■rm roots with strong aroma are best. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, the roots are cleaned and moistened thoroughly with water, and then cut into thick slices for use. ［Properties］  Acrid; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Bladder, liver. ［Characteristics］  Acrid, aromatic and warmly dispersing, it enters the bladder and liver channels and can dispel cold to release the exterior, expel wind, dissipate dampness and alleviate pain. It is effective for exterior syndrome and arthralgia in wind-cold-damp type, and headache occuring particularly in the vertex.

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［Actions］  ■xpels wind, cold and dampness, and relieves pain. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For headache due to wind-cold attack, it is good at dispelling wind and cold to relieve pain.   For headache especially in the vertex and cheeks due to exterior wind-cold invasion, it is often combined with bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari), as in the formula Shén Zhú Săn (Atractylodes Macrocephala Powder).   If the headache is caused by external wind cold and dampness manifested as aching pain in the head, dizziness and drowsiness, it is used in combination with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis) and màn jīng zĭ (Fructus Viticis) to enhance the effects. 2. For arthralgia in wind-cold-dampness type, or for chronic arthralgia triggered by wind cold manifested as aching pain and heavy sensation throughout the body, it is often combined with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and herbs with similar actions to dispel wind, cold and dampness and relieve pain, such as in the formula Qiāng Huó Shèng Shī Tāng (Notopterygium Dampness-Drying Decoction). 3. In addition, if combined with fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae), cì jí lí (Fructus Tribuli) and dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae), it can dispel wind and resolve dampness to treat itching skin. If combined with cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), it can be used for diarrhea with abdominal spastic pain due to cold dampness retained in the stomach and large intestine. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 2-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is decocted for topical skin washing, or ground into powder and applied topically in mixture with a liquid adjuvant. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with headache in blood-de■ciency pattern or heat syndrome, since it is acrid and warmly dispersing. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains volatile oils which are composed of neocnidilide, cnidium lactone, limonene and 4-terineol. ［Pharmacological Research］  The volatile oils show effects of sedation, analgesia, relieving fever and anti-inflammation. It also can inhibit the smooth muscles of the intestines and uterus, relieve asthma, lower blood pressure, dilate the coronary arteries, increase the coronary blood ■ow, alleviate angiospasm, improve myocardial ischemia and increase the tissue tolerance to anoxia. The decoction inhibits many kinds of pathogenic dermatophytes.

Cāng■ Er Zǐ苍耳子 FRUCTUS XANTHII Xanthium Fruit ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the ripe fruit of Xanthium sibiricum Patr., an annual herb of the family Compositae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Cāng means “dark green”, ĕr “earring”, and zĭ “seed-like fruit”. The plant is dark green in color and the fruit looks like an earring in shape. ［Habitat］  Produced all over China. ［Collection］  The fruit is collected when it is ripe and the color turns from green to yellow in

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autumn. After the stalks, stems and leaves are removed, it is dried in the sun. The big and full fruits with yellowbrown color are the best. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is used directly, or the thorns are fried away first before use. ［Properties］  Acrid, bitter; warm; slightly toxic. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, spleen, liver. ［Characteristics］  It is acrid and dispersing, bitter and drying, warmly unblocks the channels and is slightly poisonous. It enters the lung, spleen and liver channels and works best in the head, knees and feet, muscles and tendons. It can disperse wind and cold, release nasal stuf■ness, resolve dampness, relieve pain and alleviate itching. It is a commonly-used herb for sinus headache, rheumatic arthralgia and dermopathic itching. ［Actions］  Dispels wind and releases the exterior, ventilates and dredges the nasal channels, resolves dampness and relieves pain. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For wind-cold exterior syndrome and sinusitis, it is good at dispelling wind to release the exterior, and ventilating and dredging the nasal channels.   For sinus headache accompanied by aversion to cold and absence of sweating in wind-cold exterior syndrome, it is often combined with bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae) to reinforce the potency.   For rhinitis and sinusitis in wind-cold type manifested as stuffy nose and thin nasal discharge, it is often combined with zĭ sū gěng (Folium et Caulis Perillae), xīn yí (Flos Magnoliae) and bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae).   For rhinitis or sinusitis in wind-heat pattern manifested as thick nasal discharge and loss of smell, it is generally combined with xīn yí (Flos Magnoliae), bò he (Herba Menthae) and green tea to disperse wind, clear heat and release the nasal stuf■ness, as in the formula Cāng Er Zĭ Săn (Xanthium Powder).   For rhinitis manifested as yellow turbid foul-smelling discharge due to heat retention in the lung, it is used in combination with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum). 2. For arthralgia, it dispels wind, dries dampness, activates the channels and alleviates pain.   For arthralgia in wind-cold-dampness pattern manifested as painful numbness throughout the body and joint inflexibility, it is commonly combined with wēi líng xiān (Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to disperse wind and cold, remove dampness and alleviate pain.   For arthralgia in wind-heat-damp type manifested as in■amed joints, it is often combined with qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae), luò shí téng (Caulis Trachelospermi), rĕn dōng téng (Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to expel wind and dampness, clear heat and dredge the collaterals to relieve pain. 3. For dermopathic itching, scabies, tinea and leprosy, it can dispel wind, dry dampness, kill mites and dispel fungus to relieve itching.   For dermopathic itching elicited by wind dampness, it is combined with fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae), tŭ fú líng (Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae) and dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae) in decoction for oral administration or topical washing.

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  For scabies and tinea, it is combined with shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii), bái xiān pí (Cortex Dictamni) and tŭ jīng pí (Cortex Pseudolaricis), and decocted for topical washing.   For leprosy, it is used in combination with dà fēng zĭ (Semen Hydnocarpi) and kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis) and applied in decoction or pill form. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: the fresh herb is pounded ■rst for topical compresses, or the fresh or the dried herb is decocted ■rst for topical washing. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for headache or arthralgia with blood deficiency, since it is warm and drying in property. Since it is toxic, high dosage or long-term application is not encouraged. High-dosage application may elicit the following reactions: tiredness, lethargy, poor appetite, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, then dizziness, headache, sleepiness or dysphoria, tachycardia or bradycardia, low fever, spontaneous sweating, and flushed cheeks yet sallow color around the mouth and nose. Slight jaundice and hepatomegaly may also be seen. In severe cases, loss of consciousness, convulsion, shock, urinary blockage, acute alimentary tract hemorrhage, pulmonary edema, respiratory failure, circulatory failure, renal failure and even death could occur. ［Ingredients］  It contains strumaroside, xanthanol, alkaloids, volatile oils, fatty acids, lecithin, saccharide, and many kinds of amino acids. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of preventing cough, anti-in■ammation, analgesia, reducing blood sugar and white blood cells, immunosuppression, antisepsis, anti-hepatitis virus, antioxidation, anti-thrombin, inhibiting heart function and reducing heartbeat, and inhibiting cancer of the cervix. The poisonous ingredients include strumaroside, and alkaloids or toxic proteins, which are water soluble and mainly damage the liver and kidney.

Xīn Yí辛夷 FLOS MAGNOLIAE Blond Magnolia Flower ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the ■ower bud of Magnolia bionaii Pamp., M. ienudata Desr., or M. Sprengeri Pamp., deciduous shrubs of the family Magnoliaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Xīn “fragrant” and yí “tender shoot”. The flower bud looks like a plant shoot but the bract is covered by hairs and looks very much like the head of a Chinese writing brush, so it is also known as máo bĭ tóu (毛笔头) or mù bĭ huā (木笔花). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Henan, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Hubei and Anhui provinces of China. ［Collection］  The buds are collected in early spring before the ■ower blooms. After the branches and stalks are cleared away, the buds are dried in the shade. Fragrant and complete tightly closed buds are the best. ［Processing］  Impurities are cleaned away before use. ［Properties］  Acrid; warm.

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［■ntered Channels］  Lung, stomach. ［Characteristics］  It is acrid, warm, aromatic and loose in texture and so has ■oating, ascending and dispersing actions. It enters the lung channel to disperse wind cold and relieve nasal stuf■ness. It also enters the stomach channel to help the clear stomach qi ascend. Its ability to release the exterior is relatively weak, but it is effective for rhinitis and sinusitis. ［Actions］  Disperses wind and cold, and relieves nasal stuf■ness. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For headache and nasal stuffiness in the common cold, it can disperse wind and cold, and relieve nasal stuf■ness and headache.   For headache and nasal stuf■ness due to wind and cold attack, it is often combined with bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and zĭ sū yè (Folium Perillae) to enhance the effects.   If combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae), it can be used for headache and nasal stuf■ness due to wind-heat attack.   If combined with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis), it can also be used for headache and nasal stuf■ness due to wind-damp attack. 2. For rhinitis and sinusitis with headache, it can effectively release the nasal congestion.   For those cases with clear thin nasal discharge and frequent sneezing elicited by wind cold, it is often combined with bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae), xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) and cāng ĕr zĭ (Fructus Xanthii) to dispel wind and cold, release the nasal stuf■ness and relieve pain, such as in the formula Xīn Yí Săn (Magnolia Powder).   For sinusitis triggered by wind heat and marked by yellow turbid foul-smelling discharge which normally results from lung heat, it is often used in combination with bò he (Herba Menthae), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and yú xīng căo (Herba Houttuyniae) to disperse wind, clear heat and purge the lung.   If the heat transforms into chronic gallbladder heat, marked by purulent foul-smelling nasal discharge, stuffy nose and damaged olfactory sensation, it is combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) to purge the liver and gallbladder, and to relieve the nasal congestion. 3. In addition, if combined with zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and shēng má (Rhizoma Cimicifugae), it can also be used for nasal polyps due to wind-heat-dampness accumulation in the nose. If combined with lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and yĕ jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi Indici), it is used for nasal boils resulting from heat retention in the lung. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: the powder is stuffed into the nose, or the water extract is applied for nose drops. It should be wrapped ■rst for decoction because the villi may irritate the throat. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency and excessive ■re, since it is acrid and warm and may worsen their condition. ［Ingredients］  It contains volatile oils, flavones, alkaloids and lignanoids. The volatile oils include citral, eugenol, cinnamic aldehyde and eucalyptole. ［Pharmacological Research］  The volatile oils can contract the blood vessels of the nasal mucosa, improve the absorption of the mucus discharge to relieve inflammation, prohibit allergy, relieve asthma, alleviate pain and induce sedation. The decoction can activate the smooth muscles of the uterus and intestines. The water or alcohol extracts can decrease blood pressure and inhibit many

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kinds of pathogenic bacteria and in■uenza viruses.

Cōng Bái 葱白 BULBUS ALLII FISTULOSI Spring Onion ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was cōng jīng (葱 茎). It is the squamous bulb near the root of Allium ■stulosum L., a perennial herb of the family Liliaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Cōng originally meant “chimney”, and bái means “white”. It grows straight and long like a chimney, and the bulb is white. ［Habitat］  Produced everywhere in China and other Asian countries. ［Collection］  The bulb is collected year round. The ■brous roots and leaves are cleared away before use. ［Processing］  After the outer layer is removed, it is used immediately. ［Properties］  Acrid; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, stomach. ［Characteristics］  Acridly dispersing and warmly dredging, it enters the lung and stomach channels. It not only induces sweating and releases the exterior, but also dissipates cold, activates yang and disperses heat to alleviate swelling. It is an edible medicinal plant and is mild in actions. ［Actions］  Induces sweating to release the exterior, disperses cold and activates yang, subsides swelling and dissipates masses. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For common cold in light cases, it is combined with dàn dòu chĭ (Semen Sojae Praeparatum), such as in the formula Cōng Chĭ Tāng (Scallion and Fermented Soybean Decoction), or is used in combination with shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens). 2. For the syndrome of exuberant yin repelling yang, manifested as diarrhea with undigested food, severe coldness of limbs and faint pulse, it can actively move yang qi and warmly dissipate cold coagulation. For such cases it is often combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) and gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) to save yang from collapse, as in the formula Bái Tōng Tāng (Scallion Yang-Freeing Decoction). For the syndrome of cold coagulation manifested as gastroabdominal cold pain or retention of urine, it is stir-baked warm ■rst and applied over the umbilicus or the lower abdomen to warm yang. 3. For sores, carbuncles and acute mastitis, it can be pounded and applied topically as compresses to disperse heat and subside swelling. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction or taken fresh directly. For external use: it is pounded and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with defensive qi de■ciency, since it is acrid and warm and may induce perspiration. It is contraindicated for use with honey. ［Ingredients］  It contains volatile oils which are mainly composed of allicin and diallyl sul■de. It also contains mucoid substances, crude fats, crude proteins, crude ■ber, malic acid, vitamin B, C, and iron salt.

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［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of diaphoresis, expelling phlegm, diuresis, analgesia, sedation and insect disinfestation. Used fresh, it can promote the secretion of digestive juices and can protect the gastric mucosa and skin. The volatile oils can inhibit bacillus diphtheriae, tubercle bacillus, bacillus dysenteriae, staphylococcus, streptococcus and dermatophytes.

Section 2  Herbs that Disperse Wind Heat Herbs in this group, generally cold or cool and pungent, though a few of them are sweet in nature, can mainly disperse wind and heat by mildly inducing perspiration. They are normally applied for wind-heat exterior syndrome or epidemic febrile diseases at the early stage (wei level pattern). Some of them can also release the throat, promote the eruption of rashes, alleviate eye problems to improve vision, and relieve coughing in order to treat sore throat, measles without adequate eruption, rubella, urticaria and conjunctival in■ammation in wind-heat pattern.

Bò He 薄荷 HERBA MENTHAE Field Mint ［Source］  Initially appeared in Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces for Emergency (Bèi Jí Qiān Jīn Yào Fāng, 备急千金要 方) in the Tang Dynasty (652 A.D.). Its original name was fān hé cài (蕃荷菜). It is the above-ground part of Mentha haplocalyx Briq., a perennial herb of the family Labiatae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Bò means “near” or “similar”, and he “lotus leaf”. The leaf is round and similar to the young lotus leaf in shape. It grows near water like perilla, so is also named shuĭ sū (水苏), where shuĭ means “water” and sū means “perilla”. It is used to cook with chicken because of its pleasant fragrance and therefore is also known as xiāng sū (香 苏) and jī sū (鸡苏), where xiāng means “fragrant”, sū means “perilla” and jī means “chicken”. ［Habitat］  Produced everywhere in China, but that produced in Jiangsu Province (simply called sū bò he) is the best. ［Collection］  The above-ground part is collected two or three times a year on sunny days during summer and autumn when the plant is ■ourishing. It is used fresh or dried ■rst before use. Green and aromatic plants with ■ourishing leaves are best. ［Processing］  After overgrown stems and impurities are removed, it is moistened with water, cut into short segments and dried at a low temperature immediately before use. ［Properties］  Acrid; cool. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, liver. ［Characteristics］  It is acrid, aromatic and cool so as to disperse and clear heat. It enters the lung and liver channels, and is good at dispersing wind and heat in the upper jiao, and clearing away

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heat from the head and throat. It can also move stagnant liver qi and promote the eruption of measles by dispersing. Therefore it is suitable for problems caused by wind heat or syndromes due to liver qi stagnation transforming into ■re. ［Actions］  Disperses wind and heat, clears heat and eases the throat, promotes eruption of rashes, soothes the liver and relieves stagnation. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For wind-heat exterior syndrome or febrile diseases at the early stage, it is good at dispersing wind and heat, clearing the head and soothing the throat.   For those cases with coughing, sore throat and thirst, it is combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and jīng jiè suì (Spica Schizonepetae), such as in the formula Yín Qiào Săn (Lonicera and Forsythia Powder).   For those cases with serious coughing, fever and slight thirst, it is often combined with sāng yè (Folium Mori), jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), as in the formula Sāng Jú Yĭn (Mulberry Leaf and Chrysanthemum Beverage). 2. For headache with in■amed eyes and sore throat due to wind heat, it is often combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) to disperse wind and heat, clear the head and release the throat, as in the formula Bò He Tāng (Mint Decoction).   For in■amed eyes complicated with headache and dizziness in the pattern of liver ■re ■aming up, it is often combined with xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) and jué míng zĭ (Semen Cassiae). 3. For diminished eruption of measles, rubella and urticaria, it is commonly used to promote eruption by dispersing wind and heat.   For the diminished eruption of measles that may happen in the early stage of the disease, it is combined with chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae), jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae) and chéng liŭ (Cacumen Tamaricis), as in the formula Jiā Jiăn Gé Gēn Tāng (Pueraria Variant Decoction).   For rubella and urticaria, it is often combined with jīng jiè suì (Spica Schizonepetae), dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae) and cì jí lí (Fructus Tribuli) to alleviate itching by dispersing wind. 4. For liver qi stagnation manifested as hypochondriac pain or constraint in the chest, it is often used in combination with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) and bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) to soothe the liver by moving the liver qi, such as in the formula Xiāo Yáo Săn (Free Wanderer Powder). 5. In addition, if combined with huò xiāng (Herba Agastachis) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae), it can also be used for cholera marked by distension of the abdomen, painful watery diarrhea and vomiting elicited by an accumulation of summerheat. If brewed as tea for rinsing the mouth, it serves to refresh the mouth and to treat dental ulcers. For sores and small ulcers, the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 2-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For decoction, it should be added later and boiled for about 5 minutes. For external use: the fresh herb is pounded ■rst for topical application or the juice is used in the same way, or it is decocted ■rst for rinsing the skin or mouth. The leaf tends to induce perspiration, while the stem moves qi. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin and blood de■ciency and spontaneous sweating, since its aromatic and dispersing nature may induce perspiration and consume qi. ［Ingredients］  It contains volatile oils which are composed of menthol, menthone, camphene, limonene and pinene. ［Pharmacological Research］  It can relieve fever by promoting dilation of the skin capillaries to induce sweating. The peppermint oil can relieve gastrointestinal spasms and promote the secretions of the respiratory tract gland. When the volatile oils are being applied onto the skin, there comes

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a cool feeling followed by a mild hot feeling and local blood congestion, which further causes vascular changes of the deep tissue. Menthol and menthone applied topically show effects of antiin■ammation, analgesia and alleviating itching. The decoction inhibits herpes simplex virus, semliki forest virus, epidemic parotitis virus, staphylococcus and streptococcus. It can also excite the central nervous system, relieve convulsions, protect the liver, promote gallbladder function, resist early pregnancy and implantation of the fertilized ovum, facilitate the expectoration of phlegm and arrest coughing, and promote transdermic absorption of other medications.

NiúBàng Zǐ牛蒡子 FRUCTUS ARCTII Great Burdock Achene ［Source］  Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the North and South Kingdoms (500 A.D.). Its original name was wù shí. It is the fruit of Arctium lappa L., a biennial herb of the family Compositae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Niú “cattle”, bàng “by the side” and zĭ “seed”. It is also known as wù shí (恶 实), where wù means “dislike” and shí means “fruit”. The mature seed-like fruit has a lot of small burrs on the surface that troublesomely stick to fur or cloth so that people dislike it and even cattle prefer going to the side rather than eating it. ［Habitat］  Widely produced in China, but mainly in Zhejiang and the northeast. That produced in Zhejiang is the best in quality. ［Collection］  It is collected in autumn when the color of the fruit is turning brown and then dried in the sun. The big and plump fruits with grayish-brown color are the best. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is cleaned with water and either stir-baked or dried directly for use. For decoction, it should ■rst be crushed. ［Properties］  Acrid, bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, stomach. ［Characteristics］  It is acrid, cold and bitter to disperse wind and purge heat. ■ntering the lung and stomach channels, it can release the exterior and promote rash eruption by dispersing wind heat, relieve hot swelling by purging toxic heat, dispel phlegm and relieve coughing by clearing lung heat, and drain toxic heat by promoting urination and defecation. It is not as good as bò he in inducing diaphoresis but is excellent in clearing toxic heat and promoting urination and defecation. Therefore it is mainly used for all problems caused by wind heat or toxic heat, especially those accompanied by dif■cult urination and defecation. ［Actions］  Disperses wind and heat, disperses lung qi and promotes rash eruption, eases the throat and dissipates masses, clears toxic heat and relieves swelling. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For wind-heat exterior syndrome manifested as fever, slight aversion to cold and sore throat, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) to disperse wind and heat, clear toxic heat and alleviate swelling, such as in the formula Yín Qiào Săn (Lonicera and Forsythia

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Powder). 2. For cough due to heat, it can not only disperse lung qi, clear heat, resolve phlegm and relieve coughing, but also can promote urination and defecation. Thus it is suitable for coughing with thick yellow sputum or off-white sticky sputum with concentrated urine and constipation.   For coughing due to wind heat, it is often combined with jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), sāng yè (Folium Mori) and qián hú (Radix Peucedani) to arrest coughing by dispersing wind and heat.   For coughing due to interior lung heat, it is commonly combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae) and zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) to clear the lung heat, resolve phlegm and alleviate coughing. 3. For sore throat, it can ease the throat by clearing toxic heat.   For cases triggered by wind-heat attack, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae).   For those cases caused by excessive toxic heat attack, it is used together with băn lán gēn (Radix Isatidis), jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae). 4. For diminished measles eruption or dermatic itching due to wind-heat invasion, it dispels pathogenic factors in two ways—dispersing and draining. Through dispersing, it improves rash eruption by dispersing lung qi and wind and heat from the body surface; through draining, it drains toxic heat by promoting urination and defecation.   For diminished measles eruption, it is often combined with bò he (Herba Menthae), chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae) and gé gēn (Radix Puerariae Lobatae), such as in the formula Jiā Jiăn Gé Gēn Tāng (Pueraria Variant Decoction).   For dermatic itching due to wind heat, it is used together with jīng jiè suì (Spica Schizonepetae), bò he (Herba Menthae) and dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae) to enhance the effects of dispersing wind heat and alleviating itching. 5. For sore, hot swelling and mumps, it is good at clearing toxic heat and subsiding swelling.   For toxic-heat sores, it is often combined with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), zĭ huā dì dīng (Herba Violae) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis).   For mumps, it is generally combined with xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and băn lán gēn (Radix Isatidis).   For acute mastitis, it is combined with guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) and pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into powder. For decoction, it should ■rst be crushed. Frying can reduce the cold property. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with loose stools in the spleen qi de■ciency pattern because of its laxative properties. ［Ingredients］  It contains arctiin, alkaloids, fatty oils, vitamin A and B, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  The decoction shows the effects of anti-in■ammation, relieving fever, diuresis, purgation, anti-tumor, and reducing blood sugar. It can also inhibit pneumococci, staphylococcus aureus and many kinds of dermatophytes. Arctiin can paralyze the experimentally isolated heart, uterus, intestinal canal, skeletal muscles and motor nerves. The extract has anti-AIDS virus effects.

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Chán Tuì蝉蜕 PERIOSTRACUM CICADAE Cicada Moulting ［Source］  Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the North and South Kingdoms (500 A.D.). Its original name was chán ké (蝉壳) or kū chán (枯蝉). It is the moulting of Cryptotympana pustulata Fabricius, an insect of the family Cicadidae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Chán “cicada” and tuì “moulting”. It is also known as zhī liao (知了). ［Habitat］  Produced all over China, but mainly in Shandong, Henan, Hebei and Jiangsu provinces. ［Collection］  It is collected during summer and autumn, washed with water and dried in the sun. The complete body that is clean with bright yellow color is the best. ［Processing］  Impurities are cleaned away before use. ［Properties］  Sweet; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, liver. ［Characteristics］  It is sweet, cold, dispersing, ascending, ■oating and ventilating. It enters the lung and liver channels, and is good at expelling wind, relieving convulsions, improving eyesight and easing up the voice. It is used mainly for problems triggered by wind heat, liver heat and liver wind. ［Actions］  Dispels wind and heat, promotes rash eruption and alleviates itching, subsides nebulae and improves eyesight, and expels wind and relieves convulsions. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For wind-heat exterior syndrome or sore throat accompanied by a hoarse voice, it is good at dispersing wind and heat, dispersing lung qi and easing the throat.   For fever and headache caused by wind-heat exterior syndrome or seasonal febrile disease in the early stage, it is commonly combined with bò he (Herba Menthae) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae).   For sore throat and hoarse voice, it is used together with pàng dà hăi (Semen Sterculiae Lychnophorae), as in the formula Hăi Chán Săn (Sterculia Seed and Cicada Moulting Powder). 2. For measles, rubella and urticaria, it promotes rash eruption and relieves itching by dispersing wind and heat.   For diminished measles eruption, it is often combined with bò he (Herba Menthae) and zĭ căo (Radix Arnebiae), as in the formula Tòu Zhĕn Tāng (■ruption-Promoting Decoction).   For rubella and urticaria, it is combined with fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae), jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae) and kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis), as in the formula Xiāo Fēng Săn (WindDispersing Powder). 3. For convulsions, epilepsy, infantile night crying and tetanus, it extinguishes internal wind and arrests convulsions, and disperses wind and heat as well.   For fever accompanied by convulsions in the exterior syndrome, infantile night crying and epilepsy with heat, it is usually applied in powder and taken with the decoction of bò he (Herba

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Menthae) and gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis), such as in the formula Zhĭ Tí Săn (CryStopping Powder).   For acute infantile convulsions, it is combined with niú huáng (Calculus Bovis), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), bái jiāng cán (Bombyx Batryticatus), etc.   For tetanus in mild cases, the powder is mixed with yellow wine for oral administration, and for severe cases, it is normally combined with tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae), bái jiāng cán (Bombyx Batryticatus), quán xiē (Scorpio) and tiān nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis), such as in the formula Wŭ Hŭ Zhuī Fēng Săn (Five-Tiger Wind-■xpelling Powder). 4. For bloodshot eyes and nebulae, it is able to dispel wind and heat, subside the nebulae and improve the eyesight.   For bloodshot eyes with tears due to wind heat, it is often combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), jué míng zĭ (Semen Cassiae) and cì jí lí (Fructus Tribuli), as in the formula Chán Huā Săn (Cicada and Chrysanthemun Flower Powder).   For nebulae due to wind heat attacking the eyes, it is often combined with gŭ jīng căo (Flos ■riocauli), mì méng huā (Flos Buddlejae) and mù zéi (Herba ■quiseti Hiemalis) to enhance its effects. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into powder or pills. For external use: it is decocted for topical skin washing, or the powder is applied topically in mixture with a liquid adjuvant. For the purpose of relieving convulsions, a large dose is suggested. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable to be taken during pregnancy. ［Ingredients］  It contains chitin, proteins, amino acids, organic acids and phenolic compounds, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows the effects of anti-convulsion, sedation, relieving fever, analgesia, immuno-suppression, anti-anaphylaxis, anti-tumor, decreasing capillary permeability, protecting erythrocyte membranes, slowing down the heartbeat and interrupting the conduction of the sympathetic nerves. It can also selectively inhibit tumor cell growth in vitro.

Sāng Yè 桑叶 FOLIUM MORI Mulberry Leaf ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the leaf of Morus alba L., a deciduous tree of the family Moraceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Sāng “mulberry” and yè “leaf”. It is the leaf of the mulberry tree. For medicinal purposes the leaf is collected after the ■rst frost in early winter, so it is also called dōng sāng yè (冬桑叶) or shuāng sāng yè (霜桑叶), where dōng means “winter” and shuāng means “frost”. ［Habitat］  Widely produced in China—mainly in Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Sichuan and Hunan provinces. ［Collection］  Collected after the ■rst frost, impurities are removed from the leaves and they are then dried in the sun. Big leaves with greenish-yellow color are the

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best. ［Processing］  The leaves are kneaded into small pieces, and the stalks are winnowed off and impurities screened out. They can be used directly or stir-fried with honey ■rst. ［Properties］  Sweet, bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, liver. ［Characteristics］  It is loose in texture and honey-processed to disperse and moisten the lung, and bitter and cold in property to clear heat. ■ntering the lung and liver channels, it is not only good at dispersing wind from the upper and super■cial parts of the body, clearing heat and moistening the lung, but also good at clearing ■re from the liver, slightly replenishing the liver yin to improve the eyesight and cooling blood to arrest bleeding. It is used for problems caused by wind heat, dry heat or blood heat. ［Actions］  Dispels wind and heat, moistens the lung to relieve coughing, and paci■es the liver and improves eyesight. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For wind-heat exterior syndrome or febrile diseases at the early stage manifested as fever, headache, sore throat and cough, it is often combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), such as in the formula Sāng Jú Yĭn (Mulberry Leaf and Chrysanthemum Beverage). 2. For cough with dry heat, it clears lung heat, moistens the lung yin and arrests cough at the same time.   For dry cough or cough with scanty phlegm accompanied by dry nose and throat due to heat impairing the lung, it is combined with xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) and mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) to enhance the effects of moistening the lung and relieving cough, such as in the formula Sāng Xìng Tāng (Mulberry Leaf and Apricot Kernel Decoction).   For cough with thick yellow phlegm due to heat in the lung, it is combined with sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii) to clear heat phlegm and relieve coughing. 3. For dizziness, red eyes and dim vision, it is able to pacify liver yang, clear liver fire and replenish liver yin.   For dizziness with headache due to hyperactivity of liver yang, it is often combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis) and bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) to enhance the effect of pacifying the liver yang.   For red and dry eyes with sharp burning pain due to wind heat invading the upper jiao, it can be decocted and applied alone or in combination with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) for eye rinsing, or is combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), jué míng zĭ (Semen Cassiae) and chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) for oral administration to clear heat from the liver system.   For dim vision in liver yin de■ciency pattern, it is used together with hēi zhī ma (Semen Sesami Nigrum) in pills, such as in the formula Sāng Má Wán (Mulberry Leaf and Black Sesame Pill). 4. In addition, it can cool blood to stop bleeding. For hematemesis and epistaxis due to heat, it is often combined with herbs having similar actions to reinforce the potency. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is decocted ■rst for eye rinsing or the fresh herb is pounded for topical application. For general purposes it can be used directly, while for moistening the lung and arresting coughing it should be stir-fried with honey. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with cold de■ciency of the spleen

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and stomach because of its cold property. ［Ingredients］  It contains ecdysone, inokosterone, sitosterol, violaguercitrin, moracetin, isoquercitin, scopoletin, choline, folacin, chlorogenic acid, volatile oils, muti-amino acids and vitamins, etc. ［Pharmacological research］  It shows effects of reducing blood sugar and cholesterol, antibiosis and inhibiting leptospira. ■cdysone can promote cell growth and stimulate hypodermal cell division and epidermis neogenesis to promote ecdysis in insects.

JúHuā 菊花 FLOS CHRYSANTHEMI Chrysanthemum Flower ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the ■owering head of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat., a perennial herb of the family Compositae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Jú “end” and huā “flower”. After the Chinese lunar September every year, other flowers wither but the chrysanthemum ■ower remains in bloom. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Anhui, Henan, Zhejiang, Shandong and Sichuan provinces of China. The herb which is produced in Bozhou City of Anhui and Woyang County and Shangqiu City of Henan is specifically named bó jú (亳菊), that which is produced in Chuzhou City of Anhui is called chú jú (滁菊), that which comes from She County of Anhui and Deqing County of Zhejiang is called gòng jú (贡 菊), that which is from Jiaxing, Tongxiang, Haining Cities and Wuxing District of Huzhou City of Zhejiang is called háng jú (杭菊), and that which comes from Qinyang City of Henan is called huái jú (怀菊). Generally bó jú and chú jú are considered the best. ［Collection］  It is collected when blooming in autumn. It is dried directly in the shade or in an oven, or smoked or steamed ■rst then dried in the sun. Clean ■owers with complete shape, white or yellow color and pleasant fragrance are the best. ［Processing］  Impurities, residual stalks and leaves are removed for direct use; it can also be carbonized before use. ［Properties］  Sweet, bitter; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, liver. ［Characteristics］  It is acrid, fragrant and dispersing, bitter and cold in property to clear heat, and sweet in ■avor to slightly nourish yin. It enters the lung channel to disperse wind and heat from the upper jiao, and enters the liver channel as well to purge liver heat, pacify the liver yang and replenish the liver yin. It can also clear toxic heat to cure sores and carbuncles. It is mainly applied for problems caused by wind heat, liver heat and toxic heat. ［Actions］  Disperses wind and heat, paci■es the liver yang to improve eyesight and clears toxic heat.

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［Clinical Applications］  1. For wind-heat exterior syndrome or febrile diseases at the early stage manifested as fever, headache and cough, it is often combined with sāng yè (Folium Mori), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), such as in the formula Sāng Jú Yĭn (Mulberry Leaf and Chrysanthemum Beverage). 2. For eye problems and headache, it functions in three ways by dispersing wind and heat from the head, clearing heat from the liver and pacifying the liver yang.   For eye problems due to wind heat invading the liver channel or ■aming up of excessive liver ■re, it is often combined with sāng yè (Folium Mori), xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to clear liver heat.   For decreasing eyesight due to liver and kidney yin de■ciency, it is often combined with gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) and shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), such as in the formula Qĭ Jú Dì Huáng Wán (Lycium Berry, Chrysanthemum and Rehmannia Pill).   For recurrent headache elicited by wind heat attacking the upper jiao, it is often combined with jīng jiè suì (Spica Schizonepetae), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and màn jīng zĭ (Fructus Viticis) to disperse wind heat, clear heat and alleviate pain. 3. For the syndrome of ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it can clear liver heat on one hand and pacify liver yang on the other.   For dizziness in the pattern of ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is often combined with shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis) to reinforce the potency.   For distending pain in the head and around the eyes due to liver ■re disturbing the upper jiao, it is often combined with xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae), lóng dăn căo (Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae). 4. For sores and carbuncles, it is often used in combination with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to reinforce the potency of clearing toxic heat, such as in the formula Gān Jú Săn (Licorice and Chrysanthemum Powder), or its fresh juice is applied orally or topically. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder, or directly taken as tea. For external use: it is decocted for topical steaming and rinsing, or is ground into paste and applied topically. For the purpose of dispersing wind heat the yellow ■ower is preferred, while for pacifying liver yang and purging liver heat the white one is commonly used. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with cold de■ciency of the spleen and stomach because of its cold property. ［Ingredients］  It contains lavonoids, volatile oils, choline, coumarins and alkaloids. ［Pharmacological research］  It shows effects of relieving fever, anti-in■ammation, dilating the coronary arteries, increasing the current capacity of the coronary arteries, decreasing blood pressure, inhibiting capillary permeability, anti-aging, protecting erythrocyte membranes, antibiosis, anti-■u virus and inhibiting leptospira.

Màn Jīng Zǐ蔓荆子 FRUCTUS VITICIS Chastetree Fruit ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han

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Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was màn jīng shí (蔓荆实). It is the ripe fruit of Vitex trifolia L. var. simplicifolia Cham. or Vitex trifolia L., deciduous shrubs of the family Verbenaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Màn means “vine”, jīng refers to the shrub with branches, and zĭ normally means “seed”. This plant is a kind of small shrub with thin and tiny winding vines, and its fruit is round and looks like a seed. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Shandong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangxi, Yunnan and Hainan of China. ［Collection］  It is collected when the fruit is ripe during summer and autumn. After removing impurities, it is dried in the sun. Big, plump and fragrant fruits are the best. ［Processing］  It should be cleaned before use, and can also be stir-fried. ［Properties］  Acrid, bitter; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Bladder, liver, stomach. ［Characteristics］  It is acrid and bitter in ■avor, and slightly cold in nature so has the actions of descending and dispersing. It enters the bladder, liver and stomach channels. It is mainly applied for problems in the head due to wind-heat invasion. It can also be used for arthralgia by expelling the wind pathogen from channels and collaterals. ［Actions］  Disperses wind and heat to refresh the head and eyes. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For headache and gum inflammation, it is particularly good at dispersing wind and heat in the head to alleviate headache.   For headache due to exogenous wind-heat attack, it is often combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), bò he (Herba Menthae) and other herbs with similar actions to enhance the effects.   For recurrent headache due to wind invasion complicated with blood stasis, it is often combined with jīng jiè suì (Spica Schizonepetae), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to enhance the effects of dispersing wind and heat, and relieving pain by expelling blood stasis, such as in the formula Jú Xiōng Săn (Chrysanthemum and Chuanxiong Powder).   For headache with blood de■ciency, it is combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to relieve pain by nourishing blood and dispelling wind.   For headache due to qi de■ciency failing to raise the clear yang, it is combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), shēng má (Rhizoma Cimicifugae) and chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) to relieve pain by elevating yang, replenishing qi and dispelling wind.   For gum in■ammation in wind-heat pattern, it is often combined with shēng shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) and bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) to relieve pain by dispelling wind and heat. 2. For eye in■ammation and blurred vision, it can clear heat and refresh the head and eyes by dispersing wind and heat.   For eye in■ammation with tears and blurred vision due to wind and heat affecting the upper jiao, it is combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae) to relieve the eyes by dispersing wind and clearing liver heat.   For nebulae, cataracts, tinnitus and deafness due to the clear yang failing to rise, it is often

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combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis) and bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) to improve hearing and eyesight by boosting qi and raising yang, such as in the formula Yì Qì Cōng Míng Tāng (Qi-Boosting Intelligence Decoction). 3. In addition, if combined with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis) and xú cháng qīng (Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Paniculati), it can also be applied for rheumatic arthralgia and limb spasms by dredging the collaterals and dispelling wind. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 6-12 g crushed for decoction, or made into pills, powder and medicinal liquor. For external use: it is decocted for local steaming and rinsing. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with vulnerable stomachs since it is acrid, bitter and cold in nature. ［Ingredients］  The single-leafed variant contains volatile oils, alkaloids, ■avones, vitamin A, etc. The normal variety contains fatty oils, vitricin, etc. ［Pharmacological research］  Vitex trifolia L. var. simplicifolia Cham. shows effects of analgesia, decreasing blood pressure, expelling phlegm, anti-asthma, antibiosis, anti-virus, anti-in■ammation, anti-coagulation, inhibiting melanin, anti-anoxia and inhibiting the smooth muscles of the intestines in vitro.

Chái Hú柴胡 RADIX BUPLEURI Thotowax Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the root of Bupleurum chinense DC. and Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd., perennial herbs of the family Umbelliferae. The former is called bĕi chái hú (北柴胡) while the latter is called nán chái hú (南 柴胡). ［■xplanation of Name］  Chái means “f irewood”. Growing in mountain areas, the young plant is edible but the mature one is only usable as ■rewood. ［Habitat］  Bĕi chái hú is mainly produced in Hebei, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Henan and Shaanxi provinces of China. Nán chái hú is mainly produced in Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu and Anhui of China. ［Collection］  It is collected in spring or late autumn. The residual stems and sediment are first removed and then it is dried in the sun. Big strong plants with soft texture and good fragrance are the best. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed and it is cleaned with water, it is moistened thoroughly, cut into thick slices and dried for use, or ■rst vinegar-fried. ［Properties］  Bitter, acrid; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, bladder.

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［Characteristics］  It is bitter, aromatic and slightly cold so displays the actions of dispersing and moving. ■ntering the liver and bladder channels, it not only disperses pathogens in shaoyang syndrome and harmonizes exterior and interior to relieve fever, but also soothes the liver, relieves stagnation and regulates menses. In addition, it can also elevate the clear yang to inhibit the sinking of middle qi. ［Actions］  Disperses exterior pathogenic factors and reduces fever, soothes the liver and relieves stagnation, and elevates yang qi. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For alternating chills and fever in shaoyang syndrome, or fever in exterior pattern, it is good at harmonizing shaoyang and relieving fever.   For shaoyang syndrome due to exterior cold invasion manifested as alternating chills and fever, fullness and distress in the chest, bitter taste in the mouth, dry throat and dizziness, it is often combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), such as in the formula Xiăo Chái Hú Tāng (Minor Bupleurum Decoction).   For fever in exterior syndrome, it is combined with gé gēn (Radix Puerariae Lobatae), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and sháo yào (Radix Paeoniae Alba seu Rubra), such as in the formula Chái Gé Jiĕ Jī Tāng (Bupleurum and Pueraria Muscle-Resolving Decoction). 2. For chest and hypochondriac pain, and irregular menses due to liver qi stagnation, it can relieve the stagnation, adjust the menstrual cycle and alleviate pain by soothing the liver qi.   For chest and hypochondriac pain, it is often combined with xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii, stir-fried with bran), such as in the formula Chái Hú Shū Gān Săn (Bupleurum Liver-Soothing Powder).   For irregular menses accompanied by alternating chills and fever, breast distension or chest fullness due to liver stagnation and blood deficiency, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and bò he (Herba Menthae), such as in the formula Xiāo Yáo Săn (Free Wanderer Powder).   For traumatic chest pain, it is combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis), táo rén (Semen Persicae) and hóng huā (Flos Carthami) to soothe the liver, nourish the blood, dredge the collaterals and alleviate pain, such as in the formula Fù Yuán Huó Xuè Tāng (Original Qi-Restoring and Blood-Moving Decoction). 3. For the sinking of middle qi manifested by anal prolapse, gastroptosis, hysteroptosis or general exhaustion, it is often combined with shēng má (Rhizoma Cimicifugae) and huáng qí (Radix Astragali) to tonify qi, elevate yang and raise the prolapse, such as in the formula Bŭ Zhōng Yì Qì Tāng (Center-Supplementing and Qi-Boosting Decoction). 4. For alternating chills and fever in malaria, it is good at relieving the fever. For this it is often used in combination with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), cháng shān (Radix Dichroae) and căo guŏ (Fructus Tsaoko) to disperse pathogens and clear heat. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills, powder or injections. For relieving fever, it is generally applied in a large dose. For soothing the liver, it should be prepared with vinegar and applied in a medium dose. For elevating yang, it is traditionally prepared with honey before application, but the raw herb applied in a small dose is commonly used now. Furthermore, the herb prepared with turtle blood is applied for steaming bone fever. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin deficiency, internal stirring of liver wind or ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, since it may consume yin in the process of dispersing. Clinical studies show that herbal injections may provoke allergic rashes and shock.

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［Ingredients］  Bupleurum chinense D.C. contains saikoside, bupleuramol, volatile oils, rutin, alkaloids, etc. Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. contains sailoside A, B, C, D, quercetin, α-spinasterol, polysaccharides, volatile oils, etc. ［Pharmacological research］  It shows effects of relieving fever, analgesia, sedation, anticonvulsion, anti-depression, anti-in■ammation, protection of the liver, improving biliation, exciting the smooth muscles of the intestines in vitro, inhibiting gastric acid secretion, increasing the power of hydrogen (PH) in gastric juices, anti-ulcer, reducing blood pressure, slowing down the heartbeat, preventing cough, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-mutagenesis, exciting the uterus, adjusting the pupils, preventing drunkenness, resisting radiation, antibiosis, inhibiting the viruses of influenza, cowpox and hepatitis, anti-leptospira and anti-plasmodium. The crude saponin can decrease the blood pressure and heart rate of rats, and shows obvious effects of hemolyzation.

Shēng Má 升麻 RHIZOMA CIMICIFUGAE Black Cohosh Rhizome ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the rhizome of Cimicifuga heracleifolia Kom., Cimicifuga dahurica (Turcz.) Maxim. or Cimicifuga foetida L., perennial herbs of the family Ranunculaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Shēng means “raising” or “ascending”, and má means “hemp”. Its leaf looks like that of hemp in shape, and it is ascending in nature. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Jilin, Hebei, Shanxi and Sichuan provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected when the aboveground part has withered in autumn, and the sediment is removed from it. The f ibrous roots are burned off when almost completely dried in the sun, after which it is again placed in the sun until dried completely. Big and ■rm plants with blackish-brown leaf surfaces are the best. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is moistened with water and cut into thick slices. It can be used directly or honey-fried ■rst. ［Properties］  Acrid, slightly sweet; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, spleen, stomach, large intestine. ［Characteristics］  Acrid, slightly sweet in flavor and slightly cold in nature, it displays ascending, dispersing and slight heat-purging actions. It enters the lung channel to disperse wind and heat from the skin and lung so it is often used for headache or measles with wind heat in the super■cial part of the body. It enters the stomach and large intestine channels to relieve headache by dispersing wind and heat from the yangming channels. It also enters the spleen and stomach system to raise the clear middle yang qi. It is also good at dispersing and clearing toxic heat to particularly treat heat obstruction.

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［Actions］  Releases the exterior, promotes rash eruption, clears toxic heat and raises yang qi. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For headache or diminished measles eruption, it is good at dispersing wind and heat from the exterior of the body and the head.   For yangming headache due to wind heat invading the upper jiao, it is combined with shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) to relieve the pain by dispersing wind and clearing heat.   For yangming headache in wind-heat-dampness pattern, it is often combined with cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and hé yè (Folium Nelumbinis) to relieve the pain by dispersing the wind and drying the dampness, such as in the formula Qīng Zhèn Tāng (Thunder-Clearing Decoction).   For diminished measles eruption accompanied by fever and headache, it is often combined with gé gēn (Radix Puerariae Lobatae), sháo yào (Radix Paeoniae Alba seu Rubra) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to release the exterior and promote measles eruption, such as in the formula Shēng Má Gé Gēn Tāng (Cimicifuga and Pueraria Decoction). 2. For toxic heat problems, it is good at clearing toxic heat, particularly in the yangming channels.   For headache, swollen gums and dental ulcers due to excessive heat in the stomach or yangming channels, it is often combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) to clear heat from the stomach, such as in the formula Qīng Wèi Săn (Stomach-Clearing Powder).   For sore throat due to wind heat invading the upper jiao, it is often used with jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) and xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) to dispel wind and heat, ease the throat and subside swelling.   For mumps and erysipelas in toxic heat pattern, it is combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) to purge fire and subside swelling, such as in the formula Pŭ Jì Xiāo Dú Yĭn (Universal Relief Toxin-Removing Beverage).   For sores and ulcers, it is often used together with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) to reinforce its potency.   For febrile diseases with ecchymosis, it is combined with dà qīng yè (Folium Isatidis), shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) and zĭ căo (Radix Arnebiae) to clear toxic heat and cool blood to dissipate ecchymosis. 3. For the sinking of middle qi, it can raise yang qi if used in combination with nourishing herbs.   For chronic diarrhea with proctoptosis, gastroptosis or hysteroptosis with extreme qi de■ciency, it is often combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) for mutual reinforcement, and huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) to replenish the middle qi, such as in the formula Bŭ Zhōng Yì Qì Tāng (Center-Supplementing and Qi-Boosting Decoction).   For uterine bleeding with extreme qi deficiency, it is combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and huáng qí (Radix Astragali) to tonify qi and control bleeding.   For tiredness and mental fatigue due to extreme qi de■ciency, it is combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) to tonify qi and elevate yang, as in the formula Shēng Xiàn Tāng (Raising the Sinking Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-6 g honey-prepared or wine-prepared in decoction for raising yang qi. 3-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder for releasing the exterior, promoting measles eruption and clearing toxic heat. For external use: it is ground into ■ne powder, mixed with liquid adjuvant and applied topically, or is decocted for mouth rinsing or skin rinsing.

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［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with patterns of yin-de■ciencybased ■oating yang, qi counter■ow, excess in the upper jiao and de■ciency in the lower jiao, and measles in normal eruption, because of its dispersing and ascending properties. Over-close may cause symptoms of dizziness, tremors or limb spasms. ［Ingredients］  Cimicifuga foetida L. contains cimicifugine, salicylic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and tannin. Cimicifuga heracleifolia Kom. mainly contains alkaloids. Cimicifuga dahurica (Turcz.) Maxim. contains cimifugin, cimotin, cimifugol, cimigenol xyloside, isoferulic acid and saponins. ［Pharmacological research］  It shows effects of relieving fever, decreasing body temperature, analgesia, anti-inflammation, anti-convulsion, protecting the liver, anti-blood coagulation, hemostasis, decreasing cholesterol, spasmolysis, antibiosis, anti-fungus and anti-virus.

Gé Gēn 葛根 RADIX PUERARIAE LOBATAE Kudzuvine Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the root of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi or Pueraria thomsonii Benth., perennial herbaceous vines of the family Leguminosae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Gé “vine”, and gēn “root”. It is the root of a vine with bean-like leaves. It is also known as lù huò (鹿藿), where lù means “deer” and huò means “bean leaf”, since deer like to eat the leaf of the plant. Because the root is white and starchy with cross-sectional rings and little ■ber, it is also called fĕn gé (粉葛), where fĕn means “starchy” or “powder”. ［Habitat］  Produced all over China but mainly in Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Sichuan and Henan. ［Collection］  It is collected in autumn and winter, cut into thick slices or small cubes when fresh, and dried in the sun. The big, white, solid and starchy roots with little ■ber are the best. ［Processing］  Impurities are removed before use, or it is roasted ■rst. ［Properties］  Sweet, acrid; cool. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, stomach. ［Characteristics］  It is acrid and sweet in flavor, cool in nature, and good at ascending and dispersing. It enters the spleen and stomach channels and can disperse pathogens from muscles and channels to release the exterior and relieve fever. It is a key herb for the treatment of rigid painful neck and back. It can also raise the clear yang qi of the spleen and stomach, promote ■uid production to quench thirst, elevate yang to check diarrhea and facilitate measles eruption. ［Actions］  Releases muscles and relieves fever, promotes measles eruption, promotes fluid production and elevates yang to check diarrhea. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For fever, headache and rigid neck due to exterior syndrome, it can not only disperse pathogens from the exterior, but can also release muscles and relieve fever.

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  For common cold with signs of high fever, slight aversion to cold and headache without sweating, it is often combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), such as in the formula Chái Gé Jiĕ Jī Tāng (Bupleurum and Pueraria Muscle-Resolving Decoction).   For common cold with signs of aversion to cold, no sweating, and rigid and painful neck, it is combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens), such as in the formula Gé Gēn Tāng (Pueraria Decoction). 2. For diminished measles eruption, it is often combined with shēng má (Rhizoma Cimicifugae), sháo yào (Radix Paeoniae Alba seu Rubra) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to release muscles, relieve fever and promote measles eruption by dispersing the exterior, such as in the formula Shēng Má Gé Gēn Tāng (Cimicifuga and Pueraria Decoction). 3. For thirst in febrile diseases or excessive thirst in heat pattern, it has the actions of slightly clearing heat and promoting ■uid production to quench thirst.   For thirst in febrile diseases due to body ■uid consumption, it is generally combined with lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) to enhance the effects of clearing heat and regenerating body ■uid.   For excessive thirst due to excessive internal heat, it is often combined with tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) to clear heat, promote fluid production and nourish yin. 4. For diarrhea or dysentery in heat pattern or chronic diarrhea with spleen qi de■ciency, it can purge heat and separate clear yang from turbid yin to check diarrhea.   For diarrhea and dysentery in damp-heat or toxic-heat pattern with signs of exterior syndrome, it is often combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to reinforce the power of clearing toxic heat, such as in the formula Gé Gēn Qín Lián Tāng (Pueraria, Scutellaria and Coptis Decoction).   For watery diarrhea with fever, thirst and scanty dark urine, it is combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis), huá shí (Talcum) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to purge summerheat to check diarrhea.   For diarrhea with spleen qi deficiency, it is generally combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and fú líng (Poria) to stop diarrhea by nourishing qi and invigorating the spleen. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-20 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder, or the fresh juice is taken. For external use: the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically. For the purpose of checking diarrhea it should be roasted ■rst, while for other purposes the raw herb is used. For body ■uid regeneration, the fresh herb is the best. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains flavonoids such as daidzin, daidzein and puerarin. It also contains β-sitosterol and starch. ［Pharmacological research］  It shows effects of relieving fever, decreasing blood sugar and cholesterol, protecting the liver, regulating cardiac function, resisting myocardial ischemia, inhibiting arrhythmia, dilating blood vessels, improving microcirculation, increasing organ blood flow, preventing hypertension, atherosclerosis and platelet aggregation, blocking β-receptors, anti-anoxia, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterium dysenteriae, relieving herbal toxicity and alcoholism, and anti-tumor. It also induces the action of contraception and displays female hormone-like effects.

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Attachment: Gé Huā 葛花 Flos Puerariae Lobatae ［Source］  It is the ■ower bud of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi. ［Properties］  Sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Stomach. ［Actions］  Fights against alcoholism by activating the spleen. ［Clinical Applications］  Overindulgence in alcohol. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: normally 3-12 g a day in decoction, or is made into pills or powder.

FúPíng 浮萍 HERBA SPIRODELAE Duckweed ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was shuĭ píng (水萍). It is the entire plant of Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid., a perennial aquatic herb of the family Lemnaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Fú means “■oating” and píng, “water-dwelling plant”. Its alternative name is zĭ bèi fú píng (紫背浮萍), where zĭ means “purple” and bèi means “back”. It grows in ponds or paddy ■elds, and the back of its leaf is purple. ［Habitat］  Produced all over China, but mainly in Hubei, Fujian, Sichuan, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. ［Collection］  It is collected from June to September, cleaned with water and dried in the sun. ［Processing］  Can be used dried or fresh. Green plants with purple leaf backs are the best. ［Properties］  Acrid; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, bladder. ［Characteristics］  Acrid in flavor, cold in nature and dispersing in action, it enters the lung channel. It can release the exterior and promote measles eruption to arrest itching by dispersing wind and heat to induce perspiration. It also enters the bladder channel to promote urination and alleviate edema by dredging and regulating the water passages. It is particularly effective for rubella, urticaria and edema manifesting with exterior syndrome. ［Actions］  Induces perspiration, promotes measles eruption, relieves skin itching and excretes water to alleviate edema. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For wind-heat exterior syndrome manifested by fever without sweating, it is often combined with bò he (Herba Menthae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae) to release the exterior by dispersing wind and heat in the super■cial part of the body and inducing perspiration.

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2. For diminished measles eruption, rubella and urticaria, it can improve measles eruption and alleviate skin itching by dispersing wind and heat.   For diminished measles eruption, it is often combined with bò he (Herba Menthae), chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae) and niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) to enhance the effects.   For rubella and urticaria, it is often combined with jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae), chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae) and dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae) to enhance the effect of relieving itching. 3. For edema, especially when manifested with exterior syndrome, it can be applied alone or in combination with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) and dōng guā pí (■xocarpium Benincasae) to promote urination by dispersing lung qi. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g (dried) or 15-30 g (fresh) in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is decocted ■rst for topical warm rinsing or is ground into powder for topical application. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with spontaneous sweating in de■ciency pattern because of the dispersing effect. ［Ingredients］  It contains ■avonoids, orientin, vitexin, β-carotene, lutein, many kinds of fatty acids, potassium acetate, potassium chloride, iodine, etc. ［Pharmacological research］  It shows effects of relieving fever, promoting urination, strengthening the heart, anti-infection and anti-blood coagulation.

MùZéi 木贼 HERBA EQUISETI HIEMALIS Common Scouring Rush ［Source］  Initially appeared in Materia Medica of the Jiayou Era (Jiā Yòu Bĕn Căo, 嘉祐本 草) in the Northern Song Dynasty (1061 A.D.). It is the above-ground part of Equisetum hiemale L., a perennial herb of the family Equisetaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Mù means “wood” and zéi means “kill” or “remove”. It is also named bĭ gān căo (笔杆草), where bĭ gān means “writing brush handle” and căo means “grass”, since the stem is tubular, straight and hollow in shape, looking like the handle of a writing brush. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in the northeastern and northern regions of China, Inner Mongolia and the Yangtze River basin. ［Collection］  It is collected during summer and autumn. After foreign materials are removed, it is cleaned with water and dried in the shade or sun. Plants with big green stems and with thick stem walls and nodes are the best. ［Processing］  After being drenched in clean water to soften it up, it is cut into segments and dried naturally for use. ［Properties］  Bitter; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, liver. ［Characteristics］  Bitter in ■avor and slightly cold in nature, it enters the lung and liver channels to treat nebulae and improve the eyesight by dispersing wind and heat from the upper jiao. It can also

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check bleeding by cooling the blood. ［Actions］  Disperses wind and heat, removes nebulae and improves eyesight, and stops bleeding. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For wind-heat exterior syndrome, bloodshot eyes and nebulae, it can disperse wind and heat in the super■cial part of the body and eyes.   For bloodshot eyes, nebulae and tears with signs of fever and slight aversion to cold as manifested in wind-heat exterior syndrome, it is often combined with chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae), gŭ jīng căo (Flos ■riocauli) and shé tuì (Periostracum Serpentis) to disperse wind and heat and clear liver ■re to improve eyesight, such as in the formula Shén Xiāo Săn (Marvelous Dispersing Powder).   For those cases in the pattern of liver-blood de■ciency complicated with heat, it is combined with mì méng huā (Flos Buddlejae), shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis) and animal liver to improve the eyesight and cure eye problems by clearing liver ■re and nourishing liver blood. 2. For hemafecia, hemorrhoidal bleeding and uterine bleeding in heat pattern, it is often combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) and huái jiăo (Fructus Sophorae) to reinforce the potency. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: the powder is applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with qi and blood de■ciency since its dispersing properties may consume qi and blood. ［Ingredients］  It contains volatile oils, alkaloids, ■avonoid glycosides, saponin, tannin, ferulic acid, vanillic acid, vanillin and fruit sugar. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of decreasing blood pressure, sedation, anticonvulsion, anti-malaria, inhibiting platelet aggregation, eliminating in■ammation, stopping bleeding, diuresis, antibiosis and anti-virus.

Dàn Dòu Chǐ淡豆豉 SEMEN SOJAE PRAEPARATUM Prepared Soybean ［Source］  Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the North and South Kingdoms (500 A.D.). It is the product of the fermented seed of Glycine max (L.) Merr., an annual herb of the family Leguminosae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Dàn means “bland, without salt”, dòu “bean” and chĭ “favorite”. It is the fermented soybean, originally used as a favorite salty ■avoring in Chinese food. When used for medicinal purposes, the product is made without salt. Because of its pleasant smell, it is also called xiāng chĭ, where xiāng means “fragrant”. ［Habitat］  Produced widely in China, but mainly in the northeastern region. ［Collection］  The black soybeans are collected in autumn and then, in summer, are cleaned with

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Chapter 1  Herbs that Release the Exterior

water and steamed well, spread on a mat and covered by sāng yè (Folium Mori) and fresh qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae) for fermentation. When the beans turn yellow the sāng yè and qīng hāo are removed, and the beans are mixed with clean water and put into an earthen jar with the cover closed. The jar is put in the sun for three weeks and then the beans are taken out and dried in the sun. Sū yè (Folium Perillae) and má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) can also be used together with sāng yè (Folium Mori) and qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae) for fermentation. The plump beans with black color are the best. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed it can be used directly or first stir-fried over low heat. ［Properties］  Sweet, acrid; cool. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, stomach. ［Characteristics］  It is acrid and sweet in ■avor and cool in nature, displaying mild ascending and dispersing properties. It enters the lung and stomach channels and is used particularly to disperse wind and heat, or obstructed heat. ［Actions］  Releases the exterior and relieves anxiety. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For exterior syndrome of either wind-heat or wind-cold type, it can effectively disperse exogenous pathogens.   For exterior syndrome of wind-heat type or febrile diseases at the early stage marked by fever, slight aversion to cold and headache, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and bò he (Herba Menthae) to disperse wind and heat and clear toxic heat, such as in the formula Yín Qiào Săn (Lonicera and Forsythia Powder).   For exterior syndrome of wind-cold type manifested as chills, fever and headache, it is often combined with cōng bái (Bulbus Allii Fistulosi) to disperse wind and cold, such as in the formula Cōng Chĭ Tāng (Scallion and Fermented Soybean Decoction). 2. For anxiety, it is generally combined with zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to simultaneously disperse and purge the obstructed heat, such as in the formula Zhī Zĭ Chĭ Tāng (Gardeniae and Fermented Soybean Decoction). 3. In addition, it also can be used together with minerals to protect the stomach and serve as a medicinal adjuvant for more effective administration. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. The product fermented with sāng yè (Folium Mori) and fresh qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae) is particularly applied for the treatment of wind-heat exterior syndrome, while that fermented with zĭ sū (Folium et Caulis Perillae) and má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) is used for the treatment of wind-cold exterior syndrome. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It should be used cautiously for patients with vulnerable stomachs. ［Ingredients］  It contains proteins, fats, enzymes, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It induces slight perspiration, invigorates the stomach and improves digestion.

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Summary 1. Herbs that disperse wind cold Má Huáng vs. Guì Zhī Má Huáng

Similarities

Medicinal

Guì Zhī

Properties

Acrid; warm

Entered channels

Lung, bladder

Actions

Disperses wind cold

Indications

Common cold due to wind cold and wind-cold-damp arthralgia

Properties

Slightly bitter

Sweet

Entered channels

—

Heart

Actions

·  Disperses

Differences

·

lung qi and relieve cough and

dyspnea Promotes urination

·  ■ xterior-excess ·

Indications · ·

Special features

syndrome without sweating due to wind cold  Cough and dyspnea due to lung qi failing to disperse, or cold, heat, phlegm or ■uid retention whether they have exterior syndrome or not Wind edema  D orsal furuncles and subcutaneous nodules

Strongly promote sweating

·

Assists yang channels, warms the middle and dissipates cold and warms yang qi to promote diuresis

·  Warms

·  Wind ·

cold of both exterior-excess type and exterior-de■ciency type  Dysmenorrhea, menstrual irregularities, amenorrhea and abdominal masses, chest impediments and palpitations, vertigo due to phlegm-■uid retention, edema and gastric cold pain

—

Zĭ Sū vs. Shēng Jiāng Zĭ Sū

Similarities

Medicinal

Shēng Jiāng

Properties

Acrid

Entered channels

Lung, spleen

Actions

Induces sweating to release exterior, relieves cough, neutralizes ■sh or crab poisoning

Indications

Cough with copious phlegm due to affection of exotenous wind cold

Properties

Warm

Slightly warm ·

Differences

·

Actions

·  Super■cies

Indications

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·

Facilitates lung qi to stop coughing  ■nlivens spleen to smooth the middle, arrests vomiting and calms fetus

·

cold combining qi stagnation in the chest  Dyspnea, nausea and vomiting due to qi stagnation in the spleen and stomach and threatened miscarriage

· ·

Warms the lung to stop coughing Warms the stomach to stop vomiting  Relieves the poisonous action of crude bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and tiān nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis)

·  Moderate ·

common cold due to wind cold or work as adjuvant  All kinds of cough, especially vomiting due to stomach cold

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Chapter 1  Herbs that Release the Exterior Jīng Jiè vs. Fáng Fēng Jīng Jiè

Similarities

Medicinal Properties

Acrid; slightly warm

Entered channels

Liver

Actions

Indications

Fáng Fēng

·  Releases ·  Stops

the exterior and promotes eruptions to alleviate itching bleeding (carbonized)

·  ■xterior ·

syndrome and rashes with itching of the wind-cold type or the wind-heat type  Any kinds of hemorrhage (carbonized)

Properties

—

Sweet

Entered channels

Lung

Bladder, spleen · D ispels

Actions

Promotes eruption and resolves sores

dampness dampness, stops pain and dispels wind to stop convulsion hecks diarrhea (stir-fried) C

· ■ liminates ·

Differences

· ■ xterior ·  Common

cold without sweating eruption during measles and pyogenic infections of skin at their initial stages accompanied with exterior syndrome  Used for postpartum convulsion by the ancients

·  I ncomplete

Indications ·

·

·

·

Special features

The potency of releasing the exterior of jīng jiè is stronger compared to fáng fēng

syndrome with sweating or not, or with dampness or not heumatic arthralgia and recurrent R headache and tetanus and infantile convulsion iarrhea with abdominal pain and pain D reduction after bowel movement due to disharmony between the liver and spleen (stir-fried) xcretion of arsenic toxicity ■

—

Qiāng Huó vs. Găo Bĕn Qiāng Huó

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

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Găo Bĕn

Properties

Acrid; warm

Entered channels

Bladder

Actions

■xpels wind and removes cold, eliminates dampness and relieves pain

Indications

Common cold due to wind cold, exterior syndrome complicated by dampness, recurrent headache and wind-cold-dampness type of arthralgia

Properties

Bitter

—

Entered channels

Kidney

Liver

Actions

Disperses wind-cold-dampness in taiyang channel

Rises straight up into the top of the head

Indications

Taiyang headache, rheumatic arthralgia in the upper half of the body

· V ertex

headache pain due to cold stagnation in liver channel

· g astric

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Chinese Materia Medica Bái Zhĭ vs. Xì Xīn vs. Xīn Yí vs. Cāng Ěr Zĭ Bái Zhĭ

Similarities

Medicinal

Xì Xīn

Xīn Yí

Properties

Acrid; warm

Entered channels

Lung

Actions

Disperses wind cold, dredges nasal cavity and alleviates pain

Cāng Ěr Zĭ

Differences

Indications Common cold due to wind cold and nasosinusitis with headache Properties

—

Slightly toxic

—

Bitter; slightly toxic

Entered channels

Stomach

Kidney

Stomach

Spleen, liver

Actions

Dries dampness to stop Warms the lung and reduces leukorrhagia and disperses — watery phlegm swelling and expels pus · S upra-orbital

Indications

·

bone pain and toothache heumatic arthralgia, R leukorrhagia, eczema and rubella

Dispels dampness and kills parasites to relieve itching

·  Shaoyin

·

headache, toothache, common cold of yang deficiency and external contraction and Sinusitis headache rheumatic arthralgia  Cough and dyspnea due to cold-■uid retention

■xterior syndrome plus dampness, rheumatic arthralgia, itching rashes due to wind-dampness and scabies

Cōng Bái vs. Shēng Jiāng Cōng Bái

Similarities

Medicinal

Shēng Jiāng

Properties

Acrid

Entered channels

Lung

Actions

Induces sweating to release exterior

Indications

Common cold due to wind cold with light symptoms

Properties

Warm

Slightly warm

Entered channels

Stomach

Spleen ·  Warms

the middle to arrest vomiting the lung to stop coughing  Removes dampness to promote appetite  Relieves the poisonous action of crude bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and tiān nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis), fish or crab

Differences

·  Warms

Actions

Activates yang, subsides swelling and dissipates masses

Indications

■xuberant yin repelling yang, distending pain of breasts and milk stasis, and sores and carbuncles

· ·

·  Many ·

·

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kinds of vomiting, specially due to stomach cold  Cough with copious phlegm due to windcold  Indigestion

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Chapter 1  Herbs that Release the Exterior

2. Herbs that disperse wind heat Bò He vs. Niú Bàng Zĭ vs. Chán Tuì Bò He

Similarities

Medicinal

Niú Bàng Zĭ

Chán Tuì

Entered channels

Lung

Actions

Dispels wind heat, clears the throat and promotes eruption to stop itching

Indications

■xterior syndrome due to wind heat or febrile diseases at the early stage, sore throat, incomplete eruption of measles, rubella and pruritus

Properties

Acrid; cool

Acrid, bitter; cold

Sweet; cold

Entered channels

Liver

Stomach

Liver

·  Disperses and removes heat

·  Cools liver and extinguishes

· R emoves

Actions

·

Differences

·

Indications

wind heat from the upper jiao, clears head and throat Induces sweating oothes liver and relieves S qi depression and avoids ■lthy air

Hypochondriac pain due to liver depression and qi stagnation and cholera

·

heat toxins and promotes urination and stools  Subsides swelling

·  D ispels

·  All

·

Special features

wind to stop convulsions wind and heat, improves vision and removes nebula

·  Removes

kinds of diseases due to wind heat and heat toxins accompanied by difficult urination and constipation  Ulcers and mumps

·  Convulsion, ·

epilepsy and tetanus  Red eyes and nebula

The efficacy of inducing The efficacy of inducing sweating of it is not as good Have strong efficacy to sweating of niú bàng zĭ is as bò he, and the ef■cacy of induce sweating removing heat is not as good not as good as bò he as niú bàng zĭ Sāng Yè vs. Jú Huā Sāng Yè

Similarities

Medicinal Properties

Sweet, bitter

Entered channels

Lung, liver

Actions

Dispels wind heat and pacif ies liver to improve eyesight

Indications

Common cold due to wind heat or febrile diseases at the early stage, dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, red eyes with swelling due to wind heat in the liver or ■aming-up of excessive liver ■re, and blurred vision due to liver-kidney yin de■ciency

Properties

Cold

Differences

Actions

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Jú Huā

·  Clears ·

lung heat, ventilates the lung and moistens lung dryness to relieve cough  Cools blood to stop bleeding

Indications

Hematemesis and epistaxis

Special features

Mainly acts on the lung channel

Slightly cold Clears heat and removes toxins · H eadache

due to liver wind and pyogenic infection of

· C arbuncles

skin

· M  ainly

acts on the liver channel ef■cacy of pacifying liver to improve eyesight is better than sāng yè

· T he

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Chinese Materia Medica Chái Hú vs. Shēng Má vs. Gé Gēn Chái Hú

Medicinal

Shēng Má

Gé Gēn

Similarities

Releases exterior and elevates yang Actions

■levates clear yang to lift the drooping —

Indications

—

Promote eruption

Organ prolapse due to qi collapse

—

—

Inadequate eruption of measles

Properties

Bitter, acrid; slightly cold

Acrid, slightly sweet; slightly Sweet, acrid; cool cold

Entered channels

Liver, bladder

Lung, spleen, stomach, large Spleen, stomach intestine

Differences

Actions ·

pathogens in halfexterior and half-interior of lesser yang and harmonizes exterior and interior to relieve fever  Soothes the liver and relieves depression

·  D isperses

·  Disperses

·  Chills

Indications

·

and fever due to pathogens in shaoyang, fever caused by exogenous pathogens  Liver depression and qi stagnation, chest and sypochondrium pain, menoxenia

· D isperses ·

and releases exterior lears heat and removes C toxins

·

·

· Y angming ·

headache wind heat invading the upper ore throat, sores in the S mouth, mumps and erysipelas, pathopyretic ulcer and warm disease with ecchymoses

pathogens from muscular striae and channels and releases the exterior to relieve fever  Promotes clear yang qi of the spleen and stomach ascending to check diarrhea  Promotes ■uid production to quench thirst

·  Fever

·

·

due to exogenous pathogens, headache and rigid neck  Diarrhea and dysentery due to heat, chronic diarrhea due to spleen de■ciency  Febrile disease with excessive thirst and internal heat with consumptive thirst

Fú Píng vs. Xiāng Rú vs. Má Huáng Fú Píng

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

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Xiāng Rú

Má Huáng

Properties

Acrid

Entered channels

Lung

Actions

Induces sweating to release exterior, promotes urination to alleviate edema

Indications

■xterior syndrome without sweating, edema and and dif■culty in micturition

Properties

Cold

Slightly warm

Slightly bitter; warm

Entered channels

Bladder

Stomach, spleen

Bladder

Actions

Promotes eruption and arrests itching

Dissipates dampness and regulates the middle to relieve summerheat

·  Strongly

promotes sweating the lung to relieve cough and dyspnea

·  Ventilates

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Chapter 1  Herbs that Release the Exterior continued　　 Fú Píng

Medicinal

Xiāng Rú

Differences

· A ffection of exogenous wind

· C ommon

Indications

·

cold due to wind heat without sweating Inadequate eruption of measles and rubella with itching ·

cold and interior summerheat injury due to cool air and drinking cold in summer characterized by fever, aversion to cold, headache without sweating, dyspnea or abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea eriberi B

Má Huáng ·  Wind

·

·

cold syndrome of exterior-excess type without sweating  Cough and dyspnea due to lung qi failing in dispersion  Wind-cold-damp type of arthralgia, dorsal furuncle and subcutaneous nodule

Review Questions 1. What is the concept of exterior-releasing herbs? According to the actions, how many groups of herbs are in this chapter? What are the common characteristics, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of each group? 2. ■xplain the characteristics, actions and clinical applications of the following herbs: má huáng, guì zhī, zĭ sū, shēng jiāng, jīng jiè, fáng fēng, bái zhĭ and xì xīn. 3. ■xplain the characteristics, actions and clinical applications of the following herbs: bò he, niú bàng zĭ , chán tuì, gé gēn, chái hú, and shēng má. 4. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of characteristics, actions and clinical applications: má huáng and guì zhī; zĭ sū and shēng jiāng; jīng jiè and fáng fēng; bái zhĭ and xì xīn; găo bĕn and qiāng huó; bò he, niú bàng zĭ and chán tuì; sāng yè and jú huā; gé gēn, chái hú and shēng má; má huáng, xiāng rú and fú píng. 5. These ■ve herbs—má huáng, guì zhī, zĭ sū, jīng jiè and qiāng huó—can cure exterior syndrome, but what are the differences among them? 6. These ■ve herbs—fáng fēng, xiāng rú, bò he, xì xīn and chán tuì—can cure exterior syndrome, but what are the differences among them? 7. These five herbs—qiāng huó, găo bĕn, bái zhĭ, gé gēn and màn jīng zĭ—can cure headache, but what are the differences among them? 8. These ■ve herbs—jīng jiè, bò hé, niú bàng zĭ, chán tuì and shēng má—can cure measles without adequate eruption, but what are the differences among them? 9. ■xplain the dosage, administration, cautions and contraindications of má huáng, jīng jiè, fáng fēng, xì xīn, xiāng rú, bò he, gé gēn and shēng má.

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CHAPTER 2  

Herbs that Clear Heat

Section 1 Herbs that Clear Heat and Subdue Fire  /  111

Zĭ Huā Dì Dīng 紫花地丁  /  149 Niú Huáng 牛黄  /  150

Shí Gāo 石膏  /  112

Tĭ Wài Péi Yù Niú Huáng 体外培育牛黄  /  151

Zhī Mŭ 知母  /  113

Rén Gōng Niú Huáng 人工牛黄  /  152

Lú Gēn 芦根  /  115

Tŭ Fú Líng 土茯苓  /  152

Tiān Huā Fĕn 天花粉  /  116

Yú Xīng Căo 鱼腥草  /  153

Dàn Zhú Yè 淡竹叶  /  118

Hóng Téng 红藤  /  154

Yā Zhí Căo 鸭跖草  /  119

Bài Jiàng Căo 败酱草  /  155

Zhī Zĭ 栀子  /  120

Shè Gān 射干  /  157

Xià Kū Căo 夏枯草  /  121

Shān Dòu Gēn 山豆根  /  158

Jué Míng Zĭ 决明子  /  123

Bĕi Dòu Gēn 北豆根  /  159

Gŭ Jīng Căo 谷精草  /  124

Bái Tóu Wēng 白头翁  /  159

Mì Méng Huā 密蒙花  /  125

Qín Pí 秦皮  /  160

Qīng Xiāng Zĭ 青葙子  /  126

Mă Chĭ Xiàn 马齿苋  /  161

Section 2 Herbs that Clear Heat and Dry Dampness  /  127

Bái Huā Shé Shé Căo 白花蛇舌草  /  163 Section 4 Herbs that Clear Heat and Cool

Huáng Qín 黄芩  /  127

Blood  /  164

Huáng Lián 黄连  /  130

Shēng Dì Huáng 生地黄  /  164

Huáng Băi 黄柏  /  132

Xuán Shēn 玄参  /  166

Lóng Dăn Căo 龙胆草  /  134

Mǔ Dān Pí 牡丹皮  /  168

Kŭ Shēn 苦参  /  136

Chì Sháo 赤芍  /  170

Bái Xiān Pí 白鲜皮  /  138

Zǐ Cǎo 紫草  /  171

Section 3 Herbs that Clear Heat and Relieve Toxicity  /  139 Jīn Yín Huā 金银花   /  139 Rĕn Dōng Téng 忍冬藤  /  141

Shuǐ Niú Jiǎo 水牛角   /  173 Shuĭ Niú Jiǎo Nóng Suō Fěn 水牛角浓缩粉  /  174

Section 5 Herbs that Clear Heat from De■ciency

/  174

Lián Qiào 连翘  /  142

Qīng Hāo 青蒿  /  174

Chuān Xīn Lián 穿心莲  /  143

Bái Wēi 白薇  /  176

Dà Qīng Yè 大青叶  /  145

Dì Gǔ Pí 地骨皮  /  177

Băn Lán Gēn 板蓝根  /  146

Yín Chái Hú 银柴胡  /  179

Pú Gōng Yīng 蒲公英  /  147

Hú Huáng Lián 胡黄连  /  180

［Def inition］  Herbs with cold nature and a primary action of clearing interior heat are called herbs that clear heat. ［Properties ＆ Actions］  Most of the herbs in this category are cold, and a few of them are neutral or cool in nature. They are mostly bitter, but some are sweet, acrid or salty in taste. They mainly can clear heat or toxic heat, purge fire, cool blood and suppress deficiency heat. Some of them can also dry or drain dampness, nourish yin and release the exterior.

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［Indications］  The herbs in this category are mainly used for patterns that result from heat trapped in the interior. The heat here may have developed from exterior wind heat or epidemic attack, or transformed from dampness retention or yin de■ciency, and could manifest as high or low fever or just febrile sensation with dysentery, epidemic maculas, abscesses and sores, or chronic tiredness. If the fever is complicated with serious constipation, herbs in this category are not the best option. ［Modifications］  In case of interior heat complicated with exterior manifestations, herbs particularly for releasing the exterior should be applied first to completely release the exterior; alternately, herbs of the heat-clearing category could be used in combination with herbs for releasing the exterior to treat the interior and exterior at the same time. If the heat exists both in the qi and blood levels, herbs for purging heat and cooling blood are applied together. If the interior heat is complicated by constipation or dyspepsia, herbs in this category should be used in combination with herbs that purge the large intestine. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  Herbs in this chapter are basically cold or cool in nature and can easily damage the spleen and stomach. As such, caution should be used in cases of spleen and stomach weakness with poor appetite and loose stools; patients with exuberant yang repelling yin and true heat with false cold should not use these herbs. Bitter herbs easily perform the effect of drying dampness and may damage yin ■uid, so yin de■ciency patients should use these herbs with care. Once the problem is cured, application of these herbs should be stopped immediately so as to avoid possible serious damage to healthy qi. Herbs in this category can be classi■ed into the following ■ve groups: · herbs that clear heat and subdue ■re · herbs that clear heat and dry dampness · herbs that clear heat and relieve toxicity · herbs that clear heat and cool blood · herbs that clear heat from de■ciency

Section 1  Herbs that Clear Heat and Subdue Fire Most of the herbs in this section taste bitter, but some are also sweet or acrid. They are mostly cold, with some neutral or cool in nature. They are mainly good at clearing heat and subduing ■re, and applicable for the pattern of excess heat in the qi level, which usually manifests as high fever, thirst, profuse sweating, irritability and surging pulse. They are also applicable for patterns of excess heat in different zang-fu organs, such as the pattern of excess lung heat with a possible symptom of cough, the pattern of excess stomach heat with a typical symptom of thirst, the pattern of excess heart ■re with a possible symptom of irritability, or the pattern of excess liver ■re with the possible symptom of bloodshot eyes. Over-use of these herbs may cause damage to the spleen and stomach and to healthy qi, so attention should be paid to those patients with interior heat complicated with deficiency. In these cases, herbs for nourishment should also be used to protect the healthy qi from damage.

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ShíGāo 石膏 GYPSUM FIBROSUM Gypsum ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is a kind of anhydrous gypsum mineral mainly containing calcium sulfate (CaSO4·2H2O). ［■xplanation of Name］  Shí “stone” and gāo “fat”. It is a stone with pure white color and dense stripes, looking like animal fat or wax. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Hubei, Henan, Tibet and Anhui provinces of China, and that produced in Yingcheng, Hubei Province is of the best quality. ［Collection］  It is collected in winter and the impurities are removed. White, translucent and soft ones with cross-sections shining like silk are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is rinsed clean, dried and crushed into pieces. After impurities are removed, it is pounded into powder or calcined until brittle for use. ［Properties］  Acrid, sweet; extremely cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, stomach. ［Characteristics］  The unprocessed one is acrid, sweet and extremely cold in property and enters mainly the lung and stomach channels to purge and ventilate excessive heat from the qi level, the lung and the stomach. ■xcessive heat in the qi level generally presents as continued high fever, but lung heat and stomach heat may not. The processed one is astringent and cool in property, and only applied topically for sores, ulcers and skin problems to cool down the heat, dry up the dampness and improve tissue regeneration. ［Actions］  Purges ■re, quenches thirst and improves tissue granulation. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For the pattern of excessive heat in the qi level presenting symptoms such as high fever, irritability, thirst, profuse sweating and surging pulse, it is often combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Bái Hŭ Tāng (White Tiger Decoction). If the heat also affects the blood level presenting symptoms such as high fever, maculas and papules, hematemesis or epistaxis, it is often combined with xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae), mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to purge heat, clear heat toxins and cool blood, such as in the formula Qīng Wēn Bài Dú Yĭn (■pidemic-Clearing ToxinResolving Beverage). 2. For cough and asthma due to lung heat with manifestations such as high fever, it is often combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to arrest cough and asthma by powerfully purging fire and dispersing the lung qi, such as in the formula Má Xìng Shí Gān Tāng (■phedra, Apricot Kernel, Gypsum and Licorice Decoction). 3. For toothache with gum swelling pain, which is generally due to excessive stomach fire ■aming up along the channel, it is often combined with shēng má (Rhizoma Cimicifugae), huáng qín

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(Radix Scutellariae) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to enhance the effect of purging ■re from the stomach channel. For toothache with frequent headache, irritability and thirst, which is basically due to stomach heat and yin de■ciency, it is often combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) to nourish yin and clear stomach ■re, such as in the formula Yù Nǚ Jiān (Jade Lady Decoction). 4. For chronic ulcers, skin lesions, eczema with profuse exudation and burns, the calcined one is applied externally to cool heat, dry up dampness and improve tissue granulation.   For chronic ulcers, it is often combined with shēng yào (Hydrargyrum Oxydatum Crudum) for counteracting the toxin to dry the dampness and improve the healing of tissue, such as in the formula Jiŭ Yī Dān (Nine-One ■lixir).   For eczema with profuse exudation, it is often combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and kū fán (Alumen Dehydratum).   For burns, it is combined with qīng dài (Indigo Naturalis) and huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 15-60 g crushed in decoction, and decocted for a longer time. For external use: the re■ned powder is applied topically. The unprocessed one applied internally is more effective in purging heat, while the calcined one is only used externally for drying up dampness to improve tissue granulation. Therefore, the unprocessed one is mainly used for the patterns of excessive heat in the qi level and excessive heat in the lung or stomach, and the calcined one for ulcers, skin problems and burns. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency cold since it is extremely cold in nature. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O). It also contains organic compounds, sulfur compounds and trace elements such as titanium, aluminum and silicon. ［Pharmacological Research］  The unprepared one reduces fever and relieves the thirst of experimental animals. It also enhances the phagocytosis of rabbit alveolar macrophages and promotes maturation of phagocytic cells, induces diuresis, lowers blood sugar and accelerates bone fracture healing.

ZhīMǔ知母 RHIZOMA ANEMARRHENAE Common Anemarrhena Rhizome ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the rhizome of Amenarrhena asphodeloides Bge., a perennial herb of the family Liliaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Zhī “a legendary animal having one head and two bodies” and mŭ “mother”. The rhizome, cylindrical in shape, splits from the root, winds around and is covered by yellowish-brown fibers. It looks like a snake with one head and two bodies, one mother root with two son roots. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Hebei, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia of China. ［Collection］  It is collected during spring and autumn. After the residual leaves and fibrous roots are removed, it is

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dried in the sun, or the outer skin is peeled off when it is fresh and then dried again. Solid and easily broken rhizomes with a light smell and a slightly sweet and bitter taste are of the best quality. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is rinsed clean, moistened completely, cut into thick slices and dried for use, or salt water-fried ■rst for use. ［Properties］  Bitter, sweet; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, stomach, kidney. ［Characteristics］  Bitter, sweet and cold in property, and mainly entering the lung and stomach channels but also entering the kidney, it basically performs the actions of purging ■re from the lung and stomach and moistening the lung, stomach and kidney, and thus is used for heat problems of either de■ciency or excess types. ［Actions］  Purges ■re, nourishes yin and moistens dryness. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For the pattern of excessive heat in the qi level presenting symptoms such as high fever, irritability, thirst, profuse sweating and surging pulse, it can effectively purge ■re and nourish body ■uid and yin, and is often combined with shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) to strengthen the effects, such as in the formula Bái Hŭ Tāng (White Tiger Decoction). 2. For cough especially with little or no phlegm, it can partly purge the lung heat and nourish the lung yin.   For cough due to the invasion of excessive heat to the lung with manifestations of yellow sticky sputum, it is usually combined with zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) to purge the heat from the lung, reduce phlegm and ■nally check the cough.   For cough due to dry heat affecting the lung with manifestations of yellow sticky sputum which is difficult to expectorate, it is often combined with chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae), guā lóu rén (Semen Trichosanthis) and zhì gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Èr Mŭ Níng Sòu Wán (Fritillaria and Anemarrhena Cough-Stopping pill).   For cough due to yin de■ciency with manifestations of little or no phlegm, and red tongue with little or no coating, it is often combined with chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae), such as in the formula Èr Mŭ Săn (Fritillaria and Anemarrhena Powder), or combined with băi hé (Bulbus Lilii), băi bù (Radix Stemonae) and tiān dōng (Radix Asparagi) to enhance the effects of nourishing yin and moistening the lung to relieve cough. 3. For consumptive thirst in the pattern of yin de■ciency, it is generally combined with gé gēn (Radix Puerariae Lobatae), tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis), such as in the formula Yù Yè Tāng (Jade Humor Decoction). 4. For steaming bone fever or tidal fever with the accompanying symptoms of seminal emission, night sweats, and hot palms and soles, it can relieve the problems by nourishing yin and suppressing ■re. It is often used in combination with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) and shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae), such as in the formula Zhī Băi Dì Huáng Wán (Anemarrhena, Phellodendron and Rehmannia Pill); or in combination with guī băn (Plastrum Testudinis), huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), as found in the formula Dà Bŭ Yīn Wán (Major YinSupplementing Pill). 5. Additionally, it can be used alone or in combination with xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) and shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to treat constipation by nourishing the yin and body ■uid. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 6-12 g in decoction. The unprepared herb is good

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at purging ■re, while the salt water-fried herb nourishes yin. For patterns with excessive heat, the unprepared herb should be used. For patterns with obvious yin def iciency, the salt water-fried herb is the best option. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with loose stools, since it is cold, moistening and acts as a laxative. ［Ingredients］  It contains multiple timosaponins, anemaran, chinonin, mangiferin, isomangiferin, nicotinic acid, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It can reduce fever, lower blood sugar, decrease hormonal side effects, inhibit activity of Na+,K+-ATPase, promote gallbladder function, inhibit bacteria, antagonize in■ammation, dispel phlegm, reduce platelet aggregation and phosphoesterase, regulate the activation of M receptor of the brain and β-adrenergic receptor, promote immunity and protect ischemic myocardium. It also has many other functions, such as resistance to free-radical oxidization, improving study and memory, antagonizing cancer and ulcers, and so on.

LúGēn 芦根 RHIZOMA PHRAGMITIS Reed Rhizome ［Source］  Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Northern and Southern Dynasties (about 420-589 A.D.). It is the fresh or dried rhizome of Phragmites communis Trin., a perennial herb of the family Gramineae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Lú gēn is also known as lú wĕi gēn (芦苇根). Wĕi, “big”; the plant lives in water and grows big. The tender plant before blooming is named lú, while the grown-up one is named wĕi. Gēn means “root”. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Hubei provinces of China. ［Collection］  The underground part is collected the whole year round. The fresh herb can be used directly after the shoots, ■brous roots and membranaceous leaves are removed, or it is dried in the sun ■rst before use. Thick, evenly shaped and lustrous ones with yellowish-white color but without ■brous roots are of the best quality. ［Processing］  The fresh herb is cut into segments or pounded to make juice for use. The dried herb is rinsed clean quickly, moistened for a short while, cut into segments and dried for use. ［Properties］  Sweet; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, stomach. ［Characteristics］  Sweet in taste and cold in nature, it enters the lung and stomach channels to purge and ventilate heat as well. It is good at purging heat from the lung and stomach, promoting body ■uid to relieve thirst, calming the stomach to arrest vomiting, and draining dampness and heat by inducing diuresis. It also can slightly disperse exterior wind-heat pathogens. It is mild in action and easily absorbed by the body. ［Actions］  Purges heat, promotes ■uid production, arrests vomiting and promotes urination. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For febrile diseases with irritability and thirst, it is often combined

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with tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) to strengthen the effects. The fresh juice can be used alone internally. 2. For stomach-heat vomiting, it can be decocted alone and applied internally, or can be used in combination with zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) and fresh ginger juice to calm the stomach. 3. For heat cough and lung abscesses, it relieves the cough and abscesses by purging heat and phlegm, including pus or purulent phlegm, from the lung.   For cough with profuse yellow sputum that is due to trapped lung heat, it is generally combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) and zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii) to clear the lung, resolve phlegm and relieve cough.   For lung abscesses with purulent bloody expectoration, it is often combined with yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis), táo rén (Semen Persicae) and dōng guā zĭ (Semen Benincasae) to clear the lung of heat and purulent sputum, such as in the formula Wĕi Jīng Tāng (Phragmites Stem Decoction).   For exterior wind-heat cough, or cough occurring in the initial stage of epidemic febrile diseases with slight fever, it is often combined with sāng yè (Folium Mori), jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) to relieve cough by dispersing the exterior wind and heat, and dispersing lung qi as well, such as in the formula Sāng Jú Yĭn (Mulberry Leaf and Chrysanthemum Beverage). 4. For heat stranguria and sluggish urination, it is often combined with chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis), mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae) and shān zhī (Fructus Gardeniae) to relieve the problem by draining heat via urination. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-30 g generally and doubled for the fresh herb. The fresh herb is better at purging heat and promoting ■uid production. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency cold, since it is cold in property. ［Ingredients］  It contains many kinds of polysaccharides such as xylan, as well as polyhydric alcohol, betaine, coixol, asparagine, proteins, fats, ■avonoids, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It reduces fever, tranquilizes the mind and lowers blood pressure. The polysaccharides can protect the liver and promote immunity.

Tiān Huā Fěn 天花粉 RADIX TRICHOSANTHIS Snakegourd Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root of Trichosanthes Kirilowii Maxim. or Trichosanthes Rosthornii Harms., two kinds of perennial herbaceous vines of the family Lagenariae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Tiān huā “white ■ower” and fĕn “powder”. It is snow-white and of ■ne powdery consistency. It is the root of guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), so is also known as guā lóu gēn (瓜 蒌根). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Henan and

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Shandong provinces of China, and that produced in Anyang, Henan Province is of the best quality. Trichosanthes Rosthornii Harms. is mainly produced in Sichuan province of China. ［Collection］  It is collected during the autumn and winter. The root is removed along with the outer skin, cut transversely or longitudinally into segments, and dried. The solid, starchy roots with smooth surface and pure white cross-sections are of the best quality. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is moistened completely, cut into thick slices and dried for use. ［Properties］  Bitter, slightly sweet; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, stomach. ［Characteristics］  It is bitter and cold, and slightly sweet and moistening in property. It enters the lung and stomach channels to purge heat from the lung and stomach, and promotes body ■uid regeneration to moisten the organs as well. It also can effectively relieve swelling and improve tissue granulation. ［Actions］  Purges heat, promotes fluid regeneration, relieves swelling and improves tissue granulation. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For febrile diseases with thirst or consumptive thirst, it is often combined with lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) to enhance the effects.   For excessive thirst in the pattern of abundant stomach heat, it is often combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and tiān dōng (Radix Asparagi) to enhance the effects.   For de■ciency of both qi and yin, it is often combined with shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to replenish qi and yin and promote ■uid production, such as in the formula Yù Yè Tāng (Jade Humor Decoction). 2. For heat cough or dry-heat cough, it effectively clears lung heat and moistens the lung by promoting body ■uid production.   For cough with yellow sticky sputum due to trapped lung heat, it is often combined with shè gān (Rhizoma Belamcandae) and mă dōu líng (Fructus Aristolochiae) to clear the lung and relieve cough, such as in the formula Shè Gān Dōu Líng Tāng (Belamcanda and Aristolochia Decoction).   For dry-heat cough with little sputum or bloody sputum, it is often combined with nán shā shēn (Radix Adenophorae), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) to relieve cough by moistening the lung. 3. For abscesses, sores, ulcers and other in■ammatory swellings, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) and chuān shān jiă (Squama Manitis) to clear toxic heat, relieve in■ammation and improve tissue granulation, such as in the formula Xiān Fāng Huó Mìng Yĭn (Immortal Formula Life-Giving Beverage). It also can be used externally. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is powdered, mixed with water or vinegar, and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is prohibited for pregnant women and patients with de■ciency cold or diarrhea, since it is cold and laxative. It is contraindicated for use with chuān wū (Radix Aconiti), căo wū (Radix Aconiti Kusnezof■i) and fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata). ［Ingredients］  It contains a protein with abortifacient activity and also polysaccharides, phytohemagglutinin, enzymes, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It has the effects of antagonizing early pregnancy and inducing abortion. It can inhibit the copy and propagation of HIV in the infected immunocyte, reduce ascites of ■hrlich's ascites carcinoma mice, lower blood sugar and inhibit bacteria in vitro.

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Dàn ZhúYè 淡竹叶 HERBA LOPHATHERI Lophatherum Herb ［Source］  Initially appeared in Materia Medica of South Yunnan in the Qing Dynasty (1436 A.D.). It is the dried leaf with stalk of Lophatherum gracile Brongn., a perennial herb of the family Gramineae. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui and Hunan provinces of China; that which is produced in Zhejiang Province is of the best quality. ［Collection］  The above-ground part is collected before blooming during the late summer, and then dried in the sun. Tender but ■rm leaves that are light green or yellowish-green in color are of the best quality. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, the leaves are cut into sections for use. ［Properties］  Sweet, bland; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, stomach, small intestine. ［Characteristics］  It is sweet and bland in taste, and cold in nature. It mainly enters the heart and stomach channels to clear ■re from the heart and stomach. It also enters the small intestine channel to clear heart ■re via the small intestine by means of draining, and is commonly used for dark urine or stranguria due to heat or damp heat. ［Actions］  Clears heat, relieves irritability and induces diuresis. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For febrile diseases with irritability and thirst, it is often combined with shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) and tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) to enhance the effects. 2. For mouth ulcers, dark urine and stranguria, which are basically due to heart ■re ■aming up or transmission of heart heat to the small intestine, it is often combined with mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to purge fire and drain pathogens by urination.   For stranguria with turbid urine due to damp heat, it is combined with chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis), qú mài (Herba Dianthi) and hăi jīn shā (Spora Lygodii) to relieve the problems by clearing heat and dampness. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with deficiency cold or yin de■ciency and def iciency ■re, since it is cold in nature it could damage yang, and draining in action it could consume yin ■uid. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains triterpenoids such as arundoin, cylindrin, taraxerol, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  Its aqueous extract has an antipyretic effect. The decoction shows slight diuretic effects in healthy people. It also inhibits staphylococcus aureus and hemolytic streptococcus in vitro.

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Yā ZhíCǎo 鸭跖草 HERBA COMMELINAE Common Dayflower ［Source］  Initially appeared in Supplement to ‘The Materia Medica’ (Bĕn Căo Shí Yí, 本草拾遗) in the Tang Dynasty (about 720 A.D.). It is the dried above-ground part of Commelina communis L., an annual herb of the family Commelinaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  It is also named bì zhú zĭ (碧竹子) or zhú yè cài (竹叶菜). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in the southeast of China. ［Collection］  The whole plant is harvested from June to July when blooming. Those which are yellowishgreen in color are of the best quality. ［Processing］  The plants are cleaned, rinsed in water, cut into segments and dried for use. ［Properties］  Sweet, bland; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, stomach, bladder. ［Characteristics］  Slightly sweet and bland in taste, and cold in nature, it mainly enters the lung and stomach channels, and also the bladder channel. It is good at clearing toxic heat and dispersing exterior pathogens, and is commonly used for exterior-pattern febrile diseases where pathogens affect the defensive level or qi level. It also can induce diuresis, and thus is applicable for edema or heat stranguria. ［Actions］  Purges ■re, clears toxic heat and induces diuresis. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For febrile diseases with fever, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and bò he (Herba Menthae) to enhance the effects on clearing toxic heat, and cooling and dispersing exterior pathogens.   For the above problem where pathogens have affected the qi level with typical symptoms such as high fever and thirst, it is often combined with shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) to enhance the effects. 2. For sore throat, skin sores and abscesses, it acts to clear toxic heat, and is often used in combination with shè gān (Rhizoma Belamcandae), dà qīng yè (Folium Isatidis), pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) and herbs with similar properties and actions to enhance the effects.   For skin sores and abscesses, it is often prescribed together with zĭ huā dì dīng (Herba Violae) and yĕ jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi Indici) in decoction, or the fresh herb alone is pounded and applied topically. 3. For edema and heat stranguria, it can clear heat and promote urination.   For edema with scanty urine, it is combined with dōng guā pí (■xocarpium Benincasae), fú líng pí (Cutis Poriae) and chì xiăo dòu (Semen Phaseoli) to reduce edema by promoting urination.   For stranguria with dark urine, it is often combined with chē qián căo (Herba Plantaginis), dàn zhú yè (Herba Lophatheri) and mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae) to enhance the effects. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 15-30 g generally and the fresh herb doubled in decoction. For external use: the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically.

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［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency cold since it is cold in nature. ［Ingredients］  It contains delphinidin, delphinidin 3-glucoside, commelinin, amino acids, phlegmatic substance, poly-peptides, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  The decoction inhibits bacteria in vitro and signi■cantly reduces fever.

ZhīZǐ栀子 FRUCTUS GARDENIAE Cape Jasmine Fruit ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the ripe fruit of Gardenia jasminoides ■llis, an evergreen shrub of the family Rubiaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Zhī “wine container (used in ancient times)”, zĭ “fruit”. The flower of this plant looks like a wine goblet. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Hunan, Jiangxi, Hubei, Fujian and Sichuan provinces of China. ［Collection］  The fruits are collected during September and November when ripe with reddish-yellow color. The stalks and leaves are ■rst removed and the fruit is steamed or blanched slightly and left to dry. The plump fruit with thin outer skin and reddish-yellow color is of the best quality. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, the fruit is crushed into pieces for use. It also can be fried or deeply fried ■rst before use. ［Properties］  Bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, lung, sanjiao. ［Characteristics］  It is very bitter and cold in property so that it can drastically purge heat. It enters the heart, lung and sanjiao channels to purge heat via urination, cool the blood, calm the mind and clear toxic heat. Used externally, it can also relieve hot swelling and pain. ［Actions］  Purges ■re, calms the mind, drains heat and dampness, cools the blood and clears toxic heat, and relieves swelling and pain. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For febrile diseases with irritability and thirst, it is commonly combined with dàn dòu chĭ (Semen Sojae Praeparatum), such as in the formula Zhī Zĭ Chĭ Tāng (Gardenia and Prepared Soybean Decoction).   For high fever, irritability and delirium due to excessive heat, it is generally combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei), such as in the formula Huáng Lián Jiĕ Dú Tāng (Coptis Toxin-Resolving Decoction). 2. For damp-heat jaundice, it relieves the problem effectively by draining damp heat via urination. For this purpose, it is often combined with yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei), as seen in the formula Yīn Chén Hāo Tāng (Virgate Wormwood Decoction), or is combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae), such as in the formula Zhī Zĭ Băi Pí Tāng (Gardenia and Phellodendron

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Decoction). 3. For heat bleeding, it checks bleeding mainly by purging heat and cooling blood.   For hematemesis, epistaxis and hemuresis due to heat, it is often combined with bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae), shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to enhance the effects. 4. For toxic-heat sores and bloodshot or in■amed eyes, it purges ■re and toxic heat.   For toxic-heat sores, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) to enhance the ef■cacy, or the unprocessed herb alone is powdered and applied topically.   For bloodshot or in■amed eyes, it is combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), mù zéi (Herba ■quiseti Hiemalis) and gŭ jīng căo (Flos ■riocauli) to relieve the problems by clearing liver heat. 5. For traumatic injury, it relieves swelling and pain by cooling blood and dispersing heat from the tissue. The dried herb is powdered ■rst and mixed with wine, and applied topically. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: the dry powder mixed with adjuvant and applied topically, or the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically. The unprocessed herb is cold and good at purging heat, the ginger juice-fried herb is better for checking vomiting and the deeply-fried herb better at arresting bleeding. The seed is more effective at calming the mind via clearing heart ■re, while the fruit peel is more effective at clearing heat from the surface of the body. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency cold since it is bitter and cold in property. ［Ingredients］  It contains gardenin, jasminoidin, geniposide, gardoside, caffeotannic acid, saffron glucoside, crocetin, α-manicol, β-sitosterin and ursolic acid in the fruit peel. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of sedation, anti-convulsion, reducing body temperature, relieving pain, improving bile secretion, lowering serum bilirubin and transaminase, protecting hepatocytes, improving secretion of the pancreas, lowering blood pressure, serving as a mild laxative, decreasing myocardial contractile force, preventing atherosclerosis, antagonizing in■ammation, anti-bacteria and fungus, and killing leptospires and adult schistosomes.

Xià KūCǎo 夏枯草 SPICA PRUNELLAE Common Self-heal Fruit-spike ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried spike of prunella vulgaris L., a perennial herb of the family Labiatae. ［■ x p l a n a t i o n o f N a m e］  X i à “ s u m m e r ” , k ū “withering” and căo “herb”. The herb withers gradually during the summer. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Henan and Hubei provinces of China. ［Collection］  The spikes are collected during the summer when turning brownish-red, and then dried in the sun. The big ones with brownish-red color are the best in

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quality. ［Processing］  Impurities and stalks are removed before use. ［Properties］  Acrid, bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, gallbladder. ［Characteristics］  Bitter, acrid and cold in property, and entering the liver and gallbladder channels, it is good at purging and dispersing heat from the liver and gallbladder, and lowering blood pressure. It is an essential herb for dizziness triggered by the ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, eye problems and nodules along the liver and gallbladder channels. ［Actions］  Purges heat, improves vision, relieves swelling and dissipates nodules. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For in■amed eyes and dizziness, it relieves the problems mainly by means of purging heat from the liver.   For in■amed eyes, it is often combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and jué míng zĭ (Semen Cassiae) to strengthen the effects.   For dizziness due to either the ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang or liver ■re, it is combined with gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis), tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) to clear liver ■re, pacify liver yang and extinguish wind.   For aching pain of the eyes due to yin and blood de■ciency, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) to clear liver heat, nourish liver blood and relieve pain. 2. For scrofula, goiter, carbuncles and tumors, it dissipates nodules and resolves swelling, lumps and tumors by purging and dispersing heat.   For scrofula transformed from phlegm ■re, it can be applied alone in decoction or extraction internally, or can be used in combination with zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii), xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) to resolve phlegm and dissipate lumps.   For goiter, it is often combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), kūn bù (Thallus Laminariae) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) to soothe the liver, and dissipate masses and lumps.   For carbuncles and acute mastitis in the initial stage, which is normally due to toxic-heat accumulation, it is generally used together with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) and jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) to clear toxic heat and relieve the swelling.   For tumors, it is commonly applied in combination with other herbs to enhance the effects. 3. Additionally, it can effectively lower blood pressure, and is mainly applied for those cases in the pattern of hyperactive liver ■re or yang. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder, or extract. The dosage should be doubled if applied alone. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency cold since it is bitter and cold in property. ［Ingredients］  It contains triterpenoid saponins, free oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, eldrin, hyperin, alkaloids, prunella polysaccharide and chloratum kalium, etc. Its spike contains delphinidin, ursolic acid, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It can de■nitely lower blood pressure and antagonize arrhythmia. Its water-alcohol extractives show the effects of anti-in■ammation and relieving immunosuppression. Its decoction can inhibit bacteria, kill skin fungus, inhibit tumors, lower blood sugar, excite the uterus, increase gastro-intestinal movement, tranquilize the mind, relieve pain, induce diuresis, and inhibit AIDS virus and fever blisters virus type I.

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Jué Míng Zǐ决明子 SEMEN CASSIAE Cassia Seed ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried mature seeds of Cassia obtusifolia L. or Cassia tora L., annual herbs of the family Leguminosae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Jué “definitely”, míng “brightening” and zĭ “seed”. The seed can definitely brighten the eyes. It is also known as căo jué míng (草 决明), where căo indicates herbal origin, distinguishing it from another similar one with the name of shí jué míng (“mineral” jué míng) . ［Habitat］  Cassia obtusifolia L. is mainly produced in Jiangsu, Anhui and Sichuan provinces of China, and Cassia tora L. mainly in Guangxi and Yunnan of China. ［Collection］  The plants are collected in autumn, dried in the sun, beaten to yield the seeds and the seeds are then cleaned. Plump ones with greenishbrown color are of the best quality. ［Processing］  The seeds are cleaned with water and dried before use, or they are dry-fried ■rst and crushed before use. ［Properties］  Sweet, bitter, salty; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, kidney, large intestine. ［Characteristics］  It is bitter and cold so that it can purge heat, and sweet and rich with botanical fat so that it is able to lubricate the large intestine to cure constipation. It enters the liver and kidney channels to clear ■re from the liver and replenishes kidney yin to improve vision. It always acts as a chief herb when treating in■amed eyes and other eye problems with poor vision. It also enters the large intestine channel to effectively moisten the bowels to relieve constipation. ［Actions］  Clears liver heat, improves vision and moistens the bowels to relieve constipation. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For in■amed eyes and poor vision, it works by clearing liver heat, as well as by replenishing kidney yin to improve vision.   For in■amed eyes with symptoms of photophobia and excessive tearing triggered by exterior wind heat, it is often combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), gŭ jīng căo (Flos ■riocauli) and mù zéi (Herba ■quiseti Hiemalis) to disperse the wind heat and purge ■re.   For in■amed eyes due to ■aming up of excessive liver ■re, it is often combined with zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) to strengthen the effects.   For poor vision or bluish blindness (optical atrophy) due to yin deficiency of the liver and kidney, it is often combined with tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae), gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) and mì méng huā (Flos Buddlejae) to tonify the liver and kidney and improve vision. 2. For headache and vertigo, it can be used alone or in combination with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) to clear ■re from the liver, suppress yang and replenish yin.

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3. For constipation, it is used alone for light cases and in combination with guā lóu rén (Semen Trichosanthis), yù lĭ rén (Semen Pruni) and zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii, dry-fried) for serious cases to enhance the effects. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g crushed in decoction, and 3-6 g in powder generally, 30 g at maximum for reducing cholesterol. The unprepared herb is stronger than the stirfried one for clearing heat and lubricating the bowels. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with deficiency diarrhea or hypotension, since it is slightly cold and laxative. ［Ingredients］  It contains chrysophanic acid, emodin, chrysophanol, obtusin, lactone, mucus, proteins, fatty oils, pigments and carotene, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It can remarkably lower blood pressure and induce diuresis. It also can reduce plasma total cholesterol and triglycerides and inhibit staphylococcus aureus, bacillus diphtheriae, bacillus typhi, bacterium entericum, etc. It shows inhibitory effects on different skin fungi, and affects immunity, protects the liver, induces mild diarrhea, and improves secretion of gastric juices and uterine contractions.

GǔJīng Cǎo 谷精草 FLOS ERIOCAULI Pipewort Flower ［Source］  Initially appeared in Supplement to ‘The Materia Medica’ in the Tang Dynasty (about 720 A.D.). It is the dried flower head with stalk of Eriocaulon buergerianum Koern., an annual herb of the family Eriocaulaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Gŭ “rice”, jīng “essence” and căo “herb”. It generally grows together with rice, and it was supposed by ancient people that the herb had absorbed the essence of rice. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces of China. ［Collection］  The herb is collected in autumn and dried in the sun. Big and firm ones with grayish-white color, and with short yellowish-green stalks are of the best quality. ［Processing］  After it is cleaned, it is cut into segments for use. ［Properties］  Acrid, sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, stomach. ［Characteristics］  It is acrid and slightly cool in property, and ascending and dispersing in action. It enters the liver and stomach channels to disperse wind and heat, and to effectively eliminate eye nebulae. It is commonly used for in■amed eyes with nebulae in the pattern of exterior wind-heat invasion of the liver channel. ［Actions］  Disperses wind, clears liver ■re and eliminates nebulae to improve vision. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For in■amed eyes triggered by exterior wind heat, and nebulae, it is often combined with bái jí lí (Fructus Tribuli), jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and mù zéi (Herba ■quiseti Hiemalis) to enhance the effects.   If the in■amed eyes are due to ■aming up of liver ■re, it is used together with xià kū căo (Spica

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Prunellae), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) and qīng xiāng zĭ (Semen Celosiae) to enhance the effects on purging ■re. 2. For wind-heat headache and toothache, it relieves the pain by dispersing wind heat from the head.   For wind-heat headache, it is often combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), sāng yè (Folium Mori) and jīng jiè suì (Spica Schizonepetae).   For wind-heat toothache, it is often prescribed together with bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae), shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 6-15g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: decocted for topical rinsing. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with eye problems due to blood de■ciency, since it is dispersing and may consume yin and blood. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains eriocauli. ［Pharmacological Research］  It can inhibit bacteria. Its decoction shows inhibitory effects on aeruginosus bacillus, staphylococcus aureus, shigella ■exneri, bacillus typhi and different skin fungi.

MìMéng Huā 密蒙花 FLOS BUDDLEJAE Pale Butterfly Bush Flower ［Source］  Initially appeared in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing (Léi Gōng Páo Zhì Lùn, 雷公炮炙论) in the Northern and Southern Dynasties (about 400 A.D.). It is the dried buds or ■ower clusters of Buddleja of■cinalis Maxim., a deciduous bush of the family Loganiaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Mì “dense”, méng “covering” and huā “■ower”. The ■owers are covered by small fuzzy hairs and grow densely into clusters. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Hubei, Sichuan, Henan, Shaanxi and Yunnan provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected in spring before blossoming, and dried in the sun. Grayish-brown ones covered by soft hairs are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned before use. ［Properties］  Sweet; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver. ［Characteristics］  Sweet and slightly cold in nature and entering the liver channel, it can gently clear heat and nourish yin at the same time. It is used particularly for eye problems no matter whether in de■ciency or excess pattern. ［Actions］  Clears liver heat, nourishes liver yin, improves vision and eliminates nebulae. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For in■amed eyes, it is combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), sāng yè (Folium Mori) and xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) to enhance the effects. For in■amed eyes and nebulae due to liver ■re ■aming up, it is combined with bái jí lí (Fructus Tribuli), chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae) and shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis) to clear liver heat and eliminate nebulae. 2. For poor vision due to liver and kidney de■ciency, it is often combined with tù sī zĭ (Semen

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Cuscutae), ròu cōng róng (Herba Cistanches) and gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) to enhance the effect particularly on tonifying. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 6-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. ［Ingredients］  It contains flavonoid glycosides like acaciin, triterpene glycosides like mimengoside A and iridoid glycosides like aucubin and cotalposide. ［Pharmacological Research］  The acacetin it contains shows the effect of vitamin P, such as reducing vascular permeability, improving blood vascular brittleness and counteracting isolated intestinal spasms induced by antihistamine and acetylcholine. It also induces diuresis and relieves in■ammation.

Qīng Xiāng Zǐ青葙子 SEMEN CELOSIAE Feather Cockscomb Seed ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried ripe seed of Celosia argentea L., an annual herb of the family Amaranthaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Qīng “dark green”, xiāng “seventh month according to the Chinese lunar calendar in ancient times” and zĭ “seed”. The stem of this plant is dark green, and the blooming time of the flower and the ripening time of the fruit are both in the seventh month of the Chinese lunar calendar (around autumn). ［Habitat］  Produced in most areas of China. ［Collection］  The above-ground part is collected in autumn when the fruits are ripe, and the spikes are beaten in order to yield the seeds. The plump ones with black lustrous color are of the best quality. ［Processing］  The seeds are cleaned before use. ［Properties］  Bitter; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver. ［Characteristics］  Rather bitter and cold in nature, and entering the liver channel, it is good at purging ■re from the liver to effectively improve vision and eliminate nebulae, and effectively works as an essential herb to treat in■amed eyes or nebulae in the pattern of liver heat. ［Actions］  Purges liver ■re, improves vision and eliminates nebulae. ［Clinical Applications］  For in■amed eyes and nebulae, it is often combined with jué míng zĭ (Semen Cassiae), líng yáng jiăo (Cornu Saigae Tataricae) and mì méng huā (Flos Buddlejae). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 6-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency cold since it is cold in nature. It is prohibited for patients with glaucoma because it enlarges the pupil. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains fatty oils, kalium nitricum, β-sitosterin, nicacid, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  The fat it contains can enlarge the pupils. It also can lower blood pressure and remarkably shorten the time of blood plasma recalci■cation in rabbits. Its decoction can powerfully inhibit aeruginosus bacillus.

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Section 2  Herbs that Clear Heat and Dry Dampness Most of the herbs in this category are very bitter and cold in property, and are very strong in purging heat or toxic heat, and in drying dampness. They are mainly applied for problems that result from excessive damp heat either from outside or inside, such as damp-heat febrile diseases, dampsummerheat febrile diseases, problems due to damp heat obstructing the middle, damp-heat diarrhea, dysentery, jaundice, leukorrhea, strangury, herpes, eczema or ulcers. They are also very effective for problems that are due to excessive heat trapped in different zang-fu organs. Herbs in this category are quite bitter and cold and could easily damage the stomach and spoil the appetite; therefore, they should be carefully used for patients with vulnerable stomachs. They are also rather drying in property and may damage the body’s yin-■uid. Therefore, herbs for protecting the stomach, improving the appetite, and nourishing yin and ■uid should be used in combination to prevent damage from these herbs.

Huáng Qín 黄芩 RADIX SCUTELLARIAE Scutellaria Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi., a perennial herb of the family Labiatae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Huáng “yellow” and qín “gold”. The root is golden yellow in color. The young roots that are thin but ■rm are called tiáo (“stick”) qín (条 芩) or zǐ (“son”) qín (子芩). The old dry ones, colored brownish-yellow or dark yellow, and hollow in the middle, are usually named kū (“perish”) qín (枯芩) or piàn (“sliced”) qín (片芩). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Hebei, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia of China. The greatest quantity of roots are produced in Shanxi Province, but the best ones come from Hebei Province. ［Collection］  It is collected in autumn when the leaves are beginning to wither. After stems and leaves are removed, it is half dried in the sun, and then dried completely in the sun or in an oven after the bark is removed. The long and solid roots with fresh yellow color are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned, steamed or boiled throughly, cut into thin slices and dried in the sun for use. It also can be simply stir-fried, wine-fried or carbonized ■rst before use. ［Properties］  Bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, stomach, gallbladder, large intestine.

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［Characteristics］  Bitter, cold, purging and drying in property, mainly entering the lung and large intestine channels and also the stomach and gallbladder channels, it mainly works on the upper jiao including the lung and its interior-exterior corresponding organ the large intestine, and also on the middle jiao to purge ■re and dry dampness. Furthermore, it can cool blood to arrest bleeding. ［Actions］  Purges ■re and toxic heat, dries dampness and cools blood to prevent abortion. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For damp-heat febrile diseases, damp-summerheat febrile diseases, problems due to damp heat obstructing the middle, damp-heat diarrhea, dysentery, jaundice and strangury, it is able to powerfully purge heat and dry dampness at the same time. ➢  For damp-heat febrile diseases or damp-summerheat febrile diseases with manifestations such as unsurfaced fever, stuf■ness and fullness in the chest and epigastrium, nausea and vomiting, it is often combined with huá shí (Talcum), bái dòu kòu (Fructus Amomi Kravanh) and dà fù pí (Pericarpium Arecae) to clear heat and purge heat and dampness, move the stomach qi downwards and calm the stomach to check vomiting, such as in the formula Huáng Qín Huá Shí Tāng (Scutellaria and Talcum Decoction). ➢  For damp heat obstructing the middle with symptoms of fullness around the epigastrium, nausea and vomiting, bitter taste in the mouth, poor appetite and dark urine, it is often combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) to purge heat, dry dampness and calm the middle. ➢  For damp-heat jaundice, it is commonly combined with yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to enhance the effects of purging heat and dampness, and relieving jaundice. ➢  For damp-heat dysentery in the acute stage in mild cases with manifestations such as abdominal pain, fever, foul stools and burning pain around the anus, it is generally combined with gé gēn (Radix Puerariae Lobatae) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to relieve fever and enhance the effects on toxic heat, such as in the formula Gé Gēn Huáng Qín Huáng Lián Tāng (Pueraria, Scutellaria, and Coptis Decoction). ➢  For damp-heat dysentery in more serious cases with manifestations such as tenesmus and bloody purulent stools, it is commonly combined with bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae), such as in the formula Sháo Yào Tāng (Peony Decoction). ➢  For damp-heat strangury, it is used with mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae), bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) and chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) to relieve pain by clearing heat and dampness via urination. 2. For cough due to lung heat, it is an essential herb for purging heat from the lung. It can be used alone, as seen in the formula Qīng Jīn Wán (Golden-Clearing Pill), or in combination with guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) and dăn nán xīng (Arisaema cum Bile) to relieve cough by clearing heat from the lung and effectively resolving phlegm, such as in the formula Qīng Qì Huà Tán Wán (Qi-Clearing and Phlegm-Transforming Pill). 3. For febrile disease where the heat affects the qi level with manifestations such as high fever, profuse sweating, strong thirst and surging pulse, it relieves the symptoms by powerfully purging the heat. It is often combined with shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) to enhance the effects. ➢  If the blazing fire affects both the qi and blood levels with symptoms such as high fever, mania, delirium, maculas or heat bleeding, it is used together with dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae),

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shuĭ niú jiăo (Cornu Bubali) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), such as in the formula Qīng Wēn Bài Dú Yĭn (■pidemic-Clearing Toxin-Resolving Beverage). ➢  If the heat is stagnated in the chest with symptoms such as heat sensation on the face, strong thirst, dark urine and constipation, it is often combined with zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and bò he (Herba Menthae) to purge ■re from the upper and the lower, such as in the formula Liáng Gé Săn (Diaphragm-Cooling Powder). ➢  For shaoyang pattern with typical symptoms such as alternating chills and fever, it is combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) and bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) to harmonize shaoyang and relieve the fever, such as in the formula Xiăo Chái Hú Tāng (Minor Bupleurum Decoction). 4. For sore throat, skin sores, carbuncles and abscesses, it can effectively relieve swelling by purging toxic heat. ➢  For sore throat due to trapped toxic heat, it is often combined with băn lán gēn (Radix Isatidis), jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) to clear toxic heat and ease the throat. ➢  For skin sores, carbuncles and abscesses, it is often combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to clear toxic heat and relieve swelling, such as in the formula Huáng Lián Jiĕ Dú Tāng (Coptis Toxin-Resolving Decoction). 5. For heat bleeding, it can cool blood and check bleeding at the same time, with the carbonized herb showing better effects in checking bleeding. ➢  For heat-triggered bleeding, it is combined with xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii), huái huā (Flos Sophorae) and bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) to strengthen the effects. 6. For threatened abortion due to heat disturbance, it is often used in combination with zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction. For purging heat and toxins, and drying dampness, the unprepared herb is better. For heat-triggered threatened abortion, the fried herb is better because the cold nature is milder. For heat trapped in the upper jiao, the wine-fried herb is better. For checking bleeding, the carbonized one works well. Traditionally, the young solid roots are good at clearing heat from the large intestine, while the old dry roots are better at clearing heat from the lung. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with poor appetite, loose stools and a vulnerable stomach, since it is bitter and cold in nature. ［Ingredients］  It contains ■avonoid components such as baicalein, baicalin, chrysin, wogonoside and neobaicalein. It also contains essential oils, many kinds of amino acids as well as β-sitosterin and stigmasterine, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  The decoction inhibits Gram-positive bacteria such as staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus hemolyticus and diplococcus lanceolatus, as well as Gramnegative bacteria such as bacillus coli, bacillus dysenteriae, bacillus aeruginosus and bacillus tuberculosis in vitro. It also inhibits skin fungus, in■uenza virus and hepatitis virus B. The baicalein, baicalin and wogonin it contains can reduce vascular permeability in mice. Baicalin can inhibit acute and chronic in■ammation. Its water and alcohol extracts can de■nitely inhibit allergy typeⅠ. It also can tranquilize the mind, lower blood pressure and cholesterol, protect the liver, promote gallbladder function, and antagonize blood clotting, thrombogenesis and tumors.

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Huáng Lián 黄连 RHIZOMA COPTIDIS Coptis ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried rhizome of Coptis chinensis Franch., Coptis deltoidea C. Y. Cheng et Hsiao or Coptis teeta Wall., perennial herbs of the family Ranunculaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Huáng “yellow” and lián “attaching”. The rhizomes are yellow in color and attached to each other at the bottom. The best specimens are produced in Sichuan Province, so it is also known as chuān huáng lián (川黄连). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Sichuan, Hubei, Shaanxi and Guizhou provinces of China. The ones produced in Shizhu and Nanchuan of Sichuan Province, and in Laifeng and ■nshi of Hubei Province are of greatest quantity and best quality. ［Collection］  It is collected in autumn. The ■brous roots and leaves are cleaned from the rhzome and it is dried in the sun. The clean, strong and solid rhizomes with reddish-yellow cross-sections are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned quickly with water, moistened thoroughly, cut into thin slices and dried in the shade for use. It also can be wine- or ginger-juice fried for use. ［Properties］  Bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, liver, stomach, large intestine. ［Characteristics］  Very bitter and very cold in nature, it mainly enters the heart and stomach channels, and also the liver and large intestine channels. It is therefore able to powerfully purge heat from the heart, stomach and liver, and dry dampness to treat damp heat in the stomach and large intestine. ［Actions］  Purges heat and toxins, and dries dampness. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For the pattern of damp heat in the middle and the large intestine, it is quite commonly used. ➢  For the pattern of damp heat harassing the middle with symptoms such as gastric fullness sensation, nausea or vomiting, and dark or bloody urine with yellow greasy tongue coating, it is often combined with hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to transform and dry dampness, and move the stomach qi downward to relieve the nausea and vomiting, such as in the formula Lián Pò Yĭn (Coptis and Officinal Magnolia Bark Beverage). ➢  For mild cases of diarrhea and dysentery due to damp heat in the large intestine, it can be used alone; for those cases with slight abdominal pain together with mild exterior pattern symptoms such as fever at onset, it is combined with gé gēn (Radix Puerariae Lobatae) and huáng qín (Radix

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Scutellariae) to release the fever and dysentery by purging dampness and heat, such as in the formula Gé Gēn Huáng Qín Huáng Lián Tāng (Pueraria, Scutellaria, and Coptis Decoction). ➢  If the problem involves serious abdominal pain and tenesmus, it is commonly used in combination with mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) to effectively purge heat, dry dampness and move the qi of the large intestine, such as in the formula Xiāng Lián Wán (Radix Aucklandiae and Rhizoma Coptidis Pill). ➢  If symptoms such as acute abdominal pain, bloody and purulent stools, and tenesmus are seen, it is necessarily used in combination with bái tóu wēng (Radix Pulsatillae), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and qín pí (Cortex Fraxini) to relieve dysentery by purging toxic heat, drying dampness and cooling blood, such as in the formula Bái Tóu Wēng Tāng (Pulsatilla Decoction). 2. For febrile diseases with high fever, it is often combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Huáng Lián Jiĕ Dú Tāng (Coptis Toxin-Resolving Decoction). 3. For problems due to heat, it is particularly good at purging heat or ■re from the heart, stomach and liver. ➢  For irritability and insomnia due to exuberance of heart ■re, it is often combined with zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and zhú yè (Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis) to effectively clear the heart ■re and calm the mind. ➢  For irritability and insomnia in the pattern of yin de■ciency with de■ciency ■re, it is basically combined with bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to nourish yin, clear fire, and calm the heart and mind, such as in the formula Huáng Lián Ē Jiāo Tāng (Coptis and Donkey-Hide Gelatin Decoction). ➢  For insomnia due to non-interaction between the heart and kidney, it is often prescribed together with ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) to restore the coordination between the heart and kidney, and tranquilize the mind, such as in the formula Jiāo Tài Wán (Grand Communication Pill). ➢  For vomiting triggered by stomach heat, it is often combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) and jú pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to clear stomach heat and arrest vomiting, such as in the formula Huáng Lián Jú Pí Zhú Rú Tāng (Coptis, Tangerine and Bamboo Shavings Decoction). ➢  For heartburn or stomach acid re■ux that may be due to liver ■re impacting the stomach, it is often combined with wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae) to clear liver heat and calm the stomach to arrest vomiting, such as in the formula Zuŏ Jīn Wán (Left Metal Pill). 4. For abscesses, sores, toxic ulcers and in■amed swollen eyes, it acts well to cure problems by purging toxic ■re and drying up dampness. ➢  For toxic-heat sores or ulcers, it is often combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Huáng Lián Jiĕ Dú Tāng (Coptis Toxin-Resolving Decoction). ➢  For skin ulcers, it can be used alone or in combination with qīng dài (Indigo Naturalis), calcined shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) and lú gān shí (Calamina), made into paste and applied topically. ➢  For in■amed swollen eyes, the decocted liquid is applied alone as eye drops, or in combination with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), sāng yè (Folium Mori) and mù zéi (Herba ■quiseti Hiemalis) in decoction, and applied orally. 5. For bleeding triggered by heat, it is often combined with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to cool blood and enhance the effect on purging heat, such as in the formula Xiè Xīn Tāng (Heart-Draining Decoction).

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6. Additionally, if combined with tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and similar herbs for nourishing yin and body fluid, it can be effectively used for hunger caused by rapid digestion, irritability and thirst, and consumptive thirst that is basically due to the ■aring up of excessive stomach ■re. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 2-5 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: the powder is applied topically. The unprocessed herb is more powerful in purging heat and drying dampness. The wine-fried herb is less bitter and cold in nature, and more often used for clearing heat from the upper jiao. The ginger juice- or wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae)-baked one is less bitter and cold in nature, and more effective in arresting vomiting. Very small doses are applied for improving appetite. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with spleen and stomach weakness and body yin de■ciency because it is so bitter, drying and cold, and easily damages the spleen and stomach, body yin and ■uid. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains alkaloids, which are composed of berberine, coptisine, worenine and palmatine, and also phenolic compounds like obacunone and obakulactone. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows strong inhibitory effects on shigella dysenteriae, bacterium ■exneri, diplococcus lanceolatus, bacillus comma and bacillus anthracis, all kinds of ■u virus, as well as many kinds of skin fungus. It also can reduce fever, antagonize in■ammation and increase the phagotrophic activity of white blood cells and the reticuloendothelial system. Berberine can antagonize arrhythmia, strengthen myocardial contractility and inhibit platelet aggregation. It also can lower blood pressure and sugar, and antagonize tumors, antagonize gastric ulcers and promote gallbladder function.

Huáng Bǎi 黄柏 CORTEX PHELLODENDRI CHINENSIS Phellodendron Bark ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried bark of Phellodendron amurense Rupr. or Phellodendron chinense Schneid., two kinds of deciduous trees of the family Rutaceae. The bark of Phellodendron amurense Rupr. is called guān huáng băi (关黄柏), while the bark of Phellodendron chinense Schneid. is called chuān huáng băi (川黄柏). ［■xplanation of Name］  Huáng “yellow” and băi “avoiding”. It is bright yellow in color and can be used as a dye; paper dyed with the juice of this bark is used to repel insects and avoid insect bites. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia and Hebei of China. Phellodendron chinense Schneid. is mainly produced in Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan provinces. ［Collection］  Phellodendron amurense Rupr. is harvested in July, and Phellodendron chinense Schneid. during May and June. The bark is peeled ■rst, the crude

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outer skin of the bark is removed when fresh, and the remaining bark is pressed ■at and dried in the sun. Thick bark with yellow cross-section is of the best quality. ［Processing］  After cleaning, it is moistened completely, cut into long slices and dried for use. It also can be salt water-fried or carbonized for use. ［Properties］  Bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Kidney, bladder, large intestine. ［Characteristics］  Bitter and cold in nature, it mainly enters the kidney, bladder and large intestine channels and the lower jiao to purge damp heat or heat from the lower jiao. The effects are not as good as those of huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) in purging heat and damp heat, but it is more effective for problems caused by de■ciency heat or damp heat in the lower jiao. ［Actions］  Purges heat and toxic heat, dries dampness and reduces de■ciency heat. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For the pattern of damp heat in the lower jiao, it is an essential herb that is widely used clinically. ➢  For leukorrhea with yellowish discharge and strong odor in the pattern of damp heat, it is often used with chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and bái guŏ (Semen Ginkgo) to partly clear dampness and heat, and check the profuse discharge as well, such as in the formula Yì Huáng Tāng (Yellow-Transforming Decoction). ➢  For damp-heat stranguria, it is often combined with mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae), huá shí (Talcum) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to relieve the problem by powerfully purging dampness and heat from the lower jiao. ➢  For hot swelling in the lower part of the body that is due to damp heat pouring down, it is often used in combination with cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis), niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) and yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis), such as in the formula Èr Miào Wán (Two Mysterious Pill), Sān Miào Wán (Wonderfully ■ffective Three Pill) or Sì Miào Wán (Wonderfully ■ffective Four Pill). 2. For damp-heat dysentery and jaundice, it can purge dampness and heat, and counteract toxic heat as well. ➢  For dysentery with abdominal pain and bloody purulent stools due to damp-heat invasion of the large intestine, it is often combined with bái tóu wēng (Radix Pulsatillae), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and qín pí (Cortex Fraxini) to cure it by clearing toxic heat and drying dampness, such as in the formula Bái Tóu Wēng Tāng (Pulsatilla Decoction). ➢  For jaundice due to damp heat invading the liver and gallbladder, it is combined with zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Zhī Zĭ Băi Pí Tāng (Gardenia and Phellodendron Decoction). 3. For abscesses, skin sores and ulcers, and eczema, it acts to purge toxic heat and dry up dampness. ➢  For toxic-heat skin abscesses and sores, internally it can be used together with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), whereas topically it is powdered and mixed with pig bile. ➢  For skin ulcers and eczema, it is combined with kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis) and jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae) and applied internally in decoction, or it is combined with bái xiān pí (Cortex Dictamni), dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae) and shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii), and applied topically for skin rinsing in decoction. 4. For yin-de■ciency fever or febrile sensation, and seminal emission that is basically due to ■re ■aming up from the lower jiao, it can effectively clear the heat.

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Lóng Dǎn Cǎo 龙胆草 RADIX ET RHIZOMA GENTIANAE Chinese Gentian ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root or rhizome of Gentiana manshurica Kitag., Gentiana scabra Bge., Gentiana tri■ora Pall. or Gentiana rigescens Franch., four kinds of perennial herbs of the family Gentianaceae. The first three species are usually called lóng dăn (龙胆), and the last one jiān lóng dăn (坚龙胆). ［■xplanation of Name］  Lóng means lóng yào (龙曜), the name of the gallbladder spirit, dăn “gallbladder” or “bile”, and căo “herb”. In Taoism, every internal organ of the human body has its own spirit, and the one for the gallbladder is named lóng yào. The herb tastes bitter like bile. Alternate names are dăn căo (胆草） and kŭ lóng dăn (苦龙胆). ［Habitat］  The ■rst three species, which are better in quality, are mainly produced in the northeast and in

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Inner Mongolia, and the last species mainly in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces of China. ［Collection］  The roots and rhizomes are collected during spring and autumn. After the residual stems and leaves are removed, the roots and rhizomes are cleaned with water and then dried. The plump ones with yellowish or yellowish-brown color are of the best quality. ［Processing］  They are cleaned and moistened throughly, cut into thick slices or segments, and dried for use, or they are fried with rice wine for use. ［Properties］  Bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, gallbladder, bladder. ［Characteristics］  It is bitter and cold in property, so that it can powerfully clear heat and dry dampness, and it mainly enters the liver, gallbladder and bladder channels. It is good at purging heat or damp heat from the liver and gallbladder and the lower jiao, and thus often acts as an essential herb for treating the patterns of excessive heat or damp heat in the middle and lower jiao. ［Actions］  Purges heat and dries dampness. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For problems caused by damp heat in the lower jiao and damp-heat jaundice, it purges and drains dampness and heat from the lower jiao.   For swelling of genital organs and eczema, and leukorrhea with yellow sticky odorous discharge, it is often combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis) and shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii) to relieve swelling and itching, and arrest vaginal discharge by drying and draining dampness, and clearing heat.   For jaundice in the pattern of damp heat, it is often prescribed together with yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to cure jaundice by clearing dampness and heat. 2. For headache, bloodshot eyes and high fever due to liver ■re ■aming up, it can effectively cure it by directly purging ■re.   For headache, bloodshot eyes, herpes zoster and hypochondriac swelling pain, bitter taste in the mouth and acute deafness in the pattern of ■aming up of liver ■re, it is combined with zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Lóng Dăn Xiè Gān Tāng (Gentian Liver-Draining Decoction).   For high fever with convulsions due to exuberant liver heat, it is often combined with gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and niú huáng (Calculus Bovis) to extinguish wind and clear liver heat, such as in the formula Liáng Jīng Wán (Convulsion-Cooling Pill). Additionally, a small dose of it taken internally can invigorate the appetite. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-6 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: the powder is applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with deficiency cold and yin de■ciency because it is bitter and cold and can easily cause damage. ［Ingredients］  Gentiana scabra Bge. and Gentiana triflora Pall. mainly contain iridoid glycoside, which is composed of gentiopicrin and swertiamarin. Gentiana scabra Bge. also contains gentio■avine, erythricine, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It induces diuresis, kills bacteria and worms, inhibits antibody formation and delayed allergic reaction, and deactivates cortisol in the liver. A small dose taken before meals can stimulate the secretion of gastric juice to improve appetite. However, a small dose or overdose taken after meals can reduce the digestive function, and even cause headache, facial blushing and dizziness in serious cases as side effects. Gentiopicrin can protect the liver,

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reduce glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, promote gallbladder function, antagonize in■ammation and kill plasmodium. ■rythricine can tranquilize the mind, relax the muscles and lower blood pressure.

KǔShēn 苦参 RADIX SOPHORAE FLAVESCENTIS Light Yellow Sophora Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root of Sophora flavescens Ait., a deciduous shrub of the family Leguminosae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Kŭ “bitter” and shēn “ginseng”. It tastes extremely bitter and is cylindrical in shape, looking like ginseng root. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Shanxi, Henan and Hebei provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected during spring and autumn. After the above-ground part, the crown root and the branch roots are removed, it is washed with water and then dried. The ■at evenly formed roots with extremely bitter taste and yellowish-white cross-sections are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is washed, moistened throughly with water, cut into thick slices and dried for use. ［Properties］  Bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, liver, stomach, large intestine, bladder. ［Characteristics］  It is bitter enough to dry dampness and very cold in nature to purge heat. It enters the heart, liver, stomach, large intestine and bladder channels. In addition to purging heat and drying dampness, it also can effectively relieve itching, kill worms and drain dampness by urination. It is commonly used for eczema, leukorrhea, jaundice, diarrhea and dysentery, bloody stools and strangury in the pattern of damp heat. ［Actions］  Purges heat, dries dampness, relieves itching, kills worms and promotes urination. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For diarrhea, dysentery, bloody stools, jaundice, pruritus vulvae, leukorrhea and other problems due to damp heat, it mainly relieves them by purging heat and drying up dampness.   For dysentery, it is used alone or in combination with mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae), such as in the formula Xiāng Shēn Wán (Common Aucklandia and Sophora Pill).   For bloody stools due to damp heat injuring the blood vessels of the large intestine, it is often used together with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to clear heat, dry dampness, cool blood and check bleeding, such as in the formula Kŭ Shēn Dì Huáng Wán (Sophora and Rehmannia Pill).   For damp-heat jaundice, it is often combined with yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and lóng dăn căo (Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae).   For pruritus vulvae and leukorrhea due to the pouring down of dampness and heat, it is

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combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), chūn pí (Cortex Ailanthi) and shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii), and applied orally or for topical skin rinsing to clear heat, dry dampness, check leukorrhea and alleviate itching. 2. For skin problems, it can effectively relieve itching by drastically drying dampness either internally or externally.   For skin itching, it is often applied orally in combination with jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae) and fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae), or used to topically rinse the skin in combination with chuān jiāo (Pericarpium Zanthoxyli) and dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae).   For damp-heat eczema, it is often combined with bái xiān pí (Cortex Dictamni), tŭ fú líng (Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae) and cāng ĕr zĭ (Fructus Xanthii) to drain dampness and heat to alleviate itching.   For tinea and scabies, it can be applied alone or in combination with shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii), jīng jiè suì (Spica Schizonepetae) and bái fán (Alumen) in decoction to topically rinse the skin, such as in the formula Kŭ Shēn Tāng (Sophora Decoction). It can also be prescribed together with kū fán (Alumen Dehydratum) and liú huáng (Sulfur) to make cream and apply externally.   For leprosy, it is combined with dà fēng zĭ (Semen Hydnocarpi) and cāng ĕr zĭ (Fructus Xanthii). 3. For heat stranguria and dif■cult urination, it can drain damp heat through urination and also induce diuresis.   For heat stranguria, it is often combined with chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and huá shí (Talcum) to enhance the effects on promoting urination.   For dif■cult urination with heat signs occurring in pregnancy, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae) to nourish blood and purge heat and dampness, such as in the formula Dāng Guī Bèi Mŭ Kŭ Shēn Wán (Chinese Angelica, Fritillary and Sophora Pill). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is powdered first and applied topically, or decocted for topical steaming and rinsing. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with deficiency cold because it is bitter and cold in property. It is contraindicated for use with lí lú (Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri). ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains alkaloids such as matrine and ammothamnine. It also has ■avonoids like kurarinol, quinines, triterpenoid saponins, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It can antagonize many kinds of experimental arrhythmias, especially arrhythmia induced by aconitine. It shows some effects of increasing the coronary blood ■ow, protecting the ischemic myocardium and lowering blood pressure. It also can inhibit bacteria, infusorians, inflammation, allergy and radiation, increase the number of leukocytes, relieve asthma, dispel phlegm, suppress immune reaction, kill pain, tranquilize the mind and antagonize tumors.

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Bái Xiān Pí白鲜皮 CORTEX DICTAMNI Dictamnus Root Bark ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root bark of Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz., a perennial herb of the family Rutaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Bái “white”, xiān “fresh” (the character is a combination of the characters for ■sh and sheep) and pí “peel”. The root bark is pure white in color and has a fresh smell. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Liaoning, Hebei and Shandong provinces of China; that which is produced in Liaoning is the best in quality. ［Collection］  It is collected during spring and autumn. After the fibrous roots and crude bark are removed, the root is split lengthwise while still fresh, the woody core is extracted and the bark is dried. Thick bark that is moon white in color with layered crosssections is of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned with water, moistened throughly, cut into thick slices and dried for use. ［Properties］  Bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, stomach, small intestine. ［Characteristics］  Bitter and cold in nature, it enters the spleen and stomach channels to clear toxic heat and dry dampness, and to dispel wind and alleviate itching. It is a chief herb for skin itching, particularly in the type of damp heat. It also can activate the channels and joints, and relieve damp-heat jaundice and arthralgia by clearing damp heat. ［Actions］  Clears toxic heat, dries dampness, dispels wind and alleviates itching. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For skin sores and toxic ulcers, eczema, urticaria, tinea and scabies especially in the pattern of damp heat, it alone can effectively relieve itching, dry up dampness and purge toxic heat.   For crusted tetter with oozing yellowish discharge in the pattern of damp heat, it is often combined with cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis), kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) to enhance the effects.   For damp-heat eczema, it is often used together with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis) to enhance the effects on clearing toxic heat and drying dampness to alleviate itching.   For urticaria triggered by exterior wind heat and complicated by dampness, it is often prescribed together with dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and jīng jiè suì (Spica Schizonepetae) to dispel wind heat and dry dampness to alleviate itching.   For tinea and scabies, it is often combined with kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis), shé chuáng

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zĭ (Fructus Cnidii) and tŭ jīng pí (Cortex Pseudolaricis), and applied in decoction for local skin rinsing. 2. For damp-heat jaundice, it is often combined with yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and hŭ zhàng (Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati) to drain heat and dampness to ■nally relieve jaundice. 3. For damp-heat arthralgia with inflamed joints, it is often combined with fáng jĭ (Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae), qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae) and luò shí téng (Caulis Trachelospermi) to dispel wind, drain dampness and heat, cool blood and dredge the channels. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is decocted and applied for washing topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency cold because it is bitter and cold. ［Ingredients］  It contains dictamnine, gynesin, choline, dictamnolactone, obakunone, obacunonic acid, fatty acids, saponins, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It inhibits skin fungi and immune reaction, reduces fever, counteracts in■ammation and spasms, arrests bleeding, antagonizes cancer and contracts the uterine smooth muscles. Its crude polysaccharides can protect the liver, increase immunity, antagonize hypoxia and fatigue, and increase the number of leukocytes.

Section 3  Herbs that Clear Heat and Relieve Toxicity Most of the herbs in this category are bitter, while some are acrid or sweet in taste, and all are cold or cool in nature. They are good at purging toxic heat and thus are applicable for abscesses, skin sores, erysipelas, mumps, sore throat, lung abscesses, intestinal abscesses, diarrhea or dysentery, burns, snake or insect bites, warm febrile diseases and other problems caused by ■re toxins. Over-use of herbs in this category may damage body yang and the stomach, so caution should be used.

Jīn Yín Huā 金银花 FLOS LONICERAE JAPONICAE Honeysuckle Flower ［Source］  Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Northern and Southern Dynasties (about 420-589 A.D.). It is the bud or early ■ower of Lonicera japonica Thunb., Lonicera hypoglauca Miq., Lonicera confuse DC., or Lonicera dasystyla Rehd., four kinds of semi-evergreen woody climbing shrubs of the family Caprifoliaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Jīn “golden yellow”, yín “silver-white” and huā “■ower”. The ■ower is white in the early blossoming, and turns gold-yellow 2-3 days

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later. It is also known as èr (“two”) huā (二花) and shuāng (“pair”) huā (双花). Its leaves never wither during the winter, so it is honored with the name rĕn dōng huā (忍冬花), where rĕn means “tolerating”, dōng “winter” and huā “■ower”. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Henan, Shandong, Guangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou, Zhejiang and Hunan of China. ［Collection］  It is collected in the early summer before blooming, and dried in the shade. The tender and soft ones with light color and nice fresh fragrance are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned with the residual stalks and leaves removed for use, or it is deeply fried ■rst for use. ［Properties］  Sweet; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, heart, stomach. ［Characteristics］  Sweet, cold and fragrant in property, it enters the lung, heart and stomach channels to disperse heat from the exterior and clear heat from the interior. It is a commonly used essential and effective herb for in■ammatory problems, either interior or exterior, in the pattern of toxic heat. It is also very effective for exterior wind-heat syndrome and febrile diseases. ［Actions］  Clears toxic heat, and disperses wind and heat. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For sores, carbuncles, gangrene and abscesses, it clears heat both by purging and dispersing.   For sores and carbuncles in the early stage with symptoms such as red hot swollen and painful local tissue, it is often combined with tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) and bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) to clear toxic heat, reduce swelling, relieve pain and improve tissue granulation, such as in the formula Xiān Fāng Huó Mìng Yĭn (Immortal Formula Life-Giving Beverage).   For deep-rooted furunculosis with hard swollen tissues, it is often combined with zĭ huā dì dīng (Herba Violae), yĕ jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi Indici) and pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Wŭ Wèi Xiāo Dú Yĭn (Five Ingredients Toxin-Removing Beverage).   For gangrene due to trapped fire toxins with symptoms such as dark reddish color of the affected extremity, slight swelling, sensation of burning heat, ulceration with putrefactive odor and acute extreme pain, it is generally prescribed with xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to relieve pain and improve the healing by powerfully purging heat and toxins and activating blood as well, such as in the formula Sì Miào Yŏng Ān Tāng (Four Wonderfully ■ffective Heroes Decoction).   For intestinal abscesses with abdominal pain, it is often used in combination with yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis), bài jiàng căo (Herba Patriniae) and hóng téng (Caulis Sargentodoxae), while for lung abscesses with coughing and expectoration of bloody purulent sputum, it is often combined with yú xīng căo (Herba Houttuyniae), jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) and lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis). 2. For wind-heat exterior syndrome, febrile diseases and sore throat, it works by dispersing wind heat from the lung channel, and purging toxic heat from the heart and stomach channels.   For wind-heat exterior syndrome with obvious toxic-heat signs, or febrile diseases in the initial stage, it is generally combined with lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae), bò he (Herba Menthae) and niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii), all cold in nature, to disperse heat from the exterior and to purge heat and toxins from the interior, such as in the formula Yín Qiào Săn (Lonicera and Forsythia Powder).

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  If the heat of febrile diseases has affected the nutrient level with symptoms such as fever aggravated during the night and irritability, it is often combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) partly to clear heat from the nutrient level, and partly to nourish yin and slightly activate blood, such as in the formula Qīng Yíng Tāng (Ying Level Heat-Clearing Decoction).   For sore throat in mild cases mainly due to exterior wind-heat invasion, it is used together with lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae), dà qīng yè (Folium Isatidis) and jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) to particularly cure the throat problem; if the sore throat worsens, which is normally due to toxic heat harassing, it is combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), băn lán gēn (Radix Isatidis) and shè gān (Rhizoma Belamcandae) to relieve the pain and swelling by powerfully purging heat and toxins. 3. For toxic-heat dysentery with bloody stools, it can be applied alone, or else in combination with bái tóu wēng (Radix Pulsatillae), qín pí (Cortex Fraxini) and huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis). 4. Additionally, its distillate is effective for sunstroke or summerheat syndrome, infantile boils and heat rash. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-20 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: the fresh ■ower is pounded and applied topically. It also can be decocted for mouth rinsing. Generally, the unprepared herb is used. The deeply-fried one is only used for arresting bleeding. If the situation is serious then the dose should be reasonably larger. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is prohibited for patients with de■ciency cold or sores with clear pus that are considered to be due to qi de■ciency, since it is cold in nature and easily damages yang. ［Ingredients］  It contains caffeotannic acid, isochlorogenic acid, luteolin and lonicerin, essential oils, saponins, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows definite inhibitory effects on staphylococcus aureus, diplococcus lanceolatus, bacillus dysenteriae, diplococcus intracellularis, etc. The water extractives inhibit many kinds of skin fungus. The extract has a strong effect of anti-endotoxin. The decoction shows significant effects of anti-inflammation and relieving fever. It also improves leukocyte phagocytosis and lymphocyte transformation, inhibits virus, increases gastrointestinal peristalsis and the secretion of gastric juice and bile, lowers cholesterol, protects the liver, antagonizes early pregnancy and excites the central nervous system.

Attachment: Rěn Dōng Téng 忍冬藤 Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae ［Source］  It is the stem and leaf of Lonicera japonica Thunb.. Also known as yín huā téng (银花藤). ［Properties, Actions, Indications, Clinical Applications ＆ Pharmacological Research］  It is quite similar to jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) in property, taste and actions but weaker in its effect of dispersing wind heat. It is basically used for sores and abscesses. It also dispels wind and dredges collaterals, and can be used for damp-heat arthralgia and skin itching. Research shows that its ingredients, composition and pharmacological effects are also similar to those of jīn yín huā. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: generally 10-30 g in decoction.

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Lián Qiào 连翘 FRUCTUS FORSYTHIAE Weeping Forsythia Capsule ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried fruit of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl., a deciduous shrub of the family Oleaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Lián “wagon” and qiào “a kind of cart in ancient times”. The fruit is long, narrow and ovoid in shape with two sharp ends. It splits into two parts from the ends, looking like two kinds of ancient wagons. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi and Shandong provinces of China. ［Collection］  The nearly ripe fruit with the skin still greenish is called qīng (“green”) qiào (青翘), while the well-ripened fruit is called lăo (“old”) qiào (老翘). Both are collected during autumn. After collection, normally qīng qiào is steamed ■rst and dried in the sun for use. Lăo qiào is directly dried in the sun for use. The best qīng qiào is green in color and not split, while the best lăo qiào is plump and yellowish with big splits. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is washed quickly with water and dried in the sun. The seeds are removed before use. Alternately, it is carbonized for use. ［Properties］  Bitter; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, heart, gallbladder. ［Characteristics］  It is bitter, slightly cold and dispersing in property. It enters the lung, heart and gallbladder channels to clear toxic heat, disperse wind and heat from the exterior and induce diuresis. It is used as a “killer of sores”. ［Actions］  Clears heat and toxins, dissipates abscesses and lumps, and disperses wind heat. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For sores, abscesses, hot swelling and scrofula, it is able to effectively clear toxic heat and improve granulation.   For sores and abscesses before suppuration with hard swollen tissue, it is often combined with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), zào jiăo cì (Spina Gleditsiae) and chuān shān jiă (Squama Manitis) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Jiā Jiăn Xiāo Dú Yĭn (Toxin-Removing Variant Decoction).   For sores and abscesses in the process of suppuration, it is prescribed together with tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) to clear toxic heat and improve the healing of tissue, such as in the formula Lián Qiào Jiĕ Dú Tāng (Forsythia Toxin-Resolving Decoction).   For acute pharyngitis with painful throat, it is combined with shān dòu gēn (Radix et Rhizoma Sophorae Tonkinensis), băn lán gēn (Radix Isatidis) and shè gān (Rhizoma Belamcandae) to clear toxic heat and relieve the swelling and pain effectively.   For intestinal abscesses, it is often combined with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to clear toxic heat, resolve stagnation and

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relieve pain.   For lung abscesses with coughing and purulent sputum, it is combined with lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis), dōng guā zĭ (Semen Benincasae) and jīn qiáo mài (Rhizoma Fagopyri Dibotryis) to clear lung toxic heat and improve the expectoration of phlegm. For scrofula, it is often prescribed together with xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae), xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) and zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii) to clear toxins and dissipate lumps. 2. For wind-heat exterior syndrome, febrile diseases in the initial stage and high fever with delirium, it is able to clear heat both by purging from the interior and dispersing from the skin.   For wind-heat exterior syndrome with obvious toxic-heat signs, or febrile diseases in the initial stage, it is generally combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), bò he (Herba Menthae) and niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) to clear toxic heat inside and disperse heat super■cially as well, such as in the formula Yín Qiào Săn (Lonicera and Forsythia Powder).   If the heat of febrile diseases has affected the nutrient level with symptoms such as fever aggravated during the night and irritability, it is generally combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) partly to clear heat from the nutrient level and partly to nourish yin and slightly activate blood, such as in the formula Qīng Yíng Tāng (Ying Level Heat-Clearing Decoction).   For high fever, irritability, coma or delirium that is supposed to be due to heat harassing the pericardium, it is generally combined with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), lián zĭ xīn (Plumula Nelumbinis) and zhú yè xīn (Folium Pleioblasti) to clear toxic heat and resuscitate the mind, such as in the formula Qīng Gōng Tāng (Palace-Clearing Decoction). 3. Additionally, it induces diuresis and thus it can clear heat through urination.   For heat stranguria, it is used together with bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and qú mài (Herba Dianthi) to enhance the effects. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 6-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. The seed of lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) is good at purging heart ■re. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is prohibited for patients with de■ciency cold or sores with clear pus considered to be due to qi de■ciency, since it is cold in nature and easily damages yang. ［Ingredients］  It contains forsythol, essential oils, triterpenoid saponins, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, alkaloid, saponins, eldrin, forsythin, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It relieves fever and pain, widely inhibits many kinds of bacteria and viruses, counteracts endotoxin and in■ammation, lowers blood pressure, dilates blood vessels, increases cardiac output, improves microcirculation, arrests bleeding, inhibits liver injury, suppresses vomiting, induces diuresis, antagonizes oxidation, inhibits the activity of elastase, de■nitely inhibits in■ammatory exudates and enhances the ability of phagocytizing in■ammatory cells of mice. The eldrin it contains can increase capillary density.

Chuān Xīn Lián 穿心莲 HERBA ANDROGRAPHIS Andrographis ［Source］  Initially appeared in Records of Medicinal Harvest in Lingnan (Lĭng Nán Căi Yào Lù, 岭南采药录) in the republic period (1932 A.D.). It is the dried above-ground part of Andrographis

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paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees., an annual herb of the family Acanthaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Chuān “going straight through”, xīn “heart” and lián “lotus”.The flower, which looks very much like a lotus flower, grows normally at the top of the stem, looking like a ■ower coming out straight from the stem pulp. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Guangdong and Fujian provinces of China, but also in Jiangxi, Guangxi, Hunan and Sichuan and around Shanghai. ［Collection］  The above-ground part is collected in the early autumn when ■ourishing, and is dried in the sun for use. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is washed clean with water, cut into segments and dried for use. ［Properties］  Bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, stomach, large intestine, bladder. ［Characteristics］  Bitter and cold in property, it can purge heat, dry dampness and disperse heat from the exterior as well. It mainly enters the lung, stomach and large intestine channels, and also the bladder channel. It is widely used for problems caused by toxic heat or damp heat with or without the complication of exterior pathogens. It also counteracts snake venom. ［Actions］  Clears heat and toxins, and dries dampness. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For headache and fever occurring in the early stages of febrile disease and for wind-heat exterior syndrome, it is combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and bò he (Herba Menthae).   For cough due to lung heat, it is used together with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis).   For lung abscesses, it is often prescribed together with yú xīng căo (Herba Houttuyniae), lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis).   For sore throat, it is used alone or in combination with shè gān (Rhizoma Belamcandae), niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) and dà qīng yè (Folium Isatidis). 2. For toxic-heat sores and carbuncles, it is often combined with yĕ jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi Indici), zĭ huā dì dīng (Herba Violae) and zăo xiū (Rhizoma Paridis).   For venomous snakebite, it alone is ground into paste and applied topically, or decocted with bái huā shé shé căo (Herba Hedyotis Diffusae) and zăo xiū (Rhizoma Paridis) and applied internally. 3. For damp-heat diarrhea or dysentery, it is often decocted alone and applied internally, or in combination with mă chĭ xiàn (Herba Portulacae) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis).   For rashes and eczema due to damp heat, it alone is powdered first, mixed with glycerol and applied topically, or is combined with kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis), dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae) and shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii), and applied topically in powder.   For heat stranguria, it is used alone for mild cases, and in combination with chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis), bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) and mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae) for more serious cases. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 6-15 g in decoction, or made into tablets, pills or powder. For external use: the fresh herb is ground into paste or the dried herb is powdered and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency cold because it is

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bitter and cold and can easily spoil the appetite. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains diterpene-lactones, which are composed of deoxygenated andrographolide, andrographolide, andrographoside, dehydrated andrographolide, etc. It also contains ■avonoids, tannin, carbohydrates, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  The decoction can inhibit pneumococcus, staphylococcus aureus, aeruginosus bacillus and bacillus dysenteriae, and can increase the phagocytosis of leukocytes. It can terminate pregnancy in any period. Its lactones show inhibitory effects in different levels on inflammation. Flavonoids can protect the experimental myocardial damage. In addition, it also can counteract snake venom and tumors, relieve fever, tranquilize the mind, improve gallbladder function, protect the liver, lower blood pressure, protect vascular endothelial cells, regulate cholesterol, and inhibit atherosclerosis, platelet aggregation and thrombosis.

Dà Qīng Yè 大青叶 FOLIUM ISATIDIS Woad Leaf ［Source］  Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Northern and Southern Dynasties (about 420-589 A.D.). It is the dried leaf of Isatis indigotica Fort., a biennial herb of the family Cruciferae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Dà “big”, qīng “blue-green” and yè “leaf”. The stem and leaf are deep green in color, and the leaf is big. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Hebei, Jiangsu, Anhui and Shaanxi provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected 2-3 times during the summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. The big leaves with green color are of the best quality. ［Processing］  After impurities and withered leaves are cleared away, the remaining leaves are washed quickly with water, dried almost completely in the sun and then cut into segments. ［Properties］  Bitter; extremely cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, lung, stomach. ［Characteristics］  Bitter and extremely cold in property, it can powerfully purge toxic heat, cool blood and ease the throat. It enters the heart, lung and stomach channels, and works as an essential herb for problems caused by excessive toxic heat and blood heat. ［Actions］  Purges heat and toxins, and cools blood. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For sores, carbuncles and erysipelas, it alone can be crushed into paste and applied topically, or can be combined with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), zĭ huā dì dīng (Herba Violae), yĕ jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi Indici) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra), and applied orally in decoction.   For mouth ulcers due to toxic ■re ■aming up, it is used together with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae).   For serious sore throat, its fresh juice can be used, or it is applied in combination with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), shān dòu gēn (Radix et Rhizoma Sophorae Tonkinensis) and shè gān

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(Rhizoma Belamcandae). 2.  For wind-heat exterior syndrome and febrile diseases in the early stage, it is often prescribed together with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) to clear heat and toxins, and to disperse the exterior wind and heat.   For febrile diseases with continuous fever, sweating, irritability and strong thirst resulting from heat in the qi level, it is combined with shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) to enhance the effects.   For febrile diseases with fever higher during the night, loss of consciousness or delirium, macular eruptions or subcutaneous bleeding resulting from heat having affected the nutrient and blood levels, it is commonly combined with zĭ căo (Radix Arnebiae), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to clear heat and toxins, and cool blood. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: the fresh herb is ground and applied externally. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency cold because it is bitter and extremely cold and can easily damage yang and spoil the appetite. ［Ingredients］  It contains indigo blue, isatan B, indirubin, ethereal ingredients, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  The decoction inhibits staphylococcus aureus, alpha streptococcus, diplococcus lanceolatus, bacillus dysenteriae, bacillus pertussis, ■u virus and mumps virus, and enhances the leukocytes’ phagocytic ability. Indirubin can inhibit transplanted tumors and leukemia, protect the liver, inhibit in■ammation and relieve fever.

Bǎn Lán Gēn 板蓝根 RADIX ISATIDIS Isatis Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Ri Hua-zi’s Materia Medica (Rì Huá Zĭ Bĕn Căo, 日华子本草) in the Tang Dynasty (713 A.D.). It is the dried root of Isatis indigotica Fort., a biennial herb of the family Cruciferae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Băn “flat”, lán “name of several similar plants of the same species” and gēn “root”. The leaf of this plant is big and ■at with deep green color, and the root is medicinal. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Anguo of Hebei Province, and in Rugao and Nantong of Jiangsu Province of China. It is also produced in Anhui and Henan provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected in autumn. After the stem and leaves are removed, it is washed clean with water and dried in the sun. Big, plump and solid roots are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned again with water, moistened thoroughly, cut into thin slices and dried for use. ［Properties］  Bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, stomach. ［Characteristics］  Bitter and cold in property, it enters the heart and stomach channels, and acts

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similarly to dà qīng yè (Folium Isatidis). The difference: it is more commonly used for the prevention and treatment of epidemic febrile diseases, and sore throat. ［Actions］  Purges heat and toxins, cools blood and eases the throat. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For epidemic febrile diseases with maculas, high fever, headache and sore throat due to heat harassing the blood level, it is able to relieve the problems by purging toxic heat and cooling blood. It is often combined with dà qīng yè (Folium Isatidis), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) to enhance the effects. Used alone or in combination with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and zĭ căo (Radix Arnebiae), it can prevent epidemic diseases. 2. For facial erysipelas, mumps and pharyngitis, it is often combined with lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae), niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) and bái jiāng cán (Bombyx Batryticatus) to clear toxic heat and disperse wind heat from the exterior, such as in the formula Pŭ Jì Xiāo Dú Yĭn (Universal Relief Toxin-Removing Beverage). For erysipelas, which is basically due to toxic heat affecting blood, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) and xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) to clear toxic heat from the exterior and from blood, and to dissipate blood stasis. 3. Additionally, it is also combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and mă bó (Lasiosphaera seu Calvatia) to treat scarlet fever, and combined with chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae), zĭ căo (Radix Arnebiae) and lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) to treat chickenpox and measles. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 9-15 g in decoction, or made into powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency cold because it is bitter and cold in property. ［Ingredients］  It contains indigo blue, indirubin, isatan B, isatan C and isatan D. It also contains vegetable proteins, resinoid, potassium myronate, many kinds of amino acids, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  The water extractives inhibit bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus aureus, bacillus coli, bacillus typhi, bacillus dysenteriae and strains of in■uenza virus PR2, enhance immunity and inhibit platelet aggregation induced by ADP.

PúGōng Yīng 蒲公英 HERBA TARAXACI Dandelion ［Source］  Initially appeared in the Newly Revised Materia Medica in the Tang Dynasty (about 618-907 A.D.). It is the dried whole plant of Taraxacum mongolicum Hand. Mazz. and Taraxacum Sinicum Kitag., two kinds of perennial herbs of the family Compositae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Pú gōng “neck feather of a wild duck” and yīng “flower”. The dandelion seed dispersal structures look like the neck feathers of a duck. ［Habitat］  Produced all over China, but mainly in Hebei, Henan and Shandong provinces. ［Collection］  The whole plant including the root is collected during the summer and autumn, washed clean and dried in the sun. The plants with green flourishing leaves and long roots are the best in quality.

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［Processing］  It is cleaned ■rst and washed quickly with water, partially dried, cut into segments and then dried completely for use. ［Properties］  Bitter, sweet; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, stomach. ［Characteristics］  Bitter ■rst and sweet later in taste, and cold in nature, it mainly enters the liver and stomach channels. It is good at counteracting toxic heat and reducing abscesses and hot swelling, and also at draining damp heat. It is particularly effective for acute mastitis, toxic-heat sore throat, infective in■amed eyes, damp-heat jaundice and heat stranguria. It is also applicable for other kinds of heat abscesses and sores. ［Actions］  Purges toxic heat and drains dampness. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For sores and carbuncles with hot swelling, the fresh herb alone can be ground into paste and applied topically, or can be used in combination with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), zĭ huā dì dīng (Herba Violae) and yĕ jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi Indici), and applied in decoction orally to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Wŭ Wèi Xiāo Dú Yĭn (Five Ingredients Toxin-Removing Beverage).   For acute mammary abscesses, the fresh herb alone is ground into paste and applied topically, or is used in combination with guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and rĕn dōng téng (Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae), and applied in decoction orally.   For intestinal abscesses before purulence, it is often combined with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) to purge toxic heat and transform stagnation and swelling; after purulence, it is prescribed together with bài jiàng căo (Herba Patriniae), yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis) and hóng téng (Caulis Sargentodoxae) to clear toxic heat, reduce swelling and improve tissue granulation.   For lung abscesses in the early stage with cough and chest pain, it is combined with jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), yú xīng căo (Herba Houttuyniae) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) to disperse lung qi and clear toxic heat; in cases with cough and foul bloody purulent sputum, it is often prescribed together with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) and dōng guā zĭ (Semen Benincasae) to purge toxic heat and improve expectoration. 2. For heat stranguria with sluggish urination, it is generally combined with jīn qián căo (Herba Lysimachiae), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and qú mài (Herba Dianthi) to improve urination and drain damp heat via urination.   For damp-heat jaundice, it is combined with yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to improve the effects on draining dampness and heat, and purging heat. 3. Additionally, it can relieve sore throat, and is better if used in combination with dà qīng yè (Folium Isatidis), jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae). If combined with mù zéi (Herba ■quiseti Hiemalis), jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra), it is able to purge liver ■re, and thus is applicable for in■amed eyes due to ■aming up of liver ■re. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-20 g generally in decoction, and doubled for the fresh herb. It also can be made into pills or powder. For external use: the fresh herb is ground into paste and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with loose stools in the pattern of spleen de■ciency, because it is cold in nature and can easily cause diarrhea. ［Ingredients］  It contains taraxasterol, taraxacin, choline, alantin, pectin, etc.

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［Pharmacological Research］  The decoction or water extractives show strong inhibitory effect on staphylococcus aureus and hemolytic streptococcus, and some on diplococcus lanceolatus, diplococcus intracellularis, bacillus aeruginosus and F's dysentery bacillus. It also inhibits skin fungus, improves gallbladder function, protects the liver, invigorates the stomach, inhibits the secretion of gastric juices, antagonizes gastric ulcers, tumors and oxidization, promotes urination and promotes lactation. Its extract can antagonize endotoxins.

ZǐHuā DìDīng 紫花地丁 HERBA VIOLAE Tokyo Violet ［Source］  Initially appeared in Materia Medica for Famine Relief (Jiù Huāng Bĕn Căo, 救荒 本草) in the Qing Dynasty (about 1406 A.D.). Its original name was jĭn cài (堇菜). It is the dried whole plant of Viola yedoensis Makino, a perennial herb of the family Violaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Zĭ “purple”, huā ”flower”, dì “underground (root)” and dīng “nail”. The flower is purple in color, and the main root is straight and long like a nail. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui provinces of China. ［Collection］  The whole plant is collected during May to June when the fruit is ripe, washed clean with water and dried in the sun. Green plants with yellowish roots are the best in quality. ［Processing］  It is quickly cleaned with water, dried slightly in the sun, cut into segments and dried completely for use. ［Properties］  Bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, liver. ［Characteristics］  Bitter and cold in property, it is good at purging toxic heat, cooling blood and relieving swelling. It enters the heart and liver channels, and is used to treat furuncles, erysipelas, acute mastitis, intestinal abscesses and in■amed eyes. It also can counteract snake venom. ［Actions］  Purges toxic heat, cools blood and relieves swelling. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For furuncles and sores, it is often combined with lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae).   For sore swelling and carbuncles, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), zĭ huā dì dīng (Herba Violae) and yĕ jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi Indici), such as in the formula Wŭ Wèi Xiāo Dú Yĭn (Five Ingredients Toxin-Removing Beverage).   For acute mastitis, it is often used in combination with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), and applied either internally or externally.   For intestinal abscesses, it is often prescribed together with hóng téng (Caulis Sargentodoxae), bái huā shé shé căo (Herba Hedyotis Diffusae) and bài jiàng căo (Herba Patriniae). 2. For poisonous snakebite, the fresh juice is applied alone internally, or the fresh herb is pounded together with fresh bàn zhī lián (Herba Scutellariae Barbatae) and yĕ jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi Indici), and applied topically. 3. Additionally, it can also clear liver heat and is applicable for inflamed eyes, and is better

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used in combination with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), bò he (Herba Menthae) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-20 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: the fresh herb is pounded and applied externally. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency and cold because it is bitter and cold in property. ［Ingredients］  It contains glycosides, ■avonoids, polysaccharides, palmitic acid, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It inhibits bacteria and viruses including AIDS virus, kills leptospires, relieves fever, alleviates in■ammation, tranquilizes the mind and enhances immunity. Its extract can antagonize the effects of endotoxins.

NiúHuáng 牛黄 CALCULUS BOVIS Cow Bezoar ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried gall or hepatic stone of Bos taurus domesticus Gmelin, an animal of the family Bovidae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Niú “cow” and huáng “yellow”. The gall or hepatic stones of cows are yellow in color. According to the twelve animals corresponding to the twelve terrestrial branches, cows correspond to chŏu (丑), and the gall or hepatic stones are valuable medicinal substances, so it is also named as chŏu băo (“valuable treasure”, 丑宝). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in the north, northwest and northeast of China. ［Collection］  It is collected the whole year round. The stones are removed when the cows are slaughtered, cleaned and dried in the shade. Those that are dry, light in weight and brittle with smooth and shining surface, smelling lightly fragrant, tasting bitter followed by sweet, feeling cool in the mouth, easily crushed and not sticking to the teeth are the best in quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned again and ground into ■ne powder for use. ［Properties］  Bitter; cool. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, heart. ［Characteristics］  It is bitter and cool in property, so that it can purge heat and toxic heat from the liver and heart to relieve swelling, resuscitate the mind, calm the liver wind and arrest convulsions. It is commonly used for problems due to toxic heat, phlegm heat and liver heat. ［Actions］  Clears toxic heat, extinguishes internal wind and arrests convulsions, resolves phlegm and resuscitates the mind. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For sore throat, mouth ulcers, carbuncles, abscesses and sores, it can clear heat and toxins.   For sore throat, it is often combined with zhēn zhū (Margarita), bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum) and xióng huáng (Realgar) to purge toxic heat and effectively relieve hot swelling and pain, such as in the formula Liù Shén Wán (Six-Spirit Pill); or it is used together with zhēn zhū

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(Margarita) in powder, and applied topically onto the throat, such as in the formula Zhū Huáng Săn (Pearl and Bezoar Powder).   For mouth ulcers and gum swelling and pain, it is often combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) to enhance its effects, such as in the formula Niú Huáng Jiě Dú Wán (Bovine Bezoar Pill for Detoxi■cation).   For toxic-heat sores, carbuncles, furuncles, scrofula and cancer, it is often combined with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum), mò yào (Myrrha) and shè xiāng (Moschus) to counteract toxic heat and transform blood stasis, tumors and swelling, such as in the formula Xī Huáng Wán (Rhinoceros Bezoar Pill). 2. For convulsions with high fever, it not only can purge the heat from the liver and heart, but also calm the convulsions and resuscitate the mind.   For convulsions occurring during febrile diseases with high fever, it is often combined with zhū shā (Cinnabaris), quán xiē (Scorpio) and gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis), such as in the formula Niú Huáng Săn (Bovine Bezoar Powder).   For infantile high fever and convulsions, it is combined with shè xiāng (Moschus), zhū shā (Cinnabaris) and tiān zhú huáng (Concretio Silicea Bambusae), as in the formula Niú Huáng Bào Lóng Wán (Bovine Bezoar Dragon-■mbracing Pill). 3. For loss of consciousness and delirium which is generally due to heat harassing the heart or heat phlegm blocking the heart channel, it resuscitates the mind by resolving phlegm and clearing heat from the heart and pericardium.   For loss of consciousness and delirium with high fever occurring in febrile disease, or wind stroke and epilepsy with loss of consciousness, lockjaw and phlegm wheezing, it alone is taken along with zhú lì (Succus Bambusae), or is used in combination with shè xiāng (Moschus), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), such as in the formula Ān Gōng Niú Huáng Wán (Peaceful Palace Bovine Bezoar Pill). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 0.2-0.5 g in pills or powder. For external use: ground into powder and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for pregnant women or patients with only a little heat because it is powerful in purging heat, and some active ingredients for resuscitation may affect the pregnancy. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains bile acid and bile pigment. Bile acid is mainly composed of cholic acid and deoxycholic acid, and bile pigment is mainly composed of bilirubin. It also contains cholesterol, lecithin, carotene, amino acids, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of anti-convulsion, tranquilizing the mind, relieving fever, anti-in■ammation and anti-allergy. It also enhances myocardial contractility of the isolated frog, antagonizes arrhythmia and platelet aggregation, dilates the vessels and lowers blood pressure. The cholic acid it contains can induce gall bile secretion. It also relieves cough, eliminates phlegm, relieves asthma, antagonizes oxidation, increases the secretion of prolactin and antagonizes cancer, bacteria and viruses, etc.

Attachment: TǐWài Péi YùNiúHuáng 体外培育牛黄 In Vitro Cultivated Ox Gallstone Made from deoxygenated cholic acid, cholic acid and calcium bilirubinate combined with fresh cow bile. Its use is the same as niú huáng (Calculus Bovis).

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Rén Gōng NiúHuáng 人工牛黄 Artificial Ox Gallstone It is made from bilein, cholic acid, pig deoxygenated cholic acid, taurine, bilirubin, cholesterol, microelements and so on. It is mainly used as an ingredient in compound medications. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 0.15-0.35 g per time. For external use: applied topically. It is only suitable for patients with excessive heat.

TǔFúLíng 土茯苓 RHIZOMA SMILACIS GLABRAE Glabrous Greenbrier Rhizome ［Source］  Initially appeared in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Gāng Mù, 本草纲目) in the Ming Dynasty (about 1590 A.D.). It is the dried rhizome of Smilax glabra Roxb., a perennial climbing vine of the family Liliaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  It is irregular in shape and looks very much like fú líng (poria). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Guangdong, Hunan, Hubei, Zhejiang and Jiangxi provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected during summer and autumn. After the ■brous roots are removed, it is washed clean with water, cut into slices and dried in the sun. Starchy rhizomes with light brownish cross-sections are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is used directly. ［Properties］  Sweet, bland; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, stomach. ［Characteristics］  Slightly cold in nature and bland in taste, it is good at draining dampness and ■uid via urination. It is particularly used for syphilis, or for limb spasms from the side effects of the amalgam which is traditionally used to treat syphilis. It is also applicable for problems due to dampness pouring down to the lower jiao. ［Actions］  Counteracts toxins, drains dampness, and eases joints and muscles. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For syphilis, it can be used alone in a large dose, or in combination with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and rĕn dōng téng (Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae) applied internally in decoction.   For limb spasms from the side effects of the amalgam used to treat syphilis, it is often prescribed together with mù guā (Fructus Chaenomelis), yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis) and fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae). 2. For sluggish urination with turbid urine, leukorrhea, ulcers with profuse effusion and eczema, it mainly acts by draining dampness and counteracting toxins.   For sluggish urination with turbid urine, it is often combined with bì xiè (Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and hăi jīn shā (Spora Lygodii) to clear heat and improve the urination.

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  For damp-heat leukorrhea, it is combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis) and chūn pí (Cortex Ailanthi) to check leukorrhea by clearing heat, and draining and drying dampness.   For acute eczema, it is combined with kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis), huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) to clear heat and dry dampness.   For eczema particularly with serious itching, it is combined with cāng ĕr zĭ (Fructus Xanthii), bái xiān pí (Cortex Dictamni) and dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae) to clear heat, dry dampness and alleviate itching. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 15-60 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: ground into powder for external application, or decocted for mouth rinsing. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  If applied together with tea, it may cause hair loss. ［Ingredients］  It contains saponins, tannin, resin, astilbin, ferulaic acid, β-sitosterol, ■avones, polysaccharides, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  The astilbin it contains shows effects of inducing urination and alleviating pain. It inhibits staphylococcus aureus, beta streptococcus, escherichia coli, aeruginosus bacillus and bacillus dysenteriae. It also inhibits tumors, counteracts the toxicity of gossypol and hydrargyrism, protects the liver, antagonizes arrhythmia and atherosclerosis, protects the ischemic myocardium and inhibits cellular immunological reaction.

YúXīng Cǎo 鱼腥草 HERBA HOUTTUYNIAE Heartleaf Houttuynia ［Source］  Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Northern and Southern Dynasties (about 420-589 A.D.). Its original name was jì cài (蕺菜). It is the fresh or dried above-ground part of Houttynia cordata Thunb., a perennial herb of the family Saururaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Yú xīng “fishy smelling” and căo “herb”. The plant smells like fresh fish. The plant is also sometimes called jì cài, where jì is the name of a mountain in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, and cài means “vegetable”. The plant is also used as a vegetable in some areas of China. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou and Henan provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected the whole year round, but mainly in summer. It is simply washed clean and dried in the sun. Green and ■ourishing plants with spikes and strong odor are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is washed clean quickly for use, or cut into segments and dried at a low temperature for use. ［Properties］  Acrid; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung. ［Characteristics］  Acrid and cold in property, and entering the lung channel, it is good at clearing toxic heat, improving phlegm expectoration, dissipating abscesses and inducing diuresis. It is an essential herb for the treatment of lung abscesses, cough due to heat, heat stranguria and other

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infective problems like carbuncles, sores and boils. ［Actions］  Clears toxic heat, dissipates abscesses, improves phlegm expectoration and induces diuresis. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For lung abscesses, cough and wheezing with purulent sputum, it is combined with jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) and yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis) to enhance the effects.   For cough and wheezing with yellow sticky sputum, it is often combined with sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori), bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae) and guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) to strengthen the effects on clearing heat from the lung and dissolving phlegm. 2. For toxic-heat carbuncles, sores and ulcers with hot swelling pain, it is often used with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), yĕ jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi Indici) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) in combination and applied internally in decoction, or the fresh herbs are pounded and applied topically. 3. For heat stranguria, it is combined with chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis), hăi jīn shā (Spora Lygodii) and jīn qián căo (Herba Lysimachiae) to drain heat and relieve the urinary pain. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 15-30 g in decoction for a short time, and the dosage is doubled for the fresh herb. For external use: the fresh herb is pounded or decocted and applied externally. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency cold since it is slightly cold in nature. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains volatile oils which are mostly composed of decanoylacetaldehyde, dodecyl aldehyde and myrcene. It also contains quercetin, quercitroside, chlorogenic acid, linoleic acid, kalium chloratum, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  Its decoction inhibits staphylococcus aureus, diplococcus pneumoniae, tubercle bacillus, bacillus dysenteriae and leptospira. It shows protective effects on virus-infected mice. It remarkably inhibits formaldehyde-induced foot swelling in rats, showing the effect of anti-in■ammation. The quercitroside it contains induces diuresis, and its volatile oils can significantly inhibit cough and wheezing. It also counteracts cancer and allergies, reinforces immunity and resolves phlegm.

Hóng Téng 红藤 CAULIS SARGENTODOXAE Sargent Gloryvine Stem ［Source］  Initially appeared in Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica (Tú Jīng Bĕn Căo, 图 经本草) in the Northern Song Dynasty (1061 A.D.). Its original name was dà xuè téng (大血藤). It is the dried vine of Sargentodoxa cuneata (Oliv.) Rehd. et Wils., a woody climber of the family Lardizabalaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Hóng “red” and téng “vine”. The vine’s sap is red. It is also called dà xuè téng, where dà means “big”, xuè “blood” and téng “vine”. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Anhui, Zhejiang, Henan, Hubei and Guangxi of China. ［Collection］  It is collected in autumn. After the branches and leaves are removed, it is washed clean, cut into sections and

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dried in the sun. Vines that are thumb-thick and even in circumference are the best in quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned ■rst, washed again, moistened throughly, cut into thick slices and dried for use. ［Properties］  Bitter, acrid; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Large intestine, liver. ［Characteristics］  Bitter in taste, dispersing in action and slightly cold in nature, it mainly enters the large intestine channel, and also the liver channel. It is good at clearing toxic heat, activating blood and dredging the channels and collaterals. It is very effective for abscesses and intestinal abscesses in particular. It is also applicable for gynecological diseases, traumatic injuries and joint problems as well. ［Actions］  Clears toxic heat, activates blood and dredges the collaterals. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For intestinal abscesses, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) to clear toxic heat and transform blood stasis to relieve swelling and pain, such as in the formula Hóng Téng Jiān (Sargent Gloryvine Decoction).   For toxic-heat sores and ulcers, it is often combined with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), yĕ jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi Indici) and zĭ huā dì dīng (Herba Violae) to purge toxic heat and relieve swelling and pain. 2. For traumatic injuries, it is often combined with chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra), niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) and xù duàn (Radix Dipsaci).   For dysmenorrhea due to blood stasis, it is combined with xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae). 3. For wind-damp arthralgia with in■exible joint movement, it is used together with luò shí téng (Caulis Trachelospermi), wēi líng xiān (Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis) and hăi fēng téng (Caulis Piperis Kadsurae). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g generally and 30 g occasionally in decoction, or wine-medicated. For external use: pounded for external application. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for use during pregnancy since it activates blood and may cause bleeding. ［Ingredients］  It contains tannin, emodin, 3-methylchrysazin, sargentgloryvine polysaccharides, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows inhibitory effects on staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, beta streptococcus and aeruginosus bacillus. The water extractives inhibit platelet aggregation and thrombosis, increase coronary flow, dilate the coronary artery and modify the injury of myocardial infarction.

Bài Jiàng Cǎo 败酱草 HERBA PATRINIAE Patrinia ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried whole plant of Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch. and Patrinia villosa Juss, two kinds of perennial herbs of the family Valerianaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Bài “putrid”, jiàng “soy bean sauce” and căo “herb”. The plant smells

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like putrid soy bean sauce. It is also called bài jiàng for short. ［Habitat］  Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch. is mainly produced in the northeastern area, Inner Mongolia, Hebei and Shandong of China, while Patrinia villosa Juss is mainly produced in Sichuan, Jiangxi, Fujian and Henan provinces of China. ［Collection］  Wild plants are collected during summer and autumn, and the cultivated ones in summer before blooming. They are washed clean and dried in the sun. ［Processing］  It is cleaned quickly with water, moistened slightly, cut into segments and dried for use. ［Properties］  Acrid, bitter; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, stomach, large intestine. ［Characteristics］  Acrid, aromatic, slightly cold and dispersing in property, it is good at clearing toxic heat, dissipating swelling, transforming blood stasis and relieving swelling pain. It is commonly used for either interior or exterior abscesses and swelling pain, but especially for internal abscesses. ［Actions］  Clears toxic heat, dissipates abscesses, transforms blood stasis and relieves pain. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For intestinal abscesses before suppuration, it is often combined with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) to relieve the swelling by clearing toxic heat and transforming blood stasis; during suppuration, it is often combined with yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis) to clear toxic heat, expel pus and improve granulation, such as in the formula Yì Yĭ Fù Zĭ Bài Jiàng Săn (Coix, Aconite and Patrinia Powder).   For lung abscesses with cough and expectoration of purulent sputum, it is combined with yú xīng căo (Herba Houttuyniae), jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) and dōng guā zĭ (Semen Benincasae) to facilitate better phlegm expectoration.   For liver abscesses with hypochondriac pain, it is often prescribed together with xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae), pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to clear toxic heat from the liver, transform blood stasis and relieve in■ammation.   For skin sores with hard swelling, it is often combined with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) and jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and applied internally in decoction, or the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically. 2. For postpartum abdominal pain and inflammation, it is commonly used together with wŭ líng zhī (Faeces Trogopterori), pú huáng (Pollen Typhae) and yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri) to relieve swelling pain by clearing toxic heat and transforming blood stasis. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 6-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: the fresh herb is pounded for external application. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with a weak stomach. ［Ingredients］  The root of Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch. mainly contains patrinene, isopatrinene, isopentoic acid (the source of the smell), and many kinds of glycosides (hydrolysis aglucone is oleanolic acid). The root and rhizome of Patrinia villosa Juss contain villoside, morroniside, loganin, volatile oils, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  The ethanol extractives or volatile oils of Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch. show effects of tranquilizing the mind and promoting hepatocyte regeneration. The infusion

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can slightly inhibit staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus albus and corynebacterium diphtheroides. The extract of Patrinia villosa Juss can inhibit in■uenza virus.

Shè Gān 射干 RHIZOMA BELAMCANDAE Blackberry Lily Rhizome ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried rhizome of Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC., a perennial herb of the family Iridaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Shè “shooting” and gān “stick”. The stem of this plant is solid and long, like a gun. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Hubei, Henan, Jiangsu and Anhui provinces of China. Compared with the other provinces, the production quantity from Henan is the greatest, and the quality from Hubei is the best. ［Collection］  The rhizome is collected during spring and autumn. After the sediment is washed away and the ■brous roots are removed, the rhizomes are dried in the sun. Strong and solid ones with yellowish cross-sections are the best in quality. ［Processing］  After impurities are cleaned away, it is washed clean with water, moistened thoroughly, cut into thin slices and dried for use. ［Properties］  Bitter, acrid; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung. ［Characteristics］  It is bitter in taste so that it can purge pathogens downwards. It is acrid and cold in property and enters the lung channel so that it can disperse heat from the lung. It is good at purging heat and toxins, dispelling phlegm, relieving sore throat and dissipating lumps. It is particularly effective for problems caused by heat-phlegm accumulation like sore throat, cough, wheezing, carbuncles, lumps and scrofula. ［Actions］  Purges toxic heat, expels phlegm and relieves sore throat. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For sore throat, it is can be used alone or in combination with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and băn lán gēn (Radix Isatidis). 2. For cough and wheezing with yellow and turbid sputum, it is used together with sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori), mă dōu líng (Fructus Aristolochiae) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) to relieve the problems by dispersing the lung qi, and purging heat and phlegm, such as in the formula Shè Gān Dōu Líng Tāng (Belamcanda and Fructus Aristolochiae Decoction).   For cough and wheezing with cold watery sputum, it is combined with warm herbs such as xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari), má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) and bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) to warmly disperse the lung qi, expel phlegm and relieve cough, such as in the formula Shè Gān Má Huáng Tāng (Belamcanda and ■phedra Decoction). 3. Additionally, it can transform blood stasis and dissipate hard lumps, and thus is applicable for

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toxic swelling, lumps, scrofula, splenomegaly and tumors. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 6-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: powdered for topical application. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with diarrhea due to de■ciency or pregnant women, because it is bitter and cold and may cause diarrhea and bleeding. ［Ingredients］  It contains belamcandin, tectoridin, irisflorentin, tectorigenin, sheganone, belamcanidin, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows remarkable inhibitory effects on pathogenic skin fungus. The decoction can inhibit influenza and herpes viruses. It also can relieve fever, expel phlegm, kill pain, antagonize in■ammation, anaphylaxis, blood coagulation and thrombosis, and induce diuresis.

Shān Dòu Gēn 山豆根 RADIX ET RHIZOMA SOPHORAE TONKINENSIS Subprostrate Sophora Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (Kāi Băo Bĕn Căo开宝本草) in the Song Dynasty (973 A.D.). It is the dried root and rhizome of Sophora tonkinensis Gapnep., a small shrub of the family Leguminosae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Shān “mountain”, dòu “soybean” and gēn “root”. The plant originally grew in mountain areas, its vine is similar to that of the soybean, and the root and rhizome are used medicinally. The ones produced in Guangxi are the best in quality, so it is also named guăng dòu gēn (广豆根). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Guangxi of China, but also in Guangdong, Guizhou and Yunnan provinces. ［Collection］  It is collected in autumn, cleaned and dried in the sun. Strong, solid and bitter ones with brownish outer skin are the best in quality. ［Processing］  After impurities and remnant stalks and stems are removed, it is moistened thoroughly, cut into thin slices and dried for use. ［Properties］  Bitter; cold; toxic. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, stomach. ［Characteristics］  It is extremely bitter and cold, and toxic. It enters the lung channel to clear toxic heat and powerfully relieve swelling and pain. It is an essential herb for serious toxic-heat sore throat. It also enters the stomach channel to purge heat from the stomach and corresponding organs and tissue. ［Actions］  Purges toxic heat, and relieves swelling and sore throat. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For serious toxic-heat sore throat, it alone is decocted for drinking or mouth rinsing, or used in combination with lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae), jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) and niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii), such as in the formula Liáng Gé Săn (DiaphragmCooling Powder). 2. For painful and swollen gums, it can purge heat from the stomach to relieve gum problems.

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It alone can be decocted for mouth rinsing, or is used with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) and shēng má (Rhizoma Cimicifugae) in combination, and applied internally in decoction. 3. Additionally, it also is effective for lung cancer in the early stage, cancer of the larynx and bladder carcinoma by virtue of its ability to purge toxic heat. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-6 g in decoction. For external use: decocted for mouth rinsing, or powdered for topical application. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is prohibited for patients with deficiency cold and loose stools. Over-use may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and chest constriction. ［Ingredients］  It contains sophocarpine, matrine, ammothamnine, anagyrine, laburnine, dauricine, etc. It also contains sophoranone, sophoradin and sophoradochromene. ［Pharmacological Research］  Its infusion can antagonize cancer. The total alkali can increase myocardial contractile force, and obviously increase coronary blood flow. The water extractives inhibit delayed hypersensitivity. The matrine and ammothamnine it contains increase the number of peripheral white blood cells in rabbits. It inhibits bacillus tuberculosis, bacillus comma and skin pathogenic fungus. It also counteracts in■ammation and protects the liver.

Attachment: Běi Dòu Gēn 北豆根 Rhizoma Menispermi ［Source］  It is the dried rhizome of Menispermum dauricum DC., a plant of the family Menispermaceae. ［Properties］  Bitter; cold. ［Actions］  Clears toxic heat, dispels wind and relieves pain. ［Clinical Applications］  It is used for sore throat, toxic-heat diarrhea and dysentery, and damp-heat arthralgia. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-9 g in decoction. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  Over-use of it may cause dizziness, nausea, vomiting, chest constriction and palpitations, as well as decrease in blood pressure. ［Ingredients］  It contains menispermine, dauricine, coculine and cepharanthine. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of lowering blood pressure, killing pain, protecting the heart and cerebral ischemia, preventing cough, eliminating phlegm, inhibiting bacteria, local anesthesia, and counteracting arrhythmia, in■ammation, platelet aggregation and muscular ■accidity.

Bái Tóu Wēng 白头翁 RADIX PULSATILLAE Chinese Anemone Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root of Pulsatilla chinensis (Bge.) Regel, a perennial herb of the family Ranunculaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Bái “white”, tóu “head” and wēng “old man”. The seeds of the plant gather together in the shape of a crown, and its interlobules are hairy, long and white, looking like white hair falling down. The whole plant looks like a white-haired old man. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in the northeast, the north and the east of China. ［Collection］  The plant is collected during spring and autumn. The above-ground part is

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removed but the white ■oss on the root head is retained. It is washed clean and dried in the sun. Long, strong and solid roots are of the best quality. ［Processing］  After the impurities are cleaned away, it is washed clean with water, moistened thoroughly, cut into thin slices and dried for use. ［Properties］  Bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Large intestine. ［Characteristics］  It is bitter and cold in property and enters the large intestine channel to clear toxic heat from the large intestine, cool blood and arrest dysentery. It is an essential herb for toxic-heat dysentery with bloody stools, and for amoebic dysentery. ［Actions］  Clears toxic heat, cools blood and relieves dysentery. ［Clinical Applications］  For serious toxic-heat dysentery, it can be used in combination with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and qín pí (Cortex Fraxini) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Bái Tóu Wēng Tāng (Anemone Decoction).   If dysentery occurs in postpartum patients complicated with yin and blood deficiency or just yin de■ciency, it is combined with ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini), huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to check the dysentery by clearing toxic heat, cooling blood and nourishing yin and blood, such as in the formula Bái Tóu Wēng Jiā Gān Căo Ē Jiāo Tāng (Anemone, Licorice Root and Donkey-Hide Gelatin Decoction).   Additionally, modern research has discovered that it is effective for amoebic dysentery. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 6-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically. It is also used for irrigation of the colon. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with chronic diarrhea or dysentery in the pattern of de■ciency cold because it is bitter and cold and may damage yang and qi. ［Ingredients］  It contains protoanemonin, triterpenoid saponins, daucosterol, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  Its decoction and saponins can remarkably inhibit the growth of amoebic protozoa. The fresh juice, decoction and alcohol extractives inhibit staphylococcus aureus, aeruginosus bacillus, bacillus dysenteriae, bacterium typhosum, trichomonas vaginalis and viruses. The alcohol extract tranquilizes the mind, kills pain and inhibits tumors. It also shows effects of antiinflammation, anti-convulsion, anti-oxidation, improving immunity and lowering blood sugar. Its saponins kill sperm in vitro. Protoanemonin contained in the fresh herb is volatile. If it contacts the body, it can strongly irritate the skin and mucus membranes, inducing skin inflammation, blistering, tearing, sneezing, coughing, salivating, gastro-intestinal in■ammation, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, nephritis, hematuria, heart failure, and even respiratory failure and death. However, if the fresh herb is heated or stored for a long time, its protoanemonin transforms into anemonin, which is not irritating.

Qín Pí秦皮 CORTEX FRAXINI Ash Bark ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han

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Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried bark of Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance, Fraxinus chinensis Roxb., Fraxinus szaboana Lingelsh. and Fraxinus stylosa Lingesh., four kinds of deciduous trees of the family Oleaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Qín is the old name of Shaanxi province, and pí means “bark” or “peel”. These four kinds of trees originally grew in Shaanxi, and the bark is medicinal. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in the northeast and in Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Sichuan and Henan of China. ［Collection］  The bark is collected during spring and autumn, and dried in the sun. Grayish-white bark with spots is of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned and washed with water, moistened thoroughly, cut into long narrow slices and dried for use. ［Properties］  Bitter, astringent; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Large intestine, liver, gallbladder. ［Characteristics］  Bitter, cold, drying and astringent in property, it mainly enters the large intestine, but also the liver and gallbladder channels. It clears toxic heat, dries dampness and purges heat from the liver. It is an essential herb in the treatment of toxic-heat dysentery and damp-heat leukorrhea. It is also applicable for in■amed eyes caused by ■aming up of liver heat. ［Actions］  Clears toxic heat, dries dampness and purges liver heat. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For toxic-heat dysentery with tenesmus, it is often combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and bái tóu wēng (Radix Pulsatillae), such as in the formula Bái Tóu Wēng Tāng (Anemone Decoction).   For damp-heat leukorrhea, it is combined with chūn pí (Cortex Ailanthi) and huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) to enhance the effects. 2. For inflamed eyes, it is combined with jué míng zĭ (Semen Cassiae), jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae), and applied in decoction internally. Or it is decocted together with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) for eye compresses. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-12 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: decocted for eye compresses. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is prohibited for patients with deficiency cold since it is bitter and cold in property. ［Ingredients］  It contains fraxetin, fraxin, aesculin, esculin, tannin, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  The decoction inhibits staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli and shigella dysenteriae, and improves uric acid excretion. Fraxetin, esculin and fraxin inhibit inflammation. ■sculin can significantly inhibit coughing, expel phlegm, tranquilize the mind and alleviate pain. Fraxin induces diuresis.

Mǎ ChǐXiàn 马齿苋 HERBA PORTULACAE Purslane ［Source］  Initially appeared in Collective Commentaries on the Classic of Materia Medica

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(Bĕn Căo Jīng Jí Zhù, 本草经集注) in the Southern and Northern Dynasties (494 A.D.). It is the dried whole plant of Portulaca oleracea L., an annual herb of the family Portulacaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Mă “horse”, chĭ “tooth” and xiàn “vegetable amaranth”. The leaves look like horse teeth and grow in pairs. The fresh one is juicy, and the cooked one is sticky like edible amaranth. ［Habitat］  Produced everywhere in China. ［Collection］  It is collected during summer and autumn, steamed or blanched slightly first, and then dried in the sun. The young, tender, and ■ourishing plants with pure green leaves are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned ■rst, slightly moistened, cut into segments and dried for use. The fresh herb can be used directly also. ［Properties］  Sour; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, large intestine. ［Characteristics］  It is slightly sour and cold in property, and feels smooth and sticky but not bitter in the mouth, so that it is easily accepted. It mainly enters the liver and large intestine channels and clears heat and toxins, cools blood and drains dampness via urination. It is particularly effective for toxic-heat dysentery, and is also effective for stranguria, bleeding, and abscesses and sores in the pattern of heat. ［Actions］  Clears toxic heat, cools blood, relieves dysentery and drains dampness. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For toxic-heat dysentery with blood and mucus in the stool, it can be used alone in decoction, or in combination with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and bái tóu wēng (Radix Pulsatillae). It also can be boiled together with rice to make porridge and taken on an empty stomach. 2. For toxic-heat abscesses and sores, the fresh herb is pounded into paste or juice and applied topically, or it is applied internally in decoction alone, or in combination with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci). 3. For heat bleeding and hemorrhoidal bleeding with heat, it cools blood and astringently checks bleeding as well.   For abnormal uterine bleeding due to heat, it is combined with yù jīn (Radix Curcumae), zhù má gēn (Radix Boehmeriae) and xuè yú tàn (Crinis Carbonisatus) for internal application.   For hemorrhoidal bleeding with heat signs, it is used alone, or in combination with dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) and huái huā (Flos Sophorae), and applied in decoction internally. 4. For heat stranguria and blood stranguria, it is able to relieve these by cooling blood, astringently checking bleeding and draining heat by urination.   For heat stranguria, it is often prescribed together with mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae), qú mài (Herba Dianthi) and pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) to enhance the effects.   For blood stranguria, it is combined with bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae), chē qián căo (Herba Plantaginis) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to enhance the effects. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 9-15 g generally and 30-60 g for the fresh herb decoction, or the fresh herb is pounded to juice for use. For external use: ground in a moderate amount for external application. The fresh herb is pounded into paste or juice for application. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with loose stools or diarrhea in

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the pattern of de■ciency cold, because it is cold and laxative. ［Ingredients］  It contains sylvine, dopamine, alkaloids, ■avones, saponins, amino acids, organic acids and many kinds of vitamins, etc. The fresh herb also contains noradrenalin. ［Pharmacological Research］  The alcohol extractives and decoction can inhibit shigella dysenteriae, escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus, especially shigella dysenteriae. The water extractives can constrict the aorta of rabbits, weaken cardiac muscular contractions, raise blood pressure in rats, contract the uterus and increase blood kalium. The fresh juice and boiling water extractives improve the ileac contractions of guinea pigs in vitro, and relax the isolated trachea. The water extractives also can relax the skeletal muscles, induce diuresis, lower blood glucose and cholesterol, and inhibit arteriosclerosis, oxidation, chronic ■uoride poisoning and aging.

Bái Huā Shé Shé Cǎo 白花蛇舌草 HERBA HEDYOTIS DIFFUSAE Oldenlandia ［Source］  Initially appeared in Guangxi Chinese Materia Medica (Guăng Xī Zhōng Yào Zhì, 广 西中药志) in 1959. It is the dried or fresh plant of Hedyotis diffusa Willd., an annual herb of the family Rubiaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Bái “white”, huā “■ower”, shé “snake”, shé “tongue” and căo “herb”. Its ■ower is white, and the leaf is narrow and long, looking like a snake tongue shooting out. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Fujian, Guangdong and Guangxi of China. ［Collection］  It is collected during summer and autumn, washed clean and dried in the sun for use. The fully shaped plants with fruits and light green leaves are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned quickly with water, moistened slightly, cut into segments and dried for use. ［Properties］  Slightly bitter, sweet; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Stomach, large intestine, small intestine. ［Characteristics］  It is slightly bitter and cold in property and thus can clear and descend, and is sweet and thus can eliminate dampness. It enters the lung, stomach, large intestine and small intestine channels. It is good at clearing heat and toxins, transforming abscess swelling, and counteracting toxic snakebite, heat stranguria and cancer. ［Actions］  Clears heat and toxins, transforms abscess swelling and drains dampness. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For toxic-heat sores, abscess swelling and snakebite, it alone is pounded for topical application, or is used in combination with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), yĕ jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi Indici) and zĭ huā dì dīng (Herba Violae), and applied internally in decoction.   For toxic-heat sore throat, it is combined with niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii), xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) and shè gān (Rhizoma Belamcandae) to enhance the effects. 2. For lung abscesses, it is combined with yú xīng căo (Herba Houttuyniae), jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) and lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) to clear toxic heat from the lung and expel phlegm.

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  For intestinal abscesses, it is often prescribed together with hóng téng (Caulis Sargentodoxae), bài jiàng căo (Herba Patriniae) and mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) to relieve the swelling and pain by clearing toxic heat and transforming blood stasis. 3. For heat stranguria, it is often combined with shí wéi (Folium Pyrrosiae), chē qián căo (Herba Plantaginis) and mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae) to enhance the effects. 4. Additionally, modern research has shown it has a positive effect on treating cancer, but is better used in combination with bàn zhī lián (Herba Scutellariae Barbatae). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 15-60 g generally and doubled for the fresh in decoction, or the fresh juice is applied internally. For external use: the fresh herb is pounded for topical application. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency cold since it is cold in nature. ［Ingredients］  It contains organic acids such as oleanolic acid and malol, and flavonoid glycosides, sterol, oldenlandia and P-coumaric acid. ［Pharmacological Research］  The highly concentrated water decoction inhibits aeruginosus bacillus, bacillus typhi and bacillus proteus in vitro. The usual decoction enhances leukocyte phagocytosis, showing the effect of anti-inflammation. The primarily prepared product inhibits tumors in vitro, lowers temperature, tranquilizes the mind, relieves pain, counteracts experimental gastric ulcers, adjusts bowel movements, protects the liver, improves gallbladder function, and counteracts snakebite poisoning and mutagenesis.

Section4  Herbs that Clear Heat and Cool Blood Herbs in this section are basically cold in nature, and taste bitter, sweet or salty. They mainly enter the heart and liver channels, and are good at clearing heat and cooling blood, and also nourishing yin and invigorating blood. They are mainly applied for heat in the nutrient or blood level with manifestations such as high fever, loss of consciousness or delirium, and heat bleeding. They are cold in nature so that patients with stomach cold should use them with caution.

Shēng DìHuáng 生地黄 RADIX REHMANNIAE RECENS Unprocessed Rehmannia Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was gān dì huáng (干地黄). It is the fresh or dried root tuber of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch., a perennial herb of the family Scrophulariaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Shēng “raw”, dì “earth” or “bottom”, and huáng “yellow”. The outer bark of the fresh root is yellow, and roots that easily sink to the bottom in water are of the best quality. That which is produced in Huaiqing, an ancient place of Henan Province, is supposed

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to be the best in quality, so it is also known as huái dì huáng (怀地黄). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Henan Province of China, and those which are produced in Wenxian, Bo’ai, Wuzhi and Mengxian, Henan Province are of the largest output and best quality. ［Collection］  It is collected during autumn. The root head, fibrous roots and sediment are cleared from it before use, and that which is used directly is called xiān (“fresh”) dì huáng (鲜地黄). Alternately, it is baked slowly until it is eighty percent dry and this variety is called gān (“dried”) dì huáng. Big, solid and long roots are of the best quality. ［Processing］  The fresh root is cleaned and sliced for use, and the baked root is moistened and sliced for use. The baked one also can be carbonized for use. ［Properties］  Sweet, bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, liver, kidney. ［Characteristics］  It is slightly bitter and sweet, and cold and moistening in property. It enters the heart, liver and kidney channels to nourish yin and purge heat at the same time. Xiān dì huáng is more often used for clearing heat and cooling blood, while gān dì huáng is better at nourishing yin. ［Actions］  Clears heat, cools blood, nourishes yin and promotes ■uid production. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For febrile diseases with heat in the nutrient level with manifestations such as temperature higher during the night, irritability, sleeplessness, thirst and papules, it is combined with xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae), jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to clear heat from the nutrient and blood levels, nourish yin and activate blood as well, such as in the formula Qīng Yíng Tāng (Ying Level Heat-Clearing Decoction).   For febrile diseases with heat in the blood level with manifestations such as high fever, loss of consciousness, delirium, maculas, hematemesis, epistaxis and crimson tongue, it is often combined with chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra), mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and shuĭ niú jiăo (Cornu Bubali) to clear toxic heat, cool blood and dissipate blood stasis. 2. For hematemesis and epistaxis triggered by heat, it is often combined with xiān hé yè (Folium Nelumbinis), cè băi yè (Cacumen Platycladi) and ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi) to strengthen the effects on cooling blood and checking bleeding, such as in the formula Sì Shēng Wán (Four Fresh Ingredients Pill).   For hematuria due to heat, it is combined with zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) and zhù má gēn (Radix Boehmeriae) to arrest bleeding by cooling blood and promoting urination.   For metrorrhagia and metrostaxis due to heat, it is combined with cè băi yè (Cacumen Platycladi), guàn zhòng tàn (Rhizoma Cyrtomii, carbonized) and qiàn căo tàn (Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae, carbonized) to strengthen the effects on cooling blood and checking bleeding.   For hemafecia due to heat, it is often combined with dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae), huái huā (Flos Sophorae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to check bleeding by clearing heat and astringing the intestines.   For dark crimson skin maculas and papules due to heat toxins, it is often combined with dà qīng yè (Folium Isatidis), zĭ căo (Radix Arnebiae) and xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) to clear heat toxins, cool blood and resolve blood stasis. 3. For febrile diseases in the late stage with manifestations such as night fever and no sweating, which is generally due to yin-fluid consumption and heat still trapped in the yin level, it is often combined with qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) to nourish yin and clear heat, such as in the formula Qīng Hāo Biē Jiă Tāng (Sweet Wormwood and Turtle Shell Decoction).   For febrile diseases with the body fluid consumed, marked by thirst with strong desire for

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drinking, and red tongue body, it is often combined with bĕi shā shēn (Radix Glehniae), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and yù zhú (Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati) to promote ■uid production, such as in the formula Yì Wèi Tāng (Stomach-Bene■ting Decoction).   For consumptive thirst due to chronic yin de■ciency and internal heat, it is used alone or in combination with tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to clear heat, nourish yin and promote ■uid production.   For consumptive thirst in the pattern of both qi and yin de■ciency, it is often combined with shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae), huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and huáng jīng (Rhizoma Polygonati) to relieve thirst by boosting qi, nourishing yin and promoting ■uid production. 4. In addition, it can nourish yin and moisten the bowels to treat constipation, but better used in combination with xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) and mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) to improve the ef■cacy, such as in the formula Zēng Yè Tāng (Fluid-Increasing Decoction). It also relieves hot swelling and is applicable for sores and abscesses. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-30 g generally and increased for the fresh herb in decoction, or highly concentrated into paste or made into pills or powder. Its juice also can be used internally. For external use: the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically. Xiān (“fresh”) dì huáng is stronger in cooling blood, while gān (“dried”) dì huáng is stronger in nourishing yin and promoting ■uid production. The carbonized one is stronger in astringing to check bleeding, but milder in nourishing yin and clearing heat. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is prohibited for patients with cold, loose stools and phlegmdampness retention, since it is moistening. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains iridoids, monoterpenes and glucosides. It also contains organic acids like benzoic acid and alphatoluic acid, and sterols and amino acids. ［Pharmacological Research］  Its water extractives can significantly lower the blood pressure of acute experimental hypertension, increase the number of T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, improve the phagocytosis of the reticuloendothelial system, inhibit inflammation, tranquilize the mind, induce diuresis, improve the heart function, arrest bleeding, tonify the blood, lower blood sugar and protect the liver. The alcohol extractives shorten blood clotting time and antagonize the concentration decrease of plasma corticosterone after continuously taking dexamethasone. In addition, it inhibits lipid peroxidation, aging, radiation and fungus.

Xuán Shēn 玄参 RADIX SCROPHULARIAE Figwort Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root of Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl., a perennial herb of the family Scrophulariaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Xuán “black” and shēn “ginseng”. The color of its dried root is black, and its stem looks very much like ginseng but bigger in size. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Sichuan and Hubei provinces of China; that which is produced in Zhejiang Province is of the largest output and best quality. ［Collection］  It is collected in winter when the plant withers. The rhizomes, young buds, ■brous roots, earth and sand are all cleared away and the roots are dried in the sun. Big and ■rm roots with

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black cross-sections are of the best quality. ［Processing］  After residual rhizomes and impurities are removed, it is washed clean, moistened or steamed completely, cut into slices and dried for use, or salt water-fried for use. ［Properties］  Sweet, bitter, salty; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, stomach, kidney. ［Characteristics］  It is bitter cold so that it can purge heat, sweet cold so that it can nourish yin and body ■uid and salty so that it can soften hardness and lumps, and bene■t the kidney. It enters the lung, stomach and kidney channels to relieve problems due to blood heat, heat toxins, yin de■ciency and ■uid consumption. ［Actions］  Clears toxic heat, cools blood, nourishes yin, suppresses ■re and dissipates lumps. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For febrile diseases with heat in the nutrient level manifested as temperature higher during the night, irritability, sleeplessness, delirium, thirst and papules, it is often combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to clear heat from the nutrient and blood levels, nourish yin and activate blood as well, such as in the formula Qīng Yíng Tāng (Ying Level HeatClearing Decoction).   For delirium due to heat harassing the heart, it is often combined with lián zĭ xīn (Plumula Nelumbinis), zhú yè juăn xīn (Folium Pleioblasti) and mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) to clear the heart and purge toxic heat, such as in the formula Qīng Gōng Tāng (Palace-Clearing Decoction).   If the heat affects both the qi and blood levels, it is often combined with shēng shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and other similar herbs to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Huà Bān Tāng (■cchymosis-Dissipating Decoction). 2. For sore throat, scrofula and lumps, gangrene and hard swelling, it can effectively counteract toxic heat and soften the hardness and lumps.   For sore throat and facial erysipelas due to toxic-heat exuberance, it is often combined with lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae), băn lán gēn (Radix Isatidis) and niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii), such as in the formula Pǔ Jì Xiāo Dú Yǐn (Universal Relief Decoction for ■liminating Toxin).   For scrofula and lumps, it is often combined with mǔ lì (Concha Ostreae) and bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae), such as in the formula Xiāo Luǒ Wán (Reducing Scrofula Pill).   For gangrene, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae), such as in the formula Sì Miào Yǒng Ān Tāng (Four Wonderful Herbs Resting Hero Decoction).   For hard swelling, it is often combined with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and yĕ jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi Indici) to clear toxic heat and reduce the swelling. 3. For steaming bone fever, tidal fever and consumptive fever, it relieves fever by nourishing yin, improving body ■uid production and suppressing ■re.   For cough with bloody sputum and steaming bone fever, it is often combined with băi hé (Bulbus Lilii), chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) and dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii) to relieve cough by nourishing yin to moisten the lung.   For tidal fever and night sweating due to yin de■ciency, it is often combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) to reduce fever by nourishing yin.   For consumptive fever or thirst, it is often combined with tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis),

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mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to nourish yin, clear heat and promote ■uid production.   For constipation due to yin deficiency, it is often combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) to relieve the constipation by nourishing yin to lubricate the bowels, such as in the formula Zēng Yè Tāng (Humor-Increasing Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is prohibited for patients with dampness, de■ciency cold and loose stools since it is cold and lubricates the bowels. It is antagonistic to lí lú (Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri). ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains iridoids, and also glycoside compounds, volatile oils, phytosterols and alkaloids. ［Pharmacological Research］  Its water infusion or decoction shows effects of lowering blood pressure and inhibiting bacteria such as staphylococcus aureus and bacterium typhosum. Its extract slightly lowers the blood glucose. The alcohol-water extract significantly increases the coronary ■ow. It also relieves fever, tranquilizes the mind, kills pain, antagonizes convulsions, dilates blood vessels, activates the heart and counteracts in■ammation, oxidation, platelet aggregation and hepatic cell injury.

MǔDān Pí牡丹皮 CORTEX MOUTAN Tree Peony Bark ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was mǔ dān. It is the dried root bark of Paeonia suffruticosa Andr., a deciduous undershrub of the family Ranunculaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Plants propagating vegetatively were called mǔ in ancient times in China, and dān means “cinnabar red color”. The plant propagates vegetatively depending on the root instead of the seed, and only the singleleaf red-■owered plant is used medicinally, so it is called mǔ dān. The root bark of the plant is called mŭ dān pí, where pí means “bark”. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Anhui, Hunan, Shandong, Sichuan, Hubei and Shaanxi provinces of China. ［Collection］  The root is collected during the autumn. The ■brous roots, sediment and woody cores are cleared away while the roots are still fresh, and then they are dried in the sun. Big, long, starchy and fragrant roots with plump skin, pinkish-white crosssections and bright shining spots are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is washed clean quickly, moistened slightly, cut into slices and dried directly for use, or carbonized ■rst for use. ［Properties］  Bitter, acrid; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, liver, kidney.

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［Characteristics］  Bitter and cold in property, it can purge and ventilate heat at the same time. It also acts in the blood and yin levels to clear heat from the deep layers and activate blood. It is commonly used for the pattern of blood heat complicated by blood stasis, with febrile sensation in the palms and soles without sweating occurring in the late stage of febrile diseases. ［Actions］  Clears heat, cools blood and activates blood to dissipate blood stasis. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For febrile diseases due to heat invading the nutrient and blood levels with manifestations such as maculas, papules or heat bleeding, it is often combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) and shuĭ niú jiăo (Cornu Bubali) to effectively clear toxic heat, cool blood and dissipate blood stasis. 2. For night fever or febrile sensation in the palms and soles without sweating occurring in the late stage of febrile diseases, which is generally due to yin-■uid damage and latent heat in the yin level, it is often combined with qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae), biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) to nourish yin and clear heat, such as in the formula Qīng Hāo Biē Jiǎ Tāng (Sweet Wormwood and Turtle Shell Decoction).   For steaming bone fever, tidal fever or afternoon low fever due to chronic yin de■ciency with internal heat, it is combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii) and huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) to nourish yin and relieve fever. 3. For amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, lumps and tumors, and traumatic injuries, it mainly works by activating blood and clearing heat.   For amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea due to blood stasis, it is often combined with dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri) to strengthen the effects.   For lumps and tumors, it is often combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), táo rén (Semen Persicae) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to enhance the effects on activating blood, such as in the formula Guì Zhī Fú Líng Wán (Cinnamon Twig and Poria Pill).   For traumatic injuries, it is often combined with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum), mò yào (Myrrha) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to enhance the effects on activating blood and relieving pain. 4. For sores, abscesses and hot swelling, it works by cooling blood, transforming blood stasis and clearing heat.   For sores, abscesses and hot swelling, it is often combined with herbs that clear toxic heat such as jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci).   For intestinal abscesses in the initial stage, it is often combined with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei), táo rén (Semen Persicae) and dōng guā zĭ (Semen Benincasae) to purge heat, break up blood stasis, relieve swelling and lubricate the bowels, such as in the formula Dà Huáng Mǔ Dān Tāng (Rhubarb and Moutan Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 6-12 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. The unprepared herb is used for the purpose of clearing heat and cooling blood, the wine-fried herb for activating blood and the carbonized herb for stopping bleeding. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with de■ciency cold or excessive menstruation, since it is cold in nature and has the action of activating blood. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains phenols, and also peoni■orin, oxypaeoni■orin, benzoylpaeoni■orin, benzoyloxypaeoni■orin, gallic acid, volatile oils and plant sterols. ［Pharmacological Research］  Its decoction shows remarkable effects of inhibiting bacillus subtilis, escherichia coli, bacterium typhosum, aeruginosus bacillus, hemolytic streptococcus and

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pneumococcus. It also can signi■cantly decrease the cardiac output and slightly decrease myocardial oxygen consumption. Paeonol and water extractives inhibit platelet aggregation. The decoction and paeonol lower blood pressure. Paeonol inhibits inflammation, allergic reaction, tumors, dermatophytes, influenza viruses, convulsions, arrhythmia, myocardial ischemia, ulcers, early pregnancy, the formation of atherosclerotic plaque in experimental animals, and alleviates pain and fever, tranquilizes the mind, induces diuresis, improves menstruation, protects the liver, lowers blood glucose, clears free radicals and regulates immunity.

ChìSháo 赤芍 RADIX PAEONIAE RUBRA Red Peony Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was sháo yào (芍药). It is the dried root of Paeonia lacti■ora Pall. or Paeonia veitchii Lynch., two kinds of perennial herbs of the family Paeoniaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Chì “red” and sháo “beautiful and elegant”. The ■ower and root are reddish and the root is medicinal. ［Habitat］  Paeonia lactiflora Pall. is mainly produced in Inner Mongolia and the northeast of China, while Paeonia veitchii Lynch. is mainly produced in Sichuan Province. ［Collection］  It is collected during the late autumn and early spring. The small rhizomes, fibrous roots and sediment are cleared away, and it is dried in the sun. Big, long and starchy roots with pinkish-white cross-sections are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is washed clean, moistened completely, cut into thick slices and dried for use. ［Properties］  Bitter; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver. ［Characteristics］  Bitter and slightly cold in property, it enters the liver channel and blood level to purge ■re or heat from the liver and the blood, cool and activate blood, and transform blood stasis to relieve pain. Thus it is commonly used for the patterns of liver fire and heat complicated with blood stasis. ［Actions］  Purges heat, cools blood, transforms blood stasis and relieves pain. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For febrile diseases due to heat invading the nutrient and blood levels with manifestations such as maculas, papules or heat bleeding, it is often combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and shuĭ niú jiăo (Cornu Bubali) to effectively clear toxic heat, cool blood and dissipate blood stasis. 2. For amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, lumps and tumors, traumatic injuries, sores and abscesses, it mainly works by activating blood and clearing heat.   For amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea due to blood stasis, it is often combined with dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and yì mŭ căo (Herba

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Leonuri) to strengthen the effects.   For lumps and tumors, it is often combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), táo rén (Semen Persicae) and mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) to enhance the effects on activating blood, such as in the formula Guì Zhī Fú Líng Wán (Cinnamon Twig and Poria Pill).   For traumatic injuries, it is often combined with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum), mò yào (Myrrha) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to enhance the effects on activating blood and relieving pain.   For toxic-heat sores and abscesses, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) to clear heat and toxins, and relieve swelling pain, such as in the formula Xiān Fāng Huó Mìng Yǐn (Immortal Formula Life-Giving Beverage). 3. For inflamed eyes or nebulae due to liver heat, it is often combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) and jué míng zĭ (Semen Cassiae) to strengthen the effects. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 6-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is prohibited for patients with de■ciency cold since it is bitter and slightly cold in property. It is prohibited for use together with lí lú (Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri). ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains peoniflorin, albiflorin, oxypaeoniflorin, paeoniflorigenone, benzoylpaeoni■orin and lacti■orin. It also contains gallic acid, volatile oils and proteins. ［Pharmacological Research］  The peoni■orin it contains can directly expand the coronary artery and counteract acute myocardial ischemia. Its decoction and peoni■orin show effects of inhibiting platelet aggregation and thrombosis. Peoni■orin also tranquilizes the mind, relieves pain and fever, suppresses convulsions, inhibits ulcers, lowers blood pressure and antagonizes acetylcholineinduced smooth muscle spasms. The root solution 0.7-3.3 mg/ml can significantly invigorate the DNA synthesis of hepatic cells, and significantly promote the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into hepatic cells. In addition, it relieves portal hypertension, improves blood ■ow and microcirculation, alleviates respiratory distress syndrome and learning and memory disorders, lowers blood glucose, protects the brain from injuries, and antagonizes tumors, inflammation, fungus, influenza virus, herpes virus and enterovirus.

ZǐCǎo 紫草 RADIX ARNEBIAE Arnebia Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root of Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst., Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc. or Arnebia guttata Bunge, three kinds of perennial herbs of the family Boraginaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Zǐ “purple” and cǎo “herb”. Its root and ■ower are purple, and the root can also serve as a colorant. ［Habitat］  Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst. is mainly produced in Xinjiang and Tibet of China, Lithospermum

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erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc. mainly in the northeast, Hebei and Henan areas, and Arnebia guttata Bunge in Inner Mongolia and Gansu of China. ［Collection］  It is collected during the spring and autumn. After sediment is cleaned away, it is dried in the sun. Big, ■eshy and purple roots with thick skin and small woody core are the best in quality. ［Processing］  Normally Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst. is cut into thick slices or segments, while Arnebia guttata Bunge is moistened completely ■rst, cut into thin slices and dried for use. ［Properties］  Sweet, salty; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, liver. ［Characteristics］  Slightly sweet and cold in property, it mainly enters the blood level to clear heat and toxins from blood, and cool and activate blood as well. It also induces diuresis and diarrhea, and thus it can be used to clear heat and toxins through urination and defecation. It is very suitable for skin eruptions like rashes, maculas and pox, particularly dark-colored ones normally due to excessive blood toxic heat and blood stasis. ■xternally, it is applicable for sores, swelling and burns. ［Actions］  Cools and activates blood, and clears toxic heat to relieve skin eruptions. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For crimson-colored maculas and papules in epidemic febrile diseases, it is often combined with chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) and dà qīng yè (Folium Isatidis) to cool blood, counteract toxic heat and activate blood to relieve maculas.   For sluggish measles eruption, it is often combined with chán yī (Periostracum Cicadae), bò he (Herba Menthae) and niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) to facilitate the eruption by cooling blood and clearing toxic heat.   If the measles eruption is accompanied by sore throat, it is often combined with lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae), jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and băn lán gēn (Radix Isatidis) to relieve the sore throat and facilitate the eruption at the same time.   For measles prevention, it is combined with gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and applied internally in decoction. 2. For abscesses with chronic ■uid effusion, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae), such as in the formula Shēng Jī Yù Hóng Gāo (Granulation-Promoting Jade and Red Paste).   For eczema, it is combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis).   For scalds and burns, it is often combined with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is processed into cream or oil infusion. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is prohibited for patients with loose stools in the type of de■ciency cold, since it is cold in nature and laxative. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains anthraquinone which is composed of shikonin, acetylshikonin, deoxyshikonin, isobutyryl shikonin, isovaleryl shikonin and alkannan. It also contains fatty acids and polysaccharides. ［Pharmacological Research］  Its decoction and shikonin inhibit staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, bacillus subtilis, and herpes simplex virus type I. The extractives by water, ethylether or ethanol show some inhibitory effects on inflammation. Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst. significantly invigorates rabbit hearts in vivo and toad hearts in vitro. Shikonin also antagonizes cancer, lowers blood glucose, inhibits smooth muscles of the uterus and ileum, and can

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reverse contraceptive effect.

ShuǐNiúJiǎo 水牛角 CORNU BUBALI Buffalo Horn ［Source］  Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Southern and Northern Dynasties (about 500 A.D.). It is the horn of Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus, a buffalo of the family Bovidae. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in the south and east of China. ［Collection］  The horn is collected, boiled in water to remove the sclerotic marrow inside and dried for use. ［Processing］  It is washed clean, soaked in warm water and machine-cut into extremely thin slices, or it is washed clean, dried and ground into crude powder. ［Properties］  Bitter, salty; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, liver, stomach. ［Characteristics］  It is bitter and cold so that it can purge heat, and salty so that it can act at the blood level. It is good at purging heat, cooling blood and counteracting toxic heat, and thus often serves as an essential herb for the treatment of high fever with maculas and papules, delirium, bloodheat triggered bleeding and serious pharyngitis, sores and heat swelling. ［Actions］  Counteracts toxic heat and cools blood to resolve maculas. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For febrile disease with manifestations such as continuous high fever, loss of consciousness or delirium, it is used together with niú huáng (Calculus Bovis), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and yù jīn (Radix Curcumae) to relieve the problems by powerfully counteracting toxic heat, cooling blood and resuscitating the mind, such as in the formula Ān Gōng Niú Huáng Wán (Peaceful Palace Bovine Bezoar Pill). If the above occurs with convulsions, it is combined with líng yáng jiăo (Cornu Saigae Tataricae). 2. For heat-triggered bleeding, it is used alone or in combination with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) and mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) to check bleeding by cooling blood. For traumatic bleeding, its powder is applied topically. 3. For sores, abscesses and other inflammatory swelling, it is often combined with lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae), pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) and băn lán gēn (Radix Isatidis). For toxic-heat sore throat, it is combined with xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae), jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) and shè gān (Rhizoma Belamcandae). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 15-30 g generally and 60-120 g sometimes, and boiled more than 3 hours in decoction, or it is ground into powder and taken orally. For external use: the powder is used alone or in mixture with other powders or liquid adjuvant and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency cold since it is cold in nature. ［Ingredients］  It contains cholesterin, cardiotonic components, peptides, amino acids and many kinds of microelements such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), etc.

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［Pharmacological Research］  Its extractives and decoction reinforce the contractility of toad hearts in vitro. Its extract activates the hyperplasia of lymphatic and splenic nodes, shortens blood clotting time, decreases capillary permeability, antagonizes in■ammation and infection, decreases total cholesterol and excites the pituitary-adrenal system.

Attachment: ShuǐNiúJiǎo Nóng Suō Fěn 水牛角浓缩粉 Highly Concentrated Powder of Buffalo Horn It has just the same characteristics as buffalo horn. For internal use: 1.5-3 g, twice a day.

Section 5

Herbs that Clear Heat from De■ciency

Herbs in this category are mostly sweet cold or bitter cold in property, and mainly enter the liver and kidney channels. They are good at clearing heat from de■ciency and also cooling blood, clearing summerheat and clearing heat from the lung. They can be used for yin de■ciency complicated with fever or febrile sensation in the palms and soles that may occur in the late stage of febrile diseases, adult chronic diseases and infantile malnutrition. Some of them also can be used for the patterns of blood heat, summerheat and lung heat.

Qīnɡ Hāo 青蒿 HERBA ARTEMISIAE ANNUAE Sweet Wormwood ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried above-ground part of Artemisia annua L., an annual herb of the family Compositae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Qīng “green” and hāo “tall grass”. In ancient times, the taller herbs were called hāo and the shorter ones căo, and the plant is green in color. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Sichuan, Shaanxi, Henan, Hebei, Jiangsu and Hainan provinces of China; that which is produced in Hainan and in Youyang of Sichuan contains most artemisinin. ［Collection］  It is collected during the autumn when the ■owers are blossoming. After the old stems are removed, the plants are dried in the shade. Flourishing plants with beautiful green color and strong aroma are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned, slightly moistened with fresh water, cut into segments and dried for use. Alternately, it is mixed with diluted turtle blood ■rst and then stir-fried until dry for use. ［Properties］  Bitter, acrid; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, gallbladder, kidney. ［Characteristics］  Slightly bitter, cold and aromatic in property and entering the liver, gallbladder

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and kidney channels, it is able to clear heat from the yin layer, exterior heat, blood heat, summerheat and liver heat, and counteract malarial fever. It is widely used for either de■ciency or excess types. ［Actions］  Suppresses de■ciency heat, cools blood, clears summerheat and counteracts malaria. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For febrile diseases in the late stage where yin-fluid has been consumed but heat has not been completely cleared, with manifestations such as night fever but without sweating, it is generally combined with qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae), biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) to nourish yin and ventilate heat at the same time, such as in the formula Qīng Hāo Biē Jiǎ Tāng (Sweet Wormwood and Turtle Shell Decoction). 2. For yin de■ciency with chronic steaming bone fever, afternoon fever, ■ushed face or febrile sensation in the palms and soles, it is combined with yín chái hú (Radix Stellariae), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) to suppress heat and nourish yin, such as in the formula Qīng Gǔ Sǎn (Bone-Clearing Powder). 3. For common cold occurring in the summer with symptoms such as headache and fever, it is generally combined with huò xiāng (Herba Agastachis), pèi lán (Herba ■upatorii) and hé yè (Folium Nelumbinis) to clear summerheat and release the exterior.   For summerheat attack with symptoms such as extreme thirst and dark urine, it is combined with huá shí (Talcum), shēng gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and xī guā cuì yī (■xocarpium Citrulli) to enhance the effects. 4. For malaria, the fresh juice in a large dose is applied alone, or it is used in combination with căo guŏ (Fructus Tsaoko), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and the shēng hé shǒu wū (Radix Polygoni Multi■ori) to strengthen the effects. 5. For alternating chills and fever with heat dominating and bitter taste in the mouth, which is due to pathogens stagnating in the shaoyang system and complicated by damp-phlegm retention in the middle, it is often combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) to clear heat from the gallbladder, drain dampness and resolve phlegm, such as in the formula Hāo Qín Qīng Dǎn Tāng (Sweet Wormwood and Skullcap Gallbladder-Clearing Decoction).   For damp-heat jaundice, it is often combined with zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to increase the effects on clearing heat and dampness. 6. In addition, applied topically it is effective for treating eczema and urticaria. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 6-12 g generally in decoction or made into pills or powder, and up to 20-40 g for malaria, and should be decocted for a short time or just used fresh. For external use: the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically, or the dry powder is applied topically, or decocted for topical rinsing. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with spontaneous sweating due to de■ciency cold since it is aromatic and thus may induce sweating, and cold in nature and thus may damage yang. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains sesquiterpenes such as artemisinin, arteannuic acid, artemisilactone, artenimol, etc. It also contains flavones such as quercetin, campherol, patuletin, cyanidenon, coumarin and volatile oils. ［Pharmacological Research］  Its neutral compounds extracted by ethylether and the diluted alcohol infused extractives can signi■cantly counteract malaria. Artemisinin has a swift inhibitory effect on plasmodium inside the red blood cells. Artemisinin and its derivatives inhibit blood ■ukes and clonorchis sinensis in animals, improve cellular immunity, inhibit in■uenza viruses and

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improve gallbladder function. Its volatile oils improve phlegm expectoration, and relieve cough and asthma. Arteannuic acid antagonizes tumors. The alcohol or ether extractives can strongly inhibit staphylococcus aureus. In addition, it also inhibits dermatophytes and leptospira, counteracts endotoxins, relieves fever, antagonizes in■ammation, pain, allergic reaction, radiation, tumors, arrhythmia and fertility, lowers blood pressure, protects the liver and improves gallbladder function.

Bái Wēi 白薇 RADIX ET RHIZOMA CYNANCHI ATRATI Swallowwort Root and Rhizome ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root and rhizome of Cynanchum atratum Bge. or Cynanchum versicolor Bge., two kinds of perennial herbs of the family Asclepiadaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Bái “white” and wēi “tiny”. Its root is very small and thin, and white in color. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Anhui, Shandong, Liaoning, Henan, Hebei, Shanxi and Hubei provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected during the spring and autumn. After sediment is cleaned away, it is washed clean and dried in the sun. Big, evenly shaped and thick roots and rhizomes with brownish-yellow color are the best. ［Processing］  It is washed clean, moistened completely, cut into segments or thin slices, and dried for use. It also can be stir-fried for use. ［Properties］  Bitter, salty; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Stomach, liver. ［Characteristics］  Bitter, salty and cold in property, it is good at purging heat, yet also is able to cool blood, induce diuresis, clear toxic heat and slightly nourish yin. It is applicable for de■ciency heat, febrile diseases due to heat invading the blood level, cough due to lung heat, heat stranguria, toxic-heat sores and abscesses, and snakebite. ［Actions］  Clears de■ciency heat, cools blood, improves urination and clears toxic heat. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For yin de■ciency with chronic steaming bone fever, afternoon fever, ■ushed face or febrile sensation in the palms and soles, it is often combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii) to nourish yin and suppress the heat.   For postpartum de■ciency heat with persistent low fever, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) to boost qi, nourish blood and clear heat at the same time, such as in the formula Bái Wēi Tāng (Swallowwort Decoction). 2. For exterior pattern with yin de■ciency, it is able to dispel the pathogens from the exterior and

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purge the heat from the interior.   If the heat is serious and yin is slightly damaged, it is usually combined with qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae), such as in the formula Qīng Hāo Bái Wēi Tāng (Sweet Wormwood and Swallowwort Decoction).   If yin is seriously damaged, it is combined with yù zhú (Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati) and bò he (Herba Menthae) to nourish yin and release the exterior at the same time. 3. For high fever with irritability and crimson tongue body in the pattern of heat entering the nutrient and blood levels, it is combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) and shuǐ niú jiǎo (Cornu Bubali) to clear heat from the nutrient and blood levels, cool blood and purge toxic heat as well. 4. For heat stranguria, it is often combined with chē qián căo (Herba Plantaginis), mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae) and lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) to relieve the pain and sluggish urination by clearing heat.   For blood stranguria, it is often combined with bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii) to relieve the problem by clearing heat and cooling blood. 5. For toxic-heat sores and abscesses, the fresh herb alone is pounded and applied topically, or is used in combination with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) in decoction and applied internally.   For sore throat, it is often combined with shè gān (Rhizoma Belamcandae) and shān dòu gēn (Radix et Rhizoma Sophorae Tonkinensis).   For poisonous snakebite, the fresh herb alone is pounded and applied topically, and is used in combination with zăo xiū (Rhizoma Paridis), bàn biān lián (Herba Lobeliae Chinensis) and xú cháng qīng (Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Paniculati) in decoction and applied internally. 6. Additionally, used in combination with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori) and dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii), it is used for the treatment of cough due to lung heat. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-12 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: the powder is mixed with other liquid adjuvant and applied externally, or the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is prohibited for patients with deficiency cold since it is bitter and cold and may irritate the stomach. ［Ingredients］  It contains cardiac glycosides such as atratoside, atratogenin, glaucoside, glaucogenin, Japan cynanchol A, etc. It also contains volatile oils, which are mainly composed of cynanchol. ［Pharmacological Research］  Atratoside shows effects of reinforcing cardiac contractility, inhibiting pneumococcus, relieving fever, antagonizing in■ammation and inducing diuresis.

DìGǔPí地骨皮 CORTEX LYCII Chinese Wolfberry Root-bark ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was gŏu qĭ (枸杞). It is the dried root bark of

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Lycium chinense Mill. or Lycium barbarum L., two kinds of deciduous shrubs of the family Solanaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Dì “ground”, gǔ “bone” and pí “bark”. Appearing like a pair of dog vertebrae, the root is the underground part of the plant and the root bark is medicinal. It is the root bark of Chinese wolfberry (gŏu qĭ), of which the fruit (gŏu qĭ zĭ) is also medicinal and edible. ［Habitat］  Lycium chinense Mill. is mainly produced in Henan, Shanxi, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces of China; that which is produced in Shanxi and Henan provinces is of the largest output and that which is produced in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces is of the best quality. Lycium barbarum L. is mainly produced in Ningxia and Gansu of China. ［Collection］  The root is collected in the early spring or the late autumn. After it is washed clean, the root bark is peeled off and dried in the sun. Plump bark without woody core is the best in quality. ［Processing］  It is washed clean, cut into segments and dried for use. ［Properties］  Sweet; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, liver, kidney. ［Characteristics］  Sweet and cold in property and entering the lung, kidney and liver channels, it is good at clearing deficiency heat, cooling blood and clearing lung heat. It also can slightly replenish yin and body ■uid. It is very effective for steaming bone fever with profuse spontaneous or night sweating and cough due to lung heat, and is applicable for heat-triggered bleeding. ［Actions］  Cools blood and clears lung heat. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For yin de■ciency with chronic steaming bone fever, afternoon fever, ■ushed face or febrile sensation in the palms and soles, it is often combined with yín chái hú (Radix Stellariae), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) to clear de■ciency heat, relieve the fever and nourish yin, such as in the formula Qīng Gǔ Sǎn (BoneClearing Powder). 2. For heat-triggered bleeding, it is used alone or in combination with other herbs that cool blood and arrest bleeding to enhance the effects, and applied internally. 3. For cough and wheezing due to trapped lung heat, it is often combined with sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae), such as in the formula Xiè Bái Sǎn (WhiteDraining Powder). 4. In addition, it can purge heat and promote ■uid production to relieve consumptive thirst, purge heat from the lower jiao to relieve toothache due to de■ciency heat, and can be applied externally to treat scalds and burns. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 6-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: the powder or the fresh herb is applied externally. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with loose stools due to spleen de■ciency, or for patients with exterior syndrome, since it is cold and slightly moistening. ［Ingredients］  It contains cinnamic acid, betaine, kukoamine A, lyciumin A, lyciumin B, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and phenols. ［Pharmacological Research］  Its aqueous extract and alcohol extract can remarkably relieve fever. Its decoction, extract, tincture and injection can lower blood pressure. Its decoction and

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Chapter 2  Herbs that Clear Heat

extract lower blood glucose and cholesterol, and excite the uterus. Its decoction also inhibits bacterium typhosum, paratyphosum A bacterium and bacterium ■exneri, and signi■cantly increases the decreased splenocyte IL-2 induced by cyclophosphamide in mice. It also alleviates pain and increases the number of leucocytes.

Yín Chái Hú银柴胡 RADIX STELLARIAE Starwort Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Gāng Mù, 本草纲目) in the Ming Dynasty (about 1590 A.D.). It is the dried root of Stellaria dichotoma L. var. lanceolata Bge., a perennial herb of the family Caryophyllaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Yín is the short name of Yinzhou, an old place in Shaanxi Province. Its root appears like that of the herb chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), and was mostly produced in the Yinzhou area. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu and Inner Mongolia of China. ［Collection］  It is collected in the late spring and early summer when the buds are sprouting, or in the late autumn when the plant is withering, and is dried in the sun. Narrow, long, tender and soft roots with yellowish-white and lustrous surface, and with the root head looking like a string of pearls, are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is washed clean, moistened completely, cut into thick slices and dried for use. ［Properties］  Sweet; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, stomach. ［Characteristic］  Slightly sweet and slightly cold in property, and entering the liver and stomach channels, it mainly purges heat, but also slightly replenishes yin. It is particularly effective for adult de■ciency fever and infantile malnutritional fever. ［Actions］  Clears de■ciency heat and relieves infantile malnutritional fever. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For yin de■ciency with chronic steaming bone fever, afternoon fever, ■ushed face or febrile sensation in the palms and soles, it is often combined with dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae) to effectively relieve these types of fever, such as in the formula Qīng Gǔ Sǎn (Bone-Clearing Powder). 2. For infantile malnutritional fever, it is often combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis) and jī nèi jīn (■ndothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-9 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with blood de■ciency but without any heat, since it is slightly cold in nature. ［Ingredients］  It contains sterols such as α-spinasterol, ■avones such as wogonin, and volatile oils. ［Pharmacological Research］  Its water-alcohol extract can relieve fever, lower serum cholesterol

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and the adipoid content of the aorta. In addition, it also kills sperm, antagonizes in■ammation and alleviates pain.

HúHuánɡ Lián 胡黄连 RHIZOMA PICRORHIZAE Figwortflower Picrorhiza Rhizome ［Source］  Initially appeared in Newly Revised Materia Medica in the Tang Dynasty (about 659 A.D.). It is the dried rhizome of Picrorhiza scrophularii■ora Pennell or Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle, two kinds of perennial herbs of the family Scrophulariaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Hú “foreign” and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) is a medicinal herb (recorded in this chapter). It was produced originally in ancient Persia, and is similar to huáng lián in nature, ■avor and actions. ［Habitat］  Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Pennell is mainly produced in Tibet of China, while Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle is produced mainly in India. ［Collection］  The plant is collected in autumn when the above-ground part is withering. The above-ground part and sediment are removed from the plant, and the rhizome only is retained and dried in the sun. Big, solid and brittle rhizomes with strong bitter taste are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned and washed, moistened completely, cut into thin slices and dried for use. ［Properties］  Bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, liver, stomach, large intestine. ［Characteristics］  Bitter and cold in property, it can purge heat and dry dampness. It enters the heart, stomach, liver and large intestine channels to purge heat or toxic heat, either excess or de■ciency, and dry dampness as well. It is applicable for the patterns of de■ciency heat, damp heat and toxic heat. ［Actions］  Clears de■ciency heat, relieves infantile malnutritional fever and clears damp heat. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For yin deficiency with chronic steaming bone fever, afternoon fever, flushed face or febrile sensation in the palms and soles, it is often combined with qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) to relieve the fever, such as in the formula Qīng Gǔ Sǎn (Bone-Clearing Powder). 2. For infantile malnutritional fever, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi) and shĭ jūn zĭ (Fructus Quisqualis) to invigorate the spleen, improve digestion and relieve the fever, such as in the formula Féi Ér Wán (Childhood-Malnutrition Rectifying Pill). 3. For damp-heat dysentery, it is often combined with bái tóu wēng (Radix Pulsatillae) and mă chĭ xiàn (Herba Portulacae).   For swollen hemorrhoids, it is ground into powder, mixed with goose bile and applied topically. Alternately, it is used in combination with cì wei pí (Corium ■rinacei) and shè xiāng (Moschus) and applied internally.

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Chapter 2  Herbs that Clear Heat

［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-9 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: its powder is mixed with other adjuvant and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is prohibited for patients with de■ciency cold in the middle jiao since it is bitter and cold in property. ［Ingredients］  It contains catalpol, picroside, aucubin, alkaloids, phenolic acid, glycosides, mannitol, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of protecting the liver, improving gallbladder function, relieving asthma, antagonizing inflammation, oxidation and gastric ulcers, decreasing cholesterol, and antagonizing tumors and fungus.

Summary 1. Herbs that clear heat and subdue ■re Shí Gāo v.s. Zhī Mŭ Shí Gāo

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal Properties

Sweet, cold

Entered channels

Lung, stomach

Actions

·

Properties

Acrid

·

·

Actions

·

Zhī Mŭ

Purges heat and subdues ■re to relieve irritability and thirst  Often used together in combination to reinforce the effects of each other  Bitter

More powerful in purging heat  The calcined one applied topically  can clear heat and contract ulcers

·

·

More powerful in nourishing lung yin,  stomach yin and kidney yin Less powerful in purging heat than shí gāo 

For aggressive heat, shí gāo is necessarily used, while if yin-■uid de■ciency is prevalent then zhī mŭ should be used in combination

Notes

Lú Gēn vs. Tiān Huā Fĕn Lú Gēn

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

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Tiān Huā Fĕn

Properties

Cold

Entered channels

Lung, stomach

Actions

Purges heat and promotes ■uid production

Indications

Fluid consumption and thirst in febrile diseases

Properties

Sweet ·

Actions

·

P romotes stomach fluid to relieve  irritability, nausea and vomiting due to stomach heat I mproves the expectoration of phlegm and induces diuresis to clear heat

Bitter, slightly sweet ·

·

·

■ffectively moistens the lung to treat  cough with little yellow sputum or dry cough ■ ffectively reduces hot swelling and  improves tissue granulation S erves as an essential herb in the  treatment of sores and abscesses

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Chinese Materia Medica Dàn Zhú Yè vs. Zhī Zĭ Dàn Zhú Yè

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Zhī Zĭ

Properties

Cold

Entered channels

Heart

Actions

Purges heat and relieves irritability

Indications

Irritability occurring in febrile diseases

Properties

Sweet, bland

Bitter

Entered channels

Stomach, small intestine

Lung, sanjiao

·

Actions

· ·

Indications

Cures mouth ulcers due to excessive  stomach ■re Induces diuresis to relieve stranguria  Drains heat via urination 

Irritability, heat ulcers and heat stranguria

·

·

Purges heat powerfully from the Heart,  lung and sanjiao Cools blood and checks bleeding 

Irritability due to heart ■re, bleeding due to heat, sores and abscesses due to toxic heat or damp heat, and jaundice due to damp-heat stagnation

Xià Kū Cǎo vs. Jué Míng Zĭ vs. Gŭ Jīng Căo vs. Mì Méng Huā vs. Qīng Xiāng Zĭ Xià Kū cǎo

Similarities

Medicinal

Differences

Gŭ Jīng Căo

Mì Méng Huā

Qīng Xiāng Zĭ

Entered channels

Liver

Actions

Clears the liver to improve eye vision

Indications

■ye problems caused by liver ■re

Properties

Acrid, bitter; cold

Sweet, bitter, salty; slightly cold

Acrid, sweet; neutral

Sweet; slightly cold

Bitter; slightly cold

Entered channels

Gallbladder

Kidney, large intestine

Stomach

—

—

·

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Jué Míng Zĭ

D isperses the  trapped heat Slightly  nourishes liver blood and yin

Actions

·

Indications

More effective for dizziness due to ascendant hyperactive liver yang, eyeball pain, scrofula and lumps

· ·

·

Clears liver  ■re R eplenishes  kidney yin

Inflamed eyes, dark vision and constipation with dry stools

Disperses exterior wind heat from the liver channel

Often serve as an essential herb in the treatment of bloodshot eyes with nebulae due to wind heat

·

P urges liver  heat slightly Nourishes  blood and yin to moisten the eyes

Chronic eye problems with liver heat not that serious but complicated by liver-yin de■ciency

Strongly purges heat from the liver

Bloodshot eyes and eye problems with serious in■ammation

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2. Herbs that clear heat and dry dampness Huáng Qín vs. Huáng Lián vs. Huáng Băi Huáng Qín

Similarities

Medicinal Properties

Bitter; cold

Entered channels

Large intestine ·

Actions

· ·

Entered channels Differences

Special features

Huáng Băi

Purges heat and toxic heat  D ries dampness Often used in combination to reinforce the effects 

Lung, stomach, gallbladder

Heart, liver, stomach

Kidney, bladder

P urges heat from the  lung and large intestine C ools blood to arrest  bleeding

Purges heat from the heart and stomach to control high fever, delirium, dysentery and vomiting

Subdues deficiency heat and damp heat in the lower jiao

Mainly acts on the lung and large intestine channels and the upper part of the body, and also on the middle jiao and blood level

Mainly acts on the heart and stomach channels, and also on the lower jiao

Mainly acts on the kidney and bladder channels and the lower part of the body

·

Actions

Huáng Lián

·

Lóng Dǎn Căo vs. Kǔ Shēn

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Lóng Dǎn Căo

Kǔ Shēn

Properties

Bitter; cold

Entered channels

Bladder

Actions

Purges heat and dries dampness

Indications

Jaundice, dark bloody urine, genital swelling and itching, eczema in the lower part of the body and leukorrhea

Entered channels

Liver, gallbladder

Heart, lung, stomach, large intestine

Actions

Purges either excessive heat or damp heat

·

Special features

Acts on the liver and gallbladder in particular, and also the lower part of the body

·

■xcellent in drying dampness  Induces diuresis 

Often used for sores and rashes, leukorrhea, jaundice, diarrhea and dysentery due to damp-heat retention

3. Herbs that clear heat and relieve toxicity Jīn Yín Huā vs. Lián Qiào Jīn Yín Huā

Medicinal Similarities

Entered channels

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Actions

Lung, heart Clears toxic heat and disperses wind heat ·

Indications

Lián Qiào

· ·

Sores and abscesses in the initial stage with super■cial manifestations Sores and abscesses in the developing stage with exuberant heat and toxins Wind-heat exterior syndrome and febrile diseases in all stages with or without  high fever and delirium

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Chinese Materia Medica Continued　　 Jīn Yín Huā

Differences

Medicinal

Lián Qiào

Properties

Sweet; cold

Bitter; slightly cold

Entered channels

Stomach

Gallbladder

Actions

Better at dispersing wind heat, purging toxic heat and cooling blood to arrest bleeding

Better at reducing hot swelling and resolving lumps

Special features

—

More effective for sores, abscesses, scrofula and phlegm lumps Dà Qīng Yè vs. Băn Lán Gēn Dà Qīng Yè

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Băn Lán Gēn

Properties

Bitter

Entered channels

Heart, stomach

Actions

Clears toxic heat and cools blood

Indications

■pidemic or infective febrile diseases with high fever, macular eruptions or subcutaneous bleeding, sore throat, toxic-heat sores and abscesses, and mumps

Properties

■xtremely cold

Cold

Entered channels

Lung

—

Actions

Stronger in purging heat and toxins and cooling blood

Milder in purging heat and toxins and cooling blood

Indications

Toxic heat and blood heat in serious cases

■pidemic problems and sore throat

Pú Gōng Yīng vs. Zĭ Huā Dì Dīng Pú Gōng Yīng

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

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Zĭ Huā Dì Dīng

Properties

Bitter; cold

Entered channels

Liver

Actions

Clears toxic heat to relieve swelling

Indications

Sores and abscesses

Properties

Sweet

—

Entered channels

Stomach

Heart

Actions

Purges dampness and heat via urination

·

Indications

More often used for abscesses, particularly mammary abscesses, and for damp-heat stranguria and jaundice

·

Cools blood  C ounteracts poisonous snake bites

Furuncles, sores and erysipelas with more blood-heat signs

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Chapter 2  Herbs that Clear Heat Yú Xīng Cǎo vs. Chuān Xīn Lián

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Yú Xīng Cǎo

Chuān Xīn Lián

Entered channels

Lung

Actions

Purges toxic heat

Indications

Lung abscesses

Properties

Acrid; slightly cold

Bitter; cold

Entered channels

—

Stomach, large intestine, bladder

Actions

Induces diuresis

Powerfully dries dampness

Indications

· ·

Lung abscesses and lung-heat cough Heat stranguria

Patterns of toxic heat or damp heat

Hóng Téng vs. Bài Jiàng Căo vs. Bái Huā Shé Shé Căo Hóng Téng

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Bài Jiàng Căo

Bái Huā Shé Shé Căo

Entered channels

Large intestine

Actions

Clear toxic heat

Indications

Intestinal abscesses

Properties

Bitter; slightly cool

Bitter; slightly cold

Slightly bitter; cold

Entered channels

—

Heart, liver, stomach

Kidney, bladder

Activates blood to relieve pain

·

Actions

·

Indications

·

Abscesses internally  or externally Traumatic swelling  and women’s problems

·

· ·

Dissipates abscesses T ransforms blood stasis and  relieves pain ■specially internal abscesses  Postpartum abdominal pain and  in■ammation

·

·

Transforms abscess  swelling Drains dampness

Abscesses, sore throat, snake venom, heat stranguria, cancer and tumors

Bái Tóu Wēng vs. Mă Chĭ Xiàn Bái Tóu Wēng

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

9-9◎02.indd 185

Mă Chĭ Xiàn

Properties

Cold

Entered channels

Large intestine

Actions

Clears toxic heat, cools blood and checks heat dysentery

Properties

Bitter

Sour

Entered channels

—

Liver

Actions

More powerful in purging toxic heat

■ffectively relieve heat stranguria by draining damp heat via urination

Indications

Dysentery in serious cases

Metrorrhagia, metrostaxis and hemafecia

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Chinese Materia Medica Shè Gān vs. Shān Dòu Gēn Shè Gān

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Shān Dòu Gēn

Properties

Bitter; cold

Entered channels

Lung

Actions

Clears toxic heat to relieve sore throat

Properties

Pungent

Toxic

Entered channels

—

Stomach

■xpels phlegm

Relieves swelling

Actions

· ·

Indications ·

More serious cases of sore throat  Cough and wheezing due to excessive  phlegm and heat Abscesses and scrofula in the pattern  of phlegm heat

Serious sore throat and swollen gums

4. Herbs that clear heat and cool lood Shēng Dì Huáng vs. Xuán Shēn Shēng Dì Huáng

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Xuán Shēn

Properties

Sweet, bitter, cold, moistening

Entered channels

Kidney

Actions

Clears heat, cools blood, nourishes yin, promotes ■uid production

Indications

Nutrient and blood heat, and yin-■uid de■ciency

Properties

—

Salty

Entered channels

Heart, liver

Lung, stomach

·

Actions

·

·

Indications

·

More effective in nourishing yin and  cooling blood Aarrest bleeding triggered by heat  (carbonized) Febrile diseases  Hematemesis and epistaxis triggered  by heat

More effective in purging toxic heat to reduce swelling and lumps · · ·

Sore throat due to ■re and yin de■ciency  Abscesses and sores  Scrofula and lumps due to heat stagnation 

Mǔ Dān Pí vs. Chì Sháo

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Chì Sháo

Properties

Bitter

Entered channels

Liver

Actions

Clears heat and cools blood, activates blood and resolves blood stasis

Indications

Blood heat or blood stasis

Properties

Acrid; cold

Slightly cold

Entered channels

Heart, kidney

—

Actions

·

Indications

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Mǔ dān pí

·

Purges heat  Disperses heat 

First choice for the treatment of steaming bone fever with no accompanying sweating

More powerful in clearing heat especially from the liver and blood, and in resolving blood stasis to relieve pain Blood heat complicated with blood stasis and excessive liver ■re

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187

Chapter 2  Herbs that Clear Heat Zǐ Cǎo vs. Shuĭ Niú Jiăo

Similarities

Medicinal

Zǐ Cǎo

Properties

Salty; cold

Entered channels

Heart, liver

Actions

Clears toxic heat and cools blood

Indications

■pidemic or infective febrile diseases with high fever, macular eruptions or subcutaneous bleeding

Properties

Sweet

Bitter

Entered channels

—

Stomach

·

Differences

Shuĭ Niú Jiăo

Actions · ·

Indications ·

A ctivates blood to relieve blood  eruptions Induces diuresis and defecation 

Cools blood and counteracts toxic heat instead of activating blood

M aculas, pox and rashes due to  blood toxic heat, especially for dark maculas and papules with difficult urination and defecation Applied topically, it is used for scalds  and burns, eczema, sores and abscesses

Febrile diseases with high fever, loss of consciousness or delirium, macular eruptions or subcutaneous bleeding due to excessive blood heat

5. Herbs that clear heat from de■ciency Qīng Hāo vs. Bái Wēi vs. Dì Gŭ Pí Qīng Hāo

Similarities

Medicinal

Bái Wēi

Properties

Cold

Entered channels

Liver

Actions

Clears heat from both de■ciency and excess

Indications

Fever

Properties

Bitter, pungent

Bitter, salty

Sweet

Entered channels

Gallbladder, kidney

Stomach

Lung, kidney

· ·

Differences

Actions

· ·

·

Indications

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Dì Gŭ Pí

·

Cools blood  Clears summerheat  Counteracts malaria  Fever complicated by qi  de■ciency, blood de■ciency and yin de■ciency M alaria, summerheat,  postpartum fever, fever due to heat in the blood, toxicheat sores and swelling, and heat or blood stranguria

· ·

·

·

S trongly cools blood and purges heat Slightly nourishes yin  C lears toxic heat and  promotes dieresis

Clears heat based on nourishing yin and cooling blood

Fever due to yin de■ciency,  postpartum deficiency heat, and heat entering the nutrient and blood levels marked by high fever, irritability and thirst Furuncles, sore throat, and  heat and blood stranguria

Steaming bone fever accompanied by night sweats due to yin deficiency, heat bleeding and cough due to lung heat

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Chinese Materia Medica Yín Chái Hú vs. Hú Huáng Lián Yín Chái Hú

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Hú Huáng Lián

Entered channels

Liver, stomach

Actions

Clears heat from de■ciency and from infantile malnutrition

Indications

Fever or febrile sensation due to yin de■ciency and malnutrition

Properties

Sweet; slightly cold

Bitter; cold

Entered channels

—

Heart, large intestine

Actions

Slightly nourishes yin

Dries dampness and purges heat

Indications

—

Damp-heat dysentery

Review Questions 1. ■xplain the de■nition, properties, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of the herbs that clear heat. 2. ■xplain the general categorization, properties, actions, cautions and contraindications of herbs in each category in this chapter. 3. Give the properties, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of the following herbs: shí gāo, zhī mŭ, lú gēn, tiān huā fĕn and zhī zǐ. 4. Describe the properties, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of the following herbs: huáng qín, huáng lián, huáng băi and kŭ shēn. 5. Give the properties, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of the following herbs: jīn yín huā, lián qiào, pú gōng yīng and niú huáng. 6. Give the properties, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of the following herbs: yú xīng căo, bài jiàng căo and tǔ fú líng. 7. Give the properties, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of the following herbs: mă chĭ xiàn, shè gān and shān dòu gēn. 8. Give the properties, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of the following herbs: shēng dì huáng, xuán shēn, zĭ căo, qīng hāo, bái wēi and dì gŭ pí. 9. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of properties, actions and indications: shí gāo and zhī mŭ; lú gēn and tiān huā fěn; jué míng zĭ, lóng dăn căo and xià kū căo; huáng qín, huáng lián, and huáng băi; kŭ shēn and bái xiān pí. 10. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of properties, actions and indications: jīn yín huā and lián qiào; dà qīng yè and băn lán gēn; shè gān and shān dòu gēn; pú gōng yīng and zĭ huā dì dīng; hóng téng and bài jiàng căo; bái tóu wēng and mă chĭ xiàn. 11. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of properties, actions and indications: shēng dì huáng and xuán shēn; mŭ dān pí and chì sháo; qīng hāo and bái wēi; dì gŭ pí and mŭ dān pí; zĭ căo and niú bàng zĭ. 12. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of source, properties and actions, and indications: shān dòu gēn and běi dòu gēn, chái hú and yín chái hú; huáng lián and hú huáng lián. 13. Mǔ dān pí and dì gŭ pí both can be used to eliminate steaming bone fever, but the former is particularly used for cases without sweating, and the latter for cases with spontaneous or night sweating. Why?

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Herbs that Drain Downwards

Section 1  Purgatives  /  189

Lú Huì 芦荟  /  196 Section 2  Lubricant Laxatives  /  197

Dà Huáng 大黄  /  190 Máng Xiāo 芒硝   /  193

Huŏ Má Rén 火麻仁  /  198

Xuán Míng Fěn 玄明粉  /  195

Fān Xiè Yè 番泻叶  /  195

Yù Lĭ Rén 郁李仁  /  199 Sōng Zĭ Rén 松子仁  /  200

［De■nition］  Herbs with actions of either inducing diarrhea or lubricating the bowels to improve defecation are called herbs that drain downwards. ［Properties ＆ Actions］  Herbs in this category can improve defecation by different ways. They are mainly applied for purging food accumulation, dry stools and other toxic or harmful substances from the stomach and large intestine; purging excessive body heat by powerfully inducing diarrhea; or purging body ■uid by inducing drastic diarrhea and diuresis to relieve serious edema and ■uid retention. Some of these herbs can also transform blood stasis, resolve abdominal masses and kill worms. ［Indications］  Herbs in this category are mainly applied for constipation, food retention, problems due to excessive heat accumulation and fluid retention, and are also applicable for abdominal masses or intestinal parasitosis. ［Modi■cations］  If the above problems are complicated with wind-cold or wind-heat exterior syndromes, herbs in this category only can be used after the exterior syndromes have been released, or in combination with herbs for releasing the exterior, in order to avoid worsening the patient’s condition. If the above problems are complicated with de■ciency, herbs in this category should be used together with nourishing herbs in order to avoid aggravating the de■ciency condition. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  Purgatives and drastic purgatives can easily damage the healthy qi, and some of them are even toxic. Therefore, they should be used with caution for aged people, patients with chronic problems, pregnant and postpartum women, and women during menstruation. Herbs in this category easily irritate the stomach and spoil the appetite, so over-use of them should be avoided. For critical cases, a big dose internally in decoction is encouraged, while for mild cases, a smaller dose internally in pill form is better. For toxic purgatives, the preparation and dosage should be carefully controlled to guarantee safe usage. Herbs in this chapter are divided into two groups: · purgatives · lubricant laxatives

Section 1  Purgatives Herbs in this section are basically bitter and cold in nature, and enter the stomach and large intestine channels. They can strongly promote bowel movement and induce diarrhea, and purge

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heat as well, and are applicable for constipation, food retention, problems due to excessive heat accumulation and ■uid retention. Purgatives in this section can also purge heat through defecation, and thus are applicable for febrile diseases marked by high fever with loss of consciousness, delirium or mania, headache, bloodshot eyes, serious sore throat, swollen gums, skin sores, carbuncles, abscesses, hematemesis and epistaxis due to ■re ■aming up, no matter whether complicated with constipation or not. They can also be used for damp-heat dysentery with apparent tenesmus, or discontinuous diarrhea due to food retention, by completely purging pathogens through defecation. Herbs that expel parasites are often used together with purgatives in order to improve their effectiveness. Herbs in this section are often used in combination with herbs that move qi in order to improve the effects on purging and relieving distension. They are also applicable for cold constipation if combined with herbs for warming the interior. According to Chinese medicine theory, the six fu organs are hollow and should be kept open; pain arises from obstruction. Purgatives can effectively relieve pain by powerfully breaking up the obstructions, especially if combined with other assistant herbs for clearing toxic heat, transforming blood stasis and moving qi. Cholelithiasis, ascariasis of the biliary tract, cholecystitis, acute pancreatitis, bowel obstruction and other acute abdominal problems with pain are considered by Chinese medicine as acute obstructions, so purgatives are an effective primary treatment for patients.

Dà Huáng 大黄 RADIX ET RHIZOMA RHEI Rhubarb Root and Rhizome ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root and rhizome of Rheum palmatum L., Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Balf. or Rheum officinale Baill., three kinds of perennial herbs of the family Polygonaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Dà “big” and huáng “yellow”. It is big and yellowish. It acts determinedly, quickly and drastically, like a commander, so is also called jiāng jūn (将军) “commander”. Since it is mainly produced in Sichuan Province, it is also called chuān (“Sichuan”) dà huáng (川大黄). ［Habitat］  Rheum palmatum L. and Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Balf., also known as běi (“north”) dà huáng (北大 黄), are mainly produced in Qinghai, Gansu and other places in the north of China. Rheum of■cinale Baill., also known as nán (“south”) dà huáng (南大黄), is mainly produced in Sichuan province. ［Collection］  The roots and rhizomes are collected in the late autumn when the leaves are withered or in the early spring before sprouting. The outer skin is peeled off, and the roots and rhizomes are cut into segments and dried. Slightly bitter and dry ones, sticky to the teeth, yellowish outside, solid, fragrant and oily, and with cross-sections having apparent silky stripes and aromatic oil spots are of the best quality. ［Processing］  They are cleaned quickly with water, sorted according to size, moistened

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completely, cut into thick slices or small cubes, and dried in the shade or in a low-temperature oven for use. Alternately, they are wine-fried, carbonized, wine-stewed or steamed ■rst for use. ［Properties］  Bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, stomach, large intestine, liver, heart. ［Characteristics］  Bitter and cold in property, it mainly enters the stomach and large intestine channels to purge the large intestine and induce diarrhea. It can not only purge food retention and stools, but also dampness and heat. Furthermore, it acts to clear toxic heat from the blood, cool blood, arrest bleeding, dredge the channels and activate blood to break up blood stasis. ［Actions］  Induces diarrhea, purges accumulation, heat, toxic heat and damp heat, cools blood, arrests bleeding, activates blood and transforms blood stasis. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For constipation, it is able to induce diarrhea very quickly and effectively. Cold in nature, it is more suitable for heat constipation.   For mild cases it can be used alone, but for more serious cases often accompanied by abdominal distension, it is combined with zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis), such as in the formula Xiăo Chéng Qì Tāng (Minor Purgative Decoction).   For constipation occurring during febrile diseases with very dry stools, high fever and delirium, or constipation with dark yellow urine and thirst, it is combined with máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas), hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis) and zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) to strengthen the effect of purgation, such as in the formula Dà Chéng Qì Tāng (Major Purgative Decoction).   If the constipation is in the pattern of qi and blood deficiency, it is necessarily combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas) to nourish qi and blood, and improve the effect on purging, such as in the formula Huáng Lóng Tāng (Yellow Dragon Decoction). If the constipation is in the pattern of yin and body fluid deficiency, it is often combined with shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae) and xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) to nourish yin and body ■uid and moisten the bowels.   If the constipation is in the pattern of yang de■ciency, also known as cold constipation, it is often combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) and gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) to warm the interior at the same time, such as in the formula Wēn Pí Tāng (Spleen-Warming Decoction).   For chronic heat constipation, it is better to be used in combination with huŏ má rén (Semen Cannabis) and guā lóu rén (Semen Trichosanthis) to mildly clear heat and moisten the large intestine to relieve the constipation. 2. For epigastric stuffiness, it can relieve the problem by draining pathogens downwards via defecation.   For epigastric stuf■ness due to heat accumulated in the middle jiao, it is often combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), such as in the formula Dà Huáng Huáng Lián Xiè Xīn Tāng (Rhubarb and Coptis Heart-Draining Decoction).   For epigastric and chest stuffiness sometimes complicated with dry stools and constipation due to heat-■uid retention of the chest, it is combined with máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas) and gān suì (Radix Kansui) to drastically purge the ■uid and stools by both urination and defecation, such as in the formula Dà Xiàn Xiōng Tāng (Major Chest Draining Decoction). 3. For damp-heat dysentery in the initial stage with apparent tenesmus, it is combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) and bīng láng (Semen Arecae) to arrest diarrhea by completely purging the pathogenic dampness and heat, such as in the formulas Mù

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Xiāng Bīng Láng Wán (Costus Root and Areca Pill) and Sháo Yào Tāng (Peony Decoction). 4. For bleeding triggered by heat and problems due to the ■aming up of excessive heat, it purges the heat from the lower jiao, and cools blood and arrests bleeding as well.   For hematemesis, epistaxis and hemoptysis due to heat, it is often combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to strengthen the effects, such as in the formula Xiè Xīn Tāng (Heart-Draining Decoction).   For in■amed eyes, sore throat, oral ulcers and swollen gums due to the ■aring up of ■re, it is combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) to relieve swelling and pain by enhancing the effects on purging heat and heat toxins, such as in the formula Zhī Zĭ Jīn Huā Wán (Gardenia and Honeysuckle Flower Pill).   In modern application, its powder is often used internally for hemorrhage of the upper digestive tract. 5. For toxic-heat sores and erysipelas with hard swelling, it is often combined with lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae), pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) and zĭ huā dì dīng (Herba Violae) to improve the effects.   For abdominal abscesses due to excessive heat, it is often combined with mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and táo rén (Semen Persicae) to transform blood stasis and lubricate the bowels to facilitate defecation, such as in the formula Dà Huáng Mŭ Dān Tāng (Rhubarb and Moutan Decoction).   For scalds and burns, the powder is mixed with honey or egg white and applied topically, or mixed with the powder of dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) and sesame oil and applied topically. 6. For problems due to blood stasis, it is used to invigorate blood and move blood stasis.   For blood accumulation complicated with heat in the lower jiao with symptoms of distending pain on the two sides of the lower abdomen, it is combined with táo rén (Semen Persicae) and máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas) to strengthen the effects on transforming blood stasis and clearing heat, such as in the formulas Táo Hé Chéng Qì Tāng (Peach Kernel Qi-Guiding Decoction) and Dĭ Dāng Tāng (Resistance Decoction).   For amenorrhea, delayed menstruation and postpartum abdominal pain in the pattern of blood stasis, it is combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra), yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri) or other herbs that invigorate blood and transform blood stasis.   For traumatic injuries, it is combined with herbs that invigorate blood and improve the healing of wounds, such as táo rén (Semen Persicae), hóng huā (Flos Carthami) and chuān shān jiă (Squama Manitis), as in the formula Fù Yuán Huó Xuè Tāng (Original Qi-Restoring and Blood-Moving Decoction). 7. For jaundice and stranguria, it purges heat and dampness by urination and defecation.   For damp-heat jaundice, it is often combined with yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Yīn Chén Hāo Tāng (Virgate Wormwood Decoction).   For serious damp-heat stranguria, it is generally combined with mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae) and chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) to purge dampness and heat and facilitate urination, such as in the formula Bā Zhèng Săn (■ight Corrections Powder). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-10 g generally and 15-20 g maximum in decoction, and half this dosage for powder form. For external use: the powder is ■exible in dose and applied topically. For stool purging purposes, the unprepared herb is the best choice, and it should be decocted for a short time or just brewed in boiling water, or the powder taken directly to prevent the reduction of ef■cacy. The wine-prepared one is more often used for problems occurring in the

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upper jiao, since the wine is supposed to improve the ascending property of the herb. The prepared herb, including the wine-prepared one, is milder in the effect of purging, but stronger in invigorating blood, and thus it is often used for blood stasis or for those problems where drastic purgation is not necessary. The carbonized herb focuses more on arresting bleeding. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is used with great caution for pregnant women, and for women during menstruation and the period of lactation, since it may cause diarrhea in both mother and infant, and abnormal bleeding. It may also injure the stomach, healthy qi and blood, so patients with a weak stomach, qi and blood de■ciency, or chronic ulcers and abscesses should be very careful when using it. The unprepared herb applied internally may cause side-effects like nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, but these will disappear when application ends. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains anthraquinone derivant, which includes a lot of combined anthraquinone, the active components of which induce diarrhea, such as physcion-8- glucoside, chrysophanol-8-glucoside, rhein-8-glucoside and sennoside A, B, C, D, ■, F, etc. It also contains components of free anthraquinonerhein such as chrysophanic acid, chrysophanol aloe-emodin, and physcione, and tannin, organic acid and estrogen-like product. ［Pharmacological Research］  It improves intestinal peristalsis, inhibits water absorption in the intestines and improves defecation. It not only contains anthraquinones, active components for purging, but also tannin, an active ingredient inducing constipation, so application of this herb may cause constipation following the purgation. Its purgative effect can be reduced by heating, the longer the heating the less the purgative effect. It also shows inhibitory effects on many kinds of Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria, especially staphylococci, pneumococcus, dysentery bacilli, as well as in■uenza virus. Besides this, it shows effects of anti-thrombosis, anti experimental gastric ulcer, improving choleresis, protecting the liver, lowering blood pressure, hemostasis, anti-in■ammation, antitumor and anti-fungus, as well as decreasing urea nitrogen and serum cholesterol.

Máng Xiāo 芒硝 NATRII SULFAS Sodium Sulphate ［Source］  Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the North and South Dynasties (500 A.D.). It is the crystal made from mirabilite stone, a sulfate mineral. ［■xplanation of Name］  Máng “various” and xiāo “dissolving”. It is easily dissolved in water and also is commonly used to process many kinds of animal leather. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu and Shanxi provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected the whole year round, yet better in autumn and winter. The natural product is dissolved in hot water, filtered and left aside for cooling to yield the crystal, which is named pò xiāo (朴硝). Sliced white radishes are boiled in water ■rst, then pò xiāo is added for another boiling until the pò xiāo is completely dissolved. The solution is ■ltered for several times, and then is left to

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cool in order to yield the crystal, the purer the better. ［Processing］  It is used directly. ［Properties］  Salty, bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Stomach, large intestine. ［Characteristics］  It is bitter and cold so that it can purge heat from the lower jiao, and it is salty so that it can soften hard stools and swelling. Internally, it is particularly applied for constipation with hard stools due to excessive heat trapped inside. ■xternally, it is mainly applied for hard swelling such as sores, in■ammations and hemorrhoids in the type of heat. ［Actions］  Induces diarrhea, softens hardness and clears heat. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For constipation with hard stools and abdominal distending pain, it is generally combined with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to greatly improve the effects, such as in the formula Dà Chéng Qì Tāng (Major Purgative Decoction) and Tiáo Wèi Chéng Qì Tāng (Stomach-Regulating and Purgative Decoction).   For heat-fluid retention in the abdomen, it is combined with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and gān suì (Radix Kansui) to strengthen the effects on purging heat and ■uid, such as in the formula Dà Xiàn Xiōng Tāng (Major Chest Draining Decoction). 2. For mouth ulcers, sore throat, bloodshot eyes, skin sores, abscesses and hemorrhoids, it is used topically only to clear toxic heat and relieve swelling.   For sore throat and mouth ulcers, it is used in combination with bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum) and péng shā (Borax), and applied in powder topically, such as in the formula Bīng Péng Sǎn (Borneol and Borax Powder). It also can be put into a watermelon to make frost, which is applied topically.   For in■amed eyes, the crystals or the puri■ed powder is dissolved in water and applied as eye drops.   For acute mastitis in the initial stage, intestinal abscesses, erysipelas, and other sores and abscesses, it is ground together with bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum) and applied topically.   For hemorrhoids with acute swelling pain, it alone 30-50 g every time is dissolved in warm water for topical steaming and hip bath, or is used in combination with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii), and applied in decoction or pills internally. 3. Applied externally on the breast, it may cause termination of lactation. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g dissolved in decoction or boiling water, or made into pills or powder. For external use: applied for skin spraying, mouth rinsing, eye drops or hip bath. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is contraindicated in cases of de■ciency cold and pregnancy, since it is salty and cold. For mastitis during lactation, it must be used with caution because it may cause termination of lactation. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains hydrous sodium sulfate, as well as a small amount of sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  As a salt, it induces diarrhea by attracting ■uid from the surrounding tissue. It also has the effects of anti-in■ammation, inducing diuresis and inhibiting colorectal cancer.

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Attachment: Xuán Míng Fěn 玄明粉 Natrii Sulfas Exsiccatus It transforms from máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas) by drying and weathering, and mainly contains sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). It is similar to máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas) in property, channels entered, actions, clinical applications, dosage, administration, and cautions and contraindications.

Fān Xiè Yè 番泻叶 FOLIUM SENNAE Senna Leaf ［Source］  Initially appeared in New Reference of Prepared Medicines (Yĭn Piàn Xīn Cān, 饮 片新参) in the Republic of China (1935 A.D.). It is the dry leaf of Cassia angustifolia Vahl. or Cassia acutifolia Delile, dwarf shrubs of the family Leguminosae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Fān is a general name for all foreign countries, xiè means “purging” and yè means “leaf”. The leaf originally was imported from abroad and has a great effect of purgation. ［Habitat］  Cassia angustifolia Vahl. is mainly produced in India, ■gypt and Sudan, while Cassia acutifolia Delile mainly in ■gypt. They are now also cultivated in Guangdong, Hainan and Yunnan provinces of China. ［Collection］  The leaves of Cassia angustifolia Vahl. are collected before the flowers are ■ourishing and dried in the shade. The leaves of Cassia acutifolia Delile are collected when the fruits are nearly mature and dried in the sun. Big, dry, greenish and clean leaves with regular shape are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned and used directly. ［Properties］  Sweet, bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Large intestine. ［Characteristics］  Bitter, slightly sweet and cold in property, it enters the large intestine to simply induce diarrhea. Used in a large dose, it is applicable for excessive heat accumulation, serious constipation and ■uid retention. Used in a small dose, it improves digestion. ［Actions］  Purges heat and stools and improves appetite and digestion. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For heat constipation in mild cases, it alone is brewed in boiling water and taken as tea, while for serious cases it is generally used in combination with zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis) to strengthen the effects. It is also used to empty the intestines before surgery or physical examination. 2. For poor digestion or food retention, a small dose is used in combination with chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi) and mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) to invigorate the stomach and improve digestion. 3. For ascites, it can purge ■uid through defecation. It can be used alone in tea, or in combination with qiān niú zĭ (Semen Pharbitidis) and dà fù pí (Pericarpium Arecae).

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［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 1.5-3 g for mild cases and 5-10 g for serious ones, brewed in boiling water and taken as tea, or decocted for a very short time, or made into pills or powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  Contraindicated in women who are breast feeding, menstruating or pregnant. Overdose may cause side effects like nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, and it has been reported to cause dizziness, facial numbness, instability when walking, loss of sensation of defecation and urination, and different degrees of hypoalgesia in the distribution area of the trigeminal nerve. One case reported urinary retention after a large dose application. ［Ingredients］  It contains anthraquinone derivants, such as sennoside, rhein, aloe-emodin and chrysophanol, glycosides and polysaccharides. ［Pharmacological Research］  Sennoside A and B, among the effective components it contains, are absorbed by the stomach and small intestine and are decomposed in the liver. The decomposed products induce diarrhea by exciting the pelvis ganglion to cause large intestinal contractions. Its purgative effect is much stronger than that of other herbs containing anthraquinones and furthermore it may cause abdominal pain. The anthraquinones it contains also inhibit bacteria and skin dermatophytes.

LúHuì芦荟 ALOE Aloe ［Source］  Initially appeared in Treatise on Medicinal Properties (Yào Xìng Lùn, 药性论) in the Tang Dynasty (19th century). It is the dried concentration of the leaf juice of Aloe barbadensis Miller and Aloe ferox Miller, two kinds of perennial ■eshy herbs of the family Liliaceae, or other similar plants from the same botanical family. ［■xplanation of Name］  Lú huì sounds like nú huì (奴 会), both of which are the Malay pronunciations of aloe. It was originally produced in tropical areas like Malaysia, and tastes bitter like bile, so it is colloquially called xiàng dǎn (象胆), meaning “elephant bile”. ［Habitat］  Aloe barbadensis Miller is colloquially named lǎo lú huì (老芦荟) “old aloe”, and is mainly produced in Africa and in Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian of China. Aloe ferox Miller is colloquially named xīn lú huì (新芦荟) “new aloe”, and is mainly produced in the south of Africa. ［Collection］  The plant is collected all year round. The leaves are cut to collect the juice, which is then concentrated, cut into small pieces and dried. The concentrate with strong aroma and clear water solution is of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is simply cleaned for use. ［Properties］  Bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, large intestine. ［Characteristics］  Bitter and cold in property and mainly entering the large intestine and liver

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channels, it is not only good at purging stools, but also purging the liver heat in particular and killing worms, so it is applicable for heat constipation, problems caused by liver ■re, infantile fever with convulsions and infantile parasitic malnutrition. ［Actions］  Purges heat and stools, clears liver ■re and kills parasitic worms. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For heat constipation complicated with heart and liver ■re ■aming up with symptoms of irritability and insomnia, it is used in combination with zhū shā (Cinnabaris), such as in the formula Gēng Yī Wán (Clothes-Changing Pill). 2. For irritability, hot temper, dizziness, headache, constipation and dark urine due to exuberant ■re in the liver channel, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), qīng dài (Indigo Naturalis) and lóng dăn căo (Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae), such as in the formula Dāng Guī Lóng Huì Wán (Angelica, Gentian and Aloe Pill). 3. For infantile fever with convulsions in the pattern of excessive liver heat, it is often combined with chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae) and dàn zhú yè (Herba Lophatheri).   If in the pattern of phlegm heat, it is often combined with dăn nán xīng (Arisaema cum Bile), tiān zhú huáng (Concretio Silicea Bambusae) and zhú lì (Succus Bambusae).   For infantile malnutritional fever and dyspeptic abdominal pain, it is often combined with hú huáng lián (Rhizoma Picrorhizae), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and shĭ jūn zĭ (Fructus Quisqualis). 4. Additionally, it can be externally used for tinea and scabies. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 0.6-1.5 g in pills, powder or capsules. For external use: the powder is applied topically alone or in combination with other adjuvant. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is prohibited for pregnant women and patients with de■ciency cold because of its bitter, cold and purging property. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains anthraquinone which is composed of barbaloin and aloeemodin. It also contains ■avonoids such as kaempherol and rutin, polysaccharides or carbohydrates, sterols, amino acids, fatty acids and various vitamins. ［Pharmacological Research］  Aloe anthraquinone derivatives have a stimulatingly purging action. Aloe-emodin-9-anthraquinone, transformed from aloe-emodin in the large intestine, can not only attract ■uid from the surrounding tissue into the intestinal tract, but also stimulate intestinal mucus secretion. The mucus stimulation is rather strong to the extent that it often causes abdominal pain , pelvic congestion and even nephritis . Its extract inhibits the growth of S 180 sarcoma and ehrlich ascites carcinoma, as well as isolated toad heart function. Aloin protects the experimental chemically damaged liver. Aloin A resists stomach damage caused by attack of aggressive factors ( gastric acid and pepsin ). Its water infusion inhibits many dermatophytes and mycobacterium tuberculosis hominis.

Section 2  Lubricant Laxatives Lubricant laxatives are mainly of seed or kernel origin. They are mostly sweet, moistening, neutral or warm in property, and rich in botanical fat, and thus they can easily lubricate the large intestine to facilitate defecation or induce diarrhea. They are mainly applied for geriatric constipation, constipation in deficiency types including qi, blood, yin and yang deficiency, and chronic constipation. They can be used alone or in combination to increase the effects. Lubricant laxatives can also be found in other chapters: e.g., guā lóu rén (Semen Trichosanthis),

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băi zĭ rén (Semen Platycladi), xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), táo rén (Semen Persicae), jué míng zĭ (Semen Cassiae), honey, dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), hé shŏu wū (Radix Polygoni Multi■ori), ròu cōng róng (Herba Cistanches), etc.

Huǒ Má Rén 火麻仁 FRUCTUS CANNABIS Hemp Seed ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was má zǐ (麻 子). It is the dry mature seed of Cannabis sativa L., an annual herb of the family Moraceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Huŏ “fire”, má “hemp” and rén “kernel”. There are many species of hemp botanically, but this one has a big fruit and thus is called dà má (大麻), literally meaning “big hemp”. Its mature seed is oily to the extent that it can easily be ignited, and thus it often served as a candle in ancient times. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in the northeast, Shandong, Hebei and Jiangsu provinces of China. ［Collection］  The mature fruits are collected in autumn, cleaned, dried and crushed slightly to yield the kernels. Big, plump and milky whitish kernels are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned simply for use, or dry-fried first for use. It is crushed into pieces before application. ［Properties］  Sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, large intestine. ［Characteristics］  It is sweet, neutral, oily and moistening. It lubricates the bowels to improve defecation and slightly toni■es the body. It is commonly used for constipation due to yin, blood or ■uid de■ciency. ［Actions］  Moistens the large intestine to relieve constipation. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For geriatric constipation, postpartum constipation or constipation due to de■ciency, it alone can be cooked in porridge or used in decoction together with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) to strengthen the effects, such as in the formula Yì Xuè Rùn Cháng Wán (Blood-Replenishing Intestines-Moistening Pill).   For heat constipation, it also can be used in combination with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei), hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis) and zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) to strengthen the effect on lubricating, such as in the formula Má Zĭ Rén Wán (Cannabis Fruit Pill). 2. Additionally, it is pounded and applied topically for boils and erysipelas. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g, crushed in decoction, in porridge, or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is pounded, or baked to yield oil, or decocted and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with loose stools. Basically it

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is non-toxic, but a large dose application could cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, limb numbness, disorientation, convulsions, confusion or pupil dilation. ［Ingredients］  It contains fatty oils up to 30％, which are composed of linoleic acid, linolenic acid and oleic acid. It also contains trigonelline, proteins, vitamins, choline and sterols. ［Pharmacological Research］  Its fatty oils lubricate the bowels. When it meets alkaline intestinal juices in the digestive tract the fatty oils produce fatty acid, which can stimulate the intestinal wall to move faster, thus inducing defecation or diarrhea. It can greatly decrease blood pressure in anesthetized cats and rats, and inhibit serum cholesterol increase in rats fed a high-fat diet.

YùLǐRén 郁李仁 SEMEN PRUNI Chinese Dwarf Cherry Seed ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry mature seeds of Prunus humilis Bge., Prunus aponica Thunb. or Prunus pedunculata Maxim., three kinds of deciduous shrubs of the family Rosaceae. The former two kinds of seed are usually called xiăo (“small”) lĭ rén (小李仁), and the latter one dà (“big”) lĭ rén (大李仁). ［■xplanation of Name］  Yù “fragrance”, lĭ “plum” and rén “kernel”. Its flower and fruit are fragrant; the branch, leaf, ■ower and fruit all look like those of a plum; and the kernel is medicinal. ［Habitat］  Prunus humilis Bge. and Prunus aponica Thunb. are mainly produced in the northeast, the east and Hebei, Henan and Shanxi provinces of China. Prunus pedunculata Maxim. is mainly produced in Inner Mongolia of China. ［Collection］  The fruits are collected during summer or autumn when mature. After the ■esh is removed from the seeds, they are washed clean, dried in the sun and crushed into pieces to yield the kernels only. Plump, complete and whitish-yellow kernels are of the best quality. Generally xiǎo lĭ rén are better than dà lĭ rén, and the ones with whitish skin are better than those with reddish skin. ［Processing］  They are cleaned simply and crushed before use. ［Properties］  Acrid, bitter, sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Large intestine, small intestine. ［Characteristics］  It is slightly acrid, slightly bitter and sweet, and neutral in property, and performs the actions of dispersing and descending. It mainly enters the large and small intestine channels to lubricate the bowels and induce diuresis. It is applicable for constipation with dry stools and qi stagnation, and edema. ［Actions］  Lubricates the bowels to improve defecation and induces diuresis to relieve edema. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For constipation with dry stools and qi stagnation, it is often combined with băi zĭ rén (Semen Platycladi) and xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) to improve the effects, such as in the formula Wŭ Rén Wán (Five Kernels Pill).

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  For constipation with dry stools due to blood de■ciency, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), the unprepared hé shŏu wū (Radix Polygoni Multi■ori) and zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii) to relieve constipation by nourishing blood and moistening the large intestine.   For constipation with dry stools due to heat dryness, it is often combined with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei), jué míng zĭ (Semen Cassiae) and zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus). 2. For edema, it is combined with sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori), chì xiăo dòu (Semen Phaseoli) and jú pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), such as in the formula Yù Lĭ Rén Tāng (Chinese Dwarf Cherry Seed Decoction).   For infantile facial edema with difficult urination, it is combined with sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori), sù mĭ (Semen Setariae) and shēng jiāng zhī (Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis).   For foot edema with dif■cult defecation and urination, it is combined with yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis), tŭ fú líng (Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae) and chuān niú xī (Radix Cyathulae). 3. Additionally, it relieves cough. It can be used alone or in combination with xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) and qián hú (Radix Peucedani). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-12 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with loose stools. ［Ingredients］  It contains amygdalin, fatty oils, volatile organic acids, saponins and phytosterol. ［Pharmacological Research］  It can lubricate the bowels and cause mild diarrhea. The prunuside it contains can cause serious diarrhea in experimental animals, the working mechanism of which is similar to the colorectal cathartic sennoside. Its water decoction can greatly shorten defecation time and increase defecation frequency in experimental mice. It also lowers blood pressure, inhibits in■ammation and kills pain.

Sōng ZǐRén 松子仁 SEMEN PINI KORAIENSIS Pine Nut ［Source］  Initially appeared in Materia Medica from the [Southern] Seaboard Area in the Tang Dynasty. Its original name was hǎi sōng zǐ (海松子). It is the dry mature seed of Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc., an evergreen tree of the family Pinaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Sōng “pine tree”, zĭ “seed” and rén “kernel”. It is the kernel of the pine tree seed. Its alternative name is sōng zĭ. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces of China. It is also produced on the Korean Peninsula. ［Collection］  The fruits are collected when mature. The seeds are removed, dried in the sun and broken to yield the kernels. ［Processing］  They are cleaned for use, or stir-fried

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■rst. ［Properties］  Sweet; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, liver, large intestine. ［Characteristics］  It is sweet, warm, oily and moistening. It enters the lung, liver and large intestine channels, and lubricates the bowels and moistens the lung to relieve cough. It is applicable for constipation with dry stools and dry cough. ［Actions］  Lubricates the bowels to relieve constipation and moistens the lung to relieve cough. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For constipation with dry stools, it is often combined with huŏ má rén (Semen Cannabis) and băi zĭ rén (Semen Platycladi) to strengthen the effects on moistening. 2. For dry cough, it can be cooked together with rice, or decocted in combination with hú táo rén. 3. Additionally, it is used for dizziness and arthralgia in the pattern of blood de■ciency. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: the powder is mixed with liquid adjuvant and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with loose stools or damp phlegm inside, since it is moistening. ［Ingredients］  It contains 74％ of fatty oils, which are composed of olein and subolein. It also contains palmatine, abscisic acid, proteins and volatile oils. ［Pharmacological Research］  Its fatty oils consist of unsaturated fatty acid, which can resist experimental aortic atherosclerosis in rabbits. Its crude extractives can greatly dissolve cholesterol or cholesterol-composed gallstones and slowly dissolve cholochrome-highly-composed gallstones, but cannot dissolve cholochrome-composed gallstones.

Summary 1. Purgatives Dà Huáng v.s. Máng Xiāo Dà Huáng

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

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Máng Xiāo

Properties

Bitter; cold

Entered channels

Stomach, large intestine

Actions

Purges heat and stools

Indications

Used in combination for heat accumulation, food accumulation and dry constipation

Properties

—

Salty

Entered channels

Spleen, liver, heart

—

Actions

Cools blood, activate blood and reduces heat swelling internally or externally

Good at softening dry stools internally and relieving hot swelling externally

More applied for damp-heat diarrhea  and dysentery H eat bleeding, blood stagnation,  damp-heat jaundice, heat stranguria, sores, abscesses, scalds and burns

Dry stool constipation, sores, abscesses, in■amed eyes, pharyngitis, mouth ulcers and terminating lactation

·

Indications

·

Special features

Stronger than máng xiāo in purging

—

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Chinese Materia Medica Fān Xiè Yè vs. Lú Huì Fān Xiè Yè

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Lú Huì

Properties

Bitter; cold

Entered channels

Large intestine

Actions

Purges heat and stools

Indications

Heat constipation

Properties

Sweet, bitter

—

Entered channels

—

Liver

Actions

Improves appetite and digestion

·

Indications

Dyspepsia (in small doses), and ascites

Dizziness and headache due to liver ■re, panic and convulsions due to heat and infantile malnutrition

Special features

Acts more strongly and quickly

—

·

Purges liver ■re  Kills parasitic worms 

2. Lubricant laxatives Huŏ Má Rén vs. Yù Lĭ Rén vs. Sōng Zĭ Rén Huŏ Má Rén

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Yù Lĭ Rén

Sōng Zĭ Rén

Properties

Sweet

Actions

Lubricate the bowels to improve defecation

Indications

Geriatric constipation, constipation in de■ciency types including qi, blood, yin and yang de■ciency, chronic constipation, and constipation during menstruation, pregnancy and postpartum

Properties

Neutral

Acrid, bitter; neutral

Warm

Entered channels

Spleen, stomach

Large intestine, small intestine

Lung, liver, large intestine

Actions

Slightly toni■es the body

Indications

Pounded and applied topically for boils and erysipelas

· · · ·

Induces dieresis  Relieves cough  ■dema  Cough 

Moistens the lung · ·

Dry cough  D izziness and arthralgia in the pattern of blood de■ciency

Review Questions 1. How do you understand the concept of herbs that drain downwards? 2. How many categories are given in this chapter according to the action of the herbs? What are the common characteristics, actions and indications of each group? 3. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of characteristics, actions, and indications: dà huáng and máng xiāo; fān xiè yè and lú huì; huŏ má rén, yù lĭ rén and sōng zĭ rén. 4. ■xplain the characteristics, actions, indications and administrations of dà huáng.

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CHAPTER 4  

Herbs that Expel Wind and Damp Dú Huó 独活  /  204

Luò Shí Téng 络石藤  /  215

Fáng Jĭ 防己  /  205

Mù Guā 木瓜  /  216

Chuān Wū 川乌   /  207

Xī Xiān Căo 豨莶草  /  218

Căo Wū 草乌  /  208

Chòu Wú Tóng 臭梧桐  /  219

Cán Shā 蚕沙  /  209

Sāng Zhī 桑枝  /  220

Léi Gōng Téng 雷公藤  /  210

Hăi Fēng Téng 海风藤  /  221

Hăi Tóng Pí 海桐皮  /  211

Wŭ Jiā Pí 五加皮  /  222

Wēi Líng Xiān 威灵仙  /  212

Sāng Jì Shēng 桑寄生  /  223

Qín Jiāo 秦艽  /  214

［Definition］  Herbs with primary actions of expelling exterior wind damp and alleviating muscular and joint pain are called herbs that expel wind and damp. ［Properties ＆ Actions］  Herbs in this category are basically acrid, aromatic, bitter, dispersing and drying in property, and good at expelling exterior wind and damp from the body surface, as well as from channels and collaterals. Some of them also can alleviate muscular and joint pain, unblock channels, and strengthen bones and muscles. ［Indications］  Herbs in this category are mainly applicable for wind-damp arthralgia (bi syndrome), muscular spasms, limb numbness, hemiplegia, aching pain of the waist and knees, leg ■accidity, etc. ［Modifications］  Herbs in this category are chosen for application alone or combined normally according to the cause, location and developmental stage of the disease. For the pattern of wind-prevalent wandering arthralgia, in addition to herbs that disperse the wind, herbs for dispelling the dampness and unblocking the channels are also necessary; for the pattern of damp-prevalent fixed arthralgia, in addition to herbs that drain the dampness, herbs that dry dampness and herbs that tonify the spleen should be used in combination; for the pattern of cold-prevalent painful arthralgia, in addition to herbs that warmly dredge the channels and relieve pain, warm herbs for expelling cold, reinforcing yang and improving the effects on unblocking channels and collaterals are also necessary; for the pattern of heatprevalent arthralgia accompanied by joint swelling, in addition to cold herbs chosen from this chapter for counteracting heat, other herbs for purging toxic heat and cooling blood should also be used; for arthralgia in the chronic stage presenting with aching pain and weakness in the waist and legs generally due to liver and kidney deficiency, the herbs in this chapter for dispelling wind damp and strengthening the liver and kidney should be chosen first, but other herbs for nourishing the liver and kidney and strengthening bones and muscles are also necessarily used in combination to enhance the effects; if the wind-cold-damp invasion remains on the body surface, or the arthralgia happens in the upper part of the body, herbs for dispersing wind-cold-dampness should be used in combination; if the pathogens have affected the blood flow and signs of blood stasis are seen in the pattern, herbs for activating blood and unblocking channels should be used in combination; if qi and blood deficiency is present, herbs

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that nourish qi and blood should be used too in combination. Arthralgia is basically a chronic disorder that takes a long time to control. Medicated wine or pills are more acceptable, and wine-processed products always achieve better effects. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  Some of the herbs in this chapter are drying in action and may consume the body’s yin and blood, and therefore they are not suitable for patients with yin and blood de■ciency.

DúHuó 独活 RADIX ANGELICAE PUBESCENTIS Double Teeth Pubescent Angelica Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root of Angelica pubescens Maxim. f. biserrata Shan et Yuan, a perennial herb of the family Umbelliferae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Dú “single” and huó “living”. Its alternate names are dà huó (大活) and chuān huó (川活). Collective Commentaries on the Classic of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Jīng Jí Zhù，本草经集注) from the Northern and Southern Dynasties (about 494 A.D.) explained the name in that the single stem of the plant normally stands straight upright and does not wave in the wind. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Sichuan, Hubei and Shaanxi provinces of China. ［Collection］  The roots are collected during the end of autumn and early the following spring, and dried with low heat. The big, solid and oily roots with rich aromatic fragrance are of the best quality. ［Processing］  After impurities and rotten roots are removed, they are washed quickly with water, moistened completely, cut into thin slices and dried in the sun for use. ［Properties］  Acrid, bitter; slightly warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Kidney, bladder. ［Characteristics］  It is acrid and slightly warm so that it can warmly dredge the channels, and bitter so that it is able to dry dampness. Compared to qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), it is milder in actions, and acts more on the inner and the lower part of the body. It is good at relieving arthralgia by expelling wind, cold and dampness from the interior, and effectively dredging the channels. It is applicable for disorders due to the invasion of exterior wind-cold-dampness either on the body surface or deep inside, but particularly effective for those diseases occuring in the lower part of the body and for chronic headache due to cold invasion. ［Actions］  Dispels wind dampness, alleviates arthralgia and releases the exterior. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For the pattern of wind-cold-damp arthralgia, it expels wind, cold and dampness and relieves pain, and is often combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), wū tóu (Radix Aconiti Kusnezof■i Praeparata, Radix Aconiti Praeparata) and fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) to improve the effects.   For cold arthralgia, hemiplegia, cold pain in the waist and knees, limb weakness and numbness, and joint inflexibility complicated with kidney deficiency, it is often combined with

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sāng jì shēng (Herba Taxilli), dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) and fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) to strengthen the muscles and bones, and to enhance the effects on expelling wind and damp and relieving pain, such as in the formula Dú Huó Jì Shēng Tāng (Pubescent Angelica and Mistletoe Decoction). 2. For headache due to exterior wind cold or wind cold complicated with dampness, in addition to expelling wind and damp and relieving joint pain, it also releases the exterior by inducing sweating.   For headache due to cold invasion, it is often combined with bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae), găo bĕn (Rhizoma Ligustici), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and other similar herbs to enhance the effects.   For exterior wind cold or wind cold complicated with dampness, it is often combined with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae) and fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) to release the exterior by dispersing wind, cold and dampness, such as in the formula Jīng Fáng Bài Dú Săn (Schizonepeta and Saposhnikovia Toxin-Resolving Powder). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into powder or pills. It also can be brewed with wine and taken orally. For external use: it is decocted ■rst for local skin rinsing. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with qi, yin or blood de■ciency because of its acrid-dispersing and warm-drying properties. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains volatile oils and coumarins, which are composed of dihydrooroselol, osthole, bergapten, xanthotoxin, anpubesol and angelol. ［Pharmacological Research］  The decoction shows effects of anti-inflammation, analgesia, sedation, dilating vessels, lowering blood pressure, activating the respiratory center and antibiosis. Its alcohol extractives can inhibit platelet aggregation and thrombosis. Bergapton relieves spasms and photosensitivity, γ-propalanine inhibits arrhythmia, and furan coumarins inhibit ulcers. ［Notes］  Qiāng huó was confused with dú huó up until the Song and Yuan Dynasties.

Fáng Jǐ防己 RADIX STEPHANIAE TETRANDRAE Four Stamen Stephania Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the root of Stephania tetrandra S. Moore, a woody climber of the family Menispermaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Fáng “dam” and jĭ “earth” (corresponding to the spleen in the five-element theory). It drains dampness to relieve edema, just like a dam preventing a ■ood from drowning the earth. Big roots which are rich in starch are of the best quality, and are therefore named fěn (“starch”) fáng jĭ (粉防己). It was mainly produced in the area of Hanzhong, so it is also known as hàn fáng jĭ (汉 防己), where hàn is the short name of Hanzhong. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei and Hunan provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected during the autumn. The basal part of the root is discarded and the remaining root is washed clean or scraped,

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cut into long segments and dried in the sun. The solid, starchy and clean roots are the best in quality. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is moistened completely, cut into thick slices and dried for use. ［Properties］  Bitter, acrid; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Bladder, kidney, spleen. ［Characteristics］  Bitter, cold and draining in properties, it enters the bladder, kidney and spleen channels, and is good at expelling wind and dampness, alleviating arthralgia, draining water and clearing heat. It is particularly effective for wind-damp arthralgia or ■uid retention complicated with heat. In addition, it is applicable for disorders occuring in the lower part of the body due to damp heat pouring down. ［Actions］  ■xpels wind and dampness, alleviates pain and drains water to relieve edema. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For arthralgia, it is able to expel exterior wind and dampness, and clear heat and relieve pain as well. Therefore, it is particularly suitable for heat as opposed to cold arthralgia. For heat arthralgia with joint swelling, it is often combined with yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis), huá shí (Talcum) and cán shā (Faeces Bombycis) to reinforce the effects, such as in the formula Xuān Bì Tāng (Painful Obstruction-Resolving Decoction). If combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), it also can be applied for cold arthralgia, such as in the formula Fáng Jĭ Tāng (Stephania Root Decoction). 2. For edema, dysuria and foot swelling and pain, it drains damp and heat by improving urination.   For acute edema due to exterior wind invasion of the body surface manifesting as skin edema which starts from the face and scanty urine, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), such as in the formula Fáng Jĭ Huáng Qí Tāng (Stephania Root and Astragalus Decoction).   For skin edema, it is commonly combined with fú líng (Poria), huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), such as in the formula Fáng Jĭ Fú Líng Tāng (Stephania Root and Poria Decoction).   For ascites with heat signs, it is combined with jiāo mù (Semen Zanthoxyli), tíng lì zĭ (Semen Descurainiae seu Lepidii) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to purge damp heat, such as in the formula Jĭ Jiāo Lì Huáng Wán (Stephania, Pricklyash, Pepperweed and Rhubarb Pill). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, or it is made into pills, powder or tablets. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency or de■ciency cold of the spleen and stomach, because it is bitter and cold and may damage the stomach qi. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains hanfangchin a, hanfangchin b, hanfangchin c, cyclanoline, ■avonoid glycoside, phenols, organic acids, volatile oils, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of lowering blood pressure, dilating the coronary arteries, increasing coronary blood flow, decreasing myocardial oxygen consumption and cardiac output, resisting arrhythmia, anti-inflammation, analgesia, relieving fever, anti-allergy, relaxing muscles, anti-tumor, antibiosis, inhibiting amoebic protozoa, platelet aggregation, experimental pneumosilicosis, fibration of the liver, lung and kidney, resisting immune reaction, as well as protecting cerebral ischemia and inducing diuresis. ［Notes］  Fáng jĭ falls into two categories—fěn fáng jĭ and mù fáng jĭ (木防己). Fáng jĭ used in history was Aristolochia heterophylla Hemsl. of the family Aristolochiaceae, but today it is

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Stephania tetrandra S. Moore of the family Menispermaceae. So-called mù fáng jĭ in fact includes at least three botanicals, namely Aristolochia fangchi Y. C. Wu ex L. D. Chow et S. M. Hwang of the family Aristolochiaceae, Aristolochia heterophylla Hemsl., and Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC. of the family Menispermaceae. Stephania tetrandra S. Moore is the best of these. Aristolochia heterophylla Hemsl. and Aristolochia fangchi Y. C. Wu ex L. D. Chow et S. M. Hwang are similar in property, actions and indications, but the latter is slightly toxic, so it is strictly prohibited when there is renal insuf■ciency or other renal diseases. Over-use is also not encouraged, since it contains aristolochic acid, which is slightly toxic.

Chuān Wū川乌 RADIX ACONITI Common Monkshood Mother Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was wū tóu. It is the mother root of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx., a perennial herb of the family Ranunculaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Chuān is the short name of Sichuan Province and wū means “black”. It is sometimes also called chuān wū tóu (川乌头), where tóu means “head”. The mother root grows like a crow’s head in shape, and sometimes even the beak can be seen on it. The best ones are produced in Sichuan Province. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces of China. ［Collection］  The plant is collected during summer and autumn. The above-ground part of the plant, the lateral daughter roots and the ■brous roots are ■rst removed, then the dirt is washed away and the mother roots are dried in the sun. The big and solid roots with white cross-sections are best in quality. ［Processing］  After impurities and residual stems are removed, it is washed clean with water and dried in the sun for use. Alternately, it is soaked in water and boiled completely until it produces a slightly benumbing feeling to the tip of the tongue. It is left to dry naturally until only 30％-40％ of the moisture content remains, and then cut into pieces. It is then dried again completely for use. ［Properties］  Acrid, bitter; hot; very toxic. ［■ntered channels］  Heart, spleen, liver, kidney. ［Characteristics］  It is acrid and bitter in taste, and hot, drying and toxic in nature. It mainly enters the heart, spleen, liver and kidney channels, and is good at dispelling wind, damp and cold, and relieving pain. It is very effective for cold pain especially in critical cases, no matter whether complicated with wind or with both wind and dampness. In addition, it can act as a local analgesic to effectively kill pain. ［Actions］  Dispels wind dampness, dissipates cold and alleviates pain. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For cold-damp headache and body aching pain, and wind-cold-damp arthralgia, it is often combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and huáng qí (Radix Astragali) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Wū Tóu Tāng (Aconite

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Main Root Decoction).   For stroke with sequelae involving limb numbness, contractions and muscular spasms, it is often combined with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum), mò yào (Myrrha) and dì lóng (Pheretima) to unblock the channels, activate the collaterals and relieve pain, such as in the formula Xiăo Huó Luò Dān (Minor Channel-Activating ■lixir). 2. For cold-damp pain, it can powerfully relieve pain by warming the channels.   For heart and abdominal pain due to cold attack and serious coldness of limbs, it can be decocted alone densely and taken with honey, such as in the formula Dà Wū Tóu Jiān (Big Aconite Main Root Decoction). 3. If applied topically alone or together with chán sū (Venenum Bufonis), tiān nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis) and bàn xià (unprepared), it can work as a local anesthetic, and is applicable for operations and trauma to kill pain, such as in the formula Wài Fū Má Yào Fāng (Topical Application Anesthetic). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 1.5-3 g in decoction, or made into powder or pills. ■xcept for application in the formula Sān Shēng Yĭn (Three Unprocessed Toxic Herbs Decoction), it should always be processed ■rst before use. For decoction, it should necessarily be cooked for 3060 minutes to reduce its toxicity. For external use: it is decocted ■rst, and the warm decoction is used to steam and rinse the local skin; or the medicated wine is applied topically; or the powder is applied topically with a liquid adjuvant. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is prohibited for pregnant women and those patients with yin de■ciency-based yang hyperactivity and heat pain, since it is hot in property and toxic. Overuse is generally not allowed. It is contraindicated with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis), chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae), zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii), bái liăn (Radix Ampelopsis) and bái jí (Rhizoma Bletillae). Oral consumption of the medicated wine is not encouraged because its toxicity is remarkably increased. The unprepared herb is only allowed for external application. Toxic symptoms: hypersalivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, dry mouth, numbness of limbs or of the whole body, slow pulse, dyspnea, tetanus, confusion, incontinent urination and defecation, low blood pressure and body temperature, arrhythmia, premature ventricular contractions shown bigeminy, or sinus rhythm but with multiple-source premature ventricular contractions and sinoatrial node beat missing. Antidote: a large dose of atropine application can relieve the toxic symptoms. Xylocaine can signi■cantly reduce the death rate from aconite poisoning in animal experiments; gān căo, gān jiāng, lǜ dòu, yí táng and honey can reduce its toxicity. ［Ingredients］  It contains higenamine, coryneine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine, aconitine, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of analgesia, sedation, anti-in■ammation, local anesthesia and cold resistance. A small dose of aconitine can lower the heart beat, while a large dose of it often induces arrhythmia, atrioventricular block and even ventricular ■brillation. Its double ester alkaloids show strong toxicity; for example, the lethal dose of aconitine is only 3-4 mg. However, processing and boiling can effectively reduce its toxicity (possibly down to 1/2000 of the original).

Attachment: Cǎo Wū 草乌 Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii ［Source］  It is the dry root tuber of Aconitum kusnezof■i Reichb., a perennial herb of the family Ranunculaceae. ［Properties］  Acrid, bitter; hot; toxic.

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Chapter 4  Herbs that Expel Wind and Damp ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, liver, kidney, spleen. ［Actions］  Dispels wind dampness, warms the channels and relieves pain. ［Clinical Applications］  Wind-cold-damp arthralgia, heart and abdominal cold pain, cold testalgia, trauma and local anesthesia. ［Dosage ＆ Administration, Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  Just the same as those of chuān wū (Radix Aconiti).

Cán Shā 蚕沙 FAECES BOMBYCIS Silkworm Feces ［Source］  Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Southern and Northern Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). It is the dried larval feces of Bombyx mori Linnaeus, an insect of the family Bombycidae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Cán “silkworm” and shā “sand”. It is the feces of silkworm and looks like sand. It is also known as wăn cán shā (晚蚕沙), where wăn means “later”. It was recorded that the second or the third (later) batches are better than the ■rst one in quality. ［Habitat］  Produced all over the country, but mainly in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces of China. ［Collection］  From June to August, the second and third batches are collected. The big and black ones without any impurities are of the best quality. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is dried in the sun for use. ［Properties］  Sweet, acrid; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, spleen, stomach. ［Characteristics］  It is acrid and sweet in flavors, and slightly warm and drying in nature. It works in the liver, spleen and stomach channels to dispel wind and dampness, and resolve turbid dampness and harmonize the stomach as well. It can be widely used for all kinds of arthralgia either in the types of cold or heat, acute or chronic, but it is more effective for the wind-cold-damp type. It also can activate blood and relieve itching. ［Actions］  Dispels wind and dampness, relaxes muscles and activates collaterals, resolves turbid dampness and harmonize the stomach. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For wind-damp-heat arthralgia, it is commonly combined with fáng jĭ (Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae) and qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae) to release the joints by mutually dispelling wind and clearing damp heat, such as in the formula Xuān Bì Tāng (Painful Obstruction-Resolving Decoction).   For wind-damp-cold arthralgia, it is combined with dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis), wēi líng xiān (Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis) and similar herbs.   It is also applicable for urticaria and eczema. For this purpose, it can be decocted ■rst alone and used to warmly rinse the local skin, or can be decocted with other herbs in combination and taken orally. 2. For muscular spasms resulting from serious acute vomiting and diarrhea due to dampness trapped in the middle, it is often combined with mù guā (Fructus Chaenomelis) and wú zhū yú (Fructus

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■vodiae) to harmonize the stomach, arrest vomiting and release the potential muscular spasms, such as in the formula Cán Shĭ Tāng (Silkworm Droppings Decoction). 3. Used together with other herbs that can activate blood, it is also applied for amenorrhea, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, since it shares the same actions of activating blood. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-10 g cloth-wrapped in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is dry-fried ■rst and compressed warmly and topically, or the powder is applied topically in mixture with liquid adjuvant, or it is decocted ■rst for local skin steaming and rinsing. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for pregnant women, and patients with hemiplegia or muscular spasms due to blood de■ciency. ［Ingredients］  It contains chlorophyll, phytol, amino acids, caritinoid, vitamins B and C, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It can improve hematogenesis, resist radiation, inhibit bacteria and viruses, protect the liver, inhibit bovine thrombin and remarkably prolong the condensation time of human fibrinogen. The chlorophyll derivatives show effects of anti-cancer and antiphotosensitivity.

Léi Gōng Téng 雷公藤 RADIX TRIPTERYGII WILFORDII Tripterygium Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Supplement to ‘The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica’ (Bĕn Căo Gāng Mù Shí Yí，本草纲目拾遗) in the Qing Dynasty (about 1765 A.D.). It is the dried root of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f., a deciduous climbing bush of the family Celastraceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Léi gōng “Thunder God” and téng “climbing vine”. The plant is a bush with climbing vines, tea leaves and great toxicity, and is normally used by people to kill pests. This toxicity is seen as the power of the Thunder God. ［Habitat］  Mainly cultivated and produced in Fujian, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan and Jiangsu provinces of China. ［Collection］  The roots are collected during autumn. After the dirt and the outer skin are cleared away, the roots are dried in the sun. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, the roots are washed, moistened completely, cut into thick pieces and dried for use. ［Properties］  Bitter, acrid; cool; very toxic. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, liver. ［Characteristics］  It is bitter, drying, acrid, dispersing and very toxic in properties. It enters the liver and heart channels, and is good at expelling wind dampness, dredging channels, relieving pain and swelling, activating blood, killing insects and pests, and counteracting toxins. It is generally used for severe and dif■cult-to-control diseases, such as arthralgia, ulcers, sores, swelling, leprosy, stubborn dermatitis and very chronic skin disorders. ［Actions］  Dispels wind and dampness, dredges collaterals, relieves pain and swelling, activates

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blood, kills insects and pests, and counteracts toxins. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For obstinate wind-damp arthralgia, it is able to effectively relieve pain and contractions of limbs. It can be used orally or topically alone, or in combination with other herbs to enhance the effects. 2. For sores, ulcers, toxic swelling, leprosy and very chronic skin disorders, it is toxic enough to counteract the toxins from the diseases or disorders.   For toxic-heat sores, ulcers and swelling, it can be used together with chán sū (Venenum Bufonis) to reinforce its effects.   For herpes zoster, it is used topically with wū yào (Radix Linderae) in powder form.   For leprosy, it is used alone in decoction and taken orally.   For stubborn dermatitis and other skin disorders, its powder is mixed with a liquid adjuvant and applied topically, or the fresh leaves are pounded into paste and applied topically. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 15-25 g without bark or 10-12 g with bark in decoction. It should be decocted for at least 2 hours. It is also made into syrup and extractive tablets, and can also be powdered ■rst and put into empty capsules and taken orally 0.5-1.5 g each time three times a day. For external use: the fresh herb is pounded into paste and applied topically, or the dry powder is applied topically with a liquid adjuvant. Its tincture and ointment forms are also seen in pharmacy. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  Applied internally, it is prohibited for pregnant women and vulnerable patients, and is used with great caution in patients with leukopenia or organic diseases of the heart, liver or kidney. For topical application, it cannot be used for more than 30 minutes; otherwise it could cause skin blistering because of its strong toxicity which may greatly irritate the skin tissue. The toxic reactions affect the digestive tract, mucus membranes, menses, liver, blood cells, heartbeat and electrocardiogram (■CG). ［Ingredients］  It contains wilfordine, triptolide, tripdiolide, triptophenolide, triptolidenol, tripterine, iso-evonymine, glucosides, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of anti-inflammation, anti-immunity, antifertility, insect disinfestation, bacteriostasis, anti-tumor and uterine excitement. It also counteracts blood agglutination, reduces blood viscosity, improves microcirculation, reduces peripheral vascular resistance and decreases urine protein. The root bark decoction shows stronger toxicity.

Hǎi Tóng Pí海桐皮 CORTEX ERYTHRINAE Erythrina Bark ［Source］  Initially appeared in Materia Medica from the [Southern] Seaboard Area (Hăi Yào Bĕn Căo，海药本草) in the Tang Dynasty (about 618-907 A.D.). It is the dry tree bark of Erythrina variegata L. var. orientalis (L.) Merr. or Erythrina arborescens Roxb., evergreen trees of the family Leguminosae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Hăi “Hainan”, tóng “tung tree” and pí “bark”. It originally grew in the valleys of Hainan and its yellowish-white bark is very much like the bark of the tung tree. There are big thorns on the bark, so it is also named cì tóng pí (刺桐皮), where cì means “thorn”. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou of China.

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［Collection］  It is collected the whole year round, but better in the spring when the bark is easier to peel off. It is dried in the sun before use. Thin bark with thorns is of good quality. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is soaked for a short while, washed clean, moistened completely, cut into long pieces and dried in the sun for use. ［Properties］  Bitter, acrid; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver. ［Characteristics］  It is acrid, bitter and neutral in properties, and enters the liver channel. It is used especially for limb spasms and contractions due to wind-damp arthralgia, because it can effectively dispel wind and dampness, and dredge channels. Additionally, it can relieve itching by killing pathogenic microorganisms and dispelling exterior wind. It is an essential herb for the treatment of scabies, tinea, urticaria and eczema. ［Actions］  ■xpels wind and dampness, dredges collaterals, relieves pain, kills worms and relieves itching. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For limb spasms and contractions due to wind-damp arthralgia either with cold or heat, it can relax the muscles and tendons, and relieve joint pain by dredging collaterals and expelling wind dampness. It is often combined with niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae), wŭ jiā pí (Cortex Acanthopanacis) and mù guā (Fructus Chaenomelis) to improve the effects. 2. For scabies, tinea, urticaria and eczema, it is often combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), tŭ fú líng (Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae) and kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis), and applied in decoction taken orally or used for topical rinsing. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 6-12 g in decoction, or made into powder or pills. Alternately, it is brewed in wine and the wine is taken orally. For external use: it is decocted and applied as a topical rinse, or the powder is applied topically in a mixture with a liquid adjuvant. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin or blood deficiency, because it is dispersing and drying and may consume the body yin and blood. ［Ingredients］  It contains different kinds of alkaloids, ■avones, amino acids, organic acids, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of analgesia, anti-dermatophytes and antistaphylococcus aureus. The alkaloids can relax striated muscle, tranquilize the central nervous system, and inhibit the conduction system of the heart and cardiac muscles. A large dose of alkaloids induces arrhythmia and hypotension.

Wēi Líng Xiān 威灵仙 RADIX ET RHIZOMA CLEMATIDIS Chinese Clematis Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Newly Revised Materia Medica (Xīn Xiū Bĕn Căo，新修本 草) in the Tang Dynasty (about 659 A.D.). It is the dry root and rhizome of Clematis chinensis Osbeck, Clematis hexapetala pall. or Clematis manshurica Rupr., herbaceous vines of the family Ranunculaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Wēi líng xiān means “superpower god”. According to legend, it is a gift from God that can bring people magical treatment. The root and rhizome is solid with dark brown

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outer skin, so it is also called tiĕ jiăo (“iron-footed”) wēi líng xiān (铁脚威灵仙). ［Habitat］  Clematis chinensis Osbeck is mainly produced in Jiangsu, Anhui and Zhejiang provinces of China and is more commonly used, while the other two species are mainly produced in the northeast and Shandong Province of China. ［Collection］  It is collected during autumn. After residual leaves, stems and sediment are cleared away, it is dried in the sun and cut into segments. The even and solid roots with moon white cross-sections are the best in quality. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, they are washed clean, moistened completely, cut into thick pieces and dried for use, or wine-fried ■rst. ［Properties］  Acrid, salty; warm. ［■ntered channels］  Bladder. ［Characteristics］  Acrid and warm in properties, it can effectively relieve muscle and joint pain by eliminating wind dampness and warmly activating and dredging the channels; thus it is commonly used for arthralgia. It also can soften ■shbones, dilute phlegm and improve expectoration, and therefore is used for ■shbones caught in the throat and phlegm or ■uid retention. ［Actions］  ■xpels wind and dampness, activates and dredges channels, reduces phlegm ■uid and softens ■shbones. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For arthralgia with in■exible movement and numbness, the powder is applied orally alone with warm wine, or in combination with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to reinforce the effects. 2. For phlegm-■uid retention, it is commonly combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and fresh ginger juice. 3. For bones caught in the throat, it is decocted with vinegar alone or together with sugar, and taken slowly to soften the bone. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, 30 g for ■shbones caught in the throat, or made into pills or powder, or brewed in wine for internal administration. For external use: it is decocted and applied to rinse the local skin, or the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically, or works as a blister agent. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with qi and blood de■ciency since it may consume anti-pathogenic qi. ［Ingredients］  It contains protoanemonin, anemonine, hederagenin, oleanolic acid saponin and other saponins. ［Pharmacological Research］  It can relieve pain, improve bile secretion, and counteract the excitement induced by histamine and diuresis. Its alcohol extractives can relax smooth muscles. Its diluted alcohol extractives can terminate pregnancy in mice. Its vinegar extractives soften ■shbone and relax local muscles to enable the ■shbone to come out easily. The decoction can act remarkably against bacteria including mold and both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

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Qín Jiāo 秦艽 RADIX GENTIANAE MACROPHYLLAE Large Leaf Gentian Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry root of Gentiana macrophylla Pall., Gentiana straminea Maxim., Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex Burk. or Gentiana dahurica Fisch., perennial herbs of the family Gentianaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Qín is the ancient name of Shaanxi Province, and jiāo means “spirally twisting”. It was originally produced in Shaanxi and its root grows by spirally twisting. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Shaanxi, Gansu, Inner Mongolia and Sichuan of China. ［Collection］  It is collected during spring or autumn, and the roots collected during autumn are better in quality. The solid and brownish-yellow roots with strong fragrance are of the best quality. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is soaked for a little while, moistened completely, cut into thick pieces and dried for use, or wine-fried ■rst. ［Properties］  Bitter, acrid; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Stomach, liver, gallbladder. ［Characteristics］  It is acrid and dispersing, bitter but not drying, and slightly cold but not too cold, so generally it is neutral and mild. It enters the stomach, liver and gallbladder channels, and is able to release arthralgia especially in the wind-damp-heat pattern by dispersing wind, draining dampness or damp heat through urination, and relaxing muscles and activating collaterals. It can greatly clear deficiency heat, and relieve steaming bone fever, tidal fever and fever in infantile malnutrition. It also can drain damp heat to relieve jaundice, particularly in the damp-heat pattern. ［Actions］  ■xpels wind and dampness, relaxes muscles, activates collaterals, relieves steaming bone fever and clears damp heat. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For wind-damp-heat arthralgia with inflexible movement, and swollen hot painful joints, it is generally combined with rĕn dōng téng (Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae), hŭ zhàng (Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati) and huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) to enhance the effects.   For wind-damp-cold arthralgia, it is often combined with chuān wū (Radix Aconiti), qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to disperse wind and cold, transform dampness and relieve pain. 2. For steaming bone fever and tidal fever or that complicated with wind-damp arthralgia, it is often combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii) and biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Qín Jiāo Biē Jiă Sān (Large Leaf Gentian Root and Turtle Shell Decoction).   For fever in infantile malnutrition complicated with wind-damp arthralgia, it is often combined

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with dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii), hú huáng lián (Rhizoma Picrorhizae) and yín chái hú (Radix Stellariae). 3. For damp-heat jaundice, it can be used alone or in combination with yī n chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and hŭ zhàng (Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati) to enhance the effects. 4. In addition, it can clear super■cial pathogens when applied for exterior syndrome complicated with dampness. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-10 g generally and 30 g maximum in decoction. It should be decocted for a short time, or wine medicated, or made into powder or pills. For external use: the powder is applied topically mixed with a liquid adjuvant. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with chronic pain, deficiency, polyuria and loose stools, because it is bitter, acrid and slightly cold. ［Ingredients］  The root of Gentiana macrophylla Pall. contains erythricine, gentianidine, gentianal, gentiopicrin, swertiamarin, etc. The roots of Gentiana straminea Maxim. and Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex Burk. mainly contain gentiopicrin, sweroside, swertiamarin, gentianine and gentianal. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of anti-inflammation, analgesia, sedation, relieving fever, diuresis, anti-allergic shock, anti-histamine, lowering blood pressure and heartbeat, raising blood sugar and inhibiting dermatophytes. The alcohol extractives can inhibit bacillus anthracis, bacillus paratyphosus, bacillus dysenteriae, staphylococcus and diplococcus pneumoniae.

Luò ShíTéng 络石藤 CAULIS TRACHELOSPERMI Chinese Star Jasmine Stem ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry vine with leaves of Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lindi.) Lem., an evergreen woody climber of the family Apocynaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Luò “network”, shí “stone” and téng “vine”. It is a climbing vine, and it climbs over stones like a net. ［Habitat］  Produced throughout China, and mainly in Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong, Jiangxi, Hubei and Fujian provinces. ［Collection］  The vines are collected during the autumn before the leaves fall, and dried in the sun. The green ones with plenty of leaves are of the best quality. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is washed, moistened slightly, chopped into segments and dried for use. ［Properties］  Bitter; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, liver. ［Characteristics］  It is bitter so that it can purge pathogens and is slightly cold so that it can clear heat. It enters the liver and heart channels to expel wind, clear heat and activate collaterals, and therefore is applicable for wind-damp-heat arthralgia and tendon spasms with heat signs. It cools

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blood and clears toxic heat as well, so that is applicable for sore throat, skin sores and abscesses that are basically due to toxic-heat retention. ［Actions］  ■xpels wind, activates collaterals, cools blood and relieves swelling. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For wind-damp-heat arthralgia and tendon spasms with heat signs, it can be used alone or in combination with rĕn dōng téng (Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae), mù guā (Fructus Chaenomelis) and sāng zhī (Ramulus Mori) to reinforce the effects. 2. For pharyngitis, it can be used alone in decoction and taken for rinsing slowly, or in combination with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) and băn lán gēn (Radix Isatidis) to relieve swelling and soreness, and ease the throat by clearing toxic heat.   For sores and abscesses, it is commonly used in combination with zào jiăo cì (Spina Gleditsiae), guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) and rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) to improve pus discharge and tissue granulation, such as in the formula Zhĭ Tòng Líng Băo Săn (Great Pain-Killing Powder). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 6-15 g generally and 30 g maximum in decoction, or made into powder or pills, or wine medicated. For external use: the powder is applied topically, or the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yang de■ciency because it is bitter and cold. ［Ingredients］  It contains arctinin, tracheloside, alkaloidal, ■avonoids, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of anti-inflammation, anti-gout, bacteriostasis, anti-cancer, anti-oxygen and strengthening the heart. Arctinin improves blood circulation, dilates vessels and lowers blood pressure.

MùGuā 木瓜 FRUCTUS CHAENOMELIS Chaenomeles Fruit ［Source］  Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Northern and Southern Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). Its original name was mù guā shí (木瓜实). It is the dry mature fruit of Cnaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai and Cnaenomeles. Sinensis (Thouin) Koehne, two kinds of deciduous bushes of the family Rosaceae. The former one is called zhòu pí (“with wrinkles”) mù guā (皱皮木 瓜) and the latter one guāng pí (“without wrinkles”) mù guā (光皮木瓜). ［■xplanation of Name］  Mù “wood” and guā “melon”. The plant is woody and the fruit looks like a melon but smaller. The ones produced in Xuancheng of Anhui Province, Ziqiu of Hubei Province and Chun’an of Zhejiang Province are of the best quality, so the products from those places are honored with the titles xuān mù guā (宣木瓜), chún mù guā (淳 木瓜) and chuān mù guā (川木瓜) respectively. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Anhui, Sichuan, Hubei and Zhejiang provinces of China. The solid fruits with sour ■avor are of the best quality. ［Collection］  It is collected during the summer and autumn when the fruits are turning greenish-

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yellow. The fruit of Cnaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai is blanched in boiling water until the outer skin is grayish-white, cut into halves and dried for use. The fruit of Cnaenomeles. Sinensis (Thouin) Koehne is normally cut equally into two or four sections and blanched in boiling water, and then dried for use. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is washed clean, moistened slightly, steamed well, cut into thin pieces and dried for use. ［Properties］  Sour; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, spleen. ［Characteristics］  ■ntering the liver and spleen channels, it can relax muscles, activate collaterals, improve appetite, digestion and body fluid production, transform dampness and harmonize the stomach. It is sour and warm in properties, so that it generates fluid but does not astringe. It is warm but not drying. It is commonly used for arthralgia particularly with muscular aching, heaviness, spasms and numbness. It is also effective for foot edema and pain, vomiting, diarrhea and dyspepsia. ［Actions］  Relaxes sinews, activates collaterals, transforms dampness and harmonizes the middle. ［Clinical Applications］  1. It is one of the key herbs for chronic arthralgia.   For chronic arthralgia due to wind dampness, it is often combined with wēi líng xiān (Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and qí shé (Agkistrodon) to improve its effects on eliminating wind dampness and relieving pain.   For spasms and neck rigidity, it is better to combine with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) and mò yào (Myrrha) so as to reinforce its action of activating blood circulation and relieving pain, such as in the formula Mù Guā Jiān ( Chaenomeles Fruit Decoction).   For flaccidity of lower limbs with discomfort, wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae) and bīng láng (Semen Arecae) should be in the combination to move qi, descend turbidity, dissipate cold and remove dampness, such as in the formula Jī Míng Săn (Cock’s Crow Powder). 2. For muscular spasms from serious acute vomiting and diarrhea due to dampness trapped in the middle, it is often combined with wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), such as in the formula Mù Guā Tāng (Chinese Quince Fruit Decoction) and Cán Shĭ Tāng (Silkworm Droppings Decoction). 3. In addition, it is also applicable for dyspepsia with poor appetite, and thirst due to fluid consumption. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 6-15 g in decoction, or made into powder or pills, or wine medicated. For external use: it is decocted and applied to steam and rinse the local skin. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with damp-heat signs, stranguria and excess stomach acid, because it is sour and warm. ［Ingredients］  It contains saponins, ■avonoids, vitamin C, hydroxysuccinic acid, tartaric acid, citral acid, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It can remarkably relieve the in■ammation of experimental animal arthritis, and can slightly alleviate gastroenteric and limb myospasms. It also can protect the liver, inhibit bacteria and promote phagocytosis of macrophages.

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XīXiān Cǎo 豨莶草 HERBA SIEGESBECKIAE Siegesbeckia ［Source］  Initially appeared in Newly Revised Materia Medica in the Tang Dynasty (about 659 A.D.). Its original name was xī xiān. It is the aboveground part of Siegesbeckia orientalis L., Siegesbeckia pubescens Makino or Siegesbeckia glabrescens Makino, annual herbs of the family Compositae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Xī, the ancient local name for “pig” in Hubei, xiān locally means “bad taste and smell”, and căo means “grass”. The herb smells like pig feces, and tastes bad and harsh. ［Habitat］  Produced in most areas of China, but mainly in Hunan, Hubei and Jiangsu provinces. ［Collection］  The above-ground part is collected during the summer and autumn before the ■owers bloom. It is half dried in the sun and left in a dry and ventilated place to be completely dried. The young tender green ones with dense leaves and strong odor are of the best quality. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is washed clean, moistened slightly, cut into segments and dried for use. Alternately, it is steamed with yellow rice wine ■rst for use. ［Properties］  Bitter, acrid; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, kidney. ［Characteristics］  It is bitter so has drying action, acrid so has dispersing action and cold so has heat-clearing action. It enters the liver and kidney channels, and is good at dispelling wind and dampness from the muscular level, dredging channels and activating collaterals, clearing toxic heat, and relieving swelling. It is applicable for arthralgia, limb numbness, hemiplegia and flaccidity of feet and knees no matter in the pattern of cold or heat. For heat pattern it can be used directly, whereas for cold pattern it should be processed first. For sores, ulcers, abscesses, eczema, skin itching and such disorders in the pattern of toxic heat or damp heat, the unprepared herb only can be used. It also can lower blood pressure. ［Actions］  Dispels wind and dampness, dredges channels, activates collaterals and clears toxic heat. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For wind-damp-heat arthralgia, the unprepared herb is often combined with chòu wú tóng (Folium Clerodendri), such as in the formula Xī Tóng Wán (Siegesbeckia and Clerodendron Leaf Pill).   For wind-damp-cold arthralgia, hemiplegia and ■accidity of feet and knees, it also can be used if processed properly to reduce the coldness property. For this purpose, it should be wine-steamed ■rst, made into pills and taken with warm wine, such as in the formula Xī Xiān Wán (Siegesbeckia Pill). 2. For sores, ulcers, abscesses, eczema and skin itching, applied either internally or topically it can effectively clear toxic heat and eliminate wind and dampness.

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［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 9-12 g in decoction, or made into powder or pills, or wine medicated or the fresh juice applied. For external use: it is decocted and applied to steam and rinse the local skin, or the powder is applied in combination with an adjuvant, or the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically. For the cold pattern the processed herb is used, while for the heat pattern the unprocessed herb is used. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with joint pain but without any signs of wind dampness because of its dispersing and drying property. It works slowly, so a longer application is required. A large dose of the unprepared herb may cause vomiting. ［Ingredients］  It contains glycoside and aglycone. Siegesbeckia pubescens Makino contains siegesbeckioside, siegesbeckiol, siegesbeckic acid, sitosterol, daucosterol, etc. Siegesbeckia glabrescens Makino contains darutoside and darutigenol. ［Pharmacological Research］  They all show effects of anti-inflammation, inhibiting immune reaction, anti-thrombosis, anti-bacteria and anti-virus. They also can dilate vessels, lower blood pressure, promote mesenteric microcirculation and inhibit rodent plasmodium. Siegesbeckia glabrescens Makino also can act against early pregnancy.

Chòu WúTóng 臭梧桐 FOLIUM CLERODENDRI Clerodendron Leaf ［Source］  Initially appeared in Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Tú Jīng，本 草图经) in the Northern Song Dynasty (about 1061 A.D.). It is the dry branch with leaves of Clerodendron trichotomum Thumb., a deciduous bush or small tree of the family Verbenaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Chòu “bad smelling” and wú tóng “phoenix tree”. The leaf is similar to that of the phoenix tree in shape and smells bad, especially when it is kneaded. ［Habitat］  Produced in most areas of China, but mainly in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces. ［Collection］  The young tender leaves and twigs are collected during the summer before the blossom of the ■owers, and dried in the sun. The ones with beautiful green leaves are the best in quality. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is soaked slightly, moistened completely, chopped into segments and dried for use. ［Properties］  Acrid, bitter; cool. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver. ［Characteristics］  It is acrid and thus dispersing, bitter and thus drying, and cool so that it produces the effect of clearing heat. It enters the liver channel and is good at dispelling wind and dampness, dredging channels, activating collaterals and relieving pain. It is applicable for arthralgia with limb numbness and hemiplegia, and, according to modern research, it can effectively lower blood pressure. ［Actions］  Dispels wind and dampness, dredges channels and activates collaterals, relieves pain

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and lowers blood pressure. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For wind-damp arthralgia, limb numbness and hemiplegia, it can be used alone or in combination with xī xiān căo (Herba Siegesbeckiae) to improve the effects, such as in the formula Xī Tóng Wán (Siegesbeckia and Clerodendron Leaf Pill). 2. For hypertension with limb numbness, it can be used alone in powder for long-term application or in a formula to lower blood pressure. 3. In addition, if decocted and applied in a bath, it is applicable for eczema and skin itching. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-15 g in decoction, or made into powder or pills. For the purpose of lowering blood pressure, it should not be decocted for a long time. For external use: the dried herb is decocted and applied to steam and rinse the local skin, or the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with vulnerable stomachs or de■ciency cold of the spleen and stomach, since it is cold in nature and has a bad odor. ［Ingredients］  It contains clerodendrin, clerodendronin A and B, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of sedation, analgesia and lowering blood pressure. The formulas Zhēn Tóng Hé Jì (Spanishneedles Herb and Clerodendron ■xtracted Decoction) and Xī Tóng Wán (Siegesbeckia and Clerodendron Leaf Pill) show anti-inflammation effects.

Sāng Zhī桑枝 RAMULUS MORI Mulberry Twig ［Source］  Initially appeared in Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica in the Northern Song Dynasty (about 1061 A.D.). It is the dry twig of Morus alba L., a deciduous tree of the family Moraceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Sāng “mulberry tree” and zhī “branch”. It is the twig of the mulberry tree. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hebei and Shandong provinces of China. Tender ones with yellowish-white cross-sections are of the best quality. ［Collection］  It is collected during the end of spring and the beginning of summer. After the leaves are cleared away, the twigs are dried slightly, cut into segments or diagonally-cut slices 30-60 cm long, and dried for use. ［Processing］  The segments are soaked slightly, then moistened completely and cut into thick pieces for use, or dry-fried ■rst. ［Properties］  Bitter; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver. ［Characteristics］  Bitter and neutral in properties, it is good at dispelling wind from the muscles and channels, unblocking channels and easing joints. It is usually applied for wind-damp arthralgia particularly affecting the four limbs. It also induces diuresis, so is applicable for edema. It is neutral in nature and mild in action, and therefore a larger dose is necessarily used. ［Actions］  Dispels wind, dredges channels, induces diuresis and alleviates edema.

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［Clinical Applications］  1. For wind-damp arthralgia, limb spasms and in■exibility either in the pattern of cold or heat, it alone can be decocted into cream and applied orally, or used in combination with other similar herbs to enhance the effects. 2. For edema, it is often combined with fú líng pí (Cutis Poriae), dà fù pí (Pericarpium Arecae) and zhū líng (Polyporus).   For flaccidity and edema of the legs, mù guā (Fructus Chaenomelis), cán shā (Faeces Bombycis) and tŭ fú líng (Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae) can also be used in combination. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-30 g in decoction, or made into powder or pills. For external use: it is decocted and applied to steam and rinse the local skin. The fresh herb can also be applied. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains tannins, ■avonoids, saccharides, morin, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of anti-inflammation, and increasing the lymphocyte conversion ratio and immunity. The morin it contains inhibits bacteria, viruses and tumors, and induces diuresis. Its extractives bene■t diabetic nephropathy and cholesterol.

Hǎi Fēng Téng 海风藤 CAULIS PIPERIS KADSURAE Kadsura Pepper Stem ［Source］  Initially appeared in Materia Medica of South Yunnan (Diān Nán Bĕn Căo, 滇南本 草) in the Qing Dynasty (about 1436 A.D.). Its original name was shí nán téng (石南藤). It is the dry vine of Piper kadsura (Choisy) Ohwi, an evergreen climber of the family Piperaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  It is also known as fēng téng (风藤) and dà fēng téng (大风藤). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian and Taiwan of China. ［Collection］  The plant is collected from August to October. The roots and leaves are removed and the remaining vine is dried in the sun. The ones with strong aroma are of the best quality. ［Processing］  After the impurities are removed, it is washed clean and water is sprayed on it to gradually moisten it. It is then cut into thick slices and dried for use. ［Properties］  Acrid, bitter; slightly warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver. ［Characteristic］  It is acrid and thus dispersing, bitter and thus drying, and warmly unblocking. It enters the liver channel only. It is good at dispelling wind and dampness, and unblocking channels. It is applicable for wind-damp-cold arthralgia and traumatic swelling and pain. ［Actions］  Dispels wind and dampness, unblocks channels and relieves pain. ［Clinical Applications］  For wind-damp-cold arthralgia, muscular spasms, joint inflexibility, and aching pain of the lower back and knees, it is often combined with qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae), guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to enhance the effects. In addition, it is often combined with hóng huā (Flos Carthami), dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) and liú jì nú (Herba Artemisiae Anomalae) for traumatic swelling and pain.

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［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-15 g in decoction, or made into powder or pills, or wine medicated. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin or blood deficiency, because it is warm and drying in property. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains futoxide, ■avonoids, volatile oils, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It increases the coronary blood flow and collateral circulation blood ■ow in the zone of myocardial ischemia, and reduces coronary vascular resistance. It has a protective effect on cerebral ischemia reperfusion damage. It also shows anti-platelet aggregation and inhibiting thrombosis actions. It obviously inhibits the increase of pulmonary vessel wall permeability induced by platelet activating factor and attenuates endotoxin-induced hypotension and lung injury. In addition, it has antioxidant, antifertility and anti-tumor effects.

WǔJiā Pí五加皮 CORTEX ACANTHOPANACIS Eleutherococcus Root Bark ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry root of Acanthopanax gracilistylus W. W. Smith, a deciduous undershrub of the family Araliaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Wŭ “■ve”, jiā “attaching”, and pí “bark”. The plant has one stalk growing five leaves in attachment one to another, and the root bark is medicinal. It is commonly named nán (“south”) wŭ jiā (南五加). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Hubei, Henan and Anhui provinces of China. ［Collection］  The roots are collected during the summer and autumn. After they are washed clean, the bark is removed and dried in the sun. Big, thick and strong roots with grayish-white cross-sections and woody core removed are of good quality. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, they are washed clean, moistened completely, cut into thick pieces and dried for use. ［Properties］  Acrid, bitter, slightly sweet; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, kidney. ［Characteristic］  It is acrid and thus dispersing, bitter and thus drying, and sweet and warm and thus nourishing in actions. It enters the liver and kidney channels, and is able to alleviate arthralgia by dispelling wind and dampness, and strengthen muscles and bones by nourishing the liver and kidney. It acts as an essential herb in the treatment of wind-damp-cold arthralgia, limb spasms and joint in■exibility, and ■accidity of bones and muscles. It also induces diuresis and therefore is applicable for edema, and for ■accidity and edema of the foot. ［Actions］  Dispels wind and dampness, nourishes the liver and kidney, strengthens muscles and bones, and induces diuresis. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For wind-damp arthralgia, especially cases in cold pattern

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complicated with kidney de■ciency, it can be wine medicated and applied orally, such as Wŭ Jiā Pí Jiŭ (Acanthopanax Root Bark Wine).   It also can be used in combination with mù guā (Fructus Chaenomelis) and sōng jié (Lignum Pini Nodi) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Wŭ Jiā Pí Săn (Acanthopanax Root Bark Powder). 2. For ■accidity of bones and muscles in the pattern of liver and kidney de■ciency, it is often combined with huái niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae), dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) and yín yáng huò (Herba ■pimedii) to improve the effect on nourishing the kidney.   For pediatric walking retardation, it is often combined with guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis), niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) and xù duàn (Radix Dipsaci) to reinforce the effects. 3. For edema, it is often combined with fú líng pí (Cutis Poriae), chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) and dà fù pí (Pericarpium Arecae) to move qi, transform dampness and promote urination, such as in the formula Wŭ Pí Yĭn (Five-Peel Beverage).   For flaccidity and edema of the foot, it is combined with tŭ fú líng (Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae), dà fù pí (Pericarpium Arecae) and mù guā (Fructus Chaenomelis). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, or made into powder or pills, or wine medicated. For external use: it is decocted and applied to steam and rinse the local skin, or the powder is applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is contraindicated for patients with yin de■ciency, de■ciency f ire, and dry and bitter mouth because it is drying in property. ［Ingredients］  It contains syringin, eleutheroside, sesamin, palmitinic acid, palmitinic acid and volatile oils. ［Pharmacological research］  It shows effects of anti-in■ammation, analgesia, anti-fatigue, antistress (including high and low temperature resistance and anti-hypoxia), resisting diuresis, anti-tumor and anti-radiation injury. It also inhibits experimental hyperglycemia, improves immunity, stimulates the gonads and adrenal glands, increases the wet weight of the testes, prostate and seminal vesicle in male experimental rats, eliminates phlegm and relieves cough.

Sāng JìShēng 桑寄生 HERBA TAXILLI Chinese Taxillus ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was sāng shàng jì shēng (桑上寄生). It is the dry twig with leaves of Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser, an evergreen undershrub of the family Loranthaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Sāng “mulberry tree” and jì shēng “parasite”. The plant is a parasite of the mulberry tree. It is mainly produced in Guangdong Province, and thus is also known as guăng jì shēng (广 寄生). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian of China. ［Collection］  It is collected during the beginning of winter and the following spring. After the

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thick stem is removed, the twigs are chopped into segments and dried for use, or dried after steaming. The best in quality are thin, young and reddish-brown twigs with many leaves. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, the thin twigs are selected and cleaned with water, moistened completely, chopped into segments or thick pieces, and dried for use. ［Properties］  Bitter, sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, kidney. ［Characteristics］  It is bitter in taste so that it is drying in effect and sweet so that it can nourish de■ciency. It is neutral, neither too cold nor too hot. It enters the liver and kidney channels, and is good at dispelling wind and dampness, relieving joint pain, nourishing blood as well as the liver and kidney, strengthening bones and muscles, and preventing miscarriage. It works as an essential herb in the treatment of wind-damp arthralgia complicated with liver and kidney de■ciency, aching and weak lower back and knees, and vaginal bleeding during pregnancy and threatened miscarriage that are all due to liver and kidney de■ciency. ［Actions］  Dispels wind and dampness, tonifies the liver and kidney, strengthens bones and muscles, and prevents threatened miscarriage. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For wind-damp arthralgia and aching and weak lower back and knees in the pattern of liver and kidney deficiency, it is often combined with dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis), dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Dú Huó Jì Shēng Tāng (Pubescent Angelica and Mistletoe Decoction). 2. For vaginal bleeding during pregnancy and threatened miscarriage due to liver and kidney de■ciency, it is often combined with ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini), chuān xù duàn (Radix Dipsaci) and tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae), such as in the formula Shòu Tāi Wán (Strengthening Fetus Pill). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-20 g in decoction, or made into powder or pills, or wine medicated. For external use: the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically. ［Ingredients］  The major components are quercetin, quercitrin, avicularin and a small amount of catechol. ［Pharmacological Research］  It can tranquilize the mind, induce diuresis, lower cholesterol and blood pressure, dilate the coronary arteries, increase coronary blood flow, and remarkably inhibit poliovirus, enterovirus, the growth of salmonella typhi and staphylococcus aureus, and hepatitis B surface antigen.

Summary Dú Huó vs. Qiāng Huó Dú Huó

Similarities

Medicinal

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Qiāng Huó

Properties

Acrid, bitter

Entered channels

Kidney, bladder

Actions

Dispels wind, dissipates cold, eliminates dampness, alleviates arthralgia and releases the exterior

Indications

Wind-damp-cold arthralgia, exterior wind-cold syndrome, exterior wind-cold syndrome complicated with dampness and headache due to cold invasion

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Differences

Medicinal

Qiāng Huó

Properties

Slightly warm

Warm

Actions

■xpel wind and damp cold from the interior

Disperse wind, cold and damp from the surface

Indications

Wind-damp-cold arthralgia particularly in the lower part of the body, and chronic headache due to wind in the shaoyin level

Wind-damp-cold arthralgia particularly in the upper part of the body, headache due to wind-cold invasion of the taiyang channel, and stiffness and pain in the neck and upper back

Special features

Mild in actions

Strong in actions

Hàn Fáng Jĭ vs. Mù Fáng Jĭ Hàn Fáng Jĭ

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Mù Fáng Jĭ

Properties

Acrid, bitter; cold

Entered channels

Bladder, kidney

Actions

■xpels wind and damp, alleviates arthralgia, drains water and relieves edema

Indications

■ither wind-damp-heat or wind-damp-cold arthralgia, edema or dysuria

Properties

—

Toxic

Actions

Good at draining water to relieve edema

Good at expelling wind and alleviating pain

Indications

Arthritis complicated with hydrarthrosis, edema and ascites

More effective for joint swelling and pain

Chuān Wū vs. Căo Wū Chuān Wū

Similarities

Medicinal

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Căo Wū

Properties

Acrid, bitter; hot; toxic

Entered channels

Heart, spleen, liver, kidney

Actions

■xpels wind and damp, dissipates cold and acts like a narcotic analgesic

Indications

Chronic wind-damp-cold arthralgia, cold-damp headache, heart and abdominal cold pain and traumatic injuries in serious cases or stages

Notes

Should not be taken in large doses, and should be decocted ahead of other herbs or for a longer time to reduce their toxicity. The unprepared products are very toxic, so that they are generally not applied internally

Special features

—

■ven more toxic and harsh in actions than chuān wū

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Chinese Materia Medica Wēi Líng Xiān vs. Hăi Fēng Téng Wēi Líng Xiān

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Hăi Fēng Téng

Properties

Acrid

Actions

■xpels wind and dampness, unblocks channels and activates collaterals

Indications

Arthralgia and limb contractions in cold pattern

Properties

Salty; warm

Bitter; slightly warm

Entered channels

Bladder

Liver

Actions

Softens ■shbones and dissolve phlegm

Relieves pain

Indications

Arthralgia in the cold type either in the upper or the lower part of the body

Traumatic injuries

Special features

Strong in actions

Mild in actions

Qín Jiāo vs. Luò Shí Téng Qín Jiāo

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Luò Shí Téng

Properties

Slightly cold

Entered channels

Liver

Actions

■xpels wind and dampness, activates collaterals

Indications

Wind-damp-heat arthralgia

Properties

Bitter, acrid

Bitter

Entered channels

Stomach, gallbladder

Heart

Actions

· Relaxes muscles and activates collaterals · Counteracts

damp heat

de■ciency heat and clears

· 

Indications

Wind-damp-cold arthralgia bone fever, fever in infantile malnutrition ·  Damp-heat jaundice · Steaming

Clears heat and cools blood

·  · 

Heat arthralgia Sore throat, sores and abscesses

Mù Guā vs. Cán Shā Mù Guā

Similarities

Medicinal

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Cán Shā

Properties

Warm

Entered channels

Liver, spleen

Actions

Transforms dampness and harmonizes the stomach

Indications

Arthralgia and muscular spasms from serious acute vomiting and diarrhea due to dampness trapped in the middle

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Differences

Medicinal

Cán Shā

Properties

Sour

Sweet, acrid

Entered channels

—

Stomach

Actions

· ■liminates

dampness, benefits blood, relaxes muscles and activates collaterals · Improve appetite and ■uid production · Chronic

Indications

arthralgia, spasms of the muscles and foot edema · Thirst due to fluid consumption and dyspepsia

Disperses wind

Different kinds of arthralgia alone or in combination

Xī Xiān Căo vs. Chòu Wú Tóng Xī Xiān Căo

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Chòu Wú Tóng

Properties

Bitter, acrid

Entered channels

Liver

Actions

■liminates wind and dampness, dredges channels, lowers blood pressure and alleviates itching

Indications

Applied in combination for wind-damp arthralgia, limb numbness, hemiplegia, eczema and hypertension

Properties

Cold

Cool

Entered channels

Kidney

—

Actions Indications

· Dispels

wind and dampness from the muscular and bone level ·  Clears toxic heat

Mild in the action of clearing heat

Sores, ulcers and abscesses

Arthralgia either in heat or cold patterns

Wŭ Jiā Pí vs. Sāng Jì Shēng Wŭ jiā pí

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

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Sāng jì shēng

Properties

Bitter

Entered channels

Liver, kidney

Actions

■xpels wind and dampness, tonif ies the liver and kidney, and strengthens muscles and bones

Indications

Wind-damp arthralgia complicated with weak bones and muscles due to liver and kidney de■ciency

Properties

Acrid, slightly sweet; warm

Actions

Induces diuresis

Indications

·  · 

Pediatric walking retardation ■dema and dysuria

Sweet; neutral ·  · 

■xcellent in nourishing blood Prevents threatened miscarriage

Arthralgia complicated with blood de■ciency

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Review Questions 1. Give the de■nition of herbs that expel wind and damp, and their common characteristics. 2. Give the common actions, indications, modi■cations, cautions and contraindications of the herbs in this chapter. 3. Which herbs can expel wind and damp, dredge channels and activate collaterals as well? Give the individual characteristics and actions of each herb. 4. W hich herbs can expel wind and damp, and strengthen bones and muscles as well? Give the individual characteristics and actions of each herb. 5.Which herbs are particularly effective for joint pain? Give the individual characteristics and actions of each herb. 6. ■xplain the characteristics, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of the following herbs: fáng jĭ, wēi líng xiān, léi gōng téng, qín jiāo, mù guā, sāng jì shēng and wŭ jiā pí. 7. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of properties, actions and indications: qiāng huó and dú huó; wŭ jiā pí and sāng jì shēng; fáng jĭ and fáng fēng; qín jiāo and huáng băi; hàn fáng jĭ and mù fáng jĭ; chuān wū and căo wū; wēi líng xiān and hăi fēng téng; qín jiāo and luò shí téng; mù guā and cán shā. 8. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of properties, actions and indications: xī xiān căo and chòu wú tóng; sī guā luò and sāng zhī. 9. Which herbs are very toxic, toxic and slightly toxic? Give the individual dosage, administration, cautions and contraindications of each herb.

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CHAPTER 5  

Herbs that Transform Dampness Cāng Zhú 苍术  /  230 Hòu Pò 厚朴   /  232 Hòu Pò Huā 厚朴花  /  233

Shā Rén Ké 砂仁壳  /  238

Bái Dòu Kòu 白豆蔻   /  238 Bái Dòu Kòu Ké 白豆蔻壳  /  239

Guǎng Huò Xiāng 广藿香  /  234

Căo Dòu Kòu 草豆蔻  /  239

Shā Rén 砂仁  /  236

Căo Guŏ 草果  /  240

［Definition］  Herbs with an aromatic acrid flavor and a primary action of transforming dampness or drying dampness to activate the spleen are called herbs that transform dampness. ［Properties ＆ Actions］  Most of the herbs in this category are acrid, aromatic, warm and dry, mainly entering the spleen and stomach channels. They are good at aromatically transforming dampness and drying/eliminating damp turbidity. They also promote qi circulation to strengthen the function of the spleen and stomach. Herbs with aromatic fragrance specialize in transforming dampness to revive the spleen, whereas herbs with bitter taste strongly dry dampness to activate the spleen. The herbs in this chapter can also harmonize the middle jiao and whet the appetite; some of them are also able to eliminate summer pathogens and release the exterior. ［Indications］  The spleen mainly performs the functions of transformation and transportation of water and food. It favors dryness, warmth and aromatic substances, and dislikes dampness. The herbs in this category are mainly used for treating dampness which obstructs the spleen and stomach internally and leads to dysfunction of the spleen’s capacity for transformation and transportation. Dampness manifests with gastric and abdominal oppression and fullness, nausea and vomiting, acid regurgitation, loose stools and diarrhea, poor appetite and sluggish limbs, and a greasy white coating on the tongue. Dampness-resolving herbs are also used for treating damp heat that obstructs the spleen, marked by a sweet taste in the mouth, excessive saliva and a yellow greasy tongue coating. These indications are often seen in damp-heat febrile diseases and summerheat febrile diseases. Dampness-resolving herbs also treat cold-damp obstruction which causes the yin type of summer syndromes. ［Modifications］  Dampness syndrome can be separated into the patterns of cold dampness and damp heat. Therefore, we use dampness-resolving herbs modified according to the different types of damp syndrome. For cold dampness, combinations are made with herbs that warm the interior and disperse cold; for damp heat, combinations are made with herbs that clear heat and dry dampness. The character of dampness is sticky and stagnant; dampness obstruction often brings on qi stagnation. Qi-regulating herbs assist in transforming dampness. Therefore, dampness-resolving herbs are usually combined with qi-regulating herbs. Dampness may also be induced by spleen de■ciency; if so, combination with spleen qi tonics is necessary. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  Most of the herbs in this chapter have acrid, aromatic, warm and dry properties that easily dissipate qi and impair yin. As such, caution should be used in cases of yin or qi de■ciency, or blood dryness. When decocting these herbs, they should not be allowed to boil for a long time because these herbs contain volatile oils that quickly evaporate, resulting in a decrease of ef■cacy.

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Cāng Zhú苍术 RHIZOMA ATRACTYLODIS Atractylodes Rhizome ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-220 A.D.). Its original name was zhú. It is the dried rhizome of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. or A. chinensis (DC.) koidz., perennial herbs of the family Compositae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Cāng “dark green”, and zhú is the pictograph of this plant. The leaves of the plant are dark green in color, and the plant—especially the rhizome—grows to look like the Chinese character “术”. It is also known as máo zhú (茅术), where máo is the short name of Maoshan, a place in Jiangsu province of China. ［Habitat］  Máo cāng zhú, Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) D.C., is mainly produced in Jiangsu, Hubei and Henan provinces of China, but that which is produced in Maoshan, Jiangsu Province is of the best quality. Běi cāng zhú, A. chinensis (D.C.) koidz., is mainly produced in Hebei, Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces. ［Collection］  It is collected during summer and autumn. After sediment and residual stems are removed, it is dried in the sun. The solid ones with numerous cinnabar oil spots in the cross-sections and with thick aromatic fragrance are of the best quality. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is moistened thoroughly with plain water or the washing water of rice, cut into thick pieces and dried in the sun for use. It can be fried at low temperature until it turns yellowish. It also can be bran-fried, oven earth-fried (zào xīn tǔ), salt waterfried, or deeply-fried (to dark brown) ■rst before use. ［Properties］  Acrid, bitter; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, stomach. ［Characteristics］  It is acrid so that it is dispersing, and bitter and warm so that it is drying in actions. It enters the spleen and stomach channels, and is good at transforming interior dampness, dispersing exterior wind and damp from the skin, muscles and joints, and tonifying the spleen as well. It is widely used for both interior or exterior problems, either in the upper or the lower body, as long as they are caused by dampness. For problems in the pattern of cold, it can be used directly alone, and for those in the heat pattern it generally is used in combination with cold herbs in order to purge the heat pathogens. ［Actions］  Dries dampness, toni■es the spleen, expels wind dampness and induces perspiration to release the exterior. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For dampness retention in the middle, it can directly dry dampness and tonify the spleen to improve the transformation of dampness.   For cold-damp retention in the middle with manifestations such as epigastric fullness and abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, diarrhea with tiredness and whitish greasy tongue coating, it is often combined with hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis) and chén pí

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(Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), such as in the formula Píng Wèi Săn (Stomach-Calming Powder).   For phlegm-■uid retention in the lung or in the skin (edema), it is often combined with chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), fú líng (Poria) and shēng jiāng pí (■xodermis Zingiberis Recens).   For damp-heat patterns, it is combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and huá shí (Talcum).   For leukorrhea, it is combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), fú líng (Poria) and qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales). 2. For wind-damp arthralgia, especially those cases where dampness is dominant, it can warmly expel wind and transform dampness.   For wind-cold-damp arthralgia, it is often combined with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis) and wēi líng xiān (Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis).   For damp-heat arthralgia, it is often combined with herbs that are cold in nature, such as huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae), shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), such as in the formula Sān Miào Săn (Wonderfully ■ffective Three Powder) and Bái Hŭ Jiā Cāng Zhú Tāng (White Tiger Decoction Plus Atractylodes).   It is also used for atrophy and ■accidity, skin ulcers, eczema and foot swelling pain due to the pouring down of damp heat. 3. For exterior pattern complicated with dampness invasion, it can disperse the wind and dampness from the body surface, and induce perspiration to release the exterior.   For wind-cold-damp exterior pattern, it is often combined with fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae), qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii) and dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis) to release the exterior by dispersing wind and cold, and transforming dampness.   For wind-heat-damp exterior pattern, it is often combined with jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) to release the exterior by dispersing wind and heat, and transforming dampness. 4. Additionally, it improves eyesight to treat night blindness and poor vision resulting from problems such as keratomalacia. It can be used alone, or cooked together with lamb liver or other kinds of liver. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, or also in pills or powder. For external use: it can be burnt for fumigation. The unprepared herb is drier and more dispersing in property, which is reduced in the dry-fried one. The unprepared herb is normally applied for dampness-dominant problems or exterior patterns, the prepared one for dampness retention complicated by spleen de■ciency, the deeply-fried one for diarrhea due to spleen de■ciency and excess dampness, and the salt water-fried one for problems caused by the pouring down of damp heat. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency, internal heat or spontaneous sweating due to qi deficiency, because it is acrid, bitter, warm and dry and easily induces sweating, qi and yin consumption, as well as exuberance of heat. ［Ingredients］  The rhizome of máo cāng zhú, Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC., contains volatile oils which are composed of 2-carene, β-elemene, atractylone and hinesol. It also contains small amounts of substances acting like vitamin A and various mineral elements. The rhizome of běi cāng zhú, A. chinensis (DC.) koidz., contains volatile oils which are composed of β-eudesmol and atractylin, which also contains β-selinene, elemene, atractylone and hinesol. ［Pharmacological Research］  It resists experimental gastritis and gastric ulcers, regulates gastro-enteric movement, protects the liver, lowers blood sugar and signi■cantly increases the urine

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excretion of Na+ and K+. The decoction can signi■cantly increase the urine excretion of Na+and K+ in experimental rats. The β-eudesmol resists hypoxia. Burning with ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi) shows effects of anti-virus, anti-bacteria, anti-pathogenic fungus and anti-mycoplasma. ［Notes］  Cāng zhú and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) In ancient times, cāng zhú was confused with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) since they shared the same character zhú. Collective Commentaries on the Classic of Materia Medica written by Tao Hong-jing in the Southern Dynasty of the Liang period (494 A.D.) was first to separate cāng zhú from bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae).

Hòu Pò 厚朴 CORTEX MAGNOLIAE OFFICINALIS Magnolia Bark ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry bark of the trunk, root or branch of Magnolia of■cinalis Rehd. et Wils. or M. of■cinalis Rehd. et Wils. var. bilota Rehd. et Wils., deciduous trees of the family Magnoliaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Hòu “thick” and pò “woody bark”. The bark is thick and purplish-red with intense fragrance. It is also called liè pò (烈朴) and chì pò (赤朴). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Sichuan, Hubei and Anhui provinces of China; that which is produced in Sichuan or Hubei Province is of the best quality. ［Collection］  The bark is peeled off and collected during April and June, and dried in the shade. The dried bark is boiled in water for a short time, then piled up and covered with fresh grass or sacks and left for some time in a damp place until the inner surface turns purplish-brown or just brown. They are then rolled up individually into the shape of a pipe and dried. Thick and oily bark with tender ■bers and purplish-brown cross-sections with small bright spots, and with intense aromatic fragrance is the best in quality. ［Processing］  After the rough bark is scraped off, it is washed, moistened thoroughly with water, cut into segments and dried for use, or stir-fried with fresh ginger juice ■rst. ［Properties］  Bitter, acrid; warm. ［■ntered channels］  Spleen, stomach, lung, large intestine. ［Characteristics］  It is bitter so that it can dry dampness, and acrid and warm so that it can disperse and move qi. It mainly enters the spleen, stomach and large intestine channels, yet also works in the lung channel. It is able to dry dampness, improve qi movement and relieve asthma, and is excellent in improving the qi movement of the stomach and large intestine. Accordingly, it is applicable for food retention, dampness or phlegm accumulation, and qi stagnation, but preferably used for those problems when cold is involved. It also can be used for the above problems with heat if combined with cold or cool herbs. ［Actions］  Dries dampness, moves qi, improves digestion and relieves asthma. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For dampness retention in the middle with manifestations such as fullness sensation of the stomach and abdomen, poor appetite, nausea and vomiting,

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listlessness and loose stools, it is good at drying dampness and moving the qi of the stomach and large intestine. It is often combined with cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), such as in the formula Píng Wèi Săn (Stomach-Calming Powder). 2. For constipation, it activates qi movement of the stomach and large intestine to help defecation, but better in combination with zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei), such as in the formula Hòu Pò Sān Wù Tāng (Officinal Magnolia Bark Three Substances Decoction).   If the constipation presents as very dry stool which is due to excessive heat, it is usually combined with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei), máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas) and zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus), such as in the formula Dà Chéng Qì Tāng (Major Purgative Decoction). 3. For cough and wheezing with profuse phlegm ■uid trapped inside, it is able to dry dampness and transform phlegm, and move qi down to ■nally relieve the asthma.   For chronic asthma relapse due to exterior wind-cold attack, it is often combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) and xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), such as in the formula Guì Zhī Jiā Hòu Pò Xìng Zǐ Tāng (Cinnamon Twig Decoction Plus Of■cinal Magnolia Bark and Apricot Kernel).   For chronic wheezing and cough with profuse phlegm ■uid, it is combined with sū zĭ (Fructus Perillae), jú pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), such as in the formula Sū Zĭ Jiàng Qì Tāng (Perilla Fruit Qi-Descending Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For serious qi stagnation caused by dampness retention and marked by apparent abdominal distension, the ginger juice-fried herb should be used. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with de■ciency, since it is dispersing and may consume qi. ［Ingredients］  It contains volatile oils, which are mainly composed of β-eudesmol. It also contains lignans, magnolol, honokiol, obovatol and a small amount of magnocurarine. ［Pharmacological Research］  It can relax striated muscles, prevent and treat gastric ulcers, inhibit central nerves, lower blood pressure and resist bacteria. Its magnocurarine can reduce the tension of the small intestine in vivo. The decoction can excite the intestines and the bronchial smooth muscles in vitro, while a large dose of it is inhibiting. Magnolol shows anti-tumor effects.

Attachment: Hòu Pò Huā 厚朴花 Flos Magnoliae Officinalis ［Source］  It is the dry ■ower of Magnolia of■cinalis Rehd. et Wils. or M. of■cinalis Rehd. et Wils. var. bilota Rehd.et Wils., deciduous trees of the family Magnoliaceae. ［Properties］  Aromatically fragrant, acrid; warm. ［Actions］  Moves qi and transforms dampness, but the action is milder than the bark. ［Clinical Applications］  Fullness or distension in the stomach and abdomen, and poor appetite due to dampness retention. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-6 g for decoction.

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Guǎng Huò Xiāng 广藿香 HERBA POGOSTEMONIS Cablin Patchouli ［Source］  Initially appeared in Southern Status of Vegetation (Nán Fāng Cǎo Mù Zhuàng, 南方 草木状) in the Western Jin Dynasty. Its original name was huò xiāng. It is the above-ground part of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth., a perennial herb of the family Labiatae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Guǎng “Guangdong”, huò “bean leaf” and xiāng “aroma”. The leaf resembles the bean’s leaf, which has an intense fragrance, and it is produced chie■y in the Guangdong region. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Guangdong and Hainan provinces of China; that produced in Shipai, a rural area outside of Guangzhou city, is of the best quality. ［Collection］  The plants are collected in summer and autumn when most flourishing. The best quality plants have dense leaves and a strong fragrance. ［Processing］  After roots and impurities are removed, it is used fresh. Alternately, dried plants can be used by ■rst removing roots and impurities, separating the leaves from the stems, sifting the leaves well, washing the stems and moistening them well, chopping them into segments, drying them and then mixing them with the leaves. ［Properties］  Acrid; slightly warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, stomach, lung. ［Characteristics］  It is aromatic, acrid and dispersing but is not violent in action; it is slightly warm but does not result in pathological heat; it transforms dampness but is not too dry. It enters the spleen, stomach and lung channels, and is good at transforming dampness, reviving the spleen, harmonizing the middle jiao, stopping vomiting, relieving summer damp and releasing the exterior. It is widely used for damp-turbidity obstruction combined with cold or heat, with or without an exterior attack. ［Actions］  Transforms dampness, relieves summer pathogens, stops vomiting and releases the exterior. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For dampness obstructing the middle jiao, it is a chief aromatic herb for transforming turbid dampness, and is used for damp turbidity which causes internal obstruction leading to dysfunction of qi transportation in the middle jiao. Symptoms include oppression and fullness in the epigastrium and abdomen, reduced appetite, nausea, vomiting, listlessness and tiredness. Guǎng huò xiāng is often combined with cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis), such as in the formula Bù Huàn Jīn Zhèng Qì Sǎn (Not Changing For Gold Qi-Correcting Powder). 2. For summer damp syndrome and damp warm febrile disease in the early stage, it can both transform dampness and release the exterior.

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  For treating invasion of wind cold in summer, with internal injury by excessive cold and raw diet, marked by chills and fever, headache, gastric oppression, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, it is often combined with zĭ sū (Folium et Caulis Perillae), hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), etc., such as in the formula Huò Xiāng Zhèng Qì Săn (Agastache Qi-Correcting Powder).   For treating damp-heat febrile disease in its early stage, when the pathogen is located in sanjiao, it is often combined with bái dòu kòu (Fructus Amomi Kravanh), xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae).   For treating damp-heat febrile disease, when an epidemic pathogen attacks the qi stage and when both dampness and heat are dominant, it can be combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), huá shí (Talcum) and yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae), such as in the formula Gān Lù Xiāo Dú Dān (Sweet Dew Toxin-Removing ■lixir). 3. For vomiting, it can both transform dampness and harmonize the stomach. It is the most appropriate herb for treating vomiting due to turbid dampness obstructing the middle jiao. It can be used alone, but is more effective when combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae).   For vomiting due to cold dampness, it should be combined with dīng xiāng (Flos Caryophylli) and bái dòu kòu (Fructus Amomi Kravanh).   For vomiting due to damp heat, it should be combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia).   For vomiting due to morning sickness, it should be combined with shā rén (Fructus Amomi) and sū gěng (Caulis Perillae).   For vomiting due to spleen and stomach de■ciency, it should be combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae). 4. Additionally, it can be combined with exterior-releasing herbs for treating exterior pattern with dampness. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, double the dosage if using the fresh herb; also used in pills or powder. The leaves of the herb can produce a greater effect of dispersing pathogens from the exterior; the stems can produce a stronger effect for regulating the middle jiao. In making a decoction, it should not be steeped for more than 15 minutes because it contains volatile oils that quickly evaporate. In summer, the fresh plant is steeped in hot water and drunk as a beverage. Because the fresh herb is more fragrant, it is remarkably effective in eliminating dampness. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  Contraindicated in cases of yin deficiency with excessive heat signs because its acrid, aromatic, warm and dispersing properties may injure the yin and assist pathogenic ■re. ［Ingredients］  The major components are volatile oils, including patchouli alcohol, seychellene, α-guaiene, δ-guaiene, α-patchoulene, β-patchoulene and pogostone; other components are eugenol, cinnamic aldehyde, patchoulipyridine, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  The volatile oils it contains can stimulate the gastric mucosa, promote gastric secretion, enhance digestion, and inhibit automatic contraction of the stomach and intestines to relax spasms. The decoction and the oil-free decoction also increase gastric secretion of acid and activity of pepsin and amylase. The oil-free decoction demonstrates calcium antagonism. Furthermore, the decoction and the oil-free decoction reduce the incidence of diarrhea induced by senna. All three extracts relieve the gripping pain induced by abdominal administration of acetic acid, and the effect of the decoction is more potent than the others. The decoction also provides

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anti-fungal, antiviral and anti-eptospira actions. Patchoulenone has antiseptic and broad spectrum antibacterial actions. ［Notes］  1. Guǎng huò xiāng and pèi lán are often combined as paired herbs for transforming summer dampness. 2. Guǎng huò xiāng and xiāng rú both are used for transforming summer dampness and releasing the exterior, but guǎng huò xiāng can regulate qi disturbance of the spleen and stomach marked by frequent vomiting and diarrhea, and xiāng rú is used as a “má huáng in summer”, which means it can disperse wind cold in the summer marked by chills and fever without sweating. 3. In several Asian countries, the plant and oil have a number of claimed health bene■ts in herbal folklore, such as its scent being used with the aim of inducing relaxation. In Japan and Malaysia, it is used as an antidote for venomous snakebite. In ■urope and the US, patchouli oil is used as an aromatherapy oil, an all-purpose insect repellent, an air freshener and an aphrodisiac; it is also in widespread use in modern industry as a popular component in perfumes.

Shā Rén 砂仁 FRUCTUS AMOMI Villous Amomum Fruit ［Source］  Initially appeared in Materia Medica of Medicinal Properties (Yào Xìng Bĕn Căo，药性本草) in the early Tang Dynasty (600 A.D.). Its original name was suō shā mì (缩砂密). It is the ripe fruit of Amomum villosum Lour., Amomum longiligulare T. L. Wu, or Amomum villosum Lour. var. xanthioides T. L. Wu et Senjen, perennial herbs of the family Zingiberaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Shā “sand” and rén “kernel”. The fruit grows at the bottom of the plant stem with kernels (like sand grains) crammed into a fruit shell. The fruit produced in Yangchun, Guangdong Province is the best in quality, so it is also known as yáng chūn shā (阳春砂) or chūn shā rén (春砂仁). ［Habitat］  Amomum villosum Lour. is mainly produced in Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan of China, Amomum longiligulare T. L. Wu mainly in Hainan and Guangdong of China, and Amomum villosum Lour. var. xanthioides T. L. Wu et Senjen in Yunnan of China, as well as Vietnam, Thailand and Myanmar. Amomum villosum Lour. is the best in quality. ［Collection］  The fruits are collected during the late summer and the early autumn when ripe, and dried in the sun or at low temperature. Big, solid and plump fruits with strong fragrance are the best. ［Processing］  Impurities and stalks are removed before use, or it is stir-fried with salt water or fresh ginger juice ■rst. ［Properties］  Acrid; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, stomach. ［Characteristics］  It is aromatic, acrid, warm and dispersing in property. It enters the spleen and stomach channels, and can improve appetite, arrest diarrhea and prevent threatened abortion by

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warmly transforming dampness, particularly that trapped in the middle, and regulating the spleen and stomach qi. It is also applicable for fullness and distension in the stomach due to damp cold. ［Actions］  Transforms dampness, improves appetite, warms the middle to check diarrhea, calms the stomach and prevents threatened abortion. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For fullness and distension along with poor appetite due to dampness retention in the middle, it can warmly transform dampness, move qi and improve the appetite. It is preferable for the above problems in the cold-damp pattern, and is often combined with hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis), chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) and zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus).   For problems due to dampness retention and spleen qi deficiency, it is combined with mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae), rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), such as in the formula Xiāng Shā Liù Jūn Zĭ Tāng (Costusroot and Amomum Six Gentlemen Decoction). 2. For vomiting and diarrhea due to spleen and stomach cold de■ciency, it can be used alone or in combination with gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis), fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) and dry-fried bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to warm the middle and arrest vomiting and diarrhea. 3. For morning sickness or threatened abortion, it relieves vomiting and prevents abortion by warmly calming the stomach.   For morning sickness, it alone is fried well and ground into powder and applied orally, or combined with shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens), chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia), etc.   For threatened abortion due to severe vomiting, it is combined with sū gěng (Caulis Perillae), chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi), etc. If the pregnant woman is weak, it should be used in combination with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), huáng qí (Radix Astragali), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and other herbs for nourishment, such as in the formula Tài Shān Pán Shí Sǎn (Rock of Mount Tai Fetus-Quietening Powder). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-6 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For decoction, it should be crushed ■rst and decocted for a short time only to prevent the loss of volatile oils. For the purposes of transforming dampness or moving qi, the unprepared herb or the fresh ginger juice-fried herb should be used for better effectiveness, while for preventing abortion the salt-prepared one is better. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency and internal heat, because it is warm and dispersing in property. ［Ingredients］  Amomum villosum Lour. contains volatile oils, which are composed of bornyl acetate, camphene, borneol, limonene, α-Pinene, etc. It also contains saponins and many mineral elements. Amomum longiligulare T. L. Wu contains volatile oils, which are composed of α-Pinene, β-Pinene, eudesmol, P-cymene, limonene, camphene, bornyl acetate and camphor. It also contains mineral elements. Amomum villosum Lour. var. xanthioides T. L. Wu et Senjen contains volatile oils, which are composed of camphor, neroklidol, bornyl acetate, borneol, limonene, α-Pinene, etc., as well as many mineral elements. ［Pharmacological Research］  It inhibits platelet aggregation, ulcers and gastric acid secretion, and enhances gastro-intestinal transportation.

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Attachment: Shā Rén Ké 砂仁壳 Pericarpium Amomi ［Source］  It is the shell of shā rén (Fructus Amomi), and is quite similar to the fruit but milder in nature, taste and actions. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-6 g in general for decoction.

Bái Dòu Kòu 白豆蔻 FRUCTUS AMOMI KRAVANH Round Cardamom ［Source］  Initially appeared in Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (Kāi Băo Bĕn Căo, 开宝本 草) in the Song Dynasty (973 A.D.). It is the ripe fruit of Amomun kravanh Pirre ex Gagnep., a perennial herb of the family Zingiberaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Bái, “white” and dòu kòu, which is the name of a seed. This fruit appears like that of Semen Alpiniae Katsumadai, the Chinese name of which is dòu kòu, but its shell and kernels are white. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Thailand, and also in Yunnan and Hainan provinces of China. ［Collection］  The fruits are collected in autumn. The big and plump fruits with thin and pure white shell and strong aromatic fragrance are of the best quality. ［Processing］  The whole fruit is cleaned simply for use, or the kernels only are taken for use. ［Properties］  Acrid; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, spleen, stomach. ［Characteristics］  It is acrid, aromatic, warm and dispersing in property. It acts mainly on the upper and the middle jiao, particularly in the lung, spleen and stomach channels, and is good at transforming dampness and moving qi, and warmly calming the stomach to relieve vomiting. It is mainly applied for fullness and distension due to cold-damp retention, but if combined with other herbs which are cold in nature it also can be used for problems due to damp heat. ［Actions］  Transforms dampness, moves qi and warms the stomach to relieve vomiting. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For fullness, distension and poor appetite due to damp-cold retention in the middle jiao, it can warmly transform dampness, move qi and improve the appetite. It is preferable for the above problems in the cold-damp pattern, and is often combined with hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae).   For damp-heat febrile disease in the early stage with symptoms such as constricting feeling in the chest and poor appetite with thick and greasy tongue coating, it is often combined with huá shí (Talcum), yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis) and xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), such as in the formula Sān Rén Tāng (Three Kernels Decoction). If heat is dominating, it is combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), huá shí (Talcum) and fú líng (Poria), such as in the formula Huáng Qín Huá

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Shí Tāng (Scutellaria and Talcum Decoction). 2. For vomiting and nausea especially in the damp-cold type, it can effectively check it by transforming dampness, moving qi and warming the stomach. It can be used alone in powder form or in combination with huò xiāng (Herba Agastachis), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens).   For infantile vomiting due to cold attack, it can be used together with shā rén (Fructus Amomi) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) in powder form and applied topically inside the mouth. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-6 g in decoction, and also made into pills or powder. For decoction, it should be crushed ■rst and decocted for a short time only to prevent the loss of volatile oils. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin deficiency, blood de■ciency or internal heat, because it is warm, drying and dispersing in property. ［Ingredients］  It contains volatile oils, which include 1,8-cineole, β-pinene, α-pinene, caryophyllene, borneol acetidin, α-terpineol, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It improves gastric juice secretion, activates intestinal movement, moves the obstructed intestinal air out, inhibits intestinal abnormal fermentation, aromatically excites stomach action and checks vomiting. The terpineol it contains can signi■cantly relieve asthma.

Attachment: Bái Dòu Kòu Ké 白豆蔻壳 Pericarpium Amomi Kravanh ［Source］  It is the husk of Amomun kravanh Pirre ex Gagnep. ［Clinical Applications］  It is quite similar to the fruit in nature, taste and actions but milder. It is preferable for fullness of the stomach, poor appetite, nausea and vomiting due to dampness retention and qi stagnation. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-6 g in decoction.

Cǎo Dòu Kòu 草豆蔻 SEMEN ALPINIAE KATSUMADAI Katsumadai ［Source］  Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Liang Dynasty of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (500 A.D.). Its original name was dòu kòu. It is the nearly ripe seed of Alpinia katsumadai Hayata, a perennial herb of the family Zingiberaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Căo “herb”, dòu “bean” and kòu “great many”. It is an herb, and every fruit is crammed with a great many seeds, each of which looks very much like a bean. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Hainan and Guangxi of China. ［Collection］  It is collected during the summer and autumn when the fruit is ripe, and dried almost completely. The fruit peel is then removed and the seeds are extracted and dried in the sun. The big, plump and solid seeds with

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strong fragrance are the best in quality. ［Processing］  Impurities and stalks are removed from the seeds before use, or they are stir-fried with salt water or fresh ginger juice ■rst. ［Properties］  Acrid; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, stomach. ［Characteristics］  It is acrid, aromatic, warm and drying in property, and enters the spleen and stomach channels to transform dampness, move qi, warm the middle and calm the stomach to check vomiting. It is widely used for problems caused by damp-cold retention, alone or in combination. ［Actions］  Transforms dampness, moves qi, warms the middle and calms the stomach to check vomiting. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For fullness and distention, abdominal cold pain, nausea, and vomiting due to damp-cold retention in the middle, it can relieve the pain, fullness and distention by warmly drying dampness and moving qi, but is more effective if used in combination with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens). 2. For chronic diarrhea in the pattern of de■ciency-damp-cold, it is used in combination with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) (dry-fried), mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) (roasted) and hē zĭ (Fructus Chebulae) (roasted) to check diarrhea by warming the spleen and drying dampness. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-6 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For decoction, it should be crushed ■rst and decocted for a short time only to prevent the loss of volatile oils. Ginger juice or salt water-frying can increase the effects. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency and internal heat, because it is warm and dispersing in property. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains volatile oils, which are composed of 1,8-cineole, α-humulene and farnesol. It also contains ■avonoids, such as quercetin and kaempferol, and diarylheptanoids. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of anti-bacteria. The lower concentrated decoction can excite the isolated intestinal smooth muscles, while the higher concentrated one has the opposite effect. It also significantly enhances the activity of pepsase. The volatile oils inhibit the isolated intestinal tract.

Cǎo Guǒ 草果 FRUCTUS TSAOKO Tsaoko Fruit ［Source］  Initially appeared in Essence of Materia Medica from the Baoqing Era (Băo Qìng Bĕn Cǎo Zhé Zhōng, 宝庆本草折衷) in the Southern Song Dynasty. It is the dry ripe fruit of Amomum tsaoko Crevost et Lemaire, a perennial herb of the family Zingiberaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Cǎo “herb” and guǒ “fruit”. It is an herb which grows capsular fruits that are used as food ■avoring. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Yunnan and Guangxi of China. ［Collection］  The fruits are collected in autumn

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when ripe. The big and plump ones with brownish-red color and strong fragrance are of the best quality. ［Processing］  After the fruit is browned and plumped up through frying, it is crushed and the kernels are removed for use, or the kernels are ginger juice-fried for use. ［Properties］  Acrid; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, stomach. ［Characteristics］  It is acrid, aromatic, warm, drying and dispersing in property, and enters the spleen and stomach channels. It is stronger than căo dòu kòu (Semen Alpiniae Katsumadai) in the actions of drying dampness and warming the middle. It also can resolve phlegm and inhibit malaria. Therefore, it can be used for all problems caused by cold dampness, and for malaria with signs of damp or phlegm. ［Actions］  Dries dampness, dispels cold, resolves phlegm and inhibits malaria. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For damp-cold retention in the middle with manifestations of epigastric or abdominal distension or distending pain, and vomiting and diarrhea with turbid greasy tongue coating, it is often combined with shā rén (Fructus Amomi), hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis) and cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) to dry dampness and warm the middle. 2. For malaria with obvious damp-cold signs, it is combined with cháng shān (Radix Dichroae), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and bīng láng (Semen Arecae), such as in the formula Cǎo Guǒ Yǐn (Tsaoko Fruit Decoction).   For infection by epidemic pathogenic factors in mountain areas, with manifestations showing dampness retention, it is often combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), bīng láng (Semen Arecae) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-6 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. Frying or roasting can make it milder in the actions of dispersing and drying. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency, internal heat or blood de■ciency, because its acrid, aromatic, warm and drying properties may injure the yin and assist pathogenic ■re. ［Ingredients］  It contains volatile oils, which are composed of α-pinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, p-cymene, aromatic alcohol, camphor, geraniol, tsaokone, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  The decoction shows effects of relieving pain. α-pinene and β-pinene it contains have the effects of relieving cough and resolving phlegm, and β-pinene also shows remarkable effects of anti-in■ammation and anti-fungus. 1,8-cineole can relieve pain, fever and asthma. Geraniol acts against bacteria, fungus and roundworms.

Summary Cāng Zhú vs. Hòu Pò

Similarities

Medicinal

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Cāng Zhú

Properties

Acrid, bitter; warm; drying

Entered channels

Spleen, stomach

Actions

Dries dampness

Indications

Problems due to dampness retention in the middle jiao

Hòu Pò

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Chinese Materia Medica Continued　　 Cāng Zhú

Medicinal Entered channels

—

· ·

Actions Differences

·

Hòu Pò Lung, large intestine

Tonif ies the spleen  ■xpels wind dampness to alleviate wind-cold-damp arthralgia  I nduces perspiration and improves vision

·  Moves

·

· ·  P oor

Indications

·

·

appetite and loose stools in the pattern of dampness retention complicated with spleen qi de■ciency  Wind-cold-damp exterior syndrome, night blindness, poor vision and dry eyes  Leukorrhea, eczema, ulcers and foot in■ammation and edema

the qi of the stomach and large intestine to particularly relieve distension due to dampness retention  Improves digestion and defecation by activating the movement of the stomach and large intestine Calms wheezing

· ·

Constipation Wheezing with profuse phlegm

Shā Rén vs. Bái Dòu Kòu

Similarities Differences

Bái Dòu Kòu

Shā Rén

Medicinal Properties

Acrid, aromatic; warm

Entered channels

Spleen, stomach

Actions

Transforms dampness, moves qi, warms the middle and arrests vomiting

Indications

Fullness, distension, poor appetite, nausea and vomiting that are due to cold or colddamp retention in the middle jiao

Entered channels

—

Actions

·

Special features

Only work on the spleen and stomach

·

Lung

Warmly arrests diarrhea and vomiting Prevents threatened abortion

Treats damp-heat febrile diseases in the early stage, or problems due to dampness trapped in the middle jiao Also works on the lung channel

Căo Dòu Kòu vs. Căo Guŏ Căo Dòu Kòu

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

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Căo Guŏ

Properties

Acrid, aromatic; warm

Entered channels

Spleen, stomach

Actions

Dries dampness, warms the middle and dissipates cold

Indications

Problems due to cold-damp retention in the middle

Actions

Moves qi and arrests vomiting

Resolves phlegm and checks the attack of malaria

Indications

Abdominal distension in the pattern of de■ciency cold

Malaria in the cold-damp type

Special features

—

Căo guŏ has strong aromatic fragrance, and also is stronger than căo dòu kòu in actions

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Chapter 5  Herbs that Transform Dampness Huò Xiāng vs. Xiāng Rú Huò Xiāng

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Xiāng Rú

Properties

Acrid; slightly warm

Entered channels

Lung, stomach, spleen

Actions

Transforms dampness, calms the stomach, counteracts summerheat and releases the exterior

Indications

■xterior cold syndrome occurring in the summer

Actions

Stops vomiting

Relieves edema by improving urination

Indications

Vomiting due to turbid dampness obstructing the middle jiao

Skin edema complicated with exterior syndrome

Special features

More effective in transforming dampness and calming the middle to arrest vomiting, and thus applicable for vomiting as long as it is caused by dampness retention

More powerful in inducing sweating to release the exterior, especially the windcold pattern in the excess type

Review Questions 1. Give the common properties of herbs that can transform dampness. 2. Give the common actions, clinical applications, cautions and contraindications of herbs in this group. 3. ■xplain the characteristics, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of the following herbs: cāng zhú, hòu pò and shā rén. 4. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of characteristics, actions and indications: huò xiāng and pèi lán; cāng zhú and hòu pò; shā rén and bái dòu kòu. 5. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of characteristics and actions: căo dòu kòu and căo guŏ; huò xiāng and xiāng rú.

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CHAPTER 6  

Herbs that Drain Dampness Section 1 Herbs that Drain Dampness to Relieve Edema  /  245 Fú Líng 茯苓  /  245

Huá Shí 滑石  /  258 Tōng Cǎo 通草  /  260 Qú Mài 瞿麦  /  261

Fú Líng Pí 茯苓皮  /  247

Biǎn Xù 萹蓄  /  263

Fú Shén 茯神  /  247

Dì Fū Zǐ 地肤子  /  264

Yì Yĭ Rén 薏苡仁  /  247 Zhū Líng 猪苓  /  249

Hǎi Jīn Shā 海金沙  /  265 Hǎi Jīn Shā Téng 海金沙藤  /  266

Zé Xiè 泽泻  /  251

Shí Wéi 石韦  /  266

Dōng Guā Pí 冬瓜皮  /  252

Dōng Kuí Zĭ 冬葵子  /  268

Dōng Guā Zǐ 冬瓜子  /  253

Chì Xiǎo Dòu 赤小豆  /  254 Yù Mǐ Xū 玉米须  /  255 Section 2 Herbs that Promote Urination and Relieve Stranguria   /  256 Chē Qián Zǐ 车前子   /  256

Dēng Xīn Cǎo 灯心草  /  269 Bì Xiè 萆薢  /  270 Section 3 Herbs that Clear Damp Heat and Relieve Jaundice  /  272 Yīn Chén Hāo 茵陈蒿  /  272 Jīn Qián Căo 金钱草  /  273

Chē Qián Cǎo 车前草  /  258

［De■nition］  Herbs that have a primary action of dredging water channels, promoting urination and draining dampness are called herbs that drain dampness. ［Properties ＆ Actions］  Most herbs in this category are sweet, bland or bitter in flavor, and cold, cool or neutral in nature. They mainly enter the bladder, spleen and small intestine channels, and have as their main actions draining dampness, promoting urination, and relieving stranguria and jaundice. ［Indications］  Herbs in this category are mainly used for dysuria, stranguria, abnormal urination, edema, jaundice, watery diarrhea, leukorrhea, eczema, phlegm-■uid retention, etc. ［Modi■cations］  Appropriate herbs are combined according to the patterns. For acute edema with symptoms of exterior syndrome, herbs in this category should be used together with herbs that disperse the lung qi and cause perspiration to release the edema. For chronic edema in the pattern of spleen and kidney yang deficiency, herbs that warmly tonify the spleen and kidney should be used in combination. For disorders due to the interaction of damp heat, herbs for purging heat should be used in combination. For hematuria triggered by heat, cool herbs that arrest bleeding should be used in combination. Moreover, since proper water metabolism relies on ■uent qi movement, herbs in this category are also often combined with herbs that move qi in order to enhance the effects. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  Herbs in this chapter may damage body fluid or yin in the process of draining dampness. Herbs in this chapter are divided into three groups: · herbs that drain dampness to relieve edema · herbs that promote urination to relieve stranguria

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·

herbs that drain damp heat to relieve jaundice

Section 1  Herbs that Drain Dampness to Relieve Edema Most of the herbs in this section are basically sweet and bland, neutral or cold, and non-toxic, and can relieve edema by inducing diuresis. They are widely used for edema, dysuria, diarrhea and other disorders caused by phlegm-■uid retention.

FúLíng 茯苓 PORIA Indian Bread ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried fungal mass of Poria Cocos (Schw.) Wolf, of the family Polyporaceae, mostly parasitizing on the roots of Pinus Densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. or Pinus Massoniana Lamb., of the family Pinaceae. Both the wild and the cultivated herbs are used. ［■xplanation of Name］  Fú “crouching” and líng “ball”. It parasitizes as if crouching on the roots of pines and absorbs the essence of the tree, appearing round like a ball but irregular. The cross-section is white and starchy so it is often called bái fú líng (白茯苓) where bái means “white”. ［Habitat］  It is mainly produced in Yunnan, Hubei, Anhui and Sichuan provinces of China; that produced in Yunnan, known as yún líng (云苓), is of the best quality. ［Collection］  It is collected from July to September. After sediment is removed, the herbal material is piled up and left for some time until the moisture evaporates, and then it is further dried in the sun. This procedure is repeated several times until the moisture is almost gone and the surface contracts, and then it is dried in the shade. Solid herbs with less cracks, and with white and starchy cross-sections are of the best quality. ［Processing］  The whole herb is soaked and washed with water. It is steamed when completely moistened, the skin is removed quickly when it is soft, and then it is cut into thick slices or cubes, and dried completely for use. ［Properties］  Sweet, bland; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, spleen, kidney. ［Characteristics］  It is sweet and thus toni■es the body, and bland so that it drains water down. It enters the spleen, heart and kidney channels, and is good at draining dampness, invigorating the spleen and calming the mind. Draining dampness often causes consumption of body yin; however, its neutral and tonifying nature prevents this from happening. It is widely used for dampness and ■uid retention no matter whether in patterns of cold, heat, excess or de■ciency. It is also used for anxiety

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in the types of excess and de■ciency. ［Actions］  Drains dampness, promotes urination, invigorates the spleen and calms the mind. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For edema, phlegm-■uid retention and dysuria, it is particularly good at draining dampness and promoting urination. For edema and dysuria, it is often combined with zhū líng (Polyporus), zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to reinforce the effects, such as in the formula Sì Líng Săn (Four Substances Powder with Poria). If such cases are complicated by mild yang de■ciency, guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) is also used in combination to warm yang and increase the effect on promoting the water metabolism, such as in the formula Wŭ Líng Săn (Five Substances Powder with Poria). For cases complicated by severe yang de■ciency of the spleen and kidney, it is often combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) to greatly enhance the effects by tonifying the life gate ■re, and assisting the spleen and kidney yang, such as in the formula Zhēn Wŭ Tāng (True Warrior Decoction). For cases complicated by heat and with yin damage as a result, it is combined with huá shí (Talcum), zhū líng (Polyporus) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to partly drain heat and ■uid, and to nourish yin as well, such as in the formula Zhū Líng Tāng (Polyporus Decoction).   For ■uid retained in the chest manifested as constriction, dizziness and heart palpitations in the pattern of spleen qi de■ciency, it is combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to warmly activate ■uid circulation, such as in the formula Líng Guì Zhú Gān Tāng (Poria, Cinnamon Twig, Atractylodes Macrocephala and Licorice Decoction). 2. For loose stools or diarrhea accompanied by poor appetite, and frequent tiredness due to spleen qi de■ciency, it can invigorate the spleen and drain dampness at the same time. But it is more effective if combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and similar herbs for nourishing qi and invigorating the spleen, such as in the formula Sì Jūn Zĭ Tāng (Four Gentlemen Decoction) and Shēn Líng Bái Zhú Săn (Ginseng, Poria and White Atractylodes Powder). 3. For palpitations and insomnia, it can calm the mind and slightly nourish the heart and the spleen.   For palpitations, panic attack, poor memory and insomnia in the pattern of heart blood and spleen qi de■ciency, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and yuăn zhì (Radix Polygalae) to increase the effects, such as in the formula Guī Pí Tāng (Spleen-Restoring Decoction).   For panic attacks due to severe heart qi deficiency, it is combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), yuăn zhì (Radix Polygalae) and lóng chĭ (Dens Draconis) to greatly nourish qi and suppress panic, such as in the formula Ān Shén Dìng Zhì Wán (Spirit-Tranquilizing and MindStabilizing Pill).   For palpitations due to water qi intimidating the heart, it is used together with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) to warmly dredge the channels and improve the circulation, such as in the formula Fú Líng Gān Căo Tāng (Poria and Licorice Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with urinary incontinence or spontaneous seminal emission due to kidney de■ciency, since it is draining and acting downwards and thus may aggravate these problems.

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［Ingredients］  Mainly contains β-pachyman, acetyl-pachymic acid, pachymic acid, ergosterol, choline, histidine, sylvite, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of diuresis, improvement of immunity, antitumor, anti-bacteria, sedation, lowering blood sugar, protection of the liver and anti-gastric ulcer. The decoction taken orally can alleviate damage by kanamycin.

Attachment: FúLíng Pí 茯苓皮 Cutis Poriae ［Source］  It is the skin of fú líng, and has the same ■avor and nature as fú líng (Poria). ［Actions ＆ Clinical Applications］  It is only used for draining water, and thus accordingly to treat edema. It is often combined with shēng jiāng pí (■xodermis Zingiberis Recens), sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori) and dà fù pí (Pericarpium Arecae). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction.

FúShén 茯神 Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis ［Source］  It is the white part of fú líng (Poria) surrounding the pine root. ［Properties］  Sweet, bland; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, spleen. ［Actions］  Calms the heart and mind, and drains water. ［Clinical Applications］  Palpitations, panic attacks, poor memory, insomnia, epilepsy and dysuria. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains pachymic acid and polysaccharides. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows the effect of sedation. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 9-15 g in decoction, pills or powder form. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with urinary incontinence or spontaneous seminal emission due to kidney de■ciency.

YìYǐRén 薏苡仁 SEMEN COICIS Coix Seed ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried mature seed of Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen (Roman.) Stapf., a perennial herb of the family Gramineae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Yì “best wishes”, yĭ “termination” and rén “kernel”. It is said that Ma Yuan, a person in the ■astern Han Dynasty, would have introduced yì yĭ rén to China with good wishes, but terminated the project because he was slandered. It is also called mĭ rén (米仁), yì rén (薏仁) or yì mĭ (苡米). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Fujian, Hebei and Liaoning provinces of China.

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［Collection］  The ripe fruits are collected in autumn and dried in the sun. The outer shell, seed coat and impurities are removed, and the kernels are kept for use. The big, plump and white colored seeds are the best. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, the seeds can be used directly or stir-baked with bran ■rst. ［Properties］  Sweet, bland; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, stomach, lung. ［Characteristics］  Sweet, bland and slightly cold in nature, it enters the spleen, stomach and lung channels. It presents mild positive rather than adverse effects to the body. The raw herb is slightly cold, so that apart from the common actions of draining dampness and water, it can clear heat, relieve joint-bi syndrome and expel pus by improving granulation. It can also slightly invigorate the spleen, and is suitable for treating damp-heat accumulation and abscesses. The stir-baked herb, on the other hand, is slightly warm, so that it strengthens the spleen and checks diarrhea by draining dampness, and is suitable for spleen de■ciency with excessive accumulated dampness. ［Actions］  Drains dampness, promotes urination, invigorates the spleen, arrests diarrhea, clears heat, expels pus and relieves bi syndrome. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For edema, dysuria and leukorrhea and disorders due to fluid retention, it acts like fú líng (Poria) but in addition can clear heat. It is more effective for edema and dysuria particularly in the pattern of spleen qi deficiency. For mild cases, it is often simply used together with rice, while for serious cases, fú líng (Poria), zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) and zhū líng (Polyporus) are commonly used in combination to enhance the effects on draining ■uid.   For beriberi infection of the feet and edema in the pattern of damp heat pouring down, it is often combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) to drain damp heat in order to relieve edema, such as in the formula Sì Miào Wán (Four Wonderful Herbs Pill).   For stranguria with turbid urine in the pattern of damp heat, it is combined with zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and qú mài (Herba Dianthi) to improve urination and relieve stranguria by draining damp heat.   For leukorrhea in the pattern of damp-heat retention, it is combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and chūn pí (Cortex Ailanthi) to arrest the profuse discharge by draining damp heat and drying up the dampness. For leukorrhea in the pattern of damp cold, on the other hand, it is combined with ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and hăi piāo xiāo (■ndoconcha Sepiae) to arrest the profuse discharge by draining dampness and warmly drying up the dampness and cold. 2. For chronic diarrhea due to spleen qi de■ciency with an overabundance of dampness, it can mildly increase the spleen qi and drain dampness to relieve diarrhea. It frequently works together with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) to check diarrhea by strengthening the spleen qi and draining dampness, such as in the formula Shēn Líng Bái Zhú Săn (Ginseng, Poria and White Atractylodes Powder). 3. For lung and intestinal abscesses, it can reduce pus by clearing damp heat.   For lung abscesses marked by coughing with purulent thick sputum, it is usually combined with wěi jīng (Caulis Phragmitis), dōng guā rén (Semen Benincasae) and táo rén (Semen Persicae) to relieve the abscesses by clearing damp heat in the lung, resolving phlegm and promoting granulation, such as in the formula Wěi Jīng Tāng (Phragmites Stem Decoction).   For intestinal abscesses with abdominal pain, it can be used together with bài jiàng căo (Herba

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Patriniae), hóng téng (Caulis Sargentodoxae) and jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) to clear toxic heat and relieve swelling. 4. For joint-bi syndrome, it mainly focuses on joint edema, especially when accompanied with heat, because it is slightly cold in nature.   For joint heat-bi syndrome, it is often combined with fáng jĭ (Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae), huá shí (Talcum) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), such as in the formula Xuān Bì Tāng (ImpedimentDiffusing Decoction).   For rheumatic fever, it is combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and zhì gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle), such as in the formula Má Huáng Xìng Rén Yì Yĭ Gān Căo Tāng (■phedra, Bitter Apricot Seed, Coix Seed and Licorice Decoction).   For joint cold-bi syndrome, it needs to be used in combination with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and such warm herbs to warmly dredge the channels, such as in the formula Yì Yĭ Rén Tāng (Coix Seed Decoction). 5. Additionally, if combined with xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), bái dòu kòu (Fructus Amomi Kravanh) and huá shí (Talcum) to clear heat and drain dampness, it can be used for whole body pain due to damp heat, often happening in febrile diseases during the early stage, such as in the formula Sān Rén Tāng (Three Kernels Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-30 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. It can also be made into porridge or soup for dietary therapy. For damp-heat disorders, the raw one is used, while for strengthening the spleen qi and checking diarrhea, the stir-baked one is preferred. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  In order to be effective, it is necessary to administer it in a large dose and over a long time period, because of its mild ef■cacy. ［Ingredients］  Mainly contains coixenolide, coixol, coix seed oil, crude proteins, lipide, coixan, carbohydrates, Vitamin B1, sterol glycoside, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  Its alcohol extract shows effects of anti-tumor and anti-bacteria, and its coixenolide is the main component for anti-tumor. Coix seed oil can inhibit skeletal muscular contraction in frogs, excite the isolated uterus in vivo, excite the isolated intestines of rabbits at low concentration, and excite ■rst and inhibit later at high concentration. The aqueous extract can enhance immunity, lower blood sugar, relieve fever, tranquilize the mind and relieve pain.

ZhūLíng 猪苓 POLYPORUS Polyporus ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried fungal mass of Polyporus umbellatus (Pers.) Fries, of the family Polyporaceae. It generally parasitizes the rotten roots of birch, maple, oak and other kinds of trees. ［■xplanation of Name］  Zhū “pig” and líng “round shape”. It looks like pig dung, irregularly round in shape with brownish-black outer skin. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Shaanxi and Yunnan provinces, and also in Jilin, Hebei, Sichuan, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Hubei, Guizhou and other areas of China.

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［Collection］  It is collected during spring or autumn. Big ones with black outer skin and white cross-sections are of the best quality. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is cleaned with water, moistened thoroughly, cut into thick pieces and dried for use. ［Properties］  Sweet, bland; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Kidney, bladder. ［Characteristics］  It is sweet, bland and neutral in properties and enters the kidney and bladder channels. It is good at draining dampness and water through promoting urination, and thus is widely used for dampness or water retention in any pattern. ［Actions］  Promotes urination and drains dampness. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For edema, phlegm-■uid retention and dysuria, it is often combined with fú líng (Poria), zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to reinforce the effects, such as in the formula Sì Líng Sǎn (Four Substances Powder with Poria). For cases in the pattern of yang de■ciency, guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) is used at the same time to increase the ef■cacy by warming yang, such as in the formula Wǔ Líng Sǎn (Five Substances Powder with Poria). For cases complicated by water heat retention and yin de■ciency, it is combined with huá shí (Talcum), fú líng (Poria) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to enhance the effects on draining water, and on clearing heat and nourishing yin as well, such as in the formula Zhū Líng Tāng (Polyporus Decoction). 2. For diarrhea, stranguria with turbid urine, and leukorrhagia.   For chronic diarrhea due to spleen deficiency with an overabundance of dampness, it is often combined with fú líng (Poria), zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) (dry-fried) to activate the spleen, drain dampness and check diarrhea.   For diarrhea occurring during the summer and autumn due to cold attack, it is often combined with fú líng (Poria), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis) to drain dampness, harmonize the stomach and check diarrhea, such as in the formula Wèi Líng Tāng (Stomach and Poria Decoction).   For stranguria with turbid urine due to damp heat pouring down, mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae), huá shí (Talcum) and shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae) should be used in the combination to clear heat, promote urination and relieve stranguria, such as in the formula Shí Wèi Dǎo Chì Tāng (Ten-Ingredient Redness-Removing Decoction).   For leukorrhea in the pattern of damp heat, it is often combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and fú líng (Poria) in order to clear heat and dry dampness to arrest leukorrhea. For leukorrhea in the pattern of damp cold, it is combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) (dry-fried), prepared cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and chì shí zhī (Halloysitum Rubrum) in order to dissipate cold, dry dampness and stop leukorrhea. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, also made into pills or powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency or for those cases without dampness retention, since it may consume yin through draining dampness.

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［Ingredients］  Contains polyporus polysaccharides, polyporic acid, polyporic ketones, ergosterin, biotin, crude proteins, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of diuresis, anti-tumor, anti-radiation and antibacteria, as well as the enhancement of the reticuloendothelial system. Its extracts can increase platelet aggregation in vitro.

Zé Xiè 泽泻 RHIZOMA ALISMATIS Water Plantain Rhizome ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried stem tuber of Alisma orientalis (Sam.) Juzep., a perennial herb of the family Alismataceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Zé “a place where water gathers” and xiè “evacuation”. It is effective at evacuating water and dampness retention of the body, and grows in marsh land. That produced in Fujian Province of China is of the best quality and is called jiàn (the abbreviation of Fujian) zé xiè (建泽泻). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Fujian, Sichuan and Jiangxi provinces of China; that which is produced in Fujian Province is the best in quality. ［Collection］  The stem tubers are collected in winter when the stems and leaves have withered, then cleaned with water and dried with the hairy roots and coarse outer skin removed. Big ■rm ones with starchy slices and light yellow color are the best quality. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is moistened thoroughly, cut into thick slices and dried for use. Alternately, it is bran-baked or salt water-fried for use. ［Properties］  Sweet, bland; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Kidney, bladder. ［Characteristics］  It is cold and bland in property, so that it is able to clear heat and drain dampness and water by promoting urination. It enters the kidney and bladder channels, so that it is particularly effective in treating damp heat in the lower jiao and edema with heat. ［Actions］  Drains dampness and purges heat. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For edema, dysuria, diarrhea, dizziness and vertigo due to phlegm ■uid retention, it is good at promoting urination, and draining dampness and purging heat through urination.   For edema, dysuria, and diarrhea, it is often combined with fú líng (Poria), zhū líng (Polyporus) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) in order to drain dampness to alleviate edema and dry stools, such as in the formula Sì Líng Sǎn (Four Substances Powder with Poria). For the above disorders in the pattern of damp heat retention and yin de■ciency, it is often combined with huá shí (Talcum), fú líng (Poria) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to enhance the effects on draining damp heat and nourishing yin, such as in the formula Zhū Líng Tāng (Polyporus Decoction).   For dizziness, vertigo, tinnitus, palpitations, nausea and vomiting along with fullness in

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the epigastrium, it is commonly combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to transform phlegm and dampness, such as in the formula Zé Xiè Tāng (Alisma Decoction). If combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), fú líng (Poria) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) in addition to the above herbs, it acts to transform phlegm dampness and descend qi to relieve nausea and vomiting due to ■uid or dampness retention. 2. For leukorrhea and stranguria with turbid urine in the pattern of damp heat, it is commonly combined with lóng dăn căo (Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis), and mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae) to drain damp heat from the lower jiao, such as in the formula Lóng Dǎn Xiè Gān Tāng (Gentian Heart-Draining Decoction). 3. For seminal emission complicated by night sweating, genital sweating, overactive libido, tinnitus and soreness in the lower back, which are generally due to kidney yin def iciency and def iciency heat, it is commonly combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) and huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) to suppress fire and nourish kidney yin, such as in the formulas Liù Wèi Dì Huáng Wán (Six-Ingredient Rehmannia Pill) and Zhī Băi Dì Huáng Wán (Anemarrhena, Phellodendron and Rehmannia Pill). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. If stir-baked with bran, its coldness property is reduced, and thus it is suitable for central yang de■ciency. If stir-baked with salt water, its effect on suppressing def iciency heat is increased, and thus it is more suitable for cases with kidney yin de■ciency and def iciency heat. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with chronic cold diarrhea, yin de■ciency but without damp heat retention, or spontaneous seminal emission in the pattern of kidney qi de■ciency, since it is draining and descending. ［Ingredients］  It contains alisol, volatile oils, alkaloids, choline, lecithin, proteins, Vitamin B12, potassium (147.5mg％), etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of diuresis, lowering cholesterol, anti-fatty liver, anti-atherosclerosis, dilating the coronary artery, anti-coagulation, lowering blood pressure and sugar, and increasing the urinary excretion of sodium, chlorine, potassium and urea. It also can inhibit staphylococcus aureus, pneumococci and tubercle bacillus.

Dōng Guā Pí冬瓜皮 EXOCARPIUM BENINCASAE Chinese Waxgourd Peel ［Source］  Initially appeared in Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (Kāi Băo Bĕn Căo, 开宝本 草) in the Song Dynasty (973 A.D.). It is the fresh or dried peel of Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn., an annual herb of the family Cucurbitaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Dōng “winter”, guā “melon” and pí “skin”. It is melon-shaped and ripens in the early winter. When it is getting ripe, its skin is whitish as if covered by white powder, and the ■esh, pulp and seeds turn white too; therefore, it is also called bái guā (白瓜) and the skin is called bái guā pí (白瓜皮), where bái means “white”.

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［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Hebei, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Sichuan provinces of China. ［Collection］  The fresh peels are collected and dried in the sun. The grayish-green skins with whitish powder on the surface, and sliced thin and long are the best. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is washed clean and left to dry. It is cut into long narrow pieces or patches, and dried for use. ［Properties］  Sweet, bland; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, small intestine. ［Characteristics］  It is bland and slightly cold in property, and enters the lung and small intestine channels, so that it particularly performs the effects of draining damp heat to alleviate edema and dysuria with heat retention. It is also used for draining summerheat by improving urination. ［Actions］  Drains water and alleviates edema. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For edema and dysuria, especially with heat retention, it can be used alone or in combination with fú líng (Poria), zhū líng (Polyporus) and zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) to reinforce the effects. 2. Additionally, it can relieve summerheat.   For summerheat with excessive thirst, it is used alone or in combination with xī guā pí (■xocarpium Citrulli), which is normally decocted and taken as tea.   For summerheat complicated with dampness, it is used together with yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis), huá shí (Talcum) and biǎn dòu huā (Flos Lablab Album). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 15-30 g in decoction. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency. Since it is not too cold in nature, it can be used in a large dose. ［Ingredients］  Contains volatile components which include n-hexanal and n-hexyl formate, etc., triterpenes, vitamins B and C, nicotinic acid, saccharides, organic acids, starch, and inorganic elements such as sodium and potassium. ［Pharmacological Research］  The decoction applied internally can increase the volume of urine.

Attachment: Dōng Guā Zǐ 冬瓜子 Semen Benincasae ［Source］  It is the seed of this plant, and is also known as dōng guā rén (“kernel”). ［Properties］  Sweet; cold. ［Actions］  Clears lung heat, resolves phlegm, drains dampness and improves tissue granulation. ［Clinical Applications］  Cough due to lung heat, lung and intestinal abscesses, turbid urine and leukorrheal diseases.   For lung abscesses, it is combined with wěi jīng (Caulis Phragmitis), táo rén (Semen Persicae) and yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis), such as in the formula Wěi Jīng Tāng (Phragmites Stem Decoction).   For intestinal abscesses in the early stage, it is often used together with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan), such as in the formula Dà Huáng Mǔ Dān Pí Tāng (Rhubarb and Moutan Decoction). ［Ingredients］  It contains fats, urea, citrulline, saponins, etc. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  The common dose is 10-15 g.

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ChìXiǎo Dòu 赤小豆 SEMEN PHASEOLI Adzuki Bean ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried ripe seeds of Phaseolus calcaratus Roxb. or Phaseolus angularis Wight., annual herbs of the family Fabaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Chì “dark red”, xiăo “small” and dòu “bean”. It is a small bean with dark red color, also known as hóng dòu (红豆) or hóng xiăo dòu (红小 豆), where hóng means “red”. ［Habitat］  Phaseolus calcaratus Roxb. is mainly produced in Guangdong, Guangxi and Jiangxi, while Phaseolus angularis Wight. is extensively cultivated throughout China. ［Collection］  The seeds are collected in autumn when the fruit is ripe but before splitting, and dried in the sun. The plump ones with crimson red to dark red color are of the best quality. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, the seeds are washed clean and dried before use. ［Properties］  Sweet, sour; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, spleen, small intestine. ［Characteristics］  It is sweet in taste and neutral but slightly cold in nature to perform the actions of detoxi■cation and draining. It enters the heart, spleen and small intestine channels and is good at draining water, dampness and toxic heat; thus it is commonly applied to treat edema, jaundice and abscesses internally or externally. ［Actions］  Drains water, dampness and toxic heat. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For edema, it drains water effectively by increasing urination.   For ascites, it can be used alone in decoction and taken frequently, or in combination with fú líng (Poria), zhū líng (Polyporus) and zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) to enhance the effects.   For foot edema, it is commonly combined with mù guā (Fructus Chaenomelis), bīng láng (Semen Arecae) and tŭ fú líng (Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae), or is decocted alone for warmly soaking the feet. 2. For damp-heat jaundice, it can eliminate jaundice by effectively draining dampness and heat. It is commonly combined with yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to reinforce the effects. If the damp heat jaundice is complicated with signs of exterior syndrome, it is commonly combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori) to relieve jaundice by dispersing the exterior and draining dampness and heat, such as in the formula Má Huáng Lián Qiào Chì Xiăo Dòu Tāng (■phedra, Forsythia and Rice Bean Decoction). 3. For abscesses, erysipelas and mumps, it clears toxic heat by improving urination.   For abscesses, erysipelas, mumps and acute mastitis, its powder is mixed with vinegar or egg whites and applied topically, or it is combined with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and similar herbs, and applied in decoction for

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internal administration.   For intestinal abscesses, it is commonly combined with yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis), hóng téng (Caulis Sargentodoxae) and hŭ zhàng (Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati) to drain toxic heat and relieve swelling. 4. Additionally, its powder can be used in mixture with egg whites or cool water and applied topically for bruises to resolve blood stasis and relieve pain. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-30 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. Alternately, it is cooked with rice into porridge and taken at meals. For external use: it is powdered or decocted and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  If overused, it may consume body ■uid and yin. ［Ingredients］  Contains saccharides, triterpenoid saponins, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, crude ■ber, vitamins B1 and B2, nicotinic acid, calcium, phosphorus, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  The decoction can inhibit bacteria. The proteinase inhibitor it contains can inhibit the activity of trypsin and human spermatic acrosin, and inhibit human sperm in vitro.

YùMǐXū玉米须 STIGMA MAYDIS Cornsilk ［Source］  Initially appeared in Materia Medica of South Yunnan in the Qing Dynasty (1436 A.D.). Its original name was yù mài xū (玉麦须). It is the silk of Zea mays L., a large annual herb of the family Gramineae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Yù mǐ “corn” and xū “beard”. Its long silk threads look like a man’s beard. ［Habitat］  ■xtensively cultivated in most regions of China. ［Collection］  It is collected in autumn when the corn matures. ［Processing］  Impurities are removed for direct use, or it is dried in the sun or baked in an oven before use. ［Properties］  Sweet, bland; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Bladder, liver, gallbladder. ［Characteristic］  It is sweet, bland and neutral in property, and enters the bladder, liver and gallbladder channels. It is good at draining water, dampness and heat by improving urination, and thus is commonly applied to treat edema, dysuria, stranguria and jaundice. It is also taken as a complementary treatment for diabetes and hypertension. ［Actions］  Drains water, dampness and heat. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For edema, dysuria and stranguria, it can effectively drain water and heat by improving urination.   For edema and dysuria, it is decocted alone in large dose and applied internally, or combined with dōng guā pí (■xocarpium Benincasae), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and fú líng pí (Cutis Poriae) to reinforce the effects.

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  For stranguria triggered by damp heat in the bladder, it is often combined with jīn qián căo (Herba Lysimachiae), hăi jīn shā (Spora Lygodii) and mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae) to enhance the effects on clearing both heat and dampness. 2. For jaundice either in heat or cold pattern, it can improve the bile secretion and drain the dampness of the gallbladder, yet is better used in large dose if taken alone as a tea.   For jaundice in heat pattern, it is commonly combined with jīn qián căo (Herba Lysimachiae), yī n chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to clear heat and drain dampness.   For jaundice in cold pattern, it is commonly combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae) and fú líng (Poria) to warm yang, dissipate cold and drain dampness. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 15-30 g in decoction usually, 60 g sometimes if necessary; the dosage is doubled if the fresh herb is applied. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is mild, so application of a large dose is encouraged to increase the ef■cacy. ［Ingredients］  Contains fatty oils, volatile oils, potassium nitrate, vitamins C and K, maize acid, saponins, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, alkaloids, bitter glucoside, and cryptoxanthin, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It is diuretic, anti-hypertensive, cholagogic and hemostatic.

Section 2  Herbs that Promote Urination and Relieve Stranguria Most of the herbs in this section are bitter, sweet or bland in taste, and cold, cool or neutral in nature. Most of them enter the kidney and bladder channels. They can effectively relieve stranguria by draining heat and dampness, so they are mainly applied for stranguria and dysuria, and such complications as scanty dark urine with a hot sensation in the urethra, hematuria, urolithus, chyluria, proteinuria and turbid urine.

Chē Qián Zǐ车前子 SEMEN PLANTAGINIS Plantago Seed ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the ripe seeds of Plantago asiatica L. or Plantago depressa Willd., perennial herbs of the family Plantaginaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Chē “cart”, qián “before” and zǐ “seed”. The plants usually grow on roadsides or in the feeding grounds of cows or horses, and are often seen in front of carts, commonly used vehicles in ancient China. The whole plant is also medicinal and is known as chē qián căo (“grass”) (车前草). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Jilin, Hebei, Henan and Jiangxi provinces of China. ［Collection］  The spikes are collected during the summer and autumn when the seeds are ripe.

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They are dried in the sun and kneaded to yield up the seeds. ■venly plump seeds with brownish-red color are of the best quality. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, the seeds can be used directly or stir-baked with salt water ■rst. ［Properties］  Sweet; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Kidney, liver, lung. ［Characteristics］  It is sweet and cold in property, and enters the kidney, liver and lung channels. It not only can drain damp heat to treat disorders caused by damp heat retained in the lower jiao and edema with heat, but also can dry stools to check diarrhea by secreting dampness from the stools to the urine. Furthermore, it can clear lung heat and resolve phlegm to treat cough with phlegm heat, and clear liver heat to relieve in■amed eyes. ［Actions］  Promotes urination, relieves stranguria, drains dampness, checks diarrhea, clears liver and lung heat to relieve in■amed eyes, and resolves phlegm. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For stranguria, edema, dysuria and leukorrheal diseases, it mainly acts to drain dampness by promoting urination and counteracts heat to relieve stranguria.   For stranguria due to damp heat pouring down to the bladder, it is effectively used alone or in combination with mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae), huá shí (Talcum) and biăn xù (Herba Polygoni Avicularis) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Bā Zhèng Săn (■ight-Ingredient Recti■cation Powder).   For edema and dysuria with heat signs, it is commonly combined with fú líng (Poria), zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) and dōng guā pí (■xocarpium Benincasae) to enhance the effects on draining dampness.   For chronic edema in the lower part of the body complicated with kidney de■ciency, it is generally combined with niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) to invigorate the kidney yang and to enhance the effect on promoting urination, such as in the formula Jì Shēng Shèn Qì Wán (Life-Saving Kidney Qi Pill).   For leukorrhea due to profuse damp heat, it is combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), bái guŏ (Semen Ginkgo) and qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales) to check leukorrhea by invigorating the spleen, draining and drying dampness, and clearing heat, such as in the formula Yì Huáng Tāng (Transforming Yellow Decoction). 2. For diarrhea due to summerheat dampness, it can check it by secreting dampness from the stools to the urine.   For watery diarrhea in the pattern of summerheat dampness complicated by scanty dark urine and dysuria, it can be used alone in powder and taken with rice soup, or in combination with huá shí (Talcum), shēng gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and bái biăn dòu (Semen Lablab Album), and applied internally in decotion.   For watery diarrhea in the pattern of spleen de■ciency with abundant dampness, it is generally combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), fú líng (Poria) and zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) (baked) to check diarrhea by strengthening the spleen and draining dampness. 3. For in■amed eyes and dark or blurred vision, it can clear heat from the liver and improve vision.   For inflamed eyes triggered by liver heat, it is generally combined with jú huā (Flos

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Chrysanthemi), jué míng zĭ (Semen Cassiae) and xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) to enhance the effects.   For dark or blurred vision in the pattern of liver and kidney de■ciency, it is often combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) and chŭ shí zĭ (Fructus Broussonetiae) to tonify the liver and kidney and improve vision, such as in the formula Zhù Jǐng Wán (View-Keeping Pill). 4. For cough and wheezing with phlegm heat, it is able to clear lung heat and resolve phlegm effectively.   For cough with phlegm heat, it is often combined with guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), zhè bèi mǔ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to enhance the effects.   For cough with wheezing and phlegm heat, it is combined with tíng lì zĭ (Semen Descurainiae seu Lepidii), sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori) and kŭ xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) to enhance the effects. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-15 g wrapped by cloth in decoction, or made into pills or powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with sinking of the central yang qi or spontaneous seminal emission in the pattern of kidney de■ciency without damp heat. ［Ingredients］  It contains plantenolic acid, plantainoside, plantago-mucoitin, mucilage, proteins, succinic acid, choline, fatty oils, vitamins A and B, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows remarkable effects of diuresis, expelling phlegm, relieving cough, anti-in■ammation, and preventing urinary stones and aging. It can also inhibit various kinds of bacilli and staphylococci. Plantago-mucoitin can activate the reticuloendothelial system.

Attachment: Chē Qián Cǎo 车前草 Herba Plantaginis ［Source］  It is the whole plant of Plantago asiatica L. or Plantago depressa Willd., and also known as dāng dào (当道) and niú yí (牛遗). ［Properties ＆ Actions］  It is similar to chē qián zǐ in taste, nature and actions except for the action of cooling blood and clearing toxic heat. ［Clinical Applications］  ■dema, stranguria, leukorrheal diseases, inflamed eyes, damp-heat dysentery or diarrhea, cough due to lung heat, epistaxis, hematuria and toxic heat sores. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction and doubled when the fresh herb is used. For external use: the fresh herb is pounded into paste and applied topically.

Huá Shí滑石 TALCUM Talcum ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is talcum, a silicate mineral stone. ［■xplanation of Name］  Huá “slippery” and shí “stone”. It is a mineral stone with smooth and slippery cross-section. When used in powder form, it is called huá shí fěn (“powder”), while the waterground re■ned powder is named fēi huá shí (飞滑石). ［Habitat］  The talcum stone is mainly produced in Laiyang of Shandong, Yingtan of Jiangxi, and Benxi of Liaoning, while huá shí

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fěn is mainly produced in Qingdao of Shandong, Haicheng of Liaoning, Guangxi and other areas in China. ［Collection］  It can be collected the whole year round. After collection, impurities are removed. For the stone form, the clean, complete stone with white color and smooth cross-section is of the best quality. For the powder form, clean, re■ned and purely white powder is of the best quality. ［Processing］  The stones are cleaned with water, dried and then crushed for use. If the powder is crude, it is ground into ■ne powder or water-ground into re■ned powder for use. ［Properties］  Sweet, bland; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Bladder, stomach. ［Characteristics］  It is sweet, bland and cold in property, and enters the bladder and stomach channels. It drains water and clears heat, and serves as a key herb for the treatment of stranguria in the pattern of damp heat, and for fever, headache and nausea due to summerheat or summerheat dampness. If applied topically, it can cool skin heat and dry up skin dampness, and thus is used for skin heat ulcers, heat rashes and eczema. ［Actions］  Promotes urination, relieves stranguria, clears summerheat, drains dampness and heals sores. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For heat or urolithic stranguria, it can effectively promote urination and counteract heat to relieve urethral pain.   For stranguria due to dampness heat pouring down to the bladder, it is commonly combined with mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and qú mài (Herba Dianthi) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Bā Zhèng Săn (■ight-Ingredient Recti■cation Powder).   For urolithic stranguria, it is combined with hăi jīn shā (Spora Lygodii), jīn qián căo (Herba Lysimachiae) and mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae) to clear heat, promote urination and resolve stones, such as in the formula Èr Jīn Pái Shí Tāng (Two Gold Calculus-Discharging Decoction). 2. For summerheat and summerheat dampness syndromes, it can purge heat and dampness by promoting urination.   For summerheat syndrome marked by excessive thirst, mental irritation, scanty dark urine, and vomiting or diarrhea, it is generally combined with shēng gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae), such as in the formula Liù Yī Săn (Six-to-One Powder). If the syndrome is complicated by exterior heat syndrome, it is combined with bò he (Herba Menthae) and shēng gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae), such as in the formula Jī Sū Săn (Peppermint Powder). For the syndrome complicated by high fever and restlessness, it is combined with zhū shā (Cinnabaris) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae), such as in the formula Yì Yuán Săn (Original Qi-Boosting Powder).   For summerheat dampness syndrome in the early stage manifested as aversion to cold, headache, heaviness and aching pain over the body, and chest distress, it is commonly combined with xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis) and bái dòu kòu (Fructus Amomi Kravanh) to disperse chest qi and drain dampness and heat, such as in the formula Sān Rén Tāng (Three Kernels Decoction). For this syndrome with spleen and stomach manifestations, it is combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), zhū líng (Polyporus) and tōng căo (Medulla Tetrapanacis) to drain damp heat and harmonize the middle, such as in the formula Huáng Qín Huá Shí Tāng (Scutellaria and Talcum Decoction). 3. For skin heat ulcers, eczema and heat rashes, applied topically it can clear heat, dry dampness and improve the healing of sores.   For skin heat ulcers and eczema, it can be used alone or in combination with kū fán (Alumen Dehydratum) and huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) in powder and applied topically.

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  For heat rashes, it is commonly combined with bò he (Herba Menthae), gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum), and applied topically in powder. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction. The stone form should be crushed into pieces ■rst and decocted for a longer time, and the powder form should be wrapped in cloth ■rst, or the powder can be made into pills or used directly as powder. For external use: the re■ned powder is applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with spleen qi de■ciency, spontaneous seminal emission and ■uid de■ciency, since it is cold, descending and sinking. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains Mg3(Si4O10)(OH)2. It also contains iron, sodium, potassium, calcium, aluminum, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  Mg 3(Si 4O 10)(OH) 2 is absorbing and astringing to chemical stimuli and poisons; therefore, applied topically it can protect the skin and mucosa. Applied internally, it can protect the in■amed mucus membranes of the stomach and intestines to check vomiting and diarrhea, and significantly inhibit gastrointestinal uptake of poison. The powder applied topically on wounded skin can serve as a thin layer to protect the wound surface, absorb secreted substances and improve the healing. It also can inhibit salmonella typhi, salmonella paratyphi A and meningococcus.

Tōng Cǎo 通草 MEDULLA TETRAPANACIS Rice Paper Plant Pith ［Source］  Initially appeared in Supplement to ‘The Materia Medica’(Bĕn Căo Shí Yí，本草拾 遗) in the Tang Dynasty (720 A.D.). Its original name was tōng tuō mù (通脱木). It is the dried stalk pith of Tetrapanax papyriferus (Hook.) K. Koch, an evergreen shrub or small tree of the family Araliaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Tōng “dredging”, tuō “separate” and mù “wood”. The whole stalk pith can be separated from the wooden stem when the plant is fresh. It is also known as tōng căo (“plant”), since it is of plant origin and effective at unblocking channels. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan and Guangxi of China. ［Collection］  It is collected in autumn. After collection, the fresh stem is cut into segments, the skin is stripped and the pith taken out, stretched straight and dried in the sun. The big, white and elastic pith with segmentation is the best. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is cut into thick pieces for use. ［Properties］  Sweet, bland; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, stomach. ［Characteristics］  It is sweet, bland and slightly cold in property, and generally induces mild effects. It enters the lung channel to bring heat downwards and out through urination. It enters the stomach channel to activate lactation by increasing qi and blood movement. It can quickly drain heat and dampness out by promoting urination. Therefore, it is commonly used for milder cases of

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stranguria in the pattern of damp heat, and for poor lactation. ［Actions］  Drains damp heat, and promotes urination and lactation. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For damp-heat stranguria and dark urine in febrile diseases with damp heat, it mainly drains dampness and heat by promoting urination.   For stranguria due to damp heat pouring down, it is commonly combined with huá shí (Talcum), bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) and mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae), etc.   For febrile disease with damp heat in the early stage marked by headache, aversion to cold, heavy and aching pain all over the body, chest constriction and dark urine, it is often combined with xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis) and bái dòu kòu (Fructus Amomi Kravanh) to disperse the qi of the chest and drain damp heat, such as in the formula Sān Rén Tāng (Three Kernels Decoction). 2. For agalactia and hypogalactia, it raises qi upwards and promotes lactation.   For agalactia and hypogalactia due to qi and blood de■ciency, it is usually cooked together with pig’s feet or chicken to make soup, and the soup is taken daily. Chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), chuān shān jiă (Squama Manitis) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) can also be used to reinforce the effects.   For agalactia and hypogalactia due to liver qi stagnation resulting from blood de■ciency, it is commonly combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) and xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi) to boost lactation by nourishing blood and dispersing liver qi. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for pregnancy and disorders that are not caused by damp heat, because it can effectively drain dampness and heat. ［Ingredients］  It contains uronic acid, fats, proteins and polysaccharides, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of diuresis, increasing potassium excretion and milk secretion. ［Note］  Mù tōng and tōng cǎo are totally different herbs today, but they were often confused with each other in ancient books. Mù tōng was often called tōng cǎo, and the herb called tōng cǎo nowadays was named tōng tuō mù.

QúMài 瞿麦 HERBA DIANTHI Lilac Pink ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried above-ground part of Dianthus superbus L. or Dianthus chinensis L., perennial herbs of the family Caryophyllaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Qú “crossroads” and mài “wheat”. The plant has a lot of accessory roots which look like crossroads, and the fruit grows like wheat. Its stem and leaf look extremely like bamboo but stretch out from underneath mountain rocks, and therefore it is also called shí zhú (石竹), which means “stone bamboo”.

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［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Hebei, Henan, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Shaanxi and other provinces in China. ［Collection］  It is collected during summer and autumn. After impurities are removed, it is dried in the sun. Yellowish-green plants with buds are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It should be cleaned, moistened until soft, cut into segments and dried for use. ［Properties］  Bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, small intestine, bladder. ［Characteristics］  Bitter and cold in property, it enters the heart, small intestine and bladder channels, and is good at draining heat and dampness by promoting urination. It is commonly used for stranguria, or stranguria with bloody urine due to damp heat retention, or simply heat retention. It can also break up blood stasis and dredge channels, so that is applicable for dysmenorrhea or amenorrhea due to blood stasis. ［Actions］  Promotes urination, relieves stranguria, breaks up blood stasis and dredges channels. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For damp-heat stranguria, it relieves urethral burning pain and clears dampness and heat by increasing urination.   For heat stranguria, it is commonly combined with mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and biăn xù (Herba Polygoni Avicularis) to reinforce the effects, such as in the formula Bā Zhèng Sǎn (■ight-Ingredient Recti■cation Powder).   For stranguria with bloody urine, it is commonly combined with xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii), bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) and pú huáng (Pollen Typhae) to cool blood, check urinary bleeding and clear heat by promoting urination.   For stranguria due to urolithic stones, jīn qián căo (Herba Lysimachiae), hăi jīn shā (Spora Lygodii) and shí wéi (Folium Pyrrosiae) are usually applied in combination to increase the effects and resolve the stones. 2. For amenorrhea due to blood stasis, it can be used in combination with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) and dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) to reinforce its effects. 3. Additionally, it can be used for carbuncles, furuncles and swollen sores. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, or used in pills or powder. For external use: it is decocted for topical steaming, or the fresh herb is pounded for topical application. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for pregnant women or for patients with slow urination due to deficiency cold in the lower jiao, since it is cold and breaks up blood stasis. ［Ingredients］  The plant of Dianthus superbus L. contains ■avonoids such as anthocyanin, and pinite. The ■owering plant of Dianthus chinensis L. contains ■avonoids (including anthocyanin) and triterpenoid saponins. ［Pharmacological Research］  It has effects of diuresis, excitation of the intestinal canal and uterine smooth muscles, cardiovascular depression and bacteriostasis. It also can decrease blood pressure and kill japonicum.

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Biǎn Xù萹蓄 HERBA POLYGONI AVICULARIS Knotweed ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the above-ground part of Polygonum aviculare L., an annual or perennial herb of the family Polygonaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Biǎn “ovoid” and xù is an old word for “bamboo”. The leaf is narrow, long and green, and the stem is ovoid with nodes on the surface and hollow in the middle like bamboo. ［Habitat］  Produced all over China, but mainly in Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, Hubei and the northeast region. ［Collection］  The plants are collected during the summer when they are most ■ourishing. After foreign matter and roots are removed, they are dried in the sun. The young, tender and clean plants with grayish-green color and dense leaves are the best in quality. ［Processing］  After cleaning with water, the plants are cut into segments for use. ［Properties］  Bitter; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Bladder. ［Characteristics］  Bitter and slightly cold in property, it enters the bladder channel, so that it is able to drain dampness and heat by promoting urination, and relieve stranguria as the result. It also can kill worms and parasites and relieve itching, and is often used for ascaris and enterobius vermicularis infection, and eczema and pruritus vulvae. ［Actions］  Promotes urination, relieves stranguria, kills parasites and relieves itching. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For heat or blood stranguria, it can remarkably relieve the slow and painful discharge of urine by draining dampness and heat from the bladder.   For damp-heat stranguria, it is commonly combined with chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis), mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae) and huá shí (Talcum) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Bā Zhèng Sǎn (■ight-Ingredient Recti■cation Powder).   For blood stranguria, it can be used in combination with zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii) and bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) to drain dampness and heat, cool blood and arrest bleeding. 2. For eczema, pruritus vulvae and intestinal worm infection.   For eczema, ulcers and pruritus vulvae, it can be used alone and in combination with dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae), shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii) and bái xiān pí (Cortex Dictamni) in decoction, and for rinsing the skin topically.   For intestinal ascaris infection, it is used in combination with rice vinegar, or with wū méi (Fructus Mume), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and huā jiāo (Pericarpium Zanthoxyli) to immobilize and ■nally kill the worms.   For intestinal pinworm infection, it is used in combination with kŭ liàn pí (Cortex Meliae), bīng láng (Semen Arecae) and băi bù (Radix Stemonae), and applied orally in decoction. For cases

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with serious anal itching, it can be decocted ■rst to steam or warmly rinse the area to relieve the itching. 3. Additionally, if combined with yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae), dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei), hŭ zhàng (Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati) and similar herbs, it can relieve jaundice by draining damp heat from the body via the bladder. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction generally, and the dose is doubled if the raw herb is used. It is also used in pills or powder. For external use: the decoction is applied as a topical rinse, or the fresh juice is applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with loose stools in the pattern of spleen de■ciency, since it is bitter and cold in property and may cause slight diarrhea. ［Ingredients］  It contains avicularin, quercitrin, d-catechin, chlorogenic acid, anthraquinones, ■avonoids, alkaloids, volatile oils, tannin, potassium salt, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of diuresis, anti-bacteria, hemostasis and uterine excitement. Its water and alcohol extracts can lower blood pressure by intravenous injection. Avicularin also shows a choleretic effect.

DìFūZǐ地肤子 FRUCTUS KOCHIAE Belvedere Fruit ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the mature fruit of Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad., an annual herb of the family Chenopodiaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Dì “ground”, fū “skin” and zǐ “seed”. The tender seedlings of the plant grow by spreading over the ground like skin covering the body. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Shangdong, Henan and Hebei provinces in China. ［Collection］  The whole plant is harvested in autumn when the fruit is ripe, and then dried in the sun and shaken to get the seeds only. Plump seeds in grayish-green are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned for use or stir-baked ■rst. ［Properties］  Bitter, acrid; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Kidney, bladder. ［Characteristics］  It is bitter, cold and drains damp heat from the lower jiao to relieve stranguria; it is also acrid and disperses pathogens from the exterior to relieve itching. ［Actions］  Drains damp heat, disperses wind and relieves itching. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For heat stranguria, it can effectively relieve slow and painful urination by draining dampness and heat via the bladder. It is commonly used in combination with mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae) and qú mài (Herba Dianthi) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Dì Fū Zǐ Tāng (Belvedere Decoction). 2. For eczema, rubella, tinea, skin itching and pruritus vulvae, it is commonly used to relieve itching by draining damp heat from the lower jiao, and dispersing the super■cial as well.

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  For eczema, rubella, tinea and skin itching, it is commonly combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae) and bái xiān pí (Cortex Dictamni) to reinforce its effects.   For pruritus vulvae, which is generally due to dampness and heat retention in the lower jiao, it can be combined with kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis), shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii) and lóng dăn căo (Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae), and applied internally or externally. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is decocted for steaming or warm rinsing, or is powdered ■rst and then mixed with other liquid adjuvant for topical application. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with loose stools in the pattern of spleen de■ciency, since it is bitter and cold in property and may cause slight diarrhea. ［Ingredients］  It contains triterpenoid saponins, ■avonoids, fatty oils and vitamin A, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of anti-bacteria, diuresis, anti-in■ammation and inhibition of the mononuclear phagocyte system. ［Notes］  Be aware that chōng wèi zĭ (茺蔚子) is sometimes misused as dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae) in Guangzhou and Hongkong of China.

Hǎi Jīn Shā 海金沙 SPORA LYGODII Japanese Climbing Fern Spore ［Source］  Initially appeared in Materia Medica of the Jiayou Era (Jiā Yòu Bĕn Căo, 嘉祐本 草) in the Northern Song Dynasty (1061 A.D.). It is the mature spores of Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw., a perennial herbaceous climbing vine of the family Lygodiaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Hǎi “ocean”, jīn “golden” and shā “sand”. The mature spores are of golden color and look like sand in the ocean. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Guangdong and Zhejiang provinces in China. ［Collection］  The plant is harvested before the spore bag splits in autumn, dried in the sun and kneaded to get the spores. The light-weight ones in yellowish-brown and smooth surface are the best in quality. ［Processing］  They should be cleaned before use. ［Properties］  Sweet; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Bladder, small intestine. ［Characteristics］  It is sweet and cold in property, and is good at draining heat through improving urination. It enters the bladder and small intestine channels, and is particularly effective for relieving urethral pain, and thus is commonly used for painful urination. It is also effective for resolving urinary stones, and relieving edema. ［Actions］  Improves urination and relieves stranguria. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For stranguria, it is commonly applied.   For urolithic stranguria, it is commonly combined with jīn qián căo (Herba Lysimachiae), yù

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jīn (Radix Curcumae) and shí wéi (Folium Pyrrosiae) to enhance the effects.   For blood stranguria, it is commonly combined with zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii) and bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) to improve urination, relieve stranguria, cool blood and arrest bleeding.   For heat stranguria, it is commonly combined with chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis), mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae) and qú mài (Herba Dianthi) to reinforce its effects.   For chylous stranguria, it is combined with bì xiè (Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae), tŭ fú líng (Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae) and wū yào (Radix Linderae) to clear up the urine by improving the separation actions of the kidney. 2. For ■uid retention and jaundice, it can effectively drain dampness and heat as well.   For abdominal ■uid retention, it can be used in combination with gān suì (Radix Kansui) and qiān niú zĭ (Semen Pharbitidis) to drain the ■uid through urination and defecation.   For damp-heat jaundice, it is generally used together with yī n chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae), jīn qián căo (Herba Lysimachiae) and hŭ zhàng (Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati) to drain damp heat by improving urination. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 6-15 g wrapped with cloth in decoction, or made into pills or powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with kidney yin de■ciency, since it strongly drains dampness. ［Ingredients］  It contains water soluble lygodin, fatty oils, amino acids and ■avonea. Its active ingredients for cholagogue are tans-p-coumaric acid and caffeic acid. ［Pharmacological Research］  It can increase bile secretion and pressure of the upper ureter and frequency of ureteral peristalsis. The decoction shows the effect of bacteriostasis. P-coumaric acid can increase bile secretion. Its injection applied intravenously can increase urination and help the discharge of urinary stones.

Attachment: Hǎi Jīn Shā Téng 海金沙藤 Caulis Lygodii Japonici ［Source］  It is the stem of Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. ［Actions ＆ Clinical Applications］  It is similar to hăi jīn shā in actions and indications, but stronger in clearing toxic heat. Therefore, it also can be used for skin infection, mumps and excessive thirst due to summerheat. It mainly contains ■avonoids, which normally show an anti-bacteria effect. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 15-30 g in decoction.

ShíWéi 石韦 FOLIUM PYRROSIAE Pyrrosia Leaf ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the leaf of Pyrrosia sheareri (Bak.) Ching, Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farw., or Pyrrosia petiolosa (Christ) Ching, perennial herbs of the family Polypodiaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Shí “stone” and wéi “soft leather”. It grows wildly on mountains and rocks, with leaves soft and ■rm like prepared leather.

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［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hubei, Shanxi, Henan, Jilin and other provinces in China. ［Collection］  The plant is collected the whole year around. After the root, rhizome and stem are removed, it is dried in the sun or shade. The dry, big and plump leaves are of the best quality. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is cleaned with water, cut into segments and dried in the sun for use. ［Properties］  Bitter, sweet; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, bladder. ［Characteristics］  It is bitter and cold, and enters the lung and bladder channels. It relieves stranguria by draining heat through urination. It arrests bleeding by reducing heat and cooling blood, and is applied widely for any kind of bleeding triggered by heat. It can also clear heat from the lung to relieve cough due to lung heat. ［Actions］  Improves urination to relieve stranguria, clears lung heat to relieve cough and cools blood to arrest bleeding. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For stranguria.   For blood stranguria, it is commonly combined with pú huáng (Pollen Typhae), xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii) and bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) to enhance the effects on improving urination, draining heat and cooling blood to arrest bleeding.   For urolithic stranguria, it is often combined with jīn qián căo (Herba Lysimachiae), hăi jīn shā (Spora Lygodii) and jī nèi jīn (■ndothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli) to reinforce the effects on improving urination, draining heat and resolving stones.   For heat stranguria, it is commonly combined with chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis), huá shí (Talcum) and qú mài (Herba Dianthi) to reinforce the effects on draining heat and improving urination to relieve stranguria. 2. For cough and wheezing due to lung heat, it can effectively clear heat from the lung to relieve cough and wheezing.   For cough due to lung heat, it is generally combined with zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii), qián hú (Radix Peucedani) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to reinforce its effects.   For wheezing due to lung heat, shēng shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori) and má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) are used in combination to increase the effects on dispersing the lung qi to relieve wheezing. 3. For epistaxis, hematemesis, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis due to blood heat, it is often combined with huái huā (Flos Sophorae), dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) and xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii) to enhance the effects. 4. Additionally, combined with dà zăo (Fructus Jujubae), gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and such herbs for nourishing qi and blood, it can also be applied for leukopenia caused by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is powdered ■rst and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency, because it is effective in draining ■uid.

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［Ingredients］  Pyrrosia sheareri (Bak.) Ching contains diploptene, mangiferin, isomangiferin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, β-sitosterol, etc. Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farw. contains diploptene, mangiferin, isomangiferin, β-sitosterol, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, etc. Pyrrosia petiolosa (Christ) Ching contains chlorogenic acid. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of relieving cough, resolving phlegm, antibacteria and antivirus. It also can increase the number of leukocytes.

Dōng KuíZǐ冬葵子 SEMEN MALVAE Cluster Mallow Seed ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the mature seeds of Malva verticillata L., an annual or perennial herb of the family Malvaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Dōng “winter”, kuí “a kind of vegetable with tender edible stems and leaves” and zĭ “seed”. The plant is harvested three times a year, but only the seeds planted in the early winter are medicinal. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Sichuan, Henan, Jiangsu and Hubei provinces in China. ［Collection］  Seeds are collected during the summer and autumn when ripe. After impurities are removed, they are dried in the sun. Plump seeds in grayish-brown are the best in quality. ［Processing］  After the seeds are cleaned with water, they are dried in the sun and crushed before use. ［Properties］  Sweet; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Large intestine, small intestine, bladder. ［Characteristics］  Sweet, cold, draining and moistening in property, it enters the large intestine, small intestine and bladder channels. It is good at promoting urination and relieving stranguria, and thus is commonly used for stranguria and edema. Full of vegetable fat, it is able to lubricate the large intestine to treat constipation. It is effective in dredging the channels, so that it is also used for improving lactation. ［Actions］  Improves urination and lactation, relieves stranguria and lubricates the large intestine. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For stranguria and edema.   For heat stranguria, it is often combined with hăi jīn shā (Spora Lygodii), biăn xù (Herba Polygoni Avicularis) and qú mài (Herba Dianthi) to facilitate urination, drain heat through urination and relieve pain.   For blood stranguria, it is commonly combined with pú huáng (Pollen Typhae), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) to enhance the effects on improving urination, relieving stranguria, cooling blood and arresting bleeding.   For edema and dysuria, it is combined with fú líng (Poria), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) to drain water and alleviate edema.

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2. For hypogalactia and agalactia.   For hypogalactia due to qi and blood deficiency, huáng qí (Radix Astragali) (prepared), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and hēi zhī ma (Semen Sesami Nigrum) should be used in combination with it to tonify qi and blood, and improve lactation.   For breast distension and sluggish lactation, it is commonly combined with wáng bù liú xíng (Semen Vaccariae), tōng căo (Medulla Tetrapanacis) and pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) to dredge the channels and improve lactation. 3. For dry stools and constipation, it is commonly combined with jué míng zĭ (Semen Cassiae), huŏ má rén (Semen Cannabis) and guā lóu zĭ (Semen Trichosanthis) to lubricate the bowels. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with loose stools, because it is cold and moistening. ［Ingredients］  It contains polysaccharides, fatty acids, fatty oils, proteins, etc.

Dēng Xīn Cǎo 灯心草 MEDULLA JUNCI Juncus ［Source］  Initially appeared in Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era in the Song Dynasty (973 A.D.). It is the dried stalk pith of Juncus effusus L., a perennial herb of the family Juncaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Dēng “lamp”, xīn “wick” and cǎo “grass”. It is a kind of grass and can be used as a lamp wick. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou provinces in China. ［Collection］  The stems are harvested during the late summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. The stalk pith is then extracted, smoothed out and tied up for use. The long, white, regular and elastic ones are of the best quality. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, they are cut into segments or baked ■rst for use. ［Properties］  Sweet, bland; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, lung, small intestine. ［Characteristics］  It is bland in taste so that it is draining in property, and slightly cold so that it can clear heat. It enters the heart, lung and small intestine channels, and can mildly drain especially heart heat via urination, so that it is applicable for irritability due to heart heat and stranguria in milder cases. It is acceptable for children because of its pleasant taste. ［Actions］  Improves urination, relieves stranguria, clears heart heat and calms the mind. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For heat stranguria, it is not effective enough by itself, so is commonly combined with mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and huá shí (Talcum) to enhance its effects. 2. For insomnia, irritability and nocturnal fretfulness in infants, it is slightly cold and can clear

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the heat from the heart, and thus is good at calming the mind. For insomnia due to heart f ire, it is often combined with zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), zhú yè (Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis) and zhū shā (Cinnabaris) to enhance the effects. For nocturnal fretfulness in infants, it can be used alone or in combination with chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae). 3. Additionally, it can clear heat from the lung, and is generally used in combination with other herbs for oral ulcers and sore throat. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 1-3 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is baked ■rst and applied in powder form, or used as moxa. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is loose and puffy in texture, so that a large dose may cause inconvenience in decocting. It is mild in actions, so for severe cases it is used alone in a large dose, and the decoction is taken frequently like normal tea, or alternately it is used in combination with other herbs to improve the effects. ［Ingredients］  It contains phenanthrene derivatives, multi-amino acids, saccharide and β-sitosterol, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of anti-oxidation and anti-microorganisms.

BìXiè 萆薢 RHIZOMA DIOSCOREAE HYPOGLAUCAE Hypoglaucous Collett Yam Rhizome ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the rhizome of Dioscorea hypoglauca Palibin, Dioscorea septemloba Thunb. or Dioscorea futschauensis Uline ex R. Kunth, perennial herbaceous trailing plants of the family Dioscoreaceae. The ■rst one is also called fěn bì xiè (粉萆薢), while the other two are called mián bì xiè (绵萆薢). ［■xplanation of Name］  Bì “bì syndrome (arthralgia)” and xiè “relieve”. It is recorded as being able to relieve bi syndrome (arthralgia) effectively. The product from the first species is more starchy and loose in texture, so it is called fěn (“powder”) bì xiè. ［Habitat］  Dioscorea hypoglauca Palibin (fěn bì xiè) is mainly produced in Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces, whereas Dioscorea septemloba Thunb. and Dioscorea futschauensis Uline ex R. Kunth (mián bì xiè) are mainly produced in Zhejiang, Fujian and Jiangxi provinces in China. ［Collection］  It is collected during the autumn and winter. After the ■brous roots and mud are removed, it is sliced and dried in the sun. For fěn bì xiè, big thin slices with yellowish-white crosssections are the best in quality, while for mián bì xiè, big slices with grayish-white cross-sections are the best in quality. ［Processing］  Impurities are cleaned before use. ［Properties］  Bitter; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Stomach, liver, bladder. ［Characteristics］  Bitter, neutral, purging and draining in property, it enters the stomach, liver

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and bladder channels. It is good at draining dampness via urination, and improving the actions of the spleen in separating the pure from the turbid, thus serving as a key herb in the treatment of chylous stranguria, prostatitis with turbid discharge after urination, and leukorrhea. It can also drain dampness and dredge the collaterals to relieve joint pain and edema. ［Actions］  Drains dampness and expels wind. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For chylous stranguria and prostatitis with turbid discharge after urination.   For chylous stranguria and prostatitis in the pattern of damp cold retention in the lower jiao, manifesting as frequent turbid urination or white turbid discharge after urination, it is commonly combined with yì zhì rén (Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae), wū yào (Radix Linderae) and shí chāng pú (Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii) to warm the lower jiao, drain dampness and transform the turbidity, such as in the formula Bì Xiè Fēn Qīng Yǐ n (Hypoglaucou Collett Yam Rhizome Decoction for Clearing Turbid Urine) recorded in Teachings of [Zhu] Dan-xi (Dān Xī Xīn Fă, 丹溪心法).   For chylous stranguria and prostatitis in the pattern of damp heat retention in the lower jiao, manifesting as dark or yellowish turbid urine or turbid discharge after urination, it is commonly combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), shí chāng pú (Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii) and chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) to drain damp heat and transform the turbidity, such as in the formula Bì Xiè Fēn Qīng Yǐn (Hypoglaucou Collett Yam Rhizome Decoction for Clearing Turbid Urine) recorded in Medical Revelations (Yī Xué Xīn Wù, 医学心悟). 2. For leukorrhea.   For leukorrhea in the pattern of damp cold, it is combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and wū zéi gǔ (■ndoconcha Sepiae) to dispel cold and dry dampness to check leukorrhea.   For leukorrhea in the pattern of damp heat, huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and shēng yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis) should be used in the combination to clear heat, and drain and dry up dampness to check leukorrhea. 3. For arthralgia due to wind dampness attack.   For arthralgia in the pattern of damp cold marked by joint cold pain and inflexibility, it is combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii) and dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis) to expel wind and cold, and transform dampness to relieve pain.   For arthralgia in the pattern of damp heat, it is commonly combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), fáng jĭ (Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae) and qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae) to clear heat, dry dampness and dredge collaterals to relieve pain. 4. Additionally, combined with tŭ fú líng (Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae), dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae) and bái xiān pí (Cortex Dictamni), it can be used for eczema. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains dioscin, which includes different kinds of saponins. Diosgenin is hydrolyzed from all the various saponins. It also includes tannin and proteins, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It can decrease the serum cholesterol level. Its total saponins can remarkably reduce the incidence of atherosclerotic plaque, while dioscin shows antibacterial activity.

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Section 3   Herbs that Clear Damp Heat and Relieve Jaundice Herbs in this section are basically bitter and cold, though some of them are bland and neutral in property. They mainly enter the liver and gallbladder channels, and also enter the spleen, stomach and kidney channels. They are good at clearing dampness and heat, and improving the secretion and discharge of bile. They are particularly effective for damp-heat jaundice, and also effective for eczema, skin ulcers, febrile diseases and other disorders that result from dampness and heat retention.

Yīn Chén Hāo 茵陈蒿 HERBA ARTEMISIAE SCOPARIAE Virgate Wormwood Herb ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the above-ground part of Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit or Artemisia capillaris Thunb., perennial herbs of the family Compositae. ［■xplanation of Name］  It is also known as yī n chén. Yīn “tender shoot of a plant”, chén “old” and hāo “a kind of plant of the family Artemisia that can survive the bitter cold in winter”. The tender young shoot always grows up out of the old plant. ［Habitat］  Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit is mainly produced in Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Fujian provinces in China, while Artemisia capillaris Thunb. is mainly produced in Shaanxi, Shanxi and Hebei provinces, of which produced in Shaanxi province is the best in quality. ［Collection］  The plant collected in spring when the young shoot is 6-10 cm long is known as mián yīn chén (绵茵陈), and it is collected in autumn when the buds are ■ourishing is known as yīn chén hāo (茵陈蒿). After impurities and old stems are removed, it is dried in the sun. The young, tender and soft plants in grayish-white with strong fragrance are the best in quality. ［Processing］  After residual roots and impurities are removed, it is broken or cut into small pieces for use. ［Properties］  Bitter; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, stomach, liver, gallbladder. ［Characteristics］  It is bitter and slightly cold, so that it is able to purge and clear heat, and is acrid and aromatic, so that it is dispersing. It enters the spleen, stomach, liver and gallbladder channels. It effectively relieves jaundice by purging and draining dampness and heat, so it always serves as a key for the treatment of damp-heat jaundice. It also can be used for dampcold jaundice if combined with herbs that warm the interior and dissipate cold. Moreover, it can

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be applied either internally or externally for eczema and for skin lesions with profuse liquid discharge. ［Actions］  Clears and drains dampness and heat, improves secretion and discharge of bile to relieve jaundice. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For jaundice.   For damp-heat jaundice marked by bright yellow appearance of the body skin and eyes, and brown dark urine, it is commonly combined with zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to increase the effects, such as in the formula Yīn Chén Hāo Tāng (Virgate Wormwood Decoction). For dampness-predominant jaundice marked by sluggish urination, it is generally combined with zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and fú líng (Poria) to reinforce the effects on draining dampness, such as in the formula Yīn Chén Wǔ Líng Sǎn (Powder of Capillaris and Five Ingredients with Poria).   For damp-cold jaundice marked by dark yellowish appearance of the body skin and eyes, and cold limbs, it is commonly combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) and gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) to reinforce the effects on warming the interior and assisting yang, such as in the formula Yīn Chén Sì Nì Tāng (Capillaris and Cold-■xtremities Decoction). 2. For damp-heat febrile diseases, eczema and skin lesions.   For epidemic damp-heat febrile diseases, marked by fever, drowsiness, chest and abdominal fullness or distension, scanty and dark urine, and thick greasy tongue coating, it is commonly combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), huá shí (Talcum) and huò xiāng (Herba Agastachis) to drain dampness and clear toxic heat, such as in the formula Gān Lù Xiāo Dú Dān (Sweet Dew Detoxication Pill).   For eczema and skin lesions with profuse liquid discharge, it is combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis) and shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii) in decoction, and applied internally or externally. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use:10-30 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is decocted ■rst for topical steaming and warm rinsing. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yellowish complexion that is due to qi and blood de■ciency instead of jaundice. ［Ingredients］  The plant of Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit contains 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-hydroxyacetophenone and volatile oils, etc., while the plant of Artemisia capillaris Thunb. contains 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, β-pinene, capillin and capillon, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of cholagogue, diuresis, relieving fever, hepatoprotection, anti-hypertension, anti-hyperlipemia, dilating the coronary artery, anti-bacteria, anti-in■uenza virus, and inhibiting ascaris and leptospires.

Jīn Qián Cǎo 金钱草 HERBA LYSIMACHIAE Lysimachia ［Source］  Initially appeared in Mirror of the Hundred Herbs (Băi Căo Jìng, 百草镜) in the Qing Dynasty. It is the above-ground part of Lysimachia christinae Hance, a perennial herb of the family Primulaceae.

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［■xplanation of Name］  Jī n “golden”, qián “coin” and căo “grass”. Its leaf is nearly round and turns a golden yellow color when getting old so that it looks like gold coins paving the ground. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Sichuan Province and other regions along the Yangtze River of China. ［Collection］  The whole plant is harvested during the summer and autumn. After impurities are removed, it is cleaned with water and dried in the sun. The fresh, green and fragrant ones with big and complete leaves are best in quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned with water, drained, cut into segments and dried before use. ［Properties］  Sweet, bland; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, gallbladder, kidney, bladder. ［Characteristics］  It is slightly sweet and bland so that it presents the action of draining dampness, while its cold property presents the effect of clearing heat. It enters the liver and gallbladder channels to particularly treat disorders related to dampness and heat retention such as jaundice and hepatobiliary cholithiasis. It also enters the kidney and bladder channels to achieve the effects of improving urination, relieving stranguria, and resolving and expelling stones. It can also clear toxic heat to treat abscesses, heat swelling and snakebite. ［Actions］  Drains dampness, relieves jaundice, improves urination, relieves stranguria, clears toxic heat, and resolves and expels stones. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For jaundice and hepatobiliary cholithiasis due to damp-heat retention.   For damp-heat jaundice, it is generally combined with yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and hŭ zhàng (Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati) to reinforce the effects.   For hepatobiliary cholithiasis due to damp-heat retention in the liver and gallbladder, it is often combined with yù jīn (Radix Curcumae), hăi jīn shā (Spora Lygodii) and jī nèi jīn (■ndothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli) to reinforce the effects. 2. For urolithic and heat stranguria.   For urolithic stranguria, it can be used alone in large dose and taken frequently as ordinary tea, or in combination with hăi jīn shā (Spora Lygodii), jī nèi jīn (■ndothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli) and huá shí (Talcum) to reinforce the effects, such as in the formula Èr Jīn Pái Shí Tāng (Two Gold Calculus-Discharging Decoction).   For heat stranguria, it is often combined with chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis), biăn xù (Herba Polygoni Avicularis) and qú mài (Herba Dianthi) to enhance the effects. 3. For abscesses, heat swelling and snakebite, it can resolve toxins and counteract toxic heat, and effectively relieve swelling.   For toxic-heat abscesses or swelling, the fresh one alone can be pounded to yield juice and applied orally or topically. Alternately, it is used in combination with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) and bái huā shé shé căo (Herba Hedyotis Diffusae) to enhance the effects.   For snakebite, the fresh one alone also can be pounded to yield juice and applied orally or topically, or used in combination with bàn zhī lián (Herba Scutellariae Barbatae) and zăo xiū (Rhizoma Paridis) to improve the effects.

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4. Additionally, the fresh juice can be used topically for burns and scalds. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 15-30 g in decoction, or even up to 60 g a day, the doubled dose if the fresh one is used. For external use: it is pounded to yield juice and applied orally or topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with loose stools due to spleen de■ciency since it is cold in property. According to clinical reports, the fresh one decocted for local steaming and rinsing may cause contact dermatitis. ［Ingredients］  It contains quercetin, quercitrin, phenolic compounds, tannins, volatile oils, sitosterol, amino acids, bilineurine, polysaccharides, internal ester, potassium chloride, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of diuresis, cholagogue, anti-in■ammation and analgesia, as well as anti-bacteria. ［Notes］  Its alternative species and local variants in China also include: 1. Glechoma longituba (Nakai) Kupr., a perennial stoloniferous herbaceous plant of the family Labiatae, commonly used in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, known as Jiangsu jīn qián căo (江 苏金钱草). 2. Desmadium styracifolium (Osbeck) Merr., a suffrutescent herb of the family Leguminosae, commonly used in Guangdong and Guangxi, known as guǎng dōng jīn qián căo (广东金钱草). 3. Hydrocotyle sibthorpoides Lam., a perennial stoloniferous herbelet of the family Umbelliferae, commonly used in Jiangxi Province and known as Jiangxi jīn qián căo (江西金钱草). 4. Dichondra repens Forst., a perennial stoloniferous herbelet of the family Convolvulaceae, commonly used in Sichuan Province and known as xiǎo jīn qián căo (小金钱草). These kinds of species share similar properties, but are slightly different in actions.

Summary 1. Herbs that drain dampness to relieve edema Fú Líng vs. Fú Líng Pí vs. Fú Shén

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

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Fú Líng

Fú Líng Pí

Fú Shén

Origin

Shares the same botanical origin

Actions

Promotes water metabolism

Indications

■dema and ■uid retention

Actions

Invigorates the spleen and calms the heart and mind

Focuses more on draining water by urination

Good at calming the heart and mind

Indications

Palpitations and insomnia in the pattern of qi de■ciency

■dema only

Heart-related disorders like palpitations, forgetfulness and insomnia

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Similarities Differences

Yì Yĭ Rén

Fú Líng

Medicinal Properties

Sweet, bland

Entered channels

Spleen

Actions

Nourishes the spleen and drains water

Indications

■dema, ■uid retention-related disorders, and spleen de■ciency syndrome

Properties

Neutral

Slightly cold

Entered channels

Heart, kidney

Stomach, lung

Actions

Calms the heart and mind

Clears heat to relieve swelling and expels pus

·  All

Indications

·

kinds of ■uid retention complicated with either heat or coldness, or excess or de■ciency Insomnia in the pattern of qi and blood  deficiency, and palpitations due to water pathogen attacking the heart

More powerful than yì yĭ rén in draining water

Special features

·

·

Fluid retention in milder cases  complicated with heat Damp-heat arthralgia, joint edema and  abscesses

The stir-baked yì yǐ rén is more applicable for invigorating the spleen to check diarrhea due to spleen de■ciency

Fú Líng vs. Zhū Líng vs. Zé Xiè Fú líng

Similarities

Medicinal

Differences

Zé Xiè

Properties

Sweet, bland

Entered channels

Kidney

Actions

Drains dampness and water

Indications

■dema, dysuria, phlegm-■uid retention and diarrhea

Properties

Neutral

Neutral

Cold

Entered channels

Heart, spleen

Bladder

Bladder

Actions

·

Invigorates the spleen Calms the heart and mind

—

Purges heat by promoting urination

Fluid retention  complicated with either cold or heat P alpitations, insomnia  and spleen deficiencyinvolved disorders

Fluid retention complicated with either cold or heat

· ·

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Zhū Líng

Indications ·

·

·

Fluid retention with  heat Stirring up of  def iciency f ire

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Chapter 6  Herbs that Drain Dampness Chì Xiǎo Dòu vs. Yù Mĭ Xū Chì Xiǎo Dòu

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Yù Mĭ Xū

Properties

Sweet; neutral

Actions

Drains water

Indications

■dema, dysuria and damp-heat jaundice

Properties

Sour

Bland

Entered channels

Heart, spleen, small intestine

Bladder, liver, gallbladder

Actions

· · ·

Indications ·

Special features

Clears toxic heat and expels pus Resolves stasis and in■ammation

—

Abscesses, sores, carbuncles,  erysipelas, mumps and acute mastitis Traumatic injuries

— Focuses more on draining water and dampness

—

2. Herbs that promote urination and relieve stranguria Chē Qián Zǐ vs. Huá Shí Chē Qián Zǐ

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Huá Shí

Properties

Sweet; cold

Actions

Clears heat, promotes urination and relieves stranguria

Indications

Damp-heat stranguria, dysuria, edema with heat and summerheat diarrhea

Properties

—

Bland

Entered channels

Kidney, liver, lung

Bladder, stomach

·

Actions

· ·

Leaches out dampness Clears liver heat Clears lung heat

Purges summerheat by promoting urination ·

·

Indications

· ·

Acute diarrhea ■ye diseases Heat phlegm

·

 ■xcessive

thirst due to summerheat and damp-heat febrile diseases in the early stage  A pplied topically for eczema, skin ulcers and prickly heat

Tōng Cǎo vs. Dēng Xīn Căo Tōng Cǎo

Similarities

Medicinal

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Properties

Sweet, bland; slightly cold

Entered channels

Lung

Actions

Promotes urination and relieves stranguria

Indications

Damp-heat stranguria

Dēng Xīn Căo

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Chinese Materia Medica Continued　　 Tōng Cǎo

Differences

Medicinal

Dēng Xīn Căo

Entered channels

Stomach

Heart, small intestine

Actions

Facilitates qi movement and promotes lactation

·

Indications

Agalactia and hypogalactia

·

More effective in clearing heart heat Calms the mind

·

 Insomnia,

·

irritability and nocturnal fretfulness in infants  Used in combination with other herbs for oral ulcers and sore throat

Qú Mài vs. Biăn Xù Qú Mài

Similarities

Medicinal

Biăn Xù

Properties

Bitter

Entered channels

Bladder

Actions

Promotes urination and relieves stranguria

Indications

Stranguria due to damp-heat retention

Properties

Cold

Slightly cold

Entered channels

Heart, small intestine

—

Differences

·

Actions

Activates blood and dredges channels

· ·

·

Indications

Amenorrhea due to blood stasis

· ·

Kills worms and relieves itching Lubricates the bowels  Relieves jaundice by draining dampness and heat  ■czema,

pruritus vulvae and intestinal worm infection Constipation Jaundice

Hǎi Jīn Shā vs. Shí Wéi Hǎi Jīn Shā

Similarities

Medicinal

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Shí Wéi

Entered channels

Bladder

Actions

Promotes urination and relieves stranguria

Indications

Heat stranguria and especially blood and urolithic stranguria

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Chapter 6  Herbs that Drain Dampness Continued　　 Hǎi Jīn Shā

Differences

Medicinal

Shí Wéi

Properties

Sweet; cold

Bitter; slightly cold

Entered channels

Small intestine

Lung

Actions

Relieves pain in the urethra

Indications

—

·

Cools blood and stops bleeding  Clears heat from the lung and relieves cough

·

 Blood

·

·

stranguria and bleeding due to blood heat Cough due to heat in the lung

Dōng Kuí Zǐ vs. Dōng Guā Zǐ Dōng Kuí Zǐ

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Dōng Guā Zǐ

Properties

Sweet; cold; slippery

Entered channels

Small intestine

Actions

Drains dampness, clears heat and lubricates the bowels

Indications

Stranguria, edema, constipation

Entered channels

Large intestine, bladder

Lung

Actions

Promotes lactation

Clears heat from the lung, resolves phlegm and expels pus

Indications

Retention of urine, agalactia and distending pain of the breasts

Special features

Stronger than dōng guā zǐ in the actions of draining dampness and relieving stranguria

· ·

Turbid urine, leukorrhea, abscesses Cough due to lung heat

—

Bì Xiè vs. Fáng Jĭ vs. Tŭ Fú Líng Bì Xiè

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

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Fáng Jĭ

Tŭ Fú Líng

Actions

Drains dampness

Indications

Damp-heat eczema, stranguria with turbid urine and edema

Properties

Bitter; neutral

Bitter, acrid; cold

Sweet, bland; neutral

Entered channels

Stomach, liver, bladder

Bladder, kidney, spleen

Liver, stomach

·  S eparates

Actions

·

the pure from

the turbid  ■xpels wind and relieves arthralgia

·  L eaches

·

out dampness, clears heat, expels wind, and alleviates edema and arthralgia  Purges damp heat from the lower jiao

Facilitates joint movement and removes toxins

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Chinese Materia Medica Continued　　 Bì Xiè

Fáng Jĭ

Tŭ Fú Líng

Chylous stranguria, whitish and turbid urine, and stranguria due to wind dampness

Arthralgia due to wind dampness, and phlegm and fluid retention, especially with heat

Sinew spasms caused by consumption of mercury in syphilis patients

Medicinal

Indications

3. Herbs that clear damp-heat and relieve jaundice Yīn Chén vs. Jīn Qián Căo Yīn Chén

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Jīn Qián Căo

Properties

Sightly cold

Entered channels

Liver, gallbladder

Actions

Clears heat and drains dampness

Indications

Damp-heat jaundice

Properties

Bitter, aromatic

Sweet, bland

Entered channels

Spleen, stomach

Kidney, bladder

Actions

Presents draining and disperses effects

Indications

Jaundice in the pattern of cold dampness (known as yin jaundice), ulcerative skin lesions and eczema

·  Promotes ·

urination, relieves stranguria, and resolves and expels stones Clears toxic heat

·

 Urolithic

·

stranguria, heat stranguria and hepatobiliary cholithiasis Abscesses and snakebite

Review Questions 1. ■xplain the common actions, applications, methods of use and application precautions relating to the herbs in this chapter. 2. Describe the common properties, actions and indications of each group of herbs in this chapter. 3. ■xplain the reason why the herbs in this chapter are commonly combined with herbs that activate qi. 4. Describe the properties, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of fú líng and yì yĭ rén. 5. Describe the properties, actions, indications, administration, cautions and contraindications of chē qián zĭ, huá shí and shí wéi. 6. Describe the properties, actions, indications, administration, cautions and contraindications of jīn qián căo. 7. Compare the following pairs of herbs as to properties, characteristics, actions and indications: fú líng and zhū líng; fú líng and yì yĭ rén; fú líng and fú shén; fú líng and zé xiè; fú líng and tǔ fú líng. 8. Compare the following pairs of herbs as to properties, characteristics, actions and indications: chē qián zĭ and huá shí; hăi jīn shā and shí wéi; biăn xù and qú mài; qú mài and mù tōng; dōng kuí zǐ and dōng guā zǐ; bì xiè, fáng jĭ and tǔ fú líng. 9. Compare the following pairs of herbs as to properties, characteristics, actions and indications: yīn chén hāo and jīn

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Chapter 6  Herbs that Drain Dampness qián căo. 10. Má huáng, guì zhī, fú líng and chē qián zĭ all can be applied for edema. Are there any differences among them as to properties, characteristics and clinical applications? 11. Chē qián zǐ, bì xiè, hăi jīn shā, jīn qián căo and shí wéi can all be applied for stranguria. What are the differences among them as to properties, characteristics and clinical applications? 12. Y  īn chén hāo is the most important herb to treat jaundice. Describe the ways it is combined with other herbs and its clinical applications.

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CHAPTER 7  

Herbs that Warm the Interior Fù Zĭ 附子  /  283

Mŭ Dīng Xiāng 母丁香  /  294

Gān Jiāng 干姜  /  285

Gāo Liáng Jiāng 高良姜  /  294

Ròu Guì 肉桂  /  286

Hú Jiāo 胡椒  /  295

Wú Zhū Yú 吴茱萸  /  289

Huā Jiāo 花椒   /  296

Xiăo Huí Xiāng 小茴香   /  291 Bā Jiăo Huí Xiāng 八角茴香  /  292

Jiāo Mù 椒目  /  298

Bì Bá 荜茇  /  298

Dīng Xiāng丁香  /  293

［De■nition］  Herbs with a primary action of warming the interior to disperse coldness are called herbs that warm the interior. ［Properties ＆ Actions］  Herbs in this category are basically acrid and warm or hot, and bitter and sweet ■avors can also be seen in some herbs. They mainly enter the spleen, stomach, kidney and heart channels, but also sometimes enter the liver and lung channels. They mainly warm the interior to expel cold, warm the channels to relieve pain, tonify yang and restore yang to save it from collapse. Some herbs also can resolve phlegm, kill parasites and inhibit hiccups. ［Indications］  Herbs in this category are mainly applied for interior cold syndromes, which can be seen in the patterns of exogenous cold directly attacking the interior, spleen yang de■ciency, heart and kidney yang de■ciency, kidney yang de■ciency, yang-de■ciency edema, chest distress with cold pain, cold arthralgia and dysmenorrhea with cold. Some of the herbs in this category can also be used for abdominal cold pain, cough and wheezing with cold ■uid retention, and parasitic abdominal pain. ［Modi■cations］  Herbs in this chapter are often used in combination with other herbs that vary as the pattern changes. For example, if the interior cold syndrome is caused by exogenous coldness attacking but with simultaneous superficial manifestations, herbs in this category should be used in combination with herbs that release the exterior. Similarly, herbs for moving qi are applied in combination when the interior cold syndrome occurs with qi stagnation, herbs for transforming dampness and activating the spleen are added when there is interior cold-damp retention, herbs for warmly tonifying the spleen and kidney are added when there is interior spleen and kidney yang de■ciency, and herbs for powerfully tonifying primordial qi are added when there is yang qi collapse syndrome. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  The herbs in this category are basically acrid, hot and drying in property and may encourage pathogenic ■re and consume body ■uid; therefore, they should not be applied during pregnancy and for patients with excessive heat or yin de■ciency. They should be used cautiously during hot weather or in the summer season. Some of them are toxic, so processing, dosage and administration should be regulated carefully.

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FùZǐ附子 RADIX ACONITI LATERALIS PRAEPARATA Aconite Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the processed secondary root of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx., a perennial herb of the family Ranunculaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Fù, “attach” and zĭ, “son”. It is the son root attached to the mother root of the plant. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Sichuan, Shaanxi and Hubei provinces; in China that produced in Jiangyou of Sichuan Province is the best quality. ［Collection］  It is collected during the last third of June to the ■rst third of August. After sediments and ■brous roots are cleared away, it is immediately processed into salty, black or white products. For the salty product (yán fù zĭ, 盐附子), roots which are big, solid, dark gray and smooth outside are the best. For the black one (hēi fù piàn, 黑附片), root slices which are big, even in size and yellowish-brown with luster are the best. For the white one (bái fù piàn, 白附片), root slices which are even and semitransparent with yellowish-white color are the best. ［Processing］  The black and the white products can be used directly. If the salt-prepared product is soaked ■rst to remove some of the salt before use, it is called dàn fù piàn (淡附片). If the fresh one is sliced and dry-fried with sand before use, it is called páo fù piàn (炮附片). ［Properties］  Acrid, sweet; hot; toxic. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, kidney, spleen. ［Characteristics］  It is acrid and sweet in ■avor, hot and toxic in property, and of strong potency. It enters the heart, kidney and spleen channels to strengthen the heart yang, the spleen yang and the kidney yang. If used in a big dose, it can revive yang from collapse. It is rather acrid, dispersing, hot and drying, so is good at expelling heavy coldness or wind-cold dampness to relieve pain due to cold dampness. ［Actions］  Revives yang from collapse, toni■es life-gate ■re and assists yang, disperses cold and relieves pain. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For yang collapse syndrome, it strengthens heart yang to improve blood circulation, and toni■es kidney yang and life-gate ■re to rescue primordial yang from collapse. It also can warmly disperse heavy coldness to facilitate the recovery of yang.   For yang de■ciency due to chronic yang consumption with accompanying cold manifestations, or yang collapse caused by profuse sweating, serious vomiting or drastic diarrhea, and characterized by extremely cold limbs and faint pulse, it is usually combined with gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Sì Nì Tāng (Frigid ■xtremities Decoction).   For yang qi collapse syndrome, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), such as in the formula Shēn Fù Tāng (Ginseng and Aconite Decoction).

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2. For yang de■ciency syndrome, it can warm yang in the upper, middle and lower jiao and the root of the life-gate.   For impotence, spontaneous seminal emission, infertility, cold aching pain in the waist and knees and frequent nocturia due to yang deficiency of the kidney and fire exhaustion of the lifegate, it is often combined with ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi), lù jiăo jiāo (Colla Cornus Cervi) and dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) to warm yang in the lower jiao, such as in the formula Yòu Guī Wán (Right-Restoring Pill).   For frequent cold pain in the stomach and abdomen, accompanied by diarrhea in the pattern of spleen and kidney yang de■ciency, and cold-damp accumulation, it is usually combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) to warm the middle and strengthen the spleen, such as in the formula Fù Zĭ Lĭ Zhōng Wán (Aconite Center-Regulating Pill).   For edema in the pattern of spleen and kidney yang de■ciency, it is often used together with fú líng (Poria) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to warm yang and drain water, such as in the formula Zhēn Wŭ Tāng (True Warrior Decoction).   For palpitations with tiredness, chest distress and cardiac pain due to exhaustion of heart yang, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) and sān qī (Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng) to warm yang, nourish qi and promote blood circulation to relieve pain.   For exterior wind-cold syndrome complicated with yang deficiency, it is combined with xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) and má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) to strengthen yang and facilitate the release of the exterior syndrome, such as in the formula Má Huáng Fù Zĭ Xì Xīn Tāng (■phedra, Aconite and Asarum Decoction). 3. For cold arthralgia, it can effectively relieve muscular and joint pain by warmly dredging the channels and dispersing the exterior wind and cold pathogen as well. For such cases, it is often combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Gān Căo Fù Zĭ Tāng (Licorice and Aconite Decoction). 4. In addition, for headache in de■ciency-cold pattern, it can be used together with gāo liáng jiāng (Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum). For gastric and abdominal cold stagnation pain, it can be used together with yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis), mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae), etc., such as in the formula Yán Fù Tāng (Corydalis and Aconite Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-15 g (processed) usually; 18-30 g for the purpose of reviving yang. If used together with other herbs, it should be decocted first for 30-60 minutes until the hot feeling in the mouth is gone, so as to reduce its toxicity. Alternatively, it is made into pills or powder. For external use, it is ground into powder, mixed with an adjuvant and applied topically, or is used as a transducer in moxibustion. The non-prepared product is much more toxic than the prepared one, so it cannot be used orally. The salt-prepared, the black and the white products are toxic yet act quickly and powerfully. Dàn fù piàn (licorice and black-bean prepared) is relatively milder in toxicity and effect. Páo fù piàn, the mildest one in toxicity compared with the other products, can be used in pills or powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is forbidden for use during pregnancy and is not suitable for patients with excessive heat, yin deficiency or yang hyperactivity, because it is acrid, hot, drying and strong in property and may consume yin and trigger fire. It is incompatible with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae), bái liăn (Radix Ampelopsis) and

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bái jí (Rhizoma Bletillae). Overdose and incorrect processing or preparation all could result in poisoning. Adverse reactions may present as cardiac arrhythmia, decrease of blood pressure, lowering of the body temperature, respiratory depression, muscular paralysis, central nervous disorders or even death. Processing obviously affects the toxicity and effects. If too much is used, aconitine, the main ingredient of the unprepared fù zĭ, could cause adverse effects like cardiac arrhythmia and heart block instead of positively improving heart function. However, aconitine is temperature-sensitive and breaks down by heat processing, so the processed products show significant cardiotonic effect but the analgesic effect is simultaneously decreased. Overdose could also induce cardiac arrhythmia. ［Ingredients］  Contains aconitine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine, isodelphinine, higenamine, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  The decoction shows effects of counter-shock, anti-coagulation, anti-thrombosis, anti-inflammation and anti-ulcer. The injection can improve humoral immunity and cellular immune function, and increase the content of serum complement. It also can activate the pituitary-adrenal gland system. Higenamine can strengthen the heart, expand the blood vessels and resist myocardial ischemia and arrhythmia in slow type. Aconitine and aconine show effects of analgesia, sedation and local anesthesia. Higenamine can lower blood pressure, while methyl chloride dopamine and salsolinol can boost blood pressure. Moreover, if decocted together, it can reduce the toxicity of guān mù tōng (Caulis Aristolochiae Manshuriensis).

Gān Jiāng 干姜 RHIZOMA ZINGIBERIS Dried Ginger Rhizome ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried rhizome of Zingiber of■cinale Rosc., a perennial herb of the family Zingiberaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Gān means “dry” and jiāng “defense”. It is the dried rhizome and good at defending the body from the attack of exterior cold. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei and Fujian in China; that which is produced in Qianwei of Sichuan Province is of the best quality. ［Collection］  It is collected during the winter with the stems, leaves and ■brous roots removed. After it is baked dry, sediment and tough skin are cleaned away. The solid, aromatic root with yellowish-white color and powdery texture when cut is the best. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is washed clean with water, moistened thoroughly, then cut into thick slices or cubes and dried again. ［Properties］  Acrid; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, stomach, heart, lung. ［Characteristics］  It is dispersing, hot and drying in property. It enters the spleen and stomach channels to not only expel cold from the spleen and stomach, but also assist yang of the spleen and stomach. It is suitable for both excess cold syndrome and yang de■ciency syndrome. In combination with

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fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), it enters the heart channel to revive yang from collapse and unblock channels. It also enters the lung channel to warmly dissipate watery cold phlegm, and thus is used for wheezing and cough triggered by excessive cold phlegm retention.

［Actions］  Warms the middle and expels cold, restores yang and unblocks channels, warms the lung and resolves ■uid retention. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For cold syndrome of the spleen and stomach, it is good at warming the middle to expel cold either in excess or de■ciency type.   For frequent attack of stomach and abdominal cold pain, and chronic nausea, vomiting and diarrhea in spleen and stomach deficiency-cold pattern, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to enhance the effects on strengthening the spleen qi as well, such as in the formula Lĭ Zhōng Wán (Center-Regulating Pill).   For acute abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea in spleen and stomach excess-cold pattern, it can be applied alone in powder form and taken orally, or used together with gāo liáng jiāng (Rhizoma Alpiniae Of■cinarum) and ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) to enhance the effects. 2. For yang collapse syndrome, it can dredge heart vessels and reinforce the heart yang individually, also assist fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) in reviving yang, and reduce the toxicity and adverse effect of fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) as well, such as in the formula Sì Nì Tāng (Frigid ■xtremities Decoction). 3. For cough and wheezing triggered by cold ■uid retention in the lung, manifested by cold body and profuse thin sputum, it not only can warmly disperse coldness of the lung, but also can dry the cold ■uid. It is usually combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to warm the lung, resolve the cold ■uid, and arrest coughing and wheezing, such as in the formula Xiăo Qīng Lóng Tāng (Minor Green Dragon Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external application it is decocted ■rst and used to rinse the skin locally, or ground into powder and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency, internal heat or blood heat because it is dispersing, hot and drying, and may consume yin and assist ■re. ［Ingredients］  It contains volatile oils which are composed of zingiberol, zingiberene, bisabolene, α-curcumene, aromatic alcohol, cineole, borneol, etc. The ingredients that produce a hot feeling include gingerol and its derivatives, such as zingiberone and shogaol. ［Pharmacological Research］  It can stimulate the digestive tract to increase intestinal tension, rhythm and peristalsis. It also can arrest vomiting, excite the nerve center and heart, inhibit fungus and kill trichomonas vaginalis.

Ròu Guì肉桂 CORTEX CINNAMOMI Cassia Bark ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was mŭ guì (牡桂). It is the dried bark of Cinnamomum cassia Presl., an evergreen tree of the family Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Sieb. ［■xplanation of Name］  Ròu means “■esh” and guì are “jade utensils pointed above and square

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below, serving particularly on imperial ceremonial occasions”. Most plants have one longitudinal line in the center of the leaf, but this plant has two longitudinal lines in the center forming a shape like the jade utensils. Oily and thick bark is of the best quality. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan of China, and in other countries like Vietnam. The herb produced in Halida Thanh Hoa (Thành ph■ Thanh Hóa in Vietnamese language), Vietnam is the best. ［Collection］  It is collected in autumn. The bark is removed and dried in the shade. Thick, solid, oily, sweet and aromatic bark with smooth outer skin, purple cross-section and with less ■ber is the best. ［Processing］  The rough part is scraped off and the remainder is cut into small pieces. ［Properties］  Acrid, sweet; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Kidney, spleen, heart, liver. ［Characteristics］  It is acrid and sweet in ■avor, and hot and dispersing in nature. It enters the kidney channel and warmly nourishes the primordial ■re at the life-gate, reinforces yang to disperse yin and returns ■re to its origin. It enters the spleen channel to warm the middle and dispel cold. It enters the heart and liver channels to warmly disperse coldness in the blood and unblock channels. Therefore it is often used for blood stasis syndrome caused by cold stagnation. It is an essential herb for de■ciency-cold syndromes and blood-cold stagnation. ［Actions］  Toni■es primordial ■re, assists yang, disperses cold to alleviate pain, and warmly unblocks channels and blood vessels. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For yang deficiency syndromes, it not only can warm the middle directly, but also can nourish yang at the source.   For the pattern of primordial yang de■ciency with symptoms such as fear of cold, cold limbs, cold or cold pain in the lower part of the body, frequent urination during the night, impotence, abdominal cold pain during menstruation, seminal emission and premature ejaculation, it is often combined with lù jiăo jiāo (Colla Cornus Cervi) and fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) in order to enhance the actions of warming and invigorating kidney yang, such as in the formula Yòu Guī Wán (Right-Restoring Pill) and Guì Fù Bā Wèi Wán (Cinnamon and Aconite ■ight Ingredients Pill).   For the pattern of spleen and kidney yang de■ciency marked by cold limbs and fatigue, poor appetite and loose stools, it is often combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to warmly nourish yang qi of the spleen and kidney.   For palpitations, tiredness and chest constriction due to heart yang de■ciency, it is often used together with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and huáng qí (Radix Astragali) to warm yang and invigorate qi. 2. For cold pain, it can effectively relieve pain by warmly dispersing coldness.   For cold pain in the stomach or abdomen produced either by exterior cold attack or yang deficiency, it can be used alone for milder cases, or be combined with gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis), gāo liáng jiāng (Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum) and bì bá (Fructus Piperis Longi) for severe cases to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Dà Yĭ Hán Wán (Powerfully ColdTerminating Pill).   For the pattern of chest constriction and angina pectoris elicited by heart yang deficiency and

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exterior cold attack, it is often combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and huā jiāo (Pericarpium Zanthoxyli) to disperse cold and relieve pain.   For abdominal cold hernia pain, it is often combined with xiăo huí xiāng (Fructus Foeniculi), chén xiāng (Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum) and wū yào (Radix Linderae) to warmly disperse cold and move qi to relieve pain, such as in the formula Nuăn Gān Jiān (Liver-Warming Decoction).   For wind-cold-damp arthralgia with severe cold pain accompanied by liver and kidney deficiency, it is combined with dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis), sāng jì shēng (Herba Taxilli) and dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) to expel wind, cold and damp, and nourish bones and muscles, such as in the formula Dú Huó Jì Shēng Tāng (Pubescent Angelica and Mistletoe Decoction). 3. For menstrual problems and abdominal masses, it can dissipate masses and blood stasis by warmly unblocking blood vessels, channels and collaterals, and promoting blood circulation.   For irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea or amenorrhea characterized by blood stagnation due to cold retention, it is often combined with chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Shào Fù Zhú Yū Tāng (Lower Abdominal Stasis-■xpelling Decoction).   For postpartum lochiorrhea and abdominal pain, it can be used together with yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong).   For abdominal masses in women due to qi and blood stagnation, it is usually combined with é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae), táo rén (Semen Persicae) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to dissipate masses by promoting qi and blood circulation. 4. For chronic abscesses and traumatic injury, it can warm yang and activate blood and qi circulation to improve the recovery.   For chronic abscesses and multiple abscesses in the pattern of yang deficiency and blood stagnation, it is usually used with lù jiăo jiāo (Colla Cornus Cervi), bái jiè zĭ (Semen Sinapis) and má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) to warm yang, nourish blood, warmly disperse cold and dredge stagnation, such as in the formula Yáng Hé Tāng (Yang-Harmonizing Decoction).   For traumatic injury in chronic stage, it is usually combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and zé lán (Herba Lycopi) to activate blood circulation to relieve pain. 5. For the pattern of de■cient yang ■oating upward with manifestations such as ■ushed face, sore throat, palpitations and insomnia with faint pulse, it can moderately reinforce primordial yang from the lower jiao to get the ■oating yang back to the origin. However, it is better used in combination with xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae), wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) and rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), etc. For the same pattern but with symptoms such as ■ushed face, dyspnea with spontaneous sweating, weakness and palpitations, it is often combined with shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni), wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis), mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae), etc. 6. In addition, for formulas particularly used for chronic cases with qi and blood deficiency, it is often used in a small dose to invigorate the generation of qi and blood, such as in the formula Shí Quán Dà Bŭ Tāng (Perfect Major Supplementation Decoction) and Rén Shēn Yăng Róng Tāng (Ginseng Supporting and Nourishing Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 2-5 g in decoction, and decocted for about 5 minutes, or brewed directly with boiling water; 0.5-1.5 g, ground into powder and taken with water; or made into pills or brewed in alcohol. For external use, the powder is mixed with liquid adjuvant and applied topically, or the brewed liquor is applied topically.

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［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency, excessive ■re, blood heat or during pregnancy because it is acrid and hot in property. It is antagonistic to chì shí zhī (Halloysitum Rubrum). ［Ingredients］  It contains 1.98％-2.06％ volatile oils which are composed of 52.92％-61.20％ cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamic alcohol, cinoxolonoate, cinnamic acid, coumarin, tannin, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It can dilate blood vessels, improve blood circulation, increase cerebral blood ■ow and decrease vascular resistance. The methanolic extract and cinnamic aldehyde can resist platelet aggregation and thrombin. Cinnamic oil, cinnamic aldehyde and cinnamate sodium can tranquilize the mind, relieve pain, and relieve fever and convulsions. Cinnamic oil can slightly stimulate the stomach mucus membranes, improve the stomach function by stimulating olfactory sensation, promote bowel movements, increase digestive tract secretion to increase digestion and evacuate retained gas in the digestive tract, and relieve gastrointestinal spastic pain. The water and ether extracts can inhibit experimental gastric ulcers in animals. Cinnamic oil shows strong bactericidal effect but more on Gram-positive than on Gram-negative bacteria. The ethanol and ether extracts can inhibit many kinds of pathogenic dermatophytes. It also can lower blood pressure and improve choleresis.

WúZhūYú吴茱萸 FRUCTUS EVODIAE Medicinal Evodia Fruit ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the nearly matured fruit of Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth., Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth. var. of■cinalis (Dode) Huang or Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth. var. bodinieri (Dode) Huang, several kinds of leafy deciduous shrubs or trees of the family Rutaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Wú is the ancient name of a place to the south of the Yangtze river, zhū means “tree branch” and yú means “bending”. The branches of the evodia fruit tree are mostly bent, and the fruit produced in the wú area is the best quality. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Guizhou, Hunan, Guangxi, Zhejiang and Sichuan in China, but that produced in Guizhou or Hunan is the best. ［Collection］  It is collected during August to November when the fruit is mature but not split. It is dried in the sun or in an oven at low temperature. Plump, green and fragrant fruit are the best in quality. ［Processing］  Impurities and stalks are removed before use, or it is fried with gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) decoction ■rst before use. ［Properties］  Acrid, bitter; hot; slightly toxic. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, spleen, stomach, kidney. ［Characteristics］  It is acrid and bitter in ■avor, hot in nature, and dispersing and descending in property. It enters the liver, spleen and stomach channels and is effective though slightly toxic. It is good at warming the middle and relieving cold pain, and dredging the liver qi downwards. It also can

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arrest diarrhea by drying dampness and assisting yang. It is a commonly-used herb for pain due to cold retention in the liver channel. It is also an important herb for dysmenorrhea in cold type, as well as swelling in the knees and feet and chronic diarrhea in cold-damp type. ［Actions］  Disperses cold to relieve pain, dredges the liver qi downwards, dries dampness and assists yang. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For headache due to cold retention in the liver channel with manifestations such as pain in the top of the head, dry vomiting with saliva, white tongue coating and slow pulse, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) and dà zăo (Fructus Jujubae) to warm the middle, tonify qi and descend the adverse qi to stop dry vomiting, such as in the formula Wú Zhū Yú Tāng (■vodia Decoction).   For abdominal cold hernia pain due to cold stagnation of the liver channel, it is often combined with mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae), xiăo huí xiāng (Fructus Foeniculi) and chuān liàn zĭ (Fructus Toosendan) (dry-fried) to soothe the liver, promote qi ■ow, disperse cold and relieve pain, such as in the formula Dăo Qì Tāng (Qi-Guiding Decoction).   For dysmenorrhea due to blood stasis produced by blood de■ciency and cold invasion, it is often combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to warm blood vessels and channels, nourish blood and enhance the effects on dispersing cold and relieving pain, such as in the formula Wēn Jīng Tāng (Channel-Warming Decoction). 2. For acid regurgitation or stomachache in cold type, it can effectively relieve the symptoms by warming the middle and dredging the liver qi downwards. It is particularly suitable for cases in cold type due to the stomach being over-restricted chronically by the liver. For such cases, it is often combined with shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) and bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) to mutually warm the middle and relieve acid regurgitation and pain.   For acid regurgitation or stomachache in heat type with other manifestations such as chest pain, bitter taste in the mouth, stomachache or even vomiting, due to fire transformed from liver stagnation and liver-stomach disharmony, it is often combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), which is normally used in a large dose, to clear the liver fire and arrest vomiting, such as in the formula Zuŏ Jīn Wán (Left Metal Pill). 3. For de■ciency-cold diarrhea, it can dry dampness and assist yang.   For daybreak diarrhea due to spleen and kidney yang de■ciency, it is often combined with bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae), ròu dòu kòu (Semen Myristicae) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to warmly tonify the spleen and kidney, and to astringe the large intestine to relieve diarrhea, such as in the formula Sì Shén Wán (Four Spirits Pill). 4. For swelling of the knees and feet in cold-damp type or that accompanied by abdominal cold pain, it can dry dampness, warm the interior and disperse cold. It is often combined with mù guā (Fructus Chaenomelis), sū yè (Folium Perillae) and bīng láng (Semen Arecae) to move qi ■ow and transform cold damp, such as in the formula Jī Míng Săn (Cock’s Crow Powder). 5. In addition, it can dry dampness and relieve itching topically, and thus is often applied for eczema and ulcers with heavy ■uid exudation. For such cases, it can be used alone or in combination with other herbs similar in actions. The decoction can be used for local skin rinsing, or the powder applied topically. Since it can lead pathogenic ■re down, the powder can be mixed with vinegar and applied to the center of the sole of the foot (yŏng quán, KI 1) to treat mouth ulcers and hypertension. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 1-5 g, pounded ■rst in decoction, or made into pills and powder. For external use, it is decocted ■rst for topical rinsing, or directly applied topically

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or ground into powder ■rst and applied topically. For treating vomiting, it is better if fried with a decoction of huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) ■rst. For abdominal cold pain, it should be fried with salt water ■rst. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency and internal heat, since it is hot and drying and may trigger ■re and consume yin. It is also slightly toxic and may cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, visual disorders and hallucinations if it is over-used. ［Ingredients］  It contains volatile oils which are composed of evodene, ocimene, laurene, evodin, etc. It also contains evodiamine, evodinone, evodine and 18 kinds of amino acids, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  The decoction can inhibit vomiting, resist ulcers, protect the liver, promote the bile secretion of the gallbladder, and resist medicine-induced gastrointestinal spasms in animals. ■vodine and volatile oils can improve the functioning of the stomach. ■vodiamine, rutaecarpine, isoevodiamine and evodin can relieve pain. Wú zhū yú can strengthen the heart. The alcohol extract can boost blood pressure remarkably, while the decoction can lower blood pressure. The water-alcohol extract inhibits platelet aggregation and thrombosis. The decoction, rutaecarpine and dehydrogenate evodiamine can stimulate the uterus of experimental animals. In addition, wú zhū yú can resist myocardial ischemia, bacteria, viruses and oxidants, and promote diuresis.

Xiǎo HuíXiāng 小茴香 FRUCTUS FOENICULI Fennel ［Source］  Initially appeared in Materia Medica of Medicinal Properties in the Tang Dynasty (600 A.D.). It is the matured fruit of Foeniculum vulgare Mill., a perennial herb of the family Umbelliferae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Xiăo means “small”, huí “turning back” and xiāng “fragrant, ■avorful”. It smells nice, and is often used in cooking to increase the ■avor of food. It is small in shape like rice. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Inner Mongolia, Shanxi and Heilongjiang in China, but that produced in Inner Mongolia is the best in quality. ［Collection］  It is collected in autumn when the fruit is mature and then dried in the sun. The plump and yellow-green fruit with nice fragrance is the best. ［Processing］  After impurities and stalks are removed, it is used directly or fried with salt water before use. ［Properties］  Acrid; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, kidney, spleen, stomach. ［Characteristics］  Acrid, fragrant, warm and dispersing in property, it enters the liver and kidney channels to warm the liver and kidney, disperse cold and relieve pain. Thus it is effective for pain due to cold retention in the liver channel or menstrual cold pain. It also enters the spleen and stomach channels to warm the middle, activate stomach qi, improve appetite and relieve cold pain, so it is good for stomach qi stagnation which is caused by cold attack. ［Actions］  Disperses cold to relieve pain and activates qi in the middle.

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［Clinical Applications］  1. For abdominal cold hernia pain, testicular swelling and pain, cold pain on the two sides of the lower abdomen and dysmenorrhea, it is an essential herb to relieve pain by warming the liver and kidney, dispersing cold and warmly activating qi movement.   For abdominal cold hernia pain due to cold retention in the liver channel, it is fried first, wrapped with cloth and applied alone onto the abdomen for topical treatment, or it is combined with wū yào (Radix Linderae), qīng pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride), mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) and gāo liáng jiāng (Rhizoma Alpiniae Of■cinarum) to move qi, soothe the liver and disperse cold to relieve pain, such as in the formula Tiān Tái Wū Yào Săn (Combined Spicebush Root of Tiantai Powder).   For testicular swelling and pain in the pattern of liver qi stagnation and cold retention, it is combined with jú hé (Semen Citri Reticulatae) and other similar herbs that activate qi and relieve pain, such as in Xiāng Jú Săn (Fennel and Tangerine Seed Powder).   For cold pain on the two sides of the lower abdomen due to cold invasion and dysmenorrhea due to qi and blood deficiency and cold invasion, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis) to arrest pain by activating blood, transforming blood stasis and warming the channels, such as in the formula Shào Fù Zhú Yū Tāng (Lower Abdominal Stasis-■xpelling Decoction). 2. For stomach qi stagnation due to cold, it can relieve distension, improve appetite and arrest vomiting by warming the middle and moving qi.   For abdominal distension or distending pain due to cold, it is combined with gāo liáng jiāng (Rhizoma Alpiniae Of■cinarum), wū yào (Radix Linderae) and xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi).   For abdominal distension or distending pain, vomiting and poor appetite due to de■ciency cold of the spleen and stomach, it is combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens), etc. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  3-9 g in decoction, or used externally. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency heat, because it is acrid, warm and drying and may consume body yin and assist ■re. ［Ingredients］  It contains volatile oils which are composed of trans-anethole, limonene, fenchone, estragole, γ-terpinene, α-pinene, laurene, etc. It also contains fatty acids which include petroselic acid, oleinic acid, linoleic acid, palmitinic acid and eicosanoic acid , etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  The decoction can significantly induce intestinal contractions, promote bile secretion and resist ulcers. Fennel oil can kill fungus, pityrosporion ovale, tubercle bacillus and staphylococcus aureus. Saccharan shows anti-tumor effects. The volatile oils can relax tracheal smooth muscles and promote tissue regeneration in guinea pigs. It can also relieve pain, and shows effects similar to diaethylstilbestrol.

Attachment: Bā Jiǎo HuíXiāng 八角茴香 Fructus Anisi Stellati ［Source］  It is the mature fruit of Illicium verum Hook. F., a small evergreen tree of the family Magnoliaceae. It is also known as dà huí xiāng (大茴香). ［Habitat］  It is mostly produced in subtropical zones, but Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan also cultivate some. ［Collection］  It is collected during September to October, when the fruit is mature.

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Dīng Xiāng 丁香 FLOS CARYOPHYLLI Clove Flower ［Source］  Initially appeared in Materia Medica of Medicinal Properties in the Tang Dynasty (600 A.D.). It is the ■ower bud of Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb., an evergreen tree of the family Myrtaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Dī ng means “nail” and xiāng “fragrant”. The flower bud is fragrant and looks like a nail in shape. It is also known as gōng dīng xiāng (公丁香), where gōng means “father”. ［Habitat］  Originally comes from Zanzibar, Madagascar, Sri Lanka and Indonesia. Hainan of China also produces some. ［Collection］  It is collected when the flower bud is turning red. After the stalks are removed, it is dried in the sun. Big, solid and oily buds with reddish-brown color and heavy fragrance are the best, especially when the calyx tubes sink vertically if put in water. ［Processing］  Impurities are removed before use. ［Properties］  Acrid; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, stomach, kidney. ［Characteristics］  Acrid, aromatic, warm and descending in property, it enters the spleen and stomach channels to warm the middle and descend the adverse qi, so it is used for hiccups and vomiting due to cold in the middle. It also enters the kidney channel to warm the kidney yang, so it is often used for kidney yang de■ciency syndrome. ［Actions］  Warms the middle, descends the adverse qi, disperses cold to relieve pain and warms kidney yang. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For vomiting and hiccups due to cold, it not only serves as an essential herb to warm the middle and disperse cold, but also descends the adverse qi to arrest vomiting and hiccups.   For chronic hiccups in deficiency-cold type, it is often combined with shì dì (Calyx Kaki), rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens), such as in the formula Dīng Xiāng Shì Dì Tāng (Clove and Persimmon Decoction).   For vomiting in stomach-cold type, it is often combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens), etc.   For chronic vomiting, diarrhea and poor appetite in the pattern of deficiency cold of the spleen and stomach, it is often combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) (dry-fried), shā rén (Fructus Amomi), etc. 2. For abdominal distension or distending pain due to cold, it can relieve distension and pain by warming the middle and dispersing cold. For such cases, it is often combined with gāo liáng jiāng (Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum) and xiăo huí xiāng (Fructus Foeniculi) to reinforce the potency,

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such as in the formula Dīng Xiāng Zhĭ Tòng Săn (Clove Pain-Relieving Powder). 3. For impotence in the pattern of kidney deficiency, it is often combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi), yín yáng huò (Herba ■pimedii) and other herbs that invigorate kidney yang to reinforce the potency. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 1-5 g, pounded ■rst in decoction, or made into pills and powder. For external use: it is ground into powder and applied topically, or the decoction is used for topical rinsing. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency and internal heat because it is acrid and warm and may consume yin and assist ■re. It is antagonistic to yù jīn (Radix Curcumae). ［Ingredients］  It contains volatile oils which are composed of engenol, acetyleugenol, caryophyllene alcohol, heptanone, methyl salicylate, α-caryophyllene, chavicol, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It can promote gastric secretion, strengthen digestive power, relieve nausea and vomiting and abdominal bloating, and arrest diarrhea. The water extract and ether extract can relieve pain and in■ammation. ■ugenol can relieve convulsions. The decoction can resist bacteria and kill insects and mites. In addition, it can resist platelet aggregation, blood clotting and thrombosis, promote bile secretion and resist anoxia.

Attachment: MǔDīng Xiāng 母丁香 Fructus Caryophylli It is the mature fruit of Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb. In properties, actions and clinical applications, it is similar to dīng xiāng but milder. Dosage and administration are the same as dīng xiāng.

Gāo Liáng Jiāng 高良姜 RHIZOMA ALPINIAE OFFICINARUM Galangal ［Source］  Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the North and South Kingdoms (500 A.D.). It is the rhizome of Alpinia officinarum Hance, a perennial herb of the family Zingiberaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Gāo liáng is the ancient name of Gaozhou, Guangdong Province, and jiāng means “ginger”. It is hot in flavor like ginger, and was originally produced in Gaozhou, Guangdong Province. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Guangdong, Henan, Guangxi and Taiwan of China, but that which is produced in Xuwen of Guangdong is the best. ［Collection］  It is collected during the late summer and early autumn. 4-6 year-old rhizomes with stems and ■brous roots removed are cut into pieces and dried in the sun. Brownish-red and aromatic rhizomes that are hot in ■avor and with few branches are the best. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is moistened thoroughly, cut into thin pieces and

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dried in the sun. ［Properties］  Acrid; hot. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, stomach. ［Characteristics］  It is hot and warmly dispersing in property, and enters the spleen and stomach channels to warm the middle and disperse cold to relieve pain and vomiting, thus showing similarity to gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) in many ways. ［Actions］  Disperses cold to relieve pain and warms the middle to arrest vomiting. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For abdominal cold pain, it can greatly relieve the pain by warming the interior. For such cases it is commonly combined with páo jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum), such as in the formula Èr Jiāng Wán (Prepared Dried Ginger and Galangal Pill). With abdominal cold distending pain complicated by liver stagnation, it is often combined with xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi) to soothe the liver in addition, such as in the formula Liáng Fù Wán (Lesser Galangal and Cyperus Pill). 2. For vomiting due to stomach cold, it can arrest vomiting by warmly dispersing cold and calming the stomach. For such cases, it is often combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens). For vomiting in deficiency-cold pattern, it is often combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), fú líng (Poria) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction or 1-3 g made into pills or powder. For external use: it is ground into powder and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with internal heat or yin def iciency, since it is hot and dispersing in property and may consume yin. It is prohibited during pregnancy since it can assist f ire and may cause bleeding. ［Ingredients］  It contains volatile oils which are composed of 1,8-cineole, methyl cinnamate, engenol, pinene, cadinene and galangol, etc. It also contains flavonoids, such as galangin, kaempferide, kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  The decoction can promote gastric secretion and arrest diarrhea. The water extract can relieve pain, resist in■ammation and thrombosis, and resist blood clotting and platelet aggregation. The ether extract can resist anoxia. The 100％ decoction shows antibiotic action.

HúJiāo 胡椒 FRUCTUS PIPERIS Pepper Fruit ［Source］  Initially appeared in Newly Revised Materia Medica in the Tang Dynasty (659 A.D.). It is the mature or nearly mature fruit of Piper nigrum L., an evergreen climbing vine of the family Piperaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Hú means “non-native” and jiāo “pepper”. It is hot in flavor like traditional pepper, but produced originally in foreign countries. ［Habitat］  Originally produced in Southeast Asia, but now also in Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan of China. ［Collection］  It is collected during the late autumn and the next early spring. The nearly mature fruit turns black while getting drier and drier, and is called hēi (“black”) hú jiāo (黑胡椒). For hēi hú jiāo, the big, plump, black fruit with creased skin and strong fragrance is the best. If the peel of the mature fruit

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is taken off, the fruit appears white in color and is called bái (“white”) hú jiāo (白胡椒). For bái hú jiāo, the big, plump and white fruit with strong fragrance is the best. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is crushed before use. ［Properties］  Acrid; hot. ［■ntered Channels］  Stomach, large intestine. ［Characteristics］  Acrid, hot, drying and dispersing in property, it enters the stomach and large intestine channels to warm the middle, disperse cold and alleviate pain, so is commonly used for gastric abdominal pain and vomiting due to cold. It also can descend adverse qi and dissolve phlegm, and thus can treat epilepsy with profuse phlegm. ［Actions］  Warms the middle to alleviate pain, descends qi and dissolves phlegm. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For stomach and spleen cold syndromes, it can perfectly warm the middle.   For abdominal cold pain accompanied by vomiting, the powder is crammed into pig tripe, which is cooked at a low temperature for oral administration. Alternatively, it is combined with gāo liáng jiāng (Rhizoma Alpiniae Of■cinarum) and bì bá (Fructus Piperis Longi) to reinforce the potency.   For diarrhea in the stomach and spleen de■ciency-cold pattern, it is often combined with wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) to warm the middle, disperse cold, reinforce the spleen and arrest diarrhea. 2. For epilepsy with profuse phlegm, the powder can be used in equal combination with bì bá (Fructus Piperis Longi) powder for internal use. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 2-3 g in decoction or 0.5-1 g in powder, taken with water. For external use: it is ground into powder and applied topically, or used in plaster form. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency or internal heat, since it is acrid and hot and may assist ■re and consume yin. It can be used during pregnancy with caution. ［Ingredients］  Mainly contains piperine, piperamide, heliotropin, piperitone, dihydrogen carveol, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It can dilate the blood vessels of the skin to cause a warm sensation and can invigorate the stomach. It can promote choleresis in rats by intragastric administration. Piperine shows effects of anti-convulsion, sedation and anti-in■ammation.

Huā Jiāo 花椒 PERICARPIUM ZANTHOXYLI Pricklyash Peel ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the mature fruit peel of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. or Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb. et Zucc., two kinds of shrubs or small trees of the family Rutaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Huā means “colorful” and jiāo “pepper”. It was originally produced in

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Shaanxi, but that which comes from Sichuan is the best now. It is also known as chuān jiāo (川椒) or shŭ jiāo (蜀 椒). Chuān and shŭ are the short names for Sichuan. ［Habitat］  Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. is mainly produced in Sichuan, Shaanxi, Shandong and Hebei provinces of China, and that produced in Hanyuan, Sichuan is the best. Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb. et Zucc. is mainly produced in the Northeastern area and Jiangsu, Guangdong, etc. ［Collection］  The ears are cut off when the fruit matures in autumn and dried in the sun. Seeds and foreign materials are removed when the fruits split. ［Processing］  Seeds and stalks are cleared away and it is used directly or fried ■rst before use. ［Properties］  Acrid; hot. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, stomach, kidney. ［Characteristics］  Hot, aromatic and drying in nature, it enters the spleen and stomach channels to warm the middle, disperse cold, relieve pain and dry dampness. It is suitable for abdominal pain accompanied by vomiting and diarrhea due to cold in the middle. It can kill parasites, so is able to treat intestinal parasitosis and skin itching. In addition, it enters the kidney channel to reinforce kidney yang and alleviate wheezing, and thus is applied for low back pain, cold feet and chronic wheezing with profuse phlegm in kidney yang de■ciency pattern. ［Actions］  Warms the middle, relieves pain, kills parasites and relieves itching. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For abdominal cold pain, it can greatly warm the middle and disperse cold to relieve pain.   For cases resulting from exterior cold attack, it is often combined with shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens), bái dòu kòu (Fructus Amomi Kravanh), etc.   For spleen and stomach deficiency cold-based cases, it is often combined with gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) to warm the middle and warmly nourish spleen qi, such as in the formula Dà Jiàn Zhōng Tāng (Major Center-Fortifying Decoction).   It also can warmly dry dampness to arrest vomiting and diarrhea in cold-damp type, if combined with shā rén (Fructus Amomi), chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), etc. 2. For parasitic abdominal pain, it can be applied internally or by enema to kill parasites and relieve pain. If parasitic abdominal pain becomes serious with manifestations such as cold limbs and ascariemesis, it is often combined with wū méi (Fructus Mume), gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis), xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) and huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) to warmly calm the ascaris parasites, such as in the formula Wū Méi Wán (Mume Pill). For child enterobiasis with perianal itch, it is decocted in water alone, and applied by enema. 3. For eczema and pruritus vulvae, it can relieve itching by drying dampness and killing parasites externally.   For pruritus vulvae, it is decocted together with wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae), shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii), lí lú (Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri), stale tea and heated salt for topical steaming and rinsing.   For eczema, it can be used alone or together with kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis), shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii), dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae) and huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis)

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to rinse the local skin. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 2-5 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is decocted for mouth or local skin rinsing, or ground into powder and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency and internal heat, or for pregnant women, since it is hot and may consume yin and assist ■re, and it is also slightly toxic. ［Ingredients］  The fruit peels of these two kinds of plants contain a large amount of volatile oils, which are composed of limonene, 1,8-cineole, laurene, estragole, etc. It also contains bergapten, kokusaginine, skimmianine, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  The water extract shows bidirectional actions of exciting and inhibiting on intestinal smooth muscles. The water extract also can resist ulcers, protect the liver, relieve pain, ■ght against diarrhea and resist in■ammation. The volatile oils show local anesthetic effect. The water extract and ether extract can resist thrombosis. The decoction can inhibit many kinds of bacteria. The volatile oils can inhibit many kinds of dermatophytes and fungus, and kill mites.

Attachment: Jiāo Mù 椒目 Semen Zanthoxyli ［Source］  It is the seed of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. or Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb. et Zucc.. ［Properties］  Bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, kidney, bladder. ［Actions］  Alleviates edema by inducing diuresis, and relieves wheezing by descending qi. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g for decoction.

BìBá 荜茇 FRUCTUS PIPERIS LONGI Long Pepper Fruit ［Source］  Initially appeared in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing (Léi Gōng Páo Zhì Lùn, 雷公炮炙论) in the Song Dynasty (5th century A.D.). It is the mature or nearly mature plant head of Piper longum L., a perennial herbaceous vine of the family Piperaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Bì bá is sometimes also pronounced as bì bá lí (荜拔梨). Both of the names are the transliteration of the Latin piper and the Sanskrit pippali, and are not native Chinese names. ［Habitat］  Originally produced in Sumatra, Indonesia and the Philippines, but now also in Hainan, Yunnan, and Guangdong provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected in September when the plant heads are turning black. Big, plump, solid and fragrant fruits with brownish-black color are the best.

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［Processing］  After impurities and stalks are removed, it is used directly or pounded ■rst before use. ［Properties］  Acrid; hot. ［■ntered Channels］  Stomach, large intestine. ［Characteristics］  Acrid, hot and dispersing in property, it enters the stomach and large intestine channels to relieve pain and arrest diarrhea and vomiting by warming the middle and dispersing cold. It is often used for problems due to cold. ［Actions］  Warms the middle, disperses cold, descends qi and relieves pain. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For stomach cold syndrome with manifestations such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, hiccups or diarrhea, it can be used alone for mild cases, or combined with gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis), gāo liáng jiāng (Rhizoma Alpiniae Of■cinarum) and ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) to strengthen the potency for severe cases, such as in the formula Dà Yĭ Hán Wán (Powerfully Cold-Terminating Pill).   For abdominal cold pain and chronic diarrhea in the spleen and stomach deficiency-cold pattern, it is often combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and ròu dòu kòu (Semen Myristicae) to warm the spleen and stomach to arrest diarrhea, such as in the formula Bì Bá Săn (Long Pepper Fruit Powder). 2. In addition, if the powder is mixed with pepper powder and applied to dental cavities, it can relieve pain. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 2-5 g in decoction or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is ground into powder and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with yin de■ciency or internal heat, since it is acrid and hot in property and may induce ■re and consume yin. ［Ingredients］  It contains piperine and volatile oils which include caryopterone and sesamin, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  The unsaponi■ables of the volatile oils can decrease exogenous and endogenous total cholesterol of laboratory animals. The volatile oils can resist anoxia, myocardial ischemia and arrhythmia, and tranquilize the mind, relieve pain and fever, and resist bacteria in broad-spectrum. The ethanol extract can resist ulcers, increase myocardial nutrient ■ow and show the effect of anti-ischemia. Alkali that it contains can lower blood pressure. Distilled oils can resist myocardial arrhythmia, anoxia, bacteria and viruses, and lower cholesterol level.

Summary Fù Zĭ vs. Ròu Guì Fù Zĭ

Similarities

Medicinal

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Ròu Guì

Properties

Acrid

Entered channels

Heart, spleen, kidney

Actions

Tonif ies ■re and assists yang, dissipates cold to alleviate pain

Indications

Kidney yang de■ciency or spleen-kidney yang de■ciency, cold pain in epigastric abdomen due to pathogenic cold invading the interior, wind-cold-damp arthralgia, chest impediment with cold pain and yin jaundice

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Differences

Medicinal

Ròu Guì

Properties

Toxic

Sweet; warm

Entered channels

—

Liver ·  Returns

Actions

Restores yang to save from collapse

·

Indications

·

Yang depletion syndrome  S pontaneous sweating and exterior syndrome with yang de■ciency

·

■re to its origin and replenishes yang to disperse yin  Warms the channels and promotes blood circulation

·  Upward ·

floating of deficiency yang due to kidney de■ciency  D ysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, cold abdominal colic and dorsal furuncles

Fù Zĭ vs. Gān Jiāng Fù Zĭ

Similarities

Medicinal

Gān Jiāng

Properties

Acrid

Entered channels

Heart, spleen

Actions

Restores yang and dissipates cold to relieve pain

Indications

Yang exhaustion or spleen and kidney yang de■ciency, and wind-cold-damp arthralgia

Properties

Hot; toxic

Warm

Entered channels

Kidney

Stomach, lung ·  Warms

Differences

Actions

Tonif ies ■re and assists yang

· ·

Indications

Special features

Impotence, uterine cold with infertility, enuresis, frequent micturition, edema, spontaneous sweating and exterior syndrome with yang deficiency and chest impediment Most important medicinal that can tonify ■re and assist yang and restore yang to save from collapse

spleen yang and dredges channels Warms lung and resolves ■uid retention Reduces toxicity of fù zĭ

·  Gastric

cold pain, vomiting and diarrhea with fù zĭ to treat yang exhaustion Cough and asthma due to cold ■uid

·  C ombined ·

The efficacy of restoring yang of gān jiāng is much less than fù zĭ, but gān jiāng could strengthen the effects of fù zĭ

Gān Jiāng vs. Gāo Liáng Jiāng Gān Jiāng

Similarities

Medicinal

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Gāo Liáng Jiāng

Properties

Acrid

Entered channels

Spleen, stomach

Actions

Disperses cold to relieve pain and warms the middle to arrest vomiting

Indications

Gastric cold pain, vomiting and diarrhea

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Chapter 7  Herbs that Warm the Interior Continued　　 Gān Jiāng

Differences

Medicinal

Gāo Liáng Jiāng

Properties

Warm

Hot

Entered channels

Heart, lung

—

·

Warms spleen yang yang and revives pulse, warms the lung and resolves ■uid retention

Actions

·  Restores

Disperses stomach cold

Indications

Yang collapse syndrome and cough and dyspnea due to cold fluid retention in the lung

—

Huā Jiāo vs. Jiāo Mù Huā Jiāo

Similarities

Medicinal Origin

From the same plant

Entered channels

Kidney

Indications

Cough and asthma

Properties

Acrid; hot

Bitter; cold

Entered channels

Spleen, stomach

Lung, bladder

Origin

Peel

Seed

·

Differences

Jiāo Mù

Actions

Assists ■re to relieve dyspnea the middle to relieve pain and dries dampness Kills parasites to stop itching

·  Warms ·

·

water, descends qi and relieves dyspnea Induces diuresis to alleviate edema

·  Damp ·

Indications

·

·

asthma with low back pain and cold feet  Abdominal pain due to cold, vomiting and diarrhea due to cold-dampness  A bdominal pain due to parasitic infestation  ■czema and pruritus vulvae for external application

· ■ xcretes

· ·

Dyspnea due to phlegm-■uid retention ■dema and puf■ness

Xiăo Huí Xiāng vs. Bā Jiăo Huí Xiāng vs. Dīng Xiāng

Similarities

Medicinal

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Xiăo Huí Xiāng

Bā Jiăo Huí Xiāng

Properties

Acrid; warm

Entered channels

Spleen, stomach, kidney

Actions

Disperses cold, regulates qi and relieves pain

Indications

Gastric cold pain and distention

Dīng Xiāng

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Medicinal

Differences

Entered channels

Liver

Bā Jiăo Huí Xiāng —

Dīng Xiāng —

Actions

Warms the liver and kidney

Warms the middle and descends adverse qi, warms the kidney and assists yang

Indications

Cold abdominal colic, testalgia, cold pain of lower abdomen and dysmenorrhea

Vomiting and hiccup due to stomach cold, and impotence due to kidney de■ciency

Hú Jiāo vs. Bì Bá Hú Jiāo

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Bì Bá

Properties

Acrid; hot

Entered channels

Stomach, large intestine

Actions

Warms the middle and disperses cold to relieve pain

Indications

Abdominal pain and vomiting due to cold in the stomach

Actions

Descends qi and dissolves phlegm

Ground into powder, and filled into dental caries to relieve pain

Indications

■pilepsy with excessive phlegm

Toothache

Special features

The action time is short, often used as condiment to promote appetite

Long lasting compared to hú jiāo

Fù Zĭ vs. Chuān Wū Fù Zĭ

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

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Chuān Wū

Properties

Acrid; hot; toxic

Entered channels

Heart, spleen, kidney

Origin

From the same plant

Actions

Disperses cold and relieves pain

Indications

Wind-cold-dampness arthralgia and cold pain of the stomach and abdomen

Properties

Sweet

Bitter

Entered channels

—

Liver

Actions

Restores yang to save from collapse, tonif ies ■re and assist yang

Dispels wind and removes dampness, anaesthetize to relieve pain

Indications

Yang depletion, kidney yang deficiency or spleen and kidney yang deficiency, edema, spontaneous sweating and exterior syndrome with yang de■ciency

· ·

Cold abdominal colic, dorsal furuncles Topical anesthesia

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Chapter 7  Herbs that Warm the Interior Gān Jiāng vs. Shēng Jiāng Gān Jiāng

Similarities

Medicinal

Shēng Jiāng

Properties

Acrid

Entered channels

Lung, spleen

Origin

From the same plant

Actions

Warms the middle and disperses cold

Indications

Coldness in the spleen and stomach

Properties

Warm

Slightly warm

Entered channels

Stomach, heart

— ·

Induces sweating to release exterior stomach to stop vomiting and promotes appetite Warms the lung to stop coughing  sed alone to relieve the poisonous U action of crude bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), tiān nán xī ng (Rhizoma Arisaematis), ■sh or crab

· W  arms

Warms the middle and dissipates cold, restores yang and revives pulse, warms the lung and resolves ■uid retention

· M  oderate

Indications

Chronic pain of stomach and abdomen, vomiting and diarrhea due to de■ciencycold of spleen and stomach, yang collapse syndrome and cough and dyspnea due to cold ■uid retention in the lung ·  Dried

·

Differences

Actions

Special features

·

old rhizome with strong ef■cacy Mainly acts on the interior

· ·

·

·

common cold due to wind cold omiting due to stomach cold, poor V appetite Cough due to wind cold Fresh rhizome with weak ef■cacy both on the exterior and the interior

· A  cts

Wú Zhū Yú vs. Găo Bĕn Wú Zhū Yú

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal Properties

Acrid

Entered channels

Liver

Actions

Relieves pain

Indications

Vertex headache

Properties

Bitter, hot; slightly toxic

Warm

Entered channels

Spleen, stomach, kidney

Bladder

Actions

Disperses cold to relieve pain, dries dampness, assists yang, soothes the liver to lower qi

Dispels wind, cold and dampness to stop pain

·  jue ·

Indications

Special features

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găo bĕn

yin headache due to cold de■ciency of middle and adverse ■ow of liver qi  Cold abdominal colic, vomiting and acid reflux due to liver and stomach disharmony, cold-damp beriberi, de■ciency-cold diarrhea, gastric cold pain and dysmenorrhea

Mainly acts on liver channel of foot jue yin

· V ertex ·

headache due to external wind cold  ommon cold due to wind cold, C exterior syndrome complicated by dampness and wind-cold-damp type of arthralgia

Acts on the bladder channel of foot tai yang

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Review Questions 1. W hat is the concept of herbs for warming the interior? ■xplain actions and indications, cautions and contraindications of the herbs in this chapter? 2. ■xlpain the properties, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of fù zĭ, ròu guì and wú zhū yú. 3. ■xlpain the properties, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of dīng xiāng, xiăo huí xiāng and huā jiāo. 4. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of characteristics, actions and indications: fù zĭ and gān jiāng; fù zĭ and ròu guì; fù zĭ and chuān wū; ròu guì and guì zhī; gān jiāng and shēng jiāng; gān jiāng and gāo liáng jiāng; hú jiāo and bì bá; wú zhū yú and găo bĕn. 5. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of properties, characteristics and clinical applications: huā jiāo and jiāo mù. 6. Both fù zĭ and fáng jĭ can cure arthralgia, but what are the differences between them?   Both wú zhū yú and găo bĕn can cure vertex headache, but what are the differences between them? 7. Why does fù zĭ have to be prepared before use and decocted for a long time? Why does ròu guì have to be decocted later?

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Chén Pí 陈皮

/ 306

Jú Hóng 橘红 Jú Hé 橘核

/ 308

/ 308

Xiāng Fù 香附

/ 315

Wū Yào 乌药

/ 317

Chén Xiāng 沉香

/ 319

Qīnq Pí 青皮

/ 308

Tán Xiāng 檀香

Zhĭ Shí 枳实

/ 310

Chuān Liàn Zĭ 川楝子

Zhĭ Qiào 枳壳

Mù Xiāng 木香 Fó Shŏu 佛手

/ 312

/ 312

Xiè Bái 薤白

/ 320 / 321

/ 323

Dà Fù Pí 大腹皮

/ 324

/ 314

［Definition］ Herbs with a primary action of regulating qi to relieve qi stagnation or qi counterflow syndromes are called qi-regulating herbs. Those with strong potency are called qibreaking herbs. ［Properties ＆ Actions］ Most of the herbs in this category are acrid, bitter, aromatic and warm, but a few of them are cold; they mainly enter the spleen, stomach, liver and lung channels. Good in activating and dispersing or purging and descending, they are mainly applied to activate stomach and spleen qi, soothe liver qi to relieve qi stagnation, disperse pectoral qi to relieve chest suppression, move qi to alleviate pain and break up qi to dissipate stagnation. Some of them are also able to resolve accumulation and dry dampness at the same time. ［Indications］ Herbs in this category are mainly used for treating qi stagnation or qi counter■ow syndromes. The ■ow of qi relies on the normal function of the lung, liver, spleen and stomach. The lung governs the whole body qi flow in general, the liver controls the exiting and entering of qi and the spleen serves as a pivot for the ascending and descending of qi. Improper diet, unhealthy mood changes, extremes of climate and pathogenic accumulation of phlegm, dampness and blood stasis all can affect qi ■ow and cause qi stagnation. Generally, fullness, distension and pain may be seen in the syndrome of qi stagnation, while belching, hiccups, nausea, vomiting, acid regurgitation and wheezing are seen in the syndrome of qi counter■ow. Symptoms vary with different locations and situations. For example dyspnea with coughing and wheezing results from lung qi counter■ow; chest pain and stuf■ness, distending pain in the breast or scrotum, and irregular menstruation result from liver qi stagnation; and stomach and abdominal distension, vomiting and nausea, and constipation or diarrhea may come from spleen and stomach qi disorder. ［Modi■cations］ Herbs in this category are chosen according to pattern differentiation, and are applied in combination with herbs appropriate to treat accompanying symptoms. For the syndrome of spleen and stomach qi stagnation complicated with damp heat, they should be used together with herbs for clearing heat and draining dampness; for cases complicated with damp cold affecting the spleen qi, they can be used together with herbs for warming the middle and drying dampness; for cases complicated with food accumulation, they should be combined with herbs for promoting digestion; and for cases complicated with spleen and stomach qi de■ciency, they should be combined with herbs that invigorate the spleen and stomach. For liver qi stagnation, they are normally combined with herbs that soothe the liver, nourish the liver yin or blood, activate blood, alleviate

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pain or strengthen the spleen according to the relevant pathogenetic condition. For lung qi stagnation due to exogenous pathogenic factors attacking the lung, they should be used together with herbs for dispersing lung qi, resolving phlegm and relieving coughing, and for cases elicited by phlegm heat, they should be combined with herbs for clearing heat and resolving phlegm. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Herbs in this category are basically aromatic and drying and dispersing, so that they may consume qi and yin. Therefore, they are not suitable for cases with qi or yin de■ciency. Qi-breaking herbs should be used cautiously for pregnant women. Most of the herbs in this category contain volatile oils, so they should not be boiled for a long period of time.

Chén Pí陈皮 PERICARPIUM CITRI RETICULATAE Aged Tangerine Peel ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was jú pí (橘皮). It is the peel of the ripe fruit of Citrus reticulata Blanco and cultivated varieties of the citrus genus, small evergreen trees of the family Rutaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Chén “aged” and pí “peel”. It is also called hóng pí (红皮). Hóng means “red”, since the peel of the ripe fruit is red. The peel should be stored for a long time before use. It is also known as xīn huì pí (新会皮), where xīn huì is a name of a place of Guangdong Province, where the best-quality herb is supposed to be produced. ［Habitat］ It is produced in Sichuan, Fujian, Jiangxi and Hunan of China. Guăng chén pí (广 陈皮) is mainly produced in Xinhui and Sihui areas of Guangdong Province. ［Collection］ The fruit is collected in autumn when ripe. After the skin is removed, the peel is dried in the shade. Big peels with strong fragrance are the best. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is cleaned with water quickly and then soaked. It is cut into slices and air dried before use. ［Properties］ Acrid, bitter; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, lung. ［Characteristics］ It is acrid and bitter in ■avor with dispersing, descending and drying effects. Warm but not hot, it is aromatic and thus able to enliven the spleen. ■ntering the spleen and lung channels, it not only regulates qi movement, activates the spleen and improves the digestion, but also dries dampness and resolves damp phlegm. It can be used for the patterns of qi stagnation and dampness or phlegm accumulation, but with preference for cold type. ［Actions］ Regulates qi and strengthens the spleen, dries dampness and resolves phlegm. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For the syndrome of spleen and stomach qi stagnation, it is good at moving qi to regulate the middle, drying dampness and invigorating the spleen. For gastric abdominal distention or distending pain due to qi stagnation in the middle, it can be used alone for mild cases or be combined with mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae), zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii) and sū gĕng (Caulis Perillae) for severe cases.

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For nausea and vomiting due to counter■ow and stagnation of stomach qi, it is combined with shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) and bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) to calm the stomach and stop vomiting, such as in the formula Jú Pí Tāng (Tangerine Peel Decoction); for those cases in heat type, huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) are added to clear heat and enhance the effects on calming the stomach and inhibiting vomiting. For qi stagnation syndrome elicited by damp accumulation in the middle and manifested as gastric abdominal distention, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, it is often combined with cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis) to relieve distention and fullness by resolving dampness and moving qi, such as in the formula Píng Wèi Săn (Stomach-Calming Powder). For qi stagnation resulting from food accumulation marked by gastric abdominal distending pain and poor appetite, it is often combined with shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi) and shén qū (Massa Medicata Fermentata) to promote digestion and relieve distention, such as in the formula Băo Hé Wán (Harmony-Preserving Pill). For qi stagnation due to spleen qi deficiency manifested as gastric abdominal distention, abdominal pain relieved by pressure, reduced appetite, abdominal distention after meals and loose stools, it is often combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and fú líng (Poria) to invigorate the spleen, improve the movement of qi and promote appetite, such as in the formula Yì Gōng Săn (Special Achievement Powder). For diarrhea with abdominal colic pain due to the liver over-controlling the spleen, it is combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) to replenish the spleen and inhibit the liver, such as in the formula Tòng Xiè Yào Fāng (Pain and Diarrhea Formula). 2. For cough with damp phlegm or cold phlegm, it cures the cough by drying dampness, resolving phlegm, and dispersing and descending lung qi. For cough with white profuse damp phlegm, it is often combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and fú líng (Poria) to dry and drain dampness, such as in the formula Èr Chén Tāng (Two Matured Substances Decoction). For cough with clear profuse phlegm which is diagnosed as cold type, it is often combined with gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to warmly transform the phlegm and relieve the coughing. 3. In addition, it is commonly used in combination with tonics to help the digestion. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-9 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder for internal use. ［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils which are mainly composed of d-limonen and citral. It also contains hesperidin, neohesperidin, naringnin, nobiletin, dihydrogen nobiletin, inositol, vitamin B1, C, carotene, cryptoxanthine, synephrine, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction can inhibit the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. A small dose of the decoction can reinforce heart contractility and increase cardiac output, while a large dose can inhibit heart function. The decoction of the fresh peel can dilate the vessels. Hesperidin and hesperidin methyl show effects similar to vitamin P — prevention of hemorrhage by decreasing blood capillary permeability, resisting the increase of blood capillary permeability resulting from histamine and lysolecithin, reinforcement of ■brinolysis and resisting thrombosis. Phosphoryl hesperidin can decrease the serum cholesterol level of model hyperlipidemia rabbits and can remarkably relieve atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta. Methyl can

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increase choleresis, dissolve bile stones and resist inflammation. The volatile oils can improve expectoration by stimulating the tracheal mucus membranes. The decoction can expand the bronchus. The ethanol extract can relax the trachea in vitro. It also shows effects of anti-oxidation, anti-anaphylaxis, antibiosis, anti-virus, inhibition of parasites and hemostasis.

Attachment: JúHóng 橘红 Exocarpium Citri Rubrum ［Source］ It is the peel of Citrus reticulata Blanco and its cultivated varieties of the citrus genus in the family Rutaceae. ［Properties］ Bitter, acrid; warm. ［Actions］ Moves stomach qi, dries dampness and resolves phlegm ［Clinical Applications］ Cough with excessive phlegm and indigestion without heat signs. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction. ［Ingredients］ It contains citral, geraniol, linalool, etc.

JúHé 橘核 Semen Citri Reticulatae ［Source］ It is the seed of Citrus reticulata Blanco and its cultivated varieties of the citrus genus. ［Properties］ Bitter; neutral. ［Actions］ Moves qi, dissipates lumps and alleviates pain. ［Clinical Applications］ Testicular swelling and breast lumps. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction or made into pills or powder. ［Ingredients］ It contains fatty oils, proteins, obakulactone , etc.

Qīnq Pí青皮 PERICARPIUM CITRI RETICULATAE VIRIDE Green Tangerine Peel ［Source］ Initially appeared in Map and Record of Materia Medica (Běn Căo Tú Jīng, 本草 图经) in the Northern Song Dynasty (about 1061 A.D.). Its original name was qīng jú (青橘). It is the peel of the immature fruit or the small young fruit of Citrus reticulata Blanco and its cultivated varieties, small evergreen trees of the family Rutaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Qīng “green” and pí “peel”. The green peel of the immature fruit, or the small young whole fruit of the tangerine are used. ［Habitat］ The immature peel cut into four sections is mainly produced in Fujian, Sichuan, Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan of China. The small young whole fruit is mainly produced in Fujian, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Hunan, Zhejiang, Guangxi and Guangdong of China.

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［Collection］ The small young whole fruits are collected during May or June when they fall naturally and then dried in the sun. Thick peels which are green outside and white inside are the best. Alternately, the immature fruits are collected during July or August, the peel is cut longitudinally into quarters with the bottom connected and then dried in the sun. Thick and ■rm peels with minimal pulp and strong fragrance are the best. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is cleaned with water and put aside for moistening. It is cut into thick slices or shreds for use, or vinegar-fried before use. ［Properties］ Bitter, acrid; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, gallbladder, stomach. ［Characteristics］ It is acrid and bitter in ■avor and so has the actions of warmly dispersing and descending. ■ntering the liver, gallbladder and stomach channels, it is good at breaking up stagnated liver qi to treat chest pain, breast problems and abdominal cold colic pain. It is also good at dissipating lumps and resolving accumulation, so it is often used for abdominal masses, chronic malarial lumps and food accumulation. ［Actions］ Breaks up liver qi and resolves accumulation. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For chest distending pain in the syndrome of liver qi stagnation, it is often combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi) and yù jīn (Radix Curcumae) to enhance the effects on breaking up liver qi and relieving pain. For breast swelling or lumps due to liver qi stagnation, it is often combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), jú yè (Folium Citri Reticulatae) and sī guā luò (Retinervus Luffae Fructus) to soothe the liver, disperse qi, resolve phlegm and dissipate masses. For acute mastitis elicited by liver qi stagnation and stomach heat, it is often combined with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) and niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) to clear toxic heat and alleviate swelling. For abdominal cold colic pain due to coldness occupying the liver channel, it is often combined with xiăo huí xiāng (Fructus Foeniculi) and wū yào (Radix Linderae) to warmly activate qi to relieve pain, such as in the formula Tiān Tái Wū Yào Săn (Combined Spicebush Root of Tian Tai Powder). For abnormal menstruation or dysmenorrhea due to liver qi stagnation, it is combined with xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi), chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) and dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) to promote movement of liver qi, regulate menstruation and relieve pain. 2. For abdominal pain due to qi stagnation or food accumulation, it enters the stomach channel and is able to break up qi and resolve food accumulation. For gastric abdominal distending pain due to qi stagnation in the stomach and intestines, it is often combined with dà fù pí (Pericarpium Arecae) and zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii). For gastric abdominal cold pain due to cold attack, it is often combined with ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to relieve the pain by warmly activating qi. For gastric abdominal distending pain from food accumulation, it is combined with shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi), shén qū (Massa Medicata Fermentata) and mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus) to move qi and improve digestion, such as in the formula Qīng Pí Wán (Green Tangerine Peel Pill). For abdominal pain with constipation due to food accumulation and qi stagnation, it should be used together with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and bīng láng (Semen Arecae) to reinforce the potency.

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3. For abdominal masses and lumps due to qi stagnation and blood stasis, it is often combined with dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae), sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii) and é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae) to break up the stagnated qi, activate blood and dissipate masses. 4. In addition, injection of the herb applied intravenously can raise blood pressure, resist shock and strengthen the automatic contraction of the cardiac muscle. Therefore, it can be used for infectious shock, cardiac shock and supraventricular tachycardia, etc. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-9 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. The vinegar-processed herb is preferred for soothing the liver. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Since it is acrid and bitter and thus may consume qi and body ■uid, it is not suitable for patients with qi and ■uid de■ciency. ［Ingredients］ Its main ingredients are similar to that of chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), with greater relative quantity of synephrine. ［Pharmacological Research］ The volatile oils can mildly stimulate the gastrointestinal tract to promote the secretion of digestive juice and relieve intestinal gas retention. The decoction shows stronger effect than jú pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) on inhibiting spasm of the intestinal smooth muscles. The decoction and the injection can relax the gallbladder, promote choleresis and protect the liver. The volatile oils can facilitate the expectoration of phlegm and relieve wheezing. The injection can remarkably raise blood pressure and resist shock, and shows positive actions on the irritability, contractility, conductibility and automatic rhythmicity of the cardiac muscle.

ZhǐShí枳实 FRUCTUS AURANTII IMMATURUS Immature Bitter Orange ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the small young fruit of Citrus aurantium L. or its cultivated varieties or Citrus sinensis Osbeck, small evergreen trees of the family Rutaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Zhĭ is an old word meaning “orange plant”, and shí means “young fruit”. ［Habitat］ It is mainly produced in Sichuan, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Zhejiang and Guizhou provinces in China. ［Collection］ It is collected during May and June. The big fruits are cut into two parts and then dried in the sun or at a low temperature. The fruit with dark green peel, pleasant fragrance, and plump and ■rm pulp is the best. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is cleaned with water and soaked. It is cut into thin slices when soft and used directly or stir-fried with bran ■rst. ［Properties］ Bitter, acrid; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach, large intestine. ［Characteristics］ It is bitter in taste with descending effect, and acrid with dispersing effect. It is slightly cold but not drying, and works strongly and quickly. ■ntering the spleen, stomach and large intestine channels, it is good at breaking up stagnated qi and at resolving accumulation and

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phlegm to relieve distension or stuf■ness in excess pattern. Moreover, it is also effective for organ prolapse. ［Actions］ Breaks up stagnated qi and resolves accumulation and phlegm. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For distension in the stomach and large intestine, it can break up qi by descending and dispersing. For abdominal distension due to food accumulation, it is often combined with shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi), shén qū (Massa Medicata Fermentata) and mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus) to enhance the effects. For abdominal distension due to constipation in heat type, it is often combined with hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to move qi and purge the large intestine, such as in the formula Xiăo Chéng Qì Tāng (Minor Purgative Decoction). For abdominal distension accompanied by dyspepsia and spleen deficiency, it is combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to strengthen the spleen and help resolve food accumulation, such as in the formula Zhĭ Zhú Wán (Immature Bitter Orange and Atractylodes Macrocephala Pill). For abdominal distension due to damp heat and food accumulation in the stomach and large intestine marked by constipation, or dysenteric diarrhea and tenesmus, it is combined with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to clear damp heat and relieve distension by purging feces, such as in the formula Zhĭ Shí Dăo Zhì Wán (Immature Bitter Orange Stagnation-Moving Pill). 2. For chest stuf■ness or fullness, and coughing due to turbid phlegm obstruction, it is good at resolving phlegm and breaking up the stagnated qi to relieve stuf■ness and fullness. For chest stuf■ness due to phlegm obstruction and de■cient yang qi of the chest, it is often combined with xiè bái (Bulbus Allii Macrostemi), guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) and guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) to warm yang and resolve phlegm to relieve stuf■ness, such as in the formula Zhĭ Shí Xiè Bái Guì Zhī Tāng (Immature Bitter Orange, Chinese Chive and Cinnamon Twig Decoction). For epigastric stuf■ness or pain with heat-phlegm obstruction, it is often combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) and bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) to clear heat and phlegm and break up the stagnated qi of the stomach, such as in the formula Xiăo Xiàn Xiōng Jiā Zhĭ Shí Tāng (Minor Chest-Draining Decoction Plus Immature Orange Fruit). For coughing with profuse phlegm along with chest stuf■ness and pain, it is combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), tiān nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to dry dampness, resolve phlegm, move qi and relieve coughing and stuf■ness, such as in the formula Dăo Tán Tāng (Phlegm-■xpelling Decoction). For epigastric fullness and poor appetite due to phlegm obstruction and spleen deficiency with both heat and cold signs, it is often combined with bàn xià qū (Rhizoma Pinelliae Fermentata), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) to strengthen the spleen, and enhance the effects of resolving phlegm and dissipating heat, such as in the formula Zhĭ Shí Xiāo Pĭ Wán (Immature Bitter Orange and Glomus-Dispersing Pill). 3. In addition, if combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), shēng má (Rhizoma Cimicifugae), chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) and similar herbs which nourish qi and raise yang, it is effective for organ prolapse such as gastroptosis, hysteroptosis and rectocele.

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The intravenous injection is reported to treat various kinds of shock and shows remarkable effects in boosting blood pressure. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g generally and 30 g maximum for decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: its powder is mixed with liquid adjuvant and applied topically, or is stir-fried ■rst for hot compresses. The bitter, acrid and cold properties are reduced by stir-frying. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with spleen and stomach de■ciency because of its acrid, bitter and cold properties and its qi-breaking potency. ［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils, hesperidin, naringoside, N-methyltyramine, aurantiamarin and synephrine, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It can relieve spasms of the small intestine caused by acetylcholine or barium chloride, and can increase gastric and intestinal peristalsis in laboratory animals. It can induce contractions of the gallbladder and increase the muscular tension of the sphincter of Oddi. It shows effects of antiulcer, analgesia, sedation and anti-anaphylaxis. It can inhibit the uterus of mice in vitro. Its intravenous injection can increase blood ■ow in the coronary artery, brain and kidney, and decrease cerebral and renal vascular resistance. It shows the effects of boosting blood pressure and inhibiting shock in anesthetized dogs or rabbits. It also can inhibit thrombosis.

Attachment: ZhǐQiào 枳壳 Fructus Aurantii ［Source］ It is the nearly mature fruit of Citrus aurantium L. and its cultivated varieties. ［Actions ＆ Clinical Applications］ Used directly or stir-fried with bran ■rst, it is similar to zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) in properties, entered channels, actions and clinical applications, but somewhat milder. It is good at moving pectoral qi to relieve stuf■ness, fullness or distension of the chest and stomach. For indigestion with epigastric fullness, it is often combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi) and bīng láng (Semen Arecae). For hypochondriac distension due to liver qi stagnation, it is combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra), such as in the formula Chái Hú Shū Gān Săn (Bupleurum Liver-Soothing Powder). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: generally 3-10 g in decoction.

MùXiāng 木香 RADIX AUCKLANDIAE Common Aucklandia Root ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the root of Aucklandia lappa Decne., a perennial herb of the family Compositae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Mù “wood” and xiāng “fragrant”. It is an herb with a wooden vine

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and strong fragrance. It mainly grew in the Guangzhou area in ancient times, so it is also known as guăng mù xiāng (广 木香). Now it is mainly produced in Yunnan Province, so is sometimes called yún mù xiāng (云木香). ［Habitat］ It was originally produced in India and Burma, but now grows mainly in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces of China. The herb which is produced in Yunnan is the best in quality. ［Collection］ It is collected in autumn and winter. After the remnant stems, fibrous roots and sediment are removed, it is dried in the sun or in an oven. Those that are solid, balanced in shape, oily and aromatic are the best. ［Processing］ After impurities are cleared away, it is washed clean, moistened well with clean water, cut into thick pieces and dried naturally in the air. It is used directly, or is roasted in ashes ■rst. ［Properties］ Acrid, bitter; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach, large intestine, sanjiao, gallbladder. ［Characteristics］ It is aromatic, warm, bitter and dry in nature, and dispersing, descending and drying in property. It mainly enters the spleen, stomach and large intestine channels, and also the sanjiao and gallbladder channels. It can regulate the qi of the sanjiao and the spleen and stomach, and often serves as a key component in formulas for relieving cold pain and distension due to stomach qi stagnation complicated with coldness retention. The raw herb has a strong aroma and a strong dispersing effect, while the roasted herb has less aroma and a milder dispersing effect. ［Actions］ Moves qi, regulates the middle and relieves pain. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For the syndrome of stomach qi stagnation, it can warmly move the qi of the abdomen to relieve pain, so is particularly suitable for abdominal distension and pain due to coldness retention or coldness attack. For such cases, it is often combined with chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii), hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis), etc., such as in the formula Mù Xiāng Shùn Qì Sán (Costus Root Qi-Balancing Powder). It also can be used for food accumulation, which is manifested by abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting and fetid stools, in which case it is often combined with mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus) to improve digestion and defecation, such as in the formula Mù Xiāng Tāng (Costus Root Decoction). For abdominal distension, poor appetite and loose stools due to spleen qi deficiency and stomach qi stagnation, it is often used with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), such as in the formula Xiāng Shā Liù Jūn Zĭ Tāng (Costus Root and Amomum Six Gentlemen Decoction). 2. For dysentery with tenesmus, it can effectively relieve the tenesmus by moving the qi of the large intestine. For dysentery with tenesmus in damp-heat type, it is often combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to clear damp heat and move qi to relieve pain, such as in the formula Xiāng Lián Wán (Costus Root and Coptis Pill). If the above situation is complicated with food accumulation, it is often used together with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei), bīng láng (Semen Arecae) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to move the large intestine and purge heat and accumulation, such as in the formula Mù Xiāng Bīng Láng Wán (Costus Root and Areca Pill).

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3. For qi stagnation in the liver and gallbladder, it can not only move the stomach qi, but also the qi of the liver and gallbladder. For epigastric distention and pain, bitter taste in the mouth and dark urine due to damp-heat retention in the liver and gallbladder, it is often combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), yù jīn (Radix Curcumae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to disperse liver qi, clear heat and dry dampness. If jaundice is seen in conjunction with the above problem, it is often combined with yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae), jīn qián căo (Herba Lysimachiae) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to conduct the liver qi, clear heat and improve bile secretion. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. The directly dried herb is used for moving qi, whereas the roasted herb is used for arresting diarrhea. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency, body ■uid de■ciency or excess ■re, since it is warm, drying and dispersing in property. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains volatile oils that include costol, costunolide, etc. It also contains varieties of lactones (costus lactone), sterols (betulin), saussurine, organic acids, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ The extract can enhance rabbit intestinal movement amplitude and intestinal muscular tension in vitro, and resist ACh, histamine and barium chloride-caused muscular spasms of the intestines, as well as bronchial spasms. The decoction can improve gastric secretion and gastrointestinal mobility and digestion, and can resist peptic ulcers and enhance gallbladder contraction. Small doses of water extract and ethanol extract can excite the hearts of frogs and dogs in vivo, while large doses show inhibitory effects. In addition, it also shows effects of pain relief, anti-bacteria, diuresis, blood sugar reduction and ■brinolysis promotion.

Fó Shǒu 佛手 FRUCTUS CITRI SARCODACTYLIS Buddha’s Hand ［Source］ Initially appeared in Materia Medica of South Yunnan in the Qing Dynasty (1436 A.D.). Its original name was fó shŏu gān (佛手柑). It is the dried fruit of Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle. ［■xplanation of Name］ It is also called wŭ zhĭ gān (五指柑). Fó “Buddha”, shŏu “hand” and wŭ zhĭ “five ■ngers”. The fruit looks like a human hand in shape. ［Habitat］ It is mainly produced in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian of China. ［Collection］ The fruit is collected in autumn when it has not yet become yellow or has just become yellow. It is cut into slivers and then dried in the sun or at a low temperature. The best quality is large with yellow peel, white pulp and strong fragrance. ［Processing］ After foreign substances are removed, it is moistened and then cut into pieces. It is used raw. ［Properties］ Acrid, bitter; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, spleen, stomach, lung.

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［Characteristics］ This herb is acrid and bitter with dispersing and unblocking properties. Aromatic but not strong, it is warm in nature but its potency is mild. It enters the liver channel, so it can soothe the liver and relieve qi stagnation. It also enters the spleen and stomach channels, so can regulate qi and harmonize the middle jiao. It also enters the lung channel, so it can regulate qi and eliminate dampness to resolve phlegm and relieve coughing. It is suitable for the syndrome of liverstomach disharmony. ［Actions］ Soothes the liver and regulates qi, harmonizes the middle and dissipates phlegm. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For the syndrome of liver qi stagnation, this herb not only can soothe the liver and relieve qi stagnation, but also can move qi and alleviate pain. For distending pain of the hypochondrium due to liver qi stagnation, it is often used with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), qīng pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride), yù jīn (Radix Curcumae) and those herbs having the effects of soothing the liver and regulating qi. For distending hypochondriac pain of the gastric cavity due to liver-stomach disharmony, it is often used with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi), zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii) (stir-fried with bran), etc. 2. For the syndrome of qi stagnation in the spleen and stomach, it can move qi, harmonize the middle and alleviate pain. For this syndrome manifested as gastric abdominal distending pain, nausea, vomiting and poor appetite, it is often used with mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae), jú pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii), etc. 3. For the syndrome of phlegm dampness obstructing the lung, it not only can dry dampness and resolve phlegm, but also can move qi and relieve chest oppression. For this syndrome manifested as cough with excessive phlegm, chest stuf■ness, breathlessness, or chest and hypochondrium pain, it is often used with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), jú pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) and guā lóu pí (Pericarpium Trichosanthis), which have the effects of dissipating phlegm and moving qi. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction or used to make tea. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is acrid and bitter in ■avor and warm and dry in nature, which can consume qi and damage yin. Therefore it should be used cautiously for those with yin de■ciency and de■ciency heat without qi stagnation. ［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils, bergapten and hesperidin, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ The ethanol extracts of this herb can inhibit intestinal smooth muscles and remarkably relieve convulsions of the duodenum caused by acetylcholine. It also can expand the coronary vessels and increase coronary flow. A high concentration of the ethanal extracts can inhibit cardiac contractility, slow down the heart rate, lower blood pressure and protect experimental myocardial ischemia. The decoction can relieve asthma and the volatile oils can dissipate phlegm. In addition, it can resist convulsions, in■ammation and viruses.

Xiāng Fù香附 RHIZOMA CYPERI Nutgrass Galingale Rhizome ［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the North and South Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). Its original name was shā căo gēn (莎草根). It is the dried rhizome of Cyperus rotundus L., a perennial herb of the family Cyperaceae.

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［■xplanation of Name］ Xiāng means “fragrant” and fù “attachment”. It smells nice and looks like the pit of a Chinese date. The herb produced in Shandong Province is also called dōng xiāng fù (东香附), where dōng is the abbreviation of Shandong. ［Habitat］ It is produced widely throughout China but mainly in Shandong, Zhejiang, Henan and Sichuan provinces. The ones produced in Shandong and Zhejiang provinces are the best in quality. ［Collection］ The rhizome is collected in autumn. After the fibrous roots are burned off, it is dried in the sun. Big solid herbs with chocolate brown color and pleasant fragrance are the best. ［Processing］ After foreign substances are cleaned away, it is crushed into mung-bean-sized particles or ■rst moistened thoroughly and then sliced and dried. It can be used directly, stir-fried ■rst with vinegar or wine, or carbonized before use. ［Properties］ Acrid, slightly sweet, slightly bitter; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, sanjiao. ［Characteristics］ Dispersing, descending and mildly harmonizing, it is neither warm nor cold in nature. It was regarded by Li Shi-zhen, a well-known doctor of the Ming Dynasty, as “the captain of qi and panacea for women’s diseases”. It enters the liver channel and is good at soothing the liver; it also enters the sanjiao and is good at regulating qi. It is the essential herb for dysmenorrhea and irregular menses, and can also prevent miscarriage. ［Actions］ Disperses liver qi, regulates menstruation and relieves pain. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For distending pain in the chest, abdominal gas pain and colic pain due to liver qi stagnation, it can effectively relieve the pain whether in cold, heat, excess or de■ciency type by dispersing liver qi. For distending pain in the chest due to liver qi stagnation, it is often combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) and zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Chái Hú Shū Gān Săn (Bupleurum Liver-Soothing Powder). For breast distending pain or breast lumps, it is often used with qīng pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride), guā lóu pí (Pericarpium Trichosanthis) and chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) to reinforce the effects of conducting qi and dissipating the lumps. For cold pain in the bilateral parts of the lower abdomen or testalgia in cold type, which is generally diagnosed as coldness accumulated in the liver channel, it is often combined with xiăo huí xiāng (Fructus Foeniculi), wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae) and wū yào (Radix Linderae) to conduct liver qi, disperse coldness and relieve pain. 2. For irregular menses, dysmenorrhea and breast distending pain, it is able to regulate the menstrual cycle and menstruation to relieve the pain by completely dispersing the liver qi, and thus is regarded as a key in such formulas. For postponed menstruation resulting from liver qi stagnation, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), etc., such as in the formula Xiāng Fù Xiōng Guī Tāng (Cyperus, Chuanxiong and Chinese Angelica Decoction). For irregular menstruation in de■ciency-cold type, it is often combined with ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi), ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to warm the uterus, nourish blood and regulate menstruation, such as in the formula Ài Fù Nuăn Gōng Wán

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(Mugwort and Cyperus Palace Warming Pill). For dysmenorrhea due to qi and blood stagnation, it can be used alone, or is made into pills after being processed with wine, salt water and rice vinegar, or is combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis) to reinforce the potency. 3. In addition, if used together with zĭ sū (Folium et Caulis Perillae), it also can be used for the prevention of miscarriage due to liver qi stagnation, such as in the formula Tiĕ Zhào Săn (Iron-Jacket Protecting Powder). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into powder or pills. The vinegar-prepared product shows better effect on relieving pain. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with blood de■ciency or internal heat, since it is warm and drying in property and may consume blood and qi in the process of application. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains volatile oils (mainly composed of cyperene), alkaloids, cardiac glycoside and ■avonoids. ［Pharmacological Research］ 5％ of its extract can depress the uterus of experimental animals in vitro by decreasing the contraction force and tension of the uterus. The volatile oils show slight female hormone-like effects. Its ethanol extract shows the effects of anti-in■ammation, analgesia, inhibition of the central nervous system and fever relief. It also can directly inhibit ileal smooth muscles in rabbits in vitro. The decoction can decrease intestinal canal tonicity, resist acetylcholine and promote choleresis. In addition, it shows cardiotonic, anti-hypertension and bacteriostasis effects.

WūYào 乌药 RADIX LINDERAE Combined Spicebush Root ［Source］ Initially appeared in Ri Hua-zi’s Materia Medica in the Tang Dynasty (about 713 A.D.). It is the dried root tuber of Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm., a shrub or small tree of the family Lauraceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Wū “black” and yào “herb”. It is brownish black and looks like wild sháo yào (Radixe Paeoniae) in shape. The herb produced in Tian Tai, Zhejiang Province is the best quality; thus it is also called tái wū (台乌) or tiān tái wū yào (天台乌药). ［Habitat］ It is produced in Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi and Shaanxi provinces of China, but mostly in Zhejiang. ［Collection］ The root is collected during the winter and following spring. After the rootlets are removed, it is washed clean and dried in the sun. Big, plump, fresh and aromatic herbs are best in quality. Alternately, it is cut into thin slices when fresh and dried in the sun after its brown outer bark is scraped off. Slices which are smooth and light red but without black spots inside are best.

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［Processing］ Before slicing, it is separated by size, moistened, cut into thin slices and dried for use. ［Properties］ Acrid; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Lung, spleen, kidney, bladder. ［Characteristics］ Acrid, warm, aromatic and dispersing in nature, it enters the lung, spleen, kidney and bladder channels. It is good at moving qi, dispersing coldness, warming the kidney and relieving pain. It is used for pain particularly caused by coldness, enuresis and frequent urination in yang-de■ciency pattern. ［Actions］ Moves qi, relieves pain, warms the kidney and disperses cold. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For chest and abdominal pain due to cold accumulation, it is good at dispersing qi, warmly dispelling coldness and relieving pain. For tightness of the chest, it is combined with xiè bái (Bulbus Allii Macrostemi), guā lóu pí (Pericarpium Trichosanthis), yù jīn (Radix Curcumae), yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis), etc. For epigastric and abdominal distending pain, it is combined with mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae), zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii) (dry-fried), chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), etc. For abdominal cold pain radiating to the testicles, it is combined with xiăo huí xiāng (Fructus Foeniculi), mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) and qīng pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride), such as in Tiān Tái Wū Yào Săn (Tiantai Combined Spicebush Powder). For menstrual abdominal pain with clots, it is combined with xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) to promote qi ■ow, activate blood, disperse cold and relieve pain. 2. For bladder cold-de■ciency pattern, it can ef■ciently warm the kidney and bladder, enabling them to maintain their normal functions. For enuresis or frequent urination due to yang de■ciency of the kidney and bladder, it is often combined with shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) and yì zhì rén (Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae) to nourish the kidney and reinforce yang to improve the function of controlling urination, such as in the formula Suō Quán Wán (Stream-Reducing Pill). For retention of urine and spasmodic pain of the lower abdomen, it can be used alone or combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), bì chéng qié (Fructus Litseae), fú líng (Poria), etc. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into powder or pills. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with blood de■ciency or internal heat, since it is warm and drying in property and may consume blood and qi in the process of application. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains alkaloids and volatile oils, including lindenrane, linderane, linderol, linderaic acid, linderaic alcohol ester, linderaic camphor, linderalactone, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows bidirectional effects on the gastrointestinal smooth muscles by exciting and inhibiting as well. It can promote the secretion of peptic juices. The volatile oils taken orally can excite the cerebral cortex, improve respiration, excite the cardiac muscles, accelerate blood circulation, boost blood pressure and induce sweating. The volatile oils applied externally can dilate blood vessels locally, accelerate blood circulation and relieve muscle spasms. In addition, it can protect the liver, relieve pain, inhibit in■ammation and bacteria, arrest bleeding, and work against coagulation, histamine and tumors.

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Chén Xiāng 沉香 LIGNUM AQUILARIAE RESINATUM Aquilaria Wood ［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the North and South Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). It is the resinous wood of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg., an evergreen tree of the family Thymelaeceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Chén “heavy” and xiāng “fragrance”. It is fragrant and heavy to the extent that it easily sinks in water. ［Habitat］ It is mainly produced in Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi and Taiwan of China. ［Collection］ It is collected year round. The part containing the resin only is cut and dried in the shade. Black, heavy, oily and fragrant wood is the best quality. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is brushed clean, chopped or cut into small pieces, or rasped or ground into powder for use. ［Properties］ Acrid, bitter; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach, kidney. ［Characteristics］ It is aromatic and thus performs dispersing action, warm and thus dispels cold, and bitter and heavy and thus shows descending effect. It enters the spleen and stomach channels, and is good at moving qi to relieve pain and descending the rebellious qi to comfort the middle. It enters the kidney channel and is good at warming the kidney to grasp the qi. It is warm but not drying, and moves qi without damaging qi. ［Actions］ Moves qi to alleviate pain, descends rebellious qi to stop vomiting and warms the kidney to grasp the qi. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For qi stagnation based on cold accumulation pattern, it can warmly move qi to relieve pain. It can be applied for this pattern no matter whether complicated with de■ciency or excess. For suffocating pain of the chest or distending pain of the abdomen caused by cold, it is often combined with wū yào (Radix Linderae), mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) and bīng láng (Semen Arecae), such as in the formula Chén Xiāng Sì Mò Tāng (Aquilaria Four Milled Ingredients Decoction). For epigastric and abdominal cold pain in the pattern of spleen and stomach cold de■ciency, it is combined with gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis), ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) for the effects of warming the middle and invigorating yang, such as in the formula Chén Xiāng Guì Fù Wán (Aloeswood, Cinnamon Twig and Aconite Pill). For chest and abdominal pain in deficiency-cold pattern, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) for invigorating the middle, such as in the formula Chén Xiāng Wēn Wèi Wán (Aquilaria StomachWarming Pill). 2. For vomiting due to rebellious ■ow of stomach qi caused by cold, it can not only warm the middle and disperse cold, but also descend the rebellious qi to stop vomiting in a mild way. In case of excessive cold attacking the stomach, it is used together with hú jiāo (Fructus Piperis), bì chéng

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qié (Fructus Litseae) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to increase the effects. For vomiting in the pattern of spleen and stomach de■ciency cold, it is combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), dīng xiāng (Flos Caryophylli) and bái dòu kòu (Fructus Amomi Kravanh) to invigorate the spleen, warm the middle, descend rebellious qi and arrest vomiting. 3. For wheezing in de■ciency type, it can warm the kidney and improve the grasping of qi to relieve wheezing. If combined with ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi), fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) and bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae), it is particularly suitable for chronic wheezing in the kidney-yang-de■ciency type where the kidney fails to adequately receive qi, such as in the formula Hēi Xī Dān (Galenite ■lixir). For chronic wheezing with profuse phlegm, considered as excess in the upper and de■ciency in the lower, it is often combined with zĭ sū zĭ (Fructus Perillae), qián hú (Radix Peucedani), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis) to resolve phlegm, relieve cough and descend qi to relieve wheezing, such as in the formula Sū Zĭ Jiàng Qì Tāng (Perilla Fruit QiDescending Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 1-3 g in decoction for a short time or 0.5-1.5 g in powder dissolved in water. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin deficiency and excessive ■re, since it is warm and may consume yin and assist ■re. ［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils (mainly including benzyl acetone and p-methoxy benzyl acetone), terpene alcohols, cinnamic acid, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ The extract can prolong the cyclobarbital-induced sleeping time of mice. The decoction and the water-alcohol extract can inhibit active contraction of the ileum in guinea pigs, and resist spasmodic contractions caused by histamine or acetylcholine. The volatile oils can promote the secretion of peptic juices and bile. It also shows the effects of anesthesia, analgesia, sedation, relieving wheezing and relaxing muscles. The decoction can remarkably inhibit human tuberculosis, salmonella typhosa and Shigella dysenteriae. ［Notes］ Some allergy cases have been reported. It is in short supply, so fakes that may cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea can be found .

Tán Xiāng 檀香 LIGNUM SANTALI ALBI Sandalwood ［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the North and South Kingdoms (500 A.D.). It is the heartwood of the trunk of Santalum album L., a small evergreen tree of the family Santalum. ［■xplanation of Name］ Tán “sandalwood” and xiāng “fragrant”. It is also called shān tán (山檀), which is the transliteration of candana in Sanskrit. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangdong, Yunnan and Taiwan of China. ［Collection］ It is collected all year round, but better in summer. Wood which is heavy, solid, of permanent fragrance,

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covered with oily spots and which smells like incense when burned is the best quality. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is cut into slices or small segments and used raw. ［Properties］ Acrid; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach, lung. ［Characteristics］ It is acrid, dispersing and warmly unblocks the channels. It is fragrant and enters the spleen, stomach and lung channels. It can warmly move qi to relieve pain and improves appetite which is impaired by cold. It is good for fullness, distension, poor appetite or distending pain in the chest and epigastric region which is caused by coldness. ［Actions］ Moves qi, disperses cold and relieves pain. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For chest and abdominal cold pain, chest pain and epigastric cold pain, it is good at warmly moving qi and relieving pain, and at activating the spleen to stimulate the appetite. For chest and abdominal cold distending pain, it is often combined with chén xiāng (Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum), guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) and huò xiāng (Herba Agastachis). For chest pain due to qi and blood stagnation elicited by coldness, it is often used together with bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum), yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis) and bì bá (Fructus Piperis Longi), such as in the formula Kuān Xiōng Wán (Chest-Releasing Pill). For epigastric cold pain accompanied by vomiting and poor appetite, it is ground into powder and taken with dried ginger decoction, or used in combination with chén xiāng (Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum), bái dòu kòu (Fructus Amomi Kravanh), shā rén (Fructus Amomi), etc. 2. In addition, if used in combination with fú líng (Poria) and jú hóng (■xocarpium Citri Rubrum) in powder and taken with ginseng decoction, it can improve appetite and stop vomiting and can be applied for dif■culty in swallowing food, cardiac spasm and esophageal cancer. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 1-3 g in decoction, and decocted later or decocted for a short time only; or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is ground in water and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency, de■ciency heat or bleeding due to heat, because it is acrid, dispersing and warm in properties and may damage yin and assist pathogenic ■re. ［Ingredients］ It contains 3％-5％ volatile oils, which include α-santalol, β-santalol, santene, santenone, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows negative inotropic action on the isolated frog heart by perfusion. It can relieve the arrhythmia induced by Sì Nì Tāng (Frigid ■xtremities Decoction) or wŭ jiā pí (Cortex Acanthopanacis). α-santalol and β-santalol have antibiotic effects.

Chuān Liàn Zǐ川楝子 FRUCTUS TOOSENDAN Toosendan Fruit ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was liàn shí (楝实). It is the ripe fruit of Melia toosendan Sieb.et Zucc., a deciduous tree of the family Meliaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Chuān is the abbreviation for Sichuan Province, liàn means “fabric cleanser” and zĭ means “seed”. It is the fruit of the tree but has the appearance of a seed. Its burnt ash

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and seeds were used to wash clothes in ancient times. The herb produced in Sichuan Province is the best. It looks like a bell and the outside skin is golden yellow, so it is also called jīn líng zĭ (金铃子), where jīn líng means “golden bell” and zĭ means “seed”. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei and Gansu provinces of China. ［Collection］ It is collected during the winter time when the skin of the fruit becomes light yellow, and then dried in the sun or by baking. Big and plump fruit with golden skin outside and yellowish-white pulp inside is the best. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is cleaned with water, moistened thoroughly, cut into thick slices and dried. It can be used directly or fried ■rst before use. It should be pounded into small pieces when used. ［Properties］ Bitter; cold; slightly toxic. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, stomach, small intestine, bladder. ［Characteristics］ Bitter, cold and purging, it enters the liver and stomach channels. It is good at dredging liver qi, purging heat, promoting qi circulation and relieving pain, and is used for pain due to liver qi stagnation or liver and stomach disharmony. It is slightly toxic, so it can kill worms and relieve itching. It is very suitable for the above problems particularly when accompanied by heat. If used for the above syndromes accompanied by cold, it should be fried ■rst. ［Actions］ Moves qi to relieve pain, dredges liver qi and purges heat, kills parasites and relieves itching. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For distending pain in the chest, epigastric region and abdomen with signs of heat, it is often combined with yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis), such as in the formula Jīn Líng Zĭ Săn (Toosendan Powder). For stabbing pain in the lateral thorax, it is combined with sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii), é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae), rŭ xiāng (Olibanum), etc., to soothe the liver, move qi, activate blood and relieve pain, such as in the formula Jīn Líng Xiè Gān Tāng (Toosendan Liver-Draining Decoction). 2. For hernia and testalgia, it dredges liver qi and relieves pain. For hernia and testalgia due to liver qi stagnation elicited by coldness attack, it is fried ■rst for application, or is combined with wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae), xiăo huí xiāng (Fructus Foeniculi), mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) and such herbs that are warm in nature to soothe the liver, move qi, dissipate coldness and relieve pain, such as in the formula Dăo Qì Tāng (Qi-Guiding Decoction). For swelling pain in the testicles or scrotum due to excessive fire in the liver channel, or damp heat pouring down, it can be used raw or used together with lóng dăn căo (Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae), shān zhī (Fructus Gardeniae) and jú hé (Semen Citri Reticulatae) to purge liver ■re, drain damp heat, dissipate lumps and relieve pain. 3. For parasitic abdominal pain, it can move the large intestine and kill roundworms and other intestinal parasites. It is often used together with hè shī (Fructus Carpesii) and bīng láng (Semen Arecae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Ān Chóng Săn (Parasite-Calming Powder). 4. For tinea and skin itching, it can kill fungus and relieve itching by using externally as a single herb. For scalp ringworm, it is stir-baked or fried to yellow ■rst, ground into powder, mixed with

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olein or vaseline, and applied topically. For nail ringworm, it is ground into powder, mixed with water and vaseline, and applied topically. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is ground into powder, mixed with liquid adjuvant and applied topically. By frying its cold nature can be reduced. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with deficiency cold of the spleen and stomach, and should not be over-used, since it is bitter, cold and slightly toxic in property. ［Ingredients］ It contains fatty oils, toosendanin (active ingredient of helminthicide), alkaloids, kaempferol, tannin, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ Toosendanin can kill large roundworms, earthworms and leeches, and can also can excite intestinal smooth muscles by increasing the tension and contraction force, and can improve bile secretion. Toosendan oil can kill sperms in vitro. In addition, it shows effects of antibotulism, bacteriostasis, anti-in■ammation and anti-tumor.

Xiè Bái 薤白 BULBUS ALLII MACROSTEMI Long Stamen Onion Bulb ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was xiè (薤). It is the dried bulb of Allium macrostemon Bge. or Allium chinensis G. Don, two kinds of perennial herbs of the family Liliaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Xiè “vegetable” and bái “white”. Its leaf is like that of the Chinese chive, a vegetable popular in China, and its bulb underground is pure white and used as medicine. It is also known as jiào tóu (蕌头) in the south of China, where jiào means “moon white” and tóu means “head”. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hebei, Hubei and the northeast areas of China, of which that produced in Jiangsu is the best in quality. ［Collection］ It is collected during the summer and autumn, and cleaned with water. After the ■brous roots are removed, it is steamed thoroughly or blanched in boiling water and then dried in the sun. Big, solid, plump, translucent and yellow-white bulbs without ■ower shoots are the best. ［Processing］ Impurities and outer layer are removed before use. ［Properties］ Acrid, bitter; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Lung, heart, stomach, large intestine. ［Characteristics］ Acrid and warm in property and dispersing and dredging in action, it enters the lung, stomach and large intestine channels. It is good at dispersing the stagnated yang qi and moving cold accumulation, and thus can treat cold-related chest distress, cardiac pain, qi stagnation of the stomach and large intestine, and dysentery with tenesmus. ［Actions］ Unblocks yang and moves qi to relieve stagnation. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For chest distress and cardiac pain due to chest yang stagnation

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and cold phlegm accumulation, it is often combined with guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) and guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) to activate qi of the chest, dissipate phlegm and warmly unblock the heart channel, such as in the formula Guā Lóu Xiè Bái Bái Jiŭ Tāng (Trichosanthes, Chinese Chive and White Wine Decoction), Guā Lóu Xiè Bái Bàn Xià Tāng (Trichosanthes, Chinese Chive and Pinellia Decoction) and Zhĭ Shí Xiè Bái Guì Zhī Tāng (Immature Bitter Orange, Chinese Chive and Cinnamon Twig Decoction). For chest distress and stabbing pain due to accumulation of turbid phlegm and blood stasis, it is often combined with guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) to activate qi and blood of the chest to relieve chest stuf■ness and pain. 2. For stomach and abdominal distending pain, it is often combined with gāo liáng jiāng (Rhizoma Alpiniae Of■cinarum), shā rén (Fructus Amomi) and mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) to relieve the distension and pain by warmly moving qi and dispelling cold. 3. For dysentery with tenesmus, it can relieve the tenesmus and abdominal distension by moving qi. For dysentery in de■ciency-cold pattern, it is often combined with zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) (stir-fried), chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) (stir-fried) and zhì gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle), such as in the formula Sì Nì Săn Jiā Xiè Bái Tāng (Frigid ■xtremities Powder Plus Chinese Chive). For dysentery with abdominal distension and tenesmus in damp-heat pattern, it is combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) to clear toxic heat and dry dampness. 4. In addition, the fresh herb is mashed and applied externally for carbuncles and ulcers. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is mashed and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with poor digestion, weak stomach and those who cannot stand the odor of garlic, since it is acrid, bitter and alliaceous. ［Ingredients］ The bulb of Allium macrostemon Bge. contains macrostemonoside, daucosterol, adenosine, β-sitosterol, amber acid, prostaglandin A1, B1, and volatile oils with a strong odor that contain 19 kinds of sulfur compounds and some microelements such as zinc, copper, iron, etc. The bulb of Allium chinensis G. Don contains volatile oils which include dimethyl trisul■de. ［Pharmacological Research］ It can improve fibrinolysis, reduce artery lipid plaque, blood lipids and LPO (lipid peroxide), and can inhibit platelet aggregation and arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation. Its water extract inhibits bacterium dysenteriae and staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, it shows effects of lowering blood pressure, diuresis, anticancer and analgesia.

Dà FùPí大腹皮 PERICARPIUM ARECAE Areca Peel ［Source］ Initially appeared in Ri Hua-zi’s Materia Medica in the Tang Dynasty (713 A.D.). Its original name was dà fù (大腹). It is the dried fruit peel of Areca catechu L., an evergreen tree of the family Palmaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Dà “big”, fù “belly” and pí “peel”. It is the fruit peel of bīng láng

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(Semen Arecae), which is shaped like a person’s big belly. It is also called bīng láng pí (槟榔皮), where bīng and láng both mean “honorable guest” in the south of China. In ancient times, people usually entertained guests with this fruit. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hainan, Yunnan, Fujian and Taiwan of China. ［Collection］ The premature fruit is collected from the winter to the next spring. After collection, it is boiled and then dried naturally, split into two parts lengthwise, and the peel removed. Clean, whitish-yellow, and soft but ■rm peels are the best. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is washed in cold water to clean quickly, dried naturally, crushed, and then the hard peel is removed. It is then cut into pieces and dried again. ［Properties］ Acrid; slightly warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach, large intestine, small intestine. ［Characteristics］ It is acrid and slightly warm and thus moves the stomach and large intestine qi down to relieve distension. It also dredges water and dampness to relieve edema or water retention. It is milder than bīng láng (Semen Arecae) in potency, and is more suitable for those cases accompanied by cold. ［Actions］ Moves qi and dredges water to alleviate edema. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dyspeptic distension accompanied by belching, acid eructation, constipation or diarrhea with the sensation of incomplete defecation, it is often combined with shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi), mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus), zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), etc. For abdominal distention, poor appetite and sluggish defecation, it is often combined with huò xiāng (Herba Agastachis), hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis), fú líng (Poria), etc. For cold pain of the stomach and abdomen, it is used together with gāo liáng jiāng (Rhizoma Alpiniae Of■cinarum), xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi), wū yào (Radix Linderae), etc. 2. For edema with the feeling of fullness or distension in the stomach and abdomen, it not only can alleviate edema by promoting urination, but can also move qi to relieve fullness and distension. For such cases, it can be used together with sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori), fú líng pí (Cutis Poriae) and shēng jiāng pí (■xodermis Zingiberis Recens), such as in the formula Wŭ Pí Săn (FivePeel Powder). For foot edema with a sensation of weakness around the ankle, it is used together with mù guā (Fructus Chaenomelis), bīng láng (Semen Arecae), sū yè (Folium Perillae), etc., such as in the formula Dà Fù Pí Săn (Areca Husk Powder). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is decocted ■rst and used to rinse the foot topically, or is ground into powder and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with qi de■ciency, since it is dispersing and may consume qi. ［Ingredients］ It contains arecolidine, arecaidine, tannin, theine, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It can excite the stomach and intestines and promote ■brinolysis. Its decoction shows remarkable effects of antithrombin and anticomplementary activity.

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Summary Chén Pí vs. Qīng Pí Chén Pí

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Qīng Pí

Properties

Acrid, bitter; warm

Actions

Promotes qi and removes food retention and stagnation

Indications

Food retention, phlegm stagnation, gastric and abdominal distending pain, vomiting and poor appetite

Entered channels

Spleen, lung

Liver, gallbladder, stomach

Actions

Regulates qi stagnation of the spleen and lung

Soothes the liver and gallbladder, breaks stagnated qi, eliminates masses to relieve pain

Indications

Cough with excessive phlegm, dyspnea, and abdominal pain with diarrhea induced by liver over-restricting spleen

Distending pain of chest, hypochondrium, breast, or mass in breast, acute mastitis, hernia and abdominal mass due to liver qi depression and mass due to chronic malaria

Special features

Dredges the upper and middle jiao

Dredges the middle and lower jiao

Differences

Similarities

Zhĭ Shí vs. Zhĭ Qiào Medicinal

Zhĭ Shí

Zhĭ Qiào

Properties

Bitter, acrid; slightly cold

Entered channels

Spleen, stomach, large intestine

Actions

Regulates qi

Indications

Organ prolapse due to qi sinking when used together with medicinals for tonifying qi and elevating yang

Origin

Young fruit

Nearly mature fruit

Actions

Breaks stagnated qi and resolves accumulation, dispel phlegm and disperses masses

Regulates qi to smooth the middle and relieve distention

Indications

Gastric distention due to food accumulation, constipation due to heat retention, damp-heat dysentery, chest impediment due to phlegm obstructing, and thoracic accumulation due to phlegm heat

Mild case of distending and fullness in chest and hypochondrium or in stomach and abdomen, food accumulation and constipation

Special features

Has stronger ef■cacy compared to zhĭ qiào

—

Mù Xiāng vs. Xiāng Fù vs. Wū Yào Mù Xiāng

Similarities

Medicinal

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Properties

Acrid

Actions

Moves qi to relieve pain

Xiāng Fù

Wū Yào

Indications All kinds of pain due to qi stagnation

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Mù Xiāng

Medicinal

Xiāng Fù Slightly sweet, slightly bitter; Warm neutral

Properties

Bitter; warm

Entered channels

Spleen, stomach, large intestine, Liver, sanjiao gallbladder

Actions

Regulates the spleen and stomach qi stagnation and invigorates the spleen

·

Differences

Wū Yào

Distending pain in the stomach and abdomen, dampness-heat dysentery with tenesmus, diarrhea with sensation of incomplete defecation due to food retention, Indications abdominal distention due to spleen deficiency and qi stagnation, hypochondriac pain, jaundice, gallstones due to spleen failing to transport and transform and liver failing to promote free ■ow of qi

·

·

·

Lung, spleen, kidney, bladder

Soothes the liver, regulates qi and regulates menstruation to Moves qi to relieve pain, warms the kidney and relieve pain Releases the exterior when used dissipates cold raw Stuffiness in the chest and hypochondriac pain due to liver and qi stagnation, stomach and abdomen pain due to congealing cold and qi stagnation, testalgia due to cold stagnation in the liver channel, menstrual irregularities, dysmenorrhea, distending pain of breasts due to liver stagnation ■xterior syndrome accompanied by qi stagnation

All pain in the chest, hypochondrium, stomach and abdomen, cold abdominal colic, dysmenorrhea due to cold, enuresis and frequent urination due to yang de■ciency

Chén Xiāng vs. Tán Xiāng Chén Xiāng

Similarities

Medicinal Properties

Acrid; warm

Entered channels

Spleen, stomach

Actions

Regulates qi and dissipates cold to relieve pain

Indications

Congealing cold and qi stagnation

Properties

Bitter

—

Entered channels

Kidney

Lung

Descends adverse qi, regulates the middle and warms the kidney to improve qi reception Moves qi but does not leak qi or break qi

Smoothes the spleen and lung, promotes function of chest and diaphragm and regulates the middle

All pain in the chest, hypochondrium, stomach and abdomen due to congealing cold and qi stagnation, vomiting due to adverse qi and stomach cold, deficiency-type dyspnea due to de■ciency cold of the kidney, upper excess and lower de■ciency with dyspnea and cough due to phlegm-■uid retention

Chest impediment with cold pain, epigastric cold pain with vomiting and poor appetite

·

Differences

Tán Xiāng

Actions ·

Indications

Xiè Bái vs. Dà Fù Pí Xiè Bái

Similarities

Medicinal

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Properties

Acrid

Entered channels

Stomach, large intestine

Actions

Moves qi and removes stagnation

Indications

Abdominal distention

Dà Fù Pí

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Chinese Materia Medica Continued　　 Xiè Bái

Medicinal Properties Differences

Entered channels

Bitter; warm

Slightly warm

Lung, heart

Spleen, small intestine

·

Actions

· · ·

Indications

Dà Fù Pí

· ·

Removes qi stagnation in large intestine Activates thoracic yang and removes masses Removes qi Dysentery with tenesmus Chest impediment Stuf■ness and fullness

· · · ·

Removes qi stagnation in the spleen and stomach Promotes urination to alleviate edema G a s t r i c s t u ff i n e s s d u e t o f o o d rettention and dampness stagnation ■dema and weak feet with swelling

Hòu Pò vs. Zhĭ Shí Hòu Pò

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Zhĭ Shí

Properties

Acrid, bitter

Entered channels

Spleen, stomach, large intestine

Actions

Moves qi, resolves accumulation, relieves pain

Indications

Gastric distention and fullness and constipation, often used together for mutual promotion

Properties

Warm

Slightly cold

Entered channels

Lung

—

Actions

Dries dampness, moves qi, resolves Breaks stagnated qi and resolves accumulation, accumulation and relieve asthma dissipates phlegm and disperses masses ·

Indications

Abdominal fullness due to dampness accumulation and dyspnea and cough due to phlegm-■uid retention

·

Dysentery due to dampness heat, pectoral s t u ff y p a i n d u e t o t u r b i d p h l e g m a n d accumulation of phlegm heat in the chest Visceral prolapse often combined with medicinals that invigorate qi and elevate yang to reinforce the potency

Xiāng Fù vs. Chái Hú Xiāng Fù

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal Properties

Acrid

Entered channels

Liver

Actions

Soothes the liver and relieves stagnation, regulates menstruation and arrests pain

Indications

Hypochondrium distending pain, irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea and menstrual breast distending pain due to liver stagnation

Properties

Slightly sweet, slightly bitter; neutral

Bitter; slightly cold

Entered channels

Sanjiao

Bladder

Actions

Regulates qi

· · · ·

Indications ·

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Chái Hú

Liver stagnation syndrome both cold and heat Testalgia

·

·

■xpels pathogenic factors from the exterior to reduce fever, stops malaria ■levates yang and raises the prolapse Liver stagnation transforming into ■re Chills and fever due to pathogens in shaoyang, fever caused by exogenous pathogens, malaria, and chronic diarrhea Prolapse of rectum, gastroptosis, ptosis of uterus due to qi collapse

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Xiè bái vs. cōng bái Xiè Bái

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Cōng Bái

Properties

Acrid; warm

Entered channels

Lung, stomach

Actions

Activates yang and dissipates cold masses

Properties

Bitter

—

Entered channels

Heart, large intestine

—

Removes qi stagnation in large intestine

·

Actions

Indications

Chest impediment due to turbid phlegm obstructing chest and hypofunction of thoracic yang, dysentery with tenesmus and distending pain of gastric cavity

·

· ·

·

Induces sweating and releases the exterior Removes toxins, dissipates masses and stimulate lactation (used externally) Common cold due to wind cold Diarrhea with undigested food, cold limbs, feeble and impalpable pulse due to exuberant yin repelling yang Sores, carbuncles and acute mastitis or distending pain of breasts due to milk stasis (used externally)

Review Questions 1. What is the concept of herbs for regulating ■ow of qi? What are the common characteristics, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of the herbs in this chapter? 2. ■xlpain the properties, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of chén pí, qīng pí, zhĭ shí, mù xiāng and xiāng fù. 3. ■xlpain the properties, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of wū yào, chén xiāng and chuān liàn zĭ. 4. ■xlpain the characteristics of chén pí, qīng pí , zhĭ shí, xiè bái, chén xiāng. 5. These three herbs: mù xiāng, xiāng fù, and wū yào can promote qi circulation to relieve pain, but what are the differences among them? 6. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of characteristics, actions and indications: chén pí and qīng pí; zhĭ shí and zhĭ qiào; chén xiāng and tán xiāng; xiāng fù and chái hú; zhĭ shí and hòu pò. 7. These five herbs: bái zhĭ, màn jīng zĭ, chì sháo, chuān wū and mù xiāng can relieve pain, but what are the differences among them? 8. ■xplain the actions and indications of the following paired herbs: xiè bái and guā lóu; mù xiāng and huáng lián; chén pí and bàn xià; xiāng fù and gāo liáng jiāng.

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Herbs that Improve the Digestion

Shān Zhā 山楂

/ 330

Shén Qū 神曲 / 333 Jiàn Qū 建曲

Mài Yá 麦芽 Gŭ Yá 谷芽

/ 334

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Dào Yá 稻芽

/ 337

Lái Fú Zĭ 莱菔子

/ 337

Jī Nèi Jīn 鸡内金

/ 338

Jī Shĭ Téng 鸡矢藤

/ 340

/ 336

［De■nition］ This group of herbs is able to promote digestion or to facilitate the movement of the digestive tract to reduce food stagnation. ［Properties ＆ Actions］ Most herbs in this chapter are sweet and neutral and a few of them are slightly warm. They mainly enter the spleen and stomach and act to promote digestion, move the stomach and intestines, and activate the transportation and transformation functions of the spleen and stomach. ［Indications］ This group of herbs is mainly used for food accumulation marked by epigastric distention and stuf■ness, belching with bad odor, acid re■ux, nausea, vomiting, lack of desire for food, abnormal defecation and chronic dyspepsia with weak action of the spleen and stomach. The majority of the herbs have gentle action, so they are suitable for more chronic or relatively mild cases. ［Modi■cations］ ■ach herb in this chapter has its own characteristics and corresponding body conditions, even though there are some similarities among them. We need to learn how to choose the proper herb and how to make suitable combinations of herbs to improve the efficacy. Since food accumulation is often accompanied by qi stagnation, herbs here need to be combined with herbs that activate qi to help remove stagnation. For food accumulation with cold signs, they are combined with herbs for warming the interior in order to disperse cold and facilitate digestion. For long-term food accumulation transforming into heat, bitter and cold herbs should be used in combination to clear up heat or purge the heat. For food accumulation accompanied by dampness obstructing the middle jiao, aromatic herbs that transform dampness should be chosen to work together with herbs in this chapter in order to enliven the spleen and resolve dampness. For food accumulation with weakness of the spleen and stomach, herbs that invigorate the spleen and stomach should be chosen in order to treat the root and branch simultaneously. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ The herbs in this group are generally mild in properties and actions, but some of them may slightly consume qi. For those patients with food accumulation and qi de■ciency, it is important to protect the spleen and stomach; high dosage or prolonged use of herbs in this group should be avoided in order to protect healthy qi.

Shān Zhā 山楂 FRUCTUS CRATAEGI Chinese Hawthorn Fruit ［Source］ Initially appeared in Collective Commentaries on the Classic of Materia Medica

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(Bĕn Căo Jīng Jí Zhù, 本草经集注) in the Liang Dynasty (502-557 A.D.). Its original name was chì zhăo shí (赤 爪实). It is the mature fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var. major N. ■. Br. or Crataegus pinnati■da Bge., a small tree or deciduous shrub of the Rosaceae family. There is a large genus of Crataegus in the world; it has been estimated that approximately 200 species are in existence. ［■xplanation of Name］ Shān zhā is also called chì zăo zĭ (赤枣子), or shān lĭ hóng (山里红). Shān means “mountain”, because it grows in mountains; zhā means “a wild fruit with a sour taste and rough texture”; chì or hóng means “red”; zăo means “jujube”, because it is red and round and very similar to a jujube in appearance. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui and Hubei provinces in China. The best specimens are produced in Linqu and Qishui counties in Shandong Province, and the next best are produced in Linzhou city in Henan Province. It is also native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in ■urope, Asia and North America. ［Collection］ The fruits are collected in autumn when they have ripened. They should be sliced and dried in the sun or parched. Big slices with red peels and thick ■esh are the best. ［Processing］ Impurities — such as deciduous seeds which are mixed in with the slices of shān zhā — should be eliminated. The raw, dry-fried, scorch-fried or charred herb can be used. ［Properties］ Sour, sweet; slightly warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach, liver. ［Characteristics］ It has strong potency and enters the spleen and stomach channels to promote digestion and resolve stagnation, especially that due to overeating of meat and greasy foods. It also enters the liver channel to invigorate qi and blood circulation and transform stasis but without injury of blood; therefore it is excellent for treating gynecological blood stagnation. Additionally, charred shān zhā can astringe the intestines to treat diarrhea and dysentery but still relieve abdominal pain based on its qi and blood activating actions. ［Actions］ Promotes digestion to resolve food stagnation and moves qi and blood to transform stasis. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For food stagnation, it can promote digestion and remove accumulation. It is effective for treating food stagnation, especially that due to food rich in protein and fat. For persons with mild symptoms, it is used alone in decoction. For severe symptoms, it is often combined with shén qū (Massa Medicata Fermentata) and mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus) to strengthen the effect, such as in the formula Dà Shān Zhā Wán (Major Crataegus Pill). For food stagnation inducing qi stagnation marked by epigastric and abdominal distending pain, it is combined with chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) and shā rén (Fructus Amomi) to strengthen the effect of moving qi and harmonizing the stomach, such as in the formula Dà Hé Zhōng Yĭn (Major Middle ■nergizer-Harmonizing Beverage). For food stagnation complicated with internal heat, it can be combined with shén qū (Massa Medicata Fermentata), lái fú zĭ (Semen Raphani) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), such as in the formula Băo Hé Wán (Harmony-Preserving Pill).

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For food stagnation with spleen deficiency, it can be combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), slightly stir-fried zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii) and scorch-fried shén qū (Massa Medicata Fermentata) to strengthen the spleen and promote digestion. 2. For diarrhea and dysentery, the scorch-fried or charred herb can both promote digestion and stop diarrhea or dysentery. For painful diarrhea due to impairment by overeating, scorch-fried shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi) can be used alone or combined with qīng pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride) to promote digestion and stop diarrhea. For food stagnation due to spleen de■ciency — marked by poor appetite, fatigue, abdominal distention and loose stools — it can be combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), stirfried bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to strengthen the spleen, promote digestion and harmonize the stomach, such as in the formula Qĭ Pĭ Wán (Spleen-Initiating Pill). For acute dysentery diagnosed as intermingling of damp heat and food stagnation — marked by bloody diarrhea with mucus, tenesmus, fever and abdominal pain — it can be combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis) and mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) to clear heat, dry dampness, promote digestion to remove stagnated food and relieve toxicity to stop dysentery. 3. For painful swelling due to qi and blood stagnation, it can activate the qi and blood to relieve pain. It can be used alone for patients with mild symptoms or combined with other herbs for patients with severe ones. For postpartum abdominal pain and lochiorrhea due to qi and blood stagnation, it can be used with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi) and hóng huā (Flos Carthami), such as in the formula Tōng Yū Jiān (Stasis-Unblocking Decoction). For amenorrhea or dysmenorrhea, it can be used with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), táo rén (Semen Persicae) and yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri). For pain in the chest and hypochondrium due to qi and blood stagnation, it can be combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and yù jīn (Radix Curcumae). For colic pain, it can be combined with jú hé (Semen Citri Reticulatae), lì zhī hé (Semen Litchi) and xiăo huí xiāng (Fructus Foeniculi). 4. Recently it has been used alone or with other herbs to treat coronary heart disease, angina, hyperlipidemia and hypertension. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g, at most 30 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: decocted or mashed into the proper amount. The stir-fried or charred product is used for diarrhea and dysentery. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Because of its sour ■avor, it is not suitable for persons with a weak stomach and sensitivity to hyperacidity. ［Ingredients］ Components are quercetin, quercitrin, hyperin, catechols, many organic acids, lactone glycosides, lipase, carbohydrates, vitamin C, ribo■avin, calcium, phosphorus and iron, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It can promote digestion by increasing the enzymes in the stomach and gastric secretions. It also can strengthen the heart, lower blood pressure, increase coronary blood flow, dilate blood vessels; can work against arrhythmia, myocardial ischemia, hypoxia and necrosis; can lower cholesterol, prevent atherosclerosis, promote digestion, inhibit bacteria, tranquilize the mind, increase capillary permeability, contract the uterus and enhance immunity, etc.

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Shén Qū神曲 MASSA MEDICATA FERMENTATA Medicated Leaven ［Source］ Initially appeared in Treatise on Medicinal Properties (Yào Xìng Lùn, 药性论) in the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.). It is a fermented mixture of ■our and herbs. ［ ■ x p l a n a t i o n o f N a m e］ S h é n “ s u p e r effectiveness” and qū “fermented substance”. It is also called liù qū (六曲) or liù shén qū (六神曲). Liù means “six”, since it is made from the fermented mixture of flour and five other herbs. In ancient China, during its processing, people would pray to the gods for successful production. ［Habitat］ Produced all over China. ［Collection］ Flour or bran should be blended well with almond paste, chì xiăo dòu (Semen Phaseoli) powder, chopped fresh qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae), fresh cāng ĕr (Herba Xanthii) and the juice of fresh là liào (Herba Polygoni Hydropiperis). The mixture should be cut into pieces, put into a basket and covered with hemp and paper mulberry leaves. It should be kept warm to ferment for one week, then taken out when the yellow mycelium emerges, cut into small cubes and dried in the sun. The best products are dry and preserved for a long time without insect infestation or impurities. ［Processing］ The cover should be removed and the leaven cut into small cubes and dried in the sun. It can be used raw, stir-fried or stir-fried to brown. ［Properties］ Sweet, aromatic; slightly warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach. ［Characteristics］ It is sweet and slightly warm to comfort the stomach. Its aromatic property normally induces dispersing, moving qi to relieve distension and to release the exterior, so that it is particularly good for food retention with exterior syndrome. It is also often applied together with medicinal minerals and shells in pills to help digestion and food absorption, or to work as an excipient. ［Actions］ Promotes digestion to resolve food retention, invigorates the spleen and calms the stomach. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For food retention and dyspepsia, it can transport and transform food to improve the digestion, can invigorate the spleen and comfort the stomach. For food retention marked by abdominal distension and fullness, poor appetite, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea, it is often combined with mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus), shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi) and lái fú zĭ (Semen Raphani), such as in the formula Băo Hé Wán (HarmonyPreserving Pill). For food retention due to dysfunction of the spleen, it is combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to strengthen the spleen, reduce stagnation and move the qi, such as in the formula Jiàn Pí Wán (Spleen-Fortifying Pill). For chronic dyspepsia with abdominal distending pain, it is often combined with mù xiāng

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(Radix Aucklandiae), hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis) and sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii), such as in the formula Mù Xiāng Shén Qū Wán (Common Aucklandia Root and Medicated Leaven Pill). 2. In addition, it is also added to pills that contain minerals or shells to aid digestion and food absorption, such as in the formula Cí Zhū Wán (Loadstones and Cinnabar Pill). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-15 g in decoction; also used in pills or powder. Stir-fried to brown for promoting digestion. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Contraindicated in cases of spleen yin deficiency with excessive heat in the stomach because its warm property may injure the yin and assist pathologic ■re. ［Ingredients］ Components are yeast, amylase, vitamin B complex, ergosterol, protein, fat and volatile oils, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It can promote the secretion of digestive juices to improve digestion. It also acts like vitamin B complex.

Attachment: Jiàn Qū建曲 ［Source］ It is a fermented mixture of flour, bran and about 40 herbs including zĭ sū (Folium et Caulis Perillae), jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae), hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae), zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) and qīng pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride). ［Habitat］ Also called quán zhōu shén qū (泉州神曲) or fàn zhì qū (范志曲), it is mainly produced in Quanzhou, Fujian Province. ［Properties］ Bitter; warm. ［Actions］ Promotes digestion and resolves food retention, disperses wind-cold, activates qi flow and transforms dampness, and invigorates the spleen. ［Clinical Applications］ Food retention and dyspepsia which is accompanied by external wind-cold syndrome, and diarrhea and/or vomiting due to pathogenic summerheat dampness. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ The same as for shén qū.

Mài Yá 麦芽 FRUCTUS HORDEI GERMINATUS Germinated Barley ［Source］ Initially appeared in Treatise on Medicinal Properties (Yào Xìng Lùn, 药性论) in the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.). Its original name was dà mài niè (大麦糵). It is a dried, sprouted fruit of Hordeum vulgare L., an annual herb of the family Gramineae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Mài “barley” and yá “sprout”. Its alternative names are dà mài yá and mài niè. Dà mài and mài both mean “barley”, yá “sprout” and niè, “spout of barley, wheat or beans”. It is the sprouted fruit of barley. ［Habitat］ Widely produced in China. ［Collection］ The barley should be soaked in an appropriate amount of water and kept in an environment with proper temperature and humidity until the sprout grows

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up to 0.5 cm in length. It should be dried in the sun or in an oven with low temperature. The best quality is yellow with a sprout. ［Processing］ After removing the impurities, it can be used raw, or stir-fried to yellow or to brown. ［Properties］ Sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach, liver. ［Characteristics］ It is sweet and neutral, and enters the spleen, stomach and liver channels. It is effective at promoting digestion of starchy foods such as rice, flour, potatoes and yams. It can terminate lactation. The sprouting of barley implies growing and spreading, so it is also used for moving the liver qi to help treat liver stagnation syndrome and liver and stomach disharmony syndrome. ［Actions］ Promotes digestion and comforts the stomach, terminates lactation and relieves breast distention and pain, and soothes the liver. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For food retention, it strongly promotes digestion. For food retention marked by distention and fullness in the stomach, vomiting, diarrhea and poor appetite, mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus) can be used alone or combined with gŭ yá (Fructus Setariae Germinatus), shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi) and shén qū (Massa Medicata Fermentata) to improve the effects. For food retention along with poor transportation and transformation due to qi de■ciency of the spleen and stomach, marked by abdominal distention after meals, mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus) is often combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to strengthen the spleen and help digestion. 2. For terminating lactation or swollen breasts, it is normally used in a large dose. For galactorrhea or terminating lactation, 60-120 g of raw or stir-fried mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus), either alone or both in a mixture, is recommended for use in a decoction. For milk accumulation marked by swollen breasts, mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus) is used in normal dose together with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi), pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) and lòu lú (Radix Rhapontici). 3. For liver qi stagnation and liver-stomach disharmony syndromes, it soothes the liver in a mild way, so it is often used as an assistant in a formula. For hypochondriac distention, mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus) is often combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi) and cì jí lí (Fructus Tribuli). For belching and poor appetite due to liver-stomach disharmony, mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus) is often combined with qīng pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride), chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) and fó shŏu (Fructus Citri Sarcodactylis). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g, or 30-120 g (big dose) in decoction, or used in pills or powder. The larger dose is used for terminating lactation. Used raw for strengthening the spleen and comforting the stomach, and stir-fried for moving qi and improving the digestion. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Contraindicated for women during lactation, as it restrains lactation. ［Ingredients］ The major components are amylase, inverted carbohydrase, vitamins B and C, fat, lecithin, dextrin, maltose, glucose, hordenine, α-tocotrienols and glycoside. ［Pharmacological Research］ Mài yá promotes digestion and lowers blood sugar levels. It regulates lactation in a double way, as the smaller dose induces lactation and the larger dose terminates it. Hordenine has been shown to have a similar action as ephedrine in strengthening

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the tension and movement of the uterus of guinea pigs, and in relieving the bronchospasm of cats. Hordenine A and B have antifungal actions. Mài yá also reduces blood lipids and protects the liver.

GǔYá 谷芽 FRUCTUS SETARIAE GERMINATUS Grain Sprout ［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the North and South Kingdoms (500 A.D.). Its original name was niè mĭ (糵米). It is a dried sprouted fruit of Setaria italica (L.) Beauv., an annual herb of the family Gramineae. ［■xplanation of Name］ It is also known as sù niè (粟糵) and niè mĭ. Gŭ or sù “grain”, niè “sprout of wheat, barley or bean” and mĭ, “millet”. It is the sprouted ripe caryopsis of grain. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in the north and northwest of China. ［Collection］ The grain should be soaked in an appropriate amount of water and kept in an environment with proper temperature and humidity until the sprout grows up to 6 mm in length. It should then be dried in the sun or in an oven with low temperature. ［Processing］ After removing impurities, it can be used raw or stir-fried to yellow or to brown. ［Properties］ Sweet; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach. ［Characteristics］ It is sweet, mild and warm, and enters the spleen and stomach channels. Good at promoting digestion and tonifying qi, it reduces food retention without causing any damage to the stomach. ■ffective for food retention with de■ciency-cold of the spleen. ［Actions］ Promotes digestion and comforts the stomach, invigorates the spleen and improves appetite. ［Clinical Applications］ For food retention, it promotes digestion similarly to mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus) but in a milder way, and in addition nourishes the spleen. For food retention with epigastric and abdominal distention, gŭ yá (Fructus Setariae Germinatus) is combined with stir-fried-to-brown shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi), shén qū (Massa Medicata Fermentata) and mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus) to improve the effects. For food retention with poor appetite and spleen qi deficiency, gŭ yá (Fructus Setariae Germinatus) is often combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to strengthen the spleen qi and promote digestion. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g, or 30 g (big dose) in decoction, or used in pills or powder. The raw herb is used for comforting the stomach, the stir-fried-to-yellow herb for improving the digestion in a milder way, and the stir-fried-to-brown herb for improving the digestion in a stronger way. It can be used alone or as a combination of the raw and the stir-friedto-brown.

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［Ingredients］ Contains protein, starch, amylase, free sugars and cellulose.

Attachment: Dào Yá 稻芽 Fructus Oryzae Germinatus ［Source］ Dào yá initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the North and South Kingdoms (500 A.D.). It is the dried sprouted fruit of Oryza sativa L., an annual herb of the family Gramineae. It is also known as niè mĭ (糵米) or dào niè (稻糵). ［Properties］ Sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach. ［Actions］ Promotes digestion, harmonizes the middle jiao, strengthens the spleen and improves the appetite. ［Clinical Applications］ For food retention, dyspepsia or poor appetite due to spleen qi deficiency, it can resolve food stagnation without causing any damage to the stomach yin. In addition, it also can be used for beriberi. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ The same as gŭ yá (Fructus Setariae Germinatus). ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Amylase has the action of promoting digestion, but it is not able to stand high temperatures, so stir-frying or decocting may damage its effectiveness, while slight stir-frying does not decrease the amount of amylase. ［Ingredients］ It contains starch, protein, amylase and vitamin B.

Lái FúZǐ莱菔子 SEMEN RAPHANI Radish Seed ［Source］ Initially appeared in Ri Hua-zi’s Materia Medica in the Tang Dynasty (713 A.D.). Its original name was luó bo zĭ (萝卜子). It is the dried ripe seed of Raphanus sativus L., an annual or biennial plant of the family Cruciferae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Lái “wheat”, fú “submit, be restrained” and zĭ “seed”. It is the ripe seed used for improving indigestion caused by wheat- or flourbased food retention. Lái is similar to lú (芦) in Chinese pronunciation, so lái fú zĭ is also called lú fú zĭ (芦菔子), and colloquially called luó bo zĭ meaning “radish seed”. ［Habitat］ Widely produced in China. ［Collection］ The seed pods are collected in summer when completely ripe and dried in the sun. Best quality seeds are cleaned of impurities, big, full and solid with a reddish brown color. ［Processing］ Seeds should be cleaned and dried, used raw or stir-fried and pounded before use. ［Properties］ Acrid, sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach, lung. ［Characteristics］ Acrid, sweet and neutral, it is both ascending and descending in action with strong effects. It enters the spleen and stomach, and is good at reducing food retention and relieving distension; it also enters the lung channel to resolve phlegm and descend the lung qi. Normally

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applied for food retention combined with abdominal distention and fullness, and for cough and wheezing with phlegm congestion either with heat or cold. ［Actions］ Promotes digestion and relieves abdominal distension, descends lung qi and resolves phlegm. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For food retention with distension, it can promote digestion to resolve the retention and move qi to relieve the distention. For food retention with obvious abdominal distention, fullness or abdominal pain and diarrhea, lái fú zĭ (Semen Raphani) is often combined with shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi), shén qū (Massa Medicata Fermentata) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to promote digestion and harmonize the stomach, such as in the formula Băo Hé Wán (Harmony-Preserving Pill). For dyspepsia with spleen qi deficiency, bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) is added to the above formula for tonifying the spleen, such as in the formula Dà Ān Wán (Great Tranquility Pill). For abdominal distension from over-use or misuse of rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), lái fú zĭ (Semen Raphani) can be used to move the qi to relieve the distention. 2. For phlegm-congested cough or wheezing, it is effective in reducing phlegm and relieving cough and wheezing by descending qi. For wheezing with phlegm and food accumulation, chest compression and poor appetite, lái fú zĭ (Semen Raphani) can be applied alone or with bái jiè zĭ (Semen Sinapis) and sū zĭ (Fructus Perillae) to strengthen the effect of descending qi and resolving phlegm, such as in the formula Sān Zĭ Yăng Qīn Tāng (Three-Seed Filial Devotion Decoction). 3. For wounds and injuries, fresh lái fú zĭ (Semen Raphani) is pounded into paste and mixed with warm alcohol for topical application. For habitual constipation and hypertension, lái fú zĭ (Semen Raphani) is made into powder and used internally. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-10 g crushed in decoction, or in pills or powder. For external use: an appropriate amount of powder is mixed with liquid. Milder in property and effects, the stir-fried herb is normally used for patients with de■ciency. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Contraindicated in cases of qi de■ciency, or when there is no food and phlegm accumulation, as its acrid property, which induces dispersing action, may consume qi. ［Ingredients］ Contains a small amount of volatile oils, a large amount of fatty oils, phenols, alkaloids and ■avonoids. ［Pharmacological Research］ In rabbits it has been shown to enhance the rhythmic contraction of the ileum, inhibit gastric emptying, increase the tension of the pyloric sphincter and decrease the tension of the longitudinal muscle of the gastric fundus. Its extract has obvious effects on lowering blood pressure, stopping cough, expelling phlegm, lowering the serum cholesterol level and preventing coronary atherosclerosis. Its aqueous extract is antibacterial.

JīNèi Jīn 鸡内金 ENDOTHELIUM CORNEUM GIGERIAE GALLI Chicken Gizzard Lining ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-220.A.D). Its original name was pí chī lĭ huáng pí (肶胵里黄皮). It is the dried gizzard

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lining of Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson of the family Phasianidae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Jī “chicken”, nèi “lining” and jī n “yellow”. It is the dried yellow lining of the gizzard of the domestic chicken. Nèi jīn is the shortened form. It is also called jī pí chī (鸡肶胵) or jī zhūn pí (鸡 肫皮). Zhūn “bird’s stomach” and pí chī “ruminant’s stomach”. ［Habitat］ Widely produced in China. ［Collection］ The gizzard is removed and its lining stripped off immediately, cleaned with water and dried in the sun. The best quality is large, dry, yellow and whole. ［Processing］ After cleaning and drying, it is used raw, stir-fried or vinegar stir-fried. ［Properties］ Sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach, liver, kidney, bladder. ［Characteristics］ Sweet and neutral, it enters the spleen, stomach, liver, kidney and urinary bladder channels. It is active in improving the transportation and transformation action of the spleen and stomach, reducing food retention, securing and astringing the kidney essence to treat enuresis and emission, and dissolving masses to treat stones in the urinary tract, gallstones, lumps and amenorrhea. ［Actions］ Reduces food retention by activating the transportation function of the spleen, secures the essence to stop enuresis and emission, and dissolves stones and lumps. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For food retention or infantile dyspepsia and malnutrition, it is effective in transporting and transforming food so as to treat various types of food retention and dyspepsia. Used alone in powder form for milder cases, for severe cases it is combined with other herbs that improve digestion such as shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi) and mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus). For food retention with poor appetite and diarrhea of de■ciency-cold type, it is combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) to warm and activate the spleen and stomach, such as in the formula Yì Pí Bĭng (Spleen-Activating Cake). For infantile dyspepsia and malnutrition, it is ground together with chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis), and taken mixed with rice sugar, or combined with herbs that activate the spleen and promote digestion such as bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) and shĭ jūn zĭ (Fructus Quisqualis). 2. For emission and enuresis, it is astringent. Baked and used alone in powdered form for milder cases, or combined with tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae), qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales) and lián ròu (Semen Nelumbinis) to nourish the kidney and enhance the astringent action for more serious cases. For enuresis and frequent urination with kidney deficiency, it is often combined with fù pén zĭ (Fructus Rubi), sāng piāo xiāo (Oötheca Mantidis) and jīn yīng zĭ (Fructus Rosae Laevigatae). 3. It can dissolve stones and relieve painful urination caused by stones in the urinary tract. For stones in the urinary tract, it is often combined with jīn qián căo (Herba Lysimachiae), hăi jīn shā (Spora Lygodii) and shí wéi (Folium Pyrrosiae).

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For gallstones, it is often combined with jīn qián căo (Herba Lysimachiae), yù jīn (Radix Curcumae) and yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae). 4. It can dissolve lumps and move blood stasis in case of amenorrhea. For hypochondriac hardness with abdominal distention, it is combined with chén xiāng (Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum) and shā rén (Fructus Amomi), or with biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) and raw mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) to enhance the effects of softening and dissipating. For amenorrhea, it is often combined with sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii), é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to improve the blood circulation and unblock the channels. For chronic sores, ulcers and ulcerative gingivitis, it is topically applied to remove the ulceration and promote healing. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction; 1.5-3 g each time in powder or in pills. For external use: an appropriate amount of powder is mixed with liquid or other medicinal powder for topical application. Stir-fried powder is better than decoction in its effects. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It should be used with caution for patients with spleen de■ciency but without food retention, since it has strong effects on promoting digestion. ［Ingredients］ Mainly contains gastric hormones, amylase, a small amount of protease, keratin and various types of amino acids. ［Pharmacological Research］ It increases the secretion and acidity of gastric juices, and improves the movement and emptying of the stomach. Its decoction or acid extract can accelerate the excretion of radiostrontium from urine.

JīShǐTéng 鸡矢藤 HERBA PAEDERIAE Chinese Fevervine ［Source］ Initially appeared in Treatise on Medicinal Property Essentials of Materia Medica (Shēng Cǎo Yào Xìng Bèi Yào, 生草药性备要) in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911 A.D.). Its original name was jī shĭ téng (鸡屎藤). It is the dried root or whole plant of Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. or Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. var. tomentosa (Bl.) Hand.-Mazz., a perennial herbaceous vine stem of the family Rubiaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Jī shĭ “chicken feces” and téng “vine”. It is a kind of herbaceous vine and smells like chicken feces when its vine or leaf is rubbed. Also known as chòu téng (臭藤) and chòu téng gēn (臭藤根) — chòu “smelly”, téng “vine” and gēn “root”. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced around the Yangtze river and the area south of it in China. ［Collection］ The above-ground part is collected in the summer and the root from late autumn to winter. It should be dried in the sun. ［Processing］ After cleaning and moistening with water, it is cut into segments, dried, and the dust is sifted off. It is used dried raw or fresh.

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［Properties］ Bitter, sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach, liver, lung. ［Characteristics］ Bitter, sweet, neutral (slightly cool) and with a peculiar smell, it widely enters many channels such as the spleen, stomach, liver and lung. Good at moving the spleen and stomach to improve food transportation and relieve abdominal pain, it is used for food retention particularly with abdominal pain and heat. Good at clearing heat and transforming phlegm, resolving toxins and relieving in■ammation, it is often used for phlegm heat or toxic heat. It also can dispel exterior pathogenic wind, unblock collaterals, activate blood circulation and kill pain, so it is used for rheumatic or rheumatoid arthralgia as well as wounds and sprains. ［Actions］ Improves digestion, transforms phlegm, relieves cough, resolves toxins, relieves in■ammation, activates blood circulation and kills pain. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For food retention and infantile dyspepsia with malnutrition, it is effective in improving the transportation and transformation functions of the spleen and stomach to reduce the food retention. For food retention with abdominal distention and pain, it is used alone or combined with brown stir-fried shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi), shén qū (Massa Medicata Fermentata) and mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus). For dyspepsia with poor appetite and spleen qi deficiency, it is combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis) and gŭ yá (Fructus Setariae Germinatus) to strengthen the spleen in transformation. For infantile dyspepsia with malnutrition, it is simmered with pig’s stomach. 2. For phlegm-congested cough and wheezing, it is good at transforming phlegm and relieving cough and wheezing. Used alone for milder cases, it is often combined with other herbs for more serious cases. For heat-phlegm congested cough and wheezing, it is combined with herbs that clear heat and transform phlegm, such as dăn nán xīng (Arisaema cum Bile), pí pá yè (Folium ■riobotryae) and guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis). For cold-phlegm congested cough and wheezing, it is combined with herbs that warmly resolve cold phlegm, such as kŭ xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) and bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae). 3. For toxic-heat dysentery, sore throat, carbuncles and furuncles, burns and scalds, it is effective to clear the heat toxins and relieve swelling and pain. For toxic-heat dysentery, it is combined with mă chĭ xiàn (Herba Portulacae), mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis). For sore throat, it is used alone in decoction or combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and băn lán gēn (Radix Isatidis) to improve the effectiveness. For carbuncles and furuncles, burns and scalds, it is used alone in decoction, or the fresh herb is pounded for topical application. 4. For wind-damp rheumatic or rheumatoid arthralgia, it is effective in dispelling wind damp, unblocking the collaterals and relieving pain, and is widely used for various types. For milder cases it is used alone, whereas for more serious cases it is often combined with herbs that dispel wind damp and dredge collaterals, such as luò shí téng (Caulis Trachelospermi) and hăi fēng téng (Caulis Piperis Kadsurae). 5. For pain, it is effective in activating blood circulation and collaterals, and for relieving

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pain. For wounds, injuries, dysmenorrhea, postoperative pain and neuralgia, it is used alone or in combination. It can be applied in decoction for internal use, or applied topically or through an injection. 6. If it is decocted or the fresh herb pounded, it also can be applied externally for treating neurodermatitis, eczema or skin itching to transform the dampness and relieve itching. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g, or 30-60 g in large dose for decoction or wine-brew. For external use: the pounded herb is used for topical application and the decocted herb for washing the skin. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Overdose may cause dizziness because of its noxious odor. It should not be used for women during pregnancy since it promotes blood circulation and may cause bleeding. ［Ingredients］ Mainly contains paederoside, γ-sitosterol, arbutin, volatile oils and unsaturated fatty acids. ［Pharmacological Research］ It has good effects in analgesia and sedation, anti-in■ammation, lowering blood pressure, protecting the liver, anti-bacteria, anti-virus, promoting phlegm expectoration and the detoxi■cation of organophosphorus poisoning.

Summary Shān Zhā vs. Lái Fú Zĭ Shān Zhā

Similarities

Medicinal

Lái Fú Zĭ

Properties

Sweet

Entered channels

Spleen, stomach

Actions

Promotes digestion

Indications

Food accumulation or poor appetite and dyspepsia with spleen qi de■ciency

Properties

Sour; slightly warm

Acrid; neutral

Entered channels

Liver

Lung

Actions

Invigorates the ■ow of general qi and blood

Differences

· · ·

Particularly used for meat, fat or protein food stagnation Diarrhea, dysentery, abdominal colic pain, amenorrhea due to blood stasis, dysmenorrhea, and postpartum abdominal pain due to qi and blood stagnation

Indications

·

Special features

Raw shān zhā promotes ■uid production

·

·

Good at activating stomach and large intestine qi to relieve distention Descends qi and resolves phlegm Food accumulation accompanied by epigastric abdominal distention and fullness Cough and wheezing with profuse phlegm or with chest and epigastric stuf■ness and poor appetite

Raw lái fú zĭ is an emetic

Shén Qū vs. Mài Yá Shén Qū

Similarities

Medicinal

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Mài Yá

Properties

Sweet

Entered channels

Spleen, stomach

Actions

Promotes digestion, improves appetite and comforts the stomach

Indications

General food accumulation or poor appetite and dyspepsia due to spleen weakness

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Shén Qū

Differences

Medicinal

Mài Yá

Properties

Slightly warm

Neutral

Entered channels

—

Liver

Actions

Inhibits diarrhea and disperses exterior wind cold or wind heat

Indications

Particularly good for more serious food accumulation or food accumulation with exterior syndromes

Special features

—

·

· · ·

A large dose of mài yá is applied for terminating lactation Raw herb is used for soothing the liver Particularly for starchy food accumulation Hypochondriac and epigastric distending pain due to liver qi stagnation or liverstomach disharmony

Milder in promoting digestion compared with shén qū Dào Yá vs. Gŭ Yá Dào Yá

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Gŭ Yá

Properties

Sweet

Entered channels

Spleen, stomach

Actions

Promotes digestion, calms the middle jiao, mildly invigorates the spleen and stomach, and improves the appetite

Indications

Milder food accumulation, poor digestion and appetite with spleen qi and stomach de■ciency especially along with chronic illness

Properties

Neutral

Warm

Actions

Slightly promotes the stomach yin

—

Indications

General food accumulation with spleen qi de■ciency no matter whether of cold or heat type

More suitable for poor digestion of cold type

Special features

—

Relatively stronger effect in promoting digestion compared with dào yá Jī Nèi Jīn vs. Jī Shĭ Téng Jī Nèi Jīn

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

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Jī Shĭ Téng

Properties

Sweet; neutral

Entered channels

Spleen, stomach, liver

Actions

Promotes digestion, resolves food accumulation and invigorates the spleen and stomach

Indications

General food stagnation with poor appetite and spleen qi de■ciency, dyspepsia and infantile malnutrition with food accumulation

Properties

—

Bitter

Entered channels

Kidney, bladder

Lung

Actions

Secures essence and dissolves stones and masses

Relieves coughing and resolves phlegm, clears toxic heat and relieves pain

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Chinese Materia Medica Continued　　 Jī Nèi Jīn

Medicinal

Differences

·

·

Indications

All kinds of food accumulation either with cold or heat ■nuresis and emission due to kidney deficiency, urolithic stranguria, gallstones, abdominal masses and amenorrhea

Jī Shĭ Téng ·

·

·

Particularly good for food accumulation with heat or pain Cough with profuse phlegm, diarrhea and dysentery with toxic heat, sore and swollen throat, abscesses, sores, furuncles, burns, scalds and various types of pain Used topically for eczema, neuro-dermatitis and skin itching

Review Questions 1. ■xplain the common properties, actions, applications, combinations, cautions and contraindications of the herbs in this chapter. 2. Describe the properties, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of shān zhā, mài yá, lái fú zĭ and jī nèi jīn. 3. Compare the following pairs of herbs as to properties, characteristics, actions and indications: shān zhā and lái fú zĭ; shén qū and mài yá; gŭ yá and dào yá; jī nèi jīn and jī shĭ téng. 4. Both huáng qín and lái fú zĭ are applied for coughing and wheezing. What are the differences between them with respect to properties, characteristics and clinical applications?

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Herbs that Expel Parasites

Shĭ Jūn Zĭ 使君子 / 346

Nán Guā Zĭ 南瓜子

Kŭ Liàn Pí 苦楝皮

Léi Wán 雷丸

Bīng Láng 槟榔

/ 347

/350

/ 351

/ 348

［De■nition］ Herbs with a primary action of killing, paralyzing or expelling human parasites are called herbs that expel parasites. ［Properties ＆ Actions］ Most of the herbs for this purpose are bitter in taste, and mainly enter the spleen, stomach or large intestine channels. The herbs can either kill or paralyze the parasites, or can expel them from the intestine through defecation. These herbs also strengthen the spleen, harmonize the stomach and resolve accumulation and stagnation. A few of them additionally can improve appetite and digestion. ［Indications］ Herbs in this category are mainly applied for intestinal parasite infection — including roundworms, pinworms, hookworms and tapeworms — which results from consumption of food or drinks that are infested with the parasite larvae. Intestinal parasites inside can block intestinal qi and affect digestion and appetite to produce symptoms like para-umbilical pain, no desire for food or eating too much, and deranged appetite such as pica. If the condition is prolonged patients may have sallow complexion, weight loss, puf■ness or edema, fatigue, or a distended abdomen with enlarged vessels. Some people have no symptoms and the parasite problems may only be found by chance of physical exam. Different intestinal parasitic infections show particular manifestations, for example, reddish and whitish spots inside the lips indicate roundworm infection, itching around the anus may be because of pinworm infection, and a strong desire to eat strange substances may indicate hookworm infection. Some of these herbs are also effective for schistosomiasis, trichomonas vaginalis and infantile parasitic malnutrition. ［Modifications］ Herbs are chosen according to the variety of parasite, constitution of the body, situation of the disease and the accompanying symptoms. Combination with other herbs is also necessary when there are complications. For example, if the parasite infection is complicated by dyspepsia, herbs in this category should be used in combination with herbs that improve digestion; if constipation occurs at the same time, purgatives should be used together simultaneously; if parasite infection is accompanied by de■ciency of the spleen and stomach, herbs for invigorating the spleen and stomach should be used too in combination; and if parasite infection occurs in a patient with general qi de■ciency, then herbs for nourishing qi should be used at the same time, or should follow up the treatment for getting rid of the parasites. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Herbs in this chapter are usually taken on an empty stomach in order to have maximum effect on the hungry worms. Some of the herbs are toxic so that weak, elderly and pregnant patients should be very careful. The application should be stopped if patients experience fever or acute abdominal pain.

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ShǐJūn Zǐ使君子 FRUCTUS QUISQUALIS Rangoon Creeper Fruit ［Source］ Initially appeared in Southern Status of Vegetation (Nán Fāng Căo Mù Zhuàng, 南 方草木状) in 304 A.D. during the Jin Dynasty (265-420 A.D.). Its original name was liú qiú zǐ (留求子). It is the dry mature fruit of Quisqualis indica L., a deciduous climbing shrub of the family Combretaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Shĭ jūn was the given name of Guo Shi-jun, a pediatrician in the Song Dynasty of China (960-1279 A.D.), and zĭ means “seed”. Guo Shi-jun used this fruit quite a lot to treat childhood diseases and found it effective, so people honored this herb with his name. ［ H a b i t a t］ M a i n l y p r o d u c e d i n S i c h u a n , Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and Taiwan in China, with the largest output coming from Sichuan. ［Collection］ The fruits are collected in autumn when the peels are turning brownish-black, and then dried in the sun or in an oven. ［Processing］ After the residual stalks and impurities are removed, the dried fruit or the kernel is used directly, or is dry-fried or roasted for use. It is crushed ■rst before use. ［Properties］ Sweet; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach. ［Characteristics］ It is sweet, warm and delicious. It is rich in botanical fats, and thus can lubricate the bowels to work as a laxative. It kills worms, and improves digestion and appetite as well. It is mainly applied for roundworm or pinworm infection, and their complication of infantile malnutrition. ［Actions］ ■xpels worms, and improves digestion and appetite. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For roundworm and pinworm infection in mild cases, it alone is powdered or dry-fried for oral administration; for critical cases it is combined with kŭ liàn pí (Cortex Meliae) and wú yí (Fructus Ulmi Macrocarpae Praeparata), such as in the formula Shǐ Jūn Zǐ Sǎn (Rangoon Creeper Fruit Powder). 2. For infantile dyspeptic malnutrition with or without parasitic infection, it can be used alone for mild cases and in combination with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) for cases complicated with spleen qi de■ciency, such as in the formula Féi Ér Wán (Childhood-Malnutrition Rectifying Pill). If the case is complicated with abdominal distension, it is used together with chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis); if the case is complicated with dyspepsia, it is combined with jī nèi jīn (■ndothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli) and shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-10 g usually. For children, the dose initiates from 1.5 pieces every day, and increases 1.5 pieces for every one year of age. The daily maximum dose is 20 pieces. It should be taken continuously for 2-3 days on an empty stomach. It is dry-fried to eat directly, or decocted, or made into pills or powder and applied internally. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Over-use may cause hiccups, dizziness and vomiting, which

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may get worse if hot tea is taken together with it, and which will be relieved automatically after application stops. ［Ingredients］ The kernel and peel both contain potassium quisqualat, which is the active component for roundworms. The kernel also contains fatty oils, which are composed of oleic acid and palmitic acid, and trigonelline, quisqualic acid, carbohydrates and amino acids. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows inhibitory effect on ascaris suum, and the active components are potassium quisqualat, fatty oils and pyridine. Its powder shows inhibitory effect on pinworms. The aqueous extract kills echinociccus granulosus protoscolex. Its water infusion in vitro inhibits dermatophytes. Quisqualic acid increases the blood pressure of anesthetized rats.

KǔLiàn Pí苦楝皮 CORTEX MELIAE Sichuan Chinaberry Bark ［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Northern and Southern Dynasties (502-557A.D.). It is the dried trunk bark or root bark of Melia azedarach L. or Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zucc., two kinds of large trees of the family Meliaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Kŭ “bitter”, liàn “a kind of ■ber cleanser” and pí “bark”. The tree ash was used to clean clothes in ancient times, and the trunk or root bark is medicinal and very bitter in taste. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan, Hubei, Anhui, Henan, Jiangsu and Guizhou provinces of China. ［Collection］ The bark is collected in spring and autumn and dried directly in the sun, or the outer crude bark is removed ■rst and the remaining bark is dried in the sun. Thick and very dry bark without any outer crude bark is of the best quality. The fresh bark also can be used directly. ［Processing］ It is cleaned first with water, moistened completely and cut into long narrow slices for use. ［Properties］ Bitter; cold; toxic. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, spleen, stomach. ［Characteristics］ Rather bitter and cold in property, it kills parasites, purges heat and dries dampness. It is effective for roundworm, hookworm and pinworm infection, as well as tinea and scabies. The fresh herb is better than the dried product in ef■cacy. ［Actions］ Kills parasites and cures skin problems. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For roundworm infection, it alone is decocted or made into paste for internal use, or is applied in combination with wú yí (Fructus Ulmi Macrocarpae Praeparata), shĭ jūn zĭ (Fructus Quisqualis) and bīng láng (Semen Arecae) to strengthen the effects, such as in the formula Huà Chóng Wàn (Worm-■xpelling Pill). For pinworm infection, it is decocted intensively together with băi bù (Radix Stemonae) and wū méi (Fructus Mume) and injected into the rectum continuously for 2-4 days.

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For hookworm infection, 24 g of it is decocted together with 15 g of bīng láng (Semen Arecae) and taken before sleep. 2. For tinea, scabies, eczema and ulcers, the powder alone or in combination with zào jiǎo (Fructus Gleditsiae) in equal dose is often applied topically in mixture with vinegar or lard. 3. Additionally, its decoction applied topically for rinsing is used effectively for the treatment of impetigo. The thick decoction applied for mouth rinsing is effective for dental caries. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: the dry herb 6-15 g generally, and the fresh one 15-30 g for each time in decoction, or made into pills or powder. The fresh herb is better than the dry one in ef■cacy. For external use: decocted for topical skin rinsing, or the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically, or the powder is applied topically with other liquid adjuvant. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is bitter, cold and toxic and may damage the stomach and liver, and affect the heart as well. Therefore an overdose or persistent application is prohibited, especially for patients with problems of the liver, heart or stomach, or physical weakness. The outer crude bark is even more toxic, so it should be removed completely. ［Ingredients］ The bark from these two species of trees contains toosendanin and isotoosendanin. The bark of Melia azedarach L. also contains meliatoosendan ketones. ［Pharmacological Research］ Its alcohol extractives paralyze ascaris suum in vitro, especially the head, and its toosendanin is the effective component. Isotoosendanin inhibits the activities of ascaris suum, and also paralyzes pinworms in mice, kills bilharzia worms and various pathogenic fungi. Toosendanin strengthens the contractile response of skeletal muscles and smooth muscles. Its alcohol extractives show effects of anti-ulcer, anti-diarrhea, choleresis, analgesia, anti-in■ammation and anti-thrombosis. A large dose application of toosendanin triggers respiratory failure in rats. The mice intragastrical LD50 is 2194 mg/kg, which is 3.26 times lower than that of santonin. Toosendanin also inhibits the respiratory center.

Bīng Láng 槟榔 SEMEN ARECAE Areca ［Source］ Initially appeared in Records of Medicine (Yào Lù, 药录) written by Li Dang-zhi during the Wei and Jin period (220-420 A.D.). It is the dried mature seed of Areca catechu L., an evergreen tree of the family Palmae. ［■xplanation of names］ Bī ng and láng both mean “honorable guest”. In the south of China, the fruit is very commonly used to entertain guests. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hainan, Fujian, Yunnan, Guangxi and Taiwan of China. ［Collection］ The mature fruits are collected during the late spring and the early autumn, boiled ■rst and dried. The peel is then removed from the seed, and the seed is dried in the sun. Big and solid seeds without splits are of the best quality. ［Processing］ It is cleaned, soaked in water until completely moistened, cut into thin slices

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and dried in the shade for use. It can also be slightly or deeply stir-fried ■rst for use. ［Properties］ Bitter, acrid; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Large intestine, stomach. ［Characteristics］ Bitter and warmly purging in property, mainly entering the stomach and large intestine channels, it effectively kills parasites and expels the worm bodies at the same time via defecation. It is widely used for the treatment of many kinds of intestinal parasite infections, especially tapeworm and fasciolopsis buski, and also hookworm, roundworm and pinworm. It also purges food retention, moves abdominal qi, drains water and inhibits malaria, and thus is applicable for dyspepsia, abdominal distension, ■uid retention and malaria in the type of cold. ［Actions］ Kills parasites, purges food retention, moves qi, drains water and inhibits malaria. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For tapeworm infection, it alone 60 g at one time is ground into powder and taken with the decoction of bīng láng pí (its fruit peel), or is used in combination with nán guā zĭ (Semen Cucurbitae). For roundworm or pinworm infection, it is used alone or in combination with léi wán (Omphalia) and kŭ liàn pí (Cortex Meliae). For fasciolopsis buski, it is often combined with wū méi (Fructus Mume) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae), or hēi chǒu (Semen Pharbitidis). For hookworm infection, it is combined with guàn zhòng (Rhizoma Cyrtomii), fĕi zĭ (Semen Torreyae) and hóng téng (Caulis Sargentodoxae). 2. For food retention and dyspeptic abdominal distension, it is often combined with scorch-fried shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi), scorch-fried shén qū (Massa Medicata Fermentata) and stir-fried lái fú zĭ (Semen Raphani) to enhance the effects. If the above problems are complicated with spleenqi de■ciency marked by chronic abdominal distention, it is often combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus) and shā rén (Fructus Amomi). For dyspepsia complicated with damp-heat retention with manifestations such as abdominal distension and sluggish defecation, or dysentery with tenesmus, it is often combined with mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to move qi, purge pathogens and heat, and improve defecation, such as in the formula Mù Xiāng Bīng Láng Wán (Costus Root and Areca Pill). For acute dysentery marked by tenesmus, abdominal pain and stools with mucus and blood, it is often combined with bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba), in addition to herbs for moving qi and clearing damp heat, such as in the formula Sháo Yào Tāng (Peony Decoction). It is also used in combination with lú huì (Aloe), shĭ jūn zĭ (Fructus Quisqualis) and hú huáng lián (Rhizoma Picrorhizae) to treat infantile dyspeptic or parasitic malnutrition, such as in the formula Lú Huì Féi Ér Wán (Aloes Chubby Child Pill). 3. For serious edema with dif■cult breathing, urination and defecation, it is used together with shāng lù (Radix Phytolaccae), zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) and mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae) to drastically drain water by urination and defecation, such as in the formula Shū Záo Yǐn Zi (Dredging and Piercing Drink). For foot inflammatory swelling and edema due to dampness pouring down, it is often combined with mù guā (Fructus Chaenomelis), wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to warmly drain dampness to relieve swelling and edema, such as in the formula Jī Míng Săn (Cock’s Crow Powder). 4. For chronic malaria, it is often combined with cháng shān (Radix Dichroae), căo guŏ (Fructus Tsaoko) and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis) to strengthen the effects, such as in the formula Jié Nüè Qī Bǎo Yǐn (Malaria Preventing Seven-Jewel Decoction).

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5. Additionally, the powder alone can be applied for eczema. It is used in combination with shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii), wŭ bèi zĭ (Galla Chinensis) and sulfur in powder and applied topically for scabies and tinea. It also can be used for gall stones, if combined with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei), yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae) and mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-15 g generally in decoction or made into pills and powder, and 60-120 g for the treatment of tapeworm and fasciolopsis buski infection. For external use: it is decocted for topical rinsing, or is powdered for topical application. The unprepared herb is used for expelling parasites, and the stir-fried herb for dyspepsia. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with loose stools and tiredness due to spleen qi de■ciency, since it is laxative and moves qi downwards. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains arecoline, arecaidine, norabieta arecaidine, norabieta arecoline, fats, tannin and saponins. ［Pharmacological Research］ It paralyzes the whole body of pork tapeworms, and also paralyzes the head and immature proglottid of beef tapeworms. It also kills pinworms, roundworms, hookworms, ■agellates, fasciolopsis buski and bilharziasis. Its water infusion inhibits dermatophytes and in■uenza virus. Arecoline shows cholinergic activities. In addition, it affects the development of sperm and induces pregnant hysterospasm.

Nán Guā Zǐ南瓜子 SEMEN CUCURBITAE Pumpkin Seed and Husk ［Source］ Initially appeared in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Gāng Mù, 本草纲目) in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 A.D.). It is the dry seed of Cucurbita moschata (Duch.) Poiret, an annual climbing herb of the family Cucurbitaceae. ［■xplanation of names］ Nán “south”, guā “pumpkin” and zĭ “seed”. Pumpkins were originally imported and introduced from other countries into China via the south of China, especially Fujian and Zhejiang provinces, and the mature seed is medicinal. ［Habitat］ Widely produced throughout China. ［Collection］ The completely matured pumpkin is collected during summer and autumn. The seeds are removed from the pumpkins and dried in the sun. Plump seeds with yellowish-white color are of the best quality. ［Processing］ It is cleaned for use. ［Properties］ Sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Stomach, large intestine. ［Characteristics］ It is sweet and neutral in property, and rich in botanical fat. It is mainly used to kill tapeworms, but is also effective for roundworms, hookworms and schistosomes. It also lubricates the bowels and may slightly cause diarrhea. It is mild in action, so that a large dose and long-term application are necessary. ［Actions］ Kills parasites. ［Clinical Applications］ For tapeworm infection, it is often combined with bīng láng (Semen

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Arecae) to strengthen the effects, such as in the formula Qū Tāo Fāng (■xperienced Tapeworm■xpelling Formula): 60-120 g of it is ground into powder and taken with cool boiled water, the decoction of bīng láng (Semen Arecae) 60-120 g is taken 2 hours later, and then 15 g of xuán míng fěn (Natrii Sulfas ■xsiccatus) is taken after an interval of 0.5 hour, in order to effectively expel the worm bodies out via defecation. For roundworm and schistosome infection, its powder is used in a large dose. Additionally, used together with peanut and walnut kernels, it is applicable for malnutrition. It also can be applied for poor lactation if used in a large dose. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 60-120 g with or without seed skins in powder, and taken with cool or cold water. It also can be eaten directly. ［Ingredients］ It contains cucurbitin, fatty oils, proteins, urea decomposition enzyme, various vitamins and carotene. ［Pharmacological Research］ It can remarkably kill and expel tapeworms and roundworms. Cucurbitin paralyzes the middle and rear parts of the tapeworm body, and shows a mutually increased effect when used with bīng láng (Semen Arecae). It inhibits or kills the larvae of bilharzia worms, and induces atrophy of the prosopon body, degenerates the reproductive organs of prosopons, and reduces the number of eggs in the uterus in prosopons. It also prevents the migration of schistosoma japonicum to the liver in animals.

Léi Wán 雷丸 OMPHALIA Thunder Ball ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■stern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried fungal body of Omphalia lapidescens Schroet., a kind of fungus of the family Tricholomataceae. ［■xplanation of the Names］ Léi “thunder” and wán “ball”. It is a kind of saprophyte, irregular ball- or egg-shaped, colored black outside and whitish inside, and growing normally around bamboo roots. Ancient legend says that thunder attacking the bamboo produced this ball-shaped fungus. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Gansu, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Henan, Hubei, Guangxi and Shaanxi of China. ［Collection］ It is collected during the autumn, washed clean and dried in the sun. Big and starchy ones with whitish cross-sections are of the best quality. ［Processing］ It is cleaned again with water, dried and crushed for use, or it is cleaned, moistened, cut into thin slices and dried in the sun for use. ［Properties］ Bitter; cold; slightly toxic. ［■ntered Channels］ Stomach, large intestine. ［Characteristics］ Bitter, cold and slightly toxic in property, it is particularly effective for tapeworms, and also for roundworms, pinworms and hookworms. It is also applicable for infantile parasitic malnutrition. ［Actions］ Kills parasites.

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［Clinical Applications］ 1. For tapeworm infection, it is often used alone in powder 20 g per time, 3 times a day for 3 days. In most cases, the worm bodies are discharged out during the second or the third day after administration. It also can be used in combination with nán guā zĭ (Semen Cucurbitae) and bīng láng (Semen Arecae). For hookworm and roundworm infection, it is often combined with bīng láng (Semen Arecae), kŭ liàn pí (Cortex Meliae) and qiān niú zĭ (Semen Pharbitidis), such as in the formula Zhuī Chóng Wán (Worm-■xpelling Pill). For pinworm infection, it is used together with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and qiān niú zĭ (Semen Pharbitidis). For cerebral cysticercosis, it is combined with xióng huáng (Realgar), gān qī (Resina Toxicodendri) and chuān shān jiă (Squama Manitis), such as in the formula Nào Náng Chóng Wán (Cerebral Cysticercosis Pill). 2. For infantile parasitic malnutrition, it is often combined with shĭ jūn zĭ (Fructus Quisqualis), hè shī (Fructus Carpesii), fěi zǐ (Semen Torreyae) and bīng láng (Semen Arecae), such as in the formula Léi Wán Sǎn (Thunder Ball Powder). If the infantile parasitic malnutrition is complicated by fever, it is combined with lú huì (Aloe), hú huáng lián (Rhizoma Picrorhizae) and yín chái hú (Radix Stellariae). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-15 g in powder or pills only, and 12-18 g in powder and taken with cold water after meals, 3 times a day for 3 days for the treatment of tapeworm infection. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for cases with deficiency cold since it is bitter and cold in property. The glycoprotein sulfhydryl enzyme it contains, which is an effective component for killing parasites, is easily damaged in acid, or when it is heated to a temperature above 60℃. It is more effective if applied in alkaline solution (pH 8). ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains omphalin (a kind of proteolytic enzyme, which is the effective component for expelling tapeworms) and omphalia polysaccharide. ［Pharmacological Research］ Its infusion kills the naturally discharged proglottids of tapeworms and breaks down and destroys the worm protein by proteolytic enzyme (omphalin), so that the worm head can not suck the intestinal wall and is expelled out easily. Its ethanol extract inhibits roundworms. Its decoction induces body deformation of trichomonas vaginalis. Omphalia polysaccharide strengthens non-specific and specific immunity, and also shows anti-inflammatory effect. Omphalin inhibits mice sarcoma S180 by intramuscular injection or oral administration.

Summary Shĭ Jūn Zĭ vs. Kŭ Liàn Pí Shĭ Jūn Zĭ

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

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Kŭ Liàn Pí

Entered channels

Spleen, stomach

Actions

Kills and expels roundworms and pinworms

Indications

Roundworm and pinworm infections

Properties

Sweet; warm

Bitter; cold; toxic

Entered channels

—

Liver

Actions

Lubricates the bowels and reduces dyspepsia

Kills hookworms, purges heat and dries dampness

Indications

Infantile parasitic malnutrition

Hookworm infection, tinea, scabies and eczema

Special features

—

Stronger in actions compared to shĭ jūn zĭ

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Bīng Láng vs. Nán Guā Zĭ Bīng Láng

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Nán Guā Zĭ

Entered channels

Stomach, large intestine

Actions

Kills and expels tapeworms and roundworms

Indications

Tapeworm and roundworm infections

Properties

Bitter, acrid; warm

Sweet; neutral

Actions

Kills and expels pinworms, hookworms and fasciolopsis, lubricates the bowels to slightly cause diarrhea, improves digestion, moves abdominal qi, drains water and prevents malaria

Lubricates the bowels

Indications

Dyspepsia with abdominal distension, dysentery, fluid retention, edema and malaria

Dry-stool constipation

·

Special features ·

■ffectively paralyzes the head and immature proglottid, and the whole body of the pork tapeworm For killing and expelling parasites, applied in decoction

· · ·

Kills tapeworms by paralyzing the middle and rear parts of the tapeworm body A large dose and long-term application can effectively kill schistosomes For killing and expelling parasites, applied in powder

Review Questions 1. ■xplain the common actions, applications, modi■cations, cautions and contraindications of herbs in this chapter. 2. Compare the following paired herbs in properties, characteristics, actions and indications: shĭ jūn zĭ and kŭ liàn pí; bīng láng and nán guā zĭ. 3. List the herbs that are good at expelling roundworms, pinworms, hookworms and tapeworms separately, and describe the mechanism of each. 4. ■xplain brie■y the dosage, administration, cautions and contraindications of shĭ jūn zĭ, kŭ liàn pí, bīng láng, nán guā zĭ and léi wán respectively.

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Herbs that Stop Bleeding

Section 1

Herbs that Cool Blood and Stop Bleeding

Dà Jì 大蓟 Xiăo Jì 小蓟 Dì Yú 地榆

/ 355

/ 355

Cè Băi Yè 侧柏叶

Bái Jí 白及

/ 362 / 363

Zhù Má Gēn 苎麻根

/ 365

Section 2 Herbs that Resolve Blood Stasis and Stop Bleeding / 366 / 366

Jú Sān Qī 菊三七

/ 371

/ 369

/ 372

/ 374

Section 3 Astringent Herbs that Stop Bleeding / 375

/ 361

Bái Máo Gēn 白茅根

Sān Qī 三七

/ 369

Pú Huáng 蒲黄 Jiàng Xiāng 降香

/ 360

Huái Jiăo 槐角

Qiàn Căo 茜草

Wŭ Líng Zhī 五灵脂

/ 357 / 358

Huái Huā 槐花

Jĭng Tiān Sān Qī 景天三七

/ 376

Xiān Hè Căo 仙鹤草 Xuè Yú Tàn 血余炭 Oŭ Jié 藕节

/ 377 / 379

/ 381

Section 4 Warm Herbs that Stop Bleeding Ài Yè 艾叶

/ 382

/ 382

Páo Jiāng 炮姜

/ 385

/ 368

［Definition］ All herbs that stop bleeding internally or externally are called herbs that stop bleeding. ［Properties ＆ Actions］ The herbs in this category all have different properties and ■avors, but have the same function of stopping bleeding. At the same time they all demonstrate their respective actions such as clearing heat, cooling blood, resolving blood stasis, securing and astringing body substances, dissipating coldness and warming channels. ［Indications］ The herbs in this category are mainly used for hemoptysis, hematemesis, epistaxis, gingival bleeding, subcutaneous hemorrhage, hematochezia, hematuria, metrorrhagia, metrostaxis, purpura and bleeding wounds. They also can be used for blood heat, blood stasis, sores and stomach cold. Blood is the essence of the body, circulating around and nourishing the body. If the blood over■ows from the vessels, the body will be weakened, possibly even to the point of qi collapse. Once bleeding occurs, all methods should be used to stop it as soon as possible, no matter whether the bleeding is acute or chronic. ［Modifications］ Herbs here are normally used in combination with other herbs according to the different causes and body status. For bleeding caused by heat in the blood, herbs that clear heat and cool blood are used in combination; for yin de■ciency and yang hyperactivity, herbs that replenish yin and subdue yang are used in combination; for bleeding with blood stasis, herbs that activate blood and move qi are used in combination; and for bleeding with de■ciency cold, herbs that warm yang, replenish qi or strengthen the spleen are used in combination according to the specific situation. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ ■xcessive bleeding may result in qi collapse; in this case, using only herbs for stopping bleeding is not enough, but in addition herbs for nourishing primordial qi should be used to enable qi to check the bleeding. It is said “since visible blood cannot be

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produced immediately, invisible qi should first be consolidated”. When cold or astringent herbs to stop bleeding are applied, care should be used in cases with blood stasis, because the cold and astringent properties may affect the blood circulation causing more severe blood stasis. Sometimes herbs that invigorate blood are properly used in combination to prevent too much blood coagulation. Ancient sources considered carbonized herbs to be better at stopping bleeding, but this is not always the case. Generally speaking, carbonized herbs become more bitter and astringent in properties than the non-carbonized herbs, so that the effects on stopping bleeding are increased. With carbonizing, the cold property of some herbs is also changed into less cold or neutral, and thus it is possible to use them widely for different patterns. However, the carbonization of some herbs does not always increase the effects of stopping bleeding, and sometimes even works in the opposite way. For this reason the exact patient’s condition should be carefully considered before the decision to use carbonized herbs is made. Herbs in this chapter are divided into four groups: · herbs that cool blood and stop bleeding · herbs that resolve blood stasis and stop bleeding · astringent herbs that stop bleeding · warm herbs that stop bleeding

Section 1 Herbs that Cool Blood and Stop Bleeding The herbs in this category are bitter or sweet in ■avor, but cool or cold in properties. They are good at clearing blood heat to check bleeding, so they are normally used to treat heat-triggered bleeding; some of them can also clear toxic heat and facilitate urination to treat toxic heat sores, scalds and burns, and poisonous snakebites. Since over-use may inhibit blood circulation or cause blood stasis, herbs that invigorate blood are often used in combination with herbs for heat-triggered bleeding or bleeding caused by heat and blood stasis, or with a small amount of herbs that invigorate blood and qi for prevention of thrombosis. For acute severe bleeding, herbs in this section are used in combination with astringent herbs that stop bleeding in order to enhance the effects. The herbs in this category are cool or cold in property and may hurt body yang and check blood circulation, so their use is not encouraged once the bleeding ceases. For better effects, a few of them should be used fresh, and some carbonized.

Dà Jì大蓟 HERBA CIRSII JAPONICI Japanese Thistle ［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Liang Dynasty (500 A.D.) of the North and South Kingdoms. Its original name was jì. It is the aboveground part or the root of Cirsium japonicum Fisch. ex DC., a perennial herb of the family Compositae.

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［■xplanation of Name］ Dà “big” and jì “fish skeleton”. The leaf and stem are thorny so that the whole plant looks very much like the skeleton of a ■sh. The plant is big, ugly and looks ferocious, so it is also called hŭ jì (虎蓟) or mă jì (马蓟), where hŭ means “tiger” and mă means “horse”. ［Habitat］ Widely produced in most regions of China. In the north, people like to use the above-ground part of the plant; in the south, the root is used; while in the east both the above-ground part and the root are used. ［Collection］ The above-ground part of the plant is collected in summer and autumn when the flowers are ■ourishing, and the root is collected at the end of autumn. Dirt and stem remnants are removed and the herb is cleaned with water and dried in the sun. The best quality above-ground part is green with ■ourishing leaves. The best quality root is thick with a short rhizome. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is quickly cleaned with water and moistened thoroughly. The stems and leaves are cut into segments and the root into thick slices. After drying, it can be used directly or after carbonization. ［Properties］ Bitter, sweet; cool. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver. ［Characteristics］ Bitter, cool and sweet in property, it enters the heart and liver channels. It clears blood heat and checks bleeding to treat heat-triggered bleeding, and also clears toxic heat and relieves in■ammation to treat abcesses and sores. ［Actions］ Cools blood, stops bleeding and relieves swelling. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For blood-heat bleeding, it is good at cooling blood, relieving swelling and checking bleeding, but without the side effect of causing blood stasis. For hemoptysis, hematemesis, epistaxis, hematuria, gingival bleeding, subcutaneous hemorrhage and abnormal uterine bleeding, the concentrated decoction or the fresh juice can be used alone internally. It can also be combined with xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii), cè băi yè (Cacumen Platycladi) and qiàn căo (Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae) to strengthen the effects, such as in the formula Shí Huī Săn (Ten Charred Substances Powder). 2. For toxic heat sores and abcesses, it can clear toxic heat and dissolve blood stasis and swelling. For toxic-heat skin sores and abcesses, the fresh juice can be used internally or applied externally, or be combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to enhance the effects. For abdominal abcesses, it is combined with mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan), dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and shēng dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae). 3. In addition, it can also lower blood pressure to treat hypertension. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 9-15 g in decoction, double the dosage if the fresh herb is used; also used in pills, powder or fresh juice. For external use: the ground powder, the pounded fresh herb or the juice is applied topically. The charred herb is used to stop bleeding. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Contraindicated in cases of deficiency cold of the spleen and stomach, pregnant women and those cases without any blood stasis, because its bitter and cool

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properties may injure body yang and arrest blood circulation. ［Ingredients］ Contains tetrahydroaplotaxene, dihydroaplotaxene, pectolinaron, taraxasteryl acetate, β-amyrinacetate, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effects of hemostasis, lowering blood pressure, antiin■ammation, anti-cancer, antibiosis and anti-herpes simplex virus.

Xiǎo Jì小蓟 HERBA CIRSII Field Thistle ［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Liang Dynasty (500 A.D.) of the North and South Kingdoms. Its original name was jì (the same as with dà jì). It is the aboveground part or the root of Cirsium setosum (Willd.) MB., a perennial herb of the family Compositae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Xiăo “small” and jì “fish skeleton”. The leaf and the stem are thorny so that the whole plant looks very much like the skeleton of a ■sh. The plant is small and thorny and edible as a wild vegetable when young and tender. It is also called māo jì (猫蓟), cì jì cài (刺蓟 菜) or cì er cài (刺儿菜), where māo means “cat”, cì means “thorn” and cài means “vegetable”. ［Habitat］ Produced in most regions of China. ［Collection］ The above-ground part of the plant is collected in summer and autumn when the flowers are ■ourishing and then dried in the sun. The best quality is green with ■ourishing leaves. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is cleaned quickly with water, moistened thoroughly, cut into segments and dried. It can be used directly or after carbonization. ［Properties］ Bitter, sweet; cool. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver. ［Characteristics］ Bitter, cool and sweet in property, it enters the heart and liver channels. Its actions are similar to those of dà jì but a little weaker. It is also a commonly-used herb for heat-triggered bleeding and toxic heat abcesses. It can also facilitate urination and is effective for hematuria and stranguria with blood in the urine. ［Actions］ Cools blood, stops bleeding, dissolves stasis, reduces swelling and facilitates urination. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For blood-heat bleeding, it is good at cooling blood and checking bleeding. For hemoptysis, hematemesis, epistaxis, hematuria, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis or other heat-triggered bleeding, it can be used alone or in combination. For hematuria or stranguria with blood in the urine, it clears heat, cools blood, checks bleeding and facilitates urination, and is often combined with dà jì (Herba Cirsii Japonici), cè băi yè (Cacumen Platycladi), bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) and huá shí (Talcum), such as in the formulas Shí Huī Săn (Ten Charred Substances Powder) and Xiăo Jì Yĭn Zĭ (Field Thistle Drink).

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2. For toxic-heat skin sores and abcesses, the fresh juice can be used internally or applied externally, or it can be combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to enhance the effects. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-30 g in decoction, 30-60 g if using the fresh herb; also used in pills, powder or fresh juice. For external use, the ground powder or pounded fresh herb is used alone or mixed with other medicinal liquids for topical application, or the herb is decocted for washing the skin. The charred herb is used to stop bleeding. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Contraindicated in cases of loose stool or diarrhea due to spleen de■ciency, or bleeding of de■ciency-cold type, since it is cool in property. ［Ingredients］ Contains rutin, protocatechuic acid, taraxasterol, chlorogenic acid, alkaloids, sterol and potassium chloride. ［Pharmacological Research］ It can stop bleeding, strengthen the contraction of the myocardium, stimulate the uterus, lower the blood cholesterol level, improve gallbladder function, relax the bronchus, relieve in■ammation, inhibit tumors and broadly prevent bacteria growth.

DìYú地榆 RADIX SANGUISORBAE Garden Burnet Root ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-220 A.D.). It is the dried root of Sanguisorba of■cinalis L.and Sanguisorba of■cinalis L. var. longifolia (Bert.) Yu et Li, a perennial herb of the family Rosaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Dì ”ground” and yú ”elm”. It is an herb the leaf of which looks like an elm leaf and trails on the ground. The root is sour in taste and reddish brown in color, so it is also called suān zhě (酸赭), where suān means “sour” and zhě means “reddish brown”. ［Habitat］ Sanguisorba officinalis L. is mainly produced in the northeast of China, Inner Mongolia, and in Shanxi and Shaanxi. Sanguisorba officinalis L. var. longifolia (Bert.) Yu et Li is mainly produced in Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Jiangxi provinces. ［Collection］ It is collected in spring when it sprouts or in autumn when the plant withers. The above-ground part of the plant is removed and the root is dried. Best quality is big and solid with a reddish cross-sectional surface. ［Processing］ After impurities and the leftover rhizome are removed, it is cleaned with water, moistened thoroughly, cut into thick slices and dried. It can be used directly or after carbonization. ［Properties］ Bitter, sour; slightly cool. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, stomach, large intestine. ［Characteristics］ Bitter, cold, ascending and purging, it is sour and astringent in properties and enters the liver, stomach and large intestine channels. It acts mainly in the lower jiao, so it is good at purging heat, cooling blood and stopping bleeding. It is the chief herb for heat-triggered

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bleeding, especially for bleeding from the lower part of the body. It can also clear toxic heat and assist healing of ulcers, sores and scalds. ［Actions］ Cools blood, checks bleeding, resolves toxins and assists healing. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For heat-triggered bleeding, it cools blood and checks bleeding, especially bleeding in the lower body triggered by heat. For hematochezia and hemorrhoidal bleeding, it is combined with huái huā (Flos Sophorae), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to strengthen its effects of cooling blood and stanching bleeding. For hematuria triggered by heat, it is combined with bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) to clear heat, cool blood and stop hemorrhage, and with xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii) and zhù má gēn (Radix Boehmeriae) to clear heat, promote urination and stop bleeding. For metrorrhagia and metrostaxis due to heat, it is combined with shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and jīng jiè tàn (Herba Schizonepetae Carbonisatum). 2. For toxic-heat dysentery, it is good at purging toxic heat from the large intestine, cooling blood and astringing the large intestine to check dysentery. For dysentery due purely to toxic heat, its powder or decoction can be used alone internally or in combination with mă chĭ xiàn (Herba Portulacae) and bái tóu wēng (Radix Pulsatillae) to enhance the effects. For epidemic dysentery with toxic damp heat in the large intestine, manifested by stool with bloody mucus and tenesmus, it is combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) and jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) to clear heat, dry dampness, resolve toxins and check dysentery. 3. For toxic sores and abcesses, it resolves toxic heat and relieves swelling. For sores and abcesses before they become purulent, the fresh herb can be pounded and applied topically; alternately it can be combined with sān qī (Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng) and tián jī huáng (Herba Hyperici Japonici), pounded into powder and mixed with liquid substances to be applied topically to dissipate stasis, resolve toxins and relieve swelling. For purulent sores and abcesses, it can be decocted together with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) to clear toxic heat, relieve swelling and facilitate the excretion of pus. 4. For scalds, burns, eczema and ulcerated skin infections, it is good at clearing away toxins and helping to dry up the skin sores, so it is considered a chief herb for the treatment of scalds and burns. For scalds and burns, its powder is mixed with sesame oil or is combined with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) powder and mixed with sesame oil for topical use. For eczema or ulcerated skin infections, it can be decocted together with kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) first, and then applied on gauze compresses suffused with the decoction. It can also be powdered ■rst, mixed with the dry powder of duàn shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum Praeparatum) and kū fán (Alumen Dehydratum), and applied to the surface of the skin lesion. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, 1.5-3 g every time in pills or powder. For external use: an appropriate amount of the herb can be decocted for local rinsing or wet compresses, the powder can be used for topical application, or the pounded fresh herb applied on skin compresses. The raw herb is better for cooling blood and clearing away toxins, while the carbonized herb is better for checking bleeding. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It should be used with caution in cases of cold de■ciency,

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bleeding with internal stasis or heat dysentery in the early stage, because it is cool, sour and astringent in properties. It should not be used topically for scalds or burns over a large area, since it contains hydrolyzable tannin which, when absorbed on a large scale by the body, may cause toxic hepatitis. ［Ingredients］ It contains 17％ tannin. Main ingredients are gallo catechin and sanguiin. Also contains phenolic acids such as triterpenoid saponin, sanguisorbin and phenolic acid, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It has the effects of hemostasis, healing scalds and burns, promoting cellular immunity, promoting the healing of wounds and ■ghting against vomiting, diarrhea, ulcers and in■ammation. It also has antioxidant, anti-bacterial and anti-in■uenza virus effects.

Huái Huā 槐花 FLOS SOPHORAE Pagoda Tree Flower ［Source］ Initially appeared in Ri Hua-zi’s Materia Medica during the Five Dynasties (907960 A.D.). It is the dried ■ower and bud of the Chinese scholar tree (Sophora japonica L.), a deciduous tree of the family Leguminosae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Huái “Chinese scholar tree” and huā “flower”. The Chinese character of “槐 (huái)” is composed of two parts—“木 (mù)” and “鬼 (guĭ)”—of which “木” means “wood or wooden” and “鬼” means “ghost”. The plant’s leaf closing during the night and opening during the daytime was apparently regarded as the play of a ghost. The dried flower is called huái huā and the dried bud is called huái mĭ (槐 米), where mĭ means “rice”. ［Habitat］ Widely produced in most areas of China, but mainly in the loessial plateau region and the north China plains. ［Collection］ The bud or ■ower is collected in summer. Twigs, leaves and stalks should be removed and dried. Best quality is big, compact and greenish yellow without twigs, leaves or stalks. ［Processing］ After impurities and dirt are removed, it is used raw, dry-fried or charred. ［Properties］ Bitter; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, large intestine. ［Characteristics］ Bitter, slightly cold and light in nature, and entering the liver and large intestine channels, it cools blood and checks bleeding, and is a chief herb for bleeding triggered by heat, particularly for hemafecia and hemorrhoidal bleeding. It also clears liver heat and improves vision, and is a good choice for in■amed eyes and headache. ［Actions］ Cools blood, stops bleeding, clears liver heat and improves vision. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For heat-triggered bleeding, it is effective at purging heat from the large intestine, cooling blood and checking bleeding. It is often considered the key herb for heattriggered bleeding. For hemafecia and hemorrhoidal bleeding due to heat in the large intestine, it is combined

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with dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) especially to clear heat from the large intestine and to enhance the effects of cooling blood and checking bleeding. For hematemesis, gingival bleeding and epistaxis, it is combined with xiān hè căo (Herba Agrimoniae) and bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) to strengthen the effect of hemostasis. For hematuria and bloody stranguria, it is combined with xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii), shí wéi (Folium Pyrrosiae) and zhù má gēn (Radix Boehmeriae) to clear heat, facilitate urination and stop bleeding. 2. For liver heat causing inflamed eyes and headache, it is good at purging liver heat and improving vision. For severely in■amed eyes, it is often combined with màn jīng zĭ (Fructus Viticis), qīng xiāng zĭ (Semen Celosiae) and jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) to strengthen its effects. For headache and vertigo, it is combined with gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis), xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to strengthen the effect of purging liver ■re. 3. In addition, it is used for hypertension diagnosed as the ■aring up of liver ■re. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or in pills or powder. For external use: an appropriate amount of the powder is mixed with medicinal liquid and applied topically. The raw herb is used for purging or clearing liver heat or fire, while the carbonized or deeply stir-fried herb is used for checking bleeding. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Caution should be exercised in cases with de■ciency cold of the spleen and stomach, because its bitter and cold properties may injure the body yang. ［Ingredients］ Mainly contains rutin and quercetol, and also has triterpenoid saponin, betulin and tannin. ［Pharmacological Research］ It can shorten bleeding time and clotting time, and in this the carbonized herb was seen to have a better effect. Its rutin and quercetin aglycone can enhance capillary resistance, reduce capillary permeability, dilate the coronary arteries, increase cardiac contractility and output, lower heart rate and blood pressure, and prevent arteriosclerosis. It also has anti-in■ammatory, antispasmodic, anti-ulcer, anti-radiation and laxative effects as well as inhibits a variety of skin pathogenic fungi, and lowers blood cholesterol, etc.

Attachment: Huái Jiǎo 槐角 Fructus Sophorae ［Source］ It is the fruit of the Chinese scholar tree (Sophora japonica L.) and is also called huái shí (槐实). ［Properties］ Bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, large intestine. ［Actions］ Most of its actions and indications are similar to those of huái huā (Flos Sophorae), but it is cold and descending, and thus is good at purging heat from the lower body and moistening the intestines to work as a laxative. ［Clinical Applications］ It is often applied to treat hemorrhoidal bleeding and hemafecia, if combined with dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), such as in the formula Huái Jiăo Wán (Japanese Pagoda Tree Pod Pill). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, pills or powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Contraindicated in cases of pregnant women, and spleen and stomach de■ciency-cold syndrome. ［Ingredients ＆ Pharmacological Research］ It contains flavonoids and isoflavones, which can enhance myocardial contractility, lower blood pressure and blood cholesterol, decrease vascular permeability and vascular

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Cè Bǎi Yè 侧柏叶 CACUMEN PLATYCLADI Arborvitae ［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Liang Period (500 A.D.) of the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Its original name was băi yè. It is the dried twigs and leaves of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco, a small evergreen tree of the family Cupressaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Cè “side or lateral”, băi “cypress” and yè “leaf”. The branches, twigs and leaves are all ■at and branch to the side. Also called cè băi (侧 柏), băi yè (柏叶) and biăn băi (扁柏), where biăn means “■at”. ［Habitat］ Produced in most regions of China. ［Collection］ Collected the whole year round, but mainly in summer and autumn in order to get better quality. Best quality is plain with tender green leaves. ［Processing］ After impurities, big branches and fruits are removed, dust is sieved out and it is used raw or carbonized. ［Properties］ Bitter, astringent; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Lung, liver, large intestine. ［Characteristics］ Astringent, bitter, cold and purging in property, it enters the lung, liver and large intestine channels. Good at clearing heat and astringing to check bleeding, it is a commonlyused herb for both internal and external bleeding. The raw herb is normally used for heat-triggered bleeding, while the carbonized herb is used for bleeding of the deficiency-cold type. It also clears the lung, resolves phlegm and relieves coughing, and can be used for cough and asthma with profuse phlegm due to lung heat. In addition, it is also effective for scalds and hair loss. ［Actions］ Cools blood, stops bleeding, resolves phlegm and relieves coughing. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. It is cool and astringent to check all types of bleeding. For hematemesis, epistaxis, gingival bleeding and subcutaneous hemorrhage triggered by heat, it is often combined with fresh dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), fresh ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi) and fresh hé yè (Folium Nelumbinis), such as in the formula Sì Shēng Wán (Four-Fresh Herb Pill). For hemafecia, hemorrhoidal bleeding or bloody dysentery, it is combined with huái huā (Flos Sophorae) and dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) to clear heat from the large intestine, cool blood and stop bleeding. For bleeding with de■ciency cold, carbonized cè băi yè (Cacumen Platycladi) is combined with carbonized ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi) and páo jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum) to warm the interior, dispel cold and check bleeding. 2. For cough and asthma caused by phlegm heat, it clears lung heat, expels phlegm and relieves coughing.

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For cough with yellow sticky phlegm which is due to phlegm heat accumulated in the lung, it is combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) and lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) to clear heat from the lung, resolve phlegm and relieve coughing. For wheezing due to lung heat with chest distress and yellow phlegm, it is combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), shēng shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) and xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) to help clear heat, disperse lung qi and relieve coughing and wheezing. 3. Additionally, it can be combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) in a honey pill to treat hair loss, such as in the formula Shēng Fà Wán (Hair Regrowth Pill). The fresh herb pounded and applied externally is for erysipelas, mumps and scalds. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or used in pills and powder. For external use: an appropriate amount is decocted for topical rinsing or ground into powder and applied on the skin. The fresh herb can be pounded into paste for compresses or for topical application. The raw herb is good for cooling and checking bleeding, expelling phlegm and relieving cough, while the carbonized herb is more astringent and can stop bleeding. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ For cases with de■ciency cold or bleeding with internal blood stasis, use as a single herb is not encouraged because of its bitter, cold and astringent properties. Over-use may irritate the stomach or spoil the appetite. ［Ingredients］ It contains 0.26％ volatile oil, which is mainly composed of α-keto orientalis, orientalis-ene and cumin ketones. It also has cedar bi■avone, lipids, condensed tannin and a variety of mineral elements. ［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction promotes hemostasis and sedation, and has antibacterial, anti-in■uenza and anti-herpes virus effects. The decoction, ethanol extracts and ■avonoid extracts have the effects of expelling phlegm and relieving cough and asthma. Water-alcohol extracts can lower blood pressure.

Bái Máo Gēn 白茅根 RHIZOMA IMPERATAE Woolly Grass ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 220 A.D.). Its original name was máo gēn (茅根). It is the rhizome of Imperata cylindrica Beauv. var. major (Nees) C. ■. Hubb., a perennial herb of the family Gramineae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Bái “white”, máo “hair” and gēn “root”. The leaf blade has a spear-like acute apex, the ripe fruit is covered with white hairs and the color of the root is white. It is also known as máo gēn or máo căo gēn (茅草根), where căo means “grass”. ［Habitat］ Produced in most regions of China, mainly in the north. ［Collection］ Collected in summer and autumn. The fibrous root and the leaf sheath are removed and it is washed clean and dried in the sun or used fresh. The best quality is thick with

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white color and sweet taste. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is washed clean, slightly moistened and cut into segments. It can be used raw or carbonized. ［Properties］ Sweet; cool. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, lung, stomach, bladder. ［Characteristics］ It is sweet, cool and draining. It enters the blood level of the heart channel and acts as a chief herb to cool blood and check bleeding, thus treating bleeding due to blood heat. It enters the qi level of the lung and stomach channels to drain accumulated heat from the lung and stomach, promote body ■uid production and stop vomiting. It is a commonly-used herb for febrile diseases, stomach heat syndromes and lung heat syndromes. It also enters the bladder channel to drain and purge damp heat through urination, and is an effective herb for all disorders caused by damp heat. It is sweet and cold but not strong enough to affect the appetite and digestion. It can promote urination but not to the extent that it consumes body ■uid. ［Actions］ Cools blood, stops bleeding, clears heat, promotes ■uid production and facilitates urination. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For blood-heat triggered bleeding such as hemoptysis, hematemesis, epistaxis, hematuria, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, it cools blood and checks bleeding. It is more often used for hematuria and epistaxis. For milder cases it is used alone in a large dose, while for severe cases it is usually combined with dà jì (Herba Cirsii Japonici), xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii) and qiàn căo (Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae) to strengthen the effects of cooling blood and stopping bleeding, such as in the formula Shí Huī Săn (Ten Charred Substances Powder). 2. For thirst, vomiting, nausea, cough and asthma due to heat, it clears heat, promotes fluid production and stops vomiting and cough. For thirst in febrile diseases, the fresh herb is combined with fresh dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), fresh shí hú (Caulis Dendrobii) and fresh lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) to strengthen the effects of clearing heat and promoting ■uid production. For nausea and vomiting due to stomach heat, it is often combined with zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to strengthen the effects of clearing heat and calming the stomach. For cough due to lung heat, it is combined with chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae), pí pá yè (Folium ■riobotryae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to strengthen the effects of clearing heat and relieving cough. 3. For stranguria, edema, dysuria or damp-heat jaundice, it clears heat, promotes and facilitates urination and improves the bile secretion of the gallbladder. For stranguria with blood and hematuria due to heat or febrile urination, it is usually combined with mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and qú mài (Herba Dianthi) to enhance the effects. For edema and dysuria, it is combined with dōng guā pí (■xocarpium Benincasae), chì xiăo dòu (Semen Phaseoli) and fú líng pí (Cutis Poriae) to drain water and reduce swelling. For damp-heat jaundice with febrile urination, it is combined with yīn chén hāo (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae), jīn qián căo (Herba Lysimachiae) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to strengthen the effects of clearing heat and draining dampness. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 15-30 g in decoction, double the dosage if using the fresh herb; also used in pills or powder or in the form of fresh juice taken internally. For external use: the decoction can be used to wash the skin or the fresh herb can be pounded and applied

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topically. The raw herb is normally used to clear heat, promote fluid production, cool blood and promote urination, while the carbonized herb is used to stop bleeding. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Care should be used in cases with de■ciency cold or bleeding without heat, because it is cold in property. ［Ingredients］ It has arundoin, cylindrin, fernenol, 5-hydroxy tryptamine, mannite, glucose, xylose, citric acid, malic acid, potassium, soluble calcium and so on. ［Pharmacological Research］ Its water decoction shows the effect of diuresis, which relates to the potassium it contains, and it also signi■cantly shortens blood clotting time. The root powder can shorten rabbit plasma recalci■cation time. Intragastric administration of the decoction has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, showing a significant inhibition on mouse writhing response and capillary permeability triggered by acetic acid. It can also inhibit bacillus tuberculosis, pneumococcus, micrococcus catarrhalis, shigella sonnei bacteria and hepatitis B virus, and can relieve coughing and expel phlegm.

ZhùMá Gēn 苎麻根 RADIX BOEHMERIAE Ramie Root ［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Liang Period (500 A.D.) of the Northern and Southern Dynasties. It is the dried root and rhizome of Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud., a perennial herb of the family Urticaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Zhù “coarse cloth”, má ”hemp” and gēn ”root”. The ■bers of its stem bark can be used to weave cloth. It is also called zhù gēn (苎根). ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong, Shaanxi, Fujian, Guangdong and Sichuan provinces of China. ［Collection］ It is collected in winter and spring. After dirt and remnant stems are removed, finger-sized roots are chosen and dried in the sun. The best quality is grayish brown in color and solid inside. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is washed clean, moistened thoroughly, cut into thick slices and dried. It can be used directly. ［Properties］ Sweet; cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver. ［Characteristics］ Sweet, cold and draining, it enters the heart and liver channels. ■ffective at cooling blood and stopping bleeding, it is often considered a chief herb for the treatment or prevention of heat-triggered bleeding and miscarriage. It also can promote urination and clear toxins, and is used for stranguria of damp-heat type or toxic heat abscesses. ［Actions］ Cools blood, stops bleeding, clears heat, prevents miscarriage, promotes urination and clears toxins. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For heat-triggered bleeding, it is good at cooling blood and checking bleeding.

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For hematemesis, epistaxis, hematuria, purpura, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, it can be used alone or combined with other herbs with similar actions to enhance the effects. For severe cases where qi is collapsing with the bleeding, it is combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) to replenish qi in order to enhance the astringing effect, such as in the formula Zhù Gēn Săn (Ramie Root Powder). 2. For threatened miscarriage due to heat, it clears heat and cools blood to prevent miscarriage. It also can be used in combination with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) and zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) to enhance the effects. 3. For stranguria and dysuria, it clears heat and promotes and facilitates urination. For bloody stranguria or dysuria, it is combined with xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii), pú huáng (Pollen Typhae) and qú mài (Herba Dianthi) to strengthen the effects of promoting urination and relieving stranguria. 4. For toxic heat sores and insect or snake bites, it clears toxic heat, snake venom and insect poison. For toxic heat sores or abscesses, the fresh root is pounded and applied topically alone, or is combined with other herbs that clear toxic heat. For snake or insect bites, it is used with black tung tree oil and applied topically. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-30 g in decoction; double the dosage if using the fresh herb in juice. For external use: it can be decocted for skin washing, or the fresh herb can be pounded for topical application. Normally the fresh herb is better than the dried one in quality and actions. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Caution should be used in cases with deficiency cold or bleeding without heat, because it is cold in property. ［Ingredients］ It contains chlorogenic acid, which, when heated in diluted acid, can degenerate into caffeic acid and quininic acid, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It has the effects of hemostasis, preventing miscarriage, radioresistance, anti-staphylococcus aureus and so on.

Section 2 Herbs that Resolve Blood Stasis and Stop Bleeding The herbs in this section are different in nature and ■avor, but they share the same actions of resolving blood stasis and checking bleeding. They are mainly used for bleeding with blood stasis, such as hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematuria, hemafecia, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis with dark blue blood and clots. They stop bleeding but without side effects in causing blood stasis. They can also be used for traumatic injuries, pain due to blood stasis and amenorrhea.

Sān Qī三七 RADIX ET RHIZOMA NOTOGINSENG Pseudoginseng Root ［Source］ Initially appeared in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica in the Ming Dynasty

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(1590 A.D.). It is the dried root of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen, a perennial plant of the family Araliaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Sān “three” and qī “seven”, since each leafstalk of the plant has either three or seven leaves. It is also named shān qī (山漆), where shān means “mountain” and qī means “paint”, because it grows wild in the mountains and is very sticky like paint. Another name is jīn bú huàn (金不换), where jīn means “gold” and bú huàn means “no exchange”, meaning that its value is more than that of gold. The plant looks like rén shēn (Radix et Rhizome Ginseng), so it is sometimes also called shēn sān qī (参三七). Sān qī produced in Yunnan and Guangxi provinces is good in quality, so it is also named diān sān qī (滇三七) and tián sān qī (田三七), where diān is the short name for Yunnan and tián for Guangxi. It is sometimes called tián qī or diān qī for short. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Yunnan and Guangxi of China. ［Collection］ It is collected in autumn before ■owering. After cleaning with water, the taproot is separated from the rootlets and the base of the stem, and dried in the sun. The best quality is heavy, solid with a smooth surface and grayish green or yellowish green in cross section. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is washed clean, dried in the sun and ground into ■ne powder. ［Properties］ Slightly bitter, sweet; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, stomach. ［Characteristics］ Bitter and sweet in ■avors and warm in property, it can warm the channels, promote blood circulation and nourish the body to rectify de■ciency. It enters the liver and stomach channels and is effective at resolving blood stasis, checking bleeding, relieving pain, tonifying qi and strengthening the body. It stops bleeding without causing blood stasis and invigorates blood circulation without consuming qi. It is a commonly-used herb for disorders caused by hemorrhage or blood stasis. ［Actions］ Resolves blood stasis, stops bleeding, reduces swelling and relieves pain. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For hemorrhage, it is good at resolving stasis as well as stopping bleeding. It is widely used to treat all kinds of bleeding such as hemoptysis, hematemesis, epistaxis, gingival bleeding, hemafecia, hematuria, abnormal vaginal bleeding and purpura or subcutaneous hemorrhage, yet is best for bleeding with blood stasis, qi and blood or qi and yang de■ciency, or coldness. It can be applied alone in powder or combined with huā ruĭ shí (Ophicalcitum) and xuè yú tàn (Crinis Carbonisatus) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Huà Xuè Dān (BloodTransforming ■lixir). For bleeding due to qi collapse failing to hold blood, it is combined with zhì huáng qí (Radix Astragali Praeparata cum Melle), dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis) and zào xīn tŭ (Terra Flava Usta) to supplement qi, help control blood and check bleeding. For bleeding ascribed to yin de■ciency and blood heat, it is combined with hàn lián căo (Herba ■cliptae), ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) and guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis) to enrich yin, cool blood and stop bleeding. For bleeding triggered by blood heat, it is combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) and cè băi yè (Cacumen Platycladi) to cool blood, resolve blood stasis and stop bleeding.

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For traumatic bleeding, the powder can be used alone, or is used together with lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) and xuè jié (Sanguis Draconis) to improve granulation and check bleeding, such as in the formula Qī Băo Săn (Seven Treasures Powder). 2. For disorders due to blood stasis, it is good at invigorating blood, reducing swelling and relieving pain, so it is considered an essential component for treating internal, gynecological or traumatic disorders caused by blood stasis. The powder is widely used for oral administration or for topical application, or is combined with other herbs according to the different patterns. For chest impediments and heart pain, it is combined with mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan), bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum) and dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae). For abdominal masses, it is always combined with é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae), sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae). For dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea, it is used together with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), hóng huā (Flos Carthami) and xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi). For postpartum abdominal pain, it is combined with táo rén (Semen Persicae), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri). For traumatic wounds and injuries, it is used together with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), hóng huā (Flos Carthami) and tŭ biē chóng (■upolyphaga seu Steleophaga), such as in the formulas Diē Dă Wán (Injury-Healing Pill) and Huó Xuè Diē Dă Săn (Blood-Moving and InjuryHealing Powder). 3. Additionally, it also tonifies qi and is often used to treat blood stasis accompanied by qi de■ciency or qi and blood de■ciency. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction; or 1-1.5 g each time in powder or pills. Its juice can be applied topically, or the powder applied alone or in combination for topical use. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ For patterns of blood heat or yin deficiency and ■re ■aring up, it should not be used alone, since it is warm and dry. In case of yin deficiency with apparent thirst, it should be combined with herbs that nourish yin and cool blood. ［Ingredients］ It contains ginsenosides, notoginsenosides, gynostemma saponin, amino acids like amino acid of panax notoginseng, volatile oils, ■avonoids, notoginseng polysaccharide, nucleoside, β- sitosterol, daucosterol and mineral elements like calcium. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows a significant effect of hemostasis, which includes shortening the time of bleeding, clotting and thrombinogen in animals. It also showed good effects on anticoagulation such as resisting platelet aggregation, promoting fibrinolysis and decreasing whole blood viscosity. The panax notoginseng saponins can increase the proliferation of multifunctional hemopoietic stem cells, increase coronary blood flow, decrease myocardial oxygen consumption, improve animal collateral circulation establishment in the coronary artery infarction area, increase cardiac output and resist arrhythmia and atherosclerosis in mice. It also can dilate the cerebral vessels, increase cerebrovascular blood ■ow, tranquilize the mind, relieve pain, lower blood pressure, improve adrenocortical function, regulate glycometabolism, lower cholesterol levels, protect the liver, resist oxidation, aging, shock, in■ammation and tumors, and regulate immunity.

Attachment: JúSān Qī 菊三七 Radix Gynura ［Source］ It is the root and leaf of Gynura segetum (Lour.) Merr., a perennial plant of the family Compositae,

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and is also known as tŭ sān qī (土三七). ［Properties］ Sweet, slightly bitter; neutral. ［■ntered channels］ Liver, stomach. ［Actions］ Resolves stasis, checks bleeding and relieves swelling. ［Clinial Applications］ ■pistaxis, gingival bleeding, hematemesis, traumatic wounds and injuries (external application), sores and abscesses and acute mastitis. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-10 g in decoction, and 1.5-3 g each time for powder. For external use: the fresh herb can be pounded and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Care should be used in the case of pregnant women. ［Ingredients ＆ Pharmacological Research］ Research has shown that it contains alkaloids, organic acid and tannins, which stop bleeding, relieve pain and have the effect of topical anesthesia.

Jǐng Tiān Sān Qī 景天三七 Herba Sedi Aizoon ［Source］ It is the dried whole plant or root of Sedum aizoon L. or Sedum kamtschaticum Fisch., a perennial succulent plant of the family Crassulaceae. Its original name was fèi cài (费菜). ［Properties］ Bitter, sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver. ［Actions］ Resolves stasis, checks bleeding, calms the mind, resolves toxin and relieves swelling. ［Clinial Applications］ Bleeding, panic attack and palpitations, insomnia, traumatic wounds and injuries, sores and abscesses, and insect bites. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g for decoction, and 30-60 g for fresh juice. For external use: the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically, or the powder is mixed with medicinal liquid and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Use with caution in cases with diarrhea of de■ciency type. ［Ingredients］ It contains alkaloids, the root contains ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and β-sitosterol, and the plant contains gallic acid, glucose, fructose, cane sugar and sedoheptose. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of hemostasis, sedation, lowering blood pressure, coronary artery dilation and inhibition of staphylococcus aureus.

Qiàn Cǎo 茜草 RADIX ET RHIZOMA RUBIAE Indian Madder Root ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 220A.D.). Its original name was qiàn gēn (茜根). It is the dried root and rhizome of Rubia cordifolia L., a perennial herb of the family Rubiaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Qiàn “crimson” and căo “grass, herb”. The color on the outside of the root or rhizome is a sort of crimson, and in ancient times it was used as a coloring agent. It is also named răn fēi căo (染绯草), where răn means “dyeing”, fēi means “crimson” and căo means “grass or herb”. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Shaanxi, Anhui,

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Jiangsu, Shandong and Henan provinces of China. ［Collection］ It is collected in spring and autumn, cleaned with water and dried in the sun. The best quality is large without stem base or clay, with a brownish-red surface and reddish-yellow crosssections. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is washed clean, moistened thoroughly, cut into thick slices or segments and dried in the sun. It is used both raw and carbonized. ［Properties］ Bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, heart. ［Characteristics］ Bitter, cold and purging in properties, it particularly enters the liver channel and blood level. The raw herb is different from the carbonized herb in its actions. The carbonized herb is good at checking bleeding along with having some actions of resolving blood stasis and cooling blood, while the raw herb is good at cooling blood and resolving blood stasis. As long as the disorder is caused by blood stasis with heat accumulation with or without bleeding, it can normally be used. ［Actions］ Resolves stasis, stops bleeding, cools blood and invigorates blood circulation. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For bleeding with blood stasis and heat, it is effective at resolving blood stasis, cooling blood and checking bleeding. For hematemesis, epistaxis and hematuria with blood stasis and heat inside, it can be used alone for mild cases, but for critical cases it is often combined with xiăo jì tàn (Herba Cirsii Carbonisatus), dà jì tàn (Herba Cirsii Japonici Carbonisatus) and cè băi tàn (Cacumen Platycladi Carbonisatus), such as in the formula Shí Huī Săn (Ten Charred Substances Powder). For acute hemafecia triggered by excessive heat, it is often combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), huái jiăo (Fructus Sophorae) and dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) to clear heat, cool blood and stop bleeding. For abnormal vaginal bleeding due to heat, it is combined with shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae), pú huáng (Pollen Typhae) and hăi piāo xiāo (■ndoconcha Sepiae) to enhance the effects of cooling blood and hemostasis. 2. For amenorrhea, traumatic wounds and injuries, and arthralgia with blood stasis, it invigorates blood circulation, unblocks channels and cools blood, and is particularly used to treat gynecological disorders due to blood stasis and heat accumulation. For amenorrhea with blood stasis and heat accumulation, the herb alone is used for mild cases, while its combination with chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra), dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) and yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri) can augment the effects of clearing heat, resolving stasis and alleviating pain. For postpartum abdominal pain with blood stasis and heat accumulation, it is often combined with bài jiàng căo (Herba Patriniae), hóng téng (Caulis Sargentodoxae) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to purge heat, resolve blood stasis and relieve pain. For traumatic pain and swelling, it is often used together with hóng huā (Flos Carthami), chuān xù duàn (Radix Dipsaci) and gŭ suì bŭ (Rhizoma Drynariae) to invigorate blood circulation and alleviate swelling. For arthralgia in wind-damp-heat pattern, it is often combined with rĕn dōng téng (Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae), luò shí téng (Caulis Trachelospermi) and qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae) to dispel wind, transform damp, cool blood, relieve swelling, unblock the channels and alleviate pain. For arthralgia in wind-damp-cold pattern, its alcohol-brewed liquor can be used alone for mild cases, while combination with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), dú huó (Radix Angelicae

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Pubescentis) and hăi fēng téng (Caulis Piperis Kadsurae) is often used for advanced cases to dispel wind, transform damp and warm the interior to relieve cold pain. 3. Additionally, it can be used to treat abscesses and hemorrhoids. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g normally in decoction, 30 g for critical cases; also used in pills and powder. For checking bleeding it is better carbonized, while for cooling and invigorating blood the raw herb is recommended. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Contraindicated in cases of spleen and stomach de■ciency, blood-essence deficiency, yin deficiency with excessive heat and bleeding without blood stasis because of its bitter, cold and purging properties. ［Ingredients］ It contains derivatives of anthraquinone such as purpurin, purpuro-xanthin and alizarin, and naphthoquinone, naphthalene hydrogen quinonoids, hexamethylene peptide, triterpenoids and polysaccharides, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It can shorten bleeding time and improve the generation of thromboplastin, thrombin and ■brin. It also has the effects of relieving cough, eliminating phlegm, resisting experimental myocardial infarctions, inhibiting the formation of calcium carbonate calculi, alleviating intestinal spasms, resisting tumors, and inhibiting bacteria and dermatophytes. Its raw extract can increase the function of leukocytes, and the water extract can stimulate the uterus. Rubimaillin can resist platelet aggregation in rabbits and alizarin can slightly resist blood coagulation.

PúHuáng 蒲黄 POLLEN TYPHAE Cattail Pollen ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 220 A.D.). It is the dry pollen of Typha angustifolia L. or Typha orientalis Presl., or other related marsh-dwelling perennial plants of the family Typhaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Pú “Typha angustifolia” and huáng “yellow”. The pollen is fine with golden yellow color. It is also named pú huā (蒲花), pú bàng huā fĕn (蒲棒花粉) and pú căo huáng (蒲草黄). ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Shandong and Shanxi provinces, and some also from the northeast region, Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces of China. ［Collection］ The yellow staminate ■ower spikes in the upper part of the plant are collected during summer, dried in the sun, ground and sieved to get ■ne pollen. The best quality is bright yellow, smooth and puri■ed. ［Processing］ The clumped ■ower parts are crushed and sieved, and ■laments and impurities are removed. Both the raw and charred herbs are used. ［Properties］ Sweet, slightly acrid; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, heart, spleen. ［Characteristics］ Slightly sweet in flavor and neutral in property, it enters the liver, heart

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and spleen channels. Actions and indications of the raw herb and the charred herb are different. The raw herb can invigorate blood and inhibit bleeding, and is especially good at resolving blood stasis; furthermore, it can promote urination. The charred herb displays astringent effects mainly to check bleeding. Once the case is diagnosed as blood stasis, no matter whether it is with or without bleeding or pain, or is of heat or cold type, this herb can be widely used. ［Actions］ Resolves blood stasis, stops bleeding and promotes urination. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. It is good at resolving stasis and checking bleeding, and is widely used for many kinds of bleeding such as hemoptysis, epistaxis, hematemesis, subcutaneous bleeding, hematuria, hematochezia and abnormal vaginal bleeding. For bleeding of heat type, it is always combined with bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae), shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii) to cool blood and check bleeding, while for bleeding of cold type, it is used together with páo jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum), ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi) and zào xīn tŭ (Terra Flava Usta) to warm the interior and stop bleeding. For traumatic bleeding, it can be applied alone topically. 2. For pain due to blood stasis, it is effective at invigorating blood and relieving pain. For such symptoms as chest pain, abdominal pain, and dysmenorrheal and postpartum abdominal pain ascribed to blood stasis, it is often used in combination with wŭ líng zhī (Faeces Trogopterori) to reinforce the effects of invigorating blood and relieving pain, such as in the formula Shī Xiào Săn (Sudden Smile Powder). 3. For stranguria with blood, it resolves blood stasis and promotes urination. For bleeding of heat type, it is often combined with mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to clear heat, cool blood, promote urination and relieve the stranguria, such as in the formula Pú Huáng Săn (Cattail Pollen Powder). 4. Additionally, its powder is applied topically to treat swollen or heavy tongue and dental ulcers in order to resolve stasis and relieve swelling. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g wrapped in decoction, or in pills or powder. The powder can be used alone or made into a paste for topical use. For stopping bleeding, it is stir-fried ■rst; for resolving blood stasis the raw herb is used; for bleeding with blood stasis, the stir-fried and the raw herbs are used mixed half and half. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Caution should be exercised when using the raw herb for pregnant woman, since it has ingredients that can contract the uterus. ［Ingredients］ It contains typhaneoside, isorhamnetin, quercetin, volatile oils, polysaccharides, organic acids, amino acids, β-sitosterol, trace elements, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It can promote blood coagulation, lower blood pressure, alleviate heart load, increase blood flow in the coronary arteries, improve microcirculation, improve body hypoxia tolerance, resist myocardial ischemia, excite the uterus, enhance bowel movements, lower blood lipids, resist atherosclerosis, ■ght against in■ammation, induce bile discharge and diuresis, and relieve pain and asthma. With respect to the immune system, a small dose did not show any effect, a medium dose showed an immune suppressing effect, while a large dose can enhance immunity.

WǔLíng Zhī五灵脂 FAECES TROGOPTERORI Flying Squirrel Feces ［Source］ Initially appeared in Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (Kāi Băo Bĕn Căo, 开宝本

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草) in the Northern Song Dynasty (973 A.D.). It is the dried feces of Trogopterus xanthipes Milne-■dwards, an animal of the family Petauristidae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Wŭ “five”, lí ng “effective” and zhī “jelly”. It is jelly-like, very effective and supposed to be able to nourish the five organs. It is also known colloquially as hán háo chóng fèn (寒号虫粪), where hán háo chóng means “flying squirrel” and fèn means “feces”. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Gansu provinces of China. ［Collection］ It can be collected the whole year round, but is better when collected in spring or autumn. Impurities are removed and it is dried in the sun. When more sticky it is called líng zhī kuài (灵脂块) or táng líng zhī (糖灵脂), where kuài means “cube or lump” and táng means “candy”, and when more loose it is named săn líng zhī (散灵脂), where săn means “loose or scattered”. ［Processing］ Impurities and ash are removed, and the lumps are broken into small pieces. The raw, stir-fried or vinegar-fried herbs are used. ［Properties］ Bitter, salty, sweet; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, spleen. ［Characteristics］ Bitter and warm in properties, it enters the liver and spleen channels. The raw herb is good at promoting blood circulation, unblocking the channels and relieving pain. The stir-fried herb excels at checking bleeding and it somewhat resolves stasis at the same time, so is often used to treat bleeding with blood stasis. It can also promote qi and blood flow of the large intestine to treat dyspepsia and ■ghts against the toxicity of snake and insect bites. ［Actions］ Resolves blood stasis and stops bleeding, invigorates blood and relieves pain. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For abnormal vaginal bleeding, the stir-fried herb is commonly used to stanch bleeding and resolve stasis. For metrorrhagia and metrostaxis with clots and lower abdominal pain, its powder can be used alone and taken with warm wine, or can be combined with sān qī (Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng) and dry-fried pú huáng (Pollen Typhae) to augment the effects. For acute hematochezia, it can be used together with carbonized fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and carbonized dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) to boost the effect of stanching bleeding. 2. For pain due to blood stasis, the raw herb is commonly used alone to invigorate blood and relieve pain, or is combined with pú huáng (Pollen Typhae) in mutual reinforcement, such as in the formula Shī Xiào Săn (Sudden Smile Powder). For epigastric and abdominal sharp pain, it is often combined with yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis), mò yào (Myrrha) and xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi) to invigorate qi and blood and relieve pain, such as in the formula Shŏu Niān Săn (Quick ■ffect Powder). For amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea and postpartum abdominal pain, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to move blood and regulate menstruation. For traumatic pain, it is often combined with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum), mò yào (Myrrha) and gŭ suì bŭ (Rhizoma Drynariae) and used topically in powder in order to improve local blood circulation,

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relieve pain and improve tissue regeneration. 3. In addition, if combined with shā rén (Fructus Amomi) and shĭ jūn zĭ (Fructus Quisqualis), it improves digestion and kills worms to treat infantile dyspeptic malnutrition. If combined with xióng huáng (Realgar) and used both internally and externally, it can eliminate the toxicity of snake, scorpion and centipede bites. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-9 g wrapped in decoction, or used in pills or powder; the powder also can be mixed with a medicinal liquid adjuvant and applied topically. For invigorating blood and relieving pain, the raw or vinegar-fried herb is used, while for resolving blood stasis and stanching bleeding, the stir-fried herb is used. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It should not be used together with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) because they mutually counteract each other’s effects. It is contraindicated for pregnant women, since it is strong in moving blood and may cause vaginal bleeding. ［Ingredients］ It contains goreishic acid, benzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, uracil, ureophil, uric acid and so forth. ［Pharmacological Research］ It can inhibit platelet aggregation, improve ■brinolysis, increase blood ■ow in the coronary arteries, reduce peripheral vascular resistance, enhance immunity, lower blood pressure, resist irritative lesions, fight agaist inflammation and inhibit bacteria.

Jiàng Xiāng 降香 LIGNUM DALBERGIAE ODORIFERAE Rosewood ［Source］ Initially appeared in Materia Medica from the [Southern] Seaboard Area (Hăi Yào Bĕn Căo, 海药本草) in the Five Dynasties (907-960 A.D.). Its original name was jiàng zhēn xiāng (降真香). It is the wood of the trunk and root of Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen, a small evergreen tree of the family Leguminosae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Jiàng “falling down” and xiāng “fragrant”. It is pleasantly fragrant, and in legend the fragrance of its smoke can attract immortals to descend to earth. It is also called jiàng zhēn xiāng, where zhēn means “immortal”. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hainan, but also in Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan. ［Collection］ It is collected the whole year round. The sapwood is cut off, chopped into small cubes and dried in the shade. The best quality is crimson, solid, fragrant, without white sapwood and sinking in water. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is split into pieces or crushed into powder for use. ［Properties］ Acrid; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, spleen, heart. ［Characteristics］ Aromatic, warmly dispersing and sinking in properties, it enters the liver, spleen and heart channels. It is good at resolving blood stasis and stanching bleeding, so is particularly effective for traumatic bleeding. It also excels at invigorating blood, descending qi and

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relieving pain, and has a good effect on treating chest pain, heart pain and abdominal pain due to qi and blood stagnation. In addition, it is used to dispel ■lth and transform turbidity to treat acute vomiting and diarrhea caused by accumulated turbidity. ［Actions］ Resolves blood stasis, stanches bleeding, invigorates blood, relieves pain, descends qi and transforms pathogenic turbidity. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For bleeding with blood stasis, it is good at resolving blood stasis and stanching bleeding, so is commonly used to treat traumatic wounds and injuries and is particularly effective for traumatic bleeding. For wound bleeding, it is ground into ■ne powder and applied alone topically, or is used in combination with other similar herbs to enhance the effects. For hematemesis, it is often combined with huā ruĭ shí (Ophicalcitum), rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) and mò yào (Myrrha), and applied internally in powder to augment the effects of resolving stasis and stanching bleeding. 2. For pain, it is warm and good at invigorating qi and blood movement to relieve pain, so the most suitable target is cold pain. For chest pain, it is often combined with yù jīn (Radix Curcumae), táo rén (Semen Persicae) and sī guā luò (Retinervus Luffae Fructus). For heart pain, it can be used together with dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra). For epigastric pain, it can be combined with pú huáng (Pollen Typhae), wŭ líng zhī (Faeces Trogopterori) and mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae). For traumatic pain, it is combined with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum), mò yào (Myrrha) and hóng huā (Flos Carthami). For abdominal cold colic pain, it is combined with dry-fried chuān liàn zĭ (Fructus Toosendan), xiăo huí xiāng (Fructus Foeniculi) and wū yào (Radix Linderae). 3. For abdominal pain accompanied by vomiting and diarrhea, it warms the interior, relieves pain and transforms damp turbidity, and is often used in combination with huò xiāng (Herba Agastachis) and mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) to resolve turbid dampness and harmonize the stomach. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-6 g in decoction; 1-2 g in powder or pills; or the powder is applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Contraindicated in cases of yin deficiency with excessive heat signs and heat-triggered bleeding, since its warm dryness may injure the yin and assist pathologic ■re, and thus worsen the bleeding. ［Ingredients］ It mainly has volatile oils like peruviol, and osajin including formononetin and odori■avone. ［Pharmacological Research］ It can reduce blood viscosity, resist thrombosis, inhibit platelet aggregation, enhance blood flow in the coronary arteries, slow down the heart rate, lower blood pressure, induce sedation and analgesia, and ■ght against convulsions.

Section 3 Astringent Herbs that Stop Bleeding The herbs in this category mostly leaving a dry taste in the mouth, are astringent in action, and sticky and neutral in nature. Quite a few of them are used in carbonized form. They are good at astringing and stanching bleeding, but they may produce adverse effects like blood clotting. Thus

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they should be used for bleeding without any blood stasis, particularly in the case of acute severe bleeding such as hematemesis, hemoptysis, epistaxis, hematuria, hemafecia and profuse vaginal bleeding whether of heat or cold type. Some of them also have the actions of resolving toxins, healing sores, and arresting diarrhea and dysentery. The adverse actions of the astringency property are preserving pathogens and worsening stagnation, so these herbs are contraindicated in cases of blood stasis or excessive pathogens.

Bái Jí白及 RHIZOMA BLETILLAE Bletilla Rhizome ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 220 A.D.). It is the dried underground stem tuber of Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb. f., a perennial plant of the family Orchidaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Bái “white” and jí “interconnect”. Its underground stem tubers are white, round and interconnected with each other. It is also called bái gēn (白根) and lián jí căo (连及草), where bái means “white”, gēn means “root”, lián jí means “connect” and căo means “plant”. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guizhou, Sichuan, Hunan, Hubei, Henan and Zhejiang provinces of China, of which Guizhou Province produces most. ［Collection］ The tuber is collected from September to October, boiled or steamed completely in water, and half dried. The outer skin is then removed and it is dried completely in the sun. The best quality is big, solid, white and translucent. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed and the roots are graded according to size, they are cleaned individually in water, moistened completely, and then sliced and dried. They can be used directly or in powder. ［Properties］ Bitter, sweet, astringent; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, stomach, lung. ［Characteristics］ It is sweet, sticky and astringent to stanch bleeding, and its bitter and cold properties display the actions of clearing and purging. It enters the lung, liver and stomach channels. It is effective at stanching bleeding and improving the healing of lung and stomach tissue, and can be used to treat bleeding, whether on the inside or on the outside of the body. It is particularly good at treating hemoptysis, hematemesis and lung abscesses with bloody expectoration. In addition, it can alleviate swelling and improve tissue granulation, and is widely applied internally or externally for carbuncles, sores, ulcers, scalds, chapped skin, anal ■ssures and so on. ［Actions］ Stops bleeding, alleviates swelling and improves granulation. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For bleeding — especially hemoptysis, hematemesis and hemafecia — it is sticky and astringent to stop bleeding. For this purpose it can be used alone in powder and taken with rice soup, such as in the empirical formula Dú Shèng Săn (Bletilla Rhizome Powder). It is also often combined with sān qī (Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng) to enhance the effect of stanching

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bleeding on one hand, and to prevent the formation of blood stasis on the other hand. For tubercular hemoptysis diagnosed as lung yin de■ciency, it is usually combined with pí pá yè (Folium ■riobotryae), ŏu jié (Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to nourish yin, clear lung heat and stop bleeding, such as in the formula Bái Jí Pí Pá Wán (Bletilla Rhizome and Loquat Leaf Pill). For lung abscesses with bloody purulent expectoration, it is combined with lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis), yú xīng căo (Herba Houttuyniae) and jīn qiáo mài (Rhizoma Fagopyri Dibotryis) to clear lung heat, reduce toxic purulent expectoration and resist bleeding. For gastric hypersecretion accompanied by stomachache, hematemesis or hemafecia, it is often combined with hăi piāo xiāo (■ndoconcha Sepiae) to inhibit acid, relieve pain and stop bleeding, such as in the formula Wū Jí Săn (Cuttlebone and Bletilla Rhizome Powder). It is effective for tubercular hemoptysis, gastric ulcer bleeding or duodenal ulcer bleeding in modern medicine. 2. For sores, boils, carbuncles, scalds, burns, chapped skin and anal ■ssures, it is excellent in alleviating swelling and improving tissue regeneration. For carbuncles before purulence, it can be used alone in powder and applied topically, or used together with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), zào jiăo cì (Spina Gleditsiae) and rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) in decoction for internal use, and the dregs can be externally used for warm compresses to alleviate swelling, such as in the formula Nèi Xiāo Săn (Interior-Dissipating Powder). For chronic ulcerated sores, the powder can be applied topically alone or in combination with powdered bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae) and qīng fĕn (Calomelas) to clean up necrotic tissue and improve tissue granulation. For scalds and burns, anal ■ssures and chapped skin, it is often used alone in powder or mixed with má yóu (Oleum Sesami) and applied topically, in order to improve the healing of the tissue. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g or 30 g (large dose) in decoction; or 1.5-3g each time in powder or pills; or used topically in powder alone or mixed with a liquid adjuvant. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Caution should be exercised when it is used internally for cases with hemoptysis caused by exogenous pathogenic factors, lung abscesses in the early stage and bleeding triggered by heat, since it is sticky in texture and astringent in property and may preserve the pathogens. It is incompatible with wū tóu. ［Ingredients］ It contains 56.75％-60.15％ of phlegmatic substances, mainly comprised of bletillamannan. It also has volatile oils, starch, bibenzyls, phenanthrene and its derivatives, blestriarene and anthraquinones. ［Pharmacological Research］ It can significantly shorten clotting time and prothrombin time. 1％ bái jí solution injected into the inferior vena cava of frogs can agglutinate blood cells to arti■cially form a thrombus, and its phlegmatic substances are found to be related to hemostasis. It can protect gastric mucosa and alleviate injuries to the gastric mucosa caused by hydrochloric acid. It can also resist tumors and bacteria.

Xiān Hè Cǎo 仙鹤草 HERBA AGRIMONIAE Hairy Vein Agrimonia ［Source］ Initially appeared in Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Tú Jīng, 本

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草图经) in the Northern Song Dynasty (1061 A.D.). Its original name was lóng yá căo (龙牙草). It is the dried above-ground part of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb., a perennial herb of the family Rosaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Xiān “immortal”, hè “crane” and căo “herb”. A white fur grows all over the plant like the white cranes ridden by the immortals in legend. Its winter bud looks like a wolf’s or a dragon’s tooth, so it is also named láng yá căo (狼牙草) and lóng yá căo (龙牙草), where láng yá means “wolf tooth”, lóng yá means “dragon tooth” and căo means “grass or herb”. Its yellow ■owers always come out on the top of the stem, so it is also called jīn dĭng lóng yá (金顶龙芽), where jīn dĭng means “golden top”. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Hubei provinces, with some production also in Anhui, Liaoning, Shandong, Hebei and Guangdong provinces of China. ［Collection］ The above-ground part of the plant is harvested when ■ourishing from summer to the autumn, impurities are removed and it is dried in the sun. The best quality is young and delicate with luxuriant leaves. ［Processing］ After removing the root base and foreign substances, it is washed clean with water, slightly moistened, cut into segments and dried. It can be used directly or carbonized before use. ［Properties］ Bitter, astringent; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Lung, liver, spleen. ［Characteristics］ It is slightly bitter and astringent in flavor and neutral in property. Traditionally it enters the lung, liver and spleen channels, but in fact today it is used clinically much more widely than that. It is astringent and good at stanching bleeding, so is commonly used for bleeding no matter whether of heat, cold, excess or de■ciency type. It can also transform toxins and alleviate dysentery, sores and swellings, kill trichomonas and inhibit malaria, and energize the body. ［Actions］ Stanches bleeding, transforms toxin, alleviates dysentery and malaria, kills worms and energizes the body. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For bleeding — hemoptysis, hematemesis, epistaxis, subcutaneous hemorrhage, hemafecia, hematuria or uterine bleeding with cold, heat or de■ciency — it is astringent to stanch bleeding. For heat-triggered bleeding, it is often combined with fresh shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae), mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii) to clear heat, cool blood and enhance the effect of stanching bleeding. For de■ciency-cold bleeding, it is often used together with ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi), dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), zào xīn tŭ (Terra Flava Usta) and huáng qí (Radix Astragali) to tonify qi, warm the interior and stanch bleeding. For bleeding complicated with blood stasis, it is often combined with sān qī (Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng), dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) and wŭ líng zhī (Faeces Trogopterori) to stanch bleeding and resolve stasis. 2. For diarrhea and dysentery, it transforms toxic pathogenic substances and slows down bowel movements.

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For chronic diarrhea and dysentery, it is used alone internally or combined with mù jĭn pí (Cortex Hibisci Syriaci). For dysentery with blood, it can be used together with dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) to cool blood, resolve toxins and alleviate dysentery. 3. For malaria and vaginal trichomonas infection, it can kill trichomonas and inhibit malaria attacks. For malaria, it can be used alone internally or combined with qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae). For pruritus vulvae and leukorrhagia seen in trichomonas vaginitis, it can be decocted alone or together with dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae), shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii) and kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis), and the decoction used to rinse the vagina. 4. For over-exhaustion, it can traditionally tonify qi and energize the body. For lassitude and tiredness with normal appetite, it is used together with dà zăo (Fructus Jujubae). For lassitude and tiredness with qi and blood de■ciency, it is combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and lóng yăn ròu (Arillus Longan) to supplement qi and blood. 5. In addition, it is effective for sores, abscesses, hemorrhoids, tumors and cancer. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g usually, 30-60 g in large dose in decoction; or used in pills or powder. For external use: its pounded fine floss is applied topically alone or in combination with other medicinal powders, or its decoction is applied topically for rinsing, or the fresh herb is pounded for compress. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Contraindicated in cases of diarrhea or dysentery accompanied with fever from exterior syndrome because its astringing function can trap and preserve pathogens. ［Ingredients］ It has agrimonine, agrimonolide, phenolic abietic acid, flavonoid glycosides, volatile oils, saponin, tannin and so forth. ［Pharmacological Research］ It stops bleeding, excites the respiratory center, regulates the smooth intestinal muscles, activates the exhausted striated muscles, lowers blood sugar and basic metabolism, resists inflammation and bacteria, inhibits cancer cells and trichomonas vaginalis. Recent research showed the effects of anti-coagulation and anti-thrombosis. ［Notes］ Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces (Qiān Jīn Fāng, 千金方) by Sun Si-miao recorded in volume twenty-five that yĕ láng yá yè (野狼牙叶) was effective for arrow wounds. According to research, yĕ láng yá yè is just xiān hè căo (Herba Agrimoniae). Thus the time when the herb was ■rst recorded can be dated back to the early years of the Tang Dynasty.

Xuè YúTàn 血余炭 CRINIS CARBONISATUS Charred Hair ［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Liang Dynasty (500 A.D.) in North and South Kingdoms with another name luàn fà huī (乱发灰). It is the carbonized hair of a healthy human being. ［■xplanation of Name］ Xuè yú “surplus of the blood” (equalling “hair” according to Chinese

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medicine theory) and tàn “charcoal”. It is charred human hair. Another name is fà huī (发灰), where fà means “hair” and huī means “ashes”. ［Habitat］ Produced everywhere across China. ［Collection］ Hair is collected, washed with soda water, rinsed in water and dried in the sun. ［Processing］ It is dry-baked into charcoal before using. The best quality is light in weight and free of impurities with shining black color. ［Properties］ Bitter, astringent; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, stomach, kidney. ［Characteristics］ Bitter, astringent and neutral in properties, it enters the liver, stomach and kidney channels. Internally it can arrest bleeding, resolve blood stasis, promote urination and slightly enrich yin. It astringes bleeding and resolves stasis simultaneously to prevent blood stasis by astringing, and promotes urination without the side effect of consuming yin. ■xternally it can resolve stasis, alleviate swelling and improve the healing of sores and ulcers. ［Actions］ Arrests bleeding, enriches yin, promotes urination, resolves blood stasis and promotes granulation. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For bleeding, it simultaneously astringes bleeding and resolves stasis to prevent blood stasis by astringing, so it is used commonly in clinic. For epistaxis, hemoptysis and hematemesis, it is often combined with zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), shēng huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and cè băi yè (Cacumen Platycladi). For metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, it can be combined with zōng lǚ tàn (Petiolus Trachycarpi Carbonisatus), ŏu jié tàn and jīng jiè tàn (Herba Schizonepetae Carbonisatum). For hematochezia and hematuria, it can be used together with sān qī (Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng) and huā ruĭ shí (Ophicalcitum), such as in the formula Huà Xuè Dān (BloodTransforming ■lixir). For hemorrhoidal bleeding, it is combined with huái huā (Flos Sophorae), dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei). 2. For dysuria and stranguria with blood, it resolves blood stasis, facilitates urination and slightly enriches yin. For dysuria with yin de■ciency, it is combined with huá shí (Talcum) and dōng kuí zĭ (Semen Malvae) to facilitate urination, such as in the formulas Huá Shí Bái Yú Săn (Talcum and Topmouth Culter Powder Powder) and Kuí Fà Săn (Cluster Mallow Seed and Charred Hair Powder). For stranguria with blood, it is combined with xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii), dàn zhú yè (Herba Lophatheri) and shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to clear heat, arrest bleeding, promote urination and relieve stranguria. 3. For sores, ulcers, burns and scalds, it resolves stasis, alleviates swelling and assists healing of tissue. For severe painful swelling, it is used in combination with shé tuì (Periostracum Serpentis) and lù fēng fáng (Nidus Vespae) in equal quantities of charred powders, and taken with wine to alleviate pain and swelling, such as in the formula Sān Shēng Săn (Three ■ngendering Powder).

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For back abscesses and carbuncles, it is mixed with má yóu (Oleum Sesami) and white wax, made into paste, and applied externally to relieve pain and improve tissue regeneration, such as in the formula Bèi Yè Gāo (Charred Hair and Sesame Oil Adhesive Plaster). For burns and scalds, it is mixed with the extracts of zĭ căo (Radix Arnebiae) and simple ointment to make medicinal ointment, and applied topically to alleviate swelling and improve tissue granulation, as in Zĭ Căo Xuè Yú Ruăn Gāo (Arnebia Root and Charred Hair Ointment). 4. Additionally, if used alone or in combination with yīn chén hāo (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae), jīn qián căo (Herba Lysimachiae) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), it can also be applied for jaundice. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-10 g in decoction; 1.5-3 g in powder or pills. It can also be applied alone or in combination topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It should be used with caution in patients with delicate stomachs because its strong odor may cause nausea or vomiting. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains calcium, sodium, potassium, zinc, copper, iron, manganese, arsenic and so forth. ［Pharmacological Research］ It has effects of hemostasis, anti-bacteria and anti-in■ammation.

OǔJié 藕节 NODUS NELUMBINIS RHIZOMATIS Lotus Rhizome Node ［Source］ Initially appeared in Treatise on Medicinal Properties (Yào Xìng Lùn, 药性论) in the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.). It is the dried rhizome node of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., a perennial plant of the family Nymphaeaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Oŭ “ lotus rhizome” and jié “node”. Oŭ jié “rhizome node of lotus”. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Jiang Su, Anhui, Hunan and Hubei provinces of China. ［Collection］ The rhizome is collected between autumn and winter, or in early spring. After cleaning with water, the node is taken from the rhizome, the ■brous root is cut off and it is dried in the sun. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is cleaned with water and dried. It can be used directly or charred before use. ［Properties］ Sweet, astringent; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, lung, stomach. ［Characteristics］ Sweet and astringent in flavor, it enters the lung, liver and stomach channels. It is astringent to stanch bleeding and also has the effect of resolving stasis. It is moderate in properties and actions, and simultaneously astringes bleeding and resolves stasis to prevent blood stasis by astringing, so is widely applied for many kinds of bleeding. The fresh mildly cool herb is more used for bleeding with heat, while the charred mildly warm herb is used for bleeding with either cold or heat pattern. ［Actions］ Stanches bleeding and resolves stasis. ［Clinical Applications］ For bleeding, it can both astringe bleeding and resolve blood stasis,

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so accordingly can prevent blood stasis resulting from the astringency. It is especially effective for hematemesis, hemoptysis and epistaxis, if used in combination with other similar herbs. For heat-triggered bleeding, the fresh herb can be used together with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), dà jì (Herba Cirsii Japonici) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to cool blood and stanch bleeding. For bleeding with de■ciency cold, the charred herb is combined with ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi), páo jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum) and zào xīn tŭ (Terra Flava Usta) to warm the interior and stanch bleeding. For pulmonary tubercular hemoptysis, it can be used together with bái jí (Rhizoma Bletillae), ē jiāo zhū (Colla Corii Asini Pilula) and băi bù (Radix Stemonae) to tonify the lung and stanch bleeding. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-30 g in decoction, double the dosage if using the fresh herb; also used in pills or powder, or applied externally with the fresh juice. The raw herb is neutral and slightly cold in property and is more effective in resolving stasis; the fresh herb is often used for bleeding with heat. The charred herb is slightly warm in property and is better in astringing and stanching bleeding, so is more suitable for bleeding with de■ciency cold. ［Ingredients］ Mainly contains tannin, amino acids and starch. ［Pharmacological Research］ It can shorten bleeding time. After being charred, there is increase of its tannin and calcium, and the effect of hemostasis is improved.

Section 4 Warm Herbs that Stop Bleeding Herbs in this category are warm or hot in nature. They are good at warming the interior yang and securing the chong mai to control bleeding, and are mainly applied for bleeding due to de■ciency cold of the spleen failing to keep blood flowing regularly in the chong mai, such as chronic hemafecia, uterine bleeding, epistaxis and subcutaneous hemorrhage. Some of the herbs in this category can also warm the interior and dissipate cold to treat vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dysmenorrhea and irregular menstruation due to de■ciency cold. They are contraindicated in cases of bleeding triggered by heat.

i Yè 艾叶 FOLIUM ARTEMISIAE ARGYI Mugwort Leaf ［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Liang Dynasty (500 A.D.) of the North and South Kingdoms. It is the dried leaf of Artemisia argyi Levl. et Vant., a perennial herb of the family Compositae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Ài, also pronounced as yì, means “put in order or stabilized” and yè means “leaf”. It is supposed to be able to treat any kind of disease and to improve the body resilience. If pounded, it is very soft like velvet, so it is sometime called ài róng (艾绒). In ancient times, people used ice as a magnifying glass to focus the sun and ignite the herb, therefore it is also called bīng tái, where bīng means “ice” and tái means “stand”. Generally that produced in Qizhou, Hubei

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Province yields the best moxa for moxibustion, so it has another two names, qí ài (蕲艾) and jiŭ căo (灸草). ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hubei, Shandong, Anhui and Hebei provinces of China. ［Collection］ It is collected during the late spring to the early summer before blossoming. After cleaning, it is dried in the sun or the shade. The best quality is soft and aromatic with a lot of hair on the back of the leaf, and with blue-green color on the front side and off-white on the back side. ［Processing］ After cleaning it is used directly or pounded ■rst to get ■oss, charred first or fried with vinegar before use. ［Properties］ Acrid, bitter; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, spleen, kidney. ［Characteristics］ Aromatic, dispersing, warm, bitter and dry in properties, it enters the liver, spleen and kidney channels. It shows different actions when used raw and after being charred. It is good not only at warming the channels, regulating qi and blood, and arresting bleeding, but also at transforming cold damp and warming the uterus to relieve pain. Therefore it is commonly used for bleeding of the deficiency-cold type, particularly metrorrhagia, metrostaxis and vaginal bleeding during pregnancy, as well as menstrual cold pain, leukorrhea due to cold-damp accumulation, infertility due to yang de■ciency and abdominal cold pain. It also dries dampness and relieves itching to treat acute eczema. Used as moxa, it can warm the channels and relieve pain. ［Actions］ Warms the channels, arrests bleeding, dissipates coldness to relieve pain, regulates menses, prevents miscarriage, dispels dampness and relieves itching. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For deficiency-cold bleeding, it warms the channels and checks bleeding. For metrorrhagia, metrostaxis and vaginal bleeding during pregnancy, it is usually combined with ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini), dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to nourish blood, regulate menses and check bleeding to prevent miscarriage, such as in the formula Jiāo Ài Tāng (Donkey-Hide Gelatin and Mugwort Decoction). For hematemesis, epistaxis and hemafecia due to yang depletion failing to keep blood flowing in the vessels, it can be combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis) and páo jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum) to warm yang and boost qi to control blood. Additionally, it can be used to treat heat-triggered bleeding if combined with fresh hé yè (Folium Nelumbinis), fresh cè băi yè (Cacumen Platycladi) and fresh dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to clear heat, cool blood and stanch bleeding, such as in the formula Sì Shēng Wán (Four-Fresh Herb Pill). 2. For cold-damp leukorrhea, cold-damp diarrhea or dysentery, and abdominal cold pain, its warmth dissipates cold, transforms dampness and relieves pain. For leukorrhea due to cold-damp accumulation manifested as watery vaginal discharge, it is usually combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and wū zéi gŭ (■ndoconcha Sepiae) to enhance the effects of dissipating cold, drying

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dampness and reducing the vaginal discharge. For chronic diarrhea or dysentery due to cold-damp accumulation accompanied with occasional abdominal pain, it can be used alone or combined with bīng láng (Semen Arecae), mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) and cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) to dissipate cold, dry dampness, invigorate the spleen and arrest diarrhea. For abdominal cold pain due to de■ciency cold of the spleen and stomach, it is often combined with gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to warm the middle and relieve the pain. 3. For menstrual cold pain, irregular menses and threatened miscarriage due to cold or de■ciency cold, it is effective at warming the uterus and dissipating cold, regulating menstruation and preventing miscarriage. For menstrual cold pain, irregular menses and infertility due to coldness, it can be used in combination with xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi), ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae) to dissipate cold, warm the lower jiao and relieve pain, such as in the formula Ài Fù Nuăn Gōng Wán (Mugwort and Cyperus Palace-Warming Pill). For threatened miscarriage due to deficiency cold of the lower jiao, it can be used in combination with ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini), tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) and dry-fried dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) to warm the lower jiao to invigorate the liver and kidney, and to prevent miscarriage. 4. For eczema, scabies and tinea, it can be used alone to transform dampness and relieve itching, or used together in decoction with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), huā jiāo (Pericarpium Zanthoxyli) and tŭ jīng pí (Cortex Pseudolaricis) for topical rinsing to dry dampness, kill worms and relieve itching; it can also be used in mixture with kū fán (Alumen Dehydratum), bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum) and lú gān shí (Calamina) in powder and applied topically. 5. Additionally, by applying moxibustion on the local skin or particular speci■c acupoints, it can warmly unblock channels and invigorate qi and blood. If applied in moxibustion together with bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) and cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis), or stuffed into a cloth bag for wearing around the neck, it can perfume the body and prevent pestilence. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-9 g in decoction, or in pills or powder. The pounded floss can be prepared into moxa sticks or moxa cones for warm moxibustion, and the decoction can be used for topical rinsing. For stopping bleeding, it is charred ■rst. For dissipating cold, warming the interior to relieve pain, transforming dampness and relieving itching, it is used directly. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Contraindicated in cases of yin deficiency with excessive heat signs because its bitter, acrid, warm and drying properties may injure the yin and assist pathologic ■re. Large doses should be avoided. ［Ingredients］ Contains volatile oils including limonene, sabinene, β-pinene, and camphol. It also has triterpenes, ■avonoids, eucalyptus leaf alkanes and sterols. ［Pharmacological Research］ Its decoction can prolong the activating time of plasma thromboplastin, thrombinogen and thrombin in rabbits, and can even resist blood coagulation, improve ■brinolysis, activate the rabbit’s uterus in vitro, inhibit multiple pathogenic bacteria, fungi and viruses, invigorate the heart, tranquilize the mind, and improve biliation. Its extracts can inhibit platelet aggregation. Charred ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi) can shorten clotting time. Its ingredient p-cymene showed significant effects in relieving wheezing, cough and expectoration, and had an anti-allergic effect. If guinea pigs are infected by the tubercle bacillus, moxibustion can promote the phagocytic function of the reticuloendothelial system.

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Páo Jiāng 炮姜 RHIZOMA ZINGIBERIS PRAEPARATUM Prepared Dried Ginger ［Source］ Initially appeared in Bag of Pearls (Zhēn Zhū Náng, 珍珠囊) in the Jin Dynasty (1186 A.D.). It is the dried and processed rootstalk of Zingiber of■cinale Rosc., a perennial herb of the family Zingiberaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ It is also named páo gān jiāng (炮干姜) or páo jiāng tàn (炮姜炭), where páo means “preparation”, gān jiāng means “dried ginger”, páo jiāng means “processed dried ginger” and tàn means “charcoal”. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan and Guizhou provinces of China, where the quality is also the best. ［Collection］ See gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis). ［Processing］ Dried slices of gān jiāng are cleaned of impurities and stir-fried with sand until black, or carbonized. ［Properties］ Bitter, acrid, slightly astringent; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach, liver. ［Characteristics］ It is bitter, acrid, warmly dispersing and slightly astringent in properties, while the carbonized jiāng tàn is bitter, dry, warmly dispersing and astringent. It enters the spleen, stomach and liver channels. As an essential herb for de■ciencycold bleeding, it is good at warming the interior and stanching bleeding. It is also good at warming the middle jiao to arrest diarrhea and relieve pain, and is commonly used for abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea due to de■ciency cold. ［Actions］ Warms the interior, stanches bleeding and arrests diarrhea. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For hematemesis, hemafecia and uterine bleeding of deficiencycold type, it is good at warming the interior and astringing bleeding, while the charred herb is more astringent to check bleeding. For hematemesis, hemafecia and uterine bleeding of de■ciency-cold type, the charred herb is often combined with charred ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi), charred cè băi yè (Cacumen Platycladi) and charred wū méi (Fructus Mume) to enhance the effect in checking bleeding. If the above disorders are complicated by middle yang de■ciency and the spleen failing to control blood, it is usually combined with zhì huáng qí (Radix Astragali Praeparata cum Melle), fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) and xiān hè căo (Herba Agrimoniae) to replenish qi and assist yang, and to enhance the effects of warming the interior and stanching bleeding. 2. For abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea and dysentery due to de■ciency cold, it warms the middle and dissipates coldness to arrest vomiting and diarrhea, and to relieve pain. For abdominal cold pain, it can be used alone or combined with gāo liáng jiāng (Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum) to improve the effects of warming the interior, dissipating coldness and relieving pain, such as in the formula Èr Jiāng Wán (Prepared Dried Ginger and Galangal Pill). For stomach sickness or diarrhea due to deficiency cold of the spleen and stomach, it is usually combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and shā rén (Fructus Amomi) to warm the middle jiao, invigorate the spleen, harmonize the stomach, relieve pain and arrest diarrhea.

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For chronic diarrhea due to spleen and kidney yang de■ciency, it can be combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), prepared ròu dòu kòu (Semen Myristicae) and bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae) to invigorate yang, dissipate coldness and arrest diarrhea, such as in the formula Huŏ Lún Wán (Fire Wheel Pill). For chronic dysentery accompanied by abdominal pain due to deficiency cold, it can be combined with chì shí zhī (Halloysitum Rubrum), ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and prepared hē zĭ (Fructus Chebulae) to warmly nourish the yang of the spleen and kidney, and to arrest diarrhea. 3. Additionally, for postpartum lochiorrhea and lower abdominal pain due to blood de■ciency and exterior cold, it is usually combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and táo rén (Semen Persicae) to nourish and invigorate blood, dissipate cold and relieve pain, such as in the formula Shēng Huà Tāng (■ngendering and Transforming Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-6 g in decoction, or in pills or powder. For external use: it is ground into ■ne powder and applied topically. For stopping bleeding, the charred herb should be used. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Contraindicated in cases of yin deficiency with excessive heat signs and in pregnancy, because its acrid, warm and drying properties may injure the yin and assist pathologic ■re. ［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils such as zingiberene, jiang ketene, gingerol, zingiberone, camphol and zingiberol. It also contains resin, starch, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effects of anti-ulceration and hemostasis.

Summary 1. Herbs that cool blood and stop bleeding Dà Jì vs. Xiăo Jì Dà Jì

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Xiăo Jì

Properties

Bitter, sweet; cool

Entered channels

Heart, liver

Actions

Cools blood, stops bleeding, dissipates stasis, resolves toxins and inhibits abscesses

Indications

Various kinds of bleeding due to blood heat, and sores and swellings due to heat toxins

Actions

—

Promote urination

Indications

—

Hematuria and stranguria with heat

Special features

Better in most of the actions

—

Dì yú vs. Huái Huā vs. Huái Jiăo Dì Yú

Similarities

Medicinal

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Huái Huā

Huái Jiăo

Properties

Bitter

Entered channels

Liver, large intestine

Actions

Cools blood, checks bleeding and clears heat from the large intestine

Indications

Bleeding due to blood heat, particularly for hemafecia and hemorrhoidal bleeding

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Differences

Continued　　 Medicinal

Dì Yú

Properties

Sour; slightly cool

Slightly cold

Cold

Entered channels

Stomach

—

—

Actions

Resolves toxins and assists the healing of sores

Clears liver ■re

Moistens the intestines

Headache and inflamed eyes due to ■aring up of liver ■re

Heat constipation and in■amed eyes

—

Compared to huái huā, huái jiăo is milder in checking bleeding, but stronger in purging heat

·

Metrorrhagia, menorrhagia or metrostaxis due to blood heat Severe dysentery, burns, scalds, abscesses, swellings and eczema.

Indications

·

Special features

Good at cooling blood and is astringent to check bleeding

Huái Huā

Huái Jiăo

Bái Máo Gēn vs. Zhù Má Gēn Bái Máo Gēn

Similarities

Medicinal Properties

Sweet

Entered channels

Heart

Actions

Cools blood, stanches bleeding, clears heat and improves urination

Indications

Heat-triggered bleeding and stranguria

Properties

Cool

Cold

Entered channels

Lung, stomach, bladder

Liver

·

Differences

Zhù Má Gēn

Actions

· · ·

Indications

· · ·

Special features

Clears heat from the lung and stomach Promotes ■uid production Arrests vomiting ■dema with heat signs and damp-heat jaundice ■xcessive thirst in febrile diseases Cough due to lung heat Vomiting due to stomach heat

Better at clearing heat and promoting urination

· ·

· · · ·

Prevents miscarriage Resolves toxins Traumatic bleeding Threatened abortion Toxic heat sores and abscesses, erysipelas Snakebite

Better at checking bleeding

Bái Máo Gēn vs. Lú Gēn Bái Máo Gēn

Similarities

Medicinal

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Lú Gēn

Properties

Sweet

Entered channels

Lung, stomach

Actions

Clears heat, promotes ■uid production, arrests vomiting and promotes urination

Indications

■xcessive thirst in febrile diseases, vomiting and nausea due to stomach heat, cough due to lung heat, stranguria, stranguria with blood and edema

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Chinese Materia Medica Continued　　 Bái Máo Gēn

Differences

Medicinal

Lú Gēn

Properties

Cool

Cold

Entered channels

Heart, bladder

—

Actions

·

Indications

·

Special features

Good at clearing heat from the blood

·

·

Cools blood Stanches bleeding

·

Bleeding due to blood heat Damp-heat jaundice

Infantile measles and lung abscesses with purulent expectoration

·

Promotes skin eruptions and evacuates pus Resolves toxins from ■sh, crabs or shell■sh

Good at clearing and dispersing heat from the qi level

Zhù Má Gēn vs. Huáng Qín Zhù Má Gēn

Similarities

Medicinal

Huáng Qín

Properties

Cold

Actions

Clears heat, cools blood and checks bleeding, prevents abortion ·

Indications ·

Threatened miscarriage and vaginal bleeding during pregnancy due to heat, and hemoptysis, hematemasis, epistaxis, hematuria, hemafecia, metrorrhagia, metrostaxis and subcutaneous bleeding due to heat Abscesses, sores, erysipelas, stranguria

Properties

Sweet

Bitter

Entered channels

Heart, liver

Lung, stomach, gallbladder, large intestine

Actions

Improves urination

Dries dampness

Differences

·

·

Indications

Bloody stranguria or dysuria ·

·

Special features

·

Sweeter in ■avor and milder in actions Good at simultaneously cooling blood, promoting urination and preventing miscarriage

Sores and swellings due to exuberant heat and ■re Jaundice, diarrhea, dysentery, febrile diseases, ulcers and eczema due to damp heat Combined with chái hú, it is effective in treating alternating chills and fever of shaoyang syndrome

Stronger in clearing toxic heat

2. Herbs that resolve blood stasis and stop bleeding Sān Qī vs. Jú Sān Qī vs. Jĭng Tiān Sān Qī Sān Qī

Similarities

Medicinal

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Jú Sān Qī

Jĭng Tiān Sān Qī

Properties

Sweet

Entered channels

Liver

Actions

Resolves blood stasis, checks bleeding, and relieves swelling and pain

Indications

Internal and traumatic bleeding

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Sān Qī

Differences

Medicinal

Jú Sān Qī

Jĭng Tiān Sān Qī

Properties

Slightly bitter; warm

Slightly bitter; neutral

Bitter; neutral.

Entered channels

Stomach

Stomach

Heart

Actions

Tonifies qi

Resolves toxins

· ·

Nourishes blood Calms the mind

Indications

·

Chest impediments due to blood stasis Blood stasis accompanied by qi de■ciency or qi and blood de■ciency

Abscesses, sores and acute mastitis

Palpitations, insomnia, anxiety and irritability

Special features

Strong both in resolving blood stasis and checking bleeding

Milder in property and actions compared to sān qī

Milder in property and actions compared to sān qī

·

Qiàn Căo vs. Pú Huáng Qiàn Căo

Similarities

Medicinal Entered channels

Liver, heart

Actions

Resolves blood stasis and checks bleeding

Indications

Bleeding accompanied by blood stasis, such as amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain, abdominal pain due to blood stasis, and traumatic wounds and injuries

Properties

Bitter, cold

Sweet, slightly acrid; neutral

Entered channels

—

Spleen

·

Differences

Pú Huáng

Actions

·

·

Indications

·

Simultaneously checks bleeding and resolves blood stasis (charred) Good at cooling blood and resolving blood stasis (raw)

·

Bleeding with blood stasis and heat signs (charred) Blood stasis with heat signs and dampheat arthralgia (raw)

·

·

·

More astringent and shows stronger effect on checking bleeding with milder effect on resolving stasis (charred) Promotes urination (raw) More severe cases of bleeding or bleeding without clear signs of blood stasis (charred) Hematuria or blood stranguria (raw)

Wŭ Líng Zhī vs. Pú Huáng Wŭ Líng Zhī

Similarities

Medicinal

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Pú Huáng

Properties

Sweet

Entered channels

Liver, spleen

Actions

Invigorates blood, resolves blood stasis and relieves pain

Indications

Dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, irregular menses, prolonged postpartum vaginal discharge, postpartum abdominal pain, chest pain, abdominal pain and trauma with blood stasis

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Differences

Medicinal

Pú Huáng

Properties

Bitter, salty; warm

Slight acrid; neutral

Entered channels

—

Heart

Actions

Warmly unblocks the channels and shows strong effects on resolving blood stasis and relieving pain

· · ·

Indications

Disorders involving blood stasis and cold

Special features

Fried wŭ líng zhī acts relatively more in resolving blood stasis

·

· ·

Arrests bleeding Promotes urination All disorders involving blood stasis no matter of cold or heat type Any kind of bleeding and stranguria, especially hematuria and blood stranguria Raw pú huáng is milder in resolving blood stasis and relieving pain Fried pú huáng acts relatively more in astringently checking bleeding

3. Astringent herbs that stop bleeding Bái Jí vs. Xiān Hè Căo Bái Jí

Xiān Hè Căo

Properties

Bitter, astringent

Entered channels

Lung, liver

Actions

Astringently arrests bleeding

Indications

Bleeding without blood stasis

Properties

Sweet; slightly cold

Neutral

Entered channels

Stomach

Spleen

Actions

Relieves swelling, improves granulation and nourishes the lung

Arrests diarrhea and dysentery, resolves toxins, inhibits cancer and malaria attacks, kills worms, relieves itching and generally nourishes the body

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

·

·

Indications

·

Pneumorrhagia and gastrorrhagia Abscesses, burns, scalds, chapped hands and feet, and anal ■ssures

·

Bleeding no matter whether of cold, heat, de■ciency or excess type Chronic diarrhea, dysentery, infantile malnutritional dyspepsia, abscesses, sores, tumors and cancer, malaria, pruritus vulvae accompanied by leukorrhea, labor injury and fatigue with shallow yellow complexion

Xuè Yú Tàn vs. Ǒu Jié Xuè Yú Tàn

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

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Ŏu Jié

Properties

Astringent; neutral

Entered channels

Liver, stomach

Actions

Astringently inhibits bleeding and resolves blood stasis

Indications

Bleeding no matter with or without blood stasis

Properties

Bitter

Sweet

Entered channels

Kidney

Lung

·

Actions

·

Promotes urination Assists the healing of sores and promotes granulation when used externally

—

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Differences

Continued　　 Medicinal

Xuè Yú Tàn

Indications

Hematuria, blood stranguria and urinary retention

Special features

—

Ŏu Jié · ·

Bleeding with heat signs (fresh) Bleeding generally (charred)

Milder both in hemostasis and resolving blood stasis

4. Warm herbs that stop bleeding. Ài Yè vs. Páo Jiāng Ài Yè

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Páo Jiāng

Properties

Acrid, bitter; warm

Entered channels

Liver, spleen

Actions

Warmly stanches bleeding

Indications

Bleeding due to de■ciency cold

Properties

—

Slightly astringent

Entered channels

Kidney

Stomach

Actions

Dissipates cold dampness, regulates qi and blood and warms the lower jiao

Warms the spleen yang and dissipates cold from the middle jiao

Indications

·

Irregular vaginal bleeding Irregular menses due to cold retention and cold pain in the abdomen

Abdominal cold pain and diarrhea due to deficiency cold of the spleen

Special features

Warmly dispersing and bitterly drying in properties

Warmly dispersing and slightly astringent in properties

·

Review Questions 1. How do you understand the concept of herbs that arrest bleeding? Describe their common indications, cautions and contraindications. 2. How many categories of herbs in this chapter according to the action? Describe their common characteristics, actions and indications of each group. 3. To achieve a better effect on bleeding, most herbs are deeply-fried or charred before use. What is the reason for this? For arresting bleeding, should all herbs be necessarily deeply-fried or charred before use? Whether the answer is yes or no, give the reason. 4. ■xplain the characteristics, actions and clinical applications of the following herbs: xiăo jì, cè băi yè, bái máo gēn and qiàn căo. 5. ■xplain the characteristics, actions and clinical applications of the following herbs: jiàng xiāng, xiān hè căo and ài yè. 6. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of characteristics, actions and indications: dà jì and xiăo jì; dì yú and huái huā; bái máo gēn and lú gēn. 7. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of characteristics, actions and indications: sān qī and pú huáng; qiàn căo and pú huáng; wŭ líng zhī and pú huáng; ài yè and páo jiāng. 8. Xiăo jì, sān qī, bái jí and páo jiāng are effective in arresting bleeding. Give the individual differences in property, actions and indications. 9. Dì yú, wŭ líng zhī, xiān hè căo and páo jiāng are effective in arresting bleeding. Give the individual difference in property, actions and indications. 10. Wŭ líng zhī and ài yè are commonly used for menorrhagia, while sān qī and xiè bái are effective for chest suffocation and pain. Give the individual differences in property, actions and indications.

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Chuān Xiōng 川芎 Rŭ Xiāng 乳香

/ 393

/ 395

Mò Yào 没药 / 397 É Zhú 莪术

Yù Jīn 郁金

Dān Shēn 丹参 Táo Rén 桃仁

/ 401

/ 411

/ 413

Jī Xuè Téng 鸡血藤 Niú Xī 牛膝

/ 413

/ 415

/ 416

Chuān Niú Xī 川牛膝

/ 402

Jiāng Huáng 姜黄

Yì Mŭ Căo 益母草 Zé Lán 泽兰

/ 400

Yán Hú Suŏ 延胡索

/ 410

Chōng Wèi Zĭ 茺蔚子

/ 398

Sān Léng 三棱

Hóng Huā 红花

/ 404

/ 406 / 408

Tŭ Niú Xī 土牛膝

/ 418

/ 420

Wáng Bù Liú Xíng 王不留行 Chuān Shān Jiă 穿山甲

/ 420

/ 421

［Definition］ Herbs with the primary actions of dredging blood vessels, activating blood circulation and transforming blood stasis are called herbs that invigorate blood and transform stasis or, in short, herbs that activate blood. Among them, those with especially strong action are called blood stasis-breaking herbs. ［Properties ＆ Actions］ The herbs in this chapter are mostly acrid and bitter, warm, or cool and cold, and a few of them are neutral. Most enter the heart and liver channels, and accordingly also go to the blood level. They have the fundamental actions of invigorating blood and transforming blood stasis; the other possible actions, such as regulating menstruation, relieving pain, resolving masses and swelling, and improving tissue regeneration, are all based on the fundamental actions. ［Indications］ Herbs in this chapter are mainly used for the problems caused by blood stasis. Blood stasis is a pathological process, which results from many pathogenic factors such as cold, heat, phlegm, fluid retention and qi stagnation, and further gives rise to many problems, such as amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, menstrual irregularities, postpartum abdominal pain, abdominal masses, chest pain, hypochondriac pain, stomachache, traumatic injuries, bruises and traumatic swelling, joint pain, carbuncles, sores and ulcers, and even bleeding. ［Modifications］ Herbs in this category differ in properties and should be applied properly according to the different patterns. For example, if the blood stasis is caused by cold, herbs in this category should be used in combination with herbs that warm the interior; if the blood stasis is complicated with heat, herbs in this category should be used in combination with cold herbs that clear heat; if the blood stasis happened during the process of exterior wind dampness attacking the joints and muscles, herbs that expel the wind and dampness should be used at the same time; for abdominal masses which are basically due to blood stasis, herbs in this category should be used together with herbs that can soften and transform the masses; for those cases with blood stasis complicated with bodily de■ciency, herbs for nourishment should be used together with herbs in this category. In addition, according to the theory “blood circulation relies on proper qi ■ow”, herbs in this category are generally used together with herbs for moving qi to improve the effects. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Application of most of the herbs in this category may cause

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bleeding, and some of them may cause miscarriage or malformation, so they are prohibited or used carefully for pregnant women and for women with profuse menstruation or with amenorrhea due to blood de■ciency.

Chuān Xiōng 川芎 RHIZOMA CHUANXIONG Sichuan Lovage Rhizome ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was xiōng qióng (芎). It is the rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort., a perennial herb of the family Umbelliferae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Chuān “Sichuan Province” and xiōng “heaven”. The head, at the top of the body, corresponds to heaven according Chinese ancient philosophy; chuān xiōng always goes up to the head and eyes to resolve problems, and is mainly produced in Sichuan Province. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan Province. The big, plump, solid, oily and aromatic rhizomes with yellowish-white cross-sections are the best in quality. ［Collection］ It is collected during the summer when the rhizomes are purplish with protruding nodes. After mud and sand are cleared away, it is half dried and then baked until completely dry, and the ■brous roots are removed. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, the big rhizomes are separated from the smaller ones. They are then moistened thoroughly with water and cut into thin slices for use, or winefried ■rst. ［Properties］ Acrid; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, gallbladder, pericardium. ［Characteristics］ It is acrid, warm and dispersing in property, and can move qi and blood. It goes up to the head and down to the uterus. Good at activating blood, moving qi, dispelling wind and relieving pain, it is suitable especially for pain due to blood stasis complicated with qi stagnation and coldness, including that type of headache. For headache due to wind heat, wind dampness or blood de■ciency, it also can be used if the combination is made properly with other herbs. ［Actions］ Activates blood, moves qi, dispels wind and alleviates pain. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For the pattern of blood stasis complicated with qi stagnation, it can both activate blood and move qi to relieve both problems at the same time. For amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea due to blood stasis, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) and táo rén (Semen Persicae) to increase the effects, such as in the formula Xuè Fŭ Zhú Yū Tāng (Blood Mansion Stasis-■xpelling Decoction). For problems due to blood stasis and coldness attack, it is often combined with wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae), guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) so as to

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warm the channels from the interior, transform stasis and nourish blood, such as in the formula Wēn Jīng Tāng (Channel-Warming Decoction). For postpartum lochiorrhea and abdominal pain due to blood stasis, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), táo rén (Semen Persicae) and páo jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum) to warm the interior, nourish blood and move blood to relieve pain, such as in the formula Shēng Huà Tāng (■ngendering and Transforming Decoction). For chest pain due to liver qi stagnation complicated by blood stasis, it is often used together with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra), so as to soothe the liver, move qi and activate blood to relieve pain, such as in the formula Chái Hú Shū Gān Săn (Bupleurum Liver-Soothing Powder). For chest and heart pain due to blood stasis in the heart channel, it can be used alone in powder and taken orally with wine, or in combination with chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra), hóng huā (Flos Carthami) and dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae), so as to activate blood and unblock the channels, such as in the formula Guàn Xīn Èr Hào Fāng (Coronary Heart Disease Formula Ⅱ). For stroke sequelae in the pattern of qi deficiency complicated with blood stasis and manifested as hemiplegia and limb numbness, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dì lóng (Pheretima) and dāng guī wěi (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) so as to strengthen qi, activate blood and dredge the collaterals, such as in the formula Bŭ Yáng Huán Wŭ Tāng (Yang-Supplementing and Five-Returning Decoction). For chronic sores and purulent swelling, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), zào jiăo cì (Spina Gleditsiae) and chuān shān jiă (Squama Manitis) to activate blood, resolve lumps and improve pus discharge and recovery, such as in the formula Tòu Nóng Săn (Pus■xpelling Powder). For traumatic injuries and swelling, it is often combined with sān qī (Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng), rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) and mò yào (Myrrha) to activate blood, and relieve swelling and pain. 2. For headache, it is good at moving qi and blood of the head and eyes. For headache due to wind-cold attack, it is often combined with bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) and xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) to disperse wind and cold to relieve pain, such as in the formula Chuān Xiōng Chá Tiáo Săn (Tea-Mix and Chuanxiong Powder). For headache due to exterior wind heat, it is often combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), shēng shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) and jiāng cán (Bombyx Batryticatus), so as to disperse wind and purge heat to relieve pain, such as in the formula Chuān Xiōng Săn (Chuanxiong Root Powder). For headache due to wind-dampness attack, it is often combined with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), găo bĕn (Rhizoma Ligustici) and dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis) so as to expel wind, dry dampness and relieve pain, such as in the formula Qiāng Huó Shèng Shī Tāng (Notopterygium Dampness-Drying Decoction). For headache with stabbing pain due to blood stasis, it is often combined with táo rén (Semen Persicae), shè xiāng (Moschus) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to activate blood, unblock congested ori■ces and relieve pain, such as in the formula Tōng Qiào Huó Xuè Tāng (Ori■ce-Opening and Blood-Activating Decoction). For headache due to blood de■ciency accompanied by blood stasis, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) so as to nourish blood and resolve stasis at the same time to relieve pain. In a

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word, it is an essential herb for headache no matter what the pattern. 3. For wind-cold-dampness arthralgia manifested as joint pain and numbness, it can activate blood, dredge the channels and dispel wind cold as well. For such cases, it is often combined with dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis), qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), hăi fēng téng (Caulis Piperis Kadsurae) and other similar herbs to expel wind and transform dampness, disperse cold and relieve pain, such as in the formula Juān Bì Tāng (Impediment-Alleviating Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or 1-1.5 g in powder. For external use: it is powdered ■rst and applied topically, or is decocted ■rst for topical rinsing. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency, spontaneous sweating, hiccups or vomiting, profuse menstruation or bleeding, since it is acrid, warm and dispersing in action and may make these conditions worse. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains alkaloids like ligustrazine, phenols like ferulic acid, and volatile oils like ligustilide and cnidide. It also contains vanillin, sterols, vitamins, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ The extractives show effects of strengthening the heart, dilating the coronary arteries, increasing coronary blood flow, decreasing oxygen consumption of the myocardium, improving microcirculation, suppressing platelet aggregation and reducing vascular resistance. Ligustrazine, which can easily pass the blood-brain barrier and mainly concentrates in the brainstem, can increase cerebral blood ■ow and act against thrombosis to remarkably prevent ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. Its water decoction can tranquilize the central nervous system of animals and lower blood pressure. It can improve uterine contractions and may result in convulsions, but a large dose of it turns to restraining effects. It can also inhibit the small intestinal smooth muscles. Ferulic acid can remarkably increase the functioning of γ-globulin and T lymphocytes, and inhibit pathogenic bacteria and viruses. It antagonizes vitamin ■ de■ciency. Moreover, it can relieve pain, improve urination and act against tumors and radiation.

RǔXiāng 乳香 OLIBANUM Frankincense ［Source］ Initially appeared in Southern Status of Vegetation in the Jin Dynasty (265-420 A.D.). Its original name was xūn lù xiāng (熏陆香). It is the bark resin of Boswellia carterii Birdw., a small tree of the family Burseraceae. The resin from other botanically similar trees can also be used. ［■xplanation of Name］ Rŭ “milk” and xiāng “aroma”. It was originally produced in the Mahra Mountains of the Sultanate of Oman, and exported via the port of Shihru. The fresh white resin looks like milk and forms nipple-like drops, and it has a pleasant aroma. It penetrates the ground easily, and thus is also called tā xiāng (塌香), where tā means “penetrating”. ［Habitat］ Now mainly produced in Somalia, ■thiopia, the southern Arabian peninsula and other places; that which is produced in Somalia is of the best quality. ［Collection］ During the spring and summer, the tree bark is cut from the bottom to the top to enable the resin to come out. The resin becomes solid several days

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after the cut and is then collected for use. The granule-shaped, light yellowish, translucent, clean, aromatic and sticky resin is of the best quality. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed it can be used directly, or it is fried at low temperature until it smokes, or fried with vinegar for use. ［Properties］ Acrid, bitter; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver, spleen. ［Characteristics］ Aromatic, acrid and warmly dispersing, it mainly enters the heart and liver channels, and also enters the spleen channel as well. It activates blood and disperses qi, and is good at transforming blood stasis and unblocking collaterals to relieve pain and swelling. It remarkably improves tissue regeneration, and is quite commonly used for traumatic wounds and injuries. ［Actions］ Activates blood, alleviates pain and swelling, and improves tissue regeneration. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For pain, abdominal masses, arthralgia, and traumatic wounds and injuries, it can relieve the pain and swelling by moving qi and blood. For chest pain, stomachache and tumors due to qi stagnation and blood stasis, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) and mò yào (Myrrha) to activate blood, transform stasis and unblock collaterals to relieve pain and tumors, such as in the formula Huó Luò Xiào Líng Dān (■ffective Channel-Activating ■lixir). For stomachache in the pattern of blood stasis and qi stagnation, it is combined with yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis) and chuān liàn zĭ (Fructus Toosendan) to relieve pain by activating blood and qi. For wind-damp arthralgia, it is commonly combined with qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae), dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis) and sāng zhī (Ramulus Mori) to dispel wind, transform dampness, and dredge channels and collaterals to relieve pain, such as in the formula Juān Bì Tāng (Impediment-Alleviating Decoction). For traumatic wounds and injuries, it is often combined with xuè jié (Sanguis Draconis), hóng huā (Flos Carthami) and ér chá (Catechu) to activate blood and transform stasis to relieve pain and swelling, such as in the formula Qī Lí Săn (Seven-Li Powder). 2. For abscesses and ulcers, it mainly acts to alleviate swelling and improve tissue regeneration. For in■ammatory sores and abscesses in the early stage, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and mò yào (Myrrha) to relieve swelling by clearing toxic heat, such as in the formula Xiān Fāng Huó Mìng Yĭn (Immortal Formula Life-Giving Beverage). For chronic ulcers, it is generally combined with mò yào (Myrrha) and applied topically in powder form to increase the effects. For chronic carbuncles, scrofula and lumps, it is commonly combined with mò yào (Myrrha), shè xiāng (Moschus) and xióng huáng (Realgar) to activate blood, soften the lumps, clear toxins and relieve swelling, as in the formula Xĭng Xiāo Wán (Remarkably Reducing Pill). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-9 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. It is better to dry fry it or fry it until it smokes before use, because it may irritate the stomach if used directly unprepared. For external use: the powder is applied topically. The vinegar-fried one is better at moving qi to relieve pain. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is bitter and melts easily in decoction so that it often causes nausea and vomiting if used in a large dose or on a person with a vulnerable stomach. It is not suitable for pregnant women, or any patients without blood stasis. It is prohibited to apply orally for patients with ulcerated abscesses, and to apply topically for patients with profuse pus discharge. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains resin, gum, essential oils and bitter substance. The resin

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is composed of liber α-, β-boswellic acid and syntenic boswellic acid, while the essential oils are composed of pinene, limonene and α-, β-phellandrenen. ［Pharmacological Research］ It can relieve pain and inflammation. Orally administered, it can increase the amount of multinuclear leukocytes, improve the discharge and transformation of inflammatory exudates and improve the healing of wounds. It can greatly relieve gastric mucosa damage from aspirin, butazodine and reserpine, and can also reduce the pylorus ligated gastric ulcer index and the free acidity of gastric juice.

Mò Yào 没药 MYRRHA Myrrh ［Source］ Initially appeared in Treatise on Medicinal Properties in the Tang Dynasty (about 618-907 A.D.). It is the gum resin of Commiphora myrrha ■ngl., or other similar bushes or small trees of the family Burseraceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Mò yào is the name transliteration from Arabic or Sanskrit. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Somalia, ■thiopia and the southern Arabian peninsula; that which is produced in Somalia is the best in quality. ［Collection］ The white gum resin is collected from November to the following February, and air dried. That with strong fragrance, brownish-red color and less impurities is the best. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is crushed into powder for use, or fried at low temperature until it smokes, or fried with vinegar. ［Properties］ Bitter, acrid; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver, spleen. ［Characteristics］ It is similar to rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) in actions, but neutral in nature. It is good at activating blood, relieving pain and swelling, and improving tissue regeneration, and is commonly applied for pain that is due to blood stasis or in■ammation. ［Actions］ Activates blood, relieves pain and swelling, and improves tissue regeneration. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For pain, abdominal masses, arthralgia, and traumatic wounds and injuries, it can relieve the pain and swelling by moving qi and blood. For chest pain, stomachache and tumors due to qi and blood stagnation, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) and rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) to activate blood, transform stasis and unblock collaterals to relieve pain and tumors, such as in the formula Huó Luò Xiào Líng Dān (■ffective Channel-Activating ■lixir). For stomachache in the pattern of blood stasis and qi stagnation, it is combined with yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis) and chuān liàn zĭ (Fructus Toosendan) to relieve pain by activating blood and qi. For traumatic wounds and injuries, it is often combined with xuè jié (Sanguis Draconis), hóng huā (Flos Carthami) and ér chá (Catechu) to activate blood and transform stasis to relieve pain and

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swelling, such as in the formula Qī Lí Săn (Seven-Li Powder). 2. For abscesses and ulcers, it mainly acts to alleviate swelling and improve tissue regeneration. For in■ammatory sores and abscesses in the early stage, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) and rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) to relieve swelling by clearing toxic heat, such as in the formula Xiān Fāng Huó Mìng Yĭn (Immortal Formula Life-Giving Beverage). For chronic ulcers, it is generally combined with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) and applied topically in powder form to increase the effects. For chronic carbuncles, scrofula and lumps, it is commonly combined with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum), shè xiāng (Moschus) and xióng huáng (Realgar) to activate blood, soften the lumps, clear toxins and relieve swelling, such as in the formula Xĭng Xiāo Wán (Remarkably Reducing Pill). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-9 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. It is better to dry fry it or fry it until it smokes before use, because it may irritate the stomach if used directly unprepared. For external use: the powder is applied topically. The vinegar-fried one is good at activating blood, relieving pain and improving tissue regeneration and the healing of wounds. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is bitter and melts easily in decoction so that it often causes nausea and vomiting if used in a large dose or on a person with a vulnerable stomach. It is not suitable for pregnant women, or any patients without blood stasis. It is prohibited to apply orally for patients with ulcerated abscesses, and to apply topically for patients with profuse pus discharge. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains resin, gum and essential oils. The resin is mainly composed of resin acid, the essential oils are composed of isopropyl formaldehyde, cumminaldehyde and pinene, while the hydrolyzed product of the gum resin is mainly composed of arabinose, galactose and xylose. ［Pharmacological Research］ Its water extracts can inhibit various kinds of fungi. The oils and fats can reduce the blood cholesterin of male rabbits with hypercholesterolemia, so as to prevent the formation of the atheromatous plaques of the artery endarterium. It can activate the weak stomach and intestines to move faster. Its tincture can improve the healing of the mouth or throat mucus membrane ulcers. It also acts against in■ammation.

Zhú莪术 RHIZOMA CURCUMAE Curcumae Rhizome ［Source］ Initially appeared in Treatise on Medicinal Properties in the Tang Dynasty (about 618-907 A.D.). Its original name was péng é shù (蓬莪荗). It is the rhizome of Curcuma phaeocaulis Val., Curcuma kwangsiensis S. G. Lee et C. F. Liang, or Curcuma wenyujin Y. H. Chen et C. Ling, perennial herbs of the family Zingiberaceae. The latter listed herb is called wēn é zhú (温莪术). ［■xplanation of Name］ Its original name was mă yào (蒁药) or péng é zhú (蓬莪术). Péng and é are both alternative names of the plant mugwort, and zhú means “regenerated rhizome”. The sub-rhizomes grow

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underneath the previous ones, and the plant was considered as being from the mugwort botanical family. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangxi, Sichuan and Zhejiang of China. ［Collection］ The rhizomes are collected during winter when the leaves have withered. After impurities and ■brous roots are removed, they are washed clean with water, boiled or steamed well, and dried in the sun or in an oven at low temperature. The ■rm and fragrant rhizomes are of the best quality. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is soaked slightly, washed clean, steamed until soft, cut into thin slices and dried for use, or vinegar-fried ■rst before use. ［Properties］ Acrid, bitter; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, spleen. ［Characteristics］ Acrid, bitter and warmly dispersing in properties, it enters the liver channel to break up blood stasis and move stagnated liver qi so as to reduce lumps and relieve pain. It also enters the spleen channel to move stomach and large intestine qi, reduce food retention, and relieve abdominal distension and pain. It is thus commonly used for the patterns of blood stasis and intensive food retention. ［Actions］ Breaks up blood stasis, moves qi, reduces food retention and relieves pain. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, lumps and tumors, it can break up the stagnation of both qi and blood. For the above problems due to qi stagnation and blood stasis, it is often combined with sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii) to enhance the effects. For the above problems complicated by de■ciency, it is necessarily combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis) and sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii) to nourish qi and blood and break up the stagnation as well. For malaria in the chronic stage presenting with enlarged liver and spleen, it is combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis), dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) and sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii) to soothe the liver and resolve the enlargement. 2. For food retention complicated with abdominal distension, it is generally combined with sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii), mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) and zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) to enhance the effects. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: the powder is applied topically. The vinegar preparation is more effective in moving qi and relieving pain. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with profuse menstruation, because it breaks up the blood stasis and may cause bleeding. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains zedoary furanone, curcumenol, palmitic acid, curcumene, hexadecanoic acid and curcumine. Curcuma kwangsiensis S. G. Lee et C. F. Liang contains zedoary furanone, camphol, curcumenol, daucosterol, etc. Curcuma wenyujin Y. H. Chen et C. Ling contains germacrone, curdione, curcumenol, camphol, curcumene, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ Curcumenol and curdione from the volatile oils can directly inhibit cancer, improve immunity and increase the number of leukocytes. The volatile oils of Curcuma wenyujin Y. H. Chen et C. Ling can restrain the growth of a variety of pathogenic bacteria. The water extractives can inhibit platelet aggregation by showing the effect of anti-thrombosis. In addition, it shows effects of in■ammation, anti-early pregnancy and protecting the liver.

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Sān Léng 三棱 RHIZOMA SPARGANII Common Burreed Tuber ［Source］ Initially appeared in Supplement to ‘The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica’ (Bĕn Căo Shí Yí, 本草拾遗) in the Tang Dynasty (about 720 A.D.). It is the dried tuber of Sparganium stoloniferum Buch.-Ham., a perennial herb of the family Sparganiaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Sān “three” and léng “ridge”. Its leaves are long and narrow with three longitudinal ridges on the back side. It is also known as jīng sān léng (京三棱). ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Henan, Shandong, Jiangxi and Anhui provinces of China. ［Collection］ It is collected during the winter and the following spring. After cleaning it with water, the outer skin is scraped off and the tuber is dried in the sun. Firm ones with yellowish-white color are the best in quality. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is soaked well with water, cut into thin slices and dried for use, or vinegar-fried ■rst before use. ［Properties］ Bitter, acrid; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, spleen. ［Characteristics］ It is similar to é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae) in actions and clinical applications but more powerful. ［Actions］ Breaks up blood stasis, moves qi, reduces food retention and relieves pain. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, lumps and tumors, it can break up the stagnation of both qi and blood. For the above problems due to qi stagnation and blood stasis, it is often combined with é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae) to enhance the effects. For the above problems complicated by de■ciency, it is necessarily combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis) and é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae) to nourish qi and blood and break up the stagnation as well. For malaria in the chronic stage presenting with enlarged liver and spleen, it is combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis), dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) and é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae) to soothe the liver and resolve the enlargement. 2. For food retention complicated with abdominal distension, it is generally combined with é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae), qīng pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride) and mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Sān Léng Jiān (Sparganium Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. The vinegar preparation is more effective in relieving pain. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with profuse menstruation, because it breaks up the blood stasis and may cause bleeding. It is contraindicated for use together with yá xiāo (Natrii Sulfas). ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains volatile oils, organic acids, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol,

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formononetin, daucosterol, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction shows effects of anti-coagulation, antithrombosis, inhibiting platelet aggregation, decreasing whole blood viscosity and increasing myocardial blood ■ow. It can directly destroy tumor cells and excite the uterus as well. ［Notes］ The name sān léng initially appeared in Supplement to ‘The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica’ in the Tang Dynasty (about 720 A.D.). It is now realized that this kind of sān léng, which is recorded in this book as looking like wū méi (Fructus Mume), is similar to the tuber of Scirpus ■uviatilis (Torr.) A. Gray (a perennial herb of the family Cyperaceae) in appearance, and is different from the species under discussion, but still remains used medicinally in some areas of China under the name of hēi sān léng (黑三棱).

Yán HúSuǒ 延胡索 RHIZOMA CORYDALIS Corydalis Rhizome ［Source］ Initially appeared in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing (Léi Gōng Páo Zhì Lùn, 雷公炮炙论) in the Northern and Southern Dynasties (about 400 A.D.). It is the dried tuber of Corydalis yanhusuo W. T. Wang, a perennial herb of the family Papaveraceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Its original name was xuán hú suŏ (玄胡索), where xuán means “north”, hú is the name of the Donghu nationality in ancient times, and suŏ means “exploration and discovery”. The herb was originally found by the people of the Donghu nationality in the north of China. The character xuán supposedly offended the honorable name of the emperor of the Song Dynasty and had to be changed to yán (延) instead, so the name became yán hú suŏ. It is also known as yuán hú (元胡). ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Dongyang and Pan’an of Zhejiang Province, and in Jiangsu, Hubei and Hunan provinces of China. ［Collection］ It is collected in the early summer when the stems and leaves start to wither. After the fibrous roots are removed, it is cleaned with water, boiled well and left in the sun for drying. The big, plump and ■rm tubers with yellowish cross-section are of the best quality. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is cleaned with water, moistened thoroughly, and cut into thick slices or crushed for use. Alternately, it is fried with vinegar ■rst before use. ［Properties］ Acrid, bitter; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver, spleen. ［Characteristics］ Acrid, bitter and warmly dispersing in property, it mainly enters the heart, liver and spleen channels to effectively activate blood and qi movement. It is commonly used for pain but particularly pain in the pattern of qi stagnation and blood stasis complicated with cold, and for this the vinegar-prepared herb is more effective. ［Actions］ Activates blood, moves qi and relieves pain.

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［Clinical Applications］ For pain in the pattern of qi stagnation and blood stasis, it can be used alone or in combination to relieve the pain by means of activating qi and blood. For chest and abdominal pain due to liver qi stagnation and blood stasis, it is often combined with chuān liàn zĭ (Fructus Toosendan) to enhance the effect, such as in the formula Jīn Líng Zĭ Săn (Toosendan Powder). For heart pain due to qi stagnation and blood stasis complicated with cold retention, it is often combined with gāo liáng jiāng (Rhizoma Alpiniae Of■cinarum), tán xiāng (Lignum Santali Albi) and bì bá (Fructus Piperis Longi) to relieve pain by means of resolving cold and moving qi and blood, such as in the formula Kuān Xiōng Wán (Chest-Relieving Pill). For epigastric stabbing pain with acid regurgitation in the pattern of blood stasis, it is often combined with sān qī (Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng) and wū zéi gŭ to relieve pain by transforming blood stasis and counteract gastric acid. For pain in the sides of the lower abdomen and testicular swelling and pain due to cold attack of the liver channel complicated with blood stagnation, it is often combined with jú hé (Semen Citri Reticulatae), xiăo huí xiāng (Fructus Foeniculi) and wū yào (Radix Linderae) to relieve pain by unblocking the liver channel, moving qi and resolving the cold. For dysmenorrhea and postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stasis, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), hóng huā (Flos Carthami) and ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) to relieve pain by activating blood. For traumatic swelling and pain, it is often combined with xuè jié (Sanguis Draconis), rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) and mò yào (Myrrha) to enhance the effect. For exterior wind-damp arthralgia, it is often combined with qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae) and guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) to relieve pain by dispelling wind and dampness, and by unblocking the channels. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction or 1-3 g in powder, and taken with warm water. The vinegar-prepared herb is more effective in relieving pain. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women as it activates blood and moves qi and may cause vaginal bleeding. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains alkaloids such as corydalis A, B, C (protopine), and D. It also contains starch, volatile oils and resin. ［Pharmacological Research］ Many kinds of preparation all show remarkable analgesic effects. Among them, corydalis B also shows excellent effects of sedation, hypnosis and tranquilization. The ethanol extractives can remarkably dilate the coronary arteries, decrease coronary artery resistance, increase blood ■ow and effectively control experimental arrhythmia. Dehydrocorydaline can relieve ulcers by reducing gastric juice secretion in experimental animals, and can act directly against ulceration as well.

YùJīn 郁金 RADIX CURCUMAE Turmeric Root Tuber ［Source］ Initially appeared in Treatise on Medicinal Properties in the Tang Dynasty (about 618-907 A.D.). It is the dried root of Curcuma Wenyujin Y. H. Chen et C. Ling, Curcuma longa L., Curcuma kwangsiensis S. G. Lee et C. F. Liang, or Curcuma phaeocaulis Val., perennial herbs of the

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family Zingiberaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Yù “plant with fragrant ■ower” and jīn “gold”. The plant smells fragrant, and the root is of golden color. It is also known as mă shù (马蒁). ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Sichuan and Guangxi of China. ［Collection］ It is collected during winter. After the sediment and ■brous roots are removed, it is steamed well and then dried. The big and solid roots with aromatic fragrance, small and shallow wrinkles on the outer skin, and yellowish and glossy cross-sections are of the best quality. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is washed clean, moistened completely, and cut into thin slices or crushed into small pieces for use. ［Properties］ Acrid, bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, heart, gallbladder. ［Characteristics］ It is acrid so that it can disperse qi and blood, and bitter and cold so that it can clear and purge pathogens. It enters the heart, liver and gallbladder channels, and can effectively activate blood, relieve pain, cool blood, resuscitate the mind, soothe the liver, relieve stagnation, improve bile secretion to relieve jaundice and arrest bleeding. Thus it is particularly applied for the patterns of qi stagnation and blood stasis complicated with heat, liver qi stagnation transforming into ■re, heat bleeding, heat harassing the heart spirit and dampness heat obstructing the heart channel. ［Actions］ Activates blood, relieves pain, moves qi, cools blood, resuscitates the mind and improves bile secretion. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For the patterns of qi stagnation and blood stasis, it relieves pain and stagnation by activating both qi and blood. Since it is bitter and cold in property, it is more suitable for those cases with heat signs. For suffocating pain in the chest, it is commonly combined with zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii), chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) and ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) to active blood, move qi and relieve pain, such as in the formula Tuī Qì Săn (Qi-Pushing Powder). For amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea and breast distension in the pattern of liver qi stagnation and blood stasis complicated with transformed heat, it is often combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and dān pí (Cortex Moutan) to soothe the liver qi, clear heat, activate blood and dredge the channels, such as in the formula Xuān Yù Tōng Jīng Tāng (Depression-Releasing and Channel-Dredging Decoction). For enlarged liver and spleen in the pattern of qi stagnation and blood stasis, it is often combined with biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis), dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) and é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae) to activate blood and transform the enlargement. For chest and cardiac pain in the pattern of blood stasis, it is generally combined with chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), hóng huā (Flos Carthami) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to relieve pain by activating blood, moving qi and unblocking the channels. 2. For loss of consciousness and delirium due to febrile diseases and epilepsy, it clears the heart ■re and resuscitates the mind. For loss of consciousness or drowsiness accompanied by chest and stomach fullness due to dampness occupying the channels and the clear qi failing to supply the upper jiao, it is generally

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combined with shí chāng pú (Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii), zhú lì (Succus Bambusae) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to resuscitate the mind by resolving the damp phlegm and clearing the heat, such as in the formula Chāng Pú Yù Jīn Tāng (Grassleaf Sweet■ag and Turmeric Decoction). For loss of consciousness and delirium with high fever, it is commonly combined with niú huáng (Calculus Bovis), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to clear heat and resuscitate the mind, such as in the formula Niú Huáng Qīng Xīn Wán (Bovine Bezoar HeartClearing Pill). For fright epilepsy and mania due to phlegm-heat accumulation, it is often combined with bái fán (Alumen), such as in the formula Bái Jīn Wán (Alum and Turmeric Pill), or is combined with bái fán (Alumen), chán yī (Periostracum Cicadae) and quán xiē (Scorpio) to calm convulsions and the mind by clearing heat and resolving phlegm. 3. For bleeding triggered by fire transformed from liver-qi stagnation, or blood heat complicated with blood stasis, it arrests the bleeding effectively by cooling blood and dispersing the stagnated liver qi. For hematemesis, hematuria and menses-related epistaxis resulting from the above patterns, it is generally combined with niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae), mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to check bleeding by cooling blood, and to guide qi and blood downwards as well, such as in the formula Shēng Dì Tāng (Rehmannia Decoction). 4. For problems due to damp heat attacking the liver and gallbladder, it can improve bile secretion and relieve jaundice by draining damp heat. For jaundice in the pattern of damp heat accompanied with dark urine and bitter taste in the mouth, it is often combined with yīn chén hāo (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to relieve jaundice by draining and purging the dampness and heat. For gallbladder stones, it is often combined with hăi jīn shā (Spora Lygodii), jīn qián căo (Herba Lysimachiae) and jī nèi jīn (■ndothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli) to clear the pathogens from the liver and gallbladder, and to help remove or resolve the stones. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-12 g in decoction, 2-5 g in powder or pills. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is contraindicated for use with dīng xiāng (Flos Caryophylli). ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains volatile oils, which are mainly composed of pinene, sesquiterpene and curcumene. It also contains curcumine, nor-curcumine, amylum, polysaccharides and fatty oils. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows mild analgesic effect. It can decrease the lipidoses and the formation of atherosclerotic plaque in the aorta and coronary artery endarterium. Curcumine can protect the liver from damage, improve the secretion and excretion of bile, and reduce the urobilinogen of the urine. The water extractives inhibit many kinds of pathogenic bacteria. It can also lower blood lipids, tranquilize the mind, excite the uterus, counteract early pregnancy and protect the cardiac muscle.

Jiāng Huáng 姜黄 RHIZOMA CURCUMAE LONGAE Turmeric Root Rhizome ［Source］ Initially appeared in Tang Materia Medica (Táng Bĕn Căo, 唐本草) in the Tang Dynasty (about 618-907 A.D.). It is the dried rhizome of Curcuma longa L., a perennial herb of the

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family Zingiberaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Jiāng “ginger” and huáng “yellow”. The rhizome is yellow and looks like ginger. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan, Fujian and Jiangxi provinces of China. ［Collection］ The rhizome is collected during winter. It is boiled or steamed well ■rst, and then dried in the sun. The solid rhizomes with golden-yellowish cross-sections and rich aromatic fragrance are of the best quality. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is washed clean, moistened well, cut into slices and then dried in the sun for use. ［Properties］ Acrid, bitter; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, spleen. ［Characteristics］ It is acrid and warm so that it disperses qi and blood, and warmly unblocks the channels. It is bitter so that it can purge pathogens. It enters and acts strongly in the liver and spleen channels. It is good at activating blood, moving qi and dredging channels to relieve pain. It dispels wind-cold-dampness particularly from the arms and shoulders, so it is effectively applied for arm or shoulder arthralgia with cold signs, and pain due to qi stagnation and blood stasis and cold retention. ［Actions］ Activates blood, moves qi, dredges the channels and relieves pain. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For the patterns of qi stagnation and blood stasis, it relieves the pain by moving qi and blood. For serious heart or abdominal pain due to cold coagulation and qi stagnation and blood stasis, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and wū yào (Radix Linderae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Jiāng Huáng Săn (Turmeric Powder). For amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea due to blood stasis, it is often combined with é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to activate blood and dredge the channels, such as in the formula Jiāng Huáng Wán (Turmeric Pill). For traumatic swelling and pain, it is combined with táo rén (Semen Persicae) and sū mù (Lignum Sappan) to activate blood and relieve pain and swelling, such as in the formula Jiāng Huáng Tāng (Turmeric Decoction). 2. For wind-cold-dampness arthralgia, it can dispel the exterior pathogenic wind and cold superficially, and activate blood and move qi internally. It particularly enters the channels in the upper limbs to activate blood and unblock channels, and thus is applicable for arm or shoulder windcold-dampness arthralgia. For this purpose, it is often combined with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii) and fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) to enhance the effects on dispelling exterior wind dampness and relieving joint pain, such as in the formula Juān Bì Tāng (Impediment-Alleviating Decoction). 3. In addition, it is applicable for the early stage of abscesses, if combined with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) and applied topically in powder form, such as in the formula Rú Yì Jīn Huáng Săn (Perfect Golden-Yellow Powder). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or

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powder. For external use: it is powdered and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with blood de■ciency but without signs of qi stagnation and blood stasis, since it is dispersing in property and may cause bleeding. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains curcumine, turmerone, curcumene, phellandrene and camphol. ［Pharmacological Research］ The extractives can signi■cantly decrease blood lipids, increase myocardial nutritional blood supplements, increase the activity of plasmin and inhibit platelet aggregation. It can persistently improve bile secretion and gallbladder contraction. The decoction can activate the uterus and enhance uterine paroxysmal contractions. It also can inhibit in■ammation, ulcers, fertility, tumors, mutation and oxidation.

Dān Shēn 丹参 RADIX ET RHIZOMA SALVIAE MILTIORRHIZAE Danshen Root ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root and rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., a perennial herb of the family Labiatae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Dān “red” and shēn “ginseng”. The root and rhizome skin color is red, and the body looks like ginseng in shape. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan, Hebei, Anhui, Jiangsu, Gansu and Shanxi provinces of China. ［Collection］ The root and rhizome are collected in the early spring and the late autumn. The sediment and the basal part of the stem are removed, and the root and rhizome are then dried in the sun. The clean ones without ■brous roots and impurities, and big and dry with red outer skin color are the best in quality. ［Processing］ After impurities and the residual stem are removed, it is washed clean, moistened completely and cut into thick slices for use, or stir-fried with wine ■rst. ［Properties］ Bitter; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver. ［Characteristics］ It is bitter and cold in property so that it can clear heat and purge pathogens. It enters the heart and liver channels, and is good at activating blood and transforming blood stasis to relieve pain, and clear heart ■re and cool blood to tranquilize or resuscitate the mind. It is mainly used for problems due to blood stasis, blood heat or heat harassing the heart spirit, and also for toxicheat abscesses and swelling. It was recorded in an ancient book that “dān shēn powder alone acts like the formula Sì Wù Tāng (Four Substances Decoction)”, testifying that dān shēn alone is able to achieve the same effects as four other herbs do. ［Actions］ Activates blood, dredges channels, cools blood, relieves abscesses, and tranquilizes and resuscitates the mind.

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［Clinical Applications］ 1. For amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, irregular menstruation and postpartum abdominal pain in the pattern of blood stasis, it is rather effective in activating blood and transforming blood stasis, and often serves as an essential herb for the treatment of gynecological problems. It is slightly cold in nature, so is more suitable for cases complicated with heat. For dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea and irregular menstruation, it can be used alone in powder, which is known as Dān Shēn Săn (Danshen Powder), and taken with aged wine, or in combination with hóng huā (Flos Carthami), táo rén (Semen Persicae) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to enhance the ef■cacy. For postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stasis, it is often combined with yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), etc. For patients with lochiorrhea, it can be combined with yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri), hóng téng (Caulis Sargentodoxae), bài jiàng căo (Herba Patriniae), etc. 2. For heart and abdominal pain, abdominal masses and traumatic injuries, it can relieve the pain and resolve the masses by activating blood and transforming the blood stasis. For heart and abdominal stabbing pain due to blood stasis, it is often combined with tán xiāng (Lignum Santali Albi) and shā rén (Fructus Amomi) to activate blood and move qi to relieve pain, such as in the formula Dān Shēn Yĭn (Danshen Beverage). For chest constriction and heart pain due to blood stasis obstructing the heart vessels, it is often combined with chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra), hóng huā (Flos Carthami) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to relieve the symptoms by activating blood and the vessels, such as in the formula Guàn Xīn Èr Hào Fāng (Coronary Heart Disease Formula II). For abdominal masses, and enlarged liver and spleen, it is often combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii), é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae) and biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) to soothe the liver and dissipate stasis and masses. For traumatic swelling and pain, it is often combined with mò yào (Myrrha) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to dissipate stasis, disperse swelling and relieve pain. 3. For sores, ulcers, abscesses and heat arthralgia, it generally relieves pain and swelling by cooling and activating blood, and clearing toxic heat as well. For sores, ulcers, abscesses and swelling in the early stage due to toxic-heat accumulation, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) to relieve swelling by clearing toxic heat and cooling blood. For heat arthralgia manifested by inflammation of the joints, it is often combined with rĕn dōng téng (Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae), luò shí téng (Caulis Trachelospermi) and hóng téng (Caulis Sargentodoxae) to relieve the pain and swelling by dispelling exterior wind and dampness, clearing toxic heat and cooling blood. 4. For problems due to heat invasion of the blood, and heart palpitations and insomnia, it can calm the heart and tranquilize the mind by clearing heat. For heat invasion of the blood manifested as fever aggravated during the night, mental irritation, delirium, thirst, maculae or papulae, it is usually combined with xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae), jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to clear the heat from the blood, enrich yin and activate blood, such as in the formula Qīng Yíng Tāng (Ying Level-Clearing Decoction). For heat invasion of the blood manifested as high fever, delirium, maculae and papulae, bleeding and crimson-colored tongue, it is usually combined with chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra),

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mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and shuĭ niú jiăo (Cornu Bubali) to clear toxic heat, cool blood, and calm and resuscitate the mind. For heart palpitations and insomnia due to yin and blood deficiency complicated with heat stirring inside, it is often combined with suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to enrich yin and blood, and calm the heart and mind as well, such as in the formula Tiān Wáng Bŭ Xīn Dān (Celestial ■mperor HeartSupplementing ■lixir). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-15 g usually and 30 g maximum in decoction, or made into pills or powder. Stir-frying with wine can improve the effect of activating blood. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women or patients with profuse menstruation, since it can activate blood and may cause bleeding. It is contraindicated for use with lí lú (Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri). ［Ingredients］ It contains tanshinone, isotanshinone, cryptotanshinone, isocryptotanshinone, hydroxy-tanshinone, miltionone, L-dihydro tanshinone, tanshinol, protocatechualdehyde, dihydroxy benzoic acid, lactic acid, vitamin ■, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ The injection and decoction can dilate the coronary arteries and peripheral vessels to increase the blood ■ow, slow down the heart rate, reduce myocardial ischemic injury, effectively protect ischemic brain tissue, improve ■brinolysis to achieve anticoagulant effect, improve microcirculation, act against thrombosis, reduce carbon tetrachloride-induced liver tissue damage, promote the regeneration of liver cells, inhibit the proliferation of liver ■brosis, dissipate and absorb ■ber that has formed, adjust humeral and cellular immunity, inhibit bacteria, in■ammation and allergy, relieve fever, tranquilize the mind, relieve pain, lower blood sugar, blood pressure and cholesterol, improve kidney function, resist oxidation, improve the healing of bone fractures and act against tumors.

Táo Rén 桃仁 SEMEN PERSICAE Peach Kernel ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was hé táo rén (桃核仁). It is the dry and mature seeds of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch or Prunus davidiana (Carr.) Franch., deciduous small trees of the family Rosaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Táo (桃) means “peach”, which is composed of two Chinese character components “木” and “兆”. “木” means “wood”, and “兆” “multiple”. The peach tree always grows lots of ■owers, and the seeds are used medicinally. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan, Shaanxi, Hebei, Shandong and Henan provinces of China. ［Collection］ The seeds are collected during the summer and autumn when the fruit is mature, and then are extracted and dried in the sun. The big and plump ones with white insides are of the best quality.

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［Processing］ It is simply cleaned for use, or blanched quickly in boiling water or dry-fried at a low temperature and then pounded before use. ［Properties］ Bitter, sweet; neutral; slightly toxic. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver, large intestine. ［Characteristics］ Bitter, sweet, neutral and lubricating, it enters the heart and liver channels and is good at activating blood and transforming stasis. It can also enter the lung and large intestine channels to lubricate the large intestine and alleviate cough and wheezing, and often serves as an essential herb for the treatment of constipation with dry stools, bowel abscesses, lung abscesses, cough and wheezing. ［Actions］ Activates blood and transforms blood stasis, lubricates the large intestine to improve bowel movements, and suppresses cough and wheezing. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For the patterns of blood stasis either in acute or chronic cases, it shows strong effects on activating blood and transforming blood. For dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea due to blood stasis, it is often combined with hóng huā (Flos Carthami), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Táo Hóng Sì Wù Tāng (Peach Kernel and Carthamus Four Substances Decoction). For postpartum lochiorrhea and cold pain in the lower abdomen due to cold attack and blood de■ciency, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and páo jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum) to activate and nourish blood, and warm the channels to relieve pain, such as in the formula Shēng Huà Tāng (■ngendering and Transforming Decoction). For traumatic swelling and pain, it is combined with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei), chuān shān jiă (Squama Manitis) and hóng huā (Flos Carthami) to activate blood and transform blood stasis, and relieve swelling and pain, such as in the formula Fù Yuán Huó Xuè Tāng (Original Qi-Restoring and Blood-Moving Decoction). For uterine myoma in the pattern of blood stasis, it is usually combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to reduce the tumor by activating blood and transforming stasis, such as in the formula Guì Zhī Fú Líng Wán (Cinnamon Twig and Poria Pill). 2. For abscesses, it activates blood, relieves swelling, helps expel pus to improve recovery, lubricates the large intestine, and relieves cough and wheezing. For lung abscesses with the symptom of coughing with purulent bloody sputum, it is often combined with wĕi jīng (Caulis Phragmitis) or lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis), guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) and yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis) to relieve the abscesses by clearing the lung heat, and improving the expulsion of pus, such as in the formula Wĕi Jīng Tāng (Phragmites Stem Decoction). For bowel abscesses with abdominal pain, it is often combined with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei), mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and dōng guā zĭ (Semen Benincasae) to relieve the abscesses by purging the bowel and transforming the abscesses, such as in the formula Dà Huáng Mŭ Dān Pí Tāng (Rhubarb and Peony Decoction). 3. For constipation with dry stools, it can lubricate the bowels and induce diarrhea. Xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), băi zĭ rén (Semen Platycladi), and sōng zĭ rén (Semen Pini Koraiensis) are commonly used together with it to enhance the effect, such as in the formula Wŭ Rén Wán (Five Kernels Pill). 4. Additionally, it can effectively relieve coughing and wheezing, with xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae

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Amarum) and sū zĭ (Fructus Perillae) commonly combined to enhance the effects. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-9 g, pounded ■rst for decoction; also in pills. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It may cause poisoning if over used, which generally manifests as dizziness, nausea, listlessness and tiredness in light cases, and respiratory failure in severe cases. It is not allowed to be used during pregnancy or for patients with blood deficiency. Over-use is prohibited. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains liposomes, steroids, ■avones and carbohydrates. Liposomes are mainly composed of tri-acylglycerol alcohol, steroids are mainly composed of β-sitosterol and campesterol, and flavones are mainly composed of prudomenin and salipurpol. It also contains amygdali, phospholipids and proteins. ［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction can improve the uterine contractions of firstbirth women and contribute to uterine recovery and hemostasis, reduce exudation in the early stage of in■ammation, increase cerebral blood ■ow, decrease cerebral vascular resistance, inhibit blood coagulation, thrombosis, in■ammation and allergy, calm the mind and coughing, and lubricate the bowels. Amygdali inside the body can be transformed slowly into a small amount of hydrocyanic acid, which can slightly inhibit the respiratory center to suppress coughing and wheezing.

Hóng Huā 红花 FLOS CARTHAMI Safflower ［Source］ Initially appeared in Tang Materia Medica in the Tang Dynasty (about 618-907 A.D.). Its original name was hóng lán huā (红蓝花). It is the dried flower of Carthamus tinctorius L., a perennial herb of the family Compositae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Hóng “red” and huā “■ower”. The ■ower is red. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Henan, Hebei, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces of China; that which is produced in Fengqiu and Yanjin, Henan Province is the best in quality. ［Collection］ It is collected during the summer when the flower is turning from yellow to red, and then dried in the shade or the sun. The bright red, soft ■owers with long ■ower crown and no thorns or extraneous projections are of the best quality. ［Processing］ Impurities are cleaned away before use. ［Properties］ Acrid; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver. ［Characteristics］ It is acrid and warm so that it can warmly activate blood, transform blood stasis and unblock channels. It is commonly used for many kinds of problems caused by blood stasis. Since it is warm in nature, it is most effective for patterns complicated with cold. ［Actions］ Activates blood, unblocks channels, transforms stasis and relieves pain. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea and postpartum abdominal pain, it is good at activating blood, unblocking channels and relieving pain.

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For dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea caused by blood stasis, it is decocted by itself with wine and applied internally, such as the formula Hóng Lán Huā Jiŭ (Saf■ower Wine); or is combined with táo rén (Semen Persicae) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to activate blood, transform stasis, dredge channels and relieve pain, such as in the formula Táo Hóng Sì Wù Tāng (Peach Kernel and Carthamus Four Substances Decoction) and Gé Xià Zhú Yū Tāng (■xpelling Stasis Below the Diaphragm Decoction). For postpartum abdominal pain, it is combined with yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to enhance the effects. 2. For chest constriction, heart pain, abdominal masses and traumatic injuries, it effectively relieves the symptoms by activating blood, transforming blood stasis and dredging channels. For chest constriction and heart pain, it is often combined with chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Guàn Xīn Èr Hào Fāng (Coronary Heart Disease Formula II). For abdominal masses with signs of qi stagnation and blood stasis, it is often combined with sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii), é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae) and shēng mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) to activate blood, move qi, and resolve stasis and masses. For traumatic swelling and pain, it is combined with táo rén (Semen Persicae), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) to relieve swelling and pain by resolving stasis and activating blood. 3. For macular eruptions with dark purple color, it can effectively relieve the eruptions by activating blood. For cases due to blood toxic-heat accumulation, it is generally combined with zĭ căo (Radix Arnebiae), dà qīng yè (Folium Isatidis) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to relieve the problem by clearing toxic heat, cooling blood and resolving blood stasis, such as in the formula Dāng Guī Hóng Huā Săn (Chinese Angelica and Saf■ower Powder). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-9 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. A small dose can mildly activate blood and unblock the channels, while a large dose can drastically break up blood stasis and induce labor in pregnant women. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with profuse menses, because it is strong in activating blood and may cause bleeding. ［Ingredients］ It contains saf■or yellow, carthamin, carthamone, new-carthamin, chlorogenic acid, catechin, various kinds of volatile components, amino acids, polysaccharides, β-sitosterol, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ The water extractives can remarkably excite the experimental animal uterus, especially the pregnant ones. A large dose application can induce uterine convulsions. It can slightly excite the heart, increase coronary blood ■ow, decrease coronary resistance, inhibit myocardial ischemia and arrhythmia, lower blood pressure, prevent platelet aggregation, enhance ■brinolysis activity, inhibit thrombosis, lower blood lipids and relieve pain. ［Notes］ Hóng Lán Huā Jiŭ (Saf■ower Wine) was recorded as early as the Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (Jīn Guì Yào Lüè, 金匮要略), written by Zhang Zhong-jing in the Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.).

YìMǔCǎo 益母草 HERBA LEONURI Motherwort ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han

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Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). The original name was chōng wèi jīng (茺蔚茎). It is the fresh or dried above-ground part of fresh or dried Leonurus japonicus Houtt., an annual herb of the family Labiatae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Yì “benefit”, mŭ “motherhood” and căo “herb”. It is good at activating blood and regulating menstruation and is particularly applicable for womens’ problems. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces of China. ［Collection］ The above-ground part is collected in the summer and dried in the sun. The young tender plants with light greenish color and flourishing leaves are of the best quality. ［Processing］ After the impurities and the residual roots are removed, the fresh plant is washed clean quickly and cut into segments for use. Alternately, the dried plant is washed clean quickly, moistened completely, cut into segments and dried for use. ［Properties］ Acrid, bitter; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver, bladder. ［Characteristics］ It is acrid, bitter and slightly cold so that it can activate blood, transform blood stasis and clear heat as well. In addition to the heart and liver channels, it also enters the bladder channel to relieve edema by improving urination. It also can counteract toxic heat and thus it is very suitable for edema due to both blood and ■uid stagnation, as well as for sores, abscesses and eruptions due to blood stasis and toxic-heat retention. ［Actions］ Activates blood, transforms blood stasis, drains ■uid through urination and clears toxic heat. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For the patterns of blood stasis either in acute or chronic cases, it can effectively activate blood, transform blood stasis and dredge blood vessels to improve the blood supply. For dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea and postpartum pain due to blood stasis, it alone can be extracted into paste and applied internally, such as Yì Mŭ Căo Gāo (Motherwort Paste), or can be used in combination with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), such as in the formula Yì Mŭ Wán (Motherwort Pill). For traumatic swelling and pain, it is often used in combination with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) and mò yào (Myrrha), and applied in decoction internally, or in powder topically. 2. For edema related to blood stasis, it induces diuresis and activates blood at the same time. It can be used alone in decoction, or in combination with bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) and zé lán (Herba Lycopi) to enhance the effects. 3. For sores, abscesses and skin eruptions, it is able to clear toxic heat and activate blood to relieve swelling. For sores and abscesses marked by swelling and pain, it is often combined with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), zĭ huā dì dīng (Herba Violae) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae), and applied internally in decoction, or applied alone topically in paste. For skin eruptions with itching, it is often combined with kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis), bái xiān pí (Cortex Dictamni) and dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae), and applied internally or

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externally in decoction. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g generally, and 30 g maximum for decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is decocted ■rst and used to steam or rinse the skin, or the fresh herb is pounded ■rst and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women or patients with yin and blood de■ciency, since it activates blood and may cause bleeding, and its bitter property may consume the body’s yin ■uid. ［Ingredients］ It contains leonurine, tachydrine, motherwort diterpenoid, benzoic acid, lauric acid, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction and water extractives can excite the uterus of many kinds of animals, and increase the contraction frequency and amplitude of the uterus. The injection increases the coronary blood flow, slows down the heart rate and inhibits myocardial ischemia. The decoction also can improve microcirculation, inhibit experimental thrombosis and improve renal function to remarkably increase urination. The water extractives also can inhibit skin fungus, and inhibit platelet aggregation and thrombosis.

Attachment: Chōng Wèi Zǐ 茺蔚子 Fructus Leonuri ［Source］ It is the dried mature fruit of yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri). ［Properties］ Sweet; slightly cold. ［Actions］ Activates blood, regulates menses, clears liver ■re and improves vision. ［Clinical Applications］ Irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, amemorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain, and headache and in■amed eyes due to liver heat. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-15 g in decoction. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It may expand the pupils of the eyes, so is prohibited for patients with glaucoma. Poisoning cases have also been reported recently, so over-use is not encouraged.

Zé Lán 泽兰 HERBA LYCOPI Hirsute Shiny Bugleweed Herb ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the above-ground part of Lycopus lucidus Turcz. var. hirtus Regel, a perennial herb of the family Labiatae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Zé “marshland” and lán “fragrant grass”. It normally grows in marshland, and the leaf is fragrant and looks like that of an orchid. ［Habitat］ It is produced all over China. ［Collection］ The above-ground part is collected during the summer and autumn, when the plant is flourishing, and dried in the sun. The

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young tender plants with beautiful green color and ■ourishing leaves are of the best quality. ［Processing］ After impurities and roots are removed, it is sprayed with clean water to moisten it slightly and then cut into segments for use. ［Properties］ Bitter, acrid; slightly warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, spleen. ［Characteristics］ Mild in properties and actions, it enters the liver and spleen channels to activate blood, transform blood stasis, dredge channels, reduce swelling and drain ■uid to relieve edema. It is widely used for problems due to blood stasis, blood stasis complicated with fluid retention, and sores, carbuncles and swelling. ［Actions］ Activates blood, resolves stasis, drains ■uid and relieves swelling. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain and irregular menses due to blood stasis, it is good at activating blood and resolving stasis to regulate menstruation. It is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) and yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri) to enhance the effects. 2. For stabbing pain in the chest, traumatic injuries, abscesses and carbuncles, it relieves the pain and swelling by activating blood and resolving stasis. For stabbing pain in the chest due to liver and blood stagnation, it is often combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) and yù jīn (Radix Curcumae) to relieve the pain by soothing the liver and activating blood. For traumatic swelling and pain, it alone can be pounded ■rst and applied topically, or used in combination with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to enhance the effects. For abscesses and carbuncles, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) to clear toxic heat and resolve blood stasis to relieve swelling. 3. For edema and difficult urination, it increases urination by means of activating blood and improving water metabolism. For edema complicated with blood stasis, it is often combined with yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri), fáng jĭ (Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae) and fú líng (Poria) to enhance the effects. For postpartum dif■cult urination, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), wū yào (Radix Linderae) and fú líng (Poria) to improve urination by nourishing qi and blood, and by increasing the effects on inducing diuresis. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is ground into powder and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with blood de■ciency but no signs of blood stasis. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains volatile oils, which are composed of hexanal, benzaldehyde, perilla seed oil alkene and aromatic catalpol. It also contains ■avonoid glycoside, triterpene, tannins, saponins, resin and amino acids. ［Pharmacological Research］ The extractives can improve the obstructed microcirculation of experimental animals, dilate the diameter of the micrangium and speed up the blood ■ow velocity in the micrangium. The preparation can strengthen the cardiac muscle, lower blood viscosity and inhibit blood thrombosis.

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JīXuè Téng 鸡血藤 CAULIS SPATHOLOBI Suberect Spatholobus Stem ［Source］ Initially appeared in Supplement to ‘The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica’(Bĕn Căo Gāng Mù Shí Yí, 本草纲目拾遗) in the Qing Dynasty (about 1765 A.D.). It is the dry vine of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn, a woody climber of the family Leguminosae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Jī xuè “chicken blood” and téng “vine stem”. The fresh vine produces red sap like chicken blood when broken. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangxi, Yunnan, Guangdong and Fujian of China. ［Collection］ The vine is collected during the autumn and winter. The branches and leaves are cut off, and the vine is chopped into segments and dried in the sun for use. Those with more sap are of the best quality. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is washed clean with water, moistened thoroughly, cut into slices and dried for use. ［Properties］ Bitter, slightly sweet; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, kidney. ［Characteristics］ It is slightly bitter, slightly sweet and warm in property, and can both nourish and activate blood. It is more suitable for cases with blood deficiency and blood stasis complicated with cold invasion. It can activate and dredge collaterals and is thus applicable for limb numbness, paralysis, joint impediments and traumatic injuries. ［Actions］ Activates blood, toni■es blood, and dredges channels and collaterals. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea, it acts in two ways — activating and nourishing blood. It is widely used for womens’ problems no matter whether due to blood stasis or blood de■ciency. For the above cases due to qi stagnation and blood stasis, it is often combined with xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis) to activate qi and blood movement. For the above cases in the pattern of blood de■ciency and stasis, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and chuān xù duàn (Radix Dipsaci) to nourish blood, transform blood stasis, dredge channels and relieve pain. 2. For wind-damp arthralgia, limb numbness and hemiplegia, it is good at nourishing and activating blood, dredging the channels, and activating collaterals to relieve the pain and dysfunction. For wind-damp arthralgia with surrounding tissue impediment, it is often combined with wēi líng xiān (Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis), chuān niú xī (Radix Cyathulae) and hăi fēng téng (Caulis Piperis Kadsurae) to dispel wind and dampness, and enhance the effects on dredging the channels and relieving pain. For limb numbness due to blood de■ciency, it is often combined with chuān xù duàn (Radix Dipsaci), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and sāng zhī (Ramulus Mori) to relieve the numbness

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by tonifying blood and activating blood and collaterals. For hemiplegia in stroke, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dì lóng (Pheretima) and hóng huā (Flos Carthami) to dredge channels by strengthening qi and activating blood. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-15 g generally, and 30 g maximum in decoction. It also can be brewed in wine, and extracted into paste for use. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with profuse menstruation because it can effectively activate blood and may increase the bleeding. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains sterides and isoflavones. Sterides mainly include milletol and daucosterol. Iso■avones mainly include ononin and formononetin. It also contains triterpene, chalcone and epicatechin. ［Pharmacological Research］ The preparation can increase experimental animal blood flow and reduce vascular resistance. The decoction can remarkably counteract atheromatosis. It shows blood tonifying effect on anemia of experimental rabbits by increasing the amount of red blood cells and hemoglobin. A small dose of decoction can strengthen the rhythmic contraction of the uterus, and a larger dose can strengthen it more. Research showed that the pregnant uterus is more sensitive to its effects than the unpregnant uterus. It also can inhibit in■ammation and platelet aggregation, and lower the cholesterol level.

NiúXī牛膝 RADIX ACHYRANTHIS BIDENTATAE Two-toothed Achyranthes Root ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry root of Achyranthes bidentata Bl., a perennial herb of the family Amaranthaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Niú “cow” and xī “knee”. The knob of the stem looks like the knee joint of a cow’s front legs. It is also known as huái niú xī (怀牛膝), where huái is the ancient name of Huaiqing area in Henan Province. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Henan Province, but also in Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong and Jiangsu provinces of China. Those produced in Henan Province are the best in quality ［Collection］ The roots are collected in winter when the stems and leaves have withered. After the ■brous roots and sediment have been removed, they are dried in bundles in the sun. Long ones with ■ne skin, plump ■esh and yellowish-white cross-sections are of the best quality. ［Processing］ After impurities and residual rhizomes are removed, it is cleaned with water, moistened thoroughly, cut into segments and dried for use. Alternately, it is wine-fried ■rst for use. ［Properties］ Bitter, sour, sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, kidney. ［Characteristics］ It is bitter so that it purges pathogens downwards, and sour and sweet,

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which normally indicates that it can nourish the liver and kidney. The unprepared root, which is bitter in taste, is good at activating blood and unblocking channels, and thus is applicable for gynecological problems and for joint problems due to blood stasis. It is also good at draining water to relieve edema, purging damp heat through urination, and leading blood and ■re downwards, so is applicable for adverse ■ow of blood and ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang. The processed root, which is sweet in taste, usually tonifies the liver and kidney, and strengthens the bones and muscles, so is applicable for weakness in the lower part of the body due to liver and kidney de■ciency. In addition, it can lead other herbs to act more effectively in the lower part of the body. ［Actions］ Activates blood, dredges channels, nourishes the liver and kidney, strengthens bones and muscles, leads the blood and ■re downwards, induces diuresis and relieves stranguria. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain, abdominal masses due to blood stasis, retention of the placenta and traumatic injuries, it relieves the pain and other symptoms by activating blood, dredging the channels and leading the blood downwards. For dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain and retention of the placenta in the pattern of blood stasis, it can be steamed alone with wine and taken internally, or in combination with táo rén (Semen Persicae) and hóng huā (Flos Carthami) to enhance the effects. For abdominal masses, it is often combined with sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii), é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae) and dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) to transform blood stasis and masses. For traumatic swelling and pain, it is usually combined with xù duàn (Radix Dipsaci), hóng huā (Flos Carthami) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to activate blood and improve healing. 2. For weakness and aching pain in the lower part of the body due to liver and kidney deficiency, and wind-damp arthralgia in the legs, it is effective at nourishing the liver and kidney, strengthening the bones and muscles, and dredging the channels. For weakness and aching pain in the lower part of the body in the pattern of liver and kidney de■ciency, it is often combined with dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) and xù duàn (Radix Dipsaci) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Xù Duàn Wán (Himalayan Teasel Pill). For wind-damp arthralgia complicated with aching pain in the lower part of the body, which is normally due to liver and kidney de■ciency, it is usually combined with dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis) and sāng jì shēng (Herba Taxilli) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Dú Huó Jì Shēng Tāng (Pubescent Angelica and Mistletoe Decoction). For arthralgia in the lower part of the body due to damp heat pouring down, it is often combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) to drain dampness and heat, and dry up the dampness as well, such as in the formula Sān Miào Wán (Three Wonderful Herbs Pill). 3. For hematemesis and epistaxis triggered by heat, mouth ulcers, and headache and dizziness due to the ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is good at leading blood and ■re downwards. For hematemesis and epistaxis triggered by heat, it is often combined with zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) to arrest bleeding by clearing heat, cooling blood, and leading the blood and ■re downwards. For swollen and aching gums, and mouth ulcers due to yin de■ciency and stomach heat ■aming up, it is usually combined with shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) to suppress ■re, clear the stomach heat and nourish yin, such as in the formula Yù Nǚ Jiān (Jade Lady Decoction).

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For headache, vertigo and bloodshot eyes due to the ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is usually combined with dài zhĕ shí (Haematitum), lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) to relieve the symptoms by calming the liver yang and nourishing yin, such as in the formula Zhèn Gān Xī Fēng Tāng (Liver-Sedating and Wind-■xtinguishing Decoction). 4. For stranguria, edema and dif■cult urination, it relieves stranguria by inducing diuresis. For stranguria, it is often combined with dōng kuí zĭ (Semen Malvae), qú mài (Herba Dianthi) and huá shí (Talcum), such as in the formula Niú Xī Tāng (Achyranthes Decoction). For edema and dif■cult urination, it is often combined with fú líng (Poria), zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) and mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder, or wine-steeped. For the purpose of nourishing the liver and kidney, it should be processed with wine. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for pregnant women and patients with profuse menstruation, because it is strong in activating blood and may cause bleeding. ［Ingredients］ It contains triterpene saponins, which can actively stimulate animal uterine smooth muscles, and polysaccharides, which can inhibit tumors. It also contains ecdysterone and similar kinds of insect metamorphosis hormones, alkaloids, coumarin and amino acids. ［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction can strengthen uterine contractions. The alcohol infusions can inhibit the aldehyde-induced arthritis of rats and improve the recession of in■ammation. The insect metamorphosis hormones it contains can strongly improve protein synthesis. In addition, it relieves pain, lowers blood pressure, blood sugar and lipids, strengthens immunity, slows down aging, improves bile secretion, induces diuresis, and inhibits tumors and fertility.

Chuān NiúXī川牛膝 RADIX CYATHULAE Cyathula Root ［Source］ Initially appeared in Orthodox Interpretation of the Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Zhèng Yì, 本草正义) in the period of the Republic of China (about 1912-1949 A.D.). It is the dry root of Cyathula officinalis Kuan, a perennial herb of the family Amaranthaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Chuān “short name of Sichuan Province”, niú “cow” and xī “knee”. The knob of the stem looks like the knee joint of a cow’s front legs. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan Province, but also produced in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces of China; that which is produced in Tianquan, Sichuan Province, is the best in quality. ［Collection］ The roots are collected during the autumn and winter. After the basal part of the stem, ■brous roots and sediment are removed, the roots are baked or left in the sun to partially dry, left in a pile to let the moisture come out to the surface, and then dried again in the same way. The long ones with ■ne skin, plump ■esh and yellowish-white cross-sections are of the best quality.

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［Processing］ After the impurities and residual rhizomes are removed, the roots are cleaned with water, moistened thoroughly, cut into thin slices and dried directly for use, or wine-fried ■rst. ［Properties］ Sweet, slightly bitter; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, kidney. ［Characteristics］ It is bitter in taste and slightly cold in nature, so that it mainly has a descending effect. It enters the liver and kidney channels, and is effective for problems related to the liver and kidney organs and channels. It particularly acts on unblocking channels and collaterals, and transforming stasis, and is commonly used for patterns of blood stasis. It relieves stranguria by inducing diuresis, and leads blood and ■re down. Therefore it is applicable for problems due to damp heat pouring down, adverse ■ow of blood and ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang. ［Actions］ Activates blood, dredges channels, leads the blood and fire down and induces diuresis. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain, retention of the placenta, abdominal masses and traumatic injuries due to blood stasis, it relieves the pain and other symptoms by activating blood, dredging the channels and leading the blood downwards. For dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain and retention of the placenta in the pattern of blood stasis, it can be steamed alone with wine and taken internally, or used in combination with táo rén (Semen Persicae) and hóng huā (Flos Carthami) to enhance the effects. For abdominal masses, it is often combined with sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii), é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae) and dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) to transform blood stasis and masses. For traumatic swelling and pain, it is usually combined with xù duàn (Radix Dipsaci), hóng huā (Flos Carthami) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to activate blood and improve healing. 2. For aching pain in the lower part of the body due to wind-damp invasion, it relieves pain by activating blood and dredging channels. If the above problem worsens when exposed to coldness, it is often combined with dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis), sāng jì shēng (Herba Taxilli) and xù duàn (Radix Dipsaci) to enhance the effects. If the above problem manifests as joint in■ammation due to damp heat pouring down, it is usually combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and rĕn dōng téng (Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae) to relieve the symptoms by draining damp heat, drying dampness, cooling blood and dredging the channels. 3. For hematemesis and epistaxis triggered by heat, mouth ulcers, and headache and dizziness due to the ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is good at leading blood and ■re downwards. For hematemesis and epistaxis triggered by heat, it is often combined with zhĕ shí (Haematitum), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) to arrest bleeding by clearing heat, cooling blood and leading the blood and ■re downwards. For swollen and aching gums, and mouth ulcers due to yin deficiency and stomach heat flaming up, it is usually combined with shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) to suppress fire, clear the stomach heat and nourish yin. For headache, vertigo and bloodshot eyes due to the ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is usually combined with dài zhĕ shí (Haematitum), lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) to relieve the symptoms by calming the liver yang and nourishing yin. 4. For stranguria, edema and dif■cult urination, it relieves stranguria by inducing diuresis.

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For stranguria, it is often combined with chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis), qú mài (Herba Dianthi) and huá shí (Talcum), such as in the formula Niú Xī Tāng (Achyranthes Decoction). For edema and difficult urination, it is often combined with fú líng (Poria), dōng guā pí (■xocarpium Benincasae) and mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder, or wine-steeped. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for pregnant women and patients with profuse menstruation, because it is strong in activating blood and may cause bleeding. ［Ingredients］ It contains β-ecdysterone and trace elements. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects on the uterus. It also shows effects of antifertility, increasing secretion of bile, lowering blood lipids and improving the recovery of the liver. ［Notes］ The name chuān niú xī initially appeared in the Wu Zhi-ge’s Supplementation to Famous Formulas from Renowned Physicians (Wú Zhí Gé Zēng Zhū Jiā Míng Fāng, 吴直阁增诸 家名方) in the Song Dynasty (about 1208 A.D.). It was also recorded in Materia Medica of South Yunnan in the Ming Dynasty (about 1436 A.D.). However, the relevant contents are not suf■cient to prove that the species recorded in these books is the same herb that is under discussion here.

Attachment: TǔNiúXī 土牛膝 Radix et Rhizome Achyranthes ［Source］ It is the root and rhizome of Achyranthes longifolia Mak. and Achyranthes aspera L., perennial herbs of the family Amaranthaceae. ［Properties］ Bitter, sour; neutral. ［Actions］ Activates blood, transforms blood stasis, clears toxic heat and induces diuresis. ［Clinical Applications］ It is applicable for menstrual problems, postpartum abdominal pain, arthralgia, pain, sore throat, diphtheria, foot edema, hematuria and traumatic injury. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ Normally 10-15 g in decoction, and doubled if the fresh herb is used. ［Ingredients ＆ Pharmacological Research］ Research has shown that Achyranthes longifolia Mak. contains saponins, of which the aglycon is oleanolic acid, which has functions of promoting breathing and strengthening heart contractions.

Wáng BùLiúXíng 王不留行 SEMEN VACCARIAE Cowherb Seed ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried mature seed of Vaccaria segetalis (Neck.) Garcke, an annual herb of the family Caryophyllaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Wáng “king”, bù “not”, liú “keep” and xíng “moving”. It moves all the time such that even the king cannot order it to keep still. In action it is good at moving blood, urine and milk. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Heilongjiang,

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Liaoning, Hebei and Shandong provinces of China, with Hebei producing the greatest quantity. ［Collection］ The plant is harvested during the summer when most of the seeds turn yellowishbrown or even black. The plant is dried naturally and shaken or struck to yield the seeds, which are then dried in the sun. Plump seeds that are dark in color are the best in quality. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed the seeds are used directly, or dry-fried ■rst. ［Properties］ Bitter; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, stomach. ［Characteristics］ Bitter and neutral in property, it enters the liver and stomach channels. It is good at moving blood to treat blood stasis-caused problems like dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea and postpartum abdominal pain. It also moves milk and is applicable for poor lactation and mastitis. In addition, it increases urination and relieves stranguria. ［Actions］ Moves blood and milk ■ow, and induces diuresis. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea due to blood stasis, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and hóng huā (Flos Carthami) to enhance the effects. For cases complicated with liver qi stagnation, it is commonly combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), yù jīn (Radix Curcumae) and xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi) to conduct the liver qi and move the blood as well. 2. For postpartum poor lactation and mastitis due to liver qi stagnation, it is generally combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and chuān shān jiă (Squama Manitis) to increase lactation by dispersing the liver qi and moving the milk flow. For the above problems due to qi and blood deficiency, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and pig’s feet to nourish qi and blood and improve lactation. For mastitis in the early stage, it is often combined with guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) and lòu lú (Radix Rhapontici) to relieve the swelling by activating blood and draining toxic heat. 3. For common stranguria, blood stranguria and stone stranguria with heat or damp heat signs, it is often combined with huá shí (Talcum), shí wéi (Folium Pyrrosiae) and qú mài (Herba Dianthi) to clear heat or damp heat by improving urination. 4. In addition, the powder can be applied topically for herpes zoster. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-9 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is applied via seeds and plaster on the ear acupoints for acupressure. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women because it moves blood and may cause vaginal bleeding. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains saponins, flavonoid glycosides, isosaponarin, phytin, phosphatides and stigmasterine. ［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction can remarkably excite the animal uterus, and the alcohol extractives have even stronger effect. It can also relieve pain, and counteract the implantation of the fertilized ovum, early pregnancy and tumors.

Chuān Shān Jiǎ 穿山甲 SQUAMA MANITIS Pangolin Scales ［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the

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Northern and Southern Dynasties (about 420-589A.D.). Its original name was líng lĭ jiă (鲮鲤甲). It is the scale of Manis pentadactyla Linnaeus, an animal of the family Manidae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Chuān “going through”, shān “mountain” and jiă “■sh scale”. It digs caves for habitation in mountain areas, and scales like ■sh scales cover most of its body. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangdong, Hunan, Zhejiang and Fujian, and also in Taiwan and other areas of China. ［Collection］ It can be caught the whole year round. After the animal is killed, its body is blanched quickly in boiling water. The scales are then removed, washed clean and dried in the sun. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, the scales are sand-baked until bulging, which is called páo shān jiă (炮山甲). If sand-baked ■rst and vinegar quenched later, it is named cù shān jiă (醋 山甲). The scales are then crushed before use. ［Properties］ Salty; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, stomach. ［Characteristics］ It is salty and slightly cold so that it has a softening effect on masses and lumps. It is good at moving blood, unblocking channels and collaterals, and activating milk secretion and lactation, so it is commonly used for amenorrhea, abdominal masses, arthralgia, paralysis, traumatic injury and poor lactation. It also can relieve swelling and improve the healing of purulent infections, especially in the late stage. It is also applicable for scrofula. ［Actions］ Moves blood and milk ■ow, transforms blood stasis, unblocks channels, increases milk secretion, reduces swelling and improves the healing of purulent infections. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For amenorrhea, abdominal masses and arthralgia complicated with blood stasis inside, it alleviates pain and reduces lumps and masses by moving blood, activating blood stasis and unblocking channels. For amenorrhea due to blood stasis, it is often combined with chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and hóng huā (Flos Carthami) to enhance the effects. For masses and lumps, it is often combined with sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii), é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae) and tŭ biē chóng (■upolyphaga seu Steleophaga) to enhance the effects on transforming blood stasis and reducing the lumps. For arthralgia with in■exible joint movement, it is often combined with qí shé (Agkistrodon), wú gōng (Scolopendra) and qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii) to relieve the pain and in■exibility by dredging the channels and collaterals. 2. For postpartum insuf■cient lactation, it increases lactation by moving blood. If the problem is due to qi and blood de■ciency, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to increase the effects by nourishing qi and blood. If the problem is due to stagnation of the liver qi, it is often combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to help lactation by conducting the liver qi. If the problem is due to blood stasis, it is often used together with wáng bù liú xíng (Semen Vaccariae) and lòu lú (Radix Rhapontici) to enhance the effects.

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3. For carbuncles and scrofula, it relieves swelling and improves effective healing. For carbuncles in the early stage with serious swelling and pain, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) and zào jiăo cì (Spina Gleditsiae) to relieve pain and swelling by clearing toxic heat and moving blood, such as in the formula Xiān Fāng Huó Mìng Yĭn (Immortal Formula Life-Giving Beverage). For carbuncles in the late stage with sluggish pus discharge, it is necessarily combined with shēng huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to help the pus discharge and improve the healing by strengthening qi and blood, such as in the formula Tòu Nóng Săn (Pus-■xpelling Powder). For scrofula and subcutaneous nodules, it is often combined with xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae), zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii) and xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) to soften and melt the lumps and nodules by transforming the blood stasis and phlegm. 4. In addition, it is applicable for hyperplasia of the prostate gland. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-9 g in decoction, but better 1-1.5 g every time in powder. The sand-fried one is more commonly used. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with ulcerated carbuncles. ［Ingredients］ It contains fatty acids such as stearic acid, 16 kinds of free amino acids such as threonine, essential oils, alkaloids, cholesterol and a variety of trace elements. ［Pharmacological Research］ Its processed products show effects of dilating the blood vessels, decreasing peripheral resistance and signi■cantly increasing the femoral artery blood ■ow in experimental animals. It also can extend clotting time, reduce blood viscosity, increase white blood cells, relieve in■ammation and improve the tolerance to oxygen de■ciency.

Summary Chuān Xiōng vs. Jiāng Huáng Chuān Xiōng

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal Properties

Acrid; warm

Entered channels

Liver

Actions

Activates the ■ow of blood and qi, disperses exterior wind, relieves pain

Indications

·

Properties

—

Bitter

Entered channels

Gallbladder, pericardium

Spleen

Indications

Headache, chest and heart pain, chronic arthralgia, and sores and carbuncles due to blood stagnated inside

Cold arthralgia of the upper part of the body and cold pain in the heart and abdomen

Special features

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Jiāng Huáng

·

· ·

Menstrual disorders, abdominal masses and postpartum problems due to blood stasis Chest pain, arthralgia and traumatic injuries

Predominantly activates blood Acts on the head

· ·

More active in dispersing cold Acts more on the shoulders and arms

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424

Chinese Materia Medica Jiāng Huáng vs. Yù Jīn Jiāng Huáng

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Yù Jīn

Properties

Acrid, bitter

Entered channels

Liver

Actions

Activates blood and qi, transforms blood stasis and relieves pain

Indications

Chest and abdomen pain due to qi and blood stagnation, abdominal masses and lumps and menstrual problems due to blood stasis inside, and pain and swelling due to traumatic injuries

Properties

Warm

Cold

Entered channels

Spleen

Heart, gallbladder

Actions

—

Cools blood, resuscitates the mind, moves qi to relieve stagnation, tranquilizes the mind and improves the secretion of bile ·

·

Indications ·

More suitable for problems caused by blood stasis but complicated by coldness retention, and cold arthralgia occurring in the upper part of the body Used externally for sores and carbuncles

·

Problems caused by blood stasis but complicated by heat retention Lack of consciousness and delirium due to febrile disease, epilepsy in the pattern of heat phlegm, bleeding due to heat and blood stasis, damp-heat jaundice, and liver and spleen enlargement

É Zhú vs. Sān Léng É Zhú

Properties

Acrid, bitter

Similarities

Sān Léng

Entered channels

Liver, spleen

Actions

Breaks up blood stasis and qi stagnation, reduces food retention and relieves pain

Indications

Abdominal masses, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain, traumatic injuries and food retention with abdominal distending pain

Differences

Medicinal

Properties

Warm

Neutral

Special features

Better at breaking up qi stagnation

Better at breaking up blood stasis

Rŭ Xiāng vs. Mò Yào Rŭ Xiāng

Properties

Acrid, bitter

Similarities

Mò Yào

Entered channels

Heart, liver, spleen

Actions

Activates blood, alleviates pain and swelling, improves tissue regeneration

Indications

Heart and abdominal pain, amenorrhea, abdominal masses and carbuncles that are partly due to blood stasis, or traumatic pain and swelling

Differences

Medicinal

Properties

Warm

Neutral

Special features

Better at activating blood and dredging channels

Better at breaking up and transforming blood stasis

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Dān Shēn vs. Chuān Xiōng Dān Shēn

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Chuān Xiōng

Entered channels

Liver

Actions

Activates blood to relieve pain

Indications

Menstrual problems, abdominal masses, postpartum abdominal pain, chest constriction, heart pain, abdominal pain, carbuncles and sores, traumatic injuries and similar problems due to blood stasis

Properties

Bitter; slightly cold

Acrid; warm

Entered channels

Heart

Gallbldder, pericardium

Actions

Cools blood

Disperses exterior cold from the surface of the body

Indications

Problems due to blood heat and blood stasis, liver and spleen enlargement, and winddamp-heat arthritis

·

·

Problems caused by qi stagnation and blood stasis complicated by cold Chest pain due to liver qi stagnation, all kinds of headache and wind-cold-damp arthritis

Táo Rén vs. Hóng Huā Táo Rén

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Hóng Huā

Entered channels

Heart, liver

Actions

Activates blood and transforms blood stasis

Indications

Often used in combination for amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, abdominal masses and lumps, postpartum abdominal pain, chest pain, heart pain and traumatic pain

Properties

Bitter, sweet; neutral; slightly toxic

Acrid; warm

Entered channels

Large intestine

—

Actions

· · ·

Indications

· ·

Special features

Improves the healing of lesions Lubricates the bowels

Warmly dredges the channels, transforms skin pigmentation and relieves swelling

Intestinal abscesses and lung abscesses Constipation Cough and wheezing

Sores and carbuncles, tissue gangrene and pigmentation after macular eruption

Better at breaking up blood stasis

—

Hóng Huā vs. Xī hóng Huā Hóng Huā

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

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Xī Hóng Huā

Entered channels

Heart, liver

Actions

Activates blood and transforms blood stasis

Indications

Amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, abdominal masses and lumps, postpartum abdominal pain, chest constriction, heart pain, and traumatic swelling and pain due to blood stasis

Properties

Acrid; warm

Sweet; cold

Actions

Transforms skin pigmentation and swelling

·

Indications

Sores and carbuncles, tissue gangrene and pigmentation after macular eruption

Problems due to heat in the blood depression, panic and mania

Special features

Better at treating problems due to blood stasis and coldness

Better at treating problems in the pattern of blood stasis complicated with heat

·

Cools blood and counteracts toxic heat Calms the mind

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Chinese Materia Medica Niú xī vs. Chuān Niú Xī Niú Xī

Similarities

Medicinal Properties

Sweet; neutral

Entered channels

Liver, kidney

Actions

Transforms blood stasis, unblocks channels, induces diuresis and leads the blood and ■re downwards ·

Indications

Differences

Chuān Niú Xī

·

Menstrual problems, postpartum problems, joint pain, traumatic injuries, dif■cult urination, stranguria and similar problems related to blood stasis Hematemesis, epistaxis, gum bleeding, gum in■ammation, bloody urine, frequent mouth ulcers, and headache and vertigo due to the adverse ■ow of qi and ■re

Properties

Bitter, sour

Slightly bitter

Actions

Nourishes the liver and kidney

—

Indications

Weakness in the lower part of the body due to liver and kidney de■ciency

—

Chuān Shān Jiă vs. Wáng Bù Liú Xíng Chuān Shān Jiă

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Wáng Bù Liú Xíng

Entered channels

Liver, stomach

Actions

Activates blood, dredges channels, and improves lactation

Indications

Amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain, mastitis and poor lactation due to blood stasis

Properties

Salty; slightly cold

Actions

Reduces swelling and improves the healing Induces diuresis of abscesses and scrofula before ulceration

Indications

Carbuncles, scrofula, subcutaneous nodules

Special features

Better at transforming masses and lumps, — and dredging channels

Bitter; neutral

Stranguria and dif■cult urination

Review Questions 1. Give the de■nition of “herbs that invigorate blood and transform stasis” and their characteristics, actions, clinical applications and cautions. 2. What kind of herbs are usually used together with herbs that activate blood and transform stasis? Why? 3. Describe the characteristics, actions, clinical applications, cautions and contraindications of chuān xiōng, jiāng huáng, yù jīn, yán hú suŏ and dān shēn. 4. Describe the characteristics, actions, clinical applications, cautions and contraindications of xī hóng huā, yì mŭ căo, niú xī and chuān shān jiă. 5. There are several herbs in this chapter can activate both blood and qi. List their names and individual actions. 6. Compare the following herbs in characteristics, actions and clinical applications: chuān xiōng and yán hú suŏ; yù jīn and jiāng huáng; sān léng and é zhú; chuān xiōng and dān shēn; rŭ xiāng and mò yào. 7. Compare the following herbs in characteristics, actions and clinical applications: táo rén and hóng huā; hóng huā and xī hóng huā; yì mŭ căo and zé lán; huái niú xī and chuān niú xī. 8. Qiāng huó, fù zĭ, chì sháo, chuān liàn zĭ and chuān xiōng can all relieve pain. What are the differences in the

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characteristics and clinical applications? 9. Jī xuè téng, dān shēn, chuān xiōng, xiāng fù and ài yè all can regulate menstruation. What are the differences in the characteristics and clinical applications? 10. Jiāng huáng, niú xī, dān shēn, jī xuè téng and dú huó can all be used for arthralgia. What are the differences in the characteristics and clinical applications? 11. Jīng jiè, lián qiào, ròu guì, chuān shān jiă and rŭ xiāng can all be used for abscesses. What are the differences in the characteristics and clinical applications? 12. Bái zhĭ, găo bĕn, jú huā, wú zhū yú and chuān xiōng can all be used for headache. What are the differences in the characteristics and clinical applications? 13. Simply describe the dose, administration and cautions of rŭ xiāng and mò yào.

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Herbs that Transform Phlegm, Arrest Cough and Calm Wheezing Section 1

Herbs that Transform Phlegm / 429

Bàn Xià 半夏

/ 429

Tiān Nán Xīng 天南星

/ 432

Dăn Nán Xīng 胆南星 / 434

Jiè Zĭ 芥子

/ 434

Hăi Zăo 海藻

/ 452

Kūn Bù 昆布

/ 453

Section 2

Herbs that Arrest Cough and Calm Wheezing

Kŭ Xìng Rén 苦杏仁

Xuán Fù Huā 旋覆花

/ 436

Tián Xìng Rén 甜杏仁

/ 457

/ 437

Zĭ Sū Zĭ 紫苏子

Jié Gĕng 桔梗

/ 439

Zĭ Wăn 紫菀

Qián Hú 前胡

/ 441

Kuăn Dōng Huā 款冬花

Bái Qián 白前

Chuān Bèi Mŭ 川贝母 Zhè Bèi Mŭ 浙贝母

/ 442

/ 444

Zhú Rú 竹茹 Zhú Lì 竹沥

/ 446

/ 458

/ 448

Bái Guŏ 白果

/ 460

/ 461

Pí Pá Yè 枇杷叶

/ 463

Tíng Lì Zĭ 葶苈子

/ 450

Tiān Zhú Huáng 天竺黄

/ 457

Sāng Bái Pí 桑白皮

Tŭ Bèi Mŭ 土贝母 / 445

Guā Lóu 瓜蒌

Băi Bù 百部

/ 455

/ 455

/ 464 / 465

/ 467

Yín Xìng Yè 银杏叶

/ 469

/ 451

［De■nition］ Herbs with a primary action of expelling or transforming phlegm are called herbs that transform phlegm, and herbs with a primary action of relieving or arresting cough and wheezing are called herbs that arrest cough and calm wheezing. Some of these herbs can only transform phlegm, but some others can arrest cough and calm wheezing as well. ［Properties ＆ Actions］ Herbs in this category can be acrid or bitter in ■avor, and warm or cold in nature, and most of them enter the lung channel. Acrid herbs are dispersing in effect, and bitter ones are descending. Warm nature indicates that they can warm the lung and cold nature indicates heat clearing. Herbs in this chapter are able to arrest cough and calm wheezing by dispersing and descending the lung qi, and by transforming or expelling phlegm. ［Indications］ Herbs in this category are basically used for cough or wheezing with or without phlegm, and also for scrofula, goiters, subcutaneous nodules, lumps and multiple abscesses that are considered as phlegm blocking the channels, and for mental disorders, loss of consciousness and delirium with convulsions, hemiplegia, drowsiness and vertigo, which are considered as being due to invisible phlegm blocking the channels. ［Modifications］ Cough, wheezing and phlegm are cause and effect of each other, and course of disease, body constitution and accompanying symptoms vary in each case, so the herbs in this category are chosen and applied alone or in combination depending on the main complaint, pathogenesis and pattern differentiation. For example, if cough or wheezing is complicated by symptoms indicating exterior syndrome, herbs in this category should be used in combination with herbs for releasing the exterior. Similarly, herbs for clearing heat, warming the interior, nourishing the body and moving qi are respectively used in combination for cough or wheezing in the patterns of heat, cold, de■ciency and qi stagnation.

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［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Warm and drying herbs are not suitable for heat-phlegm or dry-phlegm patterns, cold herbs are not suitable for damp-phlegm and cold-phlegm patterns, and stimulating expectorant herbs are not suitable for coughs that may involve bleeding, so as to avoid provocation of bleeding. For cough in the early stage of measles eruption, warm herbs that particularly arrest cough should be used in combination with acrid and dispersing herbs instead of being used alone, to avoid a disturbance of the eruption. When phlegm is excessive, herbs in this chapter for transforming phlegm should be used together with herbs for invigorating the spleen, so that the phlegm can be cured from the root. A few toxic herbs must be processed and applied with caution to avoid adverse effects. Herbs in this chapter are divided into two sections: · herbs that transform phlegm · herbs that arrest cough and calm wheezing

Section 1

Herbs that Transform Phlegm

Herbs in this section are either warm, drying or cold in property. They are respectively used for cough and wheezing with cold phlegm, damp phlegm or heat phlegm, or for other problems due to phlegm retention, such as vertigo, limb numbness, lumps and nodules, goiters, scrofula, mental disorders, loss of consciousness and delirium with convulsions, hemiplegia, drowsiness and vertigo, all of which are considered as being due to invisible phlegm blocking the channels.

Bàn Xià 半夏 RHIZOMA PINELLIAE Pinellia Rhizome ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry stem tuber of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit, a perennial herb of the family Araceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Bàn “half” and xià “summer”. The most flourishing period of this herb is in the middle ten days of the ■fth month of the Chinese lunar calendar, which falls in mid-summer. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan, Hubei, Henan, Shandong and Anhui provinces of China; that which is produced in Hubei, Henan and Shandong provinces is of the best quality. ［Collection］ The underground part is collected during the summer and autumn. The skin and ■brous roots are removed from the tubers, which are then dried in the sun. Big, solid and whitish tubers that are rich in starch are of the best quality. ［Processing］ It is cleaned with water and dried for use. It also can be processed differently into qīng bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparata cum Alumen), fă bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum) or jiāng bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae in Ginger Juice) for application.

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［Properties］ Acrid; warm; toxic. ［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach, lung. ［Characteristics］ Acrid, dispersing and warmly drying in property, it mainly enters the spleen and stomach channels, but also the lung channel. In its natural form it is toxic, but when processed is much less so. Internally, it dries dampness and transforms phlegm, descends adverse qi and arrests vomiting, and dissipates masses and swelling. It is particularly effective for vomiting and problems due to damp-phlegm or cold-phlegm retention. ■xternally, it is applicable for goiters, tumors, nodules and abscesses. ［Actions］ Dries dampness, transforms phlegm, descends adverse qi, arrests vomiting and dissipates masses. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough and wheezing with profuse phlegm, it is able to transform phlegm quickly and effectively. For cough with profuse whitish sputum, it is generally combined with jú pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) and fú líng (Poria) to dry and drain dampness and move qi downwards, such as in the formula Èr Chén Tāng (Two Matured Substances Decoction). For cough and wheezing with profuse clear sputum, which is basically due to chronic cold phlegm retention inside and exterior cold pathogen outside, it is combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) to relieve cough and wheezing by warmly dispersing the cold pathogen from the exterior and warmly resolving the ■uid in the interior, such as in the formula Xiăo Qīng Lóng Tāng (Minor Green Dragon Decoction). For cough and wheezing with profuse yellowish turbid sputum, which indicates phlegm heat accumulating in the lung, it is often combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and tiān nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis), such as in Xiăo Huáng Wán (Small Yellow Pill), or is combined with guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori) and zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii) to assist in clearing heat in particular, and resolving phlegm as well. 2. For vomiting, it is particularly effective for nausea and vomiting due to cold retention or cold attack from outside. It can also be used for vomiting due to heat or other pathogens. For vomiting due to cold retention or cold attack, it is often combined with shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens), such as in the formula Xiăo Bàn Xià Tāng (Minor Pinellia Decoction). For vomiting due to heat in the stomach, it is combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia), such as in Huáng Lián Jú Pí Zhú Rú Bàn Xià Tāng (Coptis, Tangerine Peel, Bamboo Shavings and Pinellia Decoction). For vomiting due to deficiency cold of the spleen and stomach, it is combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), bái mì (Mel) and jú pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to arrest vomiting, calm the stomach and nourish the spleen at the same time, such as in the formula Dà Bàn Xià Tāng (Major Pinellia Decoction). For vomiting due to stomach yin de■ciency, it is combined with shí hú (Caulis Dendrobii), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) to arrest vomiting and nourish stomach yin as well. For morning sickness accompanied by heat signs, it is combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) to relieve vomiting and clear heat; if the morning sickness is accompanied by cold signs, it is applied together with sū gĕng (Caulis Perillae) and shā rén (Fructus Amomi) to arrest vomiting by warmly calming the stomach. 3. For other problems due to dampness or phlegm retention, it is not only able to dry dampness and phlegm but also descend the stomach qi.

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For epigastric fullness sensation, or nausea, vomiting and diarrhea with both coldness and heat signs due to disturbance of the spleen and stomach, it is often combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) to calm the stomach and descend qi, such as in the formula Bàn Xià Xiè Xīn Tāng (Pinellia Heart-Draining Decoction). For stomach fullness with pain when pressed and chest constriction, which is basically due to excessive phlegm heat accumulated in the chest, it is combined with guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to release it by clearing heat and resolving phlegm, such as in Xiăo Xiàn Xiōng Tāng (Minor Chest-Draining Decoction). For sharp or dull radiating chest pain due to excessive damp cold blocking the channels, it is combined with guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) and xiè bái (Bulbus Allii Macrostemi) to warmly resolve phlegm and activate yang, such as in Guā Lóu Xiè Bái Bàn Xià Tāng (Trichosanthes, Chinese Chive and Pinellia Decoction). For plum-stone qi (globus hystericus) syndrome manifesting as a special sensation in the throat like a plum seed obstructing, which is generally due to phlegm retention due to qi stagnation, it is combined with zĭ sū yè (Folium Perillae), hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis) and fú líng (Poria) to resolve phlegm and move qi, such as in Bàn Xià Hòu Pò Tāng (Pinellia and Of■cinal Magnolia Bark Decoction). 4. For sudden vertigo due to phlegm accumulation inside with probable symptoms of chest constriction, nausea, vomiting and greasy whitish tongue coating, it is often combined with tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and jú hóng (■xocarpium Citri Rubrum) to dry dampness, resolve phlegm, and calm the liver and wind, such as in the formula Bàn Xià Bái Zhú Tiān Má Tāng (Pinellia, Atractylodes Macrocephala and Gastrodia Decoction). 5. For goiters, lumps, tumors, nodules, abscesses, hot swelling and snakebite, it is applicable both internally and externally. For goiters, lumps, tumors and nodules, it is often combined with hăi zăo (Sargassum), zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii) and kūn bù (Thallus Laminariae) to resolve lumps and swelling, such as in the formula Hăi Zăo Yù Hú Tāng (Jade-Pot Seaweed Decoction). For multiple abscesses, carbuncles, swelling and snakebite, it can be used alone externally in powder, or the fresh one applied topically. 6. Additionally, if combined with shú mĭ (husked sorghum), it is effective for insomnia due to dysfunction of the stomach, since it is able to calm the stomach and dry dampness of the stomach, such as in the formula Bàn Xià Shú Mĭ Tāng (Pinellia and Husked Sorghum Decoction). It is also useful for geriatric constipation, and often used in combination with liú huáng (Sulfur) to assist yang and improve bowel movements, such as in Bàn Liú Wán (Pinellia and Sulfur Pill). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: the fresh juice or the dry powder is applied topically. Qīng bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparata cum Alumen) is good at drying dampness and resolving phlegm; jiāng bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae in Ginger Juice) is good at warming the middle, resolving phlegm, descending qi and arresting vomiting; fă bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum) is good at drying dampness, resolving phlegm and calming the stomach; and the unprepared herb is good at counteracting toxicity and relieving swelling externally. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for patients with yin de■ciency, ■uid damage and bleeding, and is used with caution during pregnancy. It is antagonized to wū tóu (chuān wū, Radix Aconiti; căo wū, Radix Aconiti Kusnezof■i; fù zĭ, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata). The unprepared one applied externally may cause allergic dermatitis or even necrodermatitis, and thus

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it should be used with great caution on patients with a sensitive constitution. The unprepared herb is more toxic and should not be used internally. Water infusion, alum solution infusion and high temperature heating all can reduce its toxicity. Improper use of it may cause poisoning, which may manifest as itching, pain and numbness in the mouth and throat, hoarseness, slurred speech, dribbling mouth, loss of taste sensation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea, or even laryngospasm, dyspnea, limb plegia, decrease of blood pressure, functional lesions of the liver and kidney, and paralysis of the respiratory center in critical cases. ［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils, l-ephedrine, choline, β-sitosterol, amylose, polysaccharides, pinellin, many kinds of amino acids and inorganic elements, and trypsin inhibitor. ［Pharmacological Research］ It inhibits cough, expels phlegm, relieves bronchial spasms, arrests vomiting, inhibits ulcers and arrhythmia, lowers blood lipids, tranquilizes the mind, induces hypnosis, inhibits tumors, counteracts toxicity, relieves in■ammation, lowers intra-ocular pressure, inhibits fungus and prevents the adverse reaction of contrast media. It also shows a temporary effect of lowering blood pressure and glucocorticoids. Pinellin inhibits early pregnancy, showing inhibitory effects on the pregnant uterus in vitro. The unprepared herb strongly irritates the mucus membranes of the mouth, throat and digestive tract.

Tiān Nán Xīng 天南星 RHIZOMA ARISAEMATIS Jack-in-the-pulpit Tuber ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was hŭ zhăng (“tiger palm”). It is the dry stem tuber of Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott, Arisaema heterophyllum Bl., Arisaema amurense Maxim. or Pinellia pedatisecta Schott, perennial herbs of the family Araceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Tiān “sky”, nán “south” and xīng “star”. The stem tubers basically grow in an oblate shape, the main tuber growing in the middle with several other smaller tubers attached to it, which looks like the tiger palm. It also looks like lăo rén xīng (“old man star”) (老人星), which is located in the southern sky. ［Habitat］ Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott is mainly produced in Shaanxi, Gansu and Sichuan provinces, Arisaema heterophyllum Bl. in Hubei, Hunan and Sichuan provinces, Arisaema amurense Maxim. in the northeastern areas, Inner Mongolia and Hebei provinces, and Pinellia pedatisecta Schott in Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces of China. ［Collection］ The stem tubers are collected during autumn and winter when the plant withers. The ■brous roots and the outer peels are removed, and the tubers are then dried. Big tubers which are rich in starch are of the best quality. ［Processing］ They are cleaned with water and dried for use, or, more traditionally, cut into thin slices and dried for use.

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［Properties］ Bitter, acrid; warm; toxic. ［■ntered Channels］ Lung, liver, spleen. ［Characteristics］ It is strongly acrid, warm, bitter, drying and toxic in property. Mainly entering the lung, liver and spleen channels, it is able to dry dampness, transform phlegm, dispel exterior wind, dredge channels and relieve spasms. It is an essential herb for epilepsy, convulsions, vertigo, facial paralysis and other critical problems due to damp-phlegm retention. It also dissipates lumps, reduces swelling and relieves pain, and is therefore often used for carbuncles, gangrene, scrofula and snakebite. ［Actions］ Dries dampness, resolves phlegm, expels wind to relieve spasms and reduces swelling pain. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough and wheezing due to damp-phlegm or cold-phlegm retention, it is effective in drying dampness and transforming phlegm, though it is more toxic than bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae). For cough or wheezing due to damp phlegm obstructing the lung, it is often combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) to mutually reinforce the effects, or jú hóng (■xocarpium Citri Rubrum) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) are also added to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Yù Fěn Wán (Jade Powder Pill). For repeatedly occurring cough or wheezing with profuse sticky phlegm due to phlegm retention, it is combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), jú hóng (■xocarpium Citri Rubrum), shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens), zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) and fú líng (Poria) to relieve cough and wheezing by descending qi and expelling phlegm, such as in the formula Dăo Tán Tāng (Phlegm-■xpelling Decoction). For cough with cold phlegm, it is often combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) as well as ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) to relieve cough by warming the lung and expelling phlegm, such as in the formula Jiāng Guì Wán (Fresh Ginger and Cassia Bark Pill). For cough and wheezing with profuse yellow sticky phlegm, it is often used together with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) to relieve cough and wheezing by clearing lung heat and resolving phlegm, such as in the formula Xiăo Huáng Wán (Small Yellow Pill). 2. For vertigo, stroke, epilepsy, facial paralysis and tetanus due to phlegm blocking the channels, it is able to transform phlegm and calm convulsions. For vertigo accompanied by headache and vomiting with profuse sputum, it is combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) to resolve phlegm, extinguish wind, pacify the liver and relieve headache, such as in the formula Huà Tán Yù Hú Wán (Precious PhlegmResolving Pill). For stroke marked by facial paralysis, it is pounded into powder which is mixed with fresh ginger juice to make plaster and applied externally on the opposite facial side. If the stroke is marked by hemiplegia, deviated mouth and eyes, and limb numbness, it is combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), chuān wū (Radix Aconiti Praeparata) and bái fù zĭ (Rhizoma Typhonii) to strengthen the effects, such as in the formula Qīng Zhōu Bái Wán Zĭ (Liver-Pacifying White Pill). For epilepsy, it is combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), quán xiē (Scorpio) and jiāng cán (Bombyx Batryticatus) to resolve phlegm, extinguish wind and relieve convulsions, such as in the formula Wŭ Xián Wán (Five Kinds of ■pilepsy-Relieving Pill). For tetanus convulsions, it is combined with bái fù zĭ (Rhizoma Typhonii), tiān má (Rhizoma

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Gastrodiae) and fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) to strengthen the effect on extinguishing wind and calming convulsions, such as in Yù Zhēn Săn (True Jade Powder). 3. For abscesses, carbuncles, scrofula and nodules before ulceration, it is powdered and applied topically in mixture with vinegar. For snakebite poisoning, it is applied topically together with xióng huáng (Realgar) in powder. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-9 g crushed in decoction, or 0.3-1 g per time in pills or powder. For external use: the dry powder or the fresh paste is applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for pregnant women and patients with dry cough, excessive heat or convulsions in the pattern of blood de■ciency. The unprepared herb is very toxic, so internal application is not encouraged. Water infusion, alum solution infusion and high temperature heating all can reduce its toxicity. Improper use of the unprepared herb may induce poisoning, which manifests as erosion or necrosis and shedding of the oral mucus membrane, numbness and a feeling of blood congestion in the mouth and throat, paralysis of the muscles, loss of taste sensation, profuse drooling, hoarseness, slurred speech, fever, headache, palpitations, numbness of the limbs, and loss of consciousness, convulsions and asphyxia in critical cases. The fresh herb may irritate the skin, inducing itching and hot swelling. ［Ingredients］ It contains triterpenoid saponins, benzoic acid, amino acids, D-mannitol, diketopiperatines, many kinds of organic acids, carbohydrates, lectines and microelements. Its poisoning component is korazim toxin. ［Pharmacological Research］ Its decoction shows effects of expelling phlegm, anti-convulsion, sedation and analgesia. The crystal of D-mannitol of the unprepared herb shows tumor inhibitory activity, while its aqueous extract obviously inhibits experimental tumors in mice, such as sarcoma S (180), hepatic cancer and squamous epithelium type cancer of the cervix transplanted into rats. Diketopiperazine alkaloids antagonize experimental arrhythmia induced by aconitine. It strongly irritates the skin and mucus membranes. Two kinds of alkaloids it contains counteract free radicals, lipid peroxidation and ATP enzyme on the membrane.

Attachment: Dǎn Nán Xīng 胆南星 Arisaema cum Bile ［Source］ It is the processed powder, which is composed of prepared tiān nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis) and the bile of cows, sheep or pigs. ［Properties］ Bitter; cool. ［■ntered Channels］ Lung, liver, spleen. ［Actions ＆ Clinical Applications］ It is less harsh in its drying property when compared to tiān nán xīng. It is good at clearing heat, resolving phlegm, extinguishing wind and calming convulsions, and is applicable for cough with heat phlegm, loss of consciousness with convulsions, acute infantile convulsions, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ According to research, it inhibits the central nervous system. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 2-5 g in decoction.

Jiè Zǐ芥子 SEMEN SINAPIS Mustard Seed ［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Northern and

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Southern Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). Bái jiè zĭ initially appeared in Newly Revised Materia Medica in the Tang Dynasty (about 659 A.D.). It is the dry and mature seed of Sinapis alba L. or Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. et Coss, annual and biennial herbs of the family Cruciferae. The former is called bái jiè zĭ (白芥子) and the latter huáng jiè zĭ (黄芥子). ［■xplanation of Name］ Jiè “very special” and zĭ “seed”. It is a seed that when crushed smells pungent and tastes hot. The seeds which are bright yellow or brownish yellow outside are called huáng (“yellow”) jiè zĭ, while the ones which are whitish or yellowish white outside are called bái (“white”) jiè zĭ. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Shanxi, Shandong, Anhui, Xinjiang, Sichuan, Yunnan and Henan provinces of China. ［Collection］ The seeds are collected during the late summer and early autumn, and dried in the sun. Those which are plump, even in size and clean with bright color are of the best quality. ［Processing］ They are cleaned for use, or stir-fried first for use. They are crushed before application. ［Properties］ Bitter; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Lung. ［Characteristics］ Acrid, warm and dispersing in property, it particularly enters the lung channel to warm the lung, expel cold phlegm and activate qi movement. It also dredges channels and collaterals, dissipates cold accumulation and relieves pain. It is effective for problems due to coldphlegm or ■uid-phlegm retention, and subcutaneous swelling and nodules, which may re■ect phlegm trapped inside the body. ［Actions］ Warms the lung, resolves phlegm, moves qi, dissipates nodules, dredges collaterals and relieves pain. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For wheezing and cough with excessive thin sputum, it is combined with zĭ sū zĭ (Fructus Perillae) and lái fú zĭ (Semen Raphani) to strengthen the effect on resolving phlegm, such as in the formula Sān Zĭ Yăng Qīn Tāng (Three-Seed Filial Devotion Decoction). For cough induced by pleural fluid retention, wheezing and chest constriction and pain, it is combined with gān suì (Radix Kansui) and dà jĭ (Radix ■uphorbiae Pekinensis) to induce expectoration and diuresis, such as in Kòng Xián Dān (Fluid Retention-■xpelling ■lixir). 2. For joint swelling, cold pain and limb numbness, it is combined with mă qián zĭ (Semen Strychni) and mò yào (Myrrha) to dredge collaterals and relieve pain, such as in the formula Bái Jiè Zĭ Săn (White Mustard Seed Powder). For gangrene and multiple abscesses in the cold type, it is combined with lù jiăo jiāo (Colla Cornus Cervi), ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) to warm yang, tonify blood, dissipate cold and dredge channels, such as in the formula Yáng Hé Tāng (Harmonious Yang Decoction). 3. In addition, for cold wheezing, it is combined with xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari), gān suì (Radix Kansui) and shè xiāng (Moschus), and applied in powder externally on the acupoints of BL 13 (fèi shù) and BL 43 (gāo huāng). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction for a short time, or made into

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pills or powder. For external use: the powder is applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for patients with dry cough or digestive tract ulcers and bleeding, since it is acrid, warm, drying and irritative in property. Over-use of it may cause abdominal pain and diarrhea. ■xternal use should be limited to 10-15 minutes, because it can irritate the skin and cause blistering. For the same reason, it is used with great caution on sensitive skin, and is prohibited for patients with ulcerated skin. ［Ingredients］ It contains sinigrin, myrosase, sinapinic acid, sinapine and fatty oils. Bái jiè zĭ (Semen Sinapis) contains sinapine, myrosase, fatty oils and proteins. ［Pharmacological Research］ It relieves cough, expels phlegm, relieves wheezing and inhibits dermatophytes. It irritates skin and causes an in■ammatory reaction that may work as an acupoints stimulator.

Xuán FùHuā 旋覆花 FLOS INULAE Inula Flower ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry flower head of Inula japonica Thunb. or Inula Britannica L., perennial herbs of the family Compositae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Xuán “round shape”, fù “covering” and huā “flower”. Its flower, yellow in color and round in shape, grows singly on the top of the stem, looking like a round plate cover of the plant. Its alternative name is jīn qián huā (金钱花). ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Henan, Hebei, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces of China; Henan Province produces the most, and Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces produce the best. ［Collection］ The ■ower clusters are collected during the summer and autumn when the ■owers are ■ourishing. They are cleaned and dried in the shade or in the sun. The big, complete and clean ■owers with beautiful yellow color are of the best quality. ［Processing］ Small branches, stalks, leaves and other impurities are cleaned away from it for use, or it is honey-fried for use. ［Properties］ Bitter, acrid, salty; slightly warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Lung, spleen, stomach, large intestine. ［Characteristics］ It is bitter so that it is descending, and acrid so that it is dispersing, and slightly warm in property. It mainly enters the lung and stomach channels, and also the spleen and large intestine channels. It descends the stomach qi to relieve epigastric fullness, improves ■uid metabolism and transforms phlegm. It is an effective herb for hiccups, nausea, vomiting and wheezing particularly when they are due to the adverse qi ■ow of the stomach and the lung. ［Actions］ Descends the adverse qi ■ow, resolves phlegm and arrests vomiting. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough and wheezing with whitish sticky phlegm, it is combined with zĭ sū zĭ (Fructus Perillae), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri

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Reticulatae) to resolve phlegm and dry dampness. For cough and wheezing with yellow sticky phlegm, it is combined with sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori), guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) and tíng lì zĭ (Semen Descurainiae seu Lepidii) to clear heat and phlegm. For cough with thin white sputum triggered by exogenous wind, it is combined with jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and qián hú (Radix Peucedani) to arrest cough, disperse wind and resolve phlegm, such as in the formula Jīn Fèi Căo Săn (Inula Herb Powder). For chest constriction with dry and very sticky sputum, it is combined with hăi fú shí (Pumex) to enhance the effects. For chest constriction with constipation due to phlegm-■uid retention, it is combined with jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), bīng láng (Semen Arecae) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to purge the bowels and reduce the phlegm. 2. For vertigo with nausea and vomiting due to damp-phlegm retention in the middle due to stomach qi not moving downwards naturally and instead going upwards, it is often combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), jú hóng (■xocarpium Citri Rubrum) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) to check nausea and vomiting by resolving phlegm and descending the counter■ow of the stomach qi, such as in the formula Xuán Fù Huā Tāng (Inula Flower Decoction). If the above problem is complicated by qi de■ciency, it is combined with dài zhĕ shí (Haematitum), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) and rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) to descend the adverse ■ow of qi, resolve phlegm and strengthen qi at same time, such as in the formula Xuán Fù Dài Zhĕ Tāng (Inula and Hematite Decoction). 3. It also activates blood circulation and is used for chest pain. If the problem is due to liver qi stagnation, it is often combined with qiàn căo (Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae), yù jīn (Radix Curcumae) and chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) to enhance the effect on soothing the liver. If the chest pain is due to ■uid retention inside and exterior wind attack outside, it is often combined with xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi), chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) and fú líng (Poria), such as in the formula Xiāng Fù Xuán Fù Huā Tāng (Nutgrass Galingale Rhizome and Inula Flower Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g cloth-wrapped in decoction. The honeyfried herb is milder in property, so that it is more suitable for cases with lung-qi de■ciency. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with cough in the pattern of yin de■ciency, ■uid de■ciency or spleen-qi de■ciency. It should be cloth-wrapped ■rst before decoction, because the ■oss of the ■owers may irritate the throat to cause cough and vomiting. ［Ingredients］ It contains britanin, intussusceer acid, quercetin and taraxasterol. ［Pharmacological Research］ It relieves cough, expels phlegm, relieves asthma, counteracts inflammation, protects immunological injury of the liver and inhibits bacteria. The flavonoid glycoside it contains can relieve bronchial spasms in animals induced by histamine, but the effect is slower and weaker than that of aminophylline. The lactone of Inula Britannica L. can kill trichomonas vaginalis and entamoeba histolytica schaudinn. Gaillardin inhibits cancer.

Bái Qián 白前 RHIZOMA ET RADIX CYNANCHI STAUNTONII Cynanchum Root and Rhizome ［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Northern and Southern Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). It is the dry rhizome and root of Cynanchum stauntonii (Decne.) Schltr. ex Levl. or Cynanehum glaucescens (Decne.) Hand.-Mazz., perennial herbs of the

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family Asclepiadaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Bái “white” and qián “clipping”. The rhizome and root are white and broken easily. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan and Guangxi provinces of China. ［Collection］ The rhizome and root are collected in autumn. They are washed clean and dried in the sun. Big thick ones with long ■brous roots are of the best quality. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is cleaned with water, moistened completely, cut into segments and dried for use, or honey-fried for use. ［Properties］ Acrid, bitter; slightly warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Lung. ［Characteristics］ It is slightly bitter and mild in property and enters the lung channel. It is good at descending the lung qi, resolving phlegm and arresting cough, and is widely used for cough with profuse phlegm either due to cold or heat. ［Actions］ Descends the lung qi, reduces phlegm and arrests cough. ［Clinical Applications］ For cough and wheezing with profuse phelgm, it is a commonly-used essential herb. For cough and throat itching triggered by exogenous wind and cold, it is often combined with jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae), jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to resolve phlegm and release the exterior, such as in the formula Zhĭ Sòu Săn (CoughStopping Powder). For cough and wheezing due to phlegm heat obstructing the lung, it is often combined with sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori), shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) and má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) to enhance the effects. For cough with sputum in the pattern of yin and qi deficiency of the lung, manifested by weak cough and tiredness, it is combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), nán shā shēn (Radix Adenophorae) and zĭ wăn (Radix et Rhizoma Asteris) to relieve cough by resolving phlegm, nourishing the lung qi and moistening the lung as well. For pertussis (whooping cough), it is applicable together with băi bù (Radix Stemonae), chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) and kuăn dōng huā (Flos Farfarae) to resolve phlegm and relieve cough. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. The honey-fried one is used for cough with de■ciency. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with dry cough, vulnerable stomach or potential bleeding, since it is bitter and dispersing and may irritate the stomach membrane. Over-use is to be avoided for the same reason. ［Ingredients］ Cynanchum stauntonii (Decne.) Schltr. ex Levl. contains β-sitosterol, fatty acids and hancockinol. Cynanehum glaucescens (Decne.) Hand.-Mazz. contains saponins, sapogenin, new saponin and disaccharide. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of relieving cough, expelling phlegm, antiin■ammation, analgesia and anti-thrombosis.

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Jié Gěng 桔梗 RADIX PLATYCODONIS Platycodon Root ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry root of Platycodon grandi■orum (Jacq.) A. DC., a perennial herb of the family Campanulaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Jié “pry bar” and gĕng “root”. The root looks like a pry bar with a big head and small tail. Bitter, whitish and solid roots are of the best quality. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in the northeastern, northern and eastern areas of China. ［Collection］ The roots are collected during the spring and autumn. After the ■brous roots are removed, the main roots are dried. Plump, whitish, solid and bitter roots are of the best quality. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, they are washed clean, moistened completely and then cut into slices for use. ［Properties］ Bitter, acrid; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Lung. ［Characteristics］ Acrid, dispersing, and slightly bitter and purging in property, it is neutral so that it can be widely used for many types of problems, particularly those that are related to the lung. It is good at dispersing the lung qi, expelling phlegm, easing the throat and improving purulent discharge, and often works as a key herb for cough with profuse phlegm, sore throat, loss of voice and lung abscesses. ［Actions］ Disperses the lung qi, expels phlegm, eases the throat and improves purulent discharge. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough with profuse phlegm, it can apply either in the patterns of cold or heat, excess or de■ciency. For cough with clear sputum triggered by exterior wind cold, it is often combined with zĭ sū (Folium et Caulis Perillae), xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to relieve cough by dispersing wind and cold from the exterior, and expelling phlegm from the interior, such as in the formula Xìng Sū Săn (Apricot Kernel and Perilla Powder). For cough with yellow turbid phlegm due to exterior wind heat affecting the lung or febrile diseases in the early stage, it is often combined with sāng yè (Folium Mori), jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) to arrest cough by clearing heat, resolving phlegm and releasing the exterior, such as in the formula Sāng Jú Yĭn (Mulberry Leaf and Chrysanthemum Beverage). For cough with cold phlegm, it is often combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), huà jú hóng (■xocarpium Citri Grandis) and zĭ wăn (Radix et Rhizoma Asteris) to relieve cough by

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warmly resolving phlegm and dispersing the lung qi. For cough with heat phlegm, it is often combined with guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii) and zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii) to relieve cough by clearing heat and phlegm and dispersing the lung qi. 2. For sore throat and loss of voice, either due to exogenous factors or internal damage, it always can be used together with gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to release the throat by dispersing the lung qi and counteracting toxic heat, such as in the formula Jié Gĕng Tāng (Platycodon Decoction). For sore throat triggered by exterior wind heat, it is often combined with bò he (Herba Menthae), niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) and jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) to release the throat by dispersing the wind and heat. For serious sore throat due to excessive accumulation of heat, it is often combined with shè gān (Rhizoma Belamcandae), mă bó (Lasiosphaera seu Calvatia) and băn lán gēn (Radix Isatidis) to relieve the swelling and pain by purging heat and toxins. For frequently occurring sore throat due to yin de■ciency and ■re ■aring up, it is combined with xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) to relieve the swelling pain by cultivating yin, descending ■re and purging toxic heat. If the above cases are complicated by hoarseness or loss of voice, it is combined with chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae) and mă bó (Lasiosphaera seu Calvatia) to enhance the effects. 3. For lung abscesses, cough and chest pain with purulent sputum, it is combined with yú xīng căo (Herba Houttuyniae), yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis) and lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) to improve expectoration and clear heat. 4. For chest constriction and pain, it acts to move qi ■ow of the chest. If the chest problem is due to phlegm retention and qi stagnation, it is generally combined with zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii) to enhance the effects on qi ascending and descending, such as in the formula Jié Gĕng Zhĭ Qiào Tāng (Platycodon and Mature Bitter Orange Decoction), but if the case also presents manifestations of blood stasis such as stabbing pain around the chest, chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra), yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis) and such herbs that activate qi and blood ■ow should be used in combination too. 5. Additionally, it is applicable for cases with urinary retention and constipation that are probably due to lung-qi stagnation, because it is so effective in dispersing the lung qi. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ ■xcessive application may cause nausea. It is prohibited for patients with nausea, vomiting, dizziness, chronic cough in the pattern of yin de■ciency, cough with hemoptysis or gastric ulcers. ［Ingredients］ It contains many kinds of triterpenoid saponins such as platycodin, betulin, α-spinasterol, polysaccharides, amino acids, fatty oils and vitamins. ［Pharmacological Research］ Platycodin stimulates the bronchial mucosa to remarkably induce expectoration. It also inhibits cough, in■ammation, gastric secretion, gastric ulcers and convulsions, relieves pain, tranquilizes the mind, lowers body temperature, blood lipids and sugar, dilates the coronary arteries, relaxes the intestinal smooth muscles, counteracts allergic and bilineurin reaction, improves colalin secretion, inhibits tumors and enhances immunity. It may induce hemolysis, so its injection is not allowed, but oral administration is encouraged because platycodin can easily be neutralized in the digestive tract.

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Qián Hú前胡 RADIX PEUCEDANI Hogfennel Root ［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Northern and Southern Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). It is the dry root of Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn or Peucedanum decursivum Maxim., perennial herbs of the family Umbelliferae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Qián “front” and hú “chái hú”. It looks very much like chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), but softer. It can easily be found everywhere in front of every house. ［Habitat］ Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn is mainly produced in Zhejiang, Hunan and Sichuan provinces, and Peucedanum decursivum Maxim. mainly in Jiangxi, Anhui, Zhejiang and Hunan provinces. ［Collection］ The root is collected during the late autumn to the following early spring when the plant withers. It is dried in the sun, or in a low-temperature oven. The big and solid but soft roots with strong aroma are of the best quality. ［Processing］ After impurities and residual stalks and stems are removed, it is washed clean, moistened completely, cut into thin slices and dried for use, or honey-fried for use. ［Properties］ Bitter, acrid; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Lung. ［Characteristics］ It is bitter, slightly purging, acrid and dispersing, and slightly cold in property. It enters the lung channel to disperse the lung qi, disperse the exterior wind and heat from the exterior, and expel phlegm as well. It generally acts as a key herb in the treatment of cough and wheezing due to exterior wind heat or internal phlegm heat. ［Actions］ Descends qi, resolves phlegm and disperses wind heat. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough and wheezing with yellow turbid sputum, it is used in combination with sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori), kŭ xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii) to clear heat, resolve phlegm, and relieve cough and wheezing, such as in the formula Qián Hú Săn (Hogfennel Root Powder). If the above problem is complicated with nausea and vomiting, indicating that the stomach is involved in the process, it is combined with xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to relieve the problem by resolving damp phlegm and calming the stomach, such as in the formula Qián Xìng Èr Chén Tāng (Two Matured Substances Plus Almond and Hogfennel Root Decoction). 2. For cough with yellow or yellowish sputum and potential fever, and aversion to cold triggered by exterior wind heat, it is generally combined with sāng yè (Folium Mori), niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) to relieve cough by dispersing the wind and heat from the lung and exterior, and dispersing the lung qi as well. It is also applicable for cough triggered

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by exterior wind cold if used in combination with sū yè (Folium Perillae), kŭ xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), such as in the formula Xìng Sū Săn (Apricot Kernel and Perilla Powder). 3. Additionally, it is applicable for sluggish eruption of measles accompanied by cough, and used in combination with shēng má (Rhizoma Cimicifugae), gé gēn (Radix Puerariae Lobatae) and bò he (Herba Menthae) to facilitate eruption, disperse lung qi and relieve cough, such as in the formula Xuān Dú Fā Biăo Tāng (Toxin-Diffusing ■xterior-Releasing Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-10 g in decoction, also made into pills or powder. The honey-fried herb is milder and moistening in property, and thus is more suitable for chronic cough with qi de■ciency or dry cough. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for cough with yin de■ciency or cold ■uid retention. ［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils, coumarin compounds, coumarin glycoside compounds, D-mannitol, β-sitosterol, galactitol, daucosterol, saponins, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction remarkably and persistently increases mucus secretion of the respiratory tract to improve phlegm expectoration. It also shows effects of antiin■ammation, anti-ulcer, anti-allergy, anti-convulsion, dilating of the vessels, remarkably increasing coronary blood flow and decreasing coronary resistance and myocardial oxygen consumption, depressing myocardial contractility, anti-arrhythmia, lowering blood pressure, anti-platelet aggregation, and depressing the proliferation and metabolism of tumor cells. It also shows effects of sedation, anti-bacteria, inhibiting the proliferation of in■uenza virus and the activity of tyrosinase, and decreasing melanogenesis. Peucedanin can be used for Bang′s disease.

Chuān Bèi Mǔ川贝母 BULBUS FRITILLARIAE CIRRHOSAE Tendrilled Fritillaria Bulb ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry bulb of Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don, Fritillaria unibracteata Hsiao et K. C. Hsia, Fritillaria przewalskii Maxim. or Fritillaria delavayi Franch., perennial herbs of the family Liliaceae. The ■rst three are also called sōng bèi (松贝) or qīng bèi (青贝) according to their different shapes and properties. The last one is called lú bèi (炉贝). ［■xplanation of Name］ Chuān is the short name of Sichuan Province, bèi “a kind of white and round shell” and mŭ “mother”. Mainly produced in Sichuan Province, and appearing like small shells in shape and color, it produces new shoots like a mother with babies. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu, Yunnan and Tibet of China. ［Collection］ It is collected during the summer and autumn, or the early spring when the snow melts. After ■brous roots, rough skin and sediment are removed, it is dried in the sun or at a low temperature. Small bulbs which are even in size, complete, solid, purely white in color and lustrous

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are of the best quality. ［Processing］ It is cleaned again, soaked in water for a short while and left for moistening. The core is taken out when soft and the remainder is dried for use. It can also be ground into ■ne powder or cut into very thin slices for use. ［Properties］ Bitter, sweet, acrid; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Lung, heart. ［Characteristics］ Basically bitter and cold in property, and also slightly sweet and acrid, it enters the lung and heart channels. It relieves cough, transforms phlegm, clears heat and moistens the lung, and is particularly applied for dry cough in the pattern of dry heat or heat complicated by yin de■ciency. It is also applied for nodules and heat swelling, which generally is considered as being due to phlegm-heat retention. ［Actions］ Clears heat, resolves phlegm, moistens the lung, relieves cough, and dissipates nodules and swelling. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. It is widely used for cough either due to interior or exterior pattern, and is particularly effective for dry cough. For cough with yellow turbid sputum, it is often combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) and guā lóu pí (Pericarpium Trichosanthis) to improve the effects. For cough with bloody sputum due to lung and kidney yin de■ciency, it is combined with băi hé (Bulbus Lilii), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), and shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) to nourish yin and moisten the lung, such as in the formula Băi Hé Gù Jīn Tāng (Lily Bulb MetalSecuring Decoction). For pulmonary tuberculosis with hemoptysis, băi bù (Radix Stemonae), ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) and bái jí (Rhizoma Bletillae) should be used in the combination to nourish yin, moisten the lung, resolve phlegm and check bleeding. For cough with slightly sticky sputum triggered by exterior dry heat, it is generally combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) to enhance the effects on clearing lung heat and moistening lung yin, such as in the formula Èr Mŭ Wán (Anemarrhena and Fritillaria Bulb Pill). Mài mén dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and zĭ wăn (Radix et Rhizoma Asteris) can also be chosen to work together with it to nourish yin, moisten the lung, resolve phlegm and relieve cough, such as in the formula Bèi Mŭ Săn (Fritillaria Bulb Powder). For cough triggered by exterior wind heat, it is combined with sāng yè (Folium Mori), jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) to relieve cough by dispersing wind and heat, and dispersing the lung qi. For cough or wheezing with profuse phlegm caused by exterior wind cold, it is combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to improve the effects, such as in the formula Fù Fāng Chuān Bèi Jīng Piàn (Complex Fritillaria Bulb Tablet). 2. For scrofula, which is generally diagnosed as phlegm-■re accumulation, it is combined with xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) to dissipate the lumps by resolving phlegm, such as in the formula Xiāo Luŏ Wán (Scrofula-Dissipating Pill). For acute mastitis in the pattern of toxic-heat accumulation, it is basically combined with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to clear toxic heat, transform blood stasis and reduce swelling. For lung abscess cough with purulent turbid sputum, it is generally combined with yú xīng căo (Herba Houttuyniae), jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) and lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) to enhance the effects.

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For skin sores and swellings, it is combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) and mò yào (Myrrha) to improve the effects, such as in the formula Xiān Fāng Huó Mìng Yĭn (Immortal Formula Life-Giving Beverage). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or 1-1.5 g every time in powder or pills. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with cold phlegm or damp phlegm because of its cold and moistening property. It is contraindicated for use with căo wū (Radix Aconiti Kusnezof■i), chuān wū (Radix Aconiti) and fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata). ［Ingredients］ It contains different kinds of alkaloids, such as chinpeimine, fritiminine, beilupeimine, imperialine, fritimine, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It acts as an expectorant and shows effects of arresting cough, lowering blood pressure, relieving smooth muscle spasms, exciting the uterus in vitro and antibacteria.

Zhè Bèi Mǔ浙贝母 BULBUS FRITILLARIAE THUNBERGII Thunberg Fritillary Bulb ［Source］ Initially appeared in The Orthodox Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Zhèng, 本草正) in the Ming Dynasty (about 1624 A.D.). It is the dry bulb of Fritillaria thunbergii Miq., a perennial herb of the family Liliaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Zhè is the short name of Zhejiang Province, bèi “a kind of white and round shell” and mŭ “mother”. Originally produced in Xiangshan, Zhejiang Province, and appearing like shells in shape and color, it produces new shoots like a mother with babies. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Yin county of Zhejiang Province, and also in Jiangsu Province of China. ［Collection］ It is collected in the early summer when the plant withers. The bigger ones with the core removed are called dà (“big”) bèi (大贝), while the smaller ones with the core retained are called zhū (“pearl”) bèi (珠贝). They are rubbed to remove the skin, mixed with calcined shell powder to get the juice absorbed and then dried for use. Big and solid bulbs with purely white cross-sections and rich in starch are of the best quality. Alternately, they are just washed clean with the cores removed, cut into thick pieces (called zhè bèi piàn, 浙贝片), washed again and dried for use. ［Processing］ Dà (“big”) bèi or zhū (“pearl”) bèi are cleaned with water, moistened completely, cut into thick slices and dried for use, while zhè bèi piàn is crushed for use. ［Properties］ Bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Lung, heart. ［Characteristics］ Bitter and cold in property, and entering the lung and heart channels, it is similar to chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) in actions but more effective in clearing heat and resolving phlegm and swelling.

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［Actions］ Clears heat, resolves phlegm, reduces swelling and relieves cough. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough triggered by exterior wind heat, it is often combined with sāng yè (Folium Mori) and qián hú (Radix Peucedani) to improve the effects. For cough with yellow turbid sputum due to heat retention in the lung, it is generally combined with guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) to reinforce the effects on clearing lung heat, resolving phlegm and relieving cough. 2. For scrofula with heat signs, it is combined with xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) to reinforce the effects on resolving phlegm and swelling, such as in the formula Xiāo Luŏ Wán (Scrofula-Resolving Pill). For goiters, it is combined with hăi zăo (Sargassum), kūn bù (Thallus Laminariae) and xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) to soften and resolve the swelling or lumps. For toxic-heat sores and abscesses, it is generally combined with pú gōng yī ng (Herba Taraxaci), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and yĕ jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) to clear toxic heat, and improve the healing of sores and abscesses. For lung abscesses, it is combined with yú xīng căo (Herba Houttuyniae), yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis) and lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) to cure them by clearing heat and reducing swelling. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or 1-1.5 g every time in powder or pills. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with cold phlegm or damp phlegm because of its cold and moistening property. It is contraindicated for use with căo wū (Radix Aconiti Kusnezof■i), chuān wū (Radix Aconiti) and fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata). ［Ingredients］ It contains peimine, verticinone, peminoside, different kinds of diterpene compounds, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It prolongs sleeping time, regulates bronchial smooth muscles and lowers blood pressure. It also shows remarkable effects on acute in■ammations with effusion and on diarrhea. Peimine and verticinone show remarkable effects on cough. Peimine in low concentration signi■cantly relaxes the bronchial smooth muscles, tranquilizes the mind and kills pain.

Attachment: TǔBèi Mǔ 土贝母 Rhizoma Bolbostematis ［Source］ It is the dry tuber of Bolbostemma paniculatum (Maxim.) Franquet., a perennial climbing herb of the family Cucurbitaceae. ［Properties］ Bitter; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Lung, liver, gallbladder. ［Actions］ Clears toxic heat, dissipates lumps and subdues swelling. ［Clinical Applications］ It is applicable for acute mastitis, breast lumps, carcinoma of the breast, scrofula, nodules, sores, swelling and snakebite. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or in powder or pills. For external use: the powder is applied topically, or made into paste and applied in plaster. ［Ingredients ＆ Pharmacological Research］ It contains bolbostemmae glucoside, which shows effects of antiin■ammation, anti-cancer and immuno-depression.

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Guā Lóu 瓜蒌 FRUCTUS TRICHOSANTHIS Snakegourd Fruit ［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Northern and Southern Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). It is the dry and mature fruit of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. or Trichosanthes rosthornii Harms, perennial herbaceous vine plants of the family Cucurbitaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Guā “containing” and lóu “multiple-■oored building”. It appears like a bag, which normally contains pulp and a lot of seeds, like a wise man having a lot of ideas. The seed compartments are stacked within the fruits like a multi-story apartment building. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Shandong, Henan and Hebei provinces of China; those which are produced in Feicheng, Changqing and Zibo, Shandong Province, are of the best quality. ［Collection］ The mature fruit is collected in the autumn. The fruit with stalk is cut off from the plant and dried in dry shade. Complete fruits with wrinkled, thick and tough skin having apricot yellow or reddish-yellow color, and with sticky cross-sections are of the best quality, and are called quán guā lóu (全瓜蒌). The fruit can also be cut open to take the pulp out, and leave the peel and seeds. The peel and seeds are then dried separately. The peel is called guā lóu pí (瓜蒌皮), and thick ones with reddishorange outer skin and yellowish-white inner surface are of the best quality. The seed is called guā lóu rén (瓜蒌仁), also known as guā lóu zĭ (瓜蒌子), and the big, plump, oily and sweet ones are of the best quality. ［Processing］ Quán guā lóu: After impurities and stalks are removed, it is washed again, pressed ■at, cut into narrow slices or pieces, and dried for use. Guā lóu pí: After impurities and stalks are removed, it is washed quickly with water, cut into narrow slices and dried for use. Guā lóu rén: After impurities and immature seeds are removed, it is washed clean with water and dried in the sun for use. It also can be dry-fried for use. It should be crushed before use. ［Properties］ Sweet, slightly bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Lung, stomach, large intestine. ［Characteristics］ Sweet, bitter, cold and moistening in property, and entering the lung, stomach and large intestine channels, it clears lung heat, moistens the lung and large intestine, transforms phlegm and moves qi flow in the chest. It is an essential herb for the treatment of cough and wheezing with yellow turbid sputum and dry cough due to dry heat, and also for heart and stomach problems, dry stool constipation, and toxic abscesses and swellings. ［Actions］ Clears heat, resolves phlegm, moves chest qi, dissipates lumps, reduces abscesses, moistens dryness and lubricates the bowels. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough and wheezing with yellow turbid sputum, particularly

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those cases complicated with dry stools or constipation, it is often combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), dăn nán xīng (Arisaema cum Bile) and zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) to improve the effects, such as in the formula Qīng Qì Huà Tán Wán (Qi-Clearing and Phlegm-Transforming Pill).   For cough and wheezing with red face, it is combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii) to arrest the cough and wheezing by purging lung heat and resolving phlegm, such as in the formula Qīng Jīn Jiàng Huŏ Tāng (Lung-Clearing and Fire-Reducing Decoction).   For cough with dif■cult expectoration and sore throat due to dry heat attack, it is combined with chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae), tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) to relieve the cough by clearing lung heat, moistening the lung and resolving phlegm, such as in the formula Bèi Mŭ Guā Lóu Săn (Fritillaria and Trichosanthes Powder) recorded in Medical Revelations (Yī Xué Xīn Wù, 医学心悟) in the Qing Dynasty (1732). 2. For chest constriction due to stagnation of chest yang and phlegm retention, it is generally combined with xiè bái (Bulbus Allii Macrostemi) to warmly activate yang and move the chest qi, such as in the formula Guā Lóu Xiè Bái Bái Jiŭ Tāng (Trichosanthes, Chinese Chive and White Wine Decoction), or it is combined with xiè bái (Bulbus Allii Macrostemi) and bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) to reinforce its effects on resolving phlegm, such as in the formula Guā Lóu Xiè Bái Bàn Xià Tāng (Trichosanthes, Chinese Chive and Pinellia Decoction).   For stomachache accompanied by epigastric fullness, which may be due to interaction of phlegm and heat in the chest, it is combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) to relieve the pain and fullness sensation by clearing heat, resolving phlegm and moving qi, such as in the formula Xiăo Xiàn Xiōng Tāng (Minor Chest-Draining Decoction). 3. For lung abscesses with purulent bloody sputum, it is often combined with yú xīng căo (Herba Houttuyniae), lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) and táo rén (Semen Persicae) to enhance the effects.   For intestinal abscesses, it is combined with bài jiàng căo (Herba Patriniae), yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis) and hóng téng (Caulis Sargentodoxae) so as to purge toxic heat, reduce swelling and improve the healing.   For acute mastitis in the early stage with hard swelling pain, it is combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) and mò yào (Myrrha) to act by clearing toxic heat, transforming blood stasis and subduing swelling, such as in the formula Shén Xiào Guā Lóu Săn (■ffective Trichosanthes Powder).   For skin sores and abscesses, it is combined with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) to reinforce its effects.   For the above cases in early stage before purulence, the fresh herb can be pounded and applied topically. 4. For constipation with dry stools due to heat inside, it is often combined with huŏ má rén (Semen Cannabis), yù lĭ rén (Semen Pruni) and stir-fried zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) to improve its effects. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 15-30 g of quán guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), or 6-12 g of guā lóu pí (Pericarpium Trichosanthis), or 9-15 g of guā lóu rén (Semen Trichosanthis) in decoction, or made into powder or pills. Guā lóu pí (Pericarpium Trichosanthis) is good at clearing heat, resolving phlegm and moving the chest qi. Guā lóu rén (Semen Trichosanthis) is more effective in moistening the lung, resolving phlegm and lubricating the intestines. Quán guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) can do everything that its peel and seed can do. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with loose stools due to qi

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deficiency, cold phlegm or damp phlegm, because of its cold and moistening property. It is contraindicated for use with căo wū (Radix Aconiti Kusnezof■i), chuān wū (Radix Aconiti) and fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata). ［Ingredients］ It contains triterpenoid saponins, organic acids, resins, saccharides, proteins and pigmentum. Its pulp contains 17 kinds of amino acids and 11 kinds of mineral elements. The seed contains fatty oils, trichosanic acid, multi-amino acids, semen trichosanthis glucoprotein, etc. The peel contains small amounts of volatile oils, multi-amino acids, mineral elements, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ The total amino acids in the peel and saponins show effects of expectoration. Guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), guā lóu pí (Pericarpium Trichosanthis) and their preparations have anti-arrhythmic effect. Guā lóu injection shows effects of dilating the coronary artery and increasing coronary blood flow, protective effect on acute myocardial ischemia in rats induced by pituitrin, and improving the tolerance to normal pressure or hypobaric hypoxia. It also dilates capillaries, lowers lipid peroxides (LPO), and increases activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), prostacyclin (PGI2) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). It can raise tolerance towards the hypobaric and normobaric hypoxia. It dilates microvessels to delay microcirculation disturbance, and lowers serum cholesterol. It has inhibiting actions on pneumococci, pseudomonas aeruginosa, hemolytic streptococcus and bacillus in■uenzae. The fatty oils of guā lóu rén (Semen Trichosanthis) obviously reduce diarrhea. Guā lóu decoction shows inhibition or killing effects on ascites carcinoma, HeLa cell line and cervical carcinoma cells. Guā lóu pí is better than guā lóu zĭ (Semen Trichosanthis) on dilating the coronary artery and antitumous effect. Guā lóu zĭ is better than guā lóu pí in the action of reducing diarrhea, but one kind of acidic ethanol insoluble matter in the peel obviously reduces diarrhea.

ZhúRú竹茹 CAULIS BAMBUSAE IN TAENIA Bamboo Shavings ［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Northern and Southern Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). Its original name was dàn zhú pí rú (淡竹 皮茹). It is the dry interlayer of the stem of Bambusa tuldoides Munro, Sinocalamus beecheyanus (Munro) McClure var. pubescens P. F. Li, or Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd.) Munro var. henonis (Mitf.) Stapf ex Rendle, perennial and evergreen trees or shrubs of the family Poaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Zhú “bamboo” and rú “softness”. It is the scraped thread-like fibers of the interlayer of the bamboo stem. It is greenish-yellow, soft and ■uffy, and thus is named zhú rú. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced along the Yangtze River and its southern areas, and also in Shandong, Henan and Shaanxi provinces of China. ［Collection］ The fresh stems are collected all year round. The peel is removed and the interlayer is scraped to yield the ■bers, which are bound into bundles and dried in the shade. The ■bers that are even in size, greenish-yellow, soft and ■exible are of good quality.

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［Processing］ After cleaning, the ■bers are made into balls or chopped into segments for use, or ginger juice-fried for use. ［Properties］ Sweet; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Lung, stomach, gallbladder. ［Characteristics］ Sweet and slightly cold in property, and entering the lung, stomach and gallbladder channels, it is good at clearing heat, resolving phlegm, calming the mind, arresting vomiting, preventing abortion, cooling blood and checking bleeding. It is particularly effective for cough with yellow turbid sputum, anxiety and insomnia due to phlegm heat harassing the heart and mind, and nausea and vomiting due to stomach heat. It is also applicable for heat-triggered threatened abortion with abnormal vaginal bleeding during pregnancy. ［Actions］ Clears heat, resolves phlegm, calms the heart and mind, arrests vomiting, prevents abortion and cools blood. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough with yellow turbid sputum, it is often combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) and sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori) to improve its effects. 2. For anxiety and insomnia due to phlegm heat harassing the heart and mind, it is combined with zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and fú líng (Poria) to relieve the problems by clearing phlegm and heat, and calming the heart and mind, such as in the formula Wēn Dăn Tāng (Gallbladder-Warming Decoction). 3. For vomiting due to stomach heat, it is combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) to descend the adverse qi ■ow of the stomach, arrest vomiting and clear heat, such as in the formula Zhú Rú Yĭn (Bamboo Shavings Beverage). If the vomiting is in the pattern of phlegm heat with yellowish and greasy tongue coating, it should be used in combination with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to improve the effects, such as in the formula Huáng Lián Zhú Rú Jú Pí Bàn Xià Tāng (Coptis, Bamboo Shavings, Tangerine Peel and Pinellia Decoction). If the vomiting is accompanied by signs showing stomach de■ciency, it is combined with jú pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) and rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) to partly clear heat and partly strengthen stomach qi as well, such as in the formula Jú Pí Zhú Rú Tāng (Tangerine Peel and Bamboo Shavings Decoction). For morning sickness with heat signs, it is combined with pí pá yè (Folium ■riobotryae), chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to clear heat and calm the stomach. 4. For threatened abortion with vaginal bleeding during pregnancy with heat signs, it is applied alone or in combination with zhù má gēn (Radix Boehmeriae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to enhance the effects on preventing abortion, cooling blood and arresting bleeding. For hematemesis, epistaxis, hematuria, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis due to blood heat, bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae), shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae) and xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii) should be used in combination to enhance the effects. 5. In addition, it is applicable for excessive thirst due to sunstroke and better if used in combination with wū méi (Fructus Mume) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-9 g in decoction, or made into powder or pills. For external use: made into paste and applied topically in plaster form. The fresh herb is better than

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the dry herb in effects. The unprepared dry herb is better in clearing phlegm heat, and the ginger juice-prepared herb is better in arresting vomiting. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with cough due to cold-phlegm retention, hiccups or vomiting due to stomach cold, or loose stools due to spleen de■ciency because of its cold property. ［Ingredients］ It contains 2,5-dimethoxy-p-benzo-quinone, p-hydroxy benzaldehyde, syringaldehyde, coniferyl aldehyde, amino acids, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of expelling phlegm and inhibiting cough and vomiting. It shows remarkable inhibitory effects on staphylococcus albus, bacillus subtilis, escherichia coli and bacterium typhosum.

ZhúLì竹沥 SUCCUS BAMBUSAE Bamboo Sap ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was zhú (“bamboo”) zhī (“juice”) (竹汁). It is the light yellowish clear sap of Bambusa tuldoides Munro or Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd.) Munro var. henonis (Mitf.) Stapf ex Rendle, perennial and evergreen trees or shrubs of the family Poaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Zhú “bamboo” and lì “drops” or “juice”. It is actually the juice of the bamboo stem, which drops little by little if the fresh bamboo is heated over ■re. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced along the Yangtze river and its southern areas, and in Shandong, Henan and Shaanxi provinces of China. ［Collection］ The fresh bamboo branches are cut into segments 30 cm in length and soaked in water. After the joints and nodes are removed, they are chopped vertically into two parts, heated over ■re at the middle, and when the sap comes out from both ends it is ■ltered for use. The sap can also be boiled into paste for use. ［Processing］ It is used directly fresh. ［Properties］ Sweet; cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, lung, liver. ［Characteristics］ Sweet and cold in property, it enters the heart, lung and liver channels. It is particularly useful in diluting phlegm, so that it is often applied for cough or wheezing with dif■cult expectoration of yellow sticky sputum. It is also good at calming convulsions and resuscitating the mind, and therefore is effectively used for loss of consciousness in apoplexy, infantile convulsions, depressive psychosis and epilepsy, which are diagnosed as excessive phlegm heat blocking the channels. ［Actions］ Clears heat, dilutes phlegm, improves expectoration, calms convulsions and resuscitates the mind. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough or wheezing with profuse yellowish turbid sputum, it can be applied alone, but better if combined with jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), yú xīng căo (Herba

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Houttuyniae) and pí pá yè (Folium ■riobotryae) to improve the effects, such as in the formula Fù Fāng Xiān Zhú Lì Kŏu Fú Yè (Compound Fresh Bamboo Sap Oral Liquid). If the above case is complicated by very sticky sputum and dif■cult expectoration, and dry stool constipation, it should be used in combination with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to purge heat and phlegm from the large intestine, such as in the formula Zhú Lì Dá Tán Wán (Bamboo Sap Phlegm-Driving Pill). 2. For loss of consciousness in apoplexy with lockjaw due to phlegm heat blocking the channels, it can be used alone, or in combination with ginger juice, or with dăn nán xīng (Arisaema cum Bile), jiāng cán (Bombyx Batryticatus) and guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), or it is taken orally together with Ān Gōng Niú Huáng Wán (Peaceful Palace Bovine Bezoar Pill). For infantile convulsions due to phlegm-heat retention, it is combined with dăn nán xīng (Arisaema cum Bile), niú huáng (Calculus Bovis) and ginger juice to enhance the effects on resolving phlegm, extinguishing wind and calming convulsions. For depressive psychosis and epilepsy due to phlegm heat inside, it is combined with zhū shā (Cinnabaris), yù jīn (Radix Curcumae) and bái fán (Alumen). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 30-60 g orally. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with cough and wheezing due to cold-phlegm retention or loose stools, because it is cold in nature. It should be used fresh. ［Ingredients］ The major components are phenol, 2-methoxyphenol, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, saccharides, multi-amino acids, microelements, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It inhibits cough, expels phlegm and calms wheezing.

Tiān ZhúHuáng 天竺黄 CONCRETIO SILICEA BAMBUSAE Bamboo Sugar ［Source］ Initially appeared in Materia Medica of Sichuan (Shŭ Bĕn Căo, 蜀本草) in the Five Dynasties (about 950 A.D.). It is the dry exudate of the stem of Bambusa textilis McClure or Schizostachyum chinense Rendle, perennial and evergreen trees or shrubs of the family Rhamnaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Tiān “sky”, meaning “huge”, zhú “bamboo” and huáng “yellow”. It is the dry yellow exudate of the big bamboo stem. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Yunnan, Guangdong and Guangxi of China. ［Collection］ The bamboo stems are collected during the autumn and winter. The exudate is removed and left to dry naturally for use. Big and lustrous exudate cubes with grayish-white color, smooth surfaces, loose texture and good absorbency are the best in quality. ［Processing］ It is used directly. ［Properties］ Sweet; cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver. ［Characteristics］ It is similar to zhú lì (Succus Bambusae) in property, channels entered,

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actions and clinical applications, yet it is more effective for acute infantile convulsions with loss of consciousness and fever that is generally due to phlegm-heat accumulation. ［Actions］ Clears heat, transforms phlegm, arrests convulsions and resuscitates the mind. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For infantile convulsions in the pattern of phlegm heat, it is often combined with dăn nán xīng (Arisaema cum Bile) and qīng dài (Indigo Naturalis) to improve the effects, such as in the formula Bào Lóng Wán (Dragon-Sedating Pill). For depressive psychosis and epilepsy due to phlegm-heat retention, it is combined with yù jīn (Radix Curcumae), bái fán (Alumen) and jiāng cán (Bombyx Batryticatus) to reinforce its effects. For stroke with profuse phlegm and coarse breathing, it is combined with niú huáng (Calculus Bovis), shí chāng pú (Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii) and yù jīn (Radix Curcumae) to clear heat, resolve phlegm, open the ori■ces and resuscitate the mind. For high fever with loss of consciousness and delirium, it is combined with niú huáng (Calculus Bovis), zhú yè xīn (Folium Pleioblasti) and shuĭ niú jiăo (Cornu Bubali) to clear toxic heat, open the ori■ces and resuscitate the mind, and cool blood. 2. For cough and wheezing with yellow turbid sputum, it is combined with guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori) and zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii) to clear heat, resolve phlegm, and relieve cough and wheezing. 3. In addition, it can be applied topically in powder for mouth ulcers if used in combination with péng shā (Borax) and bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-6 g in decoction, or 0.6-1 g every time in powder or pills. For external use: the powder is applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency cold since it is cold in nature. ［Ingredients］ It contains caustic potash, silicon, aluminum oxide, iron sesquioxide, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It remarkably inhibits pyogenic coccus and enteropathogenic bacteria in vitro.

Hǎi Zǎo 海藻 SARGASSUM Seaweed ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry body of Sargassum pallidum (Turn.) C. Ag. or Sargassum fusiforme (Harv.) Setch., two types of algae of the family Sargassaceae. The former is also called bigleaf seaweed, while the latter is called small-leaf seaweed. ［■xplanation of Name］ Hăi “sea” and zăo “algae”. It grows in the sea and is a kind of algae. ［Habitat］ Big-leaf seaweed is mainly produced in the seashore areas of Shandong, Liaoning and other similar areas of China, while small-leaf seaweed is produced in Fujian, Zhejiang and Guangdong

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provinces, but mostly in Fujian Province. ［Collection］ It is collected during the summer and autumn. After impurities are cleared away, it is cleaned with fresh water and dried in the sun for use. Plants that are tender in texture, brownishblack in color and with less salt on the surface are of the best quality. ［Processing］ The dried ones are soaked in water to wash away impurities and residual salt, dried to half, chopped into segments and then dried completely for use. ［Properties］ Salty; cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, stomach, kidney. ［Characteristics］ It is salty in ■avor so that it is able to soften and resolve lumps; therefore it is often used for goiters, scrofula and lumps. It also relieves edema by improving urination. ［Actions］ Resolves phlegm, softens hardness and promotes urination to alleviate edema. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For goiters, it is often combined with kūn bù (Thallus Laminariae) as mutual reinforcement, such as in the formula Hăi Zăo Yù Hú Tāng (Precious Seaweed Decoction). For scrofula due to phlegm-■re accumulation, it is frequently combined with xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae), xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Nèi Xiāo Luŏ Lì Wán (Scrofula Internally-Resolving Pill). For testicular swelling and pain, it should be combined with jú hé (Semen Citri Reticulatae), chuān liàn zĭ (Fructus Toosendan) and yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis) to enhance the effects of soothing liver qi, dissipating swelling and relieving pain. 2. For foot in■ammatory swelling or edema due to damp heat pouring down, it is combined with tŭ fú líng (Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae), fáng jĭ (Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae) and chuān niú xī (Radix Cyathulae) to alleviate edema by draining heat and dampness. For edema, it is combined with fú líng (Poria), zhū líng (Polyporus) and zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) to improve the effects. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into powder or pills. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with deficiency cold of the spleen and stomach because of its cold property. It is antagonized to gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae). ［Ingredients］ It contains iodine, potassium, alginic acid, mannitol, polysaccharides, crude proteins, laminarin, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ The iodine and iodide it contains counteract low function of the thyroid gland due to insuf■cient iodine supply and inhibit hyperthyroidism. Algin acid sulfate inhibits hyperlipidemia, lowers serum cholesterol level and alleviates atherosclerosis in rabbits. Its water infusion lowers blood pressure, inhibits blood coagulation, checks bleeding and inhibits dermatophytes in dogs and rabbits. Sodium alginate can be made into a substitute of plasma, the ■uid expansion of which is almost the same as that of dextran, showing positive effects on hematopoiesis, and no harm to the liver, spleen, kidney and marrow. It also shows effects of anti-tumor, antiinfection, radio-resistance, anti-hypoxia and in■uencing immunity.

Kūn Bù昆布 THALLUS LAMINARIAE; THALLUS ECKLONIAE Kelp ［Source］ Initially appeared in Wu Pu’s Materia Medica (Wú Pŭ Bĕn Căo, 吴普本草) in the

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Three Kingdoms (222-280 A.D.). It is the dry plant body of Laminaria japonica Aresch. or Ecklonia kurome Okam., two kinds of algae of the family Laminariaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Kūn “big” and bù “cloth”. The plant body is big, long and ■at like cloth. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Shandong, Liaoning, Zhejiang and Fujian provinces of China. ［Collection］ It is collected during the summer and autumn and dried in the sun for use. The big and plump ones with dark green color are of good quality. ［Processing］ It is rinsed clean, left for drying to the half, cut into long narrow slices, and then dried completely for use. ［Properties］ Salty; cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, stomach, kidney. ［Characteristics］ It is salty in ■avor so that it is able to soften and resolve lumps; therefore it is often used for goiters, scrofula and lumps. It also relieves edema by improving urination. ［Actions］ Resolves phlegm, softens hardness and promotes urination to alleviate edema. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For goiters, it is often combined with hăi zăo (Sargassum) as mutual reinforcement, such as in the formula Hăi Zăo Yù Hú Tāng (Precious Seaweed Decoction). For scrofula due to phlegm-■re accumulation, it is frequently combined with xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae), xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Nèi Xiāo Luŏ Lì Wán (Scrofula Internally-Resolving Pill). For testicular swelling and pain, it should be combined with jú hé (Semen Citri Reticulatae), chuān liàn zĭ (Fructus Toosendan) and yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis) to enhance the effects of soothing liver qi, dissipating swelling and relieving pain. 2. For foot in■ammatory swelling or edema due to damp heat pouring down, it is combined with tŭ fú líng (Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae), fáng jĭ (Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae) and chuān niú xī (Radix Cyathulae) to alleviate edema by draining heat and dampness. For edema, it is combined with fú líng (Poria), zhū líng (Polyporus) and zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) to improve the effects. 3. For plum-stone qi due to qi stagnation and phlegm retention, it is combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), fú líng (Poria) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into powder or pills. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency cold of the spleen and stomach because of its cold property. ［Ingredients］ It contains alginate, fucoidan, laminarin, lipopolysaccharides, multi-amino acids, volatile oils, carotene, vitamins, iodine and other trace elements, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ The iodine and iodide it contains counteract iodine deficiency goiters. Laminine and sylvine lower blood pressure. Algin and laminine reduce serum cholesterol. The nucleic acids have notable anti-tumor activity. In addition, it remarkably improves immunity, lowers blood sugar and blood pressure, counteracts blood coagulation, suppresses cough, inhibits radiation and serves as a laxative.

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Section 2 Herbs that Arrest Cough and Calm Wheezing Herbs in this category are acrid, bitter or sweet in flavor, so that they perform the effects of dispersing and descending. They are cold, cool or warm in nature. They are excellent in calming cough and wheezing via descending lung qi or moistening lung yin, and some of them can also resolve phlegm. Cough and wheezing are either triggered by exterior wind cold, wind heat or dry heat by impacting the normal ■ow of lung qi, or come up together with lung yin de■ciency or lung and kidney de■ciency. In application, herbs are chosen according to different cause, pathogenesis and clinical complications.

KǔXìng Rén 苦杏仁 SEMEN ARMENIACAE AMARUM Bitter Apricot Kernel ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry mature seed of Prunus armeniaca L. var. ansu Maxim., Prunus sibirica L., Prunus mandshurica (Maxim.) or Prunus armeniaca L., different kinds of small deciduous trees of the family Rosaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Kŭ “bitter”, xìng “apricot” and rén “kernel”. If “杏”, the character for “apricot”, is split into two parts, the upper “木” indicates “branch”, and “口” indicates “fruit”. “杏”, a pictographic character, means “fruits attaching to the branches”. These four kinds of apricot kernel are bitter, different from snack apricot kernels. ［Habitat］ Widely produced in the north of China, and mainly in Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi and Shaanxi of China. ［Collection］ The mature fruits are collected during summer. The flesh and the nutshell are removed to collect the kernels, which are then dried naturally for use. The big solid kernels with pure white color inside are of good quality. ［Processing］ They are cleaned for use, or blanched quickly in boiling water, or stir-fried for use. They are crushed before use. ［Properties］ Bitter, slightly warm; slightly toxic. ［■ntered Channels］ Lung, large intestine. ［Characteristics］ Bitter and slightly warm in property, and mainly entering the lung and large intestine channels, it is good at arresting cough and wheezing, and at lubricating the bowels by descending the lung qi and moistening the large intestine. It is mainly used for two purposes—cough and wheezing, and dry stool constipation. There is no effect on resolving phlegm.

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［Actions］ Arrests cough and wheezing and lubricates the bowels. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough and wheezing triggered by exterior wind cold, it is commonly combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to help in dispersing the wind and coldness to release the exterior, and in dispersing the lung qi to arrest the cough and wheezing, such as in the formula Sān Ào Tāng (Rough and Ready Three Decoction). For cough with phlegm triggered by exterior wind heat, it is combined with sāng yè (Folium Mori), jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) to relieve cough by dispersing wind heat from the exterior and dispersing the lung qi, such as in the formula Sāng Jú Yĭn (Mulberry Leaf and Chrysanthemum Beverage). For cough with small amounts of clear sputum triggered by exterior cool dryness, it is frequently combined with sū yè (Folium Perillae), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and fú líng (Poria) to relieve the cough by dispersing the pathogens and dispersing the lung qi, such as in the formula Xìng Sū Săn (Apricot Kernel and Perilla Powder). For cough with no sputum or a small amount of sticky sputum triggered by exterior warm dryness, it is combined with sāng yè (Folium Mori), chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) and shā shēn (Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae) to relieve cough by dispersing pathogens from the exterior and moistening the lung as well, such as in the formula Sāng Xìng Tāng (Mulberry Leaf and Apricot Kernel Decoction). For cough and wheezing with yellow turbid sputum due to lung heat, it is combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to relieve the problem by purging heat, and dispersing and descending the lung qi, such as in the formula Má Xìng Shí Gān Tāng (■phedra, Apricot Kernel, Gypsum and Licorice Decoction). For cough and wheezing with profuse clear sputum and cold sensation, it is combined with xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari), gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) to warmly resolve phlegm and move the lung qi. 2. For dry stool constipation due to body fluid insufficiency, it is combined with băi zĭ rén (Semen Platycladi) and yù lĭ rén (Semen Pruni) to improve the effects, such as in the formula Wŭ Rén Wán (Five Kernels Pill). For dry stool constipation due to blood deficiency, it is combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae) to relieve the constipation by nourishing blood and yin, such as in the formula Rùn Cháng Wán (Intestines-Moistening Pill). 3. In addition, applied topically it is useful for pruritus vulvae, furuncles and sores. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g crushed in decoction, or made into powder or pills. For external use: pounded and applied topically. For weak constitutions, the stir-fried one should be used, while for cases with loose stools the product with oil removed should be used. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is slightly toxic, so large doses should be avoided, and it should not be used with children. It is rich in fatty oils that may cause diarrhea, so it should not be used on patients with loose stools. Overdose application (30-60 g) may cause poisoning. The poisoning symptoms, which appear generally in 1-2 hours, include bitter and dry feeling in the mouth, excessive drooling, dizziness, lack of strength, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, epigastric burning sensation, hypertension and accelerated breathing in light cases, and lowered rate of breathing, loss of consciousness, tonic spasms, clonic cramps, dilated pupils, low blood pressure and respiratory or circulatory failure in critical cases.

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［Ingredients］ It contains amygdalin, fixed oils, caffeotannic acid, cyclohexanhexol, estrone, proteins and multi-amino acids. ［Pharmacological Research］ The amygdalin it contains disintegrates into a little amount of hydrogen cyanide inside the body, which suppresses cough and wheezing by slightly inhibiting the respiratory center. The bitter almond oil shows laxative effects and inhibitory effects on roundworm, hookworm, pinworm, salmonella typhosa and salmonella paratyphi. Amygdalin, benzaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide slightly inhibit cancer. Its protein inhibits in■ammation and pain. Applied topically it suppresses itching. Amygdalin increases immunity, resists heterogenesis, and lowers blood sugar and cholesterol. Oral application of 55 pieces of it (about 60 g) may cause death, because hydrogen cyanide coming from amygdalin is more toxic when by oral administration than by intravenous injection. Benzaldehyde inhibits the function of pepsin.

Attachment: Tián Xìng Rén 甜杏仁 Semen Armeniacae Dulce ［Source］ It is the dry, mature seed of Prunus armeniaca L. var. ansu Maxim. or Prunus armeniaca L., two kinds of small deciduous trees of the family Rosaceae. ［Properties］ Sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Lung, large intestine. ［Characteristics］ It is milder than kŭ xìng rén in effects, and particularly effective for cough in the pattern of de■ciency and dry stool constipation, because it is good at moistening the lung and large intestine. ［Pharmacologicla Research］ Research has shown that it relieves pain. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction.

ZǐSūZǐ紫苏子 FRUCTUS PERILLAE Perilla Fruit ［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Northern and Southern Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). Its original name was sū zĭ (苏子). It is the dry mature fruit of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt., an annual herb of the family Labiatae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Zĭ “purple”, sū “grass burned for cooking” and zĭ “seed”. The above-ground part of the plant is purple, and the seed is medicinal. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hubei, Henan, Shandong, Jiangxi, Hebei, Zhejiang and Heilongjiang provinces of China, with the largest output from Hubei. ［Collection］ The mature fruits are collected in autumn, cleaned and dried in the sun. Big, plump and oily fruits with grayish-brown skin are of the best quality. ［Processing］ They are washed again with water and dried in the sun or by stir-frying for use. They are crushed before use. ［Properties］ Acrid; warm.

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［■ntered Channels］ Lung, large intestine. ［Characteristics］ Warm and moistening in property, it enters the lung and large intestine channels. It is effective for cough and wheezing with profuse sputum by greatly resolving phlegm and descending lung qi. It is rich in botanical oils and is thus effective for dry stool constipation. ［Actions］ Descends the lung qi, resolves phlegm, relieves cough and wheezing and lubricates the bowels to relieve constipation. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough and wheezing with profuse sputum and poor appetite due to either exterior or interior pattern, it is combined with bái jiè zĭ (Semen Sinapis) and lái fú zĭ (Semen Raphani) to enhance the effects on descending lung qi, resolving phlegm and improving digestion, such as in the formula Sān Zĭ Yăng Qīn Tāng (Three-Seed Filial Devotion Decoction). For chronic cough and wheezing with profuse sputum, lumbar pain and edema in the legs, which indicates that the lung has affected the kidney, it is commonly combined with ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis) to improve the effects on arresting cough and wheezing, and to nourish the kidney as well, such as in the formula Sū Zĭ Jiàng Qì Tāng (Perilla Fruit Qi-Descending Decoction). For wheezing triggered by exterior wind cold with profuse yellow turbid sputum, it is combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), bái guŏ (Semen Ginkgo) and sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori) to partly arrest wheezing and resolve phlegm, and disperse and descend the lung qi as well, such as in the formula Dìng Chuăn Tāng (Arrest Wheezing Decoction). 2. For dry stool constipation in light cases, it is combined with huŏ má rén (Semen Cannabis) to improve the effects, such as in the formula Zĭ Sū Má Rén Zhōu (Perilla Fruit and Cannabis Fruit Porridge). For more serious cases, xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), guā lóu rén (Semen Trichosanthis) and stir-fried zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) are commonly used in combination to facilitate defecation by moving the bowels and lubricating the large intestine. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g pounded in decoction, or in porridge, or made into powder or pills. The stir-fried product is milder in property. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency or loose stools due to spleen de■ciency. ［Ingredients］ It contains proteins and fixed oils which are rich in unsaturated fatty acid, linolenic acid and linoleic acid. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of lowering blood cholesterol and anti-tumor. Its perillartine prolongs the survival rate in spontaneously hypertensive rats, and improves learning ability in experimental rats.

ZǐWǎn 紫菀 RADIX ET RHIZOMA ASTERIS Tatarian Aster Root ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry root or rhizome of Aster tataricus L. f., a perennial herb of the family Compositae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Zĭ “purple” and wăn “luxuriant”. The ■brous roots grow luxuriantly around the root and rhizome with the skin purplish-red.

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［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Anguo, Hebei Province, and Boxian and Guoyang of Anhui. It is also produced in Henan, Heilongjiang and Jiangxi provinces of China. ［Collection］ It is collected during spring and autumn. Roots with nodes and sediment are cleared away, and the remainders are dried in the sun. Long, purplish-red and tender roots are of the best quality. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, the roots are washed quickly and left for moistening. When they are completely soft, they are cut into segments or pieces and dried for use, or they are stir-fried with honey for use. ［Properties］ Acrid, bitter; slightly warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Lung. ［Characteristics］ Slightly acrid, slightly warm and slightly bitter in property, it enters the lung channel in particular. It relieves cough effectively by moistening the lung and resolving phlegm simultaneouly. ［Actions］ Moistens the lung, resolves phlegm and arrests cough. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough generally, and cold-triggered cough in particular. For cough with dry feeling and itching in the throat, which is triggered by exterior wind, it is often combined with jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae), jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) and băi bù (Radix Stemonae) to relieve cough by dispersing the exterior wind and dispersing the lung qi, such as in the formula Zhĭ Sòu Săn (Cough-Stopping Powder). For bloody phlegm due to lung deficiency chronic cough, it is effectively combined with ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini), chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) to relieve the problem by moistening the lung and resolving phlegm, such as in the formula Wáng Hăi Zàng Zĭ Wăn Tāng (Wang Haizang Tatarian Aster Root Decoction). For chronic mild cough, kuăn dōng huā (Flos Farfarae) is necessarily used in combination with it to enhance the effects. 2. For urinary difficulty due to lung qi stagnation, it is able to induce diuresis by dispersing the lung qi if used in a large dose, or in combination with fú líng (Poria) and tōng căo (Medulla Tetrapanacis). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, or made into powder or pills. For cough triggered by exterior pathogens, the unprepared herb is used, while for more chronic cases with de■ciency, the honey-prepared herb is more suitable. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with heat if used alone, since it is slightly warm in nature. ［Ingredients］ It contains astersaponin, shionone, quercetin, friedelin, epifriedelinol, shionoside, asterin and cyclochlorotine. It also contains volatile oils, aromatic acids and fatty acids. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of expelling phlegm, relieving cough and inhibiting bacteria. ■pifriedelinol shows inhibitory effects on ■hrlich’s carcinoma in experimental mice, quercetin induces diuresis and astersaponin shows strong hemolyzation activity.

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Kuǎn Dōng Huā 款冬花 FLOS FARFARAE Common Coltsfoot Flower ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry flower bud of Tussilago farfara L., a perennial herb of the family Compositae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Kuăn “come”, dōng “winter” and huā “flower”. The flower blooms near winter. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Henan, Gansu, Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces of China; that which is produced in Lingtai of Gansu and Yulin of Shaanxi are of the best quality. ［Collection］ The ■ower is collected in December before the earth freezes. Stalks and sediment are cleared away, and the ■owers are dried in the shade. Clean, big and plump ■owers with purplish-red color are of the best quality. ［Processing］ It is cleaned again directly for use, or honey-fried for use. ［Properties］ Acrid; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Lung. ［Characteristics］ It is slightly acrid and slightly warm but not drying in property. It enters the lung channel in particular to moisten the lung, descend the lung qi and resolve phlegm. It is commonly used for cough either triggered by exterior pathogens or due to interior damage, and is particularly suitable for cough with cold. ［Actions］ Moistens the lung, descends lung qi, resolves phlegm and relieves cough. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough, it is similar to zĭ wăn (Radix et Rhizoma Asteris) in actions but more effective in relieving cough. For chronic cough due to cold retention, it is generally combined with zĭ wăn (Radix et Rhizoma Asteris) to improve the effects. For cough with yellow turbid sputum due to heat in the lung, it is combined with sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori), guā lóu pí (Pericarpium Trichosanthis) and zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii) to enhance the effects. For dry cough, it is applied together with sāng yè (Folium Mori), nán shā shēn (Radix Adenophorae) and chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) to suppress the cough by cultivating body yin and moistening the lung. For chronic cough with bloody sputum, it is used together with băi hé (Bulbus Lilii) and made into paste, such as in the formula Băi Huā Gāo (Lily Bulb and Common Coltsfoot Flower Paste). For lung abscesses, it is combined with jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis), and yú xīng căo (Herba Houttuyniae) to enhance the effects on clearing lung heat and improving expectoration. 2. For wheezing due to phlegm heat chronically accumulated inside and wind cold invading

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outside, it is combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), bái guŏ (Semen Ginkgo) and sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori) to relieve the wheezing by dispersing and descending the lung qi at the same time, and resolving phlegm as well, such as in the formula Dìng Chuăn Tāng (Wheezing-Arresting Decoction). For wheezing with profuse clear sputum with cold signs of the body, it is combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), shè gān (Rhizoma Belamcandae) and zĭ wăn (Radix et Rhizoma Asteris) to relieve the wheezing and cough by dispersing and descending lung qi and improving phlegm expectoration, such as in the formula Shè Gān Má Huáng Tāng (Belamcanda and ■phedra Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, paste, pills or powder. For cough triggered by exterior pathogens, the unprepared herb is used, while for chronic cases with de■ciency, the honey-prepared herb is more suitable. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with excessive lung ■re, because it is acrid and warm and may consume qi and assist ■re. ［Ingredients］ It contains tussilagine, farfaratin, faradiol, flavonoid glycosides, essential oils, amino acids, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of relieving cough and wheezing, and expelling phlegm. Farfaratin increases blood pressure, activates respiration and inhibits platelet aggregation. Its alcohol extractives and water decoction increase blood pressure. The ether extractives inhibit gastrointestinal smooth muscles, showing spasmolysis activity.

Bǎi Bù百部 RADIX STEMONAE Stemona Root ［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Northern and Southern Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). It is the dried root of Stemona sessilifolia (Miq.) Miq., Stemona japonica (Bl.) Miq., or Stemona tuberosa Lour., perennial herbs of the family Stemonaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Băi “hundred” and bù “follower”. One plant has numerous roots, just like one leader with hundreds of followers. It is also known as sòu yào (嗽药), where sòu means “cough”. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in the east and south of China, and also in Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou provinces. ［Collection］ It is collected during spring and autumn, cleaned of ■brous roots and sediment, washed clean with water, blanched quickly in boiling water and dried in the sun. Alternately it is steamed and dried in the sun. Big and solid roots are of the best quality. ［Processing］ It is washed clean, moistened completely, cut into thick pieces and dried for use, or honey-fried for use. ［Properties］ Sweet, bitter; neutral.

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［■ntered Channels］ Lung. ［Characteristics］ It is sweet and slightly bitter, neutral and moistening in property, and enters the lung channel only. It is particularly effective in relieving cough and moistening the lung, and it also kills parasites. It is commonly applied for acute or chronic cough, especially whooping cough and pulmonary tubercular cough. It is also applicable for infusorian or pinworm infection. ［Actions］ Moistens the lung, relieves cough and kills parasites. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For irritable throat with cough, it is combined with jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae), jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) and zĭ wăn (Radix et Rhizoma Asteris) to relieve the problems by dispersing exterior wind, dispersing lung qi and slightly resolving phlegm, such as in the formula Zhĭ Sòu Săn (Cough-Stopping Powder). For chronic cough complicated with qi and yin deficiency of the body, it is necessarily combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), shā shēn (Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae) and mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) to relieve cough and nourish qi and yin simultaneously. For chronic cough in the pattern of lung and kidney yin de■ciency, or pulmonary tubercular cough, it is used in combination with ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini), chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) and shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to nourish yin, moisten the lung and suppress the cough, such as in the formula Yuè Huá Wán (Moonlight Pill). For whooping cough and spasmodic cough, it is combined with jú hóng (■xocarpium Citri Rubrum), guā lóu rén (Semen Trichosanthis) and tíng lì zĭ (Semen Descurainiae seu Lepidii) to relieve cough and resolve phlegm, such as in the formula Dùn Ké Săn (Whooping Cough Powder). It is also made into syrup for oral administration. 2. For lice infection and scabies, it is made into 20％ ethanol solution or 50％ decoction and applied topically. The dry powder also can be applied topically for the same purposes. For trichomonas vaginalis, it is applied by rinsing and bathing topically alone or in combination with shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii) and kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis). For pinworm infection, 30 g of the unprepared herb is decocted into 30 ml concentrated decoction, and applied before bedtime every day via retention enema for ■ve days. For roundworm and other intestinal parasitic infection, it is generally used in combination with other herbs that expel parasites in particular. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: the dry powder, decoction and wine-medicated products are applied topically. For chronic cases with body de■ciency, the honey-prepared herb should be used. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with loose stools due to spleen de■ciency since it is moistening. ［Ingredients］ It contains stemonine, stemonidine, protostemonine, tuberostemonine, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, organic acids, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ The alkaloids it contains inhibit cough by suppressing the central nervous system, and work similarly to aminophylline, which counteracts histamine-induced contraction of the bronchial smooth muscles, but more slowly and persistently. Stemonine shows the effects of analgesia and sedation. Its 50％ concentrated decoction kills pinworms in mice, while tuberostemonine can paralyze roundworms. Its water infusion and alcohol infusion can effectively kill lice, inhibit M. tuberculosis and many kinds of coccobacteria, bacilli and dermatophytes, and decrease the pathogenicity of Asian in■uenza virus A in mice.

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PíPá Yè 枇杷叶 FOLIUM ERIOBOTRYAE Loquat Leaf ［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Northern and Southern Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). It is the dried leaf of Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl., a small evergreen tree of the family Rosaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Pí pá “Chinese lute” and yè “leaf”. The leaf looks like a lute in shape, and is medicinal. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and Hubei provinces of China; the output of Guangdong and Jiangsu provinces is the largest. ［Collection］ It can be collected year round, yet mainly in summer. It is dried in the sun for use. Complete and greenish-gray leaves are the best in quality. ［Processing］ The leaf hairs are brushed off and the leaves are cleaned, moistened, cut into long narrow slices when soft and dried for use, or honeyprepared for use. ［Properties］ Bitter; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Lung, stomach. ［Characteristics］ It is bitter and slightly cold in property, and mainly enters the lung channel. It is good at purging lung heat, descending lung qi and relieving cough. It also enters the stomach channel to clear stomach heat and descend stomach qi to arrest vomiting. It is an essential herb for cough due to lung heat, and for vomiting and hiccups due to stomach heat. ［Actions］ Clears lung heat to relieve cough and descends stomach qi to arrest vomiting. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough due to lung heat, it is combined with sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori), qián hú (Radix Peucedani) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to relieve the cough by clearing heat and resolving phlegm. For cough triggered by exterior wind heat, it is combined with sāng yè (Folium Mori), jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) to disperse wind heat and relieve the cough. For dry-heat cough with little sputum, it is combined with sāng yè (Folium Mori), kŭ xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and mài mén dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) to relieve cough by clearing the heat and moistening the lung, such as in the formula Qīng Zào Jiù Fèi Tāng (Dryness-Clearing and Lung-Rescuing Decoction). For chronic cough due to de■cient constitution, it is combined with ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini), băi hé (Bulbus Lilii) and chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) to nourish the body, moisten the lung and relieve the cough. 2. For vomiting and hiccups due to stomach heat, huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) should be chosen to work together with it to clear stomach heat, descend adverse qi and arrest vomiting.

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3. For general thirst and diabetic thirst due to stomach heat consuming the body fluid, it is commonly combined with tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) to improve its effects. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g generally and double dose for the fresh herb in decoction, or made into paste, pills and powder. For the purpose of relieving cough, the honey-fried herb is used, while for the purpose of arresting vomiting, the unprepared herb is more suitable. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with cough due to cold and vomiting due to stomach coldness, since it is slightly cool in nature. ［Ingredients］ It contains nerolidol, farnesol, amygdalin, tartaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, sesquiterpene glycosides, vitamin B, vitamin C, sorbitol, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of relieving cough and wheezing, and slightly expelling phlegm. Its decoction inhibits staphylococcus aureus in vitro. Ursolic acid has antiin■ammatory effects. Amygdalin shows anti-tumor action.

Sāng Bái Pí桑白皮 CORTEX MORI White Mulberry Root-bark ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root bark of Morus alba L., a deciduous shrub or small tree of the family Moraceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Sāng “mulberry”, bái “white” and pí “bark”. It is the white root bark with the yellowish-brown rough skin removed. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Henan, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Hebei and Guangdong provinces of China. ［Collection］ The roots are collected during the late autumn when the leaves are withering and the following early spring before sprouting. After the rough outer skin is scraped off, the root is split vertically, and the white bark is peeled off and dried in the sun. White, thick, soft and ■rm bark is of the best quality. ［Processing］ It is cleaned simply, washed quickly, left to dry a little, cut into narrow slices and then dried completely for use, or honey-prepared for use. ［Properties］ Sweet; cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Lung. ［Characteristics］ Sweet and cold in property, and entering the lung channel, it purges heat, ■uid and phlegm from the lung to calm cough and wheezing with profuse phlegm, and induces diuresis to relieve edema and dysuria by descending lung qi and dredging the channels. ［Actions］ Purges the lung to relieve wheezing and induces diuresis to alleviate edema. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough and wheezing with fever due to heat in the lung, it is commonly combined with dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii), gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and jīng mĭ (Semen Oryza Sativa) to improve the effects, such as in the formula Xiè Bái Săn (White-Draining Powder).

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For cough and wheezing with excessive yellowish turbid sputum which is generally due to lung heat, it is combined with guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae). If combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) and other herbs that warmly transform ■uid, it is applicable for wheezing with clear thin sputum. 2. For facial edema due to poor dispersal of the lung qi and defective fluid metabolism, it is combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) to reduce the edema by dispersing the lung qi and promoting urination. For edema due to de■cient spleen qi failing to transport ■uid, it is combined with fú líng pí (Cutis Poriae), dà fù pí (Pericarpium Arecae) and shēng jiāng pí (■xodermis Zingiberis Recens) to enhance the effects on improving the ■uid metabolism, such as in the formula Wŭ Pí Săn (Five-Peel Powder). 3. Additionally, it is also applicable for hypertension or hyperactivity of the liver yang, but better used in combination with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), jué míng zĭ (Semen Cassiae) and xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae). It can be topically applied alone in paste or powder for the treatment of traumatic injuries. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 15-30 g in decoction, or made into powder or pills. For external use: the fresh juice is applied topically or the decoction is applied for rinsing. For reducing edema, the simply dried herb should be used, while for relieving deficiency cough, the honey-fried herb is the best option. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for cough or wheezing in the pattern of cold or for patients with frequent urination, because it is cold and draining in property. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains ■avonoids, such as mulberrin, morusin and mulberrochromene. It also contains mulberrofuran, umbelliferone, scopoletin, analogue of acetylcholine, mucoid substance, pectin, tannin, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It induces diuresis, increases urine volume and the discharge of sodium, kalium ions and chloride. It inhibits cough, tranquilizes the mind, kills pain, lowers blood pressure, dilates vessels, counteracts blood coagulation, lowers blood sugar, inhibits hypoxia, excites the uterus, inhibits cancer and promotes hair growth.

Tíng LìZǐ葶苈子 SEMEN DESCURAINIAE SEU LEPIDII Pepperweed Seed ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was tíng lì (葶苈). It is the dry mature seed of Lepidium apetalum Willd. or Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex prantl., annual or biennial herbs of the family Cruciferae. The former is also known as bĕi (“north”) tíng lì zĭ (北葶苈子), while the latter is known as nán (“south”) tíng lì zĭ (南葶苈子). ［■xplanation of Name］ Tíng “dredging”, lì “draining” and zĭ “seed”. The seed is used for dredging the water channels and draining water. ［Habitat］ Bĕi tíng lì zĭ is mainly produced in the east, middle and south of China, while nán tíng lì zĭ in the north and northeastern areas of China. ［Collection］ The mature seeds are collected during April and May when the fruits are turning

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greenish-yellow. They are cleaned and dried in the sun. Clean, plump and yellowish-brown seeds that are even in size are the best in quality. ［Processing］ They are cleaned for use, or dry-fried ■rst. Cleaning them with water is not allowed. ［Properties］ Bitter, acrid; very cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Lung, bladder. ［Characteristics］ Bitter, acrid and very cold in property, and entering the lung and bladder channels, it is able to calm wheezing and reduce edema by purging the lung and the bladder. It is particularly effective for wheezing with cough and profuse sputum due to fluid retention in the lung, and for edema in more serious cases. ［Actions］ Purges the lung, calms wheezing and promotes urination to alleviate edema. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For wheezing with profuse thin clear sputum, it can be used alone, or it is used in combination with dà zăo (Fructus Jujubae) to moderate its coldness effect and strengthen the healthy qi, such as in the formula Tíng Lì Dà Zăo Xiè Fèi Tāng (Lepidium/Descurainiae and Jujube Lung-Draining Decoction). It also can be used in combination with sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori) to reinforce its effects for the same purpose. For wheezing with profuse whitish turbid sputum, which is generally due to damp-phlegm retention, it is combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), huà jú hóng (■xocarpium Citri Grandis) and sū zĭ (Fructus Perillae) to enhance the effects by drying dampness and resolving phlegm. For lung abscesses in the early stage with mild manifestations such as cough and wheezing, which are generally due to phlegm-heat stagnation in the lung, it can be used alone. For bloody purulent sputum seen in the more serious cases, which is due to excessive heat, jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis), yú xīng căo (Herba Houttuyniae) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) are necessarily used in combination with it to clear the toxic heat and phlegm, and improve expectoration. Nowadays it is effectively used in the treatment of chronic pulmonary heart disease with manifestations such as wheezing, tiredness and foot edema, yet better in combination with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori) and huáng qí (Radix Astragali) to relieve wheezing and edema by replenishing qi and improving urination. 2. For pleural effusion complicated with dry stool constipation and abdominal distension, it is combined with xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas) to purge lung heat and drain ■uid, such as in the formula Dà Xiàn Xiōng Wán (Major Chest Draining Pill). For ascites, it is combined with fáng jĭ (Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae), jiāo mù (Semen Zanthoxyli) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to purge ■uid by bowel movements and drain water by urination, such as in the formula Jĭ Jiāo Lì Huáng Wán (Stephania Root, Bunge Pricklyash Seed, Pepperweed Seed and Rhubarb Pill). 3. In addition, when applied topically together with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) in powder form, it is effective for skin sores and swelling. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g wrapped in decoction, or 3-6 g in powder or pills. For external use: the powder or the decoction is applied topically. For edema or fluid retention the unprepared herb is used, while for wheezing with phlegm the dry-fried herb is used, and

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for chronic wheezing due to de■ciency the honey-prepared herb is used. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with extreme de■ciency, since it may consume qi in the process of purging. ［Ingredients］ Bĕi (“north”) tíng lì zĭ mainly contains sinigrin, and nán (“south”) tíng lì zĭ contains sinapinic acid, strophanthidin, essential oils, isosulfocyanic acid and fatty oils. ［Pharmacological Research］ Its alcohol extractives improve cardiac contractility, slow the heartbeat, increase the output of the failing heart and lower its venous pressure, but a large dose application may cause arrhythmia and other poisoning symptoms like cardiac glycoside does. It widely inhibits bacteria including 20 kinds of fungi and 10 kinds of other strains. It effectively counteracts cancer even in a very low dose. It also induces diuresis and regulates blood lipids.

Bái Guǒ 白果 SEMEN GINKGO Ginkgo Nut ［Source］ Initially appeared in Corrections to Classified Materia Medica from Historical Classics for Emergency in Shaoxing Period (Shào Xīng Jiào Dìng Jīng Shĭ Zhèng Lèi Bèi Jí Bĕn Căo, 绍兴校定 经史证类备急本草) in the Southern Song Dynasty (about 1159 A.D.). Its original name was yín xìng (银杏). It is the dried mature seed of Ginkgo biloba L., a deciduous tree of the family Ginkgoaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Bái “white” and guŏ “fruit”. Its fruit looks similar to a small apricot and the fruit skin is silvery white, so it is also known as yín xìng where yín means “silver” and xìng means “apricot”. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangxi, Sichuan, Henan, Shandong, Hubei and Liaoning of China, and those which are produced in Guangxi are of the best quality. ［Collection］ The seed is collected during the autumn when mature. The pulp and external seed coat are removed, it is washed clean, lightly steamed or boiled, and dried in an oven. Seeds with yellowish-white shells and plump kernels with light yellowish cross-sections are of the best quality. ［Processing］ Clean it for use, or bake it ■rst. It is crushed before clinical application. ［Properties］ Sweet, bitter, astringent; neutral; slightly toxic. ［■ntered Channels］ Lung, kidney. ［Characteristics］ Sweet, bitter, neutral and slightly toxic in property, and mainly entering the lung channel, it is good at descending and astringing the lung qi. It also can slightly resolve phlegm. It also enters the kidney channel to secure essence and reduce urination. It is mainly applied for wheezing or cough in critical bodily de■ciency condition, yet also for leukorrhea, seminal emission and frequent urination. ［Actions］ Astringes the lung qi to relieve wheezing, relieves leukorrhea and reduces urination.

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［Clinical Applications］ 1. For critical wheezing with cough and phlegm, it can be used in combination with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), which disperses lung qi, so that these two herbs work together in a balanced way, astringing the lung and dispersing the lung qi. For asthma with phlegm triggered by exterior wind cold, it is better used furthermore in combination with gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) in addition to má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), such as in the formula Yā Zhăng Săn (Duck Foot Powder). If the above cases are complicated with phlegm heat inside, kŭ xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori) are used too in combination to disperse wind and cold from the exterior, and clear heat and phlegm from the inside, such as in the formula Dìng Chuăn Tāng (Wheezing-Arresting Decoction). For chronic wheezing due to both lung and kidney de■ciency, it is commonly combined with wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) and hú táo ròu (Semen Juglandis) to tonify the lung and kidney, and improve the effect on calming the wheezing. 2. For leukorrhea with clear discharge and aching pain and weakness in the loins and knees, which is generally due to spleen and kidney yang de■ciency, it is combined with dry-fried shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae), lián zĭ (Semen Nelumbinis) and dry-fried bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to check the discharge and treat the spleen and kidney from the root. For leukorrhea with aching pain and weakness in the loins and knees, and yellowish turbid discharge with bad odor, it is applied with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales) to check the discharge by clearing damp heat and strengthening the spleen, such as in the formula Yì Huáng Tāng (Yellow-Transforming Decoction). For whitish and turbid urine due to spleen and kidney de■ciency, it is combined with bì xiè (Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae), yì zhì rén (Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae) and wū yào (Radix Linderae) to clear up the urine by reinforcing the functions of the spleen and kidney. 3. For enuresis and frequent urination in the pattern of kidney cold de■ciency, it is combined with wū yào (Radix Linderae), sāng piāo xiāo (Oötheca Mantidis) and fù pén zĭ (Fructus Rubi) to enhance the effects. For seminal and nocturnal emission in the pattern of kidney de■ciency, jīn yīng zĭ (Fructus Rosae Laevigatae), shān yú ròu (Fructus Corni) and suŏ yáng (Herba Cynomorii) are commonly used in combination with it to check the emission and nourish the kidney. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-10 g crushed in decoction, or made into pills or powder. Its toxicity is reduced during the dry-frying process. The episperm, intimal pellicle and bud should be removed before use. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ An excessive application may cause poisoning, even when dry-fried. It is basically used for cases with wheezing due to chronic de■ciency and should not be used with cases where there is excess, because it will have an astringing effect. It is therefore not suitable for patients with dif■cult expectoration of sputum. Poisoning can result in fever, convulsions and dyspnea commonly, and nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, irritability, lethargy, cyanosis, lack of consciousness and slow or no pupillary light reaction are also seen. Death through paralysis of the respiratory center can happen in critical cases. ［Ingredients］ It contains ginkgotoxin, cashew nut acid and microelements. The kernel contains proteins, fats, carbohydrates, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of expelling phlegm, relaxing the bronchial

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smooth muscles to calm wheezing, immuno-depression, anti-allergy, anti-aging, anti-bacteria and lowering the blood pressure.

Attachment: Yín Xìng Yè 银杏叶 Folium Ginkgo ［Source］ It is the dry leaf of Ginkgo biloba L., a deciduous tree of the family Ginkgoaceae. Initially appeared in Essentials of Materia Medica Distinctions (Bĕn Căo Pĭn Huì Jīng Yào, 本草品汇精要) in the Ming Dynasty (about 1505 A.D.). ［Properties］ Sweet, bitter, astringent; neutral; slightly toxic. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, lung, large intestine. ［Actions］ Activates blood, relieves pain, astringes the lung and intestines, relieves wheezing and checks leukorrhea. ［Clinical Applications］ It is effective for chest constriction and pain, wheezing and cough with phlegm, diarrhea, dysentery and leukorrhea. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction. Its tablet, injection, pills and powder made from the extractives are also applied clinically. For external use: the fresh paste or decoction is applied topically. ［Pharmacological Research］ Research shows that the flavonoids it contains dilate the coronary arteries, improve coronary blood ■ow, relieve angina pectoris, inhibit thrombosis, lower cholesterol, counteract lipid oxidation, improve cerebral blood ■ow and metabolism, inhibit platelet aggregation and inhibit bacteria and ■B-virus.

Summary 1. Herbs that transform phlegm Bàn Xià vs. Tiān Nán Xīng Bàn Xià

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

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Tiān Nán Xīng

Properties

Acrid; warm; toxic

Entered channels

Lung, spleen

Actions

·

Indications

·

Properties

—

Bitter

Entered channels

Stomach

Liver

Actions

Descends adverse qi and arrests vomiting

■xpels wind to relieve spasms

Indications

Nausea, vomiting, epigastric fullness sensation, plum-stone qi (globus hystericus), goiters and tumors, which are due to dampness or damp phlegm

Long-standing problems due to phlegm, and other problems such as facial paralysis and spasms due to sudden blockage of phlegm

Special features

Drying property is milder than tiān nán xīng

—

·

·

Dries dampness and transforms phlegm Reduces swelling and dissipates lumps when used externally Problems due to cold-phlegm and damp-phlegm retention Scrofula, lumps and nodules in particular (used externally)

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Chinese Materia Medica Xuán Fù Huā ＆ Bái Qián Xuán Fù Huā

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Bái Qián

Properties

Acrid, bitter; slightly warm

Entered channels

Lung

Actions

Descends the lung qi and resolves phlegm

Indications

Cough and wheezing with excessive phlegm

Properties

Salty

—

Entered channels

Spleen, stomach, large intestine

—

Actions

Activates blood circulation

—

Indications

Chest pain

Profuse sputum

Special features

Good at eliminating phlegm fluid, vomiting and hiccups due to the adverse ■ow of stomach qi

Stronger than xuán fù huā in expelling phlegm

Jié Gĕng vs. Qián Hú Jié Gĕng

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Qián Hú

Properties

Bitter, acrid

Entered channels

Lung

Actions

Disperses the lung qi and expels phlegm

Indications

Profuse sputum

Properties

Neutral

Slightly cold

Actions

■ases the throat and improves purulent phlegm discharge

·

Indications

Sore throat, hoarseness or loss of the voice, lung abscesses, cough with turbid sputum, dysuria, edema and constipation by acting on the lung qi

·

Descends the lung qi Resolves phlegm

Cough and wheezing with profuse yellowish turbid phlegm, or cases due to exterior wind heat

Chuān Bèi Mŭ vs. Zhè Bèi Mŭ Chuān Bèi Mŭ

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

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Zhè Bèi Mŭ

Properties

Bitter

Entered channels

Lung, heart

Actions

Clears heat phlegm, dissipates lumps, relieves cough

Indications

Cough, abscesses, swelling, scrofula, goiters and tumors

Properties

Sweet, acrid; slightly cold

Cold

Actions

Moistens the lung

—

Indications

Dry cough

Wheezing with profuse yellowish turbid sputum, and lumps, swelling and scrofula with heat signs

Special features

—

Stronger in purging heat and phlegm, and clearing heat, resolving lumps and relieving swelling

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Similarities

Guā Lóu Pí vs. Guā Lóu Rén vs. Quán Guā Lóu

Quán Guā Lóu

Medicinal

Guā Lóu Pí

Guā Lóu Rén

Properties

Sweet, slightly bitter; cold

Entered channels

Lung, stomach, large intestine

Actions

Clears heat, resolves phlegm, and moistens the lung and large intestine

Actions

Moves chest qi

—

Moves chest qi

Indications

Chest constriction and pain

Dry stool constipation

Cough, wheezing, acute mastitis, lung abscesses and intestinal abscesses

Special features

Good at clearing heat, resolving phlegm and moving the chest qi

More effective in moistening the lung and large intestine

Does everything that its peel and seed can do

Zhú Rú vs. Zhú lì vs. Tiān Zhú Huáng Zhú Rú

Similarities

Medicinal

Tiān Zhú Huáng

Actions

Clears heat and phlegm

Indications

Cough and wheezing due to heat phlegm

Properties

Sweet and slightly cold

Sweet, cold

Entered channels

Lung, stomach, gallbladder

Heart, lung and liver Heart, liver

·

Actions ·

Differences

Zhú Lì

·

Indications

Special features

·

Cold

■xpels heat phlegm, Clears heart fire and stomach calms convulsions — heat and resuscitates the Cools blood to arrest bleeding mind Cough and wheezing with yellowish sputum in light cases Anxiety, insomnia, vomiting due to heat, heat-triggered bleeding and abnormal vaginal bleeding during pregnancy

Stroke, high fever, epilepsy with loss of consciousness and hemiplegia in the pattern of heatphlegm retention

Milder in effects compared to — zhú lì and tiān zhú huáng

Both cough and wheezing due to heat-phlegm retention, and loss of consciousness, abnormal infantile night crying, stroke, epilepsy and high fever due to heatphlegm accumulation inside In the middle position in terms of its effect on expelling and resolving phlegm

Kūn Bù vs. Hăi Zăo Kūn Bù

Similarities

Medicinal

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Hăi Zăo

Properties

Salty; cold

Entered channels

Liver, stomach, kidney

Actions

Resolves phlegm, softens hardness, promotes urination to alleviate edema

Indications

Goiters, tumors, scrofula, and foot in■ammatory swelling or edema

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Chinese Materia Medica Continued Kūn Bù

Differences

Medicinal

Special features

Hăi Zăo

Stronger than hăi zăo in effects

—

2. Herbs that arrest cough and calm wheezing Zĭ Sū Zĭ vs. Kŭ Xìng Rén Zĭ Sū Zĭ

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Kŭ Xìng Rén

Entered channels

Lung, large intestine

Actions

Descends the lung qi, lubricates the bowels

Indications

Cough, wheezing, constipation

Properties

Acrid; warm

Bitter, slightly warm; slightly toxic

Zĭ Wăn vs. Kuăn Dōng Huā vs. Băi Bù Zĭ Wăn

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal Entered channels

Lung

Actions

Moistens the lung

Indications

Cough in any pattern

Properties

Acrid, bitter; slightly warm

Actions

Resolves phlegm

Kuăn Dōng Huā

Acrid; warm

Băi Bù

Sweet, bitter; neutral Kills parasites ·

Indications

More effective in relieving cough

—

·

Consumptive cough and whooping cough Pinworm and pediculosis capitis infections

Sāng Bái Pí vs. Tíng Lì Zĭ Sāng Bái Pí

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

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Tíng Lì Zĭ

Entered channels

Lung

Actions

Purges the lung to relieve wheezing and induces diuresis to alleviate edema

Indications

Wheezing with profuse phlegm fluid or turbid phlegm, edema, water retention and dysuria

Properties

Sweet; cold

Bitter, acrid; very cold

Entered channels

—

Bladder

Special features

Purges lung heat to relieve wheezing

■xpels phlegm and fluid retention to relieve wheezing

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Herbs that Transform Phlegm, Arrest Cough and Calm Wheezing Zĭ Sū Zĭ vs. Lái Fú Zĭ Zĭ Sū Zĭ

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Lái Fú Zĭ

Properties

Acrid

Entered channels

Lung

Actions

Descends the lung qi and resolves phlegm

Indications

Wheezing with profuse phlegm

Properties

Warm

Sweet; neutral

Entered channels

Large intestine

Spleen, stomach

Actions

Lubricates the bowels

Promotes digestion and relieves abdominal distension

Indications

Constipation

Food retention with distension

Special features

Good at arresting cough and calming wheezing instead of resolving phlegm

■xcels at resolving phlegm

Kŭ Xìng Rén vs. Táo Rén Kŭ Xìng Rén

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Táo Tén

Properties

Bitter; slightly toxic

Entered channels

Large intestine

Actions

Relieves cough and wheezing, lubricates the bowels

Indications

Cough, wheezing, constipation

Properties

Slightly warm

Sweet; neutral

Entered channels

Lung

Heart, liver

Actions

—

Activates blood · ·

Indications

Cough or wheezing without phlegm

Cough or wheezing with blood stasis Amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain, abdominal masses, trauma, lung abscesses and intestinal abscesses with the complication of blood stasis

Review Questions 1. ■xplain the concept, actions, common characteristics, cautions and contraindications of the herbs that transform phlegm and stop coughing. 2. How many groups are the herbs in this chapter divided into according to their actions? What are the common characteristics of each group? 3. Why should herbs that regulate qi be combined with herbs that resolve phlegm? 4. ■xplain the actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of different preparation methods of bàn xià. 5. Why can bàn xià be used for epigastric stuf■ness, thoracic accumulation and plum-stone qi? 6. ■xplain the characteristics, actions and indications of the following herbs: tiān nán xīng, kŭ xìng rén, băi bù, xuán fù huā, guā lóu and sāng bái pí. 7. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of properties, actions and indications: bàn xià and tiān nán xīng;

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Chinese Materia Medica bàn xià and chén pí; bái qián and xuán fù huā; qián hú and bái qián. 8. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of properties, actions and indications: chuān bèi mŭ and zhè bèi mŭ; jié gĕng and qián hú; kŭ xìng rén and táo rén; kŭ xìng rén and zĭ sū zĭ. 9. Compare the following grouped herbs in the aspects of properties, actions and indications: sāng bái pí and tíng lì zĭ; zĭ wăn, kuăn dōng huā and băi bù; hăi zăo and kūn bù. 10. Jié gĕng, zĭ wăn, tíng lì zĭ, zĭ sū zĭ and bái guŏ are all used for cough and asthma. Compare these herbs in the aspects of characteristics and indications. 11. Má huáng, shí gāo, gān jiāng, táo rén and bái jiè zĭ are all used for cough and asthma. Compare these herbs in the aspects of characteristics and indications. 12. Shēng jiāng, lú gēn, zhú rú, bàn xià and xuán fù huā are all used for vomiting. Compare these herbs in the aspects of characteristics and indications. 13. ■xplain the characteristics, actions and indications of the following herbs: dàn zhú yè, zhú rú, zhú lì and tiān zhú huáng. 14. ■xplain the actions and indications of the following herbs: guā lóu gēn, quán guā lóu, guā lóu pí and guā lóu rén. 15. ■xplain the characteristics, actions and indications of the following herbs: sū yè, sū gĕng and sū zĭ. 16. Compare tiān nán xīng and dăn nán xīng in the aspects of source, properties, actions and indications.

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CHAPTER 14

Herbs that Calm the Mind Section 1

Minerals and Shells that Strongly

Suān Zăo Rén 酸枣仁

Calm the Mind

Băi Zĭ Rén 柏子仁

Cí Shí 磁石

/ 476

Lóng Gŭ 龙骨 Lóng Chĭ 龙齿

Hŭ Pò 琥珀

Líng Zhī 灵芝

/ 480

Hé Huān Pí 合欢皮

/ 482

/ 484

/ 485

Shŏu Wū Téng 首乌藤

/ 477

/ 480

Zhēn Zhū 珍珠 Section 2

/ 476

/ 487

/ 488 / 490

Hé Huān Huā 合欢花 / 491

Yuăn Zhì 远志

/ 491

Herbs that Mildly Calm the Mind / 484

［De■nition］ Herbs with the primary action of calming the mind and the heart are called herbs that calm the mind. ［Properties ＆ Actions］ Herbs in this category are minerals, shells or plants and mainly enter the heart and liver channels. Since the heart houses the spirit and governs mental activity, and the liver houses the soul and governs the free ■ow of qi and the emotions, herbs in this category have the actions of calming the mind and regulating emotional activities. Among them, minerals and shells are heavy and solid in texture, indicating a descending and sinking property, so they basically present stronger suppressing effects on the mind and heart. Plants, on the other hand, moisten and nourish the heart blood and thus have milder calming effects on the mind and heart. ［Indications］ Herbs in this category are mainly applied for different patterns of disturbances of the spirit, which lead to such problems as palpitations, insomnia, dreaminess, mania and convulsions. ［Modi■cations］ The patterns of disturbances of the spirit vary according to different causes, and therefore the treatments should differ. Besides herbs that calm the mind, herbs that treat the cause of each problem are also needed. For instance, if the problem is caused by heart ■re, herbs for clearing ■re should be used in combination with the herbs in this category; if the problem is caused by phlegm heat, herbs that clear heat and resolve phlegm should be involved in the prescription. In the same way, herbs for invigorating the spleen and tonifying qi are applied for qi and blood de■ciency, herbs for tonifying blood and nourishing the liver are applied for heart and liver blood deficiency, and herbs for nourishing yin and reducing fire are applied for yin deficiency with deficiency ■re. As for convulsions and mania, herbs resolving phlegm for resuscitation and herbs for pacifying the liver and subsiding interior wind are necessarily used as the chief herb, and the herbs in this category are used as assistants. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Minerals and shells can readily spoil the stomach and digestion if administered orally, so long-term application is not encouraged. For the same reason, they should be used in combination with herbs that invigorate the digestion and protect the stomach, and decocted earlier for a longer time. If herbs of this category are used particularly for insomnia, they should be taken shortly before going to bed. Caution should of course be observed with toxic herbs. Herbs in this chapter are generally divided into two categories: · minerals and shells that strongly calm the mind

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·

herbs that mildly calm the mind

Section 1

Minerals and Shells that Strongly Calm the Mind

Substances in this category are mostly derived from minerals, fossils or shells. They are heavy and solid in texture and cold or cool in nature, and good at anchoring the heart, tranquilizing the mind, calming panic and arresting convulsions. They are applied basically for disturbances of spirit syndromes in excess pattern, which are normally triggered by exuberant heart ■re, phlegm ■re or a scare. Some of them also can pacify the liver and subdue yang and can be used for the syndrome of hyperactivity of liver yang.

CíShí磁石 MAGNETITUM Magnetite ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is magnetite, one of several iron oxides and a member of the spinel group. ［■xplanation of Name］ Cí “kind-hearted” and shí “stone”. It originates from magnetic stone and attracts small pieces of iron, just like a kind-hearted mother beckoning to her son. Magnetic stones with strong magnetic force are named huó cí shí (活磁石) or líng cí shí (灵磁石), where huó means “active” and líng means “effectual”. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Shandong, Liaoning and Guangdong provinces of China. ［Collection］ The magnetite is dug up, impurities are removed, and the stones with strong magnetic force are selected for medicinal use. The ones with iron-colored cross-sections, compact, lustrous and having less impurities are of good quality. ［Processing］ After cleaning, it is pounded into small pieces and used directly or ground into ■ne powder after soaking with vinegar. ［Properties］ Salty; cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver, kidney. ［Characteristics］ It is salty in flavor, cold in nature and heavy in quality, indicating its descending and sinking property. It not only can tranquilize the mind, but also can slightly tonify the kidney. It enters the liver and heart channels to suppress fright and liver yang, and to tranquilize the mind. It also enters the kidney channel to strengthen the kidney in order to improve hearing and vision, and to arrest wheezing. ［Actions］ Calms fright and tranquilizes the mind, paci■es the liver and subdues yang, improves hearing and vision, and arrests wheezing. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For anxiety, palpitations, panic, insomnia or epilepsy due to kidney

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yin de■ciency and ■aming up of ■re to disturb the heart, it is often combined with zhū shā (Cinnabaris) and shén qū (Massa Medicata Fermentata) to improve the effects, such as in the formula Cí Zhū Wán (Loadstone and Cinnabar Pill). 2. For vertigo due to the ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is effective in pacifying the liver yang, and can also slightly replenish the liver yin, but better to combine it with shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis), mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) and bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) so as to improve the effects. 3. For hearing loss, tinnitus and impaired vision due to kidney de■ciency, it is often combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) and chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), so as to nourish the kidney and pacify the liver, such as in the formula Ĕr Lóng Zuŏ Cí Wán (Deafness Left-Bene■ting Loadstone Pill). For poor vision in the pattern of liver and kidney de■ciency, it is often combined with gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii), bái jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and nǚ zhēn zĭ (Fructus Ligustri Lucidi) to tonify the liver and the kidney in addition. 4. For wheezing with kidney de■ciency, it is often combined with wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis), hú táo ròu (Semen Juglandis) and gé jiè (Gecko) to strengthen the kidney in order to improve grasping of qi and relief of wheezing. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 15-30 g pieces in decoction and decocted ■rst for longer time, or it is made into pills or powder and taken 1-3 g per day. For external use: it is ground into powder and applied topically. For the purposes of suppressing fright, tranquilizing the mind and pacifying the liver yang, the crude stone is used, while for the purpose of relieving wheezing the vinegar-soaked stone is used. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with weak stomach and poor digestion to take long-term, since it is mineral in origin and when taken orally may hamper the digestion. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains ferriferrous oxide (Fe3O4). It also contains silicon (Si), lead (Pb), titanium (Ti), phosphorus (P), manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca), chromium (Cr) and some arsenic (As). The vinegar-soaked and calcined stone mainly contains ferric oxide (Fe2O3) and ferric acetate. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of sedation and anti-convulsion, and the vinegarsoaking process can enhance the effects. It also has the actions of anti-inflammation, increasing blood coagulation and enriching the blood in iron-de■cient anemia patients.

Lóng Gǔ龙骨 OS DRACONIS Dragon Bone ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the fossilized bones of mammals such as rhinoceros, deer, cow or elephant, or the fossilized incisors of elephants. ［■xplanation of Name］ Lóng “dragon” and gŭ “bone”. By legend, these are the bones of a dead dragon. The white, grayish-white or yellowish-white ones are all called “white dragon bones” (bái lóng gŭ, 白龙骨). The bluish-gray and reddish-brown ones with different ■gures are called “color-

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striped dragon bones” (wŭ huā lóng gŭ, 五花龙骨). ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Shaanxi, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Gansu of China, and the color-striped dragon bones in Wuqi, Shaanxi, which are supposed to be best in quality. ［Collection］ Collected all year round and then cleaned. For the white dragon bones, the ones which are solid in texture, white in color and of good absorbency are the best in quality. For the color-striped dragon bones, the ones which are light in weight and easily crushed, layered, colorstriped and of good absorbency are the best in quality. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is ground into rough powder and stored for use, or calcined ■rst. ［Properties］ Sweet, astringent; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver, kidney. ［Characteristics］ The crude stones are good at tranquilizing the spirit and pacifying the liver yang, and also can work as astringents; thus they are often used to treat anxiety, panic and ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang. The calcined stones, on the other hand, are more effective at astringing and the actions of tranquilizing the spirit and pacifying the liver yang are secondary. ■xternally applied, the calcined powder is effective at healing ulcers. ［Actions］ Calms fright and tranquilizes the mind, paci■es the liver and subdues yang, dries dampness and arrests excess discharge of body ■uids. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For anxiety, palpitations, insomnia, panic, epilepsy and mania with or without any de■ciency, it can be applied alone though better combined with zhū shā (Cinnabaris) and cí shí (Magnetitum) to improve the effects.   For those patients presenting with the pattern of heart fire harassing the spirit, it is often combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Picrorhizae), zhú yè (Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to calm the spirit and the mind.   For heart palpitations and insomnia due to heart blood de■ciency, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae) and băi zĭ rén (Semen Platycladi) to nourish the heart and tranquilize the mind.   For insomnia accompanied by poor memory in the pattern of heart and kidney de■ciency, it is combined with guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis), yuăn zhì (Radix Polygalae) and chāng pú (Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii) to tonify the heart and kidney, and help calm the heart and tranquilize the mind, such as in the formula Kŏng Zĭ Dà Shèng Zhī Zhĕn Zhōng Dān (Saint Confucius’s PillowStored ■lixir).   For epilepsy, convulsions and mania in the pattern of heat-phlegm accumulation, it is combined with niú huáng (Calculus Bovis), dăn nán xī ng (Arisaema cum Bile) and méng shí (Chlorite-Schist) to clear heat and phlegm, extinguish wind, and suppress convulsions and fright. 2. For dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang and de■ciency of liver yin, it can pacify the liver yang, but more often it is combined with dài zhĕ shí (Haematitum), mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae), guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis) and bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) to settle the liver yang, extinguish the liver wind, and nourish the liver and kidney yin, such as in the formulas Zhèn Gān Xī Fēng Tāng (Liver-Sedating and Wind-■xtinguishing Decoction) and Jiàn Líng Tāng (Down Sweeping Decoction). 3. For incontinence of body fluids which may include seminal emission, enuresis, frequent urination, metrorrhagia, leukorrhea, spontaneous sweating and night sweats, the calcined one is particularly applied to arrest the excess discharge.

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Chapter 14  Herbs that Calm the Mind   For spontaneous seminal emission in the pattern of kidney deficiency, it is often combined

with mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae), shā yuàn zĭ (Semen Astragali Complanati) and qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales) to enhance the effect and tonify the kidney, such as in the formula Jīn Suŏ Gù Jīng Wán (Golden Lock ■ssence-Securing Pill).   For frequent urination accompanied by poor memory due to deficiency of both heart and kidney, it is often combined with sāng piāo xiāo (Oötheca Mantidis), guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis) and fú shén (Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis) to nourish the heart and the kidney and enhance the effects on arresting enuresis and emission, such as in the formula Sāng Piāo Xiāo Săn (Mantis ■gg Shell Powder).   For metrorrhagia and leukorrhea due to qi deficiency failing to hold, it can be combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), wū zéi gŭ (Oötheca Mantidis) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to strengthen qi and enhance the effects on arresting bleeding and leukorrhea, such as in the formula Gù Chōng Tāng (Penetrating Vessel-Securing Decoction).   For spontaneous sweating due to exterior de■ciency, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), duàn mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) and fú xiăo mài (Fructus Tritici Levis) to strengthen qi and consolidate the exterior.   For night sweats due to yin deficiency, it is often combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to nourish yin, reduce heat and stop sweating. 4. For chronic uncontrolled ulcers, acute eczema, ulcerative skin lesions and traumatic bleeding, the calcined one is particularly used to dry up the liquid secretions, help the healing of the lesions and arrest the bleeding.   For chronic uncontrolled ulcers, it is often combined with ér chá (Catechu), shŏu gōng (Gecko) and xuè jié (Sanguis Draconis).   For acute ulcerative skin lesions, it can be used alone or in combination with kū fán (Alumen Dehydratum) in powder form and applied topically.   For acute eczema, it is used topically with kū fán (Alumen Dehydratum), lú gān shí (Calamina) and dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae) in powder form.   For traumatic bleeding, it is used topically with xuè jié (Sanguis Draconis), rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) and mò yào (Myrrha) in powder form. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For oral administration: 15-30 g in decoction and decocted ■rst for a longer time, or made into powder or pills. For external use: the calcined one is powdered ■rst and applied directly. For the purposes of calming the mind and pacifying the liver yang, the crude stone is used, while for other purposes the calcined one is more suitable. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with damp-heat accumulation because of its astringing property. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) and calcium orthophosphate (Ca3(PO4)2). It also has iron (Fe), potassium (K), sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), aluminium (Al), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), sulfate radical, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ The calcium salts it contains can promote blood coagulation, decrease the permeability of the vessel walls and inhibit the excitement of skeletal muscles. It also shows effects of anti-convulsion, sedation, hypnosis, shortening blood coagulation time, enhancing immunity and promoting renovation of injured tissues.

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Attachment: Lóng Chǐ 龙齿 Dens Draconis ［Source］ It is the fossilized teeth of some large ancient mammals. ［Properties］ Sweet, astringent; cool. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver. ［Actions］ Settles the heart and calms the mind. ［Clinical Applications］ It can be used for panic attacks, epilepsy, mania, palpitations, anxiety, insomnia and dreaminess. ［Ingredients ＆ Pharmacological Research］ It mainly contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and calcium orthophosphate (Ca3(PO4)2), which show effects of anti-convulsion. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ The same as those of lóng gŭ. The crude one is particularly effective for tranquilizing the mind.

HǔPò 琥珀 SUCCINUM Amber ［Source］ Initially appeared in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing in the Liu Song Period of the North and South Dynasties (420-479 A.D.). It is the fossilized resin of pine trees. ［■xplanation of Name］ Hŭ “tiger” and pò “soul”. According to legend, amber is transformed from the soul of a dead tiger. It is also named as tiger soul (hŭ pò, 虎魄). Amber is blood red and translucent like jade, so the original Chinese characters “虎魄” have the character for jade (玉) attached as the left component and are written as “琥珀”. It is also called blood amber (xuè pò, 血珀) and red amber (hóng hŭ pò, 红琥珀). ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Henan, Yunnan and Guangxi of China. That which is produced in Xixia, Henan Province is of the largest output and best quality. Amber is also produced in Germany, Spain, Burma, Pakistan, etc. ［Collection］ It can be collected all year round by digging it out and cleaning it. The red and brittle amber with glassy cross-section is the best in quality. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is crushed into pieces or ground into ■ne powder. ［Properties］ Sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver, bladder. ［Characteristics］ Heavy and solid in texture, it is sinking and moving in property. It is bland or sweet, which indicates the action of draining dampness. It is neither too cold nor too hot and thus can be used widely without fear of damage from cold or heat. It mainly enters the heart and the liver channels, but also the bladder channel. It is good at tranquilizing the mind and the spirit, and is also effective at activating blood and eliminating blood stasis. Additionally, it can induce diuresis and relieve stranguria.

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［Actions］ Calms fright and tranquilizes the mind, activates blood and eliminates blood stasis, induces diuresis and relieves stranguria. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For anxiety, panic and insomnia in the pattern of qi de■ciency and phlegm accumulation, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), zhū shā (Cinnabaris), yuăn zhì (Radix Polygalae) and shí chāng pú (Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii) to replenish qi, calm the spirit and tranquilize the mind, such as in the formula Hŭ Pò Dìng Zhì Wán (Amber Spirit-Calming Pill). For amnesia, absent-mindedness and insomnia due to qi and blood de■ciency, it is combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), fú shén (Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis) and yuăn zhì (Radix Polygalae) to tonify the body, improve the memory and tranquilize the mind, such as in the formula Hŭ Pò Duō Mèi Wán (Amber Sleep-Improving Pill). For infantile convulsions accompanied by high fever, unconsciousness or epilepsy in the pattern of phlegm-heat accumulation, it is often combined with dăn nán xī ng (Arisaema cum Bile), tiān zhú huáng (Concretio Silicea Bambusae) and zhū shā (Cinnabaris) to clear the heat and transform the phlegm, calm the body and stop the convulsions, such as in the formula Hŭ Pò Bào Lóng Wán (Amber Fire-■xtinguishing Pill). 2. For dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, chest constriction with heart pain and abdominal masses, it is commonly used to activate blood and dredge the channels, and to transform blood stasis and abdominal masses. For dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea due to qi and blood stagnation, it is combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae) and wū yào (Radix Linderae) to relieve pain and unblock the channels by activating blood and promoting qi ■ow, such as in the formula Hŭ Pò Săn (Amber Powder). For chest constriction with heart pain due to heart blood stasis and obstruction, it is often used together with sān qī (Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng) in fine powder form so as to resolve stasis, dredge the channels and relieve pain. For hematoma of the scrotum and labia, and postpartum in■ammatory pain with signs of blood stasis, the powder can be taken alone with water. For abdominal masses, it is combined with sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii), dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) to activate blood and dissipate masses. 3. For stranguria or retention of urine, it not only can promote urination and relieve stranguria, but also can dissipate blood stasis and stop bleeding. If combined with bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae), shí wéi (Folium Pyrrosiae) and zhù má gēn (Radix Boehmeriae), it is very effective for stranguria complicated by hematuria. For heat stranguria, and urolithic stranguria, it is often combined with jīn qián căo (Herba Lysimachiae), hăi jīn shā (Spora Lygodii) and mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae) to clear heat, promote urination and remove urinary calculi. For retention of urine with difficult urination, the powder is used along with dēng xīn căo (Medulla Junci) decoction. 4. In addition, applied topically it also benefits the healing of sores and injured tissues by promoting granulation. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 1.5-3 g a day in powder instead of decoction, and taken with water or honey water, or used in pills. For external use: the powder is applied alone topically or in combination with other medicinal powders or adjuvants. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients presenting with yin de■ciency and

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internal heat because it may damage the body yin. ［Ingredients］ The resin mainly contains succooxyabietic acid, succinoabietinolic acid, succinosilvic acid, succinoresinol, succinoabietol and succine acid. It also contains volatile oils and inorganic salts. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effects of anti-convulsion, sedation, hypnosis, antiulcer, detoxi■cation and anti-bacteria. ［Notes］ Besides blood amber, coal amber, which is mainly produced in Fushun, Liaoning Province, is also medicinal, and the brownish-yellow colored amber with glassy cross-section is the best in quality. ■xcept for the differences in texture and appearance, coal amber is the same as blood amber in all other aspects.

Zhēn Zhū珍珠 MARGARITA Pearl ［Source］ Initially appeared in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing during the LiuSong Period of the North and South Dynasties (420479 A.D.). It is the pearl produced inside the body of mollusks such as Pteria martensii (Dunker) of the family Pteriidae, Hyriopsis cumingii (Lea) of the family Unionidae or Cristaria plicata (Leach) of the family Pelecypoda. ［■xplanation of Name］ Zhēn “authentic and exquisite”, and zhū “perfectly round, smooth and shining bead”. It is perfectly round, fine and valuable. ［Habitat］ Seawater pearls are mainly produced in Guangxi, Guangdong and Taiwan, and those which are produced in Hepu, Guangxi Province are of the best quality. Fresh water pearls are mainly produced in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Heilongjiang, Anhui and Shanghai in China, and also in Japan, India, Australia, Sri Lanka and Mexico. ［Collection］ Natural pearls can be collected all year round, while the cultivated ones are collected at the end of fall 2-3 years after the mollusks are inoculated. Seawater pearls are extracted and washed clean for use. Fresh water pearls need to be soaked immediately in saturated saline water for 5-10 minutes to get the mucilage removed ■rst, then rinsed with clean water and dried. The big, round and purely white ones with lustrous and layered cross-sections, but without hard cores are the best in quality. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, they are washed and dried in the sun. They are crushed and then ground directly or with water into ■ne powder for use. ［Properties］ Sweet, salty; cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver. ［Characteristics］ It is heavy and sinking in property so as to suppress fright, and sweet and cold in nature so as to clear heat and slightly nourish yin. It enters the heart and the liver channels. Good at suppressing fright and tranquilizing the mind, it is often used for anxiety, palpitations, insomnia, convulsions and epilepsy. Also ef■cient at clearing liver heat so as to improve vision and remove nebulae, it is often used for in■amed eyes and nebulae. It can also reduce toxic heat and promote

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granulation and the healing of sores and ulcers, so is often used for pharyngitis and mouth ulcers. ［Actions］ Calms fright and tranquilizes the mind, removes nebulae and improves vision, heals sores and promotes granulation. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For anxiety, palpitations, insomnia and dream-disturbed sleep with heat signs, it can be used alone in powder form and taken with water or mixed with honey ■rst, or in combination with other herbs. For anxiety, irritation and insomnia in the pattern of heart blood de■ciency complicated with heat, it is often combined with suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae), băi zĭ rén (Semen Platycladi) and yè jiāo téng (Caulis Polygoni Multi■ori). For more serious palpitations due to blood de■ciency, it can be used together with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae) to nourish blood in particular, such as in the formula Zhēn Zhū Wán (Pearl Pill). 2. For infantile convulsions due to phlegm-heat accumulation, and manifested as high fever, unconsciousness, spasms and convulsions, it is often combined with niú huáng (Calculus Bovis), hŭ pò (Succinum) and dăn nán xīng (Arisaema cum Bile), such as in the formula Jīn Bó Zhèn Xīn Wán (Gold Foil Heart-Calming Pill). For infantile epilepsy, fright and convulsions, it is combined with zhū shā (Cinnabaris), niú huáng (Calculus Bovis) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), such as in the formula Zhèn Jīng Wán (Fright-Suppressing Pill). For infantile crying and convulsions in the pattern of phlegm ■re, it is often used together with niú huáng (Calculus Bovis) in powder form and taken with dēng xīn căo (Medulla Junci) decoction, such as in the formula Zhū Huáng Săn (Pearl and Cow Bezoar Powder). 3. For in■amed eyes and nebulae due to wind heat attacking the liver channel or the ■aming up of liver fire, it can be used together with qī ng xiāng zĭ (Semen Celosiae), jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis), such as in the formula Zhēn Zhū Săn (Authentic Pearl Powder). For keratitis, it can be used together with bī ng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum), hŭ pò (Succinum), zhū shā (Cinnabaris) and péng shā (Borax) in re■ned powder form as eye drops. For the beginning of nebulae, it is often combined with shè xiāng (Moschus), xióng dăn (Fel Ursi) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), and applied in re■ned powder as eye drops, such as in the formula Zhēn Zhū Săn (Pearl Powder). 4. For mouth ulcers, sore throat and chronic uncontrolled ulcers, it can effectively clear toxic heat and promote granulation. For mouth ulcers, it is combined with péng shā (Borax), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum), such as in the formula Zhēn Băo Săn (Pearly-Treasured Powder). For in■ammatory swelling and ulcers in the mouth due to excessive internal toxic heat, it is used with man-made niú huáng (Calculus Bovis), xī guā shuāng (Mirabilitum Praeparatum) and ér chá (Catechu), such as in the formula Zhū Huáng Chuī Hóu Săn (Pearl and Cow Bezoar ThroatSpreading Powder). For chronic uncontrolled ulcers, it can be applied topically together with lú gān shí (Calamina), huáng lián (Rhizoma Polygonati) and xuè jié (Sanguis Draconis) in powder. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 0.1-0.3 g per dose in powder and taken with water, or made into pills, 2-3 times a day. For external use: the powder is used alone or in

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combination with other powders, or the re■ned powder for eye drops or throat spray. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women or patients with de■ciency cold since it is cold in nature. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains CaCO3 (over 90％), and also has keratin, varieties of amino acids, porphyrin compounds, and varieties of mineral elements such as Mn, Zinc, Cu, Iron, Si, and Se, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effects of sedation, analgesia, anti-convulsion, pyretolysis and inhibiting cortical electrical activity. It can also improve immunity, act against aging and tumors, inhibit rabbit intestines in vitro and resist radiation. Zhēn Zhū Míng Mù Yè (Pearl ■yeBrightening Solution) can inhibit the formation of experimental cataracts.

Section 2

Herbs that Mildly Calm the Mind

Herbs in this category are mostly seeds or kernels which are sweet, moistening and nutritious, and neutral in nature. They are good at nourishing the heart blood and tranquilizing the mind so as to treat problems such as insomnia, palpitations, amnesia and dreaminess caused by blood de■ciency or qi and blood de■ciency.

Suān Zǎo Rén 酸枣仁 SEMEN ZIZIPHI SPINOSAE Spiney Date Seed ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the mature seed of Ziziphus Jujuba Mill. var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H.F.Chou, a deciduous bush or small tree of the family Rhamnaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Suān “sour”, zăo “date” and rén “kernel”. The plant is similar to the date tree, the fruit is very much like the date but the ■avor is sour, and the kernel is medicinal only. It is called zăo rén for short. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hebei, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Shandong provinces of China. ［Collection］ The mature fruits are collected during the end of autumn and the beginning of winter. The ■esh and the shell are removed and only the kernels are collected and dried in the sun. Big and plump fruits with purplish-red, smooth and lustrous skin, and with yellowish-white kernels are the best in quality. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it can be used directly or air dried ■rst. It is crushed into pieces or ground into ■ne powder before use. ［Properties］ Sweet, sour; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver, gallbladder. ［Characteristics］ Its sweetness indicates its nourishing action, while its sour ■avor indicates astringency. Neutral and mild, it is good at nourishing the heart, liver and gallbladder, and tranquilizing

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the mind and spirit. It also can arrest sweating and thus is often used for spontaneous sweating and night sweats complicated with de■ciency. ［Actions］ Nourishes the heart, liver and gallbladder, tranquilizes the mind and arrests sweating. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For insomnia, dreaminess and palpitations, it can nourish blood and yin and tranquilize the mind at the same time. For insomnia with anxiety in the pattern of blood de■ciency complicated with heat, it is often combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), fú líng (Poria) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to nourish the blood and yin, calm the mind and slightly clear heat, such as in the formula Suān Zăo Rén Tāng (Sour Jujube Decoction). For palpitations and insomnia in the pattern of heart and spleen de■ciency, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), huáng qí (Radix Scutellariae) and lóng yăn ròu (Arillus Longan), so as to tonify qi and blood, and calm the heart and mind, such as in the formula Guī Pí Tāng (Spleen-Restoring Decoction). For palpitations, insomnia, poor memory and nocturnal emission due to yin and blood de■ciency, and ■re ■aming up, it is often combined with mài mén dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and băi zĭ rén (Semen Platycladi) to replenish yin and blood, and calm the heart and the mind, such as in the formula Tiān Wáng Bŭ Xīn Dān (Celestial ■mperor HeartSupplementing ■lixir). 2. For spontaneous sweating due to qi de■ciency, it is often combined with fú xiăo mài (Fructus Tritici Levis), shēng huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and má huáng gēn (Radix et Rhizoma ■phedrae) to strengthen qi, consolidate the exterior and arrest sweating. For night sweats, it is often combined with dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii), qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae) and biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) to nourish yin, suppress heat and arrest sweating. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-15 g pounded to pieces in decoction, or made into pills and powder; or 1-3 g in powder and taken before bedtime. For insomnia with heat, the raw unprepared herb is preferred. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with excessive heat or interior stagnated ■re, because it is astringing and may worsen the situation. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains jujuboside. It also contains birch pentaerythritol tetranitrate, betulic acid triterpenoid ■avones, swertisin, jujube seed alkali, ferulic acid, daucosterol, fatty oils, volatile oils, amino acids, sitosterin, a great quantity of cAMP- like active substance, phytosterin and vitamin C, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effects of sedation, hypnosis, anti-convulsion, antiarrhythmia, anti-myocardial ischemia, blood pressure and cholesterol decrease, anti-arteriosclerosis, anti-anoxia, immunity enhancement, memory improvement, anti-burns, analgesia, body temperature reduction and uterus excitation.

Bǎi ZǐRén 柏子仁 SEMEN PLATYCLADI Oriental Arborvitae ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was băi shí (柏实). It is the dry mature seed of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco, an evergreen tree of the family Cupressaceae.

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［■xplanation of Name］ Băi “cypress tree”, zĭ “seed” and rén “kernel”. It is the kernel of Chinese thuja, a kind of cypress. The whole fruit was also used clinically in ancient times with the name of băi shí, of which băi means “cypress” and shí means “fruit”. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces of China. ［Collection］ The mature fruit ball is collected during the autumn and winter. It is dried in the sun and crushed so as to extract the seeds. The ones that are yellowishwhite, plump and full of oil but without oil leaking out are the best in quality. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, the seeds are cleaned and used unprepared, or prepared so that the surface is fully covered with frost-like powder (mirabilite-preparation). ［Properties］ Sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, kidney, large intestine. ［Characteristics］ It is sweet, nutritious, oily, moistening and neutral in nature. It enters the heart and the kidney channels, and is good at nourishing yin and blood, and calming the heart and the mind. It is particularly effective for insomnia, dreaminess and palpitations due to yin and blood de■ciency. On the other hand, it can moisten the large intestine to relieve constipation, and thus can treat constipation in the pattern of yin and blood de■ciency. ［Actions］ Nourishes the heart blood and calms the mind, moistens the large intestine and relieves constipation. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For insomnia with night sweats and palpitations due to heart-blood de■ciency, it is combined with wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Yăng Xīn Tāng (Heart-Nourishing Decoction). For absent-mindedness, palpitations, dreaminess, amnesia complicated with night sweats due to yin and blood de■ciency, and disharmony between the heart and kidney, it is often combined with mài mén dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and shí chāng pú (Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii) to nourish yin and blood, calm the heart and mind, moisten yin and tonify the kidney, such as in the formula Băi Zĭ Yăng Xīn Wán (Arborvitae Seed Heart-Nourishing Pill). 2. For constipation due to de■cient intestinal ■uid as often happens in the elderly, used alone it can lubricate the large intestine to relieve constipation, but better effect can be obtained if combined with huŏ má rén (Semen Cannabis) and yù lĭ rén (Semen Pruni), such as in the formula Wŭ Rén Wán (Five Kernels Pill). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-20 g pounded into pieces in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For patients with loose stools, the mirabilite-prepared product is preferred. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with loose stools and profuse phlegm since it is oily and moistening and acts as a laxative. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains fatty oils (about 14％). It also contains volatile oils, saponin, vitamin A, proteins, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It is a lubricating laxative, and can tranquilize the mind and improve memory.

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Shǒu WūTéng 首乌藤 CAULIS POLYGONI MULTIFLORI Black-haired Vine ［Source］ Initially appeared in Story of He Shou Wu (Hé Shŏu Wū Zhùan, 何首乌传) in the Tang Dynasty (about 813 A.D.). Its original name was jiāo téng (交藤). It is the dry rattan of Polygonum multi■orum Thunb., a perennial climbing vine of the family Polygonaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Shŏu wū “black-haired” and téng “vine”. It is the twisting vine of the shŏu wū plant. It is also known as yè jiāo téng (夜交藤), where yè means “night”, jiāo means “meeting” and téng means “vine”. It is said that during the night the vines twist around each other, while during the day they separate. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Henan, Hubei, Guangxi and Guangdong of China. ［Collection］ The vines are collected during the autumn and winter. After the remaining leaves are cleared away, the vines are gathered into bundles and dried in the sun. The big, solid and regularly shaped vines with the outer skin colored brownish-red are of the best quality. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, the vines are cleaned with water and chopped into segments for use. ［Properties］ Sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver. ［Characteristics］ Sweet, neutral and mild in action, it enters the heart and the liver channels. It can nourish the heart blood and tranquilize the mind, and thus it often works as a chief herb in formulas for anxiety, insomnia and dreaminess, particularly in the pattern of blood de■ciency. It also can expel exterior wind and unblock channels and collaterals, and is often used for body pain and numbness due to blood de■ciency, and for rheumatic and rheumatoid joint pain. ［Actions］ Nourishes the heart and tranquilizes the mind, expels wind and unblocks collaterals. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For anxiety, insomnia and dreaminess due to heart blood de■ciency, it is often combined with hé shŏu wū (Radix Polygoni Multi■ori), hé huān pí (Cortex Albiziae) and fried suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae) to improve the effects. For whole night sleeplessness due to yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity, it is often combined with lóng chĭ (Dens Draconis), băi zĭ rén (Semen Platycladi) and zhēn zhū mŭ (Concha Margaritiferae Usta), so as to nourish yin, subdue yang and anchor the mind, such as in the formula Jiă Yĭ Guī Zàng Tāng (Jia Yi Zang-Restoring Decoction). 2. For body pain and numbness due to blood de■ciency, and rheumatic and rheumatoid joint pain, it not only can nourish blood, but can also expel exterior wind, unblock collaterals and relieve pain. For body pain and numbness due to blood de■ciency and stagnation, it is often combined with jī xuè téng (Caulis Spatholobi), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to improve the effects. For rheumatic and rheumatoid joint pain, it is often combined with wēi líng xiān (Radix et

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Rhizoma Clematidis), sāng zhī (Ramulus Mori) and hăi fēng téng (Caulis Piperis Kadsurae) to enhance the effects on dredging the collaterals and relieving pain. 3. Moreover, decocted alone and applied to rinse the skin topically, it can relieve skin itching. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 9-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is decocted and applied to steam and rinse the local skin, or the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains anthraquinones, which are composed of archen, chrysophanol, physcion, emodin -6- ether, and emodin -8-O- β -D- glucoside, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of sedation, hypnosis, cholesterol decrease, antifatty liver, anti-tumor, relief of cough, lowering of blood pressure, diuresis, antibiosis and killing of leptospira.

Líng Zhī灵芝 GANODERMA Reishi Mushroom ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original names were chì zhī (赤芝) and zĭ zhī (紫芝). It is the dried fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. ex Fr.) Karst. or Ganoderma japonicum (Fr.) Lloyd, fungi of the family Polyporaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Lí ng means “God’s blessing”, “effective” and “magical”, and zhī means “marvelous herb”. It grows on rotten wood or trees but has a spiritually elegant appearance because it can gather the spirit and essence of the tree. It is unexpectedlyshaped and is so effective in treating diseases that it is like God’s blessing. It is also called zhī (芝) and mù (“wood”) zhī (木芝).The ones with reddish-brown caps and stalks are called chì (“red”) zhī, while the ones with purple and black caps and stalks are called zĭ (“purple”) zhī. ［Habitat］ Mainly cultivated in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi and Fujian of China. ［Collection］ The cultivated ones are collected when the fruiting body is mature, while the wild ones are collected in autumn. After impurities and sediment are cleared away, they are dried in the air or in an oven with the temperature 40-50℃. The ■rm, lustrous and purplish-red ones with complete shape are of the best quality. ［Processing］ They are chopped into small pieces or ground into ■ne powder for use. ［Properties］ Sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, lung, spleen, kidney. ［Characteristics］ Sweet, nourishing and neutral in property, it enters the heart, kidney, lung and spleen channels. It is good at nourishing the heart and calming the mind, and is an effective herb for insomnia and dreaminess due to de■ciency. It can nourish qi and blood simultaneously, and also can transform phlegm and relieve cough and wheezing. ［Actions］ Nourishes the heart, qi and blood, calms the mind, transforms phlegm, and relieves cough and wheezing.

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［Clinical Applications］ 1. For insomnia, dreaminess, palpitations and poor memory along with tiredness due to heart-qi or general qi and blood de■ciency, it can be used alone in powder form and applied orally, or combined with cì wŭ jiā (Radix et Rhizoma seu Caulis Acanthopanacis Senticosi), suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to enhance the effects. 2. For different patterns of consumptive diseases, it can nourish both qi and blood. For mental and physical fatigue with sallow complexion, it can be used alone or combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and zhì hé shŏu wū (Radix Polygoni Multi■ori Praeparata cum Succo Glycines Sotae) to improve the effects. For mental and physical fatigue with poor appetite and loose stools, it can be used together with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), fú líng (Poria), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to tonify qi and activate the spleen. For mental and physical fatigue in the elderly accompanied by aching pain and weakness in the loins and knees, and dizziness, it is combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) and shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) to tonify the liver and kidney, and strengthen the loins and knees. 3. For chronic cough and wheezing, it can nourish qi and transform phlegm, and relieve cough and wheezing as well. For cases with signs of lung and kidney deficiency manifested with inhalation less than exhalation, and scanty or no phlegm, it can be used alone, or in combination with dōng chóng xià căo (Cordyceps) and hú táo ròu (Semen Juglandis) to tonify the lung and kidney, and improve the effects on relief of cough and wheezing. For cases with signs of both excess and de■ciency manifested as cough and wheezing with profuse phlegm, it is combined with fă bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum), chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to enhance the effects on phlegm transformation, and on alleviation of cough and wheezing. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-15 g in decoction, or 1.5-3 g each time in powder, or brewed in wine. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients in excess type, because its main action is to nourish. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains triterpenes, organic acids, alkaloids, volatile oils, polysaccharides, proteins, polypeptides, steroids, nucleosides, different kinds of amino acid and trace elements. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of sedation, analgesia, anti-convulsion, stimulating the heart, decreasing blood pressure, anti-anoxia, anti-myocardial ischemia, decreasing cholesterol, anti-arteriosclerosis, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-thrombus, dispelling phlegm, relieving cough and dyspnea, protecting the liver, detoxi■cation, lowering blood sugar, anti-radiation, anti-gastric ulcer, improving immunity, anti-tumor, anti-in■ammation, anti-oxidation, anti-aging, and inhibiting bacteria, etc. It also stimulates the hematopoietic system to accelerate proliferation of bone marrow cells, and to increase peripheral blood leukocyte count and hemoglobin content. ［Note］ In Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica, it was recorded that there were six kinds of líng zhī—red, black, blue, white, yellow and purple. However, the commonly-encountered plants are mostly red and purple.

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Hé Huān Pí合欢皮 CORTEX ALBIZIAE Silktree Bark ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was hé huān (合欢). It is the dried bark of Albizia julibrissin Durazz., a deciduous tree of the family Leguminosae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Hé “coming together”, huān “happiness” and pí “skin”. The small leaves are distributed bilaterally on the two sides of the branches. When evening comes, every pair of the parallel leaflets come together closely just like lovers. It is also called hé huān in brief, or yè hé (夜合) which means “coming together during the night”. Since the bark is medicinal, it is called hé huān pí or yè hé pí. If the ■ower is used, it is named hé huān huā (“■ower”). ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hubei, Jiangsu, Anhui and Zhejiang provinces of China. The output of Hubei Province is the greatest. ［Collection］ The bark is stripped off during the summer and autumn, cut into segments and dried in the sun. Bark that is tender, without rough outer skin and with obvious blister-like pores is of the best quality. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is washed clean, moistened completely, cut into slices and dried for use. ［Properties］ Sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver. ［Characteristics］ Sweet, neutral and dispersing in property, it enters the heart and the liver channels. It is good at soothing the liver and relieving depression, delighting the heart and tranquilizing the mind, so is effectively applied for depression, irritability and insomnia caused by emotions. It also activates blood and relieves swelling, and is used for bone fractures, sores and abscesses. ［Actions］ Relieves depression and tranquilizes the mind, activates blood and alleviates swelling. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For irritability, dreaminess and insomnia caused by anger or depression, it can be used alone in decoction, or combined with yù jīn (Radix Curcumae), yuăn zhì (Radix Polygalae) and yè jiāo téng (Caulis Polygoni Multi■ori) to improve the effects on soothing the liver, relieving depression, and calming the heart and mind. 2. For traumatic injuries, lung abscesses, sores and swelling, it can effectively alleviate swelling and pain by activating blood and transforming blood stasis. For traumatic injuries, it is often combined with hóng huā (Flos Carthami), rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), and applied either internally or externally to improve the actions of activating blood and transforming blood stasis, thereby alleviating swelling and pain.

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For lung abscesses, it is often combined with jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), yú xīng căo (Herba Houttuyniae) and dōng guā rén (Semen Benincasae) to clear toxic heat, and facilitate expectoration and transformation of the purulent phlegm. For furuncles and sores, it is often combined with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), zĭ huā dì dīng (Herba Violae) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) to improve the effects. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into pills and powder. For external use: it is ground into powder or extracted into cream and applied topically. For activating blood and transforming blood stasis, and alleviating swelling and pain, the wine-brewed herb is better. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women since it can activate blood and may cause uterine bleeding. ［Ingredients］ Mainly contains saponins, and the main ingredient is allibiside. It also contains alkalines such as julibrine I, lactones such as Acacia three terpene lactones, and different kinds of lignanoids, tannins, and saccharides, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It can tranquilize the mind, improve sleep, inhibit bacteria and antagonize platelet-activating factor receptors. Allibiside can excite the uterus and has a contraceptive effect.

Attachment: Hé Huān Huā 合欢花 Flos Albiziae ［Source］ It is the ■ower or bud of this plant. The former is called hé huān huā (“■ower”) and the latter is called hé huān mĭ (“rice-like bud”). ［Properties］ Sweet; neutral. ［Actions］ Relieves depression, tranquilizes the mind and regulates the stomach qi. ［Clinical Applications］ It is generally used for anxiety, depression, poor memory and insomnia. However, it is very mild and weak in action, so is better to be used in combination with other similar herbs. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction.

Yuǎn Zhì远志 RADIX POLYGALAE Thin-leaf Milkwort Root ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. or Polygala sibirica L., perennial herbs of the family Polygalaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Yuăn “high and distant” and zhì “aspiration”. Yuăn zhì means “lofty aspiration”, since it can improve the memory and intelligence, enabling a person to have lofty aspirations. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in the north, northeast and northwest parts of China. The output of Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces is the greatest. ［Collection］ The roots are collected during the spring and autumn. After the ■brous roots and earth are cleared away, the wooden cores of the roots are removed and dried in the sun. Big roots which are smooth and tender and with thick skin are the best.

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［Processing］ After impurities are removed, the roots are washed and moistened completely, and the wooden cores are removed. These are cut into segments for use or boiled with gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) decoction ■rst. ［Properties］ Bitter, acrid; slightly warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, kidney, lung. ［Characteristics］ Acrid, bitter, slightly warm and dispersing, it enters the heart to assist the heart yang and qi, and helps to harmonize the kidney and heart to achieve the effects of calming the mind and improving the memory. It enters the heart and the lung to transform phlegm and resuscitate the mind, so as to treat restlessmindedness, epilepsy and mania due to phlegm accumulation, and cough along with cold phlegm. Moreover, it can alleviate swelling, and thus is used to treat carbuncles, sores and abscesses. ［Actions］ Calms the heart and the mind, transforms phlegm and resuscitates the mind, and alleviates swelling. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For anxiety, palpitations, panic attacks, insomnia and poor memory due to defective interaction between the heart and the kidney, it can restore the coordination between the heart and the kidney and has good effects on calming the heart and the mind. For such cases it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), lóng chĭ (Dens Draconis) and fú shén (Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Ān Shé Dìng Zhì Wán (Spirit-Tranquilizing and Mind-Stabilizing Pill). 2. For epilepsy in the pattern of wind phlegm obstructing the heart channel manifested by sudden unconsciousness, spasms and convulsions, it is often combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) and quán xiē (Scorpio) to improve the effects on transforming phlegm, calming the wind convulsions and resuscitation. For depressive psychosis due to obstructed phlegm and qi manifested by delirium, it is often combined with shí chāng pú (Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii), yù jīn (Radix Curcumae) and dăn nán xīng (Arisaema cum Bile) so as to regulate qi, soothe the liver, relieve depression, resolve phlegm and resuscitate the mind. For mania due to phlegm ■re ■aming upwards, it is often combined with shēng tiĕ luò (Frusta Ferri), zhū shā (Cinnabaris) and dăn nán xīng (Arisaema cum Bile) to settle the heart and clear phlegm, and to purge the liver ■re. 3. For cough with profuse white sputum normally considered as cold phlegm, it alone can be extracted into liquid and applied to disperse the lung qi, transform the phlegm and relieve the cough, or can be combined with jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae) to enhance the effects. 4. For sores, carbuncles and abscesses, it can be applied alone in powder and taken with rice wine or applied topically in mixture with other liquid adjuvants to dredge the channels of qi and blood so as to alleviate swelling. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: the wine-brewed herb or the powder is applied topically. The raw herb is used for clearing the lung, transforming phlegm and resuscitation; the herb prepared with gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) decoction is much milder in all actions so is suitable for patients with

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vulnerable stomachs; and the honey-prepared herb is more suitable for relieving cough, and for calming the heart and the mind. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with excessive heat, phlegm heat, in■ammation or stomach ulcers, since it is warm and drying in property and may irritate the stomach and trigger ■re if applied internally. ［Ingredients］ Contains different kinds of polygalic acids, alkaloids, polygala ketones, polygalytol, fatty oils, resins, saccharides and so on. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of sedation, hypnosis, anti-convulsion, improving memory, dispelling phlegm, promoting urination, decreasing blood pressure, exciting the uterus, inhibiting bacteria, anti-mutation and anti-cancer.

Summary 1. Minerals and shells that strongly calm the mind Lóng Gŭ vs. Lóng Chĭ Lóng Gŭ

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Lóng Chĭ

Properties

Sweet, astringent

Entered channels

Heart, liver

Actions

Suppresses fright and tranquilizes the mind

Indications

Mania, anxiety, palpitations, insomnia and dreaminess

Properties

Neutral

Cool

Entered channels

Heart, liver, kidney

—

·

Actions

·

·

Indications

·

Pacifies the liver yang Arrests excessive discharge of body ■uids and promotes granulation to heal sores and ulcers (when calcined)

—

Dizziness caused by hyperactive liver yang Incontinence of body fluids due to extreme deficiency, chronic uncontrolled sores and ulcers, acute eczema and ulcers, and traumatic bleeding (when calcined)

—

Hŭ Pò vs. Lóng Gŭ Hŭ Pò

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

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Lóng Gŭ

Properties

Sweet; neutral

Entered channels

Heart, liver

Actions

Calms fright and tranquilizes the mind

Indications

Palpitations, panic attacks, depressive psychosis, mania and insomnia

Properties

—

Astringent

Entered channels

Bladder

Kidney

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Chinese Materia Medica Continued Hŭ Pò

Medicinal ·

Actions

Differences

·

Lóng Gŭ

Activates blood, transforms blood stasis, promotes urination and relieves stranguria Promotes granulation to heal sores and ulcers when applied externally

· ·

· ·

Indications ·

Special features

Amenorrhea due to blood stagnation, abdominal masses, retention of urine and dif■cult urination Chronic uncontrolled sores, and traumatic bleeding (applied externally)

·

Pacifies the liver yang Astringingly arrests the excessive d i s c h a rg e o f b o d y f l u i d s , a n d promotes granulation to heal sores and ulcers (calcined) Dizziness caused by hyperactive liver yang Incontinence of body fluids due to extreme deficiency, chronic uncontrolled sores and ulcers, acute eczema and ulcers, and traumatic bleeding (calcined)

Both unprepared and calcined forms are used

Only the unprepared form is used

2. Herbs that mildly calm the mind Suān Zăo Rén vs. Băi Zĭ Rén Suān Zăo Rén

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Băi Zĭ Rén

Properties

Sweet; neutral

Entered channels

Heart

Actions

Nourishes the heart and tranquilizes the mind

Indications

Often used in combination to reinforce the effects on palpitations and insomnia due to yin and blood de■ciency that fails to nourish the spirit

Properties

Sour

—

Entered channels

Liver, gallbladder

Kidney, large intestine

·

Actions ·

Nourishes the liver blood and calms the mind Stops sweating

·

· ·

Indications

Profuse sweating due to de■ciency ·

Calms the heart and mind by nourishing the kidney Lubricates the large intestine Mental and heart problems that are due to disharmony between the heart and kidney Constipation

Hé Huān Pí vs. Hé Huān Huā Hé Huān Pí

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

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Hé Huān Huā

Properties

Sweet; neutral

Entered channels

Heart, liver

Actions

Soothes the liver qi and tranquilizes the mind

Indications

Anxiety, irritability, insomnia and dreaminess due to emotional factors

Actions

Activates blood to alleviate swelling

Regulates qi and promotes stomach function

Indications

Traumatic injuries and inflammatory lesions

Poor appetite and chest constriction

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Review Questions 1. What is the concept of mind-tranquilizing herb? 2. How many groups are mind-tranquilizing herbs divided into according to the herb actions in this chapter? What are the common characteristics, actions and indications of each group? 3. ■xplain the characteristics, actions, indications and administration of the following herbs: cí shí, lóng gŭ and zhēn zhū. 4. ■xplain the characteristics, actions, cautions and contraindications of the following herbs: suān zăo rén, hé huān pí, shŏu wū téng, yuăn zhì and líng zhī. 5. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of characteristics, actions and indications: zhū shā and cí shí; hŭ pò and lóng gŭ; suān zăo rén and băi zĭ rén; hé huān pí and hé huān huā; yuăn zhì and fú líng. 6. Which pattern of mental disorder should zhū shā be best for? Why? What is the dosage for oral administration? What are the cautions and contraindications?

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CHAPTER 15

Herbs that Calm the Liver and Extinguish Wind Section 1

Herbs that Calm the Liver and Subdue Hyperactive Yang / 497

Shí Jué Míng 石决明

/ 497

Zhēn Zhū Mŭ 珍珠母

/ 499

Mŭ Lì 牡蛎

/ 502

Zĭ Bèi Chĭ 紫贝齿 Jí Lí 蒺藜

Herbs that Extinguish Wind and Relieve Convulsions

Líng Yáng Jiăo 羚羊角 Shān Yáng Jiăo 山羊角

Gōu Téng 钩藤

/ 500

Zhĕ Shí 赭石

Section 2

/ 504

/ 505

Luó Bù Má Yè 罗布麻叶

/ 507

/ 508

/ 508 / 510

/ 511

Tiān Má 天麻

/ 513

Dì Lóng 地龙

/ 515

Quán Xiē 全蝎

/ 517

Wú Gōng 蜈蚣

/ 519

Jiāng Cán 僵蚕 / 521

［Definition］ Herbs that calm the liver and extinguish wind are herbs that mainly have the effects of pacifying liver yang, extinguishing wind and relieving convulsions. ［Properties ＆ Actions］ The herbs in this chapter all enter the liver channel and most of them are minerals, shells or insects. There is an old saying, “heavy materials such as minerals and shells can suppress and subdue yang; insects can extinguish pathogenic wind.” The actions of these herbs can thus be summarized as calming the liver and subduing yang, extinguishing wind and stopping convulsions, as well as calming fright and tranquilizing the mind. ［Indications］ The herbs in this chapter are mainly used for dizziness, giddiness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, internal stirring of liver wind, epilepsy and spasms, infantile convulsions, tetanus, etc. ［Modifications］ When prescribing these herbs, combinations should be made based on pathogenesis and accompanying symptoms. For ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, herbs that extinguish wind and relieve convulsions are normally combined with herbs that replenish yin to restrict hyperactive yang. For internal stirring of liver wind from hyperactivity of liver yang, they should be used together with herbs that calm liver yang. For convulsions induced by extreme heat, they are often combined with herbs that purge heat. For internal stirring of liver wind due to blood and yin de■ciency, they are combined with herbs that nourish blood and yin. For sudden syncope, they are combined with herbs that induce resuscitation. For cases complicated with insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep, palpitations or agitation, they are combined with herbs that tranquilize. For cases complicated with phlegm dampness, they are combined with herbs that resolve phlegm and transform damp. For cases complicated with exuberant liver ■re, they are combined with herbs that clear and purge liver ■re. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Herbs that are cold or cool in nature are contraindicated for chronic infantile convulsions with spleen de■ciency. Herbs that are warm and dry should be used carefully for patients with blood and yin de■ciency. Herbs in this chapter are divided into two groups: · herbs that calm the liver and subdue hyperactive yang · herbs that extinguish wind and relieve convulsions

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Section 1 Herbs that Calm the Liver and Subdue Hyperactive Yang Most herbs in this section are cold or cool in nature and are minerals or shells, since heavy minerals and shells are good at calming the liver and subduing yang. A few of the herbs are light botanicals, which, in addition to calming liver yang, can also calm fright and tranquilize the mind, clear liver heat and improve vision, mainly to treat dizziness and blurred vision due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang. They are also combined with herbs that extinguish wind and stop convulsions to treat convulsions and spasms triggered by internal stirring of liver wind. If combined with herbs that calm the mind, they are prescribed to treat vexation and insomnia due to ascendant disturbance of ■oating yang.

ShíJué Míng 石决明 CONCHA HALIOTIDIS Sea-ear Shell ［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians during the Liang Dynasty (500 A.D.) in the North and South Kingdoms. It is the shell of Haliotis diversicolor Reeve, Haliotis discus Hannai lno, Haliotis ovina Gmelin, Haliotis tuber (Leach), Haliotis asinina Linnaeus or Haliotis laevigata (Donovan). ［■xplanation of Name］ Shí “stone”, jué “move or pluck aside” and míng “bright”. Shí jué míng translates as “attached to stones and having the effect of removing nebulae to brighten eyes”. Shells with nine holes are said to have the best quality. They are also known as “ninehole shí jué míng” or “nine-hole shí jué” in short. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in coastal areas of China such as Taiwan, Hainan, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangsu, Liaoning and Shangdong. Also produced in Australia and New Zealand. ［Collection］ The shells are collected in summer and autumn. After the meat is removed, the shells are cleaned and dried in the sun. The best quality are those that are big, thick, complete, clean and lustrous. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is cleaned with water, dried and crushed before being used crude or calcined. ［Properties］ Salty; cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver. ［Characteristics］ Its salty and cold properties allow it to clear and purge fire, while its heaviness produces the effects of calming and suppressing. It enters the liver channel and slightly enriches the liver yin, so it is good at calming liver yang and clearing liver ■re. It is an essential component in treating ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang and eye problems triggered by liver

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heat. ［Actions］ Calms the liver, subdues yang, clears liver ■re and improves eyesight. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is effective at calming the liver and subduing yang, clearing liver ■re and enriching yin. For dizziness and giddiness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is commonly combined with cí shí (Magnetitum), tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) and niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) in order to strengthen the effect of calming liver yang. For ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang with liver and kidney yin de■ciency, it is combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) to promote calming of liver yang and nourishing yin, such as in the formula Yù Yīn Qián Yáng Tāng (Yin-Nourishing and Yang-Subduing Decoction). For ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang with excess of liver ■re, it is combined with líng yáng jiăo (Cornu Saigae Tataricae), xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) and gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis) to clear heat and calm the liver, such as in the formula Líng Yáng Jiăo Tāng (Antelope Horn Decoction). 2. For bloodshot eyes, nebulae, blurred eyesight and other eye problems, it is effective in clearing liver ■re and nebulae. For bloodshot and swollen eyes due to liver ■re ■aming upward, it is combined with xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae), jué míng zĭ (Semen Cassiae) and jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) to clear liver ■re and improve vision. For bloodshot eyes with nebulae caused by wind heat, it is combined with chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae), jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and mù zéi (Herba ■quiseti Hiemalis) to disperse wind and clear liver heat and nebulae. It can also be combined with zhēn zhū (Margarita) and bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum) and applied as eye drops. For loss of eyesight and blurred vision with blood and yin de■ciency, it is often combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) and tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) to enrich blood and yin and improve eyesight. 3. It can also be combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae) to treat steaming bone and tidal fever. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 15-30 g in decoction and decocted first; also used in pills and powder. The crude shells are used for calming the liver and clearing liver heat, whereas the calcined shells and ground powder can be mixed with water and applied externally as eye drops. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Those with poor appetite and loose stools of the spleen and stomach de■ciency-cold type need to be cautious, because its salty and cold properties may hurt the spleen and stomach. ［Ingredients］ Contains over 90％ calcium carbonate, and other components such as various amino acids, shell cutin, choline, silicate, phosphate, magnesium and iron. The calcined shells mainly contain calcium oxide because its carbonate is broken down during calcination. ［Pharmacological Research］ It has anti-bacteria effects as well as effects of sedation, protection of the liver, prevention of low oxygen levels, immune response suppression and relaxation of the trachea muscle. The calcium salts not only neutralize surplus gastric acid, but also relieve fever, tranquilize the mind, stop convulsions, inhibit in■ammation and stop bleeding.

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Zhēn ZhūMǔ珍珠母 CONCHA MARGARITIFERAE USTA Mother-of-pearl ［Source］ Initially appeared in Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica in the Northern Song Dynasty (1061 A.D.). Originally appearing as an appendix to the item zhēn zhū (Margarita), it was ■rst referred to as zhū mŭ (珠牡). It is the shell of Hyriopsis cumingii (Lea), Cristaria plicata (Leach), or Pteria martensii (Dunker) of the family Unionidae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Zhēn zhū “pearl” and mŭ “mother”. It is a shell in which the pearl grows like a son being raised by his mother, so it is called zhēn zhū mŭ. It is also known as zhū mŭ (珠母) for short. ［Habitat］ Hyriopsis cumingii (Lea) and Cristaria plicata (Leach) are widely produced in lakes, rivers and marshes in China. Pteria martensii (Dunker) is mainly produced in the coastal areas of Hainan, Guangdong and Guangxi provinces. ［Collection］ It is collected the whole year round. The meat is removed, cleaned with water and dried in the sun. The best quality are those that are big with clear white color and breakable but not subject to being shattered. ［Processing］ After impurities and dirt are cleaned and removed, the shells are crushed before use. It can be used crude or calcined. ［Properties］ Salty; cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, heart. ［Characteristic］ It is salty, cold and heavy in weight, and enters the heart and liver channels. The crude and calcined have different effects. The crude is effective at calming and subduing liver yang, clearing liver heat, improving eyesight and tranquilizing the mind, and is therefore applied for vertigo due to hyperactive liver yang, bloodshot eyes, palpitations and uneasiness caused by liver ■re. The calcined is effective at drying up dampness, so is applied particularly for acute eczema and ulcerative sores. ［Actions］ Calms the liver, subdues yang, clears liver heat, improves vision and tranquilizes the heart and mind. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is effective at calming the liver, subduing liver yang and clearing liver ■re. For dizziness along with headache and tinnitus due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is often combined with mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and cí shí (Magnetitum) to enhance the effects of calming and subduing liver yang. For vexation due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang and exuberant liver ■re, it is often combined with gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis), jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) to enhance the effects of clearing liver ■re and calming liver yang. 2. For bloodshot eyes and poor eyesight, it is effective at clearing heat and improving vision. For bloodshot eyes and nebulae, it is often combined with shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis), jú

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huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) to enhance the effects of clearing heat. For dim or blurred vision due to liver blood and yin deficiency, it is combined with gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii), nǚ zhēn zĭ (Fructus Ligustri Lucidi) and hēi zhī ma (Semen Sesami Nigrum) to nourish the liver and improve vision. It is combined with cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and animal liver in decoction to treat night blindness. 3. For panic attacks, palpitations, insomnia, anxiety, depressive psychosis, mania and fright epilepsy, it is effective at calming the heart and tranquilizing the mind. For panic attacks, palpitations, insomnia and anxiety, it is combined with lóng gŭ (Os Draconis), hǔ pò (Succinum) and suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae) to calm the heart and tranquilize the mind. For depressive psychosis, mania, convulsions and fright epilepsy with phlegm-heat accumulation, it is combined with tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae), gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis) and dăn nán xīng (Arisaema cum Bile) to clear phlegm heat, extinguish internal wind and relieve convulsions. 4. Additionally, the calcined shells can be taken internally to neutralize gastric acid and relieve stomachache. The ground ■ne powder, when used topically, can dry up dampness and improve the healing of sores and eczema. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 15-30 g in decoction and 1.5-3 g in powder. It can also be used as pills. When used in decoction, it is boiled ■rst and applied externally with other powders or liquids. The calcined is mainly applied to dry up dampness and assist the healing of sores. The crude is used for other purposes. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Those with cold de■ciency of the spleen and stomach need to be cautious because its cold property may hurt the stomach. ［Ingredients］ It contains over 90％ calcium carbonate, about 0.34％ organics and small amounts of zinc, magnesium, iron, silicate, sulfate, phosphate, oxide, various amino acids, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, galactosyl ceramide, hydroxy fatty acids, snail shell protein, etc. Recent studies show that its effective compounds are amino acids and some trace elements. ［Pharmacological Research］ It has anti-gastric ulcer, anti-aging, anti-oxidation, anti-allergy and anti-tumor effects and also shows effects of resistance to crystal turbidity, sedation, anti-convulsion, protection of the liver and neutralization of gastric acid. It also improves the healing of skin ulcers.

MǔLì牡蛎 CONCHA OSTREAE Oyster Shell ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the shell of Ostrea gigas (Thunberg), Ostrea talienwhanensis (Crosse) or Ostrea rivularis (Gould), in the family Ostreiae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Mŭ “male” and lì “big”. Oysters are only males and their shells are big and strong, so ancient people named them mŭ lì. The ones with sharp protruberances turning to the left are supposed to be the best, so they are also known as zuŏ ké (左壳) and zuŏ gù mŭ lì (左 顾牡蛎) —zuŏ “left”, ké “shell” and gù “looking”. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in the coastal areas of China.

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［Collection］ The oysters are collected the whole year round. The shells are cleaned and dried in the sun after the meat is removed. The best quality are those that are big, solid, complete, lustrous and clean. ［Processing］ After impurities and attached adhesions are removed, shells are crushed before use. Both crude and calcined shells are used clinically. ［Properties］ Salty, astringent; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, kidney. ［Characteristics］ ■ven though they both enter the liver and kidney channels, the crude and the calcined have different effects. The crude is salty in ■avor, cold in nature and heavy in weight, and is effective at calming liver yang, calming fright, tranquilizing the mind, softening hardness, dissipating masses and slightly enriching yin. The calcined is astringent in nature, and is effective in securing, astringing, and absorbing and neutralizing gastric acid to relieve stomach pain. ［Actions］ Calms the liver, subdues yang, calms fright, tranquilizes the mind, softens hardness, dissipates masses, astringes and secures, and controls acid and pain. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dizziness and blurred vision due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it calms the liver, subdues yang and enriches yin. For dizziness and tinnitus, it is often combined with crude guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis), crude lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) and bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) to enrich yin, calm yang and extinguish internal wind, such as in the formula Zhèn Gān Xī Fēng Tāng (Liver-Sedating and Wind-■xtinguishing Decoction). For convulsions with chronic listlessness due to kidney yin de■ciency and internal stirring of wind, it is often combined with guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis), biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) and shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to enhance the effects of enriching yin and extinguishing wind, such as in the formula Dà Dìng Fēng Zhū (Major Wind-Stabilizing Pill). 2. For palpitations, anxiety and insomnia, it suppresses fright and calms the mind, and is often combined with lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) to improve the effects. For anxiety caused by yang deficiency that fails to nourish the heart spirit, it is combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), dà zăo (Fructus Jujubae) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to nourish heart yang, such as in the formula Guì Zhī Qù Sháo Yào Jiā Shŭ Qī Mŭ Lì Lóng Gŭ Jiù Nì Tāng (Cinnamon Twig Decoction Without Peony Plus Antifebrile Dichroa Branchlet and Leaf, Oyster Shell and Dragon Bones). For palpitations, anxiety and insomnia caused by yin de■ciency and effulgent ■re, it is often combined with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), tiān dōng (Radix Asparagi), wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) and zhú yè (Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis) to enhance the effects of enriching yin, reducing ■re, and suppressing and calming. For palpitations, anxiety and insomnia caused by heart blood de■ciency, it is combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae), ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) and similar herbs to enhance the effects of supplementing the blood and nourishing the heart. 3. For phlegm nodules, scrofula and abdominal masses, it softens hardness and dissipates masses. For phlegm nodules and scrofula due to phlegm-■re accumulation, it is often combined with zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii) and xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) to dissolve phlegm

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and dissipate masses, such as in the formula Xiāo Luŏ Wán (Scrofula-Dissipating Pill). For abdominal masses due to blood stasis and qi stagnation, it is combined with biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis), dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) and é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae) to break up stagnation, dissolve phlegm, and enhance the effects of softening hardness and dissipating masses. In recent times, it has been effectively applied for treating hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. 4. For incontinence syndromes, the calcined shells are used for astringing and securing. For seminal emission, enuresis, frequent urination, abnormal uterine bleeding, leukorrhagia, spontaneous sweating and night sweats, they are often combined with calcined lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) and other herbs to enhance the effects of tonifying or strengthening qi, and astringing. 5. For gastric hypersecretion, the calcined shells are effective at neutralizing and absorbing acid. Thus they are often used alone or in combination with powdered wū zéi gŭ (■ndoconcha Sepiae), zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii) and dry-fried zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii) for internal use. 6. Additionally, the calcined shells are effective at drying dampness and improving the healing of sores, so they are often applied alone or in combination to treat eczema or ulcerative sores externally. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 15-30 g in decoction, pills or powder. It is crushed and boiled ■rst for decoction, and is ground into ■ne powder and applied alone or mixed with other liquids for topical use. Generally the calcined is applied to astringe and secure, dry dampness, assist the healing of sores and neutralize and absorb gastric acid, while the crude is used for all other purposes. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Those with excessive damp heat need to be cautious when using the calcined, because its astringent property may cause retention of pathogenic damp heat. The powder, when used in large doses internally, may cause constipation or dyspepsia. ［Ingredients］ It contains around 50％ calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, ferric oxide, organics, water and trace elements. The calcined mainly contains calcium oxide, because its carbonate and organics are broken down during calcination. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effects of anti-ulceration, sedation, anti-in■ammation, local anesthesia, enhancing immunity, reducing vascular permeability, absorbing and regulating electrolyte balances and inhibiting neuron-muscular excitement. Oyster polysaccharides can reduce blood lipids and prevent blood coagulation and thrombosis.

Zhě Shí赭石 HAEMATITUM Hematite ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It belongs to the hematite group. Similar to corundum, it mainly contains mineral oxides. ［■xplanation of Name］ Zhĕ “color of terra-cotta” and shí “stone”. It is named zhĕ shí because it is a mineral stone with terra-cotta color. Since it is produced in the Dài area of Shanxi, and its surface is uneven with some nail-headed protrusions, it is also named as dài zhĕ shí or dīng tóu “nailheaded” zhĕ shí (钉头赭石). ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in the provinces of Shanxi, Hebei, Henan and Shandong. ［Collection］ It can be collected the whole year round. The stones are dug out and the super■cial “nail head” parts are removed for use. The best quality are those that are brownish red with nailheaded protrusions and overlapped layers when viewed in cross section.

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［Processing］ The mineral is cleaned and crushed for external use. It can also be crushed into powder after being soaked in vinegar. ［Properties］ Bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, heart. ［Characteristics］ Bitter and cold in properties and heavy in weight, it dominates clearing and descending. It enters the liver channel and is used for treating ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang. It also enters the heart channel and is effective at cooling and astringing blood to treat bleeding due to heat. In addition, it enters the lung and stomach channels to treat vomiting, hiccups and wheezing by descending the counter■ow of lung and stomach qi. ［Actions］ Calms the liver, subdues yang, descends the adverse rising of qi, cools blood and stanches bleeding. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is effective at suppressing and subduing liver yang, and clearing and descending liver ■re. For dizziness due to liver and kidney yin de■ciency and ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is always combined with guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis), mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) to calm the liver, extinguish internal wind, enrich yin and subdue yang, such as in the formula Zhèn Gān Xī Fēng Tāng (LiverSedating and Wind-■xtinguishing Decoction). For dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang and ■aming liver ■re, it is often combined with shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis), xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) and jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) to enhance the effects of calming liver yang and clearing liver fire, such as in the formula Dài Zhĕ Shí Tāng (Hematite Decoction). 2. For vomiting, hiccups and belching, it is often combined with xuán fù huā (Flos Inulae), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) to enhance the effects of descending and suppressing the counter-■ow of stomach qi, such as in the formula Xuán Fù Dài Zhĕ Tāng (Inula and Hematite Decoction). 3. For wheezing, its heaviness causes it to descend and suppress the counter-■ow of lung qi. For wheezing with dyspnea, it can be applied alone as powder or taken with rice vinegar. For wheezing with lung and kidney yin and yang de■ciency, it is often combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) and hú táo ròu (Semen Juglandis) to tonify the lung and kidney and help relieve wheezing and coughing, such as in the formula Shēn Zhě Zhèn Qì Tāng (Codonopsis Root and Hematite Decoction). 4. For hematemesis, gingival bleeding, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, it cools blood and stanches bleeding. For hematemesis and gingival bleeding, it is often combined with bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba), zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) and niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii), such as in the formula Hán Jiàng Tāng (Cooling and Descending Decoction). For metrorrhagia and metrostaxis due to blood heat, it is combined with yŭ yú liáng (Limonitum), chì shí zhī (Halloysitum Rubrum) and wŭ líng zhī (Faeces Trogopterori), such as in the formula Zhèn Líng Dān (Spirit-Rousing ■lixir). 5. Additionally, it is used for depressive psychosis, mania, fright and epilepsy due to its excellent

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descending and suppressing effects. For depressive psychosis or mania with wind-heat phlegm, it is combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and dăn nán xīng (Arisaema cum Bile). For infantile convulsions and epilepsy, the calcined stones can be applied alone as powder, or in combination with zhū shā (Cinnabaris) and tiān zhú huáng (Concretio Silicea Bambusae). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-30 g in decoction. It is crushed and then boiled. It can be taken in pill or powder form, 1-3 g at a time. The crude is generally used for calming the liver and descending the counter-flow of qi, while the calcined has the effects of astringing and coagulating. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Pregnant women and patients with a cold need to be cautious because of its bitter, cold and heavy properties. It contains a small amount of arsenic, so long-term use is not encouraged. ［Ingredients］ Mainly contains iron sesquioxide (Fe 2O 3), but it also contains some nonmedicinal substances such as magnesium, aluminum, silicon and arsenic. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effects of sedation on the central nervous system. Its iron improves the neogenesis of erythrocytes and hemoglobin. Internally, it astringes the walls of the stomach and intestines, protects mucosa and stimulates the intestinal canal to bring about hyperfunction of intestinal peristalsis.

ZǐBèi Chǐ紫贝齿 CONCHA MAURITIAE Arabic Cowry Shell ［Source］ Initially appeared in the Newly Revised Materia Medica in the Tang Dynasty (659 A.D.). It is the shell of Mauritia arabica (Linnaeus.) of the family Cypraeidae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Zĭ “purple”, bèi “shell” and chĭ “tooth”. The shell’s interior is pale purple and has denticulate edges. It is also called “zĭ bèi” for short. It was once used as trade currency during ancient times and was called băo bèi (宝 贝) meaning “treasure”. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced along coastal areas of China, such as Hainan Island, Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan and Fujian. ［Collection］ It is collected from May to July. The shells are washed and dried in the sun after the meat is removed. The best quality are those that are complete, clean, thick and pale purple on the inside. ［Processing］ The shells are cleaned, dried in the sun and crushed directly before use. They can also be used calcined ■rst and then crushed into powder. ［Properties］ Salty; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, heart. ［Characteristics］ It is heavy in weight and has salty and neutral but slightly cool properties. It enters the liver channel and is effective at calming and subduing liver yang, clearing liver ■re and improving eyesight. It can be used for dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang and bloodshot eyes triggered by liver ■re. It also enters the heart channel and has the effects of suppressing

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fright and tranquilizing the mind, and is applied for panic attacks, palpitations and insomnia. ［Actions］ Calms the liver, subdues yang, suppresses fright, tranquilizes the mind, clears liver ■re and improves eyesight. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For convulsions and epilepsy due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it calms the liver and subdues yang. For the above problems complicated with dizziness, it is often combined with mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae), dài zhĕ shí (Haematitum) and shēng bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) to increase the effects of calming the liver and subduing yang. For acute infantile convulsions triggered by high fever, it is combined with líng yáng jiăo (Cornu Saigae Tataricae), gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis) and tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) to clear heat and tranquilize internal wind to relieve the convulsions. For chronic infantile convulsions or epilepsy with fatigue and fright due to spleen de■ciency, it is combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) to strengthen the spleen, calm the liver and suppress convulsions. 2. For panic attacks and insomnia, it is effective at suppressing fright and calming the mind. For panic attacks, palpitations, anxiety, insomnia and dream-disturbed sleep due to the heart spirit being disturbed by hyperactive liver yang, it can be combined with lóng gŭ (Os Draconis), cí shí (Magnetitum) and fú shén (Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis) to assist the power of suppression and calming. For palpitations, insomnia and dream-disturbed sleep due to blood and yin de■ciency failing to nourish the heart, it can be combined with shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae) to enrich blood and yin, and help tranquilize the mind. 3. For bloodshot eyes and nebulae, it is good at clearing liver heat and improving vision. For inflamed bloodshot eyes with headache and blurred vision due to liver fire flaming upwards, it can be combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), qīng xiāng zĭ (Semen Celosiae) and xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) to enhance the effects. For nebulae and blurred vision, it can be combined with mù zéi (Herba ■quiseti Hiemalis), gŭ jīng căo (Flos ■riocauli) and shé tuì (Periostracum Serpentis) to assist the effects of clearing liver heat, relieving nebulae and improving vision. The ■ne powder also can be used in eye drops. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction. It is boiled ■rst after being crushed. It also can be used in pills or powder. ■xternally, the water-infused powder can be used as eye drops. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Those with vulnerable spleen and stomach need to be cautious. ［Ingredients］ Mainly contains calcium carbonate and other organic matters. It also has magnesium, iron, phosphate, silicate and sulfate. The calcined shells mainly contain calcium oxide because the carbonates and organics break down during calcination.

JíLí蒺藜 FRUCTUS TRIBULI Puncture Vine Caltrop Fruit

［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■stern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was jí lí zĭ (蒺藜子). It is the dried ripe fruit of Tribulus

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terrestris L., an annual of the family Zygophyllaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Jí “quick, sharp” and lí “cut”. It is a fruit with five segments in the shape of a star. ■ach segment has a pair of short and long thorns which are sharp and can easily damage the body. Therefore, it is also known as cì jí lí (Fructus Tribuli), where cì means “thorn”. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shaanxi and Sichuan provinces of China. ［Collection］ The plant is collected in autumn when the fruit ripens, dried in the sun and then the fruit is removed and cleaned. The best quality are those that have even segments and are plump and gray. ［Processing］ The fruit is cleaned and dried in the sun. It can be used raw or stir-fried until yellow. ［Properties］ Bitter, acrid; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver. ［Characteristics］ It is bitter with the effects of purging and descending, acrid with the effect of dispersing, and neutral but slightly cool. It enters the liver channel exclusively. It is not only effective at calming and suppressing liver yang, it soothes liver stagnation to treat dizziness due to yang hyperactivity and hypochondriac pain, and also dispels exterior wind, improves vision and relieves itching. It is best for bloodshot eyes triggered by pathogenic wind heat, and rashes and pruritus triggered by exterior wind. ［Actions］ Calms and soothes the liver, dispels wind, improves vision and relieves itching. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is effective at calming and suppressing liver yang. For dizziness and blurred vision due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is often combined with gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis), zhēn zhū mŭ (Concha Margaritiferae Usta) and jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) to assist the action of calming the liver. 2. For hypochondriac pain, chest or breast pain, it conducts the liver qi and soothes liver stagnation to stop the pain. For hypochondriac pain, chest or breast pain due to liver qi stagnation, it is combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi) and qīng pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride) to enhance the effects. For poor lactation with breast pain triggered by liver stagnation, it can be used alone as powder, or in combination with chuān shān jiă (Squama Manitis) and wáng bù liú xíng (Semen Vaccariae) to soothe the liver and improve lactation. 3. For inflamed, sore and swollen eyes or nebulae with tearing triggered by pathogenic wind heat, it disperses the wind heat from the liver channel, relieves the nebulae and improves vision, and is often used in combination with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), jué míng zĭ (Semen Cassiae) and màn jīng zĭ (Fructus Viticis) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Bái Jí Lí Săn (Caltrop Fruit Powder). 4. For rashes, pruritus and vitiligo, it is good at dispelling wind and relieving itching. For rashes and pruritus, it is often combined with fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae), jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae) and dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae) to increase the effects.

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For vitiligo, it can be used alone in powder form and taken with water, or brewed in alcohol and applied topically. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-9 g in decoction, pills or powder. It can also be decocted for topical rinsing, or brewed in alcohol and applied topically. The powder can also be mixed with a liquid for topical compresses. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Pregnant women and those with qi and blood de■ciency need to be cautious because its acrid property induces dispersing actions that may consume qi and blood. ［Ingredients］ It contains saponins, fatty oils, volatile oils, alkaloids, tannic acid, resin and ■avonoids. ［Pharmacological Research］ It increases the force of cardiac contractions, slows down the heart rate, dilates the coronary arteries and peripheral blood vessels, reduces blood pressure, prevents myocardial ischemia, atherosclerosis and platelet aggregation, strengthens the body, delays aging, promotes urination, enhances the sexual re■ex and desire of male rats, and boosts the rut of female rats to improve fecundity.

Luó BùMá Yè 罗布麻叶 FOLIUM APOCYNI VENETI Dogbane Leaf ［Source］ Initially appeared in Materia Medica for Famine Relief (Jiù Huāng Bĕn Căo, 救荒本 草) in the Ming Dynasty (1406 A.D.). Its original name of zé qī (泽漆) is different from the zé qī (Herba ■uphoribiae Helioscopiae) used today. It is the dried leaf of Apocynum venetum L., a perennial of the family Apocynaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Luó bù “name of a plain in Xinjiang”, má “hemp” and yè “leaf”. The plants are widely grown in Xinjiang’s Rob Plain, where “Rob” is pronounced as luó bù in standard Chinese. The fabric made from the bark is often substituted for hemp because of its good quality. Only the leaves are used herbally. It is also known as zé qī má (泽漆麻). ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in the northwest, north and northeast of China. ［Collection］ The leaves are collected in summer and dried in the sun. The best quality are those that are complete and green without stalk. ［Processing］ It can be used directly after cleaning. ［Properties］ Sweet, bitter; cool. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, heart. ［Characteristics］ Its sweet, bitter and cool properties allow it to clear, purge and drain heat. It enters the liver and heart channels, and is effective at calming the liver and the mind, clearing heat, draining water and reducing blood pressure. It is widely used for ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, palpitations and edema. ［Actions］ Calms the liver and the mind, clears heat and drains water. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dizziness and blurred vision, it is good at clearing heat, calming the liver and reducing blood pressure.

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For dizziness and blurred vision due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is often combined with mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae), shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis) and bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba). For dizziness and blurred vision due to the ■aming up of liver ■re, it is combined with gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis), xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) and yĕ jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi Indici). For dizziness with hypertension, it can be used alone in decoction or brewed with boiled water as tea. 2. For palpitations and insomnia, it clears heat and calms the heart and mind. For palpitations and insomnia with heart yin de■ciency and heart ■re, it is combined with suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae), lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) and băi zĭ rén (Semen Platycladi) to enhance the effects of calming the heart and the mind. 3. For edema or difficult urination, it clears heat and facilitates urination. For mild cases of edema, it can be used alone. In severe cases, it is combined with chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis), mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae) and chuān niú xī (Radix Cyathulae) to enhance the effects of diuresis and reducing edema. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction or brewed with boiled water for internal use. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Over-use or long-term use is not encouraged to avoid buildup of toxicity. ［Ingredients］ It contains quercetin, isoquercitrin, rutin, hyperin, anthraquinone, amino acids, and potassium chloride. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of reducing blood pressure and cholesterol, sedation, anti-convulsion, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-lipid peroxidation, anti-aging, radioresistance and alleviating adverse reactions of chemotherapy. It also can increase the blood ■ow of the kidney.

Section 2 Herbs that Extinguish Wind and Relieve Convulsions Herbs in this section are mostly poisonous insects with either cold or warm properties. They are mainly effective in extinguishing wind, arresting convulsions, dissolving phlegm, resolving toxins, unblocking collaterals and relieving pain, and are used for internal stirring of liver wind, epilepsy, convulsions and tetanus. Some of them also calm liver yang or clear liver ■re, and can be used for ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang and excessive liver ■re.

Líng Yáng Jiǎo 羚羊角 CORNU SAIGAE TATARICAE Antelope Horn ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■stern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the horn of the antelope Saiga tatarica Linnaeus of the family Bovid.

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［■xplanation of Name］ Líng “smart”, yáng “goat” and jiăo “horn”. Antelopes look similar to goats and are quite smart. Their horns are used as líng yáng jiăo for medicinal purposes. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Russia, as well as Xinjiang and Qinghai in China. ［Collection］ Antelopes are caught the whole year round. The horns are cut at the root and dried in the sun. Best quality are those that are collected during August and September, and are tender, smooth and generally white with a blood streak crack. ［Processing］ The horns are soaked in warm water and then taken out and sliced thinly. They can also be ground into powder or mixed with water for use. ［Properties］ Salty; cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, heart. ［Characteristics］ Salty, cold and heavy in properties, it enters the liver channel and is effective at calming the liver, extinguishing wind, clearing liver ■re and improving vision. Therefore it is used to treat internal stirring of liver wind, yang hyperactivity and excessive liver ■re ■aming up. Since it also enters the heart channel, it is effective at clearing toxic heat and is used to treat exuberant heart ■re. ［Actions］ Calms the liver, extinguishes wind, clears liver ■re, improves vision and clears toxic heat. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For internal stirring of liver wind, it is effective at clearing liver heat, extinguishing liver wind, arresting convulsions and clearing toxic heat. It is effective in treating internal stirring of liver wind and is best used for treating wind caused by extreme heat and acute infantile convulsions triggered by liver heat. For high fever with loss of consciousness and convulsions triggered by extreme heat, it is often combined with gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis), jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae) to clear heat, calm the liver, extinguish wind and arrest convulsions, such as in the formula Líng Jiăo Gōu Téng Tāng (Antelope Horn and Uncaria Decoction). For high fever with loss of consciousness, delirium, mania and convulsions, it is often combined with shēng shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), hán shuĭ shí (Glauberitum) and xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) to clear heat, induce resuscitation, suppress convulsions and calm the mind, such as in the formula Zĭ Xuĕ Dān (Purple Snow ■lixir). 2. For infantile convulsions or epilepsy, it is effective at clearing liver heat, extinguishing liver wind and arresting convulsions. For acute infantile convulsions manifested by fever, reddish burning face, loss of consciousness and convulsions, it is often combined with niú huáng (Calculus Bovis), tiān zhú huáng (Concretio Silicea Bambusae) and zhū shā (Cinnabaris) to enhance the effects of clearing heat, calming the liver, resuscitation and arresting convulsions. For epilepsy, it is often combined with gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis), tiān zhú huáng (Concretio Silicea Bambusae), yù jīn (Radix Curcumae) and quán xiē (Scorpio) to extinguish wind, dissolve phlegm and arrest convulsions. 3. For ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang or liver ■re ■aming up, it is good at calming the liver, subduing yang and clearing liver ■re. For dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang with obvious heat signs, it is often combined with shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis), xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) and tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) to calm liver yang and relieve dizziness. For headache, vertigo and in■amed eyes, it is combined with lóng dăn căo (Radix et Rhizoma

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Gentianae), jué míng zĭ (Semen Cassiae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to clear or purge liver ■re, such as in the formula Líng Yáng Jiăo Săn (Antelope Horn Powder). 4. For maculas, papules or rashes with toxic heat, it is effective at purging toxic heat and cooling blood. For maculas and papules due to toxic heat inside, it is combined with shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) and dà qīng yè (Folium Isatidis) to clear heat and cool blood. For vicious measles where eruption cannot occur due to reversed heat transmission to the pericardium, manifested by high fever, loss of consciousness or delirium, it is combined with shuĭ niú jiăo (Cornu Bubali), zĭ căo (Radix Arnebiae) and jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) to clear toxic heat and facilitate eruption. 5. Additionally, it can also clear lung heat and relieve cough, and is effective for coughing and wheezing with lung heat, such as in the formula Líng Yáng Qīng Fèi Săn (Antelope Horn and LungClearing Powder). ■xternally, it can be applied to sores. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 1-3 g boiled alone for over 2 hours and then taken with a decoction of other herbs; 0.3-0.6 g each dose ground and mixed with water or in powder form; or used in pills and powder. The decoction and powder mixed with water can be applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Contraindicated in cases of chronic convulsions with spleen qi de■ciency, or cold de■ciency of the spleen and stomach because its cold property may hurt the yang and qi. ［Ingredients］ It contains keratoproteins, cholesterol, various phospholipids, calcium phosphate, vitamin A and insoluble mineral salts. The keratoproteins can be hydrolyzed into 18 varieties of amino acids and polypeptides. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effects of sedation, hypnogenesis, anti-convulsion, antipyresis, analgesia, reducing blood pressure and anti-hypoxia. The decoction or alcohol extracts at low dosage strengthen toad cardiac contraction force in vitro. Medium dosage of the alcohol extracts can cause heart block, while high dosage slows down the heart rate, reduces the heartbeat amplitude and eventually leads to cardiac arrest.

Attachement: Shān Yáng Jiǎo 山羊角 Cornu Naemorhedi ［Source］ It is the horn of qīng yáng, Naemorhedus goral Hardwicke of the family Bovid. ［Properties］ Salty; cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver. ［Actions］ Calms the liver, extinguishes wind, clears liver ■re, improves vision, invigorates blood and dissipates stasis. ［Clinical Applications］ It is used for fright, epilepsy and convulsions due to internal stirring of liver wind, dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, inflamed eyes due to liver fire flaming up and traumatic injuries. For dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is combined with shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis), tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) and gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis). For in■amed eyes caused by liver ■re ■aming up, it is combined with xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae), jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and sāng yè (Folium Mori). For high fever with loss of consciousness and convulsions, it is combined with niú huáng (Calculus Bovis),

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huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and quán xiē (Scorpio). For traumatic injuries, it is combined with hóng huā (Flos Carthami), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ Compared to líng yáng jiăo (Cornu Saigae Tataricae), it is similar but milder in actions, so a bigger dose can be applied. For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction. After it is sliced thin and boiled, it can also be used as ■ne powder or in decoction 2-3 times a day, 1-3 g per dose.

Gōu Téng 钩藤 RAMULUS UNCARIAE CUM UNCIS Gambir Plant ［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Liang Period (500 A.D.) of the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Its original name was diào téng (钓藤). It is the dried vine stems and thorny branches of Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Jacks., Uncaria macrophylla Wall., Uncaria hirsuta Havil., Uncaria sinensis (Oliv.) Havil. or Uncaria sessilifructus Roxb., woody climbers of the family Rubiaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Gōu “hook” and téng “vine”. The plant is a woody evergreen vine. Its twig is quadrilateral-column-shaped with single or paired spines growing where the leaves branch out. The spines look like a ■sh hook, so it is named gōu téng or diào téng, where diào means “■shing”. The vines with two spines in a pair are supposed to be the best, so it is also known as shuāng gōu téng (双钩藤), where shuāng means “two” or “double”. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Zhejiang, Fujian and Hunan of China. ［Collection］ The plants are collected in autumn and winter. After the leaves are removed, the twigs are cut into segments and dried in the sun. The best quality are young and tender with thorns, and brown or reddish brown in color. ［Processing］ After cleaning, it is moistened with water, cut into segments when soft and dried before use. ［Properties］ Sweet; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, pericardium. ［Characteristics］ Sweet and cold in properties, it is light in texture and dominates dispersing. It is non-poisonous with moderate effects, so is very suitable for children. It mainly enters the liver and secondarily the pericardium channel. Good at calming liver yang, extinguishing liver wind, clearing liver heat and dispersing pathogenic wind heat, it is an essential herb for treating infantile convulsions, yang hyperactivity and liver wind. It is also commonly used for disorders caused by liver heat or wind heat. ［Actions］ ■xtinguishes wind and arrests convulsions, clears heat and calms the liver. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For convulsions, night crying and epilepsy, it is good at extinguishing

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wind, cooling the liver, arresting convulsion and dispersing heat with its cold property. For infantile convulsions, the herb is used alone in milder cases, while in severe cases combination of other herbs is utilized. For acute infantile convulsion caused by liver heat, it is often combined with chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae), jiāng cán (Bombyx Batryticatus) and lóng dăn căo (Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae) to cool the liver, extinguish wind and arrest convulsions. For chronic infantile convulsion with spleen deficiency, it is often combined with tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and fú líng (Poria) to nourish the spleen, calm the liver and arrest convulsions. For high fever with potential infantile convulsion, it can be added to a formula in order to prevent the convulsions. For infantile night crying with heart and liver heat, it is usually combined with chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae), zhú yè (Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis) and tōng căo (Medulla Tetrapanacis) to enhance the effects. For epilepsy, it is combined with tiān zhú huáng (Concretio Silicea Bambusae), chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), such as in the formula Gōu Téng Yĭn Zĭ (Gambir Plant Drink). 2. For syndromes involving internal stirring of liver wind: For convulsions triggered by high fever, it is often combined with líng yáng jiăo (Cornu Saigae Tataricae), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and fresh shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae) to clear heat, cool the liver and extinguish wind, such as in the formula Líng Jiăo Gōu Téng Tāng (Antelope Horn and Uncaria Decoction). For headache, dizziness and syncope triggered by ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang and liver heat, it is combined with shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis), shēng mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) and shēng niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) to calm the liver, extinguish wind and arrest convulsion. 3. For headache and dizziness, it not only clears liver heat, but also calms liver yang and unblocks the collaterals. For headache and dizziness caused by liver ■re ■aming up, it is often combined with xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to clear and purge heat and calm the liver. For headache and dizziness caused by ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is often combined with tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae), shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis) and jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) to calm the liver and subdue yang. For post-stroke hemiplegia, it is combined with sāng zhī (Ramulus Mori), dì lóng (Pheretima) and prepared chuān shān jiă (Squama Manitis) to unblock the collaterals and assist healing of paralysis; if caused by wind phlegm blocking the collaterals with the symptoms of limb spasms and dragging pain, it is combined with jiāng cán (Bombyx Batryticatus), quán xiē (Scorpio) and wēi líng xiān (Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis) to dispel wind and phlegm, unblock the collaterals and relieve pain. 4. Additionally, it can be used for headache and in■amed eyes triggered by exterior pathogenic wind heat if combined with such herbs as jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), bò he (Herba Menthae) and sāng yè (Folium Mori), since it has the actions of dispersing wind and heat. If for infantile vicious measles, it can be combined with chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae), zĭ căo (Radix Arnebiae) and jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) to clear toxic heat, cool blood and

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facilitate eruption. In recent years, 20％ gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis) decoction has been used to treat hypertension, since it showed a moderate action of lowering blood pressure. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction; also used in pills or powder. The active ingredient, uncarine, is liable to be damaged during heating, so decocting for more than 20 minutes is not encouraged. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It should be used with caution for those with spleen and stomach de■ciency cold because of its cold property. ［Ingredients］ Mainly contains alkaloids like uncarine and isorhynchophylline. It also has ■avonoids, catechins, tannin and terpene. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effects of lowering blood pressure, preventing platelet aggregation, sedation, anti-convulsion, spasmolysis, anti-arrhythmia, and anti-thrombosis. Uncarine can inhibit the intestines and excites the uterus in rats. Rhomotoxine can suppress histamine-triggered asthma, stimulate the immune system and protect the liver in guinea pigs.

Tiān Má 天麻 RHIZOMA GASTRODIAE Tall Gastrodis Tuber ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was chì jiàn (赤 箭). It is the dried stem tuber of Gastrodia elata Bl., a perennial parasitic herb of the family Orchidaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Tiān “heaven, god” and má “hemp”. It was originally named tiān má because its growth seemed miraculous like a blessing from the heavens and the underground stem tubers resemble hemp shoes. It is also known as shén căo (神草), where shén means “magical” and căo means “herb”. Its stem and leaves are reddish and the plant somewhat resembles an arrow, so it is also referred to as chì jiàn, where chì means “red” and jiàn means “arrow”. It is effective at calming the liver and extinguishing wind, so it is also called dìng fēng căo (定风草), where dìng means “stop”, fēng means “wind” and căo means “herb”. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guizhou, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Hubei provinces of China. The best quality are those from Guizhou. ［Collection］ The plant is collected from the beginning of winter to the early spring. It is immediately cleaned with water after collection, steamed well and dried in an open and lowtemperature area. The best quality are those that are solid, shaped like a parrot’s beak and have a glossy cross section. ［Processing］ It is cleaned and moistened thoroughly in water and cut into slices. It can also be steamed soft, sliced thin and dried for clinical use. ［Properties］ Sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver. ［Characteristics］ Sweet, neutral and moderate, and soft but not dry, it enters the liver channel

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only, and is very effective at extinguishing wind, arresting convulsions and calming the liver. It is widely used for internal stirring of liver wind due to cold, heat, deficiency or excess. It can also dispel exterior wind and unblock collaterals, and is used for arthralgia, muscular spasms and numbness either from cold or heat pattern. ［Actions］ ■xtinguishes wind, arrests convulsions, suppresses the liver, dispels wind and unblocks collaterals. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For epilepsy and convulsions due to internal stirring of liver wind and tetanus, it is effective at extinguishing wind and arresting convulsions. Therefore it is often referred as dìng fēng shén căo (定风神草), where dìng means “stop”, fēng means “wind”, shén means “magical” and căo means “herb or plant”. It is suitable for cold, heat, de■ciency and excess types of internal stirring of liver wind. For vertigo and loss of consciousness caused by hyperactivity of liver yang transforming into wind, it is often combined with mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) to calm the liver, subdue yang and extinguish wind. For convulsions triggered by high fever, it is often combined with shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), dà qīng yè (Folium Isatidis) and dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to clear heat, calm the liver and extinguish wind. For muscular twitching with yin and blood depletion, it is often combined with prepared dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis) to enrich yin and blood and extinguish wind. For acute infantile convulsions triggered by liver heat, it is combined with líng yáng jiăo (Cornu Saigae Tataricae), gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis) and quán xiē (Scorpio) to clear heat, cool the liver, extinguish wind and arrest convulsions, such as in the formula Gōu Téng Yĭn Zĭ (Gambir Plant Drink). For chronic convulsions due to spleen de■ciency, it is combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhiaoma Ginseng), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and jiāng cán (Bombyx Batryticatus) to strengthen the spleen and tonify healthy qi, calm the liver, extinguish wind and arrest convulsions, such as in the formula Xĭng Pí Săn (Spleen-■nlivening Powder). For epilepsy and convulsions with phlegm heat inside, it can be combined with yù jīn (Radix Curcumae), bái fán (Alumen) and tiān zhú huáng (Concretio Silicea Bambusae) to clear heat, dissolve phlegm and arrest epilepsy. For tetanus attacks, it is often combined with tiān nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis), bái fù zĭ (Rhizoma Typhonii) and fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) to expel wind and arrest convulsions, such as in the formula Yù Zhēn Săn (True Jade Powder). 2. For dizziness and headache due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is excellent at extinguishing liver wind and calming liver yang, and is commonly used for dizziness or vertigo. For dizziness and headache due to liver and kidney yin de■ciency and ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is often combined with gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis), niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) and shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis) to enhance the effects of calming the liver, subduing yang and extinguishing wind, such as in the formula Tiān Má Gōu Téng Tāng (Gastrodia and Uncaria Decoction). For vertigo and headache due to wind phlegm attacking the upper body, it is often combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and fú líng (Poria) to dissolve phlegm, calm the liver and extinguish wind, such as in the formula Bàn Xià Bái Zhú Tiān Má Tāng (Pinellia, Atractylodes Macrocephala and Gastrodia Decoction). For migraine, it is often combined with chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), màn jīng zĭ (Fructus

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Viticis) and jīng jiè suì (Spica Schizonepetae) to disperse wind, invigorate blood and relieve pain. 3. For hemiplegia and wind-damp arthralgia, it dispels wind, unblocks the collaterals and relieves pain. For stroke with hemiplegia, it is combined with gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and dì lóng (Pheretima) to calm the liver, extinguish wind, unblock collaterals and relax the sinews. For wind-damp arthralgia with contraction and numbness, it is combined with qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae), qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii) and sāng zhī (Ramulus Mori) to dispel wind, transform dampness, unblock the collaterals and relieve pain, such as in the formula Qín Jiāo Tiān Má Tāng (Large Leaf Gentian Root and Tall Gastrodis Tuber Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction; 1-1.5 g at a time in powder or pills. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not recommended to be used alone for those with extreme qi and blood de■ciency. ［Ingredients］ Contains gastrodin, gastrodine aglycone, vanillyl alcohol, vanillin, succinic acid, polysaccharids, vitamin A substances and trace alkaloids. ［Pharmacological Research］ It has the effects of sedation, anti-convulsion, analgesia, increasing blood ■ow in the heart and brain, lowering blood pressure, slowing the heart rate, antihypoxia, enhancing immunity, improving intelligence, delaying aging, anti-inflammation, antiplatelet aggregation, radioresistance and stimulating the intestines. ［Notes］ Tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) is a symbiotic parasitic plant growing together with the shoestring fungus. They form a close relationship in nourishment during growth and reproduction. Research has proved that the solid nutrient base of the shoestring fungus has similar pharmacological actions and clinical effects to that of tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae).

DìLóng 地龙 PHERETIMA Earthworm ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was bái jĭng qiū yĭn (白 颈蚯蚓). It is the dried body of the earthworm Pheretima aspergillum (■.Perrier), Pheretima vulgaris Chen, Pheretima guillelmi (Michaelsen), or Pheretima pectinifera Michaelsen from the family Megascolecidae. The first of these is usually called guăng dì lóng (广地龙), while the latter three are called hù dì lóng (沪地龙). ［■xplanation of Name］ Dì “earth” and lóng “dragon”. It moves like a dragon in the earth. Its original name was bái jĭng qiū yĭn, where bái means “white”, jĭng means “neck”, qiū means “mound” and yĭn means “contraction”. Its body contracts first and then stretches to enable the body to move forward, and little mounds appear in the earth when it is crawling. ［Habitat］ Guăng dì lóng is mainly produced in Guangdong, Hainan and Guangxi of China; hù dì lóng is mainly produced in Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Anhui of China.

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［Collection］ Guăng dì lóng is collected between spring and autumn, while hù dì lóng is collected in summer. After collection, the belly is cut immediately, the internal organs are removed and the earth and sand are cleaned away with water. It is then dried in the sun or in a low-temperature area. The best quality are those that are dry, clean and smooth on the surface with plump ■esh. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed and cleaned away with water, the worm is cut into segments and dried. It is generally used raw, but it can also be made into wine. ［Properties］ Salty; cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, spleen, bladder. ［Characteristics］ Salty and cold in properties, it is effective at clearing heat, unblocking the channels, activating the collaterals and promoting discharge. It enters the liver channel to clear liver heat, extinguish wind and arrest convulsions. It enters the lung channel to clear and purge lung heat to relieve wheezing. It enters the bladder channel to promote urination and activate the collaterals. ［Actions］ Clears heat, extinguishes wind, unblocks and activates the collaterals, relieves wheezing and promotes urination. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For convulsions, epilepsy and mania with high fever, it clears heat, extinguishes wind and relieves convulsions. For loss of consciousness, delirium and convulsions triggered by extreme heat, it can be used alone in decoction, or combined with gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis), niú huáng (Calculus Bovis) and jiāng cán (Bombyx Batryticatus) to enhance the effects. For acute infantile convulsions with high fever, ground dì lóng (Pheretima) can be used together with zhū shā (Cinnabaris) to make pills. For high fever, mania or epilepsy, the ■esh can be dissolved by salt into liquid and then consumed. 2. For post-stroke hemiplegia with qi de■ciency and blood stasis, it is effective at unblocking the channels and collaterals. It is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) in order to boost qi, invigorate blood and unblock the collaterals, such as in the formula Bŭ Yáng Huán Wŭ Tāng (Yang-Supplementing and Five-Returning Decoction). 3. For wind damp arthralgia. For arthralgia of the wind-damp-heat type with sore, swollen and aching joints with in■exible movement, it is commonly combined with fáng jĭ (Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae), qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae) and rĕn dōng téng (Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae) to increase the effects of clearing heat. It can also treat dampness, unblock collaterals and relieve pain. For arthralgia of the wind-damp-cold type with inflexible joints and numbing pain in the limbs, it can be combined with chuān wū (Radix Aconiti), tiān nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis) and rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) to dispel wind, transform dampness, dissipate cold and relieve pain, such as in the formula Xiăo Huó Luò Dān (Minor Channel-Activating ■lixir). 4. For asthma with lung heat, it is effective at clearing lung heat and relieving wheezing. For wheezing with lung heat, it is often combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), shè gān (Rhizoma Belamcandae) and bái guŏ (Semen Ginkgo) to clear lung heat and relax the bronchi to relieve wheezing. For coughing and gasping, it can be combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) and xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) to enhance the effects. 5. For dysuria or urinary retention, it clears heat and facilitates urination. For disorders due to heat accumulation in the bladder, the flesh of the worm is pounded and soaked in water, and the ■ltration is taken alone. It can also be combined with chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis), mù tōng (Caulis

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Akebiae), zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) and similar herbs to facilitate urination. 6. Additionally, the smashed ■esh can be mixed with sugar and applied topically for scalds, burns and sores. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ Internal use: 5-15 g in decoction, 10-20 g if using the ■esh; 1-2 g per use for dry powder administration. For external use: the ■esh is pounded and applied locally in compresses. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Use cautiously in patients without excessive heat or with de■ciency cold because its cold property may hurt the body’s yang. ［Ingredients］ Contains lumbrifebrine, lumbricin, terrestro-lumbrolysin, phospholipids, cholesterin, vitamins, proteins, amino acids, xanthine, adenine, guanine, sinkaline, plasmin, thrombolysis kinase and three kinds of collagenase. ［Pharmacological Research］ Its hot and alcohol extracts have the effects of sedation and anticonvulsion. The decoction and lumbrifebrine are excellent for relieving heat. Tincture of guăng dì lóng, dry powder suspension, hot extract and decoction all have the effects of lowering blood pressure and anti-arrhythmia. Hypoxanthine from guăng dì lóng is most effective at relaxing the bronchi and can counteract bronchial contraction triggered by histamine and pilocarpine. Decoction of dì lóng (Pheretima) can improve hemorrheology, promote blood circulation and inhibit platelet aggregation and thrombogenesis. Lumbrukinase of dì lóng (Pheretima) has the action of thrombolysis. It also has the effects of anti-tumor, anti-bacteria, killing sperm, facilitating urination, improving skin metabolism and stimulating the uterus both in vitro and in vivo fertilization.

Quán Xiē 全蝎 SCORPIO Scorpion ［Source］ Initially appeared in Materia Medica of Sichuan in the Five Dynasty Period (950 A.D.). Its original name was xiē. It is the dried body of the scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch, an animal of the family Buthidae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Quán “whole” and xiē “scorpion”, with the original meaning of “resting”. It normally is inactive during daytime and is active at night, and hides while resting underneath stones or in wall cracks. “Resting” shares the pronunciation with “scorpion” in Chinese as xiē. The whole body is utilized, so it is called quán xiē, or quán chóng (全虫) where chóng means “insect”. Its tail is called xiē wĕi (蝎尾), where wĕi means “tail”. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Shandong and Henan provinces of China. Can also be found in Hebei, Hubei, Anhui and Liaoning. ［Collection］ It is collected between late spring and early autumn. After the silt is cleaned off with water, the scorpions are put into boiling water or brine, taken out when the whole body is rigid and then dried in the shade. The best are those that are complete with tawny color and some frosty powder on the surface.

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［Processing］ It is cleaned or rinsed with water and then dried for use. ［Properties］ Acrid; neutral; toxic. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver. ［Characteristics］ It exclusively enters the liver channel, and is effective at extinguishing wind, arresting convulsions, counteracting toxins, dissipating masses, unblocking collaterals and relieving pain. It is excellent for spasms and convulsions and is commonly used for vicious sores, scrofula, uncontrolled headache and obstinate arthralgia arising initially from exterior wind damp attack. ［Actions］ ■xtinguishes wind, arrests convulsions, counteracts toxins, dissipates masses, unblocks collaterals and relieves pain. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For convulsions, epilepsy, tetanus, paralysis and hemiplegia, it calms internal liver wind, extinguishes exterior wind, unblocks collaterals and arrests convulsions, and is often combined with wú gōng (Scolopendra) to mutually reinforce effects, such as in the formula Zhĭ Jìng Săn (Spasm-Relieving Powder). For acute infantile convulsions triggered by liver heat with high fever, loss of consciousness and spasms, it is often combined with líng yáng jiăo (Cornu Saigae Tataricae), gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis) and tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) to clear heat, extinguish wind and arrest convulsion. For chronic infantile convulsions with spleen deficiency and manifested by emaciation, weakness and listlessness, it is often combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) to strengthen qi, tonify the spleen and improve the effects of extinguishing wind and arresting convulsion. For epilepsy and convulsions with phlegm heat, it is often combined with powdered yù jīn (Radix Curcumae) and bái fán (Alumen) in equal doses to clear heat, dissolve phlegm and arrest convulsions and epilepsy. For tetanus with spasms and convulsions, it is often combined with wú gōng (Scolopendra), tiān nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis) and chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae) to dispel wind and arrest convulsions, such as in the formula Wŭ Hŭ Zhuī Fēng Săn (Five Tigers ■xpelling Wind Powder). For facial paralysis, it is often combined with bái jiāng cán (Bombyx Batryticatus) and bái fù zĭ (Rhizoma Typhonii) to dispel wind, transform phlegm, unblock collaterals and arrest convulsions, such as in the formula Qiān Zhèng Săn (Symmetry-Correcting Powder). For post-stroke hemiplegia, it is often combined with qí shé (Agkistrodon), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and dāng guī wĕi (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to dispel wind, activate blood and unblock collaterals. 2. For vicious sores, scrofula and nodules, it is effective at counteracting toxins and dissipating masses. For vicious sores, it can be fried in oil and applied alone internally. In addition, seven pieces each of quán xiē (Scorpio) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) can be fried in sesame oil and the oil can then be combined with yellow wax and mixed into paste for external use. For scrofula and nodules, it can be used in powder alone or combined with xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and māo zhuă căo (Radix Ranunculi Ternati) in decoction. It has been reported in recent years that an equal dose of quán xiē (Scorpio), wú gōng (Scolopendra), dì lóng (Pheretima) and tŭ biē chóng (■upolyphaga seu Steleophaga), ground into powder or made into pills, is effective for thromboangiitis obliterans, scrofula and osteoarticular tuberculosis. 3. For migraine, headache and obstinate arthralgia, it is effective at clearing wind, unblocking

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collaterals and relieving pain. For migraine and headache, it is often combined with wú gōng (Scolopendra), bái jiāng cán (Bombyx Batryticatus) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to enhance the effects of dispelling wind, unblocking collaterals and relieving pain. For obstinate arthralgia with in■exible joint movement and joint deformity, it can be combined with zhì chuān wū (Radix Aconiti Praeparata), qí shé (Agkistrodon) and mò yào (Myrrha) to dispel wind, activate blood circulation, soothe the tendons and activate the collaterals. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 1-3 g in decoction, 0.6-1 g per dose in powder. Xiē wĕi is quite poisonous and has strong effects; its normal dosage is 1/3 that of quán xiē (Scorpio). ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ A large dose is not recommended because it is toxic and acrid and has dispersing effects. Pregnant women and those with blood de■ciency should not use it at all. ［Ingredients］ It contains buthotoxin (similar to a viper’s nerve poison), taurine, trimethylamine, palmic acid, stearic acid, ornitrol, lecithin, lycine, katsu acid and 27 kinds of amino acids. ［Pharmacological Research］ It has the effects of anti-convulsion, anti-epilepsy, lowering blood pressure, relieving pain, anti-thrombosis, reducing the platelet adhesion rate, prolonging blood agglutination, anti-tumor, promoting immune function, anti-fungus and inhibiting cysticercus cellulosae. The buthotoxin can promote saliva production, improve the secretion of antidiuretic hormone, trigger uterus contractions that cause early abortion and initiate respiratory paralysis.

WúGōng 蜈蚣 SCOLOPENDRA Centipede ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 220 A.D.). It is the dried body of Scolopendra, Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans L. Koch, an animal of the family Scolopendridae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Wú “name of an ancient kingdom, the area to the south of the Yangtze river” and gōng “equal”. It mainly lives in the area of wú and has 21 pairs of ambulatory legs equally growing on both sides of the body. It is also known as qiān zú chóng (千 足虫), in which qiān means “thousand”, zú means “foot” and chóng means “worm” or “insect”. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Henan and Shaanxi provinces of China. ［Collection］ It is collected during spring and summer. A piece of bamboo is threaded from head to tail to keep the body straight and it is then dried. The best are those that are complete, dry and long with dark green body and red head. ［Processing］ After the bamboo is removed, the body is cleaned with water, roasted on a low ■re until yellow and then cut into segments. ［Properties］ Acrid; warm; toxic. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver. ［Characteristics］ Acrid, warm and toxic, it exclusively enters the liver channel and is effective

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at extinguishing wind and unblocking channels. It has stronger effects than quán xiē (Scorpio), so they are often used in combination to enhance the effects. ［Actions］ ■xtinguishes wind, arrests convulsions, counteracts toxins, dissipates masses, unblocks collaterals and relieves pain. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For convulsions, epilepsy, tetanus, paralysis and hemiplegia, it calms internal liver wind, extinguishes exterior wind, unblocks collaterals and arrests convulsions, and is often combined with quán xiē (Scorpio) to mutually reinforce the effects, such as in the formula Zhĭ Jìng Săn (Spasm-Relieving Powder). For acute infantile convulsions triggered by liver heat with high fever, loss of consciousness and spasms, it is often combined with líng yáng jiăo (Cornu Saigae Tataricae), gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis) and tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) to clear heat, extinguish wind and arrest convulsions. For chronic infantile convulsions with spleen deficiency and manifested by emaciation, weakness and listlessness, it is often combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) to strengthen qi, tonify the spleen and improve the effects of extinguishing wind and arresting convulsions. For epilepsy and convulsions with phlegm heat, it is often combined with powdered yù jīn (Radix Curcumae) and bái fán (Alumen) in equal doses to clear heat, dissolve phlegm and arrest convulsions and epilepsy. For tetanus with spasms and convulsions, it is often combined with quán xiē (Scorpio), tiān nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis) and chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae) to dispel wind and arrest convulsions, such as in the formula Wŭ Hŭ Zhuī Fēng Săn (Five Tigers ■xpelling Wind Powder). For facial paralysis, it is often combined with quán xiē (Scorpio), bái jiāng cán (Bombyx Batryticatus) and bái fù zĭ (Rhizoma Typhonii) to dispel wind, transform phlegm, unblock collaterals and arrest convulsions, such as in the formula Qiān Zhèng Săn (Symmetry-Correcting Powder). For post-stroke hemiplegia, it is often combined with qí shé (Agkistrodon), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and dāng guī wĕi (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to dispel wind, activate blood and unblock collaterals. 2. For vicious sores, scrofula and nodules, it is effective at counteracting toxins and dissipating masses. For vicious sores and malignant ulcerative cancer, it is prepared into paste with xióng huáng (Realgar) and pig bile for external use, such as in the formula Bù Èr Săn (Centipede and Realgar Powder). For scrofula and nodules, it can be used alone internally after being ground into powder or combined with xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae), xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) and māo zhuă căo (Radix Ranunculi Ternati) to be decocted for internal use. For ulcerated scrofula, it can be ground together with tea and applied topically. For snake venom poisoning, it is baked until yellow, ground into powder and then taken with water, or it can be combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and shēng gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae). 3. For migraine, common headache and obstinate arthralgia, it is effective at extinguishing and clearing wind, unblocking collaterals and relieving pain. For uncontrolled migraine and headache, it is often combined with tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae), bái fù zĭ (Rhizoma Typhonii) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to enhance the effects of dispelling wind, unblocking collaterals and relieving pain.

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For obstinate arthralgia with in■exible joint movement and joint deformity, it can be combined with zhì chuān wū (Radix Aconiti Praeparata), qí shé (Agkistrodon) and wēi líng xiān (Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis) to dispel wind, transform dampness, activate collaterals and relieve pain. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 1-3 g in decoction or 0.6-1 g per dose in powder. For external use, it is ground into powder and applied directly onto the skin, or soaked with oil and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ A large dose is not recommended due to its toxic and acrid properties and dispersing effects. Pregnant women or those with blood de■ciency should not use it at all. ［Ingredients］ Mainly contains centipede venom, which is composed of proteins, enzymes and amino acids. It also has fatty acids such as hexadecylenic acid and glucide. ［Pharmacological Research］ It has the effects of anti-convulsion, immune function enhancement, anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, myocardial contraction enhancement, blood vessel dilation, anti-tubercle bacillus and dermatophyte inhibition. Furthermore, it inhibits uterine contractions, has histamine-like effects and promotes hemolysis.

Jiāng Cán 僵蚕 BOMBYX BATRYTICATUS Stiff Silkworm ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was bái jiāng cán (白僵蚕). It is the dried corpse of a 4th-or5 th developmental-stage silkworm larva, Bombyx mori Linnaeus of the Bombycidae family, which has been died after being infected, either naturally or artificially, by Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillant. ［■xplanation of Name］ Jiāng “rigid dead body” and cán “silkworm”. The larvae of the silkworm are infected by Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillant until they die. The original name was bái jiāng cán, in which bái means “white”, because the body is rigid, white and will never rot. It is commonly called jiāng cán for short. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in silkworm-rearing areas in Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Sichuan provinces of China. ［Collection］ It is usually produced in spring and autumn. The dead infected bodies are dried. Best quality are those that are big, solid, white and with a lustrous cross section. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is cleaned with water and dried again. It can be used directly or stir-baked with bran. ［Properties］ Salty, acrid; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Liver, lung. ［Characteristics］ Its salty property softens while its acrid property has the effects of dispersion and dissipation. Neutral but slightly cool, it enters the liver and lung channels, so it is effective at extinguishing wind, arresting convulsion, resolving phlegm, dissipating lumps and hardness, dispelling wind, relieving pain and itching, and resolving toxins to relieve the throat. It is widely

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used in the clinic, especially for disorders due to wind heat, wind phlegm or phlegm with toxin accumulation. ［Actions］ ■xtinguishes wind, arrests convulsions, dispels wind, relieves pain, resolves phlegm, dissipates lumps and hardness, resolves toxins and relieves itching. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For fright epilepsy and convulsions, it is effective in resolving phlegm and in extinguishing internal liver wind to arrest convulsions. For acute infantile convulsions with phlegm heat, it is often combined with quán xiē (Scorpio), niú huáng (Calculus Bovis) and dăn nán xīng (Arisaema cum Bile) to clear heat and phlegm, extinguish wind, and arrest convulsions and calm fright, such as in the formula Qiān Jīn Săn (Powder Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces). For chronic infantile convulsions with spleen de■ciency, it is combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) to replenish qi, invigorate the spleen, extinguish wind and arrest convulsions, such as in the formula Xĭng Pĭ Săn (Spleen-■nlivening Powder). For tetanus attack, it is combined with quán xiē (Scorpio), wú gōng (Scolopendra) and gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Shè Fēng Săn (Wind-Controlling Powder). 2. For facial paralysis, it can dispel wind and arrest convulsions, and is often combined with quán xiē (Scorpio) and bái fù zĭ (Rhizoma Typhonii) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Qiān Zhèng Săn (Symmetry-Correcting Powder). 3. For headache, sore throat, eye in■ammation and itchy rubella and urticaria triggered by wind heat, it disperses wind heat to relieve pain and itching, clears toxins, dissipates masses, lessens swelling and relieves the throat. For headache triggered by wind heat attack, it is often combined with màn jīng zĭ (Fructus Viticis), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) to disperse and clear wind heat to relieve pain. For eye inflammation and tearing in the wind due to wind heat in the liver channel, it is often combined with sāng yè (Folium Mori), mù zéi (Herba ■quiseti Hiemalis) and jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae) to disperse wind, clear heat, relieve swelling and improve vision, such as in the formula Bái Jiāng Cán Săn (Silkworm Powder). For sore, swollen throat and hoarse voice caused by wind heat attacking upward, it is combined with jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to assist the actions of dispersing wind, clearing heat, reducing swelling and relieving the throat. For itchy rubella and urticaria, it can be ground into powder and applied alone or combined with chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae), bò he (Herba Menthae) and dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae) to dispel wind and relieve itching. 4. For scrofula, nodules, mumps and sores, it resolves phlegm, dissipates nodules, clears toxins and relieves in■ammation. For scrofula and nodules caused by phlegm ■re accumulation, it is often combined with zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii), xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) to enhance the effects of clearing heat, resolving phlegm and dissipating nodules. For mumps triggered by epidemic toxic wind heat, it is often combined with xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae), băn lán gēn (Radix Isatidis) and xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) to clear toxic heat, dissipate nodules and relieve in■ammation.

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For sores or acute mastitis, it is often combined with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) to clear toxic heat and assist the healing of sores. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-9 g in decoction; 1-1.5 g per dose in powder or pills. For external use: it is decocted ■rst and then applied topically to wash the skin. The powder can be applied directly with compresses or mixed with medicinal liquid and applied topically. The raw form can be used for clearing wind heat, while the stir-fried form is used for other purposes. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Patients without wind pathogen should not use it. ［Ingredients］ Mainly contains proteins, ammonium oxalate, 17 kinds of amino acids such as glycin, lactamine, serine and tyrosine, and 28 kinds of inorganic elements. ［Pharmacological Research］ It has the effects of reducing fever, relieving cough, phlegm reduction, sedation, hypnosis, anti-convulsion, nerve regulation, anti-tumor, anticoagulation, lowering blood sugar, promoting fat metabolism and anti-bacteria.

Summary 1. Herbs that calm the liver and subdue hyperactive yang Shí Jué Míng vs. Zhēn Zhū Mŭ Shí Jué Míng

Similarities

Medicinal

Zhēn Zhū Mŭ

Properties

Salty; cold

Entered channels

Liver

Actions

Calms the liver and subdues yang, clears liver ■re, replenishes yin

Indications

Dizziness due to hyperactivity of liver yang, eye problems due to liver fire or wind heat in the liver channel, poor eyesight due to liver and kidney de■ciency

Entered channels

—

Actions

—

·

Acute infantile convulsions and steaming bone heat

·

Indications

Heart

Differences

·

Special features

More effective at clearing heat, including lung heat

· ·

Calms the heart and mind Dries dampness and improves the healing of tissue (calcined and used externally) Palpitations, insomnia and anxiety Ulcerating sores and acute eczema Gastric and duodenal ulcers

—

Cì Jí Lí vs. Luó Bù Má Yè Cì Jí Lí

Similarities

Medicinal

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Properties

Bitter

Entered channels

Liver

Actions

Calms the liver and subdues yang

Indications

Dizziness and headache due to hyperactivity of liver yang

Luó Bù Má Yè

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Chinese Materia Medica Continued　　 Cì Jí Lí

Medicinal Properties

Acrid; neutral

Sweet; slightly cold

Entered channels

—

Heart

·

Differences

Luó Bù Má Yè

Actions

·

· · ·

Indications ·

Soothes the liver Disperses wind, improves vision and relieves itching Moves qi and blood Hypochondriac and chest pain ■ye inflammation triggered by wind heat, rubella, urticaria and vitiligo Amenorrhea, poor lactation and breastdistending pain

·

·

·

·

Clears liver fire and lowers blood pressure Facilitates and promotes urination Headache due to liver ■re ■aming up, distending head pain and hypertension that is due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang ■dema and dif■cult urination with heat

Mŭ Lì vs. Lóng Gŭ Mŭ Lì

Similarities

Medicinal Properties

Astringent

Entered channels

Liver, kidney

Actions

·

Indications

·

Properties

Salty; slightly cold

Sweet; neutral

Entered channels

—

Heart

·

·

Palpitations, panic attacks, insomnia, dizziness, mania and irritability (used raw) Incontinence patterns due to general de■ciency (calcined)

Dries dampness and heals sores (calcined)

Internal stirring wind with de■ciency, scrofula and nodules Stomachache (calcined)

Uncontrolled ulcers, acute eczema and bleeding wounds (calcined)

More suitable for those problems in heat pattern

More effective in suppressing panic attacks, calming the mind, and securing and astringing body substances regardless of heat or cold pattern

· ·

Indications ·

Special features

Calms the liver and heart, subdues yang and tranquilizes the mind (used raw) Secures and astringes substances (calcined)

Boosts yin, softens hardness and dissipate masses Neutralize gastric acid (calcined)

·

Actions Differences

Lóng Gŭ

Dài Zhĕ Shí vs. Cí Shí Dài Zhĕ Shí

Similarities

Medicinal

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Cí Shí

Properties

Cold

Entered channels

Liver, heart

Actions

Calms the liver and subdues yang

Indications

Headache and dizziness caused by ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang or liver ■re

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Herbs that Calm the Liver and Extinguish Wind Continued　　

Dài Zhĕ Shí

Differences

Medicinal

Cí Shí

Properties

Bitter

Salty

Entered channels

—

Kidney

Actions

Descends adverse qi, clears fire, cools blood and stanches bleeding

Suppresses panic attacks, calms the mind, replenishes kidney essence, improves hearing and vision, grasps qi and relieves dyspnea

Nausea, vomiting, hiccups and belching due to adverse stomach qi flow and wheezing due to adverse lung qi ■ow Hematemesis, epistaxis and abnormal uterine bleeding caused by blood heat

Anxiety, panic attacks, palpitations, dream-disturbed insomnia, epilepsy, tinnitus, deafness, dim vision and chronic wheezing due to kidney essence depletion

·

Indications ·

Shí Jué Míng vs. Jué Míng Zĭ Shí Jué Míng

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Jué Míng Zĭ

Properties

Salty

Entered channels

Liver

Actions

Clears liver ■re, improves vision and boosts yin

Indications

■ye in■ammation due to liver heat, headache and dizziness caused by ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang or fire and dim vision due to liver and kidney de■ciency

Properties

Cold

Sweet, bitter; slightly cold

Entered channels

—

Kidney, large intestine

Actions

Calms the liver, subdues yang and boosts the liver yin

Nourishes kidney yin and moistens the large intestine to relieve constipation

·

Indications

·

Ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang or ■aming up of liver ■re Acute convulsions, steaming bone and consuming fever

Constipation caused by heat

Zhēn Zhū Mŭ vs. Zhēn Zhū Zhēn Zhū Mŭ

Similarities

Medicinal

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Zhēn Zhū

Properties

Salty; cold

Entered channels

Heart, liver

Actions

Calms liver yang, clears liver ■re and improves vision

Indications

Palpitations, panic attacks, dream-disturbed insomnia, eye in■ammation and nebulae triggered by liver heat

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Chinese Materia Medica Continued Zhēn Zhū Mŭ

Medicinal ·

Differences

Actions · ·

Indications

· ·

Special features

Zhēn Zhū

Astringes and improves the healing of sores (calcined) Tranquilizes the heart and mind

Cools heat toxins, relieves swelling and improves the healing of sores (ground into powder and used externally)

Dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang Acute eczema and ulcers Convulsions, panic attacks and epilepsy

Pharyngitis, mouth ulcers, ulcerative gingivitis and chronic ulcers

Mainly enters the liver channel

Mainly enters the heart channel

2. Herbs that extinguish wind and relieve convulsions Líng Yáng Jiăo vs. Niú Huáng Líng Yáng Jiăo

Niú Huáng

Entered channels

Heart, liver

Actions

Clears heat, extinguishes wind and arrests convulsions

Indications

High fever with loss of consciousness, delirium or convulsions

Properties

Salty; cold

Bitter; cool

Actions

Clears liver fire, calms liver yang, improves vision, counteracts toxins and dissipates swelling

Clears heart fire, resolves phlegm, resuscitates, clears toxic heat and relieves in■ammation

Indications

loss of consciousness and convulsions with extreme heat, headache and dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang or liver ■re, eye in■ammation, and maculas and papules due to toxic heat. It can also clear lung heat to treat cough and asthma triggered by lung heat

loss of consciousness and convulsions with phlegm heat, vicious sores and swelling, ulcerated swollen sore throat, mouth and tongue ulcers, scrofula, breast cancer and infantile vicious skin infection or allergy

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Gōu Téng vs. Tiān Má Gōu Téng

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

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Tiān Má

Properties

Sweet

Entered channels

Liver

Actions

■xtinguishes wind, arrests convulsions and calms liver yang

Indications

Internal stirring of liver wind, infantile convulsions and dizziness caused by hyperactive liver yang

Properties

Slightly cold

Neutral; moist

Entered channels

Pericardium

—

·

Actions

·

Disperses heat Promotes eruptions of rashes and measles to shorten the treatment process

Dispels wind, unblocks collaterals and relieves pain

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Herbs that Calm the Liver and Extinguish Wind Continued

Gōu Téng

Medicinal

Tiān Má

Differences

·

Indications

Internal wind due to liver heat, acute infantile convulsions, infantile night crying, headache and eye inflammation due to liver ■re and epilepsy

·

·

All kinds of internal wind patterns and disorders caused by hyperactive liver yang in excess or from cold and heat de■ciencies Dizziness due to wind phlegm, chronic infantile convulsions and tetanus Limb numbness, spasms from stroke and wind damp arthralgia

Quán Xiē vs. Wú Gōng Quán Xiē

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Wú Gōng

Properties

Acrid; toxic

Entered channels

Liver

Actions

■xtinguishes wind, arrests convulsions, unblocks collaterals, relieves pain, counteracts toxins and dissipates masses

Indications

Post-stroke paralysis, acute or chronic convulsions, epilepsy, tetanus, wind-damp obstinate arthralgia, uncontrolled headache, vicious sores and swellings, scrofula, nodules, cancer and tumors

Properties

Neutral

Warm

Indications

—

Poisonous snakebites

Special features

—

Has stronger toxicity and effects compared to quán xiē Dì Lóng vs. Jiāng Cán Dì Lóng

Similarities

Medicinal Properties

Salty

Entered channels

Liver

Actions

■xtinguishes wind and arrests convulsions

Indications

Convulsions and epilepsy

Properties

Cold

Acrid; neutral

Entered channels

Spleen, bladder

Lung

Differences

·

Actions

· ·

Clears heat Unblocks collaterals Relieves wheezing and facilitates urination

· · ·

· ·

Indications

· ·

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Jiāng Cán

Delirium and convulsions triggered by high fever Wind-damp arthralgia and hemiplegia Asthma with phlegm heat and urinary retention or stranguria due to heat

· ·

·

Transforms phlegm Disperses wind, relieves pain and itching Relieves inflammatory swelling and dissipates masses Convulsions and epilepsy due to liver wind and phlegm from cold or heat Facial paralysis and tetanus Headache and in■amed eyes, rubella and urticaria due to wind-heat accumulation Swollen sore throat, scrofula, phlegm nodules, sores, cancer and tumors

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Review Questions 1. How many groups is this chapter divided into according to the actions? What are the common characteristics, actions and indications of each group? 2. ■xplain the properties, actions, indications and administration of the following herbs: shí jué míng, mŭ lì, dài zhĕ shí, zhēn zhū mŭ and cì jí lí. 3. ■xplain the properties, actions, indications and administration of the following herbs: líng yáng jiăo, tiān má, gōu téng, dì lóng, quán xiē, wú gōng and jiāng cán. 4. Compare the following paired herbs with respect to their characteristics, actions and indications: mŭ lì and lóng gŭ; zhĕ shí and cí shí; shí jué míng and zhēn zhū mŭ; shí jué míng and căo jué míng; zhēn zhū and zhēn zhū mŭ; jí lí and luó bù má yè. 5. Compare the following paired herbs with respect to their characteristics, actions and indications: líng yáng jiăo and shí jué míng; dài mào and líng yáng jiăo; líng yáng jiăo and niú huáng; gōu téng and tiān má; quán xiē and wú gōng; dì lóng and jiāng cán. 6. Which actions of dài zhĕ shí can demonstrate its heavy characteristic? What kind of illnesses can it be applied to? 7. How many herbs in this chapter can extinguish internal wind as well as dispel external wind? What are the characteristics and actions of each?

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Chán Sū 蟾酥

Bīng Piàn 冰片

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Chán Pí 蟾皮

Rén Gōng Bīng Piàn 人工冰片

Sū Hé Xiāng 苏合香

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Zhāng Năo 樟脑

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Ān Xī Xiāng 安息香 / 541

Shí Chāng Pú 石菖蒲 / 535

［De■nition］ Herbs that are pungent or aromatic and dispersing, and have the primary actions of opening the ori■ces and resuscitating the mind are called herbs that open the ori■ces. ［Properties ＆ Actions］ Herbs in this category are basically pungent or aromatic, enter the heart channel and can open the ori■ces and resuscitate the mind by moving qi quickly and powerfully. They can also activate blood circulation and relieve pain. ［Indications］ There are two patterns in Chinese medicine related to loss of consciousness— deficiency and excess—which are also known respectively as collapse syndrome and blockage syndrome. The former syndrome relies on nourishing and astringing herbs for treatment, which obviously are not included in this category. The latter syndrome, the blockage syndrome, is caused by the sudden blockage of qi and blood, and thus it should be treated with the herbs in this category, which can quickly and powerfully move qi and blood to resuscitate the mind. Herbs in this category are mainly applied for loss of consciousness or delirium in the pattern of heat trapped in the pericardium during the course of pyretic diseases, or turbid phlegm blocking the channels of the head, as well as for convulsions, epilepsy and stroke. ［Classification］ According to the different properties and clinical applications of each herb, the herbs in this chapter can be classi■ed into two groups—warm herbs that open the ori■ces and resuscitate the mind and cool herbs that open the ori■ces and resuscitate the mind. The warm or hot herbs are particularly used for cold blockage syndrome; in addition to the herbs shè xiāng (Moschus), sū hé xiāng (Styrax), ān xī xiāng (Benzoinum), chán sū (Venenum Bufonis), zhāng năo (Camphora) and shí chāng pú (Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii) listed in this chapter, xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) and other similar herbs are also included in this group. The cool or cold herbs are especially used for heat blockage syndrome; in addition to the herb bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum) in this chapter, niú huáng (Calculus Bovis) is also used for the same purpose. ［Modi■cations］ For cold blockage syndrome, in addition to the suitable herbs in this chapter, other herbs for warming the interior and dispelling cold also need to be used in combination. Similarly, for heat blockage syndrome, in addition to the suitable herbs in this chapter, other herbs for clearing toxic heat should be used in combination. For blockage syndrome manifested as loss of consciousness and convulsions, herbs that suppress wind and calm convulsions should also be used. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Herbs in this category are only suitable for loss of consciousness due to blockage syndrome and are generally not used for loss of consciousness due to collapse syndrome. They are emergency and symptom-relieving remedies, so should not be used regularly over a long time, in order to avoid consumption of the primordial qi. Herbs in this category are aromatic and volatile, so most of them are made into pills or powder instead of decoction.

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Shè Xiāng 麝香 MOSCHUS Musk ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried secretions from the navel sack of the mature male Moschus berezovskii Flerov, Moschus sifanicus Przewalski or Moschus moschiferus Linnaeus, animals of the family Corvine. ［■xplanation of Name］ Shè originally meant “spreading” and xiāng means “aromatic”. The animal looks like a deer, and the male has a sack around its navel. The substance secreted by the sack is so aromatic that the aroma spreads quickly over a long distance, therefore it is named shè xiāng. The granular substance is of high quality and often grows at the bottom, opposite the entrance of the sack. The big ones with dark purple color are called dāng mén zǐ (当门子), where dāng means “blocking”, mén means “gate” and zǐ means “substance”, because they are big enough to block the entrance of the sack. The brown powdery ones, on the other hand, are of low quality, and are called yuán cùn xiāng (元寸香). ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and Anhui of China. ［Collection］ Wild musk deer are mostly caught in the winter or the following spring. The sack, which is called máo ké shè xiāng (毛壳麝香), is removed and dried in the shade. Full, thin-walled and elastic sacks with strong aroma are the best. Alternately, the sack is cut open, the shell is removed and only the contents are preserved. For the domesticated musk deer, the contents, which are called shè xiāng rén (麝香仁), are removed directly from the sack and dried in the shade. Oily ones with strong aroma and more dāng mén zǐ are the best. ［Processing］ The contents from the simply prepared máo ké shè xiāng are removed and ground into powder for use. ［Properties］ Acrid; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, spleen. ［Characteristics］ Slightly hot and aromatic, and warmly dispersing and moving in property, it enters the heart and spleen channels. It can strongly open the ori■ces and resuscitate the mind by moving qi and unblocking channels to effectively treat either cold or heat blockage syndromes. It also can activate blood, dredge the channels and relieve pain, and is effective for problems caused by blood stasis, no matter whether acute or chronic. It can also be used for malignant sores and difficult labor. ［Actions］ Opens the orifices, resuscitates the mind, activates blood, dredges the channels, relieves pain and shortens labor. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For loss of consciousness, delirium accompanied by infantile convulsions, epilepsy, and stroke due to heat trapped in the pericardium during the course of pyretic diseases, or turbid phlegm blocking the channels of the head due to heat blockage syndrome, it

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shows powerful effects on opening the ori■ces and dredging the blockage to resuscitate the mind. For the above cases it is often combined with niú huáng (Calculus Bovis), bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum), zhū shā (Cinnabaris) and other similar herbs in cold formulas for resuscitation, such as the formula Ān Gōng Niú Huáng Wán (Peaceful Palace Bovine Bezoar Pill), Zhì Băo Dān (Supreme Jewel ■lixir) and Niú Huáng Bào Lóng Wán (Bovine Bezoar Dragon-Holding Pill). For loss of consciousness due to brain stroke, environmental toxins or seasonal epidemic diseases with manifestations of cold blockage syndrome, it is often combined in formulas with sū hé xiāng (Styrax), tán xiāng (Lignum Santali Albi), ān xī xiāng (Benzoinum) and similar herbs that warm the interior, transform the turbid phlegm, open the ori■ces and resuscitate the mind, such as the formula Sū Hé Xiāng Wán (Storax Pill). 2. For malignant sores, scrofula, subcutaneous nodules and severe sore throat, it is good at activating blood, dissipating nodules, alleviating swelling and relieving pain both internally and externally. For malignant sores, it is often combined with xióng huáng (Realgar), rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) and mò yào (Myrrha) to clear toxins, dissipate nodules, alleviate swelling and relieve pain, such as in the formula Xǐng Xiāo Wán (Clearly Reducing Pill). For scrofula, subcutaneous nodules and breast cancer, it is often used together with niú huáng (Calculus Bovis), rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) and mò yào (Myrrha) to clear toxic heat, resolve phlegm, dissipate nodules and alleviate swelling, such as in the formula Xī Huáng Jiāo Náng (Bovine Bezoar Capsule). For severe sore throat, it is often combined with niú huáng (Calculus Bovis), chán sū (Venenum Bufonis) and zhēn zhū (Margarita) to clear toxic heat, and relieve swelling and pain, such as in the formula Liù Shén Wán (Six-Ingredients Miraculous Pill). 3. For amenorrhea, abdominal masses, severe acute chest and abdominal pain, traumatic injuries and arthralgia with signs of blood stasis, it is good at moving the blood to resolve the stasis, and to unblock the channels and collaterals. For amenorrhea, it is often combined with hóng huā (Flos Carthami), táo rén (Semen Persicae) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to activate blood, dredge the channels, and dissipate stasis and masses, such as in the formula Tōng Qiào Huó Xuè Tāng (Orifice-Opening Blood-Activating Decoction). For abdominal masses and lumps, it can be used together with dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae), é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae) and biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) to resolve stasis and masses. For severe acute chest and abdominal pain, it can be combined with táo rén (Semen Persicae), mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) and bīng láng (Semen Arecae) to activate blood, move qi and relieve pain, such as in the formula Shè Xiāng Tāng (Moschus Decoction). For traumatic injuries, it is often used with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum), mò yào (Myrrha), hóng huā (Flos Carthami) and zì rán tóng (Pyritum) to activate blood, and to alleviate swelling and pain, such as in the formulas Qī Lí Sǎn (Seven-Li Powder) and Bā Lí Sǎn (■ight-Li Powder). For chronic arthralgia, it is combined with dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis), wēi líng xiān (Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis) and zhì chuān wū (Radix Aconiti Praeparata) to dredge the channels and relieve pain. 4. For difficult delivery and retention of the placenta, it can activate the uterus. It is more effective if combined with ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and applied in powder, such as Xiāng Guì Sǎn (Musk and Cassia Bark Powder). It also can be used in combination with zhū yá zào (Fructus

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Gleditsiae Abnormalis) and tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis), combined with green onion juice into pills, and applied vaginally, such as Duò Tāi Wán (Abortion-Inducing Pill). 5. It can be also applied for constipation and retention of urine, as well as for snakebite. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 0.03-0.1 g in pills or powder, or applied sublingually. For external use: it is mixed with liquid adjuvant and applied topically or administrated in plaster form, or in throat and nose spray, and eye drops. It is usually used when the skin is not ulcerated. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women or women during menstruation, nor for patients with deficiency, since it is strong in action and may cause qi consumption and bleeding. ［Ingredients］ It contains muscone, muscol, cholesterol, proteins, polypeptides, amino acids, urea, inorganic elements, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows a bidirectional effect on the central nervous system with excitation in small doses and inhibition in large doses. It also can relieve brain edema, reinforce the hypoxic tolerance of the central nervous system, improve cerebral circulation, strengthen the heart, increase the blood flow in the coronary arteries, antagonize myocardial ischemia, inhibit platelet aggregation, antagonize thrombosis, increase blood pressure and respiratory rate, promote the division and growth of schwann cells, and excite the uterus. The pregnant uterus is more sensitive to its effects than the non-pregnant uterus. In addition, it has effects of analgesia, anti-in■ammation, anti-tumor, anti-histamine, anti-snake-venom, anti-bacteria and similarity to male hormone. ［Notes］ According to studies, líng māo xiāng (灵猫香) collected from the sacks of Viverra zibetha Linnaeus and Viverricula indica Desmarest shows similar effects as shè xiāng (Moschus), and can also be taken internally and externally. In addition, synthetic arti■cial musk is almost the same as the natural product in property, actions and indications, and thus is widely applied clinically in its place so as to make up for the shortage of availability of the natural product.

Bīng Piàn 冰片 BORNEOLUM Borneol ［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the North and South Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). Its original name was lóng nǎ o (龙脑). It is the natural crystallized compound precipitated from the resin of Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn.f., an evergreen tree of the family Dipterocarpaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Bī ng “ice” and piàn “flake”. The compound precipitated from the natural tree resin is pure white and crystalline like ice, and vividly plum-blossom-shaped as well, so that it is named as bīng piàn, méi huā (“plum blossom”) bīng piàn (梅花冰片), or just méi piàn (梅片). The pure and white crystal compound looks like fatty brain marrow, so it is also called lóng năo (“dragon brain”)，bīng piàn năo (冰片脑), méi huā năo (梅花脑), piàn năo (片

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脑) and năo zĭ (脑子). ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sumatra in Indonesia. ［Collection］ The dry resin is collected from cracks in the tree trunk and processed. Big, thin, pure white, brittle and fragrantly aromatic ■akes are the best in quality. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is ground into powder for use. ［Properties］ Acrid, bitter; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, spleen, lung. ［Characteristics］ It is acrid and aromatic so that it disperses, and slightly cold so that it clears heat. It enters the heart, spleen and lung channels, and is very similar to shè xiāng (Moschus) in actions and clinical applications, but slightly cold in nature. Used internally, it opens the orifices and resuscitates the mind, and often plays a key role in formulas for loss of consciousness due to blockage syndrome. Used externally, it clears heat to relieve swelling and pain, and promotes granulation, and thus is often used for toxic-heat swelling. ［Actions］ Opens the ori■ces, resuscitates the mind, clears heat and relieves pain. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For loss of consciousness due to either heat or cold blockage syndrome, it can open the orifices and resuscitate the mind quickly. Since it is slightly cold, it is very suitable for loss of consciousness due to heat blockage syndrome, which may manifest as febrile disease, phlegm-heat blockage syndrome, sunstroke or acute infantile convulsions. It is more effective if combined with niú huáng (Calculus Bovis), shè xiāng (Moschus) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to clear toxic heat, resolve phlegm and subdue wind as well as open the ori■ces and resuscitate the mind, such as in the formula Ān Gōng Niú Huáng Wán (Peaceful Palace Bovine Bezoar Pill). It also can be used for loss of consciousness due to cold blockage syndrome, if combined with sū hé xiāng (Styrax), shè xiāng (Moschus), bì bá (Fructus Piperis Longi) and similar herbs for warming the interior and warmly resuscitating the mind. 2. For inflamed eyes, pharyngitis and mouth sores, it can remarkably clear heat, eliminate swelling and relieve pain, and is therefore commonly used in ophthalmology and otorhinolaryngology. For in■amed eyes, it can be used alone or in combination with xuán míng fĕn (Natrii Sulfas ■xsiccatus) and applied in solution. For in■amed eyes and nebulae, it is combined with lú gān shí (Calamina), shè xiāng (Moschus) and xióng dăn (Fel Ursi), and applied in solution, such as in the formula Bō Yún Sǎn (Cloud-Dispelling Powder). For inflamed throat and mouth sores, it is often combined with péng shā (Borax), zhū shā (Cinnabaris) and xuán míng fĕn (Natrii Sulfas ■xsiccatus) and applied as a throat spray, such as in the formula Bīng Péng Sǎn (Borneol and Borax Powder). 3. For sores, ulcers and burns, it can quickly alleviate pain and in■ammation, reduce toxic heat and promote tissue granulation. For chronic sores, it can be used together with bā dòu shuāng (Semen Crotonis Pulveratum), xióng huáng (Realgar) and shè xiāng (Moschus) in powder and applied topically, such as in the formula Bá Dú Sǎn (Toxin-Removing Powder). For uncontrolled ulcerated sores, it can be used together with such herbs as xuè jié (Sanguis Draconis) and rŭ xiāng (Olibanum), as in the formula Shēng Jī Sǎn (Granulation-Promoting Powder). For burns, it is used together with yín zhū (HgS) and sesame oil to make a reddish-brown ointment, and applied externally. It is also dissolved in walnut oil and made into ear drops for acute

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or chronic suppurative otitis media. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 0.03-0.1g in pills or powder only. For external use: the powder or eye drops are applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women or patients with qi and blood de■ciency, since it is dispersing and can result in consumption of qi and blood. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains d-borneol. It also contains humulene, β-elemene, caryophyllene, oleanolic acid, alphitolic acid, asiatic acid, common gurjunoiltree ketone and erythrodiol, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It can go through the blood-brain barrier to promote the division and growth of glial cells. In addition, it has effects of sedation, analgesia, anti-myocardial ischemia, antifertility, anti-in■ammation, anticorrosion and anti-bacteria.

Attachment: Rén Gōng Bīng Piàn 人工冰片 Borneolum Syntheticum It is a colorless transparent or white translucent chemically synthesized crystal of camphor and turpentine. It is also called hé chéng (“synthesized”) bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum) (合成冰片) and jī zhì (“machine-made”) piàn (机制片), and mainly contains racemized borneol. It is just the same as bīng piàn in property, entered channels, characteristics, cautions and contraindications, dosage and administration.

SūHé Xiāng 苏合香 STYRAX Storax ［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the North and South Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). It is the resin from the trunk of Liquidambar orientalis Mill., a tree of the family Hamamelidaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Sū hé is a transliteration of the Latin word strax, which is the name of an ancient country, and xiāng means “aroma”. It is a translucent and sticky semi■uid which looks like oil, so it is also called sū hé yóu (“oil”) (苏合油). ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Turkey, and also in Guangxi and Yunnan provinces of China. ［Collection］ It is collected in the early summer. The tree bark is cut deep into the wood to enable the resin to penetrate the bark. Up until autumn, the bark is stripped and the resin is squeezed out, and the residue can be boiled with water to recover more of the resin. The resin is dissolved in alcohol, and then ■ltered and the alcohol steamed off. The resin that is pure and sticky like caramel, smooth, and translucent with strong aroma is the best. ［Properties］ Acrid; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, spleen. ［Characteristics］ It is acrid, aromatic and warm, so that it disperses the stagnated qi and blood. It enters the heart and spleen channels, and can greatly dispel ■lth, open the ori■ces and resuscitate

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the mind with its aromatic nature, as well as warmly dissipate coldness and relieve pain. It is particularly suitable for loss of consciousness due to cold blockage syndrome, chest constriction due to cold and acute abdominal cold pain. ［Actions］ Opens the ori■ces, resuscitates the mind, dispels ■lth and relieves pain. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For loss of consciousness due to cold blockage syndrome with signs of cold phlegm accumulation manifested as bluish complexion, body coldness, white tongue coating and slow pulse, it is often combined with shè xiāng (Moschus), ān xī xiāng (Benzoinum) and tán xiāng (Lignum Santali Albi) to reinforce the effects, such as in the formula Sū Hé Xiāng Wán (Styrax Pill). 2. For constriction and cold pain in chest and abdomen that may be caused by cold phlegm accumulation, or qi and blood stagnation resulting from coldness, it is often combined with bīng piàn (Borneolum) to reinforce the effects, such as in the formula Guàn Xīn Sū Hé Wán (Styrax Coronary Heart Disease-Relieving Pill) or Sū Bīng Dī Wán (Styrax and Borneol Dripping Pill). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 0.3-1 g in pills or powder only. For external use: it is dissolved in alcohol, or made into ointments or liniments, and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for collapse syndromes, pregnant women or those patients with yin de■ciency and internal heat, or with qi de■ciency, since it is acrid, warm, aromatic and drying. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains balsam and oily liquids, which contain storesinol, styrol, cinnamic acid, ethyl cinnamate, vanillin, borneol, soborneol, muscone, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It is a stimulatory product for dispelling phlegm, which has a slight effect of antibiosis, so it can be used for many kinds of respiratory tract infections. It has a mild stimulatory effect on topical tissue to relieve in■ammation and promote the healing of ulcers and trauma. It also can increase hypoxic tolerance, antagonize thrombosis, inhibit platelet aggregation, improve coronary flow, decrease myocardial oxygen consumption and antagonize myocardial ischemia.

ShíChāng Pú石菖蒲 RHIZOMA ACORI TATARINOWII Acorus ［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was chāng pú. It is the dried rhizome of Acorus tatarinowii Schott., a perennial herb of the family Araceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Shí “stone”, chāng “prosperity” and pú “cattail”. It generally ■ourishes around stones in water. It is said that the best ones normally have nine segments with the length of one cun (3.33 cm), so it is also called jiǔ (“nine”) jié (“segment”) chāng pú (九节菖蒲). ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan, Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces of China; the outputs of Sichuan and Zhejiang provinces are the greatest. ［Collection］ It is collected during autumn and winter. The leaves, ■brous roots and sediment are removed and it is dried in the sun. The big and plump ones with whitish cross-sections and strong aroma are of the best quality. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is cleaned with water and moistened thoroughly and then cut into thin slices and dried again for use. The fresh herb can also be used directly.

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［Properties］ Acrid, bitter; warm. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, stomach. ［Characteristics］ It is acrid, aromatic, bitter and warm, so that it can disperse and warmly dredge the channels. It enters the heart and stomach channels, and can resolve phlegm and dampness as well as open the orifices, so it is able to treat problems caused by damp phlegm. It also can anchor the heart spirit and calm the stomach, and thus can treat palpitations, panic attacks, insomnia, poor memory and absent-mindedness in the pattern of heart qi de■ciency, and also problems resulting from dampness retention in the middle jiao. ［Actions］ Opens the ori■ces, tranquilizes the mind, resolves dampness and calms the stomach. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For loss of consciousness accompanied by high fever and delirium with white or yellow greasy tongue coating due to damp heat obstructing the channels of the heart, it is often combined with yù jīn (Radix Curcumae), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and zhú lì (Succus Bambusae) to clear damp heat and phlegm, to ventilate the channels, and to open the ori■ces as well as resuscitate the mind, such as in the formula Chāng Pú Yù Jīn Tāng (Anemone and Turmeric Root Tuber Decoction). For epilepsy and convulsions due to phlegm heat complicated with de■ciency, it is combined with zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus), zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to clear heat, resolve phlegm, suppress epilepsy and supplement the de■ciency, such as in the formula Qīng Xīn Wēn Dăn Tāng (Heart-Clearing and Gallbladder-Warming Decoction). For dizziness and sleepiness due to turbid dampness clouding the brain, it can be used together with pèi lán (Herba ■upatorii), huò xiāng (Herba Agastachis) and qīng bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparata cum Alumen) to remove dampness, eliminate turbidity and resuscitate the mind. 2. For poor memory, tinnitus and deafness, it delights the spirit, resuscitates the mind and dredges the blockage. For poor memory due to heart qi de■ciency, it is combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), fú líng (Poria) and yuăn zhì (Radix Polygalae), such as in the formula Kāi Xīn Sǎn (Happiness-Inducing Powder) and Ān Shén Dìng Zhì Wán (Spirit-Tranquillizing and MindStabilizing Pill). For tinnitus and deafness due to kidney deficiency, it is often combined with cí shí (Magnetitum), fú líng (Poria), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), such as in the formula Ĕr Lóng Zuŏ Cí Wán (Deafness Left-Benefiting Loadstone Pill). 3. For the pattern of dampness retention in the middle jiao manifested as fullness or distension in the epigastrium or abdomen, it is often combined with chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), fă bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum) and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis) to dry dampness and move qi to relieve fullness and distention. For severe dysentery with serious nausea, vomiting and rectal tenesmus in the pattern of excessive toxic damp heat, it is often combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), shí lián zĭ and fú líng (Poria) to clear toxic heat and dry dampness to relieve dysentery, such as in the formula Kāi

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Jìn Sǎn (Apastia-Relieving Powder). For severe dysentery complicated with exterior pattern, it is combined with shí lián zĭ, gé gēn (Radix Puerariae Lobatae) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), while for dysentery due to spleen deficiency, it is combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and shí lián ròu (Semen Nelumbinis). 4. In addition, if used together with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), shí hú (Caulis Dendrobii) and là méi huā (Flos Chimonanthus Praecox), it can be used for hoarse voice due to laryngitis or vocal cord edema. It also can be applied for wind-damp arthralgia, abscesses, carbuncles, scabies and traumatic injuries. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, with dosage doubled if the fresh herb is used, or made into pills or powder. For external use: the powder is applied topically, or the decoction is made for topical rinsing. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin or blood de■ciency, and those with spontaneous seminal emission and profuse sweating since it is acrid, warm and aromatic and may cause leaking of qi and consumption of yin. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains volatile oils which include asarone, caryophyllene, α-humulene, sekishone, euasarone, asarolaldehyde and thymol. It also contains carbohydrates, organic acids, amino acids, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effects of sedation, anti-convulsion, improving learning and memory, anti-arrhythmia, promoting the secretion of digestive juices, inhibiting abnormal gastrointestinal fermentation, relieving spasms of the gastrointestinal smooth muscles, calming asthma, relieving cough, lowering lipids, anti-cancer and anti-bacteria. ［Notes］ Jiǔ jié chāng pú used nowadays is the dried rhizome of Anemone altaica Fisch., a plant of the family Ranunculaceae. Though they share the same name jiǔ jié chāng pú, its properties are quite different from those of the above herb. It only contains saponin, but not any chemical components of volatile oils contained in shí chāng pú (Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii). Moreover, it is toxic.

Chán Sū蟾酥 VENENUM BUFONIS Toad Venom ［Source］ Initially appeared in Treatise on Medicinal Properties in the 19th century. Its original name was chán chú méi zhǐ (蟾蜍眉脂). It is the dried secretions of Bufo bofo gargarizans Cantor or Bufo melanostictus Schneider, animals of the family Bufonidae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Chán “toad” and sū “a kind of crisp cake made from goat’s milk or cow’s milk. The original Chinese word for “toad” is chán zhū (蟾诸), where chán means “chatterbox” and zhū means “argument”, because toads always sing loudly. It is the serum secreted by the toad’s ear-side glands and skin glands, which is white as milk when it ■ows out and then becomes reddish-brown like curds or crisp cake after being processed and dried. ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu

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and Zhejiang provinces of China. ［Collection］ Toads are caught during summer and autumn. After their bodies are washed and air dried, the glands are squeezed to obtain the white serum, and the serum is processed and dried. Reddish-brown serum with tough and horny cross-section, translucent, lustrous, and creamily expanding when exposed to water is of the best quality. ［Processing］ It is pounded into small pieces, soaked in alcohol, and the mixture is stirred until a creamy substance is produced. This substance is dried and then pulverized. ［Properties］ Acrid; warm; toxic. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart. ［Characteristics］ It is quite acrid and warm to perform the action of warmly dispersing. It is very toxic and enters the heart channel only. Used internally, it is good at relieving pain, antagonizing toxins, dispelling ■lth, opening the ori■ces and resuscitating the mind, while used externally it can effectively reduce swelling and pain. ［Actions］ Opens the ori■ces, resuscitates the mind, relieves pain and antagonizes toxins. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For acute outbreak of epidemic disease with abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea and loss of consciousness, it is good at aromatically opening the orifices, resuscitating the mind and relieving pain. For acute epidemic diseases manifested by abdominal colic pain, serious vomiting and diarrhea, fainting with signs of summerheat-dampness disturbance or infective enteritis, it is often combined with shè xiāng (Moschus), dīng xiāng (Flos Caryophylli) and cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) to reinforce the effects on opening the ori■ces and transforming dampness, such as in the formula Chán Sū Wán (Toad Venom Pill). 2. For malignant sores, scrofula, swollen and sore throat, and toothache, it can effectively antagonize toxins, reduce swelling and relieve pain internally or externally. For malignant sores, it is often combined with xióng huáng (Realgar), kū fán (Alumen Dehydratum) and zhū shā (Cinnabaris) and made into mungbean-sized pills, ■ve pills taken with Cōng Bái Tāng (Onion White Decoction) a time, such as in the formula Chán Sū Wán (Toad Venom Pill). For scrofula with purulent discharge from the sinus tract, it is powdered ■rst, then mixed with the powder of bái dīng xiāng Flos Caryophylli, hán shuĭ shí (Glauberitum) and bā dòu (Fructus Crotonis), and then made into pills with refined honey, 1-3 pills every time applied in the sore opening, such as in the formula Chán Sū Gāo (Toad Venom Cream). For scarlet fever and serious sore throat, it is often combined with niú huáng (Calculus Bovis), xióng huáng (Realgar) and bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum) to clear heat toxins, and relieve swelling and pain, such as in the formula Liù Shén Wán (Six-Ingredients Miraculous Pill). For dental cavity with toothache, one pill of Liù Shén Wán is plugged into the cavity to relieve pain. 3. For super■cial anesthesia, it is good at performing local anesthesia to relieve pain, but more effective if applied topically with the mixture of the powder of chuān wū (Radix Aconiti), căo wū (Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii), tiān nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and distilled liquor, such as in the formula Wài Fū Má Yào Fāng (■xternal Application Anaesthetic Formula) recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (Yī Zōng Jī n Jiàn, 医宗金鉴). Modi■ed formulas are widely used too. 4. In addition, it is often used for cancers internally or externally to directly antagonize the toxin. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 0.015-0.03 g in pills or powder. For external use: the powder is mixed with liquid adjuvant and applied topically, or the powder is applied in plaster form.

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［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is very toxic and corrosive, so it is prohibited to use for pregnant women and those with eye problems topically. ■xcessive application is not encouraged. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains bufotoxin (cardenolide which can be hydrolyzed to get bufogenin), resibufogenin, bufalin, bufotenin, bufotenidine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, adrenaline, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］ It can excite breathing and the heart, increase blood pressure, improve immunity, increase the amount of leukocytes, prevent cough, expel phlegm, calm asthma, resist radiation, inhibit tumors, relieve inflammation, inhibit bacteria, kill pain and induce local anesthesia. Its bufotoxin shows obvious digitalis-like heart-strengthening effects like exciting the cardiac muscles and nerves, increasing blood pressure and inducing vomiting. It also shows effects of anti-myocardial ischemia by increasing myocardial alimentary blood flow, improving microcirculation and enhancing myocardial oxygen supply, exciting the central nervous system, exciting the respiratory center to increase the frequency and depth of respiration, and inducing superficial anesthesia, on which bufalin is the strongest ingredient, equaling 90 times the strength of cocaine and lasting quite a long time yet without local irritant effect. The injection of toad total glycosides can inhibit many kinds of coccobacteria. Its preparations are able to strengthen the phagocytic function of the reticuloendothelial system, increase the concentration of serum lysozyme, and enhance nonspeci■c immunity, as well as excite striated muscles, and the uterus and fallopian tubes. In addition, it has effects of relieving dyspnea and cough, analgesia, diuresis, anti-in■ammation, anti-allergy, antitumor, resisting radiation, inhibiting the secretion of sweat glands and salivary glands, exciting the smooth muscles and striated muscles, and controlling leukocyte decrease caused by chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Attachment: Chán Pí 蟾皮 Toad Skin ［Source］ It is the skin of Bufo bofo gargarizans Cantor, an animal of the family Bufonidae. It is also called lài mo pí (癞蟆皮). ［Properties］ Acrid; cool; slightly toxic. ［Actions］ Clears toxic heat and drains the body ■uid to relieve edema. ［Clinical Applications］ It is applied for vicious sores and infantile malnutrition with dyspepsia. It is also used nowadays for coughing and wheezing with profuse phlegm, and malignant tumors. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-6 g in decoction, or made into powder. For external use: the dried powder can be applied in mixture with other adjuvants and applied topically, while the fresh skin is applied with outer side down directly on the patient’s skin.

Zhāng Nǎo 樟脑 CAMPHORA Camphor ［Source］ Initially appeared in Essentials of Materia Medica Distinctions (Bĕn Căo Pĭn Huì Jīng Yào, 本草品汇精要) in the Ming Dynasty (about 1505 A.D.). It is the granulometric crystals extracted from the branch, trunk, leaf and root of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl, an evergreen tree of the family Lauraceae.

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［■xplanation of Name］ Zhāng “camphor tree” and năo “brain”. The white crystallized extract looks like fatty brain marrow, so it is called zhāng năo. In some places it is also called năo zĭ (脑子) and zhāng bīng (“ice”) (樟冰). That which was produced in ancient Chaozhou was also called cháo năo (潮脑), while that which is produced in Taiwan is called tái bīng (台冰). ［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Taiwan and in the areas south or southwest of the Yangtze river of China. That which is produced in Taiwan is of large quantity and high quality. ［Collection］ The old trees are chopped down during September and December, and the roots, trunks, branches and leaves are chipped into fragments and put in alembic to perform distillation. In the process the camphor and volatile oils contained in the camphorwood evaporate along with the water vapor, but separate out when cooled down to get the crude camphor. The pure, white and transparent camphor is the best in quality. ［Properties］ Acrid; hot; toxic. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, spleen. ［Characteristics］ Acrid, aromatic, hot, drying and toxic in property, it enters the heart and spleen channels. Used internally, it can open the orifices, dispel filth, warmly disperse coldness and relieve pain, and is commonly used for epidemic diseases with acute abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea and fainting, while used externally it can warmly relieve pain, dry dampness, antagonize toxins and kill worms, and is thus applied for mange, eczema, toothache and traumatic injuries. ［Actions］ Opens the ori■ces, dispels ■lth, dries dampness, kills worms and warmly relieves pain. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For acute epidemic diseases or acute summer enteritis in the pattern of damp heat and manifested as abdominal pain, severe vomiting and diarrhea, and fainting, it is good at drying dampness to suppress vomiting, diarrhea and pain, and opening the orifices to resuscitate the mind, yet is more effective if combined with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) and mò yào (Myrrha), and applied in powder and taken with tea water. Alternately 10 g of it can be brewed in 50 ml of sorghum wine for a day, 1 ml taken orally each time. 2. For mange and eczema, it can be applied externally to dry dampness, kill worms and relieve itching. For mange with dry skin and itching, it is combined with liú huáng (Sulfur) and qīng fĕn (Calomelas) and applied topically in powder. For mange with suppuration, it is combined with liú huáng (Sulfur), kū fán (Alumen Dehydratum) and chuān jiāo (Pericarpium Zanthoxyli), and the powder mixed with sesame oil and applied topically, such as in the formula Zhāng Nǎo Sǎn (Camphor Powder). For chronic leg sores, it can be mashed with cōng bái (Bulbus Allii Fistulosi) and lard, and applied topically. For scrofula and chronic ulcers, it is used together with xióng huáng (Realgar) in equal dose and powder form, mixed with sesame oil and applied topically. 3. For toothache and trauma, it can quickly relieve pain. For toothache, it is used together with zhū shā (Cinnabaris) in powder form and applied topically.

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For traumatic injuries, it is brewed alone or in combination with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), hóng huā (Flos Carthami) and xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) in liquor until it dissolves totally, and then applied frequently to the affected part to promote blood circulation and relieve swelling and pain. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 0.1-0.2 g in pills or powder, or in wine. For external use: it is powdered and applied alone or in mixture with liquid adjuvant topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with qi and yin deficiency, and those with internal heat, since it is hot, drying and toxic. The calcined one is prohibited. ［Ingredients］ It mainly contains bicyclic terpene ketone (C10H16O). ［Pharmacological Research］ It can excite the central nervous system, strengthen the heart, elevate blood pressure, expel phlegm and perform local anesthesia. Applied directly on the skin, it makes the skin cool and stops pain, relieves skin itching, prevents skin rot and mildly irritates the skin. It also irritates the gastrointestinal tract to produce a warm and comfortable feeling, but a large dose may cause nausea and vomiting. It also excites the respiratory system and circulatory system.

A n XīXiāng 安息香 BENZOINUM Benzoin ［Source］ Initially appeared in Newly Revised Materia Medica in the Tang Dynasty (about 659 A.D.). It is the dry resin of Styrax benzoin Dryand. or Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre) Craib ex Hart., arboreal trees of the family Styracaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］ Ān xī “suppress” and xiāng “aroma”. It is aromatic to dispel ■lth and can suppress all pathogens. It is also said that the An Xi people (Persians) brought this aromatic herb to China. ［Habitat］ Styrax benzoin Dryand. is mainly produced in Indonesia, and Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre) Craib ex Hart. is mainly produced in Guangxi, Yunnan and Guangdong provinces of China. ［Collection］ The fresh resin is collected during summer and autumn when the trunk bark is naturally split or arti■cially cut, and then dried in the shade. Pure oily and aromatic resin with yellowish-brown surface and creamy white cross-section is of the best quality. ［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is pounded to pieces or powder for use. ［Properties］ Acrid, bitter; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver, spleen. ［Characteristics］ It is acrid and bitter in ■avor and neutral in nature so as to perform milder dispersing and descending effects. It enters the heart, liver and spleen channels. It can dredge blockage of the channels, dispel filth, open the orifices and resuscitate the mind, and thus can be used for loss of consciousness due to cold blockage or heat blockage syndrome. It also can move qi, activate blood, transform blood stasis and relieve pain, and therefore is applied to pain that is particularly due to qi stagnation and blood stasis. ［Actions］ Opens the ori■ces, resuscitates the mind, dispels ■lth, eliminates phlegm, moves qi,

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activates blood and relieves pain. ［Clinical Applications］ 1. For loss of consciousness due to heat blockage syndrome caused by internal excessive heat accumulation or heat phlegm accumulation, it is often combined with shè xiāng (Moschus), niú huáng (Calculus Bovis) and zhū shā (Cinnabaris) to clear heat toxins, open the ori■ces and resuscitate the mind, such as in the formula Zhì Bǎo Dān (Supreme Treasured Pill). For loss of consciousness due to cold blockage syndrome caused by excessive cold accumulation or cold phlegm accumulation manifested by blue complexion, cold body, white tongue coating and slow pulse, it is often combined with sū hé xiāng (Styrax), shè xiāng (Moschus) and chén xiāng (Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum) to reinforce the effects, such as in the formula Sū Hé Xiāng Wán (Styrax Pill). 2. For acute chest or abdominal pain, it relieves pain quickly by moving qi and blood. For constricting chest pain and acute abdominal pain with signs of qi stagnation and blood stasis, it can be used in powder alone, 1.5 g each time and taken with warm boiled water, or in combination with sū hé xiāng (Styrax) and chén xiāng (Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum), such as in the formula Sū Hé Xiāng Wán (Styrax Pill). For infantile abdominal colic pain, the powder is mixed with the powder of chén xiāng (Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum), mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae), shè xiāng (Moschus) and honey to make into small pills, and a pill is taken each time with zĭ sū (Folium et Caulis Perillae) decoction, such as in the formula Ān Xī Xiāng Wán (Benzoin Pill). 3. For postpartum delirium or vertigo, lockjaw and lochiostasis which is considered as qi stagnation and blood stasis, it is used together with wŭ líng zhī (Faeces Trogopterori) (1∶5), and taken with ginger decoction to activate qi and blood ■ow, open the ori■ces and resuscitate the mind. 4. In addition, it can promote the healing of ulcers. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 0.3-1.5 g in powder, or made into pills. For external use: it is mixed with liquid adjuvant and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency and deficiency fire, since it is dispersing and drying and may consume yin and trigger internal ■re. ［Ingredients］ Styrax benzoin Dryand. mainly contains resin, which is composed of 3-cinnamoyl sumaresinolic acid, coniferyl cinnamate, styracin, cinnamoylcinnamate, vanillin, phenylpropyl cinnamate, and cinnamic acid. The resin of Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre) Craib ex Hart. contains 3-benzoylsiaresinolic acid, coniferyl benzoate, cinnamoylcinnamate, and benzyl alcohol, but no cinnamic acid. ［Pharmacological Research］ Its tincture improves expectoration by stimulating the tracheal mucus membrane. ■xternally used, it can prevent skin rot, and can promote the healing of ulcers and sores.

Summary Shè Xiāng vs. Bīng Piàn Shè Xiāng

Similarities

Medicinal

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Bīng Piàn

Properties

Acrid

Entered channels

Heart, spleen

Actions

Opens the ori■ces and resuscitates the mind

Indications

Loss of consciousness due to blockage syndromes including cold and heat types

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Herbs that Open the Orifices Continued

Shè Xiāng

Differences

Medicinal

Bīng Piàn

Properties

Warm

Bitter; slightly cold

Entered channels

—

Lung

Actions

Activates blood, dredges the channels, relieves swelling, relieves pain and induces abortion

Clears toxic heat, relieves swelling and pain

Indications

Amenorrhea, abdominal masses, acute pain in the chest and abdomen, traumatic injuries, sores and ulcers, and chronic obstinate arthralgia

Sores and ulcers in heat type externally during any stage, sore throat, mouth sores and in■amed eyes, inner ear in■ammation

Stronger in effects More suitable for the cold type than the heat type

More suitable for the heat type than the cold type

·

Special features

·

Sū Hé Xiāng vs. Ān Xī Xiāng Sū Hé Xiāng

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Ān Xī Xiāng

Properties

Acrid

Entered channels

Heart, spleen

Actions

Dispels ■lth, opens the ori■ces and resuscitates the mind

Indications

Stroke and epilepsy with phlegm accumulated inside

Properties

Warm

Bitter; neutral

Entered channels

—

Liver

Actions

Disperses cold

■xpels phlegm, moves qi and activates blood

·

Indications ·

Loss of consciousness of the cold type Cold pain in the chest and abdomen

·

·

Loss of consciousness of both the cold or heat types Problems caused by qi stagnation and blood stasis

Chán Sū vs. Zhāng Năo Chán Sū

Similarities

Medicinal Properties

Acrid; toxic

Entered channels

Heart

Actions

Opens the ori■ces, resuscitates the mind, dispels ■lth and relieves pain ·

Indications

Differences

·

Acute infectious diseases or acute epidemic diseases manifested as acute abdominal pain, severe vomiting and diarrhea, and even fainting and loss of consciousness Toothache and injuries

Properties

Warm

Hot

Entered channels

—

Spleen

Actions

·

Indications

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·

Serves as an anesthetic Antagonizes toxins and cancer

Serious sores and skin infections, scrofula, pharyngitis, tumors and cancer

Warmly disperses and relieves pain, dries dampness, kills worms and relieves itching Mange and ulcerated sores

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544

Chinese Materia Medica Shí Chāng Pú vs. Yuăn Zhì Shí Chāng Pú

Similarities

Medicinal

Yuăn Zhì

Properties

Acrid, bitter

Entered channels

Heart

Actions

Opens the ori■ces, dispels phlegm and tranquilizes the mind

Indications

Anxiety, panic, palpitations and poor memory, as well as loss of consciousness, delirium, epilepsy and mania due to phlegm obstructing the heart channel

Properties

Warm

Slightly warm

Entered channels

Stomach

Kidney, lung ·

·

Differences

Actions

·

·

·

Indications ·

· ·

Special features

·

Resolves dampness and calms the stomach Dries dampness and relieves itching (used externally) Problems due to phlegm accumulation such as deafness, tinnitus, lethargy, sleepiness and dementia Abdominal fullness and distention due to dampness obstructed in the middle jiao Hoarseness, wind-damp arthralgia, as well as traumatic injury ■czema and mange (used externally) Acrid property is dominant More effective in transforming phlegm to open the ori■ces and resuscitate the mind

· ·

·

·

·

Assists the interaction between the heart and kidney to calm the heart and the mind ■xpels phlegm Dissipates nodules, carbuncles, sores and breast swelling

Anxiety, insomnia, dreaminess and poor memory Wheezing and cough, especially with profuse cold phlegm Nodules, carbuncles, sores and breast swelling

Bitter property is dominant

Bīng Piàn vs. Niú Huáng Bīng Piàn

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

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Niú Huáng

Properties

Bitter

Entered channels

Heart

Actions

Opens the ori■ces, resuscitates the mind and fights against toxic heat

Indications

Loss of consciousness due to heat blockage syndrome, heat carbuncles and sores, sore throat and mouth ulcers

Properties

Acrid; slightly cold

Cool

Entered channels

Spleen, lung

Liver

·

Actions

·

Removes phlegm Serves to prevent skin rot and promotes granulation (used externally)

Resolves phlegm, suppresses internal wind and relieves convulsions

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Herbs that Open the Orifices Continued

Bīng Piàn

Medicinal

Differences

·

Indications

·

·

Special features

Loss of consciousness due to cold blockage syndrome if combined with warm herbs for resuscitation or dispersing cold Chest constriction and heart pain if combined with herbs that activate blood and resolve stasis Chronic sores (used externally)

More effective in resuscitation

Niú Huáng ·

·

Loss of consciousness due to heat blockage syndrome or other problems due to toxic heat or phlegm heat accumulation Infantile convulsions in phlegm heat pattern, epilepsy, mania, scrofula and breast cancer

■ffectively antagonizes heat toxins

Review Questions 1. ■xplain the de■nition, characteristics, actions and indications of herbs for resuscitation. 2. What are the cautions and contraindications when herbs for resuscitation are used? 3. Give the details of properties, actions, main applications and administration of shè xiāng, bīng piàn, shí chāng pú, sū hé xiāng and chán sū. 4. Compare the following pairs of herbs with respect to characteristics, action and clinical application: shè xiāng and bīng piàn; shè xiāng and niú huáng; bīng piàn and niú huáng; sū hé xiāng and ān xī xiāng; shí chāng pú and yuǎn zhì. 5. In this textbook, what herbs can be used for resuscitation? ■xplain the characteristics and actions of each herb.

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CHAPTER 17  

Herbs that Tonify the Body

Section 1  Herbs that Tonify Qi  /  548 Rén Shēn 人参  /  548 Rén Shēn Yè 人参叶  /  551

Tù Sī Zĭ 菟丝子  /  586 Hé Táo Rén 核桃仁  /  588 Gé Jiè 蛤蚧  /  589

Xī Yáng Shēn 西洋参  /  551

Zĭ Hé Chē 紫河车  /  590

Dăng Shēn 党参  /  553

Dōng Chóng Xià Căo 冬虫夏草  /  591

Tài Zĭ Shēn 太子参  /  554

Section 3  Herbs that Tonify Blood  /  592

Huáng Qí 黄芪  /  555

Dāng Guī 当归  /  593

Bái Zhú 白术  /  558

Shú Dì Huáng 熟地黄  /  595

Shān Yào 山药  /  560

Bái Sháo 白芍  /  597

Bái Biăn Dòu 白扁豆  /  562

Ē Jiāo 阿胶  /  599

Biăn Dòu Huā 扁豆花  /  563

Gān Căo 甘草  /  563 Dà Zăo 大枣  /  566 Yí Táng 饴糖  /  567 Section 2  Herbs that Tonify Yang  /  568

Hé Shŏu Wū 何首乌  /  601 Lóng Yăn Ròu 龙眼肉  /  603 Section 4  Herbs that Tonify Yin  /  604 Bĕi Shā Shēn 北沙参  /  604 Nán Shā Shēn 南沙参  /  605

Lù Róng 鹿茸   /  568

Mài Dōng 麦冬  /  607

Lù Jiăo 鹿角  /  570

Tiān Dōng 天冬  /  608

Lù Jiăo Jiāo 鹿角胶  /  570

Shí Hú 石斛  /  610

Lù Jiăo Shuāng 鹿角霜  /  570

Yù Zhú 玉竹  /  612

Ròu Cōng Róng 肉苁蓉  /  571

Huáng Jīng 黄精  /  613

Suŏ Yáng 锁阳  /  572

Băi Hé 百合  /  615

Bā Jĭ Tiān 巴戟天  /  573

Gŏu Qĭ Zĭ 枸杞子  /  616

Yín Yáng Huò 淫羊藿  /  574

Nǚ Zhēn Zĭ 女贞子  /  617

Xiān Máo 仙茅  /  576

Mò Hàn Lián 墨旱莲  /  618

Hú Lú Bā 胡芦巴  /  577

Sāng Shèn 桑椹  /  619

Dù Zhòng 杜仲  /  578

Hēi Zhī Ma 黑芝麻  /  620

Xù Duàn 续断  /  579

Guī Jiă 龟甲   /  621

Gŏu Jĭ 狗脊  /  581 Gŭ Suì Bŭ 骨碎补  /  582 Bŭ Gŭ Zhī 补骨脂  /  583

Guī Jiă Jiāo 龟甲胶  /  623

Biē Jiă 鳖甲  /  623 Biē Jiă Jiāo 鳖甲胶  /  624

Yì Zhì Rén 益智仁  /  585

［De■nition］  Herbs that tonify the body in the aspects of qi, blood, yin or yang to improve the functions of the zang-fu organs and generally improve the body constitution and anti-pathogenic qi are called herbs that tonify the body. ［Properties ＆ Actions］  Herbs in this category are basically applied for deficiency patterns, including qi de■ciency, blood de■ciency, yin de■ciency and yang de■ciency. Herbs that tonify qi and yang are generally sweet in ■avor and warm in nature, and are particularly used to improve fatigue, aversion to cold, cold limbs and low functioning of the organs. Herbs that tonify blood and yin are

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sweet in ■avor and slightly warm or slightly cold in nature, and are particularly used to replenish yin, blood and body ■uid consumed in the process of disease and other problems. ［Indications］  Herbs in this category are used for patterns of qi deficiency, yang deficiency, blood de■ciency or yin de■ciency. Qi de■ciency usually affects the spleen or the lung. Spleen qi de■ciency commonly manifests as poor appetite, loose stools, fatigue and prolapse of the rectum or other organs, whereas lung qi de■ciency is commonly seen in chronic cases with manifestations such as cough or dyspnea with fatigue, spontaneous sweating and vulnerability to exterior wind and cold. Yang de■ciency generally affects the kidney or the spleen. Kidney yang de■ciency commonly manifests as aversion to cold, cold limbs, impotence, seminal emission, infertility and frequent night urination. If chronic diarrhea is seen in kidney yang deficiency cases, it means that spleen yang de■ciency is involved as well. If the above kidney yang de■ciency symptoms are seen in chronic cough or wheezing cases, it means that both the kidney and the lung have de■ciency of yang. Blood de■ciency generally affects the heart or the liver, and commonly-seen manifestations are sallow complexion, pale ■ngernails and lips, dizziness, poor vision, heart palpitations and menstrual irregularities. Yin de■ciency generally affects the lung, the stomach, the heart, or the liver and kidney. Lung yin deficiency commonly manifests as dry cough with scanty sputum and dry nose and throat; stomach yin deficiency manifests as dry mouth, gastric upset, constipation and red tongue body with little coating; heart yin de■ciency manifests as irritability and insomnia; and liver and kidney yin de■ciency manifests as aching pain in the waist and knees, spontaneous seminal emission, hot sensation in the palms and soles, tidal fever, night sweats and dry eyes. ［Modi■cations］  The human body is an organic whole with interaction between qi, blood, yin and yang, even when they are in de■ciency. Yang de■ciency is always accompanied by qi de■ciency, while qi de■ciency can develop into yang de■ciency. Yin de■ciency is often accompanied by blood deficiency, while blood deficiency easily develops into yin deficiency. Qi deficiency and yang de■ciency may affect the production of blood and yin, while blood and yin de■ciency may affect the functioning of qi and yang due to poor substance supply. Qi and blood have a mother and son relationship, so that a de■ciency of either of them will cause de■ciency of the other. Yin and yang share the same source, so that a de■ciency of either of them will often be accompanied by de■ciency of the other. Yin consumption is always accompanied by qi consumption, as is especially seen in the process of febrile diseases and other chronic cases. Therefore, herbs for tonifying qi and yang are commonly used in combination with herbs that replenish blood and yin. Herbs for nourishing qi are also possibly applied together with herbs for tonifying yin, blood and yang, and with herbs for moving qi if necessary. Herbs for nourishing yang can be applied together with herbs that tonify yin and warm the interior if necessary. Herbs for nourishing blood can be applied together with herbs that tranquilize the mind if insomnia occurs in the pattern of blood de■ciency, and herbs for nourishing yin can be applied together with herbs that strengthen yang, clear heat or extinguish liver wind. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  Herbs in this category are particularly applied for de■ciency patterns. Patients with a generally healthy body and with no deficiency of any type are not encouraged to use herbs in this category. Qi tonics are sweet and may affect digestion, so patients with poor digestion and particularly those complicated with dampness retention should be careful. Yang tonics are basically warm and drying in property and may consume body yin and assist ■re, so they should not be used for cases with ■re ■aming up due to yin de■ciency. Blood tonics and yin

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tonics are moistening in property and may transform into dampness, so they should be used with care in cases with dampness inside the body. When tonics are applied, herbal digestives should be used in combination to improve transportation and transformation. Deficiency patterns usually need a longer treatment course; thus tonics can be made into honey-prepared pills, soft extracts, tablets, oral liquid, granules or wine preparation, for convenient preservation and easier administration. For decoctions, herbs in this category should be decocted for a longer time for better extraction of the active ingredients. A few of these herbs can also be made into injections for emergency cases. Herbs in this chapter are divided into four groups: · herbs that tonify qi · herbs that tonify yang · herbs that tonify blood · herbs that tonify yin

Section 1  Herbs that Tonify Qi Herbs in this section are basically sweet in flavor, but some of them are also bitter or acrid. They are generally warm in nature, but some of them are neutral, cool or cold. They are applied to strengthen the functioning of the zang-fu organs, especially the lung and the spleen. Herbs are chosen according to the symptoms and their accompanying complications. For example, if a patient is diagnosed as having qi de■ciency complicated with yang or yin de■ciency, yang tonics should be applied in combination with qi tonics. If there is bleeding, spontaneous sweating, incontinence of urine, or blood and ■uid de■ciency due to insuf■cient qi, qi tonics should be used in combination with, respectively, herbs that arrest bleeding, sweating or urination, or with herbs that nourish blood and ■uid.

Rén Shēn 人参 RADIX ET RHIZOMA GINSENG Ginseng ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., a perennial herb of the family Acanthopanax gracilistylus. ［■xplanation of Name］  Rén “human body” and shēn “spirit”. The root looks like a human body. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Jilin, Liaoning and Heilongjiang provinces of China, and in Korea. ［Collection］  It is collected in autumn. Yuán shēn (园 参), garden-cultivated ginseng, is cultivated for ■ve to six years, and dried in the sun or baked for use. Wild ginseng is directly dried in the sun for use. Big and solid roots that are complete in shape are of the best quality. Wild ginseng is more valuable and effective than the

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cultivated variety. ［Processing］  It is sliced or powdered for use, or is steamed and then dried for use. ［Properties］  Sweet, slightly bitter; slightly warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, lung. ［Characteristics］  It is sweet and slightly bitter, and slightly warm but not very drying in property. It is extremely effective in tonifying qi, especially qi of the lung and spleen. It is not only able to aid recovery from shock, loss of consciousness and similar emergency problems due to qi collapse, but also to nourish the lung and spleen qi generally and gradually. It also improves the production of body fluid by tonifying qi, tranquilizes the mind and improves memory, and therefore is used to treat thirst resulting from ■uid consumption or from diabetes, and also anxiety, heart palpitations, panic attacks and poor memory in the pattern of both qi and blood de■ciency. ［Actions］  Powerfully toni■es the primordial qi, nourishes the spleen and the lung, tranquilizes the mind and bene■ts the brain. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For qi collapse resulting from massive blood loss, severe vomiting, serious diarrhea or severe qi consumption in the late stage of chronic diseases, it alone is decocted and highly concentrated for oral administration, such as in the formula Dú Shēn Tāng (Ginseng Alone Decoction).   For qi and yang collapse, marked by body and limb coldness and diminishing pulse, it is often combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) to tonify qi, rescue the collapse and restore yang, such as in the formula Shēn Fù Tāng (Ginseng and Aconite Decoction).   For insuf■ciency of both qi and yin, marked by profuse spontaneous sweating and often thirst, it is combined with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to replenish qi and nourish yin, such as in the formula Shēng Mài Săn (Pulse■ngendering Powder). 2. For chronic cough or wheezing with lassitude, which indicates lung qi de■ciency, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) and zĭ wăn (Radix et Rhizoma Asteris) to relieve cough and wheezing, and replenish the lung qi as well, such as in the formula Bŭ Fèi Tāng (Lung-Supplementing Decoction).   For chronic cough or wheezing with consumption of both lung and kidney qi, it is often combined with hú táo ròu (Semen Juglandis) and gé jiè (Gecko) to enhance the effect on nourishing the lung and kidney, such as in the formula Rén Shēn Hú Táo Tāng (Ginseng and Walnut Decoction) and Rén Shēn Gé Jiè Săn (Ginseng and Gecko Powder) 3. For spleen qi de■ciency with symptoms of poor appetite, loose stools and pale complexion, it is often combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), fú líng (Poria) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae), such as in the formula Sì Jūn Zĭ Tāng (Four Gentlemen Decoction).   If the spleen de■ciency is accompanied by counter■ow of stomach qi marked by nausea and vomiting, it is often combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) to calm the stomach and tonify the spleen qi as well, such as in the formula Dà Bàn Xià Tāng (Major Pinellia Decoction).   For chronic diarrhea due to spleen qi de■ciency with dampness retention, it is often combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), biăn dòu (Semen Lablab Album) and shā rén (Fructus Amomi) to strengthen the spleen and drain dampness to relieve diarrhea, such as in Shēn Líng Bái Zhú Săn (Ginseng, Poria and Atractylodes Macrocephalae Powder). 4. For high fever with thirst, sweating and weak pulse, which indicates both qi and body

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fluid deficiency, it is often combined with shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) to purge heat and nourish qi as well, such as in the formula Bái Hŭ Jiā Rén Shēn Tāng (White Tiger Decoction Plus Ginseng).   For thirst, profuse sweating, tiredness and weak pulse, which indicates qi and yin de■ciency, it is often combined with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to replenish qi, generate ■uid, protect yin and check sweating, such as in Shēng Mài Săn (Pulse-■ngendering Powder).   For consumptive thirst, including diabetes in the acute stage, it is often combined with tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis), shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and huáng qí (Radix Astragali) to strengthen the effect of nourishing qi and improve the production of body fluid, such as in Yù Quán Wán (Jade Spring Pill). 5. For heart palpitations, insomnia and panic attacks due to qi and blood de■ciency, it is used alone or in combination with fú shén (Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis), lóng chĭ (Dens Draconis) or yuăn zhì (Radix Polygalae) to strengthen the effects on tranquilizing the mind and improving the memory, such as in the formula Ān Shén Dìng Zhì Wán (Spirit-Tranquillizing Mind-Stabilizing Pill).   For insomnia, poor memory, tiredness and shortness of breath, which is generally due to qi and blood de■ciency, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), lóng yăn ròu (Arillus Longan) and suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae) to tonify qi and blood, such as in the formula Guī Pí Wán (Returning to Spleen Pill).   For yin and blood de■ciency, marked by insomnia with irritability, it is often combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) and dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) to nourish yin and blood, and tranquilize the mind, such as in Tiān Wáng Bŭ Xīn Dān (Celestial ■mperor Heart-Supplementing ■lixir). 6. For general weakness, it can be used alone or in combination with other herbs to tonify qi and yang and nourish blood.   For general tiredness, body vulnerability and sallow complexion due to qi and blood de■ciency, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and shú dì (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) to tonify qi and nourish blood, such as in Rén Shēn Yăng Róng Wán (Ginseng Nutrient-Nourishing Pill).   For impotence and infertility in the pattern of primordial qi and yang de■ciency, it is often combined with lù róng (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum), bā jĭ tiān (Radix Morindae Of icinalis) and zĭ hé chē (Placenta Hominis) to nourish the kidney and invigorate the kidney yang, such as Shēn Róng Gù Bĕn Wán (Ginseng and Deer Velvet Root-Consolidating Pill). 7. Additionally, it is used to arrest bleeding by nourishing qi. For exterior and excess syndrome complicated by qi de■ciency, it is used in combination with herbs that release the exterior and purge the large intestine. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-9 g generally in decoction, and decocted alone at low temperature; 15-30 g in decoction and taken orally several times continuously for emergencies. 0.5-1 g every time orally in powder and taken 1-2 times a day. Wild ginseng shows excellent ef■cacy and is effective enough for qi collapse emergency, shēng shài shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng Cruda) is mild in property and is more suitable for the pattern of qi and yin def iciency, and hóng shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng Rubra) is slightly warm in property and is more suitable for qi and yang de■ciency. Ginseng produced in Korea is named gāo lì shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) or bié zhí shēn (“Korean Ginseng”) and is similar to hóng shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng Rubra) in effects.

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［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is prohibited for use in the patterns of fire and excess, because it is sweet and slightly warm in property. It is incompatible with lí lú (Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri), wŭ líng zhī (Faeces Trogopterori), lái fú zĭ (Semen Raphani), zào jiá (Fructus Gleditsiae), white radish and tea. ［Ingredients］  It contains more than 30 ginsenosides such as Rg1 and Rb1, volatile oils such as α-panacene, organic acids such as panaxic acid, anthoxanthins such as panasenoside, and panaxan, glycose, sterin, amino acids, polypeptides, proteins, enzymes, alkaloids, microelements, etc. The main active components are panaxsaponin and panaxan. ［Pharmacological Research］  It regulates the central nervous system, improves memory, activates the heart, counteracts myocardial ischemia, dilates blood vessels, regulates blood pressure, counteracts shock and blood coagulation, improves ■brinolysis, improves hemorrheological indexes, inhibits platelet and erythrocytic aggregation, improves hematogenesis of the marrow, counteracts radiation, excites the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and hypothalamus-pituitarygonadal axis, affects thyroid function, two-way regulates cAMP and cGMP, regulates immunity and glycometabolism, improves synthesis of proteins and nucleic acid, regulates lipid metabolism, prevents aging, protects the liver, counteracts ulcers, inflammation and alarm reaction, alleviates fatigue, inhibits tumors and bacteria, arrests bleeding, inhibits diuresis, and regulates skeletal muscles and smooth muscles. Long-term administration of it may cause “ginseng abuse syndrome”, which manifests as headache, insomnia, euphoria, palpitations, increased blood pressure, weight loss and depression. A large orally-applied dose may induce heat, agitation and nosebleed.

Attachment: Rén Shēn Yè 人参叶 Folium Ginseng ［Source］  It is the dried leaves of the ginseng plant. ［Properties］  Bitter, slightly sweet; cold. ［Actions］  Counteracts summerheat, improves body ■uid generation and descends ■re. ［Clinical Applications］  It is applicable for summerheat, thirst due to febrile diseases, and toothache due to stomach yin de■ciency. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction.

XīYáng Shēn 西洋参 RADIX PANACIS QUINQUEFOLII American Ginseng ［Source］  Initially appeared in Thoroughly Revised Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Cóng Xīn, 本 草从新) in the Qing Dynasty (about 1751 A.D.). It is the dried root of panax quinquefolium L., a perennial herb of the family Araliaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Xī “west”, yáng “ocean” and shēn “ginseng”. It is mainly produced in Western countries and the best quality comes from the U.S. It is also called yáng shēn in short, or huā qí (“colorful ■ag”) shēn (花旗参), since the national ■ag of the U.S. is colorful. ［Habitat］  It is mainly produced in the U.S. and Canada, but also in France. The best quality is produced in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. It is also cultivated in the northeast, the north and the

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northwest of China. ［Collection］  3-6 year-old roots are collected in autumn. After the ■brous roots are removed, the main roots are dried in the sun or in an oven. ■venly shaped and solid roots with light fragrance, strong ■avor and dense transverse striations on the surface are of the best quality. ［Processing］  After impurities and small rhizomes are removed, it is moistened well, cut into thin slices and crushed for use. ［Properties］  Sweet, slightly bitter; cool. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, lung, kidney. ［Characteristics］  Slightly bitter and slightly sweet in ■avor, and cool in nature, it mainly enters the heart, the lung and the kidney channels to nourish both qi and yin, slightly clear heat and improve the generation of body ■uid. It is therefore mainly applied for the patterns of qi and yin de■ciency or yin and ■uid de■ciency, especially that with heat. ［Actions］  Toni■es qi and yin, clears heat and generates ■uid. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For the pattern of qi and yin deficiency with manifestations such as thirst, lassitude and spontaneous sweating, it is commonly combined with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and shí hú (Caulis Dendrobii) to replenish qi and yin, clear heat and generate fluid, such as in the formula Wáng Shì Qīng Shŭ Yì Qì Tāng (Summerheat-Clearing Qi-Replenishing Decoction by Wang Meng-ying). For consumptive thirst or general chronic thirst, it can be applied alone or in combination with tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis), shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) and huáng qí (Radix Astragali) to replenish qi, generate ■uid and clear heat as well. 2. For dry cough or cough with bloody sputum due to internal heat and yin de■ciency, it can be applied alone in capsules, or in combination with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to enhance the effects on relieving cough, resolving phlegm, nourishing yin and clearing lung heat. 3. It can also be applied for heart palpitations and pain, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep and bloody stools due to heat and yin-■uid de■ciency. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-6 g in decoction and decocted separately, or made into pills or powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yang de■ciency, damp cold or ■re due to qi stagnation, because it is cool in property and may injure yang and increase dampness. Contact with ironware and tea should be avoided when using it. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains ginsenosides, among which Rb1 is the largest component and Rg is the smallest. It also contains volatile oils, polyyne, fatty acids, phosphatide, carbohydrates, many kinds of amino acids, daucosterol, sterin, proteins, vitamins and mineral elements. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of tonification, anti-shock, anti-hypoxia, antifatigue, anti-aging, improving growth and memory, lowering cholesterol, preventing hemolysis, anti-oxidation, tranquilizing, anti-convulsion, anti-arrhythmia, counteracting myocardial ischemia, arresting bleeding, anti-stress, improving immunity, anti-heterogenesis, improving glycometabolism, anti-diuresis, protecting the liver and anti-virus.

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Dǎng Shēn 党参 RADIX CODONOPSIS Codonopsis Root ［Source］  Initially appeared as shàng dăng rén shēn (上党人参) in Encountering the Sources of the ‘Classic of Materia Medica’ (Bĕn Jīng Féng Yuán, 本经逢原) the Qing Dynasty (1695 A.D.). It is the dried root of Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf., Codonopsis pilosula Nannf. var. modesta (Nannf.) L. T. Shen or Codonopsis tangshen Oliv., perennial herbs of the family Campanulaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Dăng “Shangdang”, ancient name of a place in the southeastern area of Shanxi Province, and shēn “ginseng”. Dăng shēn is the short name of shàng dăng rén shēn. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Shanxi, Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected in autumn, washed clean and dried in the sun. Big and thick roots with solid but soft texture and loose skin, noticeable fragrance, sweet taste and little ■bers are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned with water, moistened well, cut into thick slices and dried for use. ［Properties］  Sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, lung. ［Characteristics］  Mildly sweet in taste and neutral in property, it is neither too drying nor too moistening in effect. It is not as strong as ginseng in ef■cacy. It enters the spleen and lung channels to nourish qi, especially the spleen and lung qi. By nourishing qi, it can also generate body ■uid and blood. ［Actions］  Nourishes general qi and blood and generates body ■uid. ［Clinical Applications］  1. It is often used as a substitute for ginseng in some prescriptions to treat spleen and lung qi de■ciency in milder cases.   For spleen qi de■ciency marked by general lassitude, poor appetite and loose stools, it is often combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), fú líng (Poria) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to replenish qi, strengthen the spleen and promote body ■uid circulation, such as in the formula Sì Jūn Zĭ Wán (Four Gentlemen Pill).   For lung qi de■ciency with manifestations such as aversion to cold, low and weak voice, and chronic cough or asthma, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to ef■ciently nourish the lung qi and alleviate cough and asthma as well. 2. For qi and blood deficiency with manifestations such as sallow complexion, frequent dizziness, lassitude, palpitations and shortness of breath, it is commonly combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), shú dì (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to increase the effects, such as in the formula Bā Zhēn Wán (■ight Precious Ingredients Pill). 3. For qi and ■uid de■ciency with internal heat manifested by tiredness and chronic thirst, it is

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often combined with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Shēng Mài Yĭn (Pulse-Reinforcing Decoction). 4. It also can be used together with herbs for constipation, common cold and other problems that could involve qi de■ciency. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 6-10 g generally and 30 g maximum in decoction, or made into pills or powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with qi stagnation or exuberant liver ■re. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains sterin, tangshenoside, codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide, codonolactone, alkaloids, multi-amino acids, microelements, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of tonification, anti-stress, improving memory, anti-aging, cold hardiness, anti-radiation, anti-hypoxia, anti-oxidation, treating gastric ulcers and gastric mucosa injury, adjusting gastrointestinal motility, improving digestion, strengthening heart function, dilating peripheral blood vessels, anti-myocardial ischemia, regulating blood pressure, preventing thrombosis, increasing the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and leukocytes, anticancer, anti-in■ammation, alleviating pain, dispelling phlegm and alleviating cough.

Tài ZǐShēn 太子参 RADIX PSEUDOSTELLARIAE Heterophylla False Satarwort Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Medical Plants in China (Zhōng Guó Yào Yòng Zhí Wù Zhì, 中 国药用植物志) in the modern period (1955 A.D.). It is the dried root tuber of Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax ex Pax et Hoffm., a perennial herb of the family Caryophyllaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Tài zǐ “prince” and shēn “ginseng”. It is similar to ginseng in shape but smaller. It is also called hái ér shēn (孩儿参) or tóng shēn (童 参), where hái ér and tóng both mean “children”, since it is particularly effective for spontaneous sweating in children. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Anhui and Shandong provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected during the summer when the stalks and leaves are withering. After it is cleaned with water and the ■brous roots are removed, it is blanched in boiling water for a short while and then dried in the sun. Big, solid and yellowish-white roots without any ■brous roots are the best in quality. ［Processing］  It is used directly. ［Properties］  Sweet, slightly bitter; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, lung. ［Characteristics］  It is slightly sweet, slightly bitter and neutral yet slightly cool in property. It enters the spleen and lung channels to gently nourish the general qi and generate body ■uid. It is basically used for mild patterns of qi and ■uid de■ciency complicated with heat, and for qi de■ciency in children.

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［Actions］  Nourishes qi and generates body ■uid. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For qi and fluid deficiency occurring in the late stage of febrile disease with manifestations such as tiredness, dry mouth and poor appetite, it is generally combined with shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae), bái biăn dòu (Semen Lablab Album) and dào yá (Fructus Oryzae Germinatus) to gently recover qi, body ■uid and appetite. For severe cases due to the same reason with manifestations such as exhaustion and spontaneous sweating, it is commonly combined with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) and fú xiăo mài (Fructus Tritici Levis) to nourish qi, yin and ■uid, and consolidate the exterior to arrest the sweating. 2. For dry cough in the pattern of qi and fluid deficiency, which may be due to dry heat invading the lung, it is often combined with nán shā shēn (Radix Adenophorae), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) to replenish qi, generate ■uid and nourish the lung to relieve the cough. 3. For qi and ■uid de■ciency with manifestations such as thirst, thready pulse and red tongue body, it is often combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and zhú yè (Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis) to enhance the effects on nourishing yin and body ■uid. If the qi and ■uid de■ciency is complicated with insomnia and palpitations, it is often combined with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis), suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae) and băi zĭ rén (Semen Platycladi) to nourish qi and yin, and tranquilize the mind as well.   For continuous fever or pediatric summer fever in the pattern of qi and yin de■ciency, it is often combined with shí hú (Caulis Dendrobii), bái wēi (Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Atrati) and qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae) to nourish qi and yin, and alleviate fever as well. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-30 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients presenting with excess patterns. ［Ingredients］  It contains saponins, carbohydrates, sterin, cerolein, phospholipids, volatile oils, multi-amino acids and microelements. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of toni■cation, anti-fatigue, anti-stress, improving immunity, prolonging life, anti-virus and counteracting injury due to smoking.

Huáng Qí黄芪 RADIX ASTRAGALI Astragalus Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao or Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge., perennial herbs of the family Leguminosae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Huáng “yellow” and qí “the top one”. It is the top in tonifying qi. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Heilongjiang, Gansu and Hebei of China. ［Collection］  It is collected in the early spring and the

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late autumn. After the root head, ■brous roots and impurities are removed, it is dried in the sun. Big and solid roots rich in starch and with perfect sweet taste are of the best quality. ［Processing］  They are cleaned, separated according to size, washed and moistened, cut into thick slices and dried for use, or stir-fried with honey for use. ［Properties］  Sweet; slightly warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, lung. ［Characteristics］  Sweet and slightly warm in property, it mainly enters the spleen and lung channels to raise the spleen yang, nourish the lung qi and drain water. It is commonly used for prolapse of the internal organs, spontaneous sweating, edema and chronic ulcers. It is also effective for sallow complexion due to blood deficiency, abnormal vaginal bleeding due to serious qi de■ciency, consumptive thirst due to qi and ■uid de■ciency, and limb numbness and hemiplegia due to qi de■ciency and blood stasis. ［Actions］  Toni■es qi, raises yang, consolidates the exterior to check sweating, drains water, moves qi, generates ■uid and improves tissue granulation. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For spleen qi de■ciency with manifestations such as lassitude, loss of appetite and loose stools, it can be used alone, such as Huáng Qí Gāo (Astragalus Concentrated Decoction), or is used in combination with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to strengthen the effects, such as in the formula Qí Zhú Gāo (Astragalus and White Atractylodes Concentrated Decoction).   For spleen qi deficiency in severe cases, it is combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), such as in the formula Shēn Qí Gāo (Ginseng and Astragalus Concentrated Decoction).   For abdominal colic pain due to de■ciency cold, it is often combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), processed bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and yí táng (Saccharum Granorum) to alleviate the colic pain by tonifying qi and warming the middle yang, such as in the formula Huáng Qí Jiàn Zhōng Tāng (Astragalus Center-Fortifying Decoction).   For yang and qi de■ciency marked by chronic lassitude and spontaneous sweating, it is often combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) to consolidate the exterior and relieve the sweating by replenishing qi and warming yang, such as in formula Qí Fù Tāng (Astragalus and Aconite Decoction).   For internal organ prolapse, such as anal prolapse, and chronic diarrhea due to extreme qi deficiency, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), shēng má (Rhizoma Cimicifugae) and chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) to replenish qi and raise yang, such as in the formula Bŭ Zhōng Yì Qì Tāng (Center-Supplementing and Qi-Boosting Decoction). 2. For lung qi deficiency with manifestations such as chronic cough and wheezing, shortness of breath, weak voice and lassitude, it is generally combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), zĭ wăn (Radix et Rhizoma Asteris) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to tonify the lung qi and relieve cough and wheezing as well, such as in the formula Bŭ Fèi Tāng (LungSupplementing Decoction).   For chronic cough with bloody sputum in the pattern of lung qi and yin deficiency, it is combined with bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba), ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to nourish qi and yin of the lung and kidney, such as in the formula Huáng Qí Jié Láo Săn (Astragalus Consumptive-Cough-Relieving Powder). 3. For spontaneous sweating due to exterior de■ciency and lung qi de■ciency, it is commonly combined with mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) and má huáng gēn (Radix et Rhizoma ■phedrae) to arrest sweating, such as in the formula Mŭ Lì Săn (Oyster Shell Powder).

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  For spontaneous sweating and aversion to wind cold due to exterior de■ciency and lung qi de■ciency, it is combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) to consolidate the exterior and arrest sweating, such as in the formula Yù Píng Fēng Săn (Jade Wind-Barrier Powder).   For spontaneous and continuous sweating due to severe yang and qi de■ciency, it is combined with processed fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) to both nourish qi and assist yang, and consolidate the exterior to stop sweating, such as in the formula Qí Fù Tāng (Astragalus and Aconite Decoction).   For night sweats due to qi and yin de■ciency, it is combined with biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis), qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae) and dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii) to nourish yin and qi, and clear ■re to check sweating, such as in the formula Huáng Qí Biē Jiă Săn (Astragalus and Turtle Shell Powder). 4. For edema and dysuresis, it is often combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), fú líng (Poria) and zhū líng (Polyporus) to relieve edema by strengthening qi and draining water.   For edema complicated with wei qi de■ciency, which allows easy invasion of wind pathogens, it is often combined with hàn fáng jĭ (Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to invigorate spleen qi, release the exterior and promote urination, such as in the formula Fáng Jĭ Huáng Qí Tāng (Stephania Root and Astragalus Decoction). 5. For consumptive thirst in the pattern of qi and ■uid de■ciency, it can be used alone in paste, or in combination with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) and raw pig pancreas, such as in the formula Zī Cuì Yĭn (Pancreas-Nourishing Decoction).   For thirst due to excessive internal heat, it is often combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), gé gēn (Radix Puerariae Lobatae) and tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) to nourish yin, clear heat and generate ■uid, such as in Yù Yè Tāng (Jade Humor Decoction).   For consumptive thirst with infective sores, it is often combined with gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to replenish qi, generate ■uid and clear toxic heat, such as in the formula Huáng Qí Liù Yī Tāng (Astragalus Six-to-One Decoction). 6. For sallow complexion due to qi and blood de■ciency, palpitations, lassitude and dizziness, it is generally combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to tonify qi and blood, such as in the formula Dāng Guī Bŭ Xuè Tāng (Chinese Angelica Blood-Supplementing Decoction).   For bloody stools, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, and purple skin patches due to the failure of qi to control blood moving inside the vessels, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), lóng yăn ròu (Arillus Longan) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to nourish qi and blood, such as in the formula Guī Pí Wán (Returning to Spleen Pill). 7. For numbness due to blood stasis and qi deficiency, it is often combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) to warmly unblock the channels, such as in Huáng Qí Guì Zhī Wŭ Wù Tāng (Astragalus and Cinnamon Twig Five Substances Decoction).   For arthralgia and limb numbness, it is often combined with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and jiāng huáng (Rhizoma Curcumae Longae) to relieve pain and numbness by strengthening qi and blood circulation, such as in the formula Juān Bì Tāng (Impediment-Alleviating Decoction).   For stroke hemiplegia due to qi de■ciency and blood stasis, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), hóng huā (Flos Carthami) and dì lóng (Pheretima) to tonify qi, activate blood and dredge the channels, such as in the formula Bŭ Yáng

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Huán Wŭ Tāng (Yang-Supplementing and Five-Returning Decoction). 8. For soft tissue purulent infections with sluggish ulceration in the pattern of qi and blood deficiency, it is generally combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chuān shān jiă (Squama Manitis) and zào jiăo cì (Spina Gleditsiae) to expel pus and improve tissue granulation, such as in the formula Tòu Nóng Săn (Pus-■xpelling Powder).   For chronic skin ulcers, it is often combined with bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba), dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae), tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) to improve granulation by nourishing qi and blood, such as in the formula Nèi Tuō Shēng Jī Săn (Powder for Internal ■xpulsion and Promoting Granulation). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g generally and 30-120 g if necessary in decoction, or made into pills or powder. It is used directly in general, while for the purpose of nourishing qi and raising yang it is processed ■rst. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is contraindicated in patients with excessive pathogens inside, qi stagnation, dampness accumulation, food stagnation, yin de■ciency with yang hyperactivity, and sores and carbuncles due to excessive toxic heat, because it is warm in nature and may assist ■re. ［Ingredients］  It contains glycosides, polycose, anthoxanthin, amino acids, blycine betaine, microelements, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It is effective in improving immunity, anti-aging, improving memory, anti-fatigue, anti-hypoxia, anti-radiation, strengthening the heart, dilating vessels, lowering blood pressure, anti-platelet aggregation, improving blood rheology, promoting the production of blood cells, improving hematogenesis, anti-pulmonary artery hypertension, improving protein synthesis, regulating blood glucose, protecting the liver, stomach and kidney, improving diuresis, anti-osteoporosis, improving bone growth, anti-bacteria, anti-virus, anti-heterogenesis, anti-tumor, anti-in■ammation, tranquilizing and alleviating pain.

Bái Zhú白术 RHIZOMA ATRACTYLODIS MACROCEPHALAE White Atractylodes Rhizome ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.) under the name of zhú. Bái zhú initially appeared in Collective Commentaries on the Classic of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Jīng Jí Zhù, 本草经 集注) in the Liang period of the Southern Dynasty (about 420-589 A.D.). It is the dried rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz., a perennial herb of the family Compositae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Bái “white” and zhú is a Chinese pictographic character “术”, which looks like the shape of the plant. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan and Jiangxi provinces, with the herbs produced in Yuqian of Zhejiang Province being of the best quality. ［Collection］  It is collected in winter when the leaves have withered. After the sediment and the ■brous roots are removed, it is dried in an oven or in the sun for use. Big and solid rhizomes with

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surfaces sallow in color and with light yellow cross-sections are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned, washed well, moistened completely, cut into thick slices and dried in an oven or in the sun for use. It can also be stir-baked with soil or bran. ［Properties］  Bitter, sweet; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, stomach. ［Characteristics］  Sweet, warm, bitter and drying in property, it enters the spleen and stomach channels mainly to warmly reinforce the antipathogenic qi, strengthen the spleen, drain dampness, arrest sweating and prevent abortion. It is commonly used for general tiredness, edema, fluid retention, spontaneous sweating and threatened abortion due to qi de■ciency. ［Actions］  Nourishes qi, strengthens the spleen, dries and drains dampness, arrests sweating and prevents abortion. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For spleen and stomach qi de■ciency with manifestations such as shortness of breath, lassitude, loss of appetite and abdominal distension, it alone can be decocted into paste and taken orally, such as Bái Zhú Gāo (White Atractylodes Concentrated Decoction). If combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), the effect of nourishing qi is increased, such as the formula Shēn Zhú Gāo (Ginseng and White Atractylodes Concentrated Decoction). It can also be used in combination with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), fú líng (Poria) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to enhance the effects, such as the formula Sì Jūn Zĭ Tāng (Four Gentlemen Decoction).   For diarrhea accompanied by abdominal distension in the pattern of deficiency cold, it is commonly combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and zhì gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle) to warm the middle and invigorate the spleen, such as in the formula Lĭ Zhōng Wán (Center-Regulating Pill).   For dyspepsia accompanied by abdominal distension due to spleen qi de■ciency, it is generally combined with zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) to improve the digestion, such as the formula Zhĭ Zhú Wán (Immature Bitter Orange and Atractylodes Macrocephala Pill). 2. For dizziness, heart palpitations, cough and shortness of breath due to phlegm-■uid retention and spleen yang de■ciency, it is commonly combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), fú líng (Poria) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to invigorate the spleen, drain dampness and warmly resolve the phlegm-■uid, such as in the formula Líng Guì Zhú Gān Tāng (Poria, Cinnamon Twig, Atractylodes Macrocephala and Licorice Decoction). For severe edema or ■uid retention, it is often combined with fú líng (Poria), zhū líng (Polyporus) and zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) to increase the effect of draining dampness and fluid, such as in the formula Sì Líng Săn (Powder of Four Ingredients with Poria). 3. For spontaneous sweating due to qi de■ciency, it alone is applied in powder. If the spontaneous sweating is accompanied by aversion to wind, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) to replenish qi and consolidate the exterior to arrest sweating, such as the formula Yù Píng Fēng Săn (Jade Wind-Barrier Powder). 4. For threatened abortion with heat inside, it is combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to replenish qi and clear heat. If accompanied by abdominal fullness and distension, which is generally due to qi stagnation, it is often combined with sū gĕng (Caulis Perillae), shā rén (Fructus Amomi) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to regulate qi and prevent abortion. If the threatened abortion is seen along with signs of kidney essence de■ciency, it is necessarily used together with dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae), xù duàn (Radix Dipsaci) and tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) to prevent the abortion by tonifying the kidney.

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  For vaginal bleeding occurring during pregnancy, it should be used in combination with zhù má gēn (Radix Boehmeriae), ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) and ài yè tàn (Folium Artemisiae Argyi Carbonisatum) to prevent abortion by nourishing qi and blood. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction or made into pills or powder. For the purpose of nourishing qi and strengthening the spleen, the dry-fried herb should be used. For the purpose of arresting diarrhea, the deeply dry-fried herb should be used. For the purpose of drying and draining dampness, the unprocessed herb should be used. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is contraindicated in cases of fluid or yin deficiency and internal heat, because it is bitter and drying and may consume yin. It is not suitable for patients with distension, since it may cause dyspepsia. ［Ingredients］  It contains atractylol, atractylone, selinene, lactone and multi-amino acids. Its main components are volatile oils, which include atractylol, atractylone, selinen and lactone. It also contains alkynes and vitamin A. ［Pharmacological Research］  It is effective in strengthening the constitution, anti-aging, antioxidation, improving immunity, protecting the liver and gallbladder, anti-ulcer, regulating intestinal function, inducing diuresis, reducing cholesterol and blood sugar, anti-blood coagulation, expanding blood vessels, anti-bacteria and anti-tumor.

Shān Yào 山药 RHIZOMA DIOSCOREAE Common Yam Rhizome ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was shŭ yù (薯 蓣). It is the dried rhizome of Dioscorea opposita Thunb., a perennial vine of the family Dioscoreaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Shān “mountain” and yào “medicine”. Its original name was shŭ yù, where shŭ means “a place to house something” and yù means “available”. When planting, people stamped on the ground to make a hole, and then put a piece of rhizome into the available hole to plant it. According to Chinese tradition, the emperor’s name was forbidden to be shared. Since shŭ was the name of one of the emperors in the Tang Dynasty and yù was the name of one of the emperors in the Song Dynasty, the name shŭ yù had to be changed to shān yào. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Henan, Shanxi, Guangxi, Guangdong and Jiangsu of China. The best specimens are produced in Jiaozuo of Henan Province. ［Collection］  It is collected in winter when the above-ground part is withered. After the root head is cut off, the rhizome is washed well, the skin and ■brous roots are removed, and it is then dried. Big, solid and starchy rhizomes with pure white color are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned, moistened completely, cut into thick slices and dried for use, or stirfried with bran for use. ［Properties］  Sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, lung, kidney. ［Characteristics］  Mildly sweet and neutral in property, it enters the spleen, lung and kidney

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channels to mildly nourish qi, body fluid and yin. It can also check diarrhea, spermatorrhea and leukorrhea. ［Actions］  Nourishes qi and yin of the spleen, the lung and the kidney, and checks diarrhea, spermatorrhea and leukorrhea. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For general spleen qi de■ciency with manifestations such as poor appetite, lassitude and tiredness, it is combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to strengthen the effects, such as in the formula Shān Yù Wán (Dioscorea Pill).   For chronic diarrhea in the pattern of spleen qi de■ciency, it is generally combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), fú líng (Poria) and lián zĭ ròu (Semen Nelumbinis) to relieve diarrhea by invigorating the spleen and draining dampness, such as in the formula Shēn Líng Bái Zhú Săn (Ginseng, Poria and White Atractylodes Powder). 2. For chronic cough and wheezing with consumption of lung qi, it is commonly applied together with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis), or shú dì (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) and sū zĭ (Fructus Perillae) to nourish both the lung and the kidney, such as in the formula Shŭ Yù Nà Qì Tāng (Dioscorea Qi-ReceptionImproving Decoction). 3. For seminal emission accompanied by panic attack in the pattern of kidney qi de■ciency, it is often combined with qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales), lián zĭ (Semen Nelumbinis) and fú shén (Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis) to nourish the kidney, tranquilize the mind and secure the semen, such as in the formula Jīn Suŏ Yù Guān Wán (Golden-Lock Jade Pass Pill).   For enuresis and frequent urination, it is often combined with yì zhì rén (Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae) and wū yào (Radix Linderae) to warm the kidney, secure the essence and slow down urination, such as in the formula Suō Quán Wán (Stream-Reducing Pill).   For clear leukorrhea due to kidney qi de■ciency, it is often combined with shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni), tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) and jīn yīng zĭ (Fructus Rosae Laevigatae) to improve the effects on strengthening the kidney and securing essence. For clear and chronic leukorrhea due to spleen de■ciency and dampness pouring down, it is often combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) to check leukorrhea by invigorating the spleen and draining dampness, such as in the formula Wán Dài Tāng (Discharge-Ceasing Decoction). If the above cases present with yellow turbid leukorrhea, which is generally due to spleen qi de■ciency and damp heat pouring down, it is often combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), chūn pí (Cortex Ailanthi) and chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) to check the leukorrhea by invigorating the spleen, drying dampness and clearing heat, such as in the formula Yì Huáng Tāng (Yellow-Transforming Decoction). 4. For consumptive thirst with little heat signs, it can be used together with shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae), shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) and raw pig pancreas to quench thirst by replenishing qi and nourishing yin, such as in the formula Zī Cuì Yĭn (Pancreas-Nourishing Decoction). If the consumptive thirst is accompanied with frequent and profuse urination due to yin de■ciency with internal heat or both qi and yin deficiency, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) to increase the effects on nourishing qi, yin and body ■uid, and clearing heat as well, such as in the formula Yù Yè Tāng (Jade Fluid Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-30 g generally and 60-250 g if necessary in

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decoction, or 6-10 g each time in powder, or made into pills. For external use: an appropriate amount of the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically. For the purpose of strengthening the spleen, the stir-fried herb is applied generally, while for nourishing yin the unprepared herb is used. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with profuse dampness in the middle because it nourishes yin. ［Ingredients］  It contains diosgenin, saponins, mucoid substance, bilineurin, starch, allantoin, polyphenol oxidase, glucoprotein, DA, sterin, carubinose, various minerals, inositol hexaphosphoric acid and mannocarolose in the mucoid substance. ［Pharmacological Research］  It lowers blood sugar, improves intestinal movement, counteracts hypoxia, increases immunity, counteracts oxidation, slows down aging and improves wound healing.

Bái Biǎn Dòu 白扁豆 SEMEN LABLAB ALBUM White Hyacinth Bean ［Source］  Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (Míng Yī Bié Lù, 名医别录) in the Northern and Southern Dynasties (about 420-589 A.D.). It is the dried mature seed of Dolichos lablab L., an annual vine of the family Leguminosae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Bái “white”, biăn “flat” and dòu “bean”. The seed is white in color and the bean pods are ■at in shape. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Henan, Anhui and Zhejiang provinces of China. ［Collection］  The fruit is collected during the autumn and winter. After the fruit is dried, the seeds are removed and dried in the sun. Plump seeds with whitish color are of the best quality. ［Processing］  The seeds are cleaned for use, or stir-fried first. They are crushed before application. ［Properties］  Sweet; slightly warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, stomach. ［Characteristics］  Slightly sweet and slightly warm in property, it works in milder ways and seldom causes side effects. It mainly enters the spleen and stomach channels to invigorate the spleen and transform dampness. It is applicable for nausea, vomiting and diarrhea caused by dampness. It is also useful for food or medication poisoning. ［Actions］  Invigorates the spleen, transforms dampness, calms the stomach, and clears summerheat and toxic substances. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For poor appetite, loose stools, vomiting and diarrhea due to spleen qi de■ciency with dampness accumulation, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and fú líng (Poria) to invigorate the spleen qi, transform dampness and calm the stomach, such as in the formula Shēn Líng Bái Zhú Săn (Ginseng, Poria and White Atractylodes Powder).   For leukorrhea accompanied by chronic lassitude, it is often combined with cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis), qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales) and hăi piāo xiāo (■ndoconcha Sepiae) to check the

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leukorrhea by invigorating the spleen and transforming dampness. 2. For nausea, vomiting or diarrhea due to summerheat complicated with dampness, it can be used alone or in combination with xiāng rú (Herba Moslae) and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis) to strengthen the effects, such as in the formula Xiāng Rú Săn (Mosla Powder). 3. For arsenic poisoning, the fresh herb is made into juice and taken orally. For alcohol poisoning, it is applied together with gé huā (Flos Puerariae Lobatae), bái dòu kòu (Fructus Amomi Kravanh) and shā rén (Fructus Amomi). For puffer ■sh poisoning, it is applied together with lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 6-20 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For the purpose of invigorating the spleen and transforming dampness, the stir-fried herb is applied, while for clearing summerheat or toxins, the raw herb is used. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  The raw herb should be used with caution since it contains toxic proteins, which are reduced when boiled. ［Ingredients］  It contains proteins, fats, pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitors, amylase inhibitors, hemagglutinin, stigmasterol, phospholipids, amylum, saccharose, fructose, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of detoxification, anti-bacteria, anti-virus and increasing the number of white blood cells.

Attachment: Biǎn Dòu Huā 扁豆花 Flos Lablab Album ［Source］  It is the dried ■ower of bái biăn dòu. ［Properties］  Slightly sweet; neutral. ［Actions］  Clears summerheat and transforms dampness. ［Clinical Applications］  It is applicable for summer diarrhea and leukorrhea. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction.

Gān Cǎo 甘草 RADIX ET RHIZOMA GLYCYRRHIZAE Licorice Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root and rhizome of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Glycyrrhiza in■ata Bat. or Glycyrrhiza glabra L., perennial herbs of the family Leguminosae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Gān “sweet” and căo “herb”. It is especially sweet and is herbal in origin. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Gansu and Xinjiang of China. ［Collection］  It is collected in the early spring or late autumn. After the ■brous roots are removed, it is dried in the sun. Solid and starchy roots with less wrinkled and reddish colored outer skin and with yellowish-white cross-sections are of good

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quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned and moistened completely, cut into thick pieces and dried for use, or stir-fried with honey for use. ［Properties］  Sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, lung, spleen, stomach. ［Characteristics］  Sweet and neutral in property, it mainly enters the spleen and lung channels, but also the stomach and heart channels. It tonifies qi, alleviates pain and moderates the harsh properties of other herbs. It can also dispel phlegm, arrest cough and reduce toxins. The honey-fried herb is slightly warm with a better effect of tonifying qi and alleviating pain, while the unprepared herb is slightly cool with the effect of clearing heat and toxins. ［Actions］  Toni■es qi, clears heat and toxins, transforms phlegm, arrests coughing, alleviates pain and moderates the harsh properties of other herbs. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For spleen and stomach qi de■ciency manifested as lassitude, poor appetite and loose stools, it is generally combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and fú líng (Poria) to enhance the effects, such as in Sì Jūn Zĭ Tāng (Four Gentlemen Decoction). 2. For heart palpitations with intermittent pulse due to heart qi de■ciency, the honey-fried herb is used together with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) and guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) to nourish yin and blood, and replenish qi to recover the pulse, such as in the formula Zhì Gān Căo Tāng (Honey-Fried Licorice Decoction). 3. For any type of cough and wheezing, acute or chronic, interior or exterior origin, it not only transforms phlegm, but also moistens the lung to directly relieve the cough.   For cough and wheezing triggered by exterior wind cold, it is generally combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) and xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) to warm the exterior and disperse the lung qi, such as in the formula Sān Ào Tāng (Rough and Ready Three Decoction).   For cough and wheezing due to heat trapped in the lung, it is often combined with shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) and xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) to disperse and purge the lung heat, such as in the formula Má Xìng Shí Gān Tāng (■phedra, Apricot Kernel, Gypsum and Licorice Decoction).   For cough and asthma due to cold phlegm ■uid accumulated in the lung, it is often combined with gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) to relieve the cough and wheezing by warming the lung and resolving the phlegm, such as in the formula Líng Gān Wǔ Wèi Jiāng Xīn Tāng (Poria, Licorice, Schisandra, Ginger and Asarum Decoction).   For cough with damp phlegm, it is often combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and fú líng (Poria) to dry and drain dampness, such as in the formula Èr Chén Tāng (Two Matured Substances Decoction). 4. For acute abdominal pain due to an overactive liver invading the spleen, or limb spasms due to yin and blood de■ciency, it is often combined with bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) to relieve pain by nourishing the liver yin and harmonizing the body, such as in the formula Sháo Yào Gān Căo Tāng (Peony and Licorice Decoction).   For chronic abdominal pain due to poor supply of qi and blood and deficiency cold of the spleen and stomach, it is commonly combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and yí táng (Saccharum Granorum) to relieve pain by warming the middle, tonifying qi and harmonizing the body, such as in the formula Xiăo Jiàn Zhōng Tāng (Minor Center-Fortifying Decoction).

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5. For sores, abscesses and sore throat due to toxic heat, it can be applied alone internally or externally to clear heat and toxins, or used in combination with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) to obtain better effects, such as in the formula Xiān Fāng Huó Mìng Yĭn (Immortal Formula Life-Giving Decoction).   For serious sore throat, it can be applied alone or in combination with jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), such as in the formulas Gān Căo Tāng (Licorice Decoction) or Jié Gěng Tāng (Platycodon Decoction).   For suppurative tonsillitis, it is combined with jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) and niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) to strengthen the effects on purging heat and toxins, such as in the formula Gān Jié Tāng (Licorice and Platycodon Decoction). 6. For food or medicinal poisoning, Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Tú Jīng, 本草图经) stated that “gān căo can counteract all kinds of poisoning”. For this purpose, it is used alone, or used in combination with lǜ dòu (Semen Phaseoli Radiati), hēi dòu (Semen Sojae Nigrum) and jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) to improve the effects. 7. For the purpose of moderating the harshness and toxicity of some herbs.   In the formula Tiáo Wèi Chéng Qì Tāng (Stomach-Regulating and Purgative Decoction), it is applied to moderate the purgative property of máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to avoid the potential side effect of abdominal pain.   In the formula Sì Nì Tāng (Frigid ■xtremities Decoction), it is applied to reduce the toxicity of fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) and moderate the drying property of gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata).   In the formula Bàn Xià Xiè Xīn Tāng (Pinellia Heart-Draining Decoction), it is applied together with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to harmonize the cold and warm nature of each herb. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g generally and 15-30 g if necessary in decoction, or made into pills, powder or paste. For external use: an appropriate amount of its powder is applied topically with other adjuvant, or it is boiled into cream and applied topically. The unprepared herb is particularly applied for clearing heat and toxins, and the honey-fried herb for other purposes. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with dampness accumulation in the middle, because it is sweet and may increase dampness. It is antagonistic to dà jǐ (Radix ■uphorbiae Pekinensis), gān suì (Radix Kansui), yuán huā (Flos Genkwa) and hăi zăo (Sargassum). Over-use of it may cause water retention. ［Ingredients］  It contains total triterpenes such as glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetinic acid, various ■avones such as liquiritigenin, coumarin compounds, alkaloids, glycyrrhizia polysaccharide, pectin, liconeolignan, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows similar effects as adrenal cortex hormones and sexual hormones. It also inhibits in■ammation and allergic reaction, regulates immunity, inhibits oxidation, reduces cholesterol, protects ear vestibular function, counteracts peptic ulcers, protects the liver, improves pancreatic juice secretion, relieves spasms, pain, fever and cough, tranquilizes the mind, expels phlegm, counteracts arrhythmia, inhibits platelet aggregation, virus and bacteria, kills worms, and counteracts intoxication, tumors and diuresis.

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Dà Zǎo 大枣 FRUCTUS JUJUBAE Chinese Date ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry and ripe fruit of Ziziphus jujuba Mill., a deciduous tree of the family Rhamnaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Dà “big” and zăo “thorns growing one above another”. It is a deciduous tree that has thorns on its branches one above another. Its fruit is big and red. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong and Shaanxi provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected in autumn when the fruit is ripe and then dried in the sun. The best specimens are red, sweet and plump with thick ■esh and small kernels. ［Processing］  They are cleaned with water and then dried in the sun for use. They are split with the kernels removed before application. ［Properties］  Sweet; slightly warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, stomach, heart. ［Characteristics］  Sweet and slightly warm in property, it is used both as a medicinal and an edible substance. It enters the spleen and stomach channels to tonify qi and blood, and tranquilizes the mind as well. Used together with herbs that are harsh in property, it is able to moderate the harshness and protect the stomach from damage. ［Actions］  Toni■es qi and blood, and tranquilizes the mind. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For spleen and stomach deficiency with manifestations such as lassitude, loss of appetite and loose stools, it can be used alone or in combination with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and fú líng (Poria) to improve the effects on toni■cation. 2. For sallow complexion and hysteria in women due to blood de■ciency, it relieves the problems by tonifying qi and blood, and tranquilizing the mind as well.   For sallow complexion in the pattern of blood deficiency, it is often combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to obtain better effects on tonifying blood.   For female hysteria in the pattern of blood de■ciency, it is commonly combined with gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and xiăo mài (Fructus Tritici) to improve the effects, such as in the formula Gān Mài Dà Zăo Tāng (Licorice, Wheat and Jujube Decoction). 3. Used with gān suì (Radix Kansui), dà jĭ and yuán huā (Flos Genkwa), such as in the formula Shí Zăo Tāng (Ten Jujubes Decoction), it acts to moderate the harshness of the other herbs, protect the stomach and nourish qi to avoid damage from drastic purging. It is also commonly used in combination with shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) to improve the effect of relieving exterior syndrome.

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［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-12 g generally and 10-30 g if necessary in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For pill form, the outer skin and kernel should be removed. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with dampness, food retention, parasite infection, gingivitis or cough with heat phlegm, because it is sweet and warm and may assist dampness and heat. ［Ingredients］  It contains triterpenic acid, saponins, alkaloids, sterin, ■avonoids, amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, cAMP, resin and various microelements. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of central nervous system inhibition, improving immunity, protecting the liver, increasing muscular force, lowering blood pressure, anti-allergy, antimutation and anti-tumor.

YíTáng 饴糖 SACCHARUM GRANORUM Malt Sugar ［Source］  Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Northern and Southern Dynasties (about 420-589 A.D.). It is the fermented sugar of grains such as rice, wheat, millet or corn. ［■xplanation of Name］  Yí “clear and soft sugar” and táng “sticky and hard sugar”. ［Habitat］  Widely produced in China. Both the soft and the hard sugar are medicinal, but the soft one is better. ［Collection ＆ Processing］  Glutinous or regular rice is ground into powder and cooked well. Maltose is added to it, and it is stirred well and cooked for a short time at low temperature. Sugar that has light yellowish color and that is sticky and purely sweet is of the best quality. ［Properties］  Sweet; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, stomach, lung. ［Characteristics］  It is warm but not drying in property, sweet and purely tonifying. It enters the spleen, stomach and lung channels to nourish qi and relieve pain. It is generally applied for qi de■ciency and chronic abdominal pain in the pattern of de■ciency cold, and also moistens the lung to relieve cough. ［Actions］  Toni■es qi, alleviates spastic pain and moistens the lung to relieve cough. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For general qi de■ciency manifested by lassitude and loss of appetite, it is combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), zhì gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle) and dà zăo (Fructus Jujubae) to strengthen the effects. 2. For chronic abdominal pain in the pattern of de■ciency cold, it is often applied together with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and zhì gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle) to warm and nourish the middle, such as in the formula Xiăo Jiàn Zhōng Tāng (Minor Center-Fortifying Decoction). If the above case presents with severe abdominal pain due to excessive cold based on de■ciency, it is combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and chuān jiāo (Pericarpium Zanthoxyli) to

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relieve the pain by warming the middle, such as in the formula Dà Jiàn Zhōng Tāng (Major CenterFortifying Decoction). 3. For chronic cough with little phlegm in the pattern of lung de■ciency, it can be applied alone or in combination with xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), băi bù (Radix Stemonae) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to enhance the effect on moistening the lung. For dry cough, it is steamed together with radish soup, and taken slowly when warm. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 30-60 g in decoction, or made into paste or pills. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with dampness, since it is moistening and may assist the dampness. ［Ingredients］  It contains maltose, glucose, Alsace gum and a small amount of proteins, fats and vitamin B.

Section 2  Herbs that Tonify Yang LùRóng 鹿茸 CORNU CERVI PANTOTRICHUM Deer Velvet ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the non-ossi■ed tender horn of Cervus nippon Temminck or Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, two kinds of deer of the family Cervidae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Lù “deer” and róng “f ine and soft newly-sprouted grass”. The young horns of the deer before ossification have fine hairs on their surface like newly-sprouted grass. ［Habitat］  Cervus nippon Temminck is mainly produced in Jilin, Liaoning and Hebei provinces of China, while Cervus elaphus Linnaeus is mainly produced in Jilin, Heilongjiang and Xinjiang of China. ［Collection］  It is collected during summer and autumn. After simple processing, it is dried in the shade or in an oven. For Cervus nippon Temminck, big horns with the main trunk round and tender, the hair soft, and the skin reddish-brown and glossy are of the best quality. For Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, big and non-ossi■ed horns with dark brown hair, without ridges at the bottom of the trunk, and with honeycomb-shaped light yellow cross-sections are of good quality. ［Processing］  After the hair is burned and shaved off completely, the horns are moistened with warm wine or ■lled with wine and then steamed slightly, cut into thin slices which are pressed ■at, and dried for use. They also can be cut into small pieces or ground into powder and dried after the skin is removed. ［Properties］  Sweet, salty; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Kidney, liver. ［Characteristics］  Sweet, salty and warm in property, it mainly enters the liver and kidney channels to powerfully tonify the primordial yang, kidney essence and blood. It also strengthens the

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muscles and bones, regulates the penetrating and conception vessels, warmly nourishes the body and effectively improves the healing of chronic infections. ［Actions］  Reinforces kidney yang, nourishes essence and blood, strengthens muscles and bones, regulates the penetrating and conception vessels, and improves the healing of chronic infections. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For kidney yang de■ciency marked by impotence, seminal emission, infertility in the pattern of de■ciency cold, enuresis, frequent urination, cold pain in the waist and knees, cold limbs and mental fatigue, the powder can be used alone, or the slices medicated in wine together with shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) for oral administration. It also can be used in combination with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) and ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi), and made into pills to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Shēn Róng Wèi Shēng Wán (Ginseng and Pilose Antler Life-Defending Pill). 2. For essence and blood deficiency with manifestations such as infantile maldevelopment, and weak muscles and tendons, it can be used alone in powder, or in combination with shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and wŭ jiā pí (Cortex Acanthopanacis) to strengthen the effects, such as in the formula Jiā Wèi Dì Huáng Wán (Supplemented Rehmannia Pill).   For general fatigue due to de■ciency, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) and shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) to tonify the body, such as in the formula Shēn Róng Gù Běn Wán (Ginseng and Pilose Antler Root-Consolidating Pill). 3. For uterine bleeding due to liver and kidney essence de■ciency complicated with cold, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) and pú huáng (Pollen Typhae) to arrest bleeding, such as in the formula Lù Róng Sǎn (Pilose Antler Powder).   For leukorrhea in the pattern of de■ciency cold, it is combined with gŏu jĭ (Rhizoma Cibotii) and bái liăn (Radix Ampelopsis) to warm the kidney yang and check discharge, such as in the formula Bái Liăn Wán (Japanese Ampelopsis Pill). 4. For chronic infections with clear pus, it is combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) to improve the effects in warmly nourishing essence and blood. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 1-2 g in powder or pills, or medicated in wine. A small dose invigorates the mind and a large amount of it improves sexuality. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is prohibited for patients with yang hyperactivity, yin de■ciency, excessive heat, exuberance of phlegm ■re, heat bleeding and febrile diseases, since it is quite warm in nature. A small dose of it is applied generally, and a gradually increased dose can also be used if necessary. ［Ingredients］  It contains estrogen, androgen, lecithin, cephalin, nerve phosphatide, polypeptide, amylose, polyamines, prostaglandin, various amino acids and trace elements. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of toni■cation, improving reproductive function, improving hematopoiesis, synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids, and immunity, anti-oxidation, anti-aging, sedation, improving the recovery of central nervous system damage and regeneration of peripheral nerves, improving memory, improving glycolysis, strengthening the heart, anti-ulcer, antiwound, anti-in■ammation and anti-tumor.

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Attachment: LùJiǎo 鹿角 Cornu Cervi ［Source］  It is the ossi■ed horn of the male sika deer or red deer. ［Properties］  Salty; warm. ［Actions］  Reinforces kidney yang. It works as a substitute of lù róng (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum), but is milder in effects. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction or powder. For external use: an appropriate amount of it is ground into powder and applied topically with water. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is prohibited for patients with yin de■ciency and exuberant ■re. ［Ingredients］  Modern research has shown that it contains colloids, Ca3(PO4)2, CaCO3, nitrides, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It has been shown to inhibit monoamine oxidase activity, increase heart stroke volume and alleviate renal anemia.

LùJiǎo Jiāo 鹿角胶 Colla Cornus Cervi ［Source］  It is the solid glue of lù jiăo. ［Properties］  Sweet, salty; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, kidney. ［Actions］  Nourishes the liver blood and kidney essence, and arrests bleeding. ［Clinical Applications］  It is generally applied for the patterns of kidney yang de■ciency, blood and essence def iciency, general weakness and vulnerability, and hematemesis, epistaxis, abnormal vaginal bleeding, hematuria in the pattern of de■ciency cold and chronic abscesses. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-10 g dissolved in boiling water or warm rice wine, or made into pills or powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is prohibited for patients with yin de■ciency and exuberant ■re. ［Ingredients ＆ Pharmacological Research］  Modern research has shown that the ingredients it contains are quite similar to those of lù jiăo, but that it has stronger effects of tonifying blood, anti-fatigue and promoting male hormones.

LùJiǎo Shuāng 鹿角霜 Cornu Cervi Degelatinatum ［Source］  It is the degelatinated deer antler powder. ［Actions］  Applied internally, it shows mild effects of kidney yang tonification. Applied externally, it stops bleeding and improves the healing of sores. ［Clinical Applications］  It is applicable for the pattern of de■ciency cold with symptoms of aversion to cold, poor appetite, vomiting in serious cases, loose stools, chronic vaginal bleeding and leukorrhea. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction. For external use: an appropriate amount. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is prohibited for patients with yin de■ciency and exuberant ■re. ［Ingredients］  The ingredients it contains are similar to those of lù jiăo.

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Ròu Cōng Róng 肉苁蓉 HERBA CISTANCHES Desert Cistanche ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried fleshy stem with scaly leaves of Cistanche deserticola Y. C. Ma, a perennial ■eshy parasitic herb of the family Orobanchaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Ròu “flesh” and cōng róng “deliberately”. Its stem is fleshy and densely covered by golden scaly leaves arranged in a spiral. It is able to deliberately survive in the desert environment. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang and Qinghai of China; that which is produced in Alxa of Inner Mongolia is of the best quality. ［Collection］  It is collected in the early spring when the plant is sprouting, and dried. Big and soft stems, dark brownish in color and covered densely by scaly leaves, are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is simply cleaned and washed, moistened completely, cut into thick slices and dried for use, or prepared with wine ■rst. ［Properties］  Sweet, salty; warm. ［■ntered channels］  Kidney, large intestine. ［Characteristics］  Sweet, salty, and warm but not drying in property, it enters the kidney and large intestine channels to tonify the kidney yang and essence, and to lubricate the bowels to act as a laxative. It is basically applied for the patterns of kidney essence de■ciency and general kidney yang de■ciency, and constipation particularly due to kidney yang de■ciency. ［Actions］  Toni■es the kidney yang, nourishes essence and blood, and lubricates the bowels. ［Clinical applications］  1. For impotence due to kidney essence and yang deficiency, it is combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to improve sexual function by tonifying kidney yang and essence, such as in the formula Ròu Cōng Róng Wán (Cistanches Pill).   For infertility due to kidney essence and yang de■ciency, it is combined with lù jiăo jiāo (Colla Cornus Cervi), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and zĭ hé chē (Placenta Hominis) to tonify the kidney yang and essence.   For weakness and aching pain in the waist and knees, it is often combined with bā jĭ tiān (Radix Morindae Of■cinalis), bì xiè (Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae) and dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) to strengthen the muscles and bones by tonifying kidney essence, such as in the formula Jīn Gāng Wán (Ancient ■uphorbia Pill). 2. For dry stool constipation due to intestinal ■uid insuf■ciency and poor yang supply, it relieves the constipation by warmly moistening the large intestine. It can be used alone or in combination with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii) to improve the effects, such

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as in the formula Jì Chuān Jiān (Fluid-Replenishing Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g generally and 60 g if necessary in decoction, or made into pills or powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with exuberant ■re based on yin de■ciency, loose stools or heat constipation, because it is warm and moistening and may assist yang and induce diarrhea. ［Ingredients］  It contains various amino acids, polysaccharides, glycosides, testosterone, estradiol analogue, β-sitosterol, mannitol, a small amount of alkaloids, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows the effects of improving immunity, regulating endocrine secretion, improving salivation, RNA metabolism, and body growth and development, anti-aging, anti-atherosclerosis, purgation, lowering blood pressure and anti-mutation.

Suǒ Yáng 锁阳 HERBA CYNOMORII Songaria Cynomorium Herb ［Source］  Initially appeared in Supplement to the ‘Extension of the Materia Medica’ (Bĕn Căo Yăn Yì Bŭ Yí, 本草衍义补遗) in the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368 A.D.). It is the dried ■eshy stem of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr., a perennial fleshy parasitic herb of the family Cynomoriaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Suŏ “closed” and yáng “erect penis”. The fleshy stem looks like an erect penis before seminal emission. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Gansu and Ningxia of China. ［Collection］  It is collected in spring. After the flower clusters are removed, it is cut into segments and dried. Big solid stems with oily cross-sections are of good quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned and moistened completely, cut into thin slices and dried for use. ［Properties］  Sweet; warm. ［■ntered channels］  Liver, kidney, large intestine. ［Characteristics］  Sweet, warm and moistening in property, it enters the liver, kidney and large intestine channels to tonify the liver blood, kidney essence and yang, and lubricate the bowels. As such it acts very much like ròu cōng róng (Herba Cistanches). ［Actions］  Toni■es the kidney essence and yang, and the liver blood, and lubricates the bowels. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For impotence, nocturnal emission and male infertility in the pattern of kidney yang deficiency, it is commonly combined with ròu cōng róng (Herba Cistanches) for mutual reinforcement, or combined with bā jĭ tiān (Radix Morindae Of■cinalis), bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae), and tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) to enhance its effects.   For weakness and chronic aching pain in the waist and knees, which is normally due to kidney essence and blood deficiency, it is commonly combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis) to enhance its effects, such as in the formula

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Hŭ Qián Wán (Hidden Tiger Pill). 2. For dry stool constipation due to intestinal fluid insufficiency and poor yang supply, it is cooked together with honey to make it into paste and taken with wine, such as in the formula Suǒ Yáng Gāo (Cynomorii Paste). It also can be applied together with ròu cōng róng (Herba Cistanches), huŏ má rén (Semen Cannabis) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to improve the effects in nourishing and moistening. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with exuberant ■re based on yin de■ciency, loose stools or heat constipation, because it is warm and moistening and may assist yang and induce diarrhea. ［Ingredients］  It contains tannins, cynoterpene, acetyl ursolic acid, ursolic acid, fatty oils, fatty acids, sterols, reducing sugar, volatile oils, various amino acids, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows the effects of improving sexual maturity of animals, improving immunity, anti-anoxia, anti-stress, clearing away free radicals, anti-platelet aggregation, lubricating the bowels to act as a laxative, anti-gastric ulcer, anti-tumor, lowering blood pressure and improving salivation.

Bā JǐTiān 巴戟天 RADIX MORINDAE OFFICINALIS Morinda Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root of Morinda of■cinalis How, a shrub of the family Rubiaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Bā is the short form of bā shŭ (巴蜀), which is an alternative name of Sichuan Province, jĭ “a lance with two points” and tiān “sky”. It is native to Sichuan, and is able to treat impotence effectively by stiffening the penis, just like a lance pointing to the sky. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian of China; that which is produced in Xijiang, Guangdong Province is of the best quality. ［Collection］  It can be collected the whole year round. After it is cleaned and the ■brous roots are removed from it, it is dried almost completely in the sun, pounded slightly and then dried thoroughly. Strong and ■eshy roots with purple color are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is steamed or boiled with water or salt water. The woody core is removed while still hot, and the root is cut into segments and dried. It can also be stir-fried with salt or licorice root water. ［Properties］  Sweet, acrid; slightly warm. ［■ntered channels］  Kidney, liver. ［Characteristics］  It is sweet and moistening so that it is able to nourish the body essence and blood, and strengthen the muscles and bones. It is acrid and warm so that it is able to disperse

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wind dampness from the exterior. Thus it is applicable for the pattern of kidney yang deficiency accompanied by exterior wind dampness attack. ［Actions］  Toni■es kidney yang, strengthens the muscles and bones, and dispels wind damp. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For impotence, male infertility and spermatorrhea due to kidney yang deficiency, it is often combined with yín yáng huò (Herba ■pimedii), xiān máo (Rhizoma Curculiginis) and gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Zàn Yù Wán (Assisting Fertility Pill).   For female infertility, menstrual irregularity and abdominal cold pain in the sides of the lower abdomen due to kidney yang de■ciency, it is commonly combined with gāo liáng jiāng (Rhizoma Alpiniae Of■cinarum), ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae) to invigorate kidney yang and warm the interior, such as in the formula Bā Jĭ Wán (Morinda Pill). 2. For osteoporosis and difficult movement in the pattern of kidney deficiency, it is often combined with dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) and bì xiè (Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae) to improve its effect, such as in the formula Jīn Gāng Wán (Ancient ■uphorbia Pill).   For chronic arthralgia due to kidney and liver deficiency, it is often combined with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) to dispel wind and damp, and warmly unblock the channels to relieve pain, such as in the formula Bā Jĭ Săn (Morinda Pill). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder, or wine-medicated. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency and exuberant ■re or damp heat, because it is acrid and slightly warm and may assist ■re. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains carbohydrates (mainly oligosaccharides) and anthraquinones (mainly rubiadin). It also contains iridoid glycosides, sitosterol, organic acids and various inorganic elements. ［Pharmacological Research］  The decoction shows effects of increasing weight and anti-fatigue. Its alcohol extract can stimulate the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex system, counteract free radicals, increase the number of leukocytes and strengthen the body. It also shows effects similar to androgenic hormone, anti-in■ammation and anti-depression.

Yín Yáng Huò 淫羊藿 HERBA EPIMEDII Epimedium Herb ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried above-ground part of Epimedium brevicornum Maxim., Epimedium sagittatum (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim., Epimedium pubescens Maxim., Epimedium wushanense T. S. Ying or Epimedium koreanum Nakai, perennial herbs of the family Berberidaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Yín “libidinous”, yáng “goat” and huò “bean leaf”. The leaf of the herb looks like that of a bean and is able to invigorate the sexuality of a human being. By legend, when a goat eats the leaf it wants to have sexual intercourse one hundred times a day. It is also known as xiān líng pí (仙灵脾). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Shaanxi, Liaoning, Shanxi and Sichuan provinces of China.

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［Collection］  It is collected during the summer and autumn when the plant is flourishing. After big stalks and impurities are removed, it is dried in the sun or in the shade. Greenish-yellow plants with ■ourishing leaves and roots are the best in quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned and the leaves are removed, sprayed with water to slightly moisten them, cut into narrow slices and dried for use. They can also be stir-fried with sheep fat. ［Properties］  Acrid, sweet; warm. ［■ntered channels］  Liver, kidney. ［Characteristics］  Acrid, sweet, warm and drying in property, it enters the liver and kidney channels to powerfully invigorate sexuality and strengthen the muscles and bones. It is also often used for arthralgia. ［Actions］  Invigorates the kidney yang, strengthens the muscles and bones, and dispels wind damp. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For impotence, male infertility and frequent urination due to kidney yang de■ciency, it alone can be wine-medicated and taken orally, such as the formula Yín Yáng Huò Jiŭ (■pimedium Wine). It can also be used in combination with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) and bā jĭ tiān (Radix Morindae Officinalis) to improve the effects, such as in the formula Zàn Yù Wán (Fertility-Assisting Pill).   For female infertility due to kidney yang de■ciency, it is often combined with lù róng (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and xiān máo (Rhizoma Curculiginis) to warm the kidney and the lower jiao, and nourish essence and blood as well, such as in the formula Xǔ Dà Shī Zhòng Zǐ Fāng (Master Xu Pregnancy-Improving Formula). 2. For muscular flaccidity and weakness in the lower part of the body, it alone can be winemedicated and taken orally, or used in combination with dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae), bā jĭ tiān (Radix Morindae Of■cinalis) and sāng jì shēng (Herba Taxilli) to improve its effects. 3. For arthralgia, or limb numbness or spasms due to exterior wind-dampness attack, it alone can be wine-medicated and taken orally, such as the formula Xiān Líng Pí Jiŭ (■pimedium Wine), or used in combination with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) to improve the effects, such as in the formula Xiān Líng Pí Săn (■pimedium Powder). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction or made into paste, pills or powder, or wine-medicated. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It iss not suitable for patients with yin deficiency and exuberant ■re, or arthralgia in the pattern of damp heat, since it is acrid and warm and may damage yin and assist ■re. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains ■avonoid glycosides such as icariin. It also contains sterols, polysaccharides, alkaloids, volatile oils, vitamin ■, tannins, fatty acids, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It improves genital gland functions, immunity and nucleic acid synthesis. It has effects of anti-osteoporosis, improving osteosis, anti-aging, anti-hypoxia, strengthening the heart, anti-arrhythmia, anti-myocardial ischemia, decreasing blood pressure, anticoagulation, brain protection, sedation, decreasing cholesterol, reducing blood sugar, eliminating sputum, relieving cough and asthma, anti-in■ammation, anti-bacteria, etc.

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Xiān Máo 仙茅 RHIZOMA CURCULIGINIS Common Curculigo Rhizome ［Source］  Initially appeared in Materia Medica from the [Southern] Seaboard Area (Hăi Yào Bĕn Căo, 海药本草) in the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.). It is the dried rhizome of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn., a perennial herb of the family Amaryllidaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Xiān “supernatural being” and máo “thatch”. Its leaf looks like thatch, and people who take it for a long time supposedly become supernatural beings. By legend, it was offered as a tribute by Buddhist priests from ancient India to Li Long-ji, one of the emperors in the Tang Dynasty, who took it and found its effects to be similar to those of ginseng. Therefore, it is also called pó luó mén (“old India”) shēn (“ginseng”) (婆罗门参). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected during autumn and winter. After the root apex and fibrous roots are removed, it is cleaned and dried. Big, dry and solid rhizomes with black surfaces are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned simply with water, cut into segments and dried for use. ［Properties］  Bitter; warm; toxic. ［■ntered Channels］  Kidney, liver, spleen. ［Characteristics］  Acrid, warm and drying in property, it enters the kidney, liver and spleen channels to powerfully invigorate the kidney yang. It is mainly applied for impotence and spermatorrhoea in the pattern of kidney de■ciency. It is also applicable for chronic cold arthralgia and chronic diarrhea in the pattern of kidney yang de■ciency. ［Actions］  Invigorates kidney yang, strengthens the muscles and bones, and dispels cold dampness. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For impotence, spermatorrhoea and infertility due to kidney yang deficiency, it is often combined with yín yáng huò (Herba ■pimedii) and wŭ jiā pí (Cortex Acanthopanacis) to increase its effects, such as the formula Xiān Máo Jiŭ (Curculigo Wine).   For enuresis or frequent urination due to kidney yang de■ciency, it alone is wine-medicated and taken orally, or is used in combination with fù pén zĭ (Fructus Rubi), sāng piāo xiāo (Oötheca Mantidis) and jīn yīng zĭ (Fructus Rosae Laevigatae) to strengthen the effects in astringing and consolidation. 2. For limb ■accidity and cold aching pain in the lower part of the body, it is often combined with yín yáng huò (Herba ■pimedii), dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) and bā jĭ tiān (Radix Morindae Of■cinalis) to tonify kidney yang and strengthen the muscles and bones.   For chronic cold arthralgia, it is often combined with wēi líng xiān (Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis), dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis) and chuān wū (Radix Aconiti) to relieve pain and spasms by warmly unblocking the channels and dispelling wind and dampness.   3. For abdominal cold pain, loss of appetite and chronic diarrhea in the pattern of kidney yang de■ciency, it is often combined with bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae), gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis)

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and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to strengthen the effects in warming the spleen and kidney. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-9 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder, or wine-medicated. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is prohibited for patients with yin de■ciency, exuberant ■re and pregnant women, because it is warm, drying and toxic and may damage the body yin and induce side effects. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains curculigoside, curculigosaponin, curculigine, curculigenin, curculigol, yuccagenin, lycorine, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and various long chain aliphatic compounds. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows androgen-like effects. It also shows the effects of improving immunity, anti-aging, anti-hypoxia, resisting high temperature, sedation, anti-convulsion, dilating the coronary artery, strengthening the heart, lowering blood pressure, anti-thrombosis, antitumor, analgesia, relieving fever, anti-in■ammation and anti-bacteria. Lycorine it contains interferes with the glycometabolism of cancer cells. Its decoction increases the activity of Na+, K+-ATP enzyme.

HúLúBā 胡芦巴 SEMEN TRIGONELLAE Common Fenugreek Seed ［Source］  Initially appeared in Materia Medica of the Jiayou Era (Jiā Yòu Bĕn Căo, 嘉祐本草) in the Song Dynasty (960-1279 A.D.). It is the dry ripe seed of Trigonella foenum-graecum L., an annual herb of the family Leguminosae. ［■xplanation of Name］  It was originally produced in western Asia with the Persian or Arabic name “Hulbah”. Hú lú bā is the Chinese transliteration of “Hulbah”. ［Habitat］  Now mainly produced in Anhui, Sichuan and Henan provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected in summer. Big, clean and plump seeds are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is simply cleaned, washed completely and dried for use. It also can be salt-water processed for use. It is pounded into pieces before use. ［Properties］  Bitter; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Kidney. ［Characteristics］  Bitter and warm in property, it enters the kidney channel to warmly invigorate the kidney yang, warm the the lower abdomen and expel cold dampness to relieve pain. ［Actions］  Invigorates the kidney yang and warms the interior to relieve pain. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For menstrual cold pain, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), wū yào (Radix Linderae), and vinegar-fried ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi) to warmly relieve pain.   For testicular cold pain or abdominal colic cold pain, it is often combined with xiăo huí xiāng (Fructus Foeniculi), wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae) and chuān liàn zĭ (Fructus Toosendan) to warmly relieve pain and warm the kidney yang, such as in the formula Hú Lú Bā Wán (Trigonellae Pill)

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recorded in Bene■cial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (Tài Píng Huì Mín Hé Jì Jú Fāng, 太平惠民和剂局方).   For foot edema and ulcers in the pattern of cold dampness, and cold pain in the feet and knees, it is combined with bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae) and mù guā (Fructus Chaenomelis) to warmly relieve pain, warm the kidney yang and drain dampness, such as in the formula Hú Lú Bā Wán (Trigonellae Pill) in Secret Formulas of the Yang Family (Yáng Shì Jiā Cáng Fāng, 杨氏家藏方). 2. For impotence, spontaneous seminal emission and premature ejaculation, it can warm the kidney and assist yang.   For insufficient life gate fire and kidney yang deficiency, marked by impotence, male infertility, spontaneous seminal emission and premature ejaculation, it is often combined with yín yáng huò (Herba ■pimedii), jiŭ cài zĭ (Semen Allii Tuberosi) and chén xiāng (Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum) to tonify the kidney and boost yang, consolidate essence and arrest emission, such as in the formula Chén Xiāng Bǎo Shēng Wán (Aquilaria Fertility-Protecting Pill). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is prohibited for patients with heat, since it is warm and drying and may damage the body yin. ［Ingredients］  It contains trigonelline, carpaine, fenugreek peptide ester, ■avonoids, diosgenin, yucca schidigera extract, β-sitosterol, orientin, quercetin, nicotinic acid amide, lymphatic temperament, fatty oils, proteins, stachyose, volatile oils, amaroid, vitamin B1, etc. The volatile oils have an aroma which derives from the same aromatic compound used in the making of Swiss cheese. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of anti-fertility, anti-androgen, protecting the kidney, strengthening the heart, lowering blood sugar and blood pressure, diuresis, paralyzing the skeletal muscles and anti-tumor. It also relieves spasms of the gastrointestinal smooth muscles and relieves pain. β-sitosterol shows effects of relieving cough and expelling phlegm. Its seed oil induces lactation. Its mucoid substance may cause diarrhea. It has a slight effect of dispelling intestinal nematodiasis.

DùZhòng 杜仲 CORTEX EUCOMMIAE Eucommia Bark ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried bark of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., a deciduous tree of the family Eucommiaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Dù zhòng is the name of a person who took this bark continuously for a long time and then became immortal, so people gave this tree his name to honor him. When the bark is broken, the white jelly-like sap can be seen. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan and Hubei provinces of China; the bark produced in Sichuan and Guizhou provinces is the best in quality. ［Collection］  It is collected from April to June. After the outermost rough bark is removed, the remaining bark is piled up to cause the sap to come out. It is dried when the inner skin turns to purplish-brown. Big and thick bark pieces with the rough bark completely removed,

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the inner skin purplish-brown and the cross-sections full of jelly-like sap are of the best quality. ［Processing］  After the rough bark is removed, it is washed clean, cut into pieces and dried for use, or it is stir-fried with salt water for use. ［Properties］  Sweet; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, kidney. ［Characteristics］  Sweet, warm and tonifying in property, it enters the liver and kidney channels to nourish the liver and kidney, strengthen the muscles and bones, calm the fetus and lower blood pressure. It is commonly applied for weakness and aching pain in the lower part of the body and threatened abortion due to kidney de■ciency. ［Actions］  Nourishes the liver and kidney, strengthens muscles and bones, and calms the fetus. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For weakness and aching pain in the lower part of the body, it is winemedicated and applied alone, or it is applied in combination with bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae) and hú táo ròu (Semen Juglandis) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Qīng É Wán (Young Maid Pill).   If used in combination with dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis), sāng jì shēng (Herba Taxilli), rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to nourish the liver and kidney, qi and blood, and dispel exterior wind and dampness, it is applicable for windcold-damp lumbar pain, such as in the formula Dú Huó Jì Shēng Tāng (Pubescent Angelica and Mistletoe Decoction).   For traumatic waist pain, it is combined with chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), guì xīn (Cortex Cinnamomi) and dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) to relieve pain by activating blood, such as in the formula Dù Zhòng Sǎn (■ucommia Powder).   For impotence, spontaneous seminal emission and frequent urination, it is combined with lù róng (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum), shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) and tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) to tonify the kidney yang and consolidate essence, such as in the formula Shí Bǔ Wán (Ten Supplements Pill). 2. For vaginal bleeding during pregnancy and threatened abortion, it is combined with xù duàn (Radix Dipsaci) and shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni), such as in the formula Dù Zhòng Wán (■ucommia Pill). It can also be applied together with xù duàn (Radix Dipsaci), tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to nourish the kidney, arrest bleeding and calm the fetus. 3. In addition, it is able to lower blood pressure. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. The stir-fried product is more effective than the unprepared one. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency and exuberant ■re because of its warm nature. ［Ingredients］  It contains various lignans, glycosides, iridoids, phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, free amino acids, eucommia ulmoides gum and trace elements such as Ge and Se. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of anti-stress, anti-aging, vasodilation, lowering blood pressure and blood lipids, diuresis, sedation, analgesia, anti-tumor, anti-in■ammation and antibacteria.

XùDuàn 续断 RADIX DIPSACI Himalayan Teasel Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han

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Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root of Dipsacus asperoides C. Y. Cheng et T. M. Ai, a perennial herb of the family Dipsacaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Xù “connect” and duàn “broken”. It is particularly applied for traumatic injuries to connect the broken tissues. It is also known as chuān (“Sichuan Province”) duàn (川断). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou and Hunan provinces of China; that produced in Changyang, Hubei Province is of the best quality. ［Collection］  It is collected in autumn. After the root head and ■brous roots have been removed, it is baked until half dry, left in a pile until the interior turns greenish and then baked again until completely dry. Big soft roots with dark greenish crosssections are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is washed clean, moistened completely, cut into thin slices and dried for use, or salt-water processed ■rst for use. ［Properties］  Bitter, sweet, acrid; slightly warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, kidney. ［Characteristics］  Sweet, warm, bitter and acrid in property, it not only toni■es the liver and kidney, but also activates the blood circulation to improve the healing of traumatic injuries. ［Actions］  Toni■es the liver and kidney, strengthens the muscles and bones, arrests bleeding, calms the fetus and improves the healing of traumatic injuries. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For weakness and aching pain in the lower part of the body due to liver and kidney de■ciency, it is often combined with dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae), niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) and bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae), such as in the formula Xù Duàn Wán (Dipsaci Pill) recorded in Essential Formulas of Prolonging Life (Fú Shòu Jīng Fāng, 扶寿精方).   For chronic arthralgia, it is often combined with bì xiè (Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and chuān wū (Radix Aconiti) to enhance the effects in relieving pain and dispelling wind and dampness, such as in the formula Xù Duàn Wán (Dipsaci Pill) recorded in Bene■cial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (Tài Píng Huì Mín Hé Jì Jú Fāng, 太平 惠民和剂局方). 2. For traumatic injuries, it is often combined with gŭ suì bŭ (Rhizoma Drynariae), zì rán tóng (Pyritum) and tŭ biē chóng (■upolyphaga seu Steleophaga) to enhance its effects. 3. For threatened abortion due to liver and kidney deficiency, it is often combined with sāng jì shēng (Herba Taxilli), tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to stop bleeding and calm the fetus by tonifying the liver and kidney, such as in the formula Shòu Tāi Wán (FetusSustaining Pill).   For metrorrhagia and metrostaxis in the pattern of qi and blood deficiency, it is generally combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) and ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi) to check bleeding and strengthen qi, such as in the formula Xù Duàn Wán (Dipsaci Pill) recorded in Fine Formulas for Women (Fù Rén Liáng Fāng, 妇人良方). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: an appropriate amount of it is ground into powder and applied topically. The salt-processed herb is more effective for weakness and aching pain due to de■ciency, and the dry-fried herb is more effective for bleeding.

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［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with heat arthralgia since it is warm in nature. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains triterpenoid saponins which are composed of sperosaponin A, C, ■, F, etc. It also contains volatile oils, gentianine, β-sitosterol, daucosterol, sucrose, titanium, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It counteracts insufficiency of vitamin ■, improves the healing of bone injuries, inhibits osteoporosis, activates the uterus, induces lactation, inhibits in■ammation, improves immunity, counteracts oxidation, arrests bleeding, relieves pain, improves tissue regeneration, inhibits bacteria and kills parasites.

Gǒu Jǐ狗脊 RHIZOMA CIBOTII Chain Fern ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried rhizome of Cibotiumbarometz (L.) J. Sm., a perennial herb of the family Dicksoniaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Gŏu “dog” and jĭ “backbone”. Its rhizome is long with many regular protrusions and looks like the backbone of a dog. The surface of the rhizome is dark brown and covered by golden hairs, and thus it is also known as jīn gŏu jĭ “golden dog backbone” (金狗脊). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Fujian, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi and Zhejiang of China. ［Collection］  It is collected during the autumn and winter. Sediment is cleaned from it, and it is dried; or it is steamed ■rst, dried up to 70％ in the sun, cut into thick slices and then dried completely. Big solid rhizomes with golden hairs outside are of good quality. ［Processing］  It is moistened and cut into thick slices if necessary. ［Properties］  Bitter, sweet; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, kidney. ［Characteristics］  Bitter, sweet and warm in property, it enters the liver and kidney channels to dispel exterior wind, cold and dampness, and strengthen the liver and kidney as well. It is commonly used for chronic joint stiffness, weakness, aching pain and other problems due to liver and kidney de■ciency, such as enuresis, frequent urination and leukorrhea. ［Actions］  Dispels wind dampness, toni■es the liver and kidney, strengthens the muscles and knees, and consolidates essence. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For chronic joint stiffness and aching pain complicated with kidney de■ciency, it is often combined with dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis), sāng jì shēng (Herba Taxilli) and wŭ jiā pí (Cortex Acanthopanacis) to strengthen the effects.   For weakness and aching pain in the lower part of the body, it is often combined with herbs that strengthen the bones and tonify the kidney, such as tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae), dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) and xù duàn (Radix Dipsaci). 2. For frequent urination and enuresis in the pattern of kidney yang de■ciency, it is combined

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with shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae), yì zhì rén (Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae) and sāng piāo xiāo (Oötheca Mantidis) to tonify the kidney and consolidate essence.   For profuse vaginal discharge in the pattern of de■ciency and cold, it is combined with lù róng (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum) and bái liăn (Radix Ampelopsis) to check leukorrhea and warmly tonify the kidney. 3. According to modern clinical research, it is applicable for stopping bleeding during tooth extraction. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into pills, paste or powder, or wine-medicated. For external use: the powder is applied topically, or the decoction is used for steaming and rinsing topically, or the fresh juice or paste is applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with heat since it is warm and drying in property. ［Ingredients］  It contains terpenes, volatile oils, vanilla planifolia hexanone, vanilline, β-sitosterol, daucosterol, protocatechuic acid, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It increases myocardial blood supply if continuously administered. Its hair stops bleeding.

GǔSuìBǔ骨碎补 RHIZOMA DRYNARIAE Drynaria Rhizome ［Source］  Initially appeared in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing by Liu Song in the Northern and Southern Dynasties (420-589 A.D.). It is the dried rhizome of Drynariafortunei (Kunze) J. Sm., a perennial herb of the family Polypodiaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Gŭ “bone”, suì “fracture” and bŭ “to mend”. It is particularly effective in the healing of bone fractures. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in the middle, south and southwest parts of China, and also in Zhejiang, Fujian, Gansu, Yunnan and Taiwan. ［Collection］  It is collected the year round. After sediment is removed, it is dried and the hairy scales are burned off from it. Big thick rhizomes with brownish color are of good quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned, washed well with water, moistened completely, cut into thin slices and dried for use. ［Properties］  Bitter; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, kidney. ［Characteristics］  It is bitter, warm and tonifying, and enters the liver and kidney channels. It can move qi and dissipate stasis, tonify deficiency, invigorate blood and tonify the kidney. By invigorating blood, it can heal bone fractures and damage due to trauma. By tonifying the kidney, it can strengthen the tendons and bones, and treat waist pain, weakness of the feet and knees, tinnitus and deafness due to de■ciency.

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［Actions］  Invigorates blood, heals broken bones, toni■es the kidney and strengthens the bones. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For bone fractures, it alone is wine-medicated and taken orally, or is applied in combination with zì rán tóng (Pyritum), mò yào (Myrrha) and guī băn (Plastrum Testudinis) to increase its effects, such as in the formula Gŭ Suì Bŭ Săn (Drynaria Powder). ■xternally, the powder alone is applied topically for cases with wound bleeding, and the mixture of the powder and vinegar or wine is applied topically for injury without skin wounds. 2. For weakness and aching pain in the lower part of the body in the pattern of kidney de■ciency, it is commonly combined with sāng jì shēng (Herba Taxilli), niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) and stir-fried dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) to enhance the effects.   For tinnitus, loss of hearing and frequently occurring toothache due to kidney essence de■ciency, it is combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) and zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) to tonify the kidney essence and slightly clear ■re.   For chronic diarrhea due to kidney yang de■ciency, it can be used alone or in combination with ròu dòu kòu (Semen Myristicae), shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) and bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae) to invigorate the kidney yang and enhance the effects in arresting diarrhea. 3. In addition, the wine-medicated product is applied topically for alopecia areata. It is also applied to counteract the side effects of Streptomycin through a large dose of it used in decoction. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 9-20 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder, or wine-medicated. For external use: the fresh herb, the dry powder or the wine-medicated product is applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency and internal heat, since it is bitter, warm and drying in property and may assist ■re. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains iso■avones such as ■avanone and naringin. It also contains starch, sterone and sterol. ［Pharmacological Research］  Its decoction improves bone calcium absorption, and increases blood calcium and serum phosphate levels to improve bone calci■cation and formation. Its injection reduces hyperlipemia in rabbits and prevents atherosclerosis plaque formation. Its decoction also relieves acute adverse effects of Streptomycin. It also shows effects of anti-aging, anti-hypoxia, strengthening the heart, tranquilizing, analgesia and anti-bacteria.

BǔGǔZhī补骨脂 FRUCTUS PSORALEAE Psoralea Fruit ［Source］  Initially appeared in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing by Liu Song in the Northern and Southern Dynasties (420-589 A.D.). It is the dry ripe fruit of Psoralea corylifolia L., an annual herb of the family Leguminosae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Bŭ gŭ zhī is the transliteration of the Sanskrit word “Vakuzi”. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Sichuan, Henan, Shaanxi and Anhui provinces of China. ［Collection］  The fruits are collected in autumn when mature. They are dried and then rubbed together to yield the pulp. Big, plump, solid and clean fruits with black color outside are of the best quality. ［Processing］  The fruits are cleaned for use, or salt-water processed ■rst. ［Properties］  Acrid, bitter; warm.

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［■ntered Channels］  Kidney, spleen. ［Characteristics］  Bitter, acrid, warm and drying in property, it enters the kidney and spleen channels to invigorate the kidney yang, consolidate essence, relieve frequent urination and enuresis, improve qi reception of the kidney to calm wheezing and warm the spleen to check diarrhea. ［Actions］  Invigorates the kidney yang, consolidates essence, relieves frequent urination and enuresis, warms the spleen to arrest diarrhea, improves qi reception of the kidney to calm wheezing, disperses wind and reduces skin pigmentation. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For impotence due to kidney yang deficiency, it is often combined with tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae), chén xiāng (Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum) and hú táo ròu (Semen Juglandis) to invigorate the kidney yang, such as in the formula Bŭ Gŭ Zhī Wán (Psoralea Pill).   For spermatorrhea due to kidney yang de■ciency, it is dry-fried together with salt and taken in powder.   For frequent urination due to kidney yang deficiency, it is applied with huí xiāng (Fructus Foeniculi), such as in the formula Pò Gŭ Zhī Wán (Psoralea Pill).   For cold pain in the waist and knees, it is commonly applied with dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) and hú táo ròu to tonify the liver and kidney, and strengthen the waist and knees, such as in the formula Qīng É Wán (Young Maid Pill). 2. For early morning diarrhea due to spleen and kidney yang de■ciency, it is often combined with wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis), ròu dòu kòu (Semen Myristicae) and wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae) to invigorate the spleen and kidney yang and arrest diarrhea, such as in the formula Sì Shén Wán (Four Spirits Pill). 3. For wheezing with shallow breathing in the pattern of kidney de■ciency, it is often combined with hú táo ròu (Semen Juglandis), such as in Zhì Chuăn Fāng (Dyspnea-Relieving Formula). For chronic wheezing due to lung and kidney de■ciency, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), yīng sù qiào (Pericarpium Papaveris) and mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae), such as in the formula Láo Sòu Fāng (Consumptive Panting Formula). 4. In addition, its powder is wine-medicated and applied topically for vitiligo and skin pigmentation. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: its wine-medicated tincture is applied topically. For internal purposes, it should be dry-fried ■rst before use, while externally it is used directly. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency, internal heat or dry stool constipation, since it is warm and drying in property and may consume yin and assist ■re. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains coumarins such as psoralen and isopsoralen. It also contains flavonoids and fatty acids such as bavachin, and triglycerides, volatile oils, sitosterol, saponins, diterpene, organic acids, amylose and various inorganic elements such as Cu, Zn, Se, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows estrogen-like effects, and effects of strengthening the heart, dilating the coronary artery, increasing coronary artery blood flow, improving immunity, improving the content of leukocytes, relieving wheezing, anti-aging, anti-osteoporosis, antiprocreation, arresting bleeding, improving the hyperplasia of skin pigment, anti-rejection, anti-

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mutation, anti-tumor, inhibiting platelet aggregation, anti-in■ammation, improving the recovery of retinal function, and inhibiting bacteria, virus and parasites. Psoralen can contract the uterus and relax the smooth muscles of the bronchus. Its crude preparation may cause photosensitivity.

YìZhìRén 益智仁 FRUCTUS ALPINIAE OXYPHYLLAE Sharpleaf Galangal Fruit ［Source］  Initially appeared in Supplement to ‘The Materia Medica’ in the Tang Dynasty (618907 A.D.). It is the dry ripe fruit of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq., a perennial herb of the family Zingiberaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Yì “reinforcing”, zhì “intelligence” and rén “kernel”. The fruit growth is closely related to the climate of the year, so it is thought to be able to predict the harvest. Moreover, it was considered to be able to improve intelligence, and the kernel is medicinal. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan of China. ［Collection］  It is collected during the summer and autumn when the fruit is mature. It is dried in the sun or at a low temperature. Dry, big and plump fruits with distinctive taste and smell are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned for use, or salt-water processed. It is crushed before use. ［Properties］  Acrid; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, kidney. ［Characteristics］  Acrid, warm, aromatic and drying in property, it enters the spleen and kidney channels to warmly invigorate the kidney yang, consolidate essence and warm the spleen yang to relieve diarrhea and chronic cold pain, and astringe excess salivation. ［Actions］  Warms the kidney and the spleen, invigorates yang, relieves spermatorrhoea and enuresis, arrests diarrhea and astringes excess salivation. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For spermatorrhoea due to extreme kidney yang deficiency, it is often combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae) and shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) to relieve the symptoms by powerfully invigorating the kidney yang, such as in the formula Gŏng Dī Wán (Dike-Consolidating Pill).   For spermatorrhoea with mental fatigue, weakness and aching pain in the lower part of the body, it is generally combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and tiān dōng (Radix Asparagi) to relieve the problems by tonifying blood and kidney essence, such as in the formula Dà Wŭ Bŭ Wán (Major Five-Supplementing Pill).   For enuresis and frequent urination due to kidney qi de■ciency, it is combined with shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) and wū yào (Radix Linderae) to enhance its effects, such as in the formula Suō Quán Wán (Stream-Reducing Pill). 2. For diarrhea or chronic abdominal cold pain due to de■ciency cold, it is often combined with chuān wū (Radix Aconiti), gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and qīng pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae

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Viride) to check diarrhea and relieve pain by warming the interior and moving the abdominal qi, such as in the formula Yì Zhì Săn (Sharpleaf Galangal Pill).   For poor appetite and excessive drooling due to de■ciency cold of the spleen and stomach, it alone is chewed, or is decocted and used in combination with Lĭ Zhōng Wán (Center-Regulating Pill) or Liù Jūn Zĭ Tāng (Six Gentlemen Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency, exuberant ■re or damp heat, since it is warm and drying in property. ［Ingredients］  It contains volatile oils which are composed of α-cyperone, 1, 8-cineole, 4-terpineol, zingiberene, zingiberol, pinene and camphor. It also contains yakuchinone, various vitamins, amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, proteins and inorganic elements. ［Pharmacological Research］  The decoction shows effects of invigorating the stomach, antidiuresis and reducing the production of saliva. Its methanol extract significantly improves the contractility of a guinea pig’s left atrium and inhibits the activity of prostaglandin synthetase. Its water-alcohol extract has the effects of inhibiting ileum contraction and anti-cancer. It also has the effects of anti-ulcer and increasing the number of white blood cells.

TùSīZǐ菟丝子 SEMEN CUSCUTAE Dodder Seed ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried ripe seed of Cuscuta chinensis Lam., an annual parasitic herb of the family Convolvulaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Tù “rabbit”, sī “silk thread” and zĭ “seed”. Its stem, yellow in color and similar to a silk thread, attaches to the root of the host plant and looks like a crouching rabbit. Its seed is medicinal. ［Habitat］  It is mainly produced in Liaoning, Jilin, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi and Jiangsu provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected during autumn when the fruit is ripe. Plump and clean seeds are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned with water and dried in the sun for use, or salt-water fried for use. ［Properties］  Acrid, sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, kidney, spleen. ［Characteristics］  Acrid, sweet, neutral and moistening in property, it enters the kidney channel to nourish both yin and yang. It also has a slight astringing effect and enters the liver and spleen channels to nourish the liver yin to improve vision, and to invigorate the spleen to arrest diarrhea. It is used to prevent abortion and improve ■uid generation to quench thirst. Used externally, it can treat skin pigmentation, vitiligo and acne.

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［Actions］  Nourishes the liver and kidney yin and yang, consolidates essence, relieves enuresis, calms the fetus, improves vision and arrests diarrhea. Used externally, it disperses wind and cures skin problems. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For impotence and seminal emission, it is generally combined with gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii), wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) and fù pén zĭ (Fructus Rubi) to enhance the effects on toni■cation and astringing, such as in the formula Wŭ Zĭ Yăn Zōng Wán (FiveSeed Progeny Pill).   For female infertility due to yang de■ciency, it is often combined with shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni), fù pén zĭ (Fructus Rubi) and gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) to nourish the liver and kidney, and warm the lower jiao to facilitate conception, such as in the formula Bā Shèng Dān (■ight Sages ■lixir).   For enuresis, it is often combined with sāng piāo xiāo (Oötheca Mantidis), lù róng (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to enhance the effects on invigorating the kidney yang, and checking urination and emission, such as in the formula Tù Sī Zĭ Wán (Dodder Pill).   For leukorrhea or prostatitis, it is often combined with fú líng (Poria), lián zĭ (Semen Nelumbinis) and qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales) to warmly nourish the spleen and kidney and arrest vaginal discharge, such as in the formula Fú Tù Wán (Poria and Dodder Pill). 2. For weakness and aching pain in the lower part of the body due to deficiency of the liver and kidney, it is powdered together with dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) and shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae), made into pills and taken with salt water. It also can be used in combination with niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae), bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae) and dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) to improve the effects on toni■cation.   For injured or dim vision due to kidney essence de■ciency, it is often combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) and chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Zhù Jǐng Wán (Sight-Retaining Pill). 3. For threatened abortion in the pattern of liver and kidney de■ciency, it is often combined with chuān duàn (Radix Dipsaci), sāng jì shēng (Herba Taxilli) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to calm the fetus and stop spotting by strengthening the liver and kidney, such as in the formula Shòu Tāi Wán (Fetus-Prolonging Pill). 4. For poor appetite and loose stools or diarrhea due to both spleen and kidney yang de■ciency, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae) to enhance the effects on arresting diarrhea by invigorating the body yang, such as in the formula Pí Shèn Shuāng Bǔ Wán (Spleen-Kidney Supplement Pill). 5. In addition, it alone is decocted and taken to quench thirst, which is applicable for chronic thirst due to kidney yin deficiency. It also can be used in combination with tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis). Applied externally, it is effective in treating pigmentation, vitiligo and acne. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 9-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder, or wine-medicated and applied orally. For external use: wine-medicated and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It acts more for yang invigoration rather than for yin toni■cation and astringing. It is not suitable for patients with constipation and scanty dark urine in the pattern of yin de■ciency. ［Ingredients］  It contains quercetin, astragalin, hyperoside, cholesterol, campesterol, β-sitosterol,

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stigmasterol, resins, saccharides, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows estrogen-like effects, and the effects of anti-sterility, improving immunity, antioxidation, anti-aging, toni■cation, protecting the liver, improving vision, strengthening the heart, decreasing blood pressure, anti-mutation, anti-cancer and anti-bacteria.

Hé Táo Rén 核桃仁 SEMEN JUGLANDIS Walnut ［Source］  Initially appeared in Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces for Emergency (Bèi Jí Qiān Jīn Yào Fāng, 备急千金要 方) in the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.). Its original name was hú táo (胡桃). It is the dried mature seed of Juglans regia L., a deciduous tree of the family Juglandaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Hú “foreign countries, especially countries to the west of China”, táo “peach” and rén “kernel”. It is peach-shaped with a bone-hard shell, and was originally produced in countries to the west of China. It is also known as hú táo rén (胡桃仁) and hú táo ròu (胡桃肉). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Hebei, Shanxi and Shandong provinces of China; that which is produced in Fenyang, Shanxi Province is the best in quality. ［Collection］  It is collected in autumn. After the fruit peel is removed, it is dried in the sun, after which the shell and woody diaphragm are removed and only the kernel is taken. Yellowish, big and ■eshy seeds rich with oil are the best in quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned for use. ［Properties］  Sweet; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Kidney, lung, large intestine. ［Characteristic］  Sweet, slightly warm, tonifying and oily in property, it enters the kidney and lung channels to nourish the kidney essence, tonify the body and warmly nourish the lung. It also enters the large intestine channel to act as a laxative. ［Actions］  Nourishes the kidney, warms the lung and lubricates the large intestines. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For weakness and chronic aching pain in the lower part of the body, it is often combined with dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) and bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae) to improve the effects, such as in the formula Qīng É Wán (Young Maid Pill).   For impotence, seminal emission and enuresis in the pattern of kidney essence deficiency, it is generally combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) and lián zĭ (Semen Nelumbinis) to tonify the kidney and consolidate essence. 2. For chronic cough and wheezing in the pattern of de■ciency cold of the kidney and the lung, it is commonly combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) to warmly tonify the kidney and lung to relieve the problems, such as in the formula Rén Shēn Hú Táo Tāng (Ginseng and Walnut Decoction). 3. For geriatric constipation, patients with general deficiency or with blood and body fluid

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de■ciency, it is applied alone or in combination with huŏ má rén (Semen Cannabis), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and ròu cōng róng (Herba Cistanches) to enhance the effects. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-30 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For the purpose of relieving cough and wheezing the kernel with hard shell should be used, while for lubricating the bowels the kernel alone is used. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency and de■ciency heat, phlegm heat cough and wheezing, or loose stools. ［Ingredients］  It contains fatty oils, which are mainly composed of linoleic acid glyceride, a small amount of linolenic acid and glyceryl oleate. It also contains proteins, ■avonoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, carotene, riboflavin, quercetin, saccharides, various free amino acids, inorganic elements, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of relieving cough, reducing blood lipids, antilipid peroxidation, reducing fatty liver, improving growth, anti-aging, anti-mutation, etc.

Gé Jiè 蛤蚧 GECKO Gecko ［Source］  Initially appeared in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing (Léi Gōng Páo Zhì Lùn, 雷公炮炙论) in the Northern and Southern Dynasties (420-589 A.D.). It is the dried body of Gekko gecko Linnaeus of the family Gekkonidae, with the internal organs removed. ［■xplanation of Name］  The name is based on the sound made by the gecko. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan of China, and in other countries like Thailand, Indonesia, Cambodia and Vietnam. ［Collection］  It is collected the year round. After the internal organs are removed, the body is cleaned, stretched with bamboo chips and dried at a low temperature. Completely, big and ■eshy ones are of the best quality. ［Processing］  The scales, head and feet are cut off from the body and then the body is cut into small pieces for use, or it is wine-brewed ■rst and dried for use. ［Properties］  Salty; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, kidney. ［Characteristics］  Salty and neutral in property, it enters the lung and kidney channels to tonify the lung and kidney to relieve wheezing in particular. It also nourishes the kidney essence generally. ［Actions］  Nourishes the kidney and lung, improves qi reception of the lung and relieves wheezing, assists yang and toni■es the kidney essence. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For chronic cough and wheezing in the pattern of lung and kidney essence de■ciency, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Rén Shēn Gé Jiè Sǎn (Ginseng and Gecko Powder).   For chronic cough with hemoptysis in the pattern of deficiency, it is often combined with

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chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae), băi hé (Bulbus Lilii) and bái jí (Rhizoma Bletillae) to dissolve phlegm, relieve cough and enrich the lung yin. 2. For impotence and seminal emission in the pattern of kidney yang and essence de■ciency, it is wine-medicated alone, or applied in combination with bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae), yì zhì rén (Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae) and bā jĭ tiān (Radix Morindae Of■cinalis) to invigorate kidney yang and tonify kidney essence, such as in the formula Yǎng Zhēn Dān (Primordial-Qi-Nourishing ■lixir). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 6-9 g in decoction, 1-2 g each time in powder, or 1-2 pairs each dose wine-medicated. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with exterior wind-cold attack, excessive heat inside, or cough and wheezing with damp phlegm. ［Ingredients］  It contains carnosine, choline, carnitine, guanine, proteins, cholesterol, various free amino acids, phospholipids, fatty acids and inorganic elements. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows hormone-like effects. It also improves immunity, counteracts oxidation, slows down aging, counteracts stress, relieves asthma, lowers blood sugar and inhibits in■ammation. The tail is stronger than the body in effects.

ZǐHé Chē 紫河车 PLACENTA HOMINIS Human Placenta ［Source］  Initially appeared in Supplement to ‘The Materia Medica’ (Bĕn Căo Shí Yí, 本草拾遗) in the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.). It is the dried placenta of a healthy woman. ［■xplanation of Name］  Zǐ “purple”, hé “river” and chē “cart”. It is purplish in color, and acts like a cart carrying the fetus into this world. ［Habitat］  It is produced everywhere in the world. ［Collection］  After the amniotic membrane and umbilical cord are removed, the fresh placenta is cleaned with water until the blood is completely removed, steamed or boiled for a short while and then dried. Placentas which are complete in shape, yellowish or purplish in color, and clean with blood completely removed are best in quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned and mashed into small pieces, or ground into powder for use. ［Properties］  Sweet, salty; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, liver, kidney. ［Characteristics］  Sweet, salty, mild and moistening in property, it enters the lung, liver and kidney channels to tonify qi, blood, yin and yang all at the same time. ［Actions］  Warmly toni■es qi, blood, yin and yang. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For impotence, seminal emission, weakness and soreness in the waist and tinnitus due to kidney essence de■ciency or excessive sexual activity, it can be used alone continuously for better effects, or used in combination with lù róng (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum), rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) to improve the

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effects, such as in the formula Hé Chē Fēng Suǐ Dān (Placenta Marrow-Retaining ■lixir).   For female infertility in the pattern of de■ciency cold, it can be used alone or in combination with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), lù róng (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum) and ròu cōng róng (Herba Cistanches) to facilitate conception by tonifying kidney yang and essence.   For poor lactation due to shortage of qi and blood after delivery, it is commonly combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and lù lù tōng (Fructus Liquidambaris) to boost qi, nourish blood and promote lactation. 2. For chronic intermittent cough and wheezing in the pattern of lung and kidney de■ciency, it alone is used to reinforce healthy qi and prevent recurrence. If the above case is complicated with yin de■ciency and internal heat, it is applied in combination with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis) and huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) to nourish yin, clear heat, tonify the kidney and improve the reception of qi, such as in the formula Hé Chē Dà Zào Wán (Placenta Major-Supplementing Pill). 3. For fatigue, emaciation, sallow complexion, poor appetite and shortness of breath due to qi and blood de■ciency, it can be used continuously long-term to achieve signi■cant effect, or used in combination with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to enhance the effects on toni■cation. For recurrent depressive psychosis, mental fatigue and lassitude due to qi and blood de■ciency, it is applied alone in powder and taken orally. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 1-3 g in powder, pills or capsules. Tablets and injections are also now applied. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency and exuberant ■re if applied alone, since it is warm in nature. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains proteins, amino acids, gonadotrophins A and B, estrone, enzymes like lysozyme and kininase. It also contains various antibodies, interferons and substances for improving cytopoiesis. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows estrogen-like effects, which include the effects of promoting the development of the breasts, uterus, vagina, ovaries and testicles. It also activates the uterus, increases blood pressure, improves immunity, inhibits fatigue, slows down aging, regulates immune functions, inhibits infection and allergic reactions, improves blood coagulation and inhibits cancer.

Dōng Chóng Xià Cǎo 冬虫夏草 CORDYCEPS Chinese Caterpillar Fungus ［Source］  Initially appeared in Thoroughly Revised Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Cóng Xīn, 本草 从新) in the Qing Dynasty (1636-1912 A.D.). It is the dried body of Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc., a fungus of the family Clavicepitaceae, which parasitizes the bodies of Hepialidae larvae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Dōng “winter”, chóng “worm”, xià “summer” and căo “grass”. In winter, the Chinese caterpillar fungus invades the body of the caterpillar and causes it to die. The following spring the fungal mass sprouts out of the caterpillar and becomes a

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stroma, which looks very much like a piece of grass. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Tibet, Qinghai, the western region of Sichuan and the northwest of Yunnan of China. ［Collection］  The stromas are collected in summer when they sprout out of the earth and before the formation of spores. They are dried almost completely in the sun, and then, after impurities are removed, they are completely dried in the sun or at a low temperature. Small, dry, ■eshy and aromatic stromas with bright yellowish color and yellowish-white cross-sections are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned for use. ［Properties］  Sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Kidney, lung. ［Characteristics］  Slightly sweet, neutral and tonifying in property, it enters the kidney and lung channels to nourish the kidney yang and the lung yin, and arrest bleeding and transform phlegm. ［Actions］  Toni■es the lung and kidney, arrests bleeding and resolves phlegm. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For impotence, seminal emission, weakness and soreness in the waist and knees, it alone is wine-medicated and taken orally, or applied in combination with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), lù róng (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum) and yín yáng huò (Herba ■pimedii) to enhance the effects. 2. For chronic cough and wheezing in the pattern of lung and kidney deficiency, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), hú yáo ròu (Semen Juglandis) and gé jiè (Gecko) to enhance the effects.   For chronic cough with hemoptysis in the pattern of lung and kidney yin deficiency, it is combined with běi shā shēn (Radix Glehniae), chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to nourish the lung yin, and arrest bleeding and cough. 3. Additionally, it is applicable for patients with spontaneous sweating, susceptibility to cold and weakness in the course of chronic diseases. For these purposes, it should be cooked together with chicken, duck or pork. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, or stewed together with chicken, duck or pork. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency and exuberant ■re. It is encouraged for long-term application. ［Ingredients］  It contains amino acids, cyclic peptides, nucleosides, sterols, organic acids, polysaccharides, and different kinds of vitamins and inorganic elements. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of regulating sexual function and immunity, anti-fatigue, anti-anoxia, antioxidation, anti-aging, inhibiting myocardial ischemia and arrhythmia, decreasing cholesterol, improving hematogenesis, inhibiting platelet aggregation, protecting the liver and kidney, preventing hepatic ■brosis, resolving phlegm, enhancing adrenal cortex functions, tranquilizing, hypnogenesis, anti-convulsion, inhibiting smooth muscles, anti-mutagenesis, preventing tumor formation, anti-inflammation and anti-bacteria. It also has similar effects as androgen, such as antiestrogen and regulating sexual dysfunction.

Section 3  Herbs that Tonify Blood Herbs in this section are basically sweet in taste and warm or neutral in nature, while a few

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of them are bitter in taste and cold in nature. They mainly enter the heart, liver, spleen and kidney channels to nourish the blood and sometimes also the yin. They are mainly applied for the patterns of blood de■ciency, blood and yin de■ciency, and blood and essence de■ciency. To achieve better effects, herbs in this category should be used in combination with herbs that nourish yin, such as ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and sāng shèn (Fructus Mori), herbs that nourish qi, and herbs that activate the spleen and stomach, because blood shares the same source as yin, qi generates blood, and herbs in this category may spoil the appetite and digestion.

Dāng Guī当归 RADIX ANGELICAE SINENSIS Chinese Angelica ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry root of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, a perennial herb of the family Umbelliferae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Dāng “the right channel” and guī “coming back”. It is said to be able to conduct and control qi and blood so that they move in the right channels. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Gansu, Yunnan, Sichuan, Shaanxi and Hubei provinces of China; that which is produced in Min county of Gansu Province is of high quality and large quantity. ［Collection］  It is collected in late autumn, left to dry for a short while, bundled and then smoked slowly until it dries completely. Big, long, sweet, oily and aromatic roots with few ■brous roots, yellowish-brown outer skin and yellowish-white cross-sections are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned, moistened thoroughly with water, cut into thin slices and dried or wine-processed for use. ［Properties］  Sweet, acrid; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, heart, spleen. ［Characteristics］  It is sweet so that it is tonifying, and acrid and warm so that it is able to warmly activate blood circulation. It mainly enters the liver and heart channels, and also the spleen channel to nourish blood, warm the channels, activate the blood circulation and lubricate the bowels to act as a laxative. It is used internally and externally for female problems, heart problems, traumatic problems and so on. ［Actions］  Nourishes blood, activates blood circulation, regulates menstruation and lubricates the bowels. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For symptoms in the pattern of blood deficiency, it is used as an essential herb to effectively nourish blood.   For sallow complexion, dizziness and heart palpitations due to blood deficiency, it is often combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), hé shŏu wū (Radix Polygoni Multi■ori) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to enhance the effect.

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  For generally weak constitution with sallow complexion in the pattern of qi and blood de■ciency, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) to replenish qi, strengthen the spleen and nourish blood, such as in the formulas Dāng Guī Bŭ Xuè Tāng (Chinese Angelica Blood-Supplementing Decoction) and Rén Shēn Yăng Róng Tāng (Ginseng Supporting and Nourishing Decoction). 2. For menstrual problems, it activates blood to relieve pain and regulate menstrual cycles.   For menstrual problems due to blood de■ciency and qi stagnation, it is often combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to nourish blood and unblock the channels, such as in the formula Sì Wù Tāng (Four Substances Decoction).   For menstrual problems due to blood deficiency complicated with liver qi stagnation, it is often combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi) and bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) to nourish blood, soothe the liver and alleviate menstrual pain.   For menstrual problems due to blood deficiency complicated with cold attack or yang de■ciency, it is often combined with xiăo huí xiāng (Fructus Foeniculi), ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi) to warm and activate the blood.   For menstrual problems due to blood deficiency complicated with internal heat, it is often combined with chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra), dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) to cool and activate blood.   For both blood and qi de■ciency, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis) and processed hé shŏu wū (Radix Polygoni Multi■ori) to tonify qi, nourish blood and regulate menstruation. 3. For postpartum abdominal dull pain, it is often combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), sháo yào (Radix Paeoniae Alba seu Rubra) and dà zăo (Fructus Jujubae) to tonify blood and alleviate pain, such as in the formula Dāng Guī Jiàn Zhōng Tāng (Angelica Center-Fortifying Decoction). For lochiorrhea accompanied by cold pain in the lower abdomen due to blood de■ciency and cold attack, it is often combined with chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), táo rén (Semen Persicae) and páo jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum) to nourish and activate blood, and warm the channels to alleviate pain, such as in the formula Shēng Huà Tāng (■ngendering and Transforming Decoction). 4. For abdominal cold pain in the pattern of de■ciency, it is often combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to tonify the body and warm the middle jiao to alleviate pain. For arthralgia due to exterior wind dampness attack, it is often combined with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) and huáng qí (Radix Astragali) to relieve pain by moving qi and blood, and dispelling wind and dampness, such as in the formula Juān Bì Tāng (Impediment-Alleviating Decoction). 5. For trauma, carbuncles, furuncles and sores, it is commonly used to activate blood to relieve swelling and pain, and tonify blood to promote granulation.   For traumatic injury with swelling and pain, it is often combined with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum), mò yào (Myrrha), táo rén (Semen Persicae) and hóng huā (Flos Carthami) to relieve swelling and pain, and activate blood, such as in the formulas Fù Yuán Huó Xuè Tāng (Original Qi-Restoring and Blood-Moving Decoction) and Huó Luò Xiào Líng Dān (■ffective Channel-Activating ■lixir).   For carbuncles, furuncles and sores in the early stage with manifestations such as hard swelling and burning pain, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and blast-fried chuān shān jiă (Squama Manitis) to alleviate swelling pain by clearing toxic heat, such as in the formula Xiān Fāng Huó Mìng Yǐn (Immortal Formula Life-

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Giving Beverage).   For carbuncles, furuncles and sores before ulceration, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), blast-fried chuān shān jiă (Squama Manitis) and zào jiăo cì (Spina Gleditsiae) to improve the ulceration and the healing of the infection, such as in the formula Tòu Nóng Săn (Pus-■xpelling Powder).   For carbuncles, furuncles and sores in the chronic stage of ulceration, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) to improve the healing by tonifying qi and blood, such as in the formula Shí Quán Dà Bŭ Tāng (Ten Major Tonics Decoction).   For chronic ulcers or gangrene, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to clear toxic heat, activate blood and unblock channels, such as in the formula Sì Miào Yŏng Ān Tāng (Four Wonderful Herbs Resting Hero Decoction). 6. For constipation due to yin and blood de■ciency in the elderly, it is often combined with ròu cōng róng (Herba Cistanches), zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii) and niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) to nourish yin and blood, and moisten the large intestine to relax the bowels, such as in the formula Jì Chuān Jiān (Fluid-Replenishing Decoction). For constipation due to body ■uid de■ciency, it is often combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) to relieve the problem by clearing heat and nourishing yin, such as in the formula Dāng Guī Rùn Zào Tāng (Angelica Dryness-Moistening Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-15 g in decoction, or wine-medicated, or made into paste, pills or power. For external use: it is made into ointment. The root trunk is good at nourishing blood, while the ■brous root is good at activating blood. For a better effect on activating blood, the wine-fried herb is applied, while for other purposes it is used directly. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with dampness inside or loose stools, since it is lubricating. ［Ingredients］  It contains volatile oils, which are composed of carvacrol, phenol, ligustilide, α-pinene, camphanic acid, anisic acid, verbenone and safrole, involatile constituents such as palmitic acid, angelicide, ferulic acid, nicotinic acid, succinic acid, β-sitosterol, daucosterol, monosaccharides, polysaccharides, phospholipids, many kinds of amino acid, vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin ■ and inorganic elements. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of improving hematopoiesis, inhibiting platelet aggregation, anti-thrombosis, reducing blood lipids, dilating the coronary artery, anti-atherosclerosis, enhancing immunity, anti-myocardial ischemia, dilating vessels, improving microcirculation, antiarrhythmia, lowering blood pressure, protecting the liver and gallbladder, regulating the uterus, improving uterine hyperplasia, inhibiting prostate weight gain, anti-gonadotropin, anti-oxidation, protecting the kidneys, correcting protein metabolic disorder, anti-inflammation, alleviating pain, relieving asthma, inhibiting the central nervous system, anti-radiation, anti-injury, preventing tumor formation, anti-bacteria, etc.

ShúDìHuáng 熟地黄 RADIX REHMANNIAE PRAEPARATA Prepared Rehmannia Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces for

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Emergency Vol. 27 (Bèi Jí Qiān Jīn Yào Fāng-Juàn Èr Shí Qī, 备急千金要方·卷二十七) in the Tang Dynasty (about 652 A.D.). It is the processed root of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch, a perennial herb of family Scrophulariaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Shú “cooked”, dì “ground” and huáng “yellow”. The fresh root is yellowish, and those that can sink to the water bottom are of the best quality. It is cooked for use. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces of China; that which is produced in Henan province is of the highest quality and largest quantity and is called huái dì huáng. ［Collection］  Same as shēng dì huáng. ［Processing］  Rice wine is mixed into the fresh dì huáng, and steamed until the roots turn brownish inside and outside. The roots are then taken out, left to dry partially, cut into thick slices or cubes when the outer skin is slightly dry, and then dried completely. Big, ■eshy, soft and sweet roots with dark brown color inside and outside are the best in quality. ［Properties］  Sweet; slightly warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, kidney. ［Characteristics］  Sweet, slightly warm, soft and moistening in property, it enters the liver and kidney channels to nourish blood, yin and kidney essence. It is cloying and may affect appetite and digestion. ［Actions］  Toni■es blood, yin and kidney essence. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For the pattern of blood deficiency with manifestations such as sallow complexion, dizziness and heart palpitations, it is generally combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), processed hé shŏu wū (Radix Polygoni Multi■ori) and suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae) to nourish blood and calm the mind.   For menstrual irregularities due to blood de■ciency complicated with blood stasis, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) to nourish and activate blood and regulate menstruation, such as in the formula Sì Wù Tāng (Four Substances Decoction).   For metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, and cold pain in the lower abdomen due to blood de■ciency and cold, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) and ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi) to tonify blood, arrest bleeding and warm the channels to relieve pain, such as in the formula Jiāo Ài Tāng (Donkey-Hide Gelatin and Mugwort Decoction). 2. For yin de■ciency and yang hyperactivity with manifestations such as steaming bone fever, tidal fever, night sweats and seminal emission, it is often combined with shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae), shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) and zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) to suppress yang by increasing yin, such as in the formula Liù Wèi Dì Huáng Wán (Six-Ingredient Rehmannia Pill).   For yin de■ciency with de■ciency heat, it is often combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) to reduce ■re by nourishing yin, such as in the formula Zhī Băi Dì Huáng Wán (Anemarrhena, Phellodendron and Rehmannia Pill).   For consumptive thirst without obvious heat signs due to yin and ■uid de■ciency, it is often combined with shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae), huáng jīng (Rhizoma Polygonati) and mài dōng

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(Radix Ophiopogonis) to enhance the effects in nourishing yin and ■uid.   For yin de■ciency and internal heat, it is often combined with tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis), tiān dōng (Radix Asparagi) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) to clear heat, and nourish yin and ■uid to quench thirst. 3. For soreness and weakness in the waist and knees, dizziness and tinnitus due to blood and essence de■ciency of the liver and kidney, it is often combined with gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii), shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) and lù jiăo jiāo (Colla Cornus Cervi) to nourish yin and kidney essence, such as in the formula Zuŏ Guī Wán (Left-Restoring Pill). For premature white hair, poor memory and aging, it is often combined with hé shŏu wū (Radix Polygoni Multi■ori), gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) and nǚ zhēn zĭ (Fructus Ligustri Lucidi) to tonify essence and blood. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-30 g in decoction, or made into pills, paste or powder. It is often combined with shā rén (Fructus Amomi) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to improve digestion. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with abdominal distension, dampness and phlegm, poor appetite or loose stools, since it may affect appetite and digestion. ［Ingredients］  It contains xanthosine, catalpinoside, mannitol, rehmannin, jioglutin, jioglutolide, many kinds of amino acids, carbohydrates, succinic acid, phosphoric acid, linoleic acid, vitamin A, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It improves erythropoiesis and generation of hemoglobin in animals, and accelerates the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells. It also counteracts oxidation, slows down aging, improves the synthesis of adrenal cortical hormone, improves adaptability of the human body, protects the myocardium, reduces cholesterol, inhibits thrombosis, reduces blood sugar, lowers blood pressure, induces diuresis, improves liver glycogen synthesis, counteracts hyperthyroidism and ulcers, and arrests bleeding. It is similar to shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) in most respects.

Bái Sháo 白芍 RADIX PAEONIAE ALBA White Peony Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry root of Paeonia lacti■ora Pall., a perennial herb of the family Ranunculaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Bái “white” and sháo “beautiful”. The ■ower of this herb is white and very beautiful and elegant. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Anhui and Sichuan provinces of China; that which is produced in Zhejiang Province is of the best quality. ［Collection］  It is collected during summer and autumn. After it is cleaned and the root head and ■brous roots are removed, it is blanched in boiling water so that its outer skin is easily peeled off, and then dried in the sun. Big, long and solid roots with smooth outer skin and smooth and starchy

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white cross-sections are the best in quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned simply with water, moistened thoroughly, cut into thin slices and dried for use. It also can be dry-fried or wine-processed ■rst for use. ［Properties］  Bitter, sour; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, spleen. ［Characteristics］  Bitter, sour and slightly cold in property, it enters the liver and the spleen channels to nourish blood, cultivate yin, calm the liver yang and alleviate pain, and also checks sweating as well. It is applicable for the patterns of yin and blood de■ciency, liver yang hyperactivity and spontaneous sweating. ［Actions］  Nourishes blood, cultivates yin, calms the liver and checks sweating. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For blood de■ciency with manifestations such as sallow complexion, dizziness, heart palpitations, menstrual irregularities or dysmenorrhea, it is applied in combination with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to regulate the menstrual cycle and nourish the blood, such as in the formula Sì Wù Tāng (Four Substances Decoction).   For shortened menstrual cycles with profuse menstruation, or irregular menstruation in the pattern of yin de■ciency and exuberant heat, it is commonly combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to nourish yin and cool blood to check bleeding. 2. For chest pain due to blood de■ciency and liver qi stagnation, it is applied in combination with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to soothe the liver and cultivate the blood yin, such as in the formula Xiāo Yáo Săn (Free Wanderer Powder).   For limb spasms or abdominal pain due to liver blood deficiency, it is commonly applied together with processed gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to nourish yin and blood to alleviate spasms and pain, such as in the formula Sháo Yào Gān Căo Tāng (Peony and Licorice Decoction).   For diarrhea with abdominal pain due to liver qi invading the spleen, it is generally applied in combination with fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to relieve pain and diarrhea by soothing the liver and strengthening the spleen, such as in the formula Tòng Xiè Yào Fāng (Important Formula for Painful Diarrhea). 3. For spontaneous sweating due to disharmony between nutrient and defensive qi, it is generally combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) to relieve the problem, such as the formula Guì Zhī Tāng (Cinnamon Twig Decoction).   For night sweats generally due to yin de■ciency, it is commonly applied in combination with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) and fú xiăo mài (Fructus Tritici Levis) to increase the effect in checking sweating.   For spontaneous sweating occurring in the process of some chronic diseases, it is often applied in combination with huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to check sweating by replenishing qi and securing the exterior, such as in the formula Sháo Yào Huáng Qí Tāng (Peony and Astragalus Decoction). 4. For headache and vertigo due to yin deficiency and ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is applied in combination with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) and dài zhĕ shí (Haematitum) to nourish yin and blood and calm the liver yang, such as

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in the formula Zhèn Gān Xī Fēng Tāng (Liver-Sedating and Wind-■xtinguishing Decoction).   For trembling limbs and heart palpitations with deep thready pulse in the pattern of yin and blood de■ciency, it is often applied together with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini), mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) and biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) to restore the pulse by nourishing yin and calming the liver yang, such as in the formula Sān Jiă Fù Mài Tāng (Three Shells Pulse-Restoring Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-10 g generally and 15-30 g if necessary in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For nourishing blood, it is dry-fried or wine-fried. For cultivating yin or calming the liver, it is used directly. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yang deficiency or cold attack, since it is cold in nature. It is incompatible with lí lú (Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri). ［Ingredients］  It contains paeoniflorin, oxypaeoniflorin, benzoylpaeoniflorin, albiflorin, lacti■orin, albiflorine, β-sitosterol and volatile oils, similar to chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra). ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects in alleviating pain, tranquilizing, anti-convulsion, spasmolysis, adjusting immunity, lowering body temperature, dilating blood vessels, counteracting myocardial ischemia, adjusting blood pressure, inhibiting platelet aggregation, lowering blood sugar, enhancing learning and memory, anti-oxidation, protecting the liver, alleviating cough, lubricating the bowels, anti-inflammation, anti-ulcer, anti-mutation, detoxification, preventing tumors, antibacteria and anti-virus.

■ ■ Jiāo 阿胶 COLLA CORII ASINI Donkey-hide Gelatin ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the solid glue made from the skin of Equus asinus Linnaeus, a donkey of the family Equidae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Ē is the short name of Dong’e, a small town of Shandong Province, and jiāo “gelatin”. It is donkeyhide gelatin, of which that produced in the town of Dong’e is the best in quality. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Shandong and Zhejiang provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected the year round. The donkey skin is soaked and the hair completely removed, then the skin is cut into small pieces and then blanched in water. It is boiled and filtered, and the filtrates are then combined and concentrated. After it becomes hard when cool, it is cut into cubes and dried in the shade. Cubes that are shiny with dark brown color and sweet taste are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is pounded into pieces for use, or stir-fried with clam shell powder to make small balls for use. ［Properties］  Sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, liver, kidney. ［Characteristics］  Moistening and tonifying in effects, and sweet and neutral in property, it

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enters the lung, liver and kidney channels, and is good at tonifying blood and yin. It is also effective in checking bleeding and moistening the lung and body. ［Actions］  Toni■es the blood, checks bleeding, nourishes yin and moistens the body. ［Clinical Application］  1. For sallow complexion, dizziness, palpitations and muscular weakness in the pattern of blood de■ciency, it can be stewed together with rice wine and applied orally. It can also be applied in combination with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) for a better effect, such as in the formula Ē Jiāo Sì Wù Tāng (Four Ingredients Decoction with Donkey-Hide Gelatin). 2. For bleeding in any pattern, it alone can be applied effectively, but often it is used in combination with other herbs for better effects.   For hematemesis and epistaxis due to heat, it is often combined with pú huáng (Pollen Typhae) and shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to cool blood and stop bleeding, such as in the formula Shēng Dì Huáng Tāng (Unprocessed Rehmannia Decoction).   For hematemesis and epistaxis in the pattern of serious qi deficiency, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and bái jí (Rhizoma Bletillae) to arrest bleeding by replenishing qi.   For hematemesis complicated with lung qi de■ciency, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), tiān dōng (Radix Asparagi) and bái jí (Rhizoma Bletillae) to tonify the lung to stop cough and stop bleeding, such as in the formula Ē Jiāo Săn (Donkey-Hide Gelatin Powder).   For abnormal vaginal bleeding, it is often combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi), such as the formula Jiāo Ài Tāng (Donkey-Hide Gelatin and Mugwort Decoction). 3. For cough and wheezing due to lung yin de■ciency and exuberant ■re affecting the lung with other manifestations such as dry throat and bloody sputum, it is often combined with mă dōu líng (Fructus Aristolochiae), niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) and xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) to check the bleeding by nourishing the lung yin and suppressing the ■re, such as in the formula Bǔ Fèi Ē Jiāo Tāng (Lung-Supplementing Donkey-Hide Gelatin Decoction).   For dry cough due to exterior dryness affecting the lung, it is often combined with sāng yè (Folium Mori), pí pá yè (Folium ■riobotryae) and xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) to relieve the cough by moistening the lung, such as in the formula Qīng Zào Jiù Fèi Tāng (Dryness-Clearing Lung-Rescuing Decoction).   For chronic cough with bloody sputum in the pattern of lung and kidney yin de■ciency, it is often combined with tiān dōng (Radix Asparagi), băi hé (Bulbus Lilii) and băi bù (Radix Stemonae) to relieve cough and reduce bloody sputum by nourishing the lung yin and checking bleeding, such as in the formula Yuè Huá Wán (Moonlight Pill). 4. For irritability and insomnia, caused by stirring of wind due to yin de■ciency, it is good at nourishing yin.   For irritability and insomnia due to febrile disease damaging yin, it is often combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and egg yolk to nourish yin and clear heat to relieve irritability, such as in the formula Huáng Lián Ē Jiāo Tāng (Coptis and DonkeyHide Gelatin Decoction).   For trembling or involuntary movement of the limbs occurring in the late stage of febrile disease with yin and body fluid consumed, which is considered as the stirring of liver wind, it is commonly combined with guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis), mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) and bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) to calm the liver and nourish yin, such as in the formula Dà Dìng Fēng

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Zhū (Major Wind-Stabilizing Pearl). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-10 g dissolved in boiling water or rice wine instead of boiling together with other herbs, or made into pills or powder. For checking bleeding, it is better if fried together with pú huáng (Pollen Typhae) ■rst, while for moistening the lung, it is fried together with clam shell powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It contains gelatin protein that can cause dyspepsia. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains gelatin protein, which produces many kinds of amino acids when hydrolyzed, such as glycine, praline and glutamic acid. It also contains different kinds of inorganic elements such as calcium and sulfur. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects in improving hematogenesis, increasing blood pressure, anti-shock, improving immunity, anti-hypoxia, anti-fatigue, anti-muscular paralysis, antiradiation damage, increasing the body’s intake of calcium, dilating the vessels, improving the blood supply of the organs, anti-thrombosis, providing nutrition for the fetus, improving intelligence, increasing growth and development, anti-aging, promoting urination, relieving swelling, stopping bleeding, etc.

Hé Shǒu Wū何首乌 RADIX POLYGONI MULTIFLORI Fleeceflower Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Record of Fleece■ower Root (Hé Shŏu Wū Lù, 何首乌录) in the Tang Dynasty (about 813 A.D.). It is the dried root tuber of Polygonum multiforum Thunb., a perennial climbing herb of the family Polygonaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Hé is a family name, shŏu “hair” and wū “shining black”. According to legend, a man named He, who suffered from several diseases, was instructed by a sage to use a certain kind of herb. After taking the herb for years, his diseases were cured completely, his hair became shining black, and luckily he was able to father a child. ■very member of his family ate this herb every day, and they found that the herb could improve fertility and counteract aging. Later the herb was named in honor of this family. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Henan, Hubei, Guangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou, Sichuan and Jiangsu of China. ［Collection］  It is collected during autumn and winter when its leaves start withering. After the two ends are cut off, it is cleaned well, cut into pieces and dried. Big and solid roots with brownishred outer skin and light brownish-red and starchy cross-sections with silky and wavy lines are of good quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned again if necessary, moistened thoroughly, cut into thick slices and dried for use, or is processed with adjuvant of black soybean juice. ［Properties］  Zhì shŏu wū (the processed herb): sweet, astringent; slightly warm. Shēng shŏu wū (the unprocessed herb): sweet, bitter; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Zhì shŏu wū (the processed herb): liver, kidney. Shēng shŏu wū (the

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unprocessed herb): heart, liver, large intestine. ［Characteristics］  It mainly enters the liver and kidney channels. Zhì shŏu wū is slightly warm in nature and sweet in taste, and is able to tonify blood and essence of the liver and kidney and improve hair growth. Shēng shŏu wū is slightly cool in nature and bitter and slightly sweet in taste, and is mainly applied for decreasing toxins, treating and preventing malaria, and inducing diarrhea. ［Actions］  Zhì shŏu wū: toni■es blood and essence of the liver and kidney, and improves hair growth. Shēng shŏu wū: decreases toxins, treats and prevents malaria, and induces diarrhea. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For sallow complexion, dizziness and palpitations due to blood de■ciency, the processed herb is commonly used together with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and dry-fried suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae) to improve the effects. 2. For premature gray hair, loss of hair, soreness and weakness in the waist and knees, seminal emission, metrorrhagia, metrostaxis and leukorrhea in the pattern of blood and essence de■ciency, the processed herb is generally applied in combination with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) and tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Qī Băo Měi Rán Dān (Seven-Jewel Beard-Blackening Pill).   For dizziness, tinnitus and deafness, weakness in the waist and knees, and numb limbs in the pattern of blood and essence de■ciency, the processed herb is often combined with sāng shèn (Fructus Mori), hēi zhī ma (Semen Sesami Nigrum) and dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) to tonify essence and blood and improve the body constitution, such as in the formula Shŏu Wū Yán Shòu Dān (Fleece■ower Root Life-Prolonging Pill).   For metrorrhagia, metrostaxis and leukorrhea in the pattern of essence and blood de■ciency, the processed herb is often combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) and qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales) to tonify blood and essence, and arrest bleeding and vaginal discharge as well. 3. For sores, carbuncles, furuncles and ulcers, the unprocessed herb is often applied in combination with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae), kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis) and jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae) to clear toxic heat, relieve swelling and improve the healing of tissue, such as in the formula Hé Shŏu Wū Tāng (Fleece■ower Decoction).   For urticaria with ■uid effusion and skin itching, it is often combined with kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and bò he (Herba Menthae) to relieve the problem by clearing heat and toxins, drying dampness and dispersing wind, such as in the formula Hé Shŏu Wū Săn (Fleece■ower Powder).   For scrofula, it is often combined with xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae), tŭ bèi mŭ (Rhizoma Bolbostematis) and kūn bù (Thallus Laminariae) to dissipate nodules, clear toxins and activate blood.   For chronic malaria with qi and blood de■ciency, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to strengthen qi and blood to suppress malaria, such as in the formula Hé Rén Yǐn (Fleece■ower and Ginseng Decoction).   For constipation due to blood-■uid de■ciency, it is commonly combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), ròu cōng róng (Herba Cistanches), huŏ má rén (Semen Cannabis) and hēi zhī ma (Semen Sesami Nigrum) to improve the effects. 4. Research has shown that it lowers cholesterol. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-30 g in decoction, wine-medicated, or made into paste, pills or powder. For external use: the decoction is applied topically in powder compresses

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or for skin rinsing. For tonifying, the processed herb is applied, while for other purposes, the unprocessed herb is used. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  The processed herb is tonifying, and therefore patients with dyspepsia due to dampness accumulation should not use it. The unprocessed herb may cause diarrhea, so patients with loose stools should not use it. ［Ingredients］  It contains lecithin, chrysophanol, emodin, rhein, physcion, chrysophanol anthrone, stilbenes compounds, gallic acid, catechin, fats, β-sitosterol, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It is full of lecithin, which shows the effects of promoting blood cell growth and development, strengthening the function of liver glycogen, improving activity of superoxide dismutase, inhibiting activity of monoamine oxidase, anti-aging, decreasing the heart rate, increasing coronary blood flow, anti-myocardial ischemia, reducing cholesterol, antiatherosclerosis, anti-cold, anti-bacteria and anti-virus. Its decoctions can strengthen immunity, and especially enhance speci■c immunity of T lymphocytes.

Lóng Yǎn Ròu 龙眼肉 ARILLUS LONGAN Longan ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (Shén Nóng Bĕn Căo Jīng, 神农本草经) in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry ■esh of the fruit of Dimocarpus longan Lour., an evergreen tree of the family Sapindaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Lóng “dragon”, yăn “eye” and ròu “flesh”. The fruit is ball-shaped, which looks like the eye of a dragon, and its ■esh is medicinal. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Guangdong, Fujian, Taiwan and Guangxi of China. ［Collection］  It is collected during summer and autumn when the fruit is mature, and dried. The kernel and shell are then removed, and it is dried again. Dry, big and ■eshy fruits with yellowish-brown color and strong sweet taste are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned again if necessary for use. ［Properties］  Sweet; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, spleen. ［Characteristics］  Sweet, warm and tonifying in property, it is medicinal and edible as fruit. It enters the heart and spleen channels to tonify qi and blood, and calm the mind as well. ［Actions］  Toni■es qi and blood, and calms the mind. ［Clinical Applications］  For palpitations, insomnia, loss of memory, sallow complexion, lassitude and poor appetite in the pattern of qi and blood deficiency, it can be used alone, or in combination with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae) to improve its effects, such as in the formula Guī Pí Tāng (Spleen-Restoring Decoction). For general qi and blood deficiency occurring in the elderly, women after delivery or during chronic diseases, it is steamed together with white sugar first, and taken with water to tonify the body, such as in the formula Yù Líng Gāo (Dài Shēng Gāo) (Jade ■f■cacious Condensed

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Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g generally and 30-60 g if necessary in decoction, or concentrated into cream, made into pills or powder, or wine-medicated. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with dampness, phlegm or heat, since it is sweet and warm in property and easily increases ■re and the accumulation of dampness. ［Ingredients］  It contains glucose, sucrose, tartaric acid, proteins, adenine, choline, fats, many kinds of vitamins and inorganic elements, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It is effective in body tonification, anti-stress, increasing the weight of immune system organs, anti-aging, anti-cancer and anti-bacteria.

Section 4  Herbs that Tonify Yin Herbs in this section are mostly sweet, though some of them are bitter or salty in taste. Most of them are cool or cold in nature, and a few of them are neutral. They are mainly applied to nourish yin and body ■uid and moisten the body, and thus they are generally applied for the pattern of yin and ■uid de■ciency. Herbs in this category are often applied in combination with herbs that suppress ■re, herbs that suppress yang and herbs that calm the liver in terms of different patterns and complications. Yin and yang share the same source and interact positively with each other according to theory, so yin tonics are usually applied in combination with yang tonics to achieve mutual improvement and transformation between each other. Yin tonics are sweet and cold and may improve dampness and cause loose stools or dyspepsia, so patients with a weak stomach, dampness accumulation or loose stools should use them with caution.

Běi Shā Shēn 北沙参 RADIX GLEHNIAE Straight Ladybell Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Treasury of Words on the Materia Medica (Běn Căo Huì Yán, 本草汇言) in the Ming Dynasty (about 1368-1644 A.D.). It is the dried root of Glehnia littoralis Fr. Schmidt ex Miq., a perennial herb of the family Umbelliferae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Běi “north”, shā “sand” and shēn “ginseng”. It usually grows in sandy soil, in places like Liaodong in the north of China and Laiyang in Shandong Province. It is nourishing like ginseng in effect. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Shandong, Jiangsu, Liaoning and Hebei provinces of China; that which is produced in Hucheng, Shandong Province, is of the best quality. ［Collection］  It is collected in summer and autumn. After the root head and ■brous roots are removed, it is cleaned, dried slightly, blanched in boiling water to get an easy peeling of the skin, and

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then dried for use, or it is cleaned and directly dried for use. Roots that are even in size with beautiful yellowish-white color are of good quality. ［Processing］  After remaining stems and impurities are removed, it is moistened slightly, cut into segments and dried for use. ［Properties］  Sweet, slightly bitter; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, stomach. ［Characteristics］  Sweet and slightly cold in property, it mainly enters the lung and stomach channels to nourish the lung yin and stomach yin in particular. It also improves body fluid regeneration. ［Actions］  Nourishes yin and promotes ■uid production. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For dry cough and thirst due to consumption of body fluid, it is commonly combined with tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and sāng yè (Folium Mori) to nourish lung yin and improve the regeneration of body ■uid, such as in Shā Shēn Mài Dōng Tāng (Coastal Glehnia and Ophiopogon Decoction).   For cough with bloody sputum in the pattern of yin de■ciency and chronic disease, it is often combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) to coolly check bleeding, nourish yin and moisten the lung. 2. For thirst, burning pain in the stomach and epigastric upset in the pattern of stomach yin de■ciency, it is generally combined with shí hú (Caulis Dendrobii), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to relieve the pain by replenishing the qi and yin of the stomach.   For thirst occurring in late stage of febrile disease of a patient with a crimson tongue, it is usually combined with fresh dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Recens) and fresh shí hú (Caulis Dendrobii) to cool heat and replenish yin and ■uid. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g generally and 15-30 g for the fresh herb in decoction, or made into pills, powder or paste. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency cold and cold ■uid retention, or exterior wind cold attack, since it is slightly cold in nature and moistening in effect. ［Ingredients］  It contains alkaloids, polysaccharides, coumarin compounds, volatile oils, lecithin and cephaline. ［Pharmacological Research］  It relieves fever and pain, inhibits immunity, mutation, toxins and the side effects from endoxan. The polysaccharides inhibit delayed hypersensitivity reaction.

Nán Shā Shēn 南沙参 RADIX ADENOPHORAE Four Leaf Ladybell Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root of Adenophora tetraphylla (Thunb.) Fisch. or Adenophora stricta Miq., perennial herbs of the family Campanulaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Nán “south”, shā “sand” and shēn “ginseng”. It is mainly produced in the south of China and grown in sandy soil, and has nourishing effects similar to ginseng.

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［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Guizhou, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi and Sichuan provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected in spring and autumn. The ■brous roots and the outer skin are removed when fresh, and then it is washed clean and dried. Big, plump and yellowishwhite roots with the outer skin removed are of the best quality. ［Processing］  After the remaining stalks and impurities are removed, it is moistened completely, cut into thick slices and dried in the sun for use. ［Properties］  Sweet; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, stomach. ［Characteristics］  Sweet and slightly cold in property, it mainly enters the lung and stomach channels to coolly nourish the lung and stomach yin, and replenish qi and resolve phlegm as well. It is suitable for patients with qi de■ciency complicated with heat or phlegm. ［Actions］  Nourishes yin, cools the lung and stomach, generates fluid, resolves phlegm and replenishes qi. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For dryness attacking the lung with manifestations such as thirst, dry throat and mouth, dry cough or cough with scanty and sticky sputum, it is commonly combined with sāng yè (Folium Mori), xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae) to cool the dry heat and moisten the lung to relieve the cough, such as in the formula Sāng Xìng Tāng (Mulberry Leaf and Apricot Kernel Decoction).   For consumptive fever or dry cough with scanty bloody sputum, it is often combined with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) to increase the effects in nourishing yin, cooling the lung, resolving phlegm and relieving cough. 2. For stomach burning pain, poor appetite, irritable hot feeling and dry mouth due to stomach yin de■ciency, it is often combined with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and yù zhú (Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati) to nourish yin and ■uid, such as in Yì Wèi Tāng (Stomach-Boosting Decoction).   For lassitude, dry mouth and poor appetite due to qi and yin de■ciency, it is often combined with tài zĭ shēn (Radix Pseudostellariae), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and dry-fried dào yá (Fructus Oryzae Germinatus) to replenish qi and nourish yin, generate fluid and improve appetite. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g in general and 15-30 g for the fresh herb in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For clearing heat and nourishing yin and ■uid, the fresh herb is more effective. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency cold and cold ■uid retention, or exterior wind cold attack, since it is slightly cold in nature and moistening in effect. It is antagonistic to lí lú (Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri). ［Ingredients］  It contains triterpenoid saponins, taraxerone, carotene, daucosterol, β-sitosterol, phosphatidic acid, polysaccharose, amylum, microelements, calcium, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It strengthens the heart, activates blood, regulates immunity, inhibits radiation, expels phlegm and inhibits fungus.

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Mài Dōng 麦冬 RADIX OPHIOPOGONIS Dwarf Lilyturf Tuber ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It was originally called mài mén dōng (麦门冬). It is the dried root tuber of Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker-Gawl., a perennial herb of famliy Liliaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Mài “wheat” and dōng “winter”. Its leaf grows like a young millet shoot and never withers in winter. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Sichuan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Hubei provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected during summer. It is cleaned and dried repeatedly in the sun until almost completely dry. After the fibrous roots are removed, it is then dried completely. Big, ■eshy and soft roots that are half transparent and sticky to the teeth, with yellowish-white color and slightly sweet taste, are the best in quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned with water, moistened until soft, pressed ■at and dried for use. ［Properties］  Sweet, slightly bitter; slightly cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, lung, stomach. ［Characteristics］  Sweet, slightly bitter and slightly cold in property, it slightly counteracts heat, and nourishes yin and body ■uid. It enters the lung, heart and stomach channels to replenish yin, generate body ■uid, calm the mind and lubricate the bowels. ［Actions］  Nourishes lung and stomach yin, generates body ■uid, and calms the heart and mind. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For dry cough or cough with scanty sticky sputum accompanied by dry throat and mouth due to dryness affecting the lung, it is often combined with sāng yè (Folium Mori), xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to relieve cough by moistening the lung, such as in the formula Qīng Zào Jiù Fèi Tāng (Dryness-Clearing LungRescuing Decoction).   For chronic cough with bloody sputum in the pattern of lung and kidney yin de■ciency, it is often combined with tiān dōng (Radix Asparagi) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Èr Dōng Gāo (Ophiopogon and Asparagi Concentrated Decoction).   For cough getting worse in the afternoon, which is generally due to yin def iciency and fire flaming up, it is often combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to relieve the cough by powerfully nourishing yin and reducing ■re, such as in the formula Mài Mén Dōng Yĭn (Ophiopogon Decoction).   For sore throat or diphtheria due to yin de■ciency with de■ciency heat, it is often combined with xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae), shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae) to nourish yin, cool the lung and counteract toxic heat, such as in the formula Yăng Yīn Qīng Fèi Tāng (Yin-Nourishing and Lung-Clearing Decoction).

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2. For frequently occurring thirst due to consumption of stomach yin, it is often combined with yù zhú (Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati) and shā shēn (Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae) to increase the effects, such as in the formula Yì Wèi Tāng (Stomach-Bene■ting Decoction).   For diabetes with consumptive thirst, it is often combined with tiān dōng (Radix Asparagi), tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) to increase the effects of yin and ■uid nourishment, such as in the formula Èr Dōng Tāng (Ophiopogon and Asparagi Decoction).   For diabetes with swift digestion followed rapidly by hunger, which is generally due to stomach heat consuming the body yin, it is often combined with shēng shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) to clear stomach heat, nourish kidney yin and promote ■uid production to quench thirst, such as in the formula Yù Nǚ Jiān (Jade Lady Decoction).   For constipation due to fluid consumption in febrile diseases, it is often combined with xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) and shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to moisten the lung and lubricate the large intestines, such as in the formula Zēng Yè Tāng (Humor-Increasing Decoction). 3. For insomnia in the pattern of yin deficiency and internal heat, it is often combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae) and yuăn zhì (Radix Polygalae) to calm the mind and nourish yin, such as in the formula Tiān Wáng Bŭ Xīn Dān (Celestial ■mperor Heart-Supplementing ■lixir).   For loss of consciousness or delirium, or irritability and insomnia occurring in febrile diseases, it is often combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) and zhú yè xīn (Folium Pleioblasti) to tranquilize the mind and clear heat from the blood, such as in the formula Qīng Yíng Tāng (Ying Level HeatClearing Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into paste, pills or powder. For nourishing yin, the root tubers with the core removed are applied, while for calming the mind, the whole root tubers are used. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency cold and cold ■uid retention, or exterior wind cold attack, since it is slightly cold in nature and moistening in effect. ［Ingredients］  It contains various steroid saponins, such as ophiopogonin A, B, C, D, and methyl-ophiopogonanone, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, various amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamin A, volatile oils, and inorganic elements such as K, Na, Cu and Ca, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of improving myocardial contraction force and heart function, increasing coronary flow, protecting the cardiac muscle, anti-hemorrhagic shock, anti-arrhythmia, anti-anoxia, clearing free radicals, anti-aging, improving immunity, reducing blood sugar, improving digestive function, sedation, anti-convulsion and antibiosis.

Tiān Dōng 天冬 RADIX ASPARAGI Asparagus Tuber ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It was originally called tiān mén dōng (天门冬). It is the dried root tuber of Asparagus cochinensis (Lour.) Merr., a perennial herb of the family Liliaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Tiān “sky, big” and mén dōng “Radix Ophiopogonis”. It is similar to

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mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) in shape and effects but bigger in size and stronger in effects. Tiān dōng is the short name for it. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Guizhou, Sichuan and Guangxi of China. ［Collection］  It is collected during the autumn and winter. After it is cleaned with water and the stalk base and fibrous roots are removed, it is boiled or steamed well, and the outer skin is peeled off when hot. It is then cleaned simply again and dried. Big, plump, thick and translucent root tubers with yellowish-white color are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned simply, cut into thin slices and dried for use. ［Properties］  Sweet, bitter; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, kidney. ［Characteristics］  It is sweet so that it is nourishing and moistening in effect, and bitter and cold, so that it is able to coolly purge heat. It enters the lung and kidney channels to moisten the lung, purge lung ■re, nourish kidney yin, improve the generation of body ■uid and lubricate the bowels to act as a laxative. ［Actions］  Nourishes lung and kidney yin, clears lung ■re and promotes ■uid production. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For dry cough due to dry heat affecting the lung, it alone can be decocted into paste and taken orally, or it is applied in combination with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), nán shā shēn (Radix Adenophorae) and chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) to improve the effects in relieving cough and nourishing.   For whooping cough with sticky sputum, it is often combined with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), băi bù (Radix Stemonae) and chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) to relieve cough, slightly resolve phlegm and nourish lung yin as well.   For cough with yellow turbid sputum, it is often combined with băi bù (Radix Stemonae), chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae), zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) and huà jú hóng (■xocarpium Citri Grandis) to partly clear the heat, resolve the phlegm and nourish lung yin as well.   For consumptive cough with expectoration of blood, it is often combined with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), such as in the formula Èr Dōng Gāo (Ophiopogon and Asparagus Concentrated Decoction), or is applied in combination with chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae), shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to nourish lung yin, relieve cough and stop bleeding.   For chronic cough with bloody sputum complicated with tidal fever and night sweats due to lung and kidney yin de■ciency, it is often combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) to relieve the problems, such as in the formula Yuè Huá Wán (Moonlight Pill). 2. For night sweats, seminal emission, and soreness and weakness in the waist and knees due to kidney yin de■ciency, it is commonly combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) to boost qi, nourish yin, reduce ■re and consolidate essence, such as in the formula Sān Cái Fēng Suĭ Dān (Heaven, Human and ■arth Marrow-Retaining ■lixir). 3. For thirst due to qi and fluid insufficiency occurring in the course of febrile diseases, it

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is commonly combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Sān Cái Tāng (Heaven, Human and ■arth Pill).   For wasting thirst due to internal heat, it is often combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to clear heat, nourish yin and promote ■uid generation to quench the thirst.   For constipation with heat signs, it is basically combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) to clear heat, nourish yin and lubricate the bowels.   For constipation due to yin and blood de■ciency, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and ròu cōng róng (Herba Cistanches) to relieve the constipation by nourishing blood and essence, such as in the formula Liù Chéng Tāng (Six-Ingredient Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 6-15 g in decoction, or made into paste, pills or powder, or wine-medicated. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency cold or exterior wind cold attack, since it is very cold in nature. ［Ingredients］  It contains various steroid saponins, amino acids and polysaccharides. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of anti-tumor, improving myocardial contraction, increasing liver function, relieving cough and dispelling phlegm, anti-bacteria, prolonging antibody existence and killing larvae of mosquitoes and ■ies.

ShíHú石斛 CAULIS DENDROBII Dendrobium Stem ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the fresh or dried stem of Dendrobium loddigesii Rolfe, Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook. var. oculatum Hook., Dendrobium chrysanthum Wall., Dendrobium candidum Wall. ex Lindl., or Dendrobium nobile Lindl., several perennial herbs of the family Orchid. ［■xplanation of Name］  Shí “stone” and hú “container (in ancient times)”. The plant always attaches to stones, and has branch-stems growing near the ground that look like the bases of the ancient containers. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Guangxi, Guizhou, Guangdong, Yunnan and Sichuan of China. ［Collection］  It is collected the year round and better in the late spring, early summer or autumn. The fresh herb can be used directly. Alternately, it is dried after the roots and leaves are completely removed, and is blanched in boiling water so that the leaf sheath is easily removed. Juicy stems are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is simply washed clean, cut into segments and dried for use. ［Properties］  Sweet; slightly cold.

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［■ntered Channels］  Stomach, kidney. ［Characteristics］  Sweet, slightly moistening and nourishing in property, and entering the stomach and kidney channels, it is good at nourishing yin, improving vision and slightly cooling heat. The fresh herb is more effective than the dried one. ［Actions］  Nourishes yin, generates body ■uid, cools heat, improves eyesight and toni■es the body. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For low fever and dry throat seen in febrile diseases with body fluid injured, it is often combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) to nourish yin and promote ■uid generation to cool heat and relieve thirst.   For the pattern of stomach yin de■ciency, marked by dry throat, poor appetite and occasional nausea, it is often combined with shā shēn (Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) to calm the stomach, nourish yin and promote ■uid generation.   For consumptive thirst arising from internal heat, it is often combined with tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis), shā shēn (Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae) and mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) to quench the thirst by powerfully nourishing yin and replenishing ■uid. 2. For low fever in deficiency pattern seen in the late stage of febrile diseases, it is often combined with qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae), biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) and mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) to relieve the heat and nourish yin.   For steaming bone fever occurring in chronic diseases due to yin being consumed and failing to control yang, it is often combined with dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii), qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae) and shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to relieve fever and nourish yin. 3. For poor eyesight in the pattern of kidney yin and essence de■ciency, it is often combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) and shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) to improve eyesight by nourishing yin, tonifying kidney essence and slightly clearing liver heat, such as in the formula Shí Hú Yè Guāng Wán (Night-Shining Pill with Dendrobium).   For lassitude and weakness in the waist and knees due to kidney yin and essence de■ciency, it is often combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), huái niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) and dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) to totally tonify and strengthen the body. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: the dried herb 6-15 g and the fresh herb 15-30 g in decoction, or in paste, pills or powder. When preparing the decoction, the dried herb should be decocted earlier than other herbs. The fresh herb is more effective in replenishing body ■uid, and the dried one is more applicable for yin de■ciency. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with dampness inside, since it is moistening in effect. ［Ingredients］  Dendrobium nobile Lindl. contains dendrobine, dendramine, nobilonine, β-sitosterol, daucosterol, pectin, starch, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It relieves fever, alleviates pain, improves immunity, slows down aging, improves gastric acid secretion, lowers blood sugar, inhibits cataracts and tumors, as well as slows down heart rate and respiration, and decreases blood pressure. ［Notes］  Dendrobium candidum Wall. ex Lindl. (tiě pí shí hú, 铁皮石斛) is the best in quality. Dendrobium nobile Lindl. (jīn chāi shí hú, 金钗石斛) is less effective than the above herb; its young shoot is very mild in nature and is often used to make herbal tea.

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YùZhú玉竹 RHIZOMA POLYGONATI ODORATI Fragrant Solomonseal Rhizome ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried rhizome of Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, a perennial herb of the family Liliaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Yù “jade” and zhú “bamboo”. Its rhizome is fleshy and juicy with yellowish-white color. Its leaf is shaped like a bamboo leaf with the back jade-white in color. It is also known as wēi ruí (葳蕤), which means “■ourishing”. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Henan and Hebei provinces of China; those produced in Hunan, Zhejiang and Guangdong are of the best quality. ［Collection］  It is collected in autumn. After fibrous roots are removed, it is cleaned, dried in the sun, rubbed repeatedly and dried again until it is completely dry, or it is steamed well, rubbed and dried in the sun. Long, big, ■eshy, yellowish-white, soft and sweet rhizomes are the best in quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned if necessary, moistened thoroughly, cut into thick slices or segments, and dried for use. ［Properties］  Sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, stomach. ［Characteristics］  Slightly sweet, neutral and slightly cold in property, it is moistening and nourishing in effects. It enters the lung channel to suppress cough by moistening the lung. It also enters the stomach channel to replenish yin, generate ■uid and quench thirst. ［Actions］  Nourishes yin, moistens the lung and replenishes ■uid to quench thirst. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For dry cough with heat signs, it is commonly combined with shā shēn (Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and sāng yè (Folium Mori) to relieve cough by cooling the lung and replenishing the lung yin and ■uid, such as in the formula Shā Shēn Mài Dōng Tāng (Coastal Glehnia and Ophiopogon Decoction).   For dry cough with coldness signs, it is basically combined with xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), sū yè (Folium Perillae) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) to relieve cough by warmly moving the lung qi, improving ■uid regeneration and moistening the lung.   For chronic cough in the pattern of lung yin deficiency, it is effectively combined with chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and băi bù (Radix Stemonae) to relieve the cough by nourishing the lung yin. 2. For vexing thirst due to excessive stomach heat, it is generally combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) to increase the effect on nourishing the stomach yin and ■uid, such as in the formula Yì Wèi Tāng (Stomach-Boosting Decoction).   For diabetic thirst due to chronic consumption of stomach yin by internal heat, it is commonly

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combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) to clear heat and nourish yin and body ■uid to quench thirst. 3. In addition, it can be used for exterior wind heat complicated with yin de■ciency, if combined with bái wēi (Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Atrati), bò he (Herba Menthae) and dàn dòu chĭ (Semen Sojae Praeparatum), which is seen in the formula Jiā Jiăn Wēi Ruí Tāng (Solomon’s Seal Variant Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into paste, pills or powder. Compared to the steamed herb, the fresh herb is more effective in suppressing heat. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with phlegm damp, since it is juicy and moistening and may assist phlegm and dampness. ［Ingredients］  It contains convallamarin, convallarin, kaempferol glycoside, quercetin glycoside, β-sitosterol, vitamin D, odoratam polysaccharide, mucus and minerals. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of anti-aging, improving immunity, strengthening the heart, dilating blood vessels, two-way regulation of blood pressure, reducing blood lipids, antiatherosclerosis, reducing blood sugar, increasing tyrosinase activity, lubricating the bowels to act as a laxative, anti-tumor and anti-bacteria.

Huáng Jīng 黄精 RHIZOMA POLYGONATI Siberian Solomon’s Seal Rhizome ［Source］  Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Southern Dynasty (about 420-589 A.D.). It is the dried rhizome of Polygonatum sibiricum Red., Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl., or Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua, perennial herbs of the family Liliaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Huáng “yellow” and jīng “essence”. “Yellow” corresponds to “earth” in the ■ve-phase theory. The ancients considered it to come from the essence of the earth, and it is yellow in color. It is sweet and edible as food. ［Habitat］  Polygonatum sibiricum Red. is mainly produced in Hebei, Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi provinces of China, while Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl. in Guizhou, Guangxi and Yunnan provinces of China, and Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua in Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan, Anhui and Zhejiang provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected in spring and autumn. After the ■brous roots are removed from it, it is washed clean, blanched quickly in boiling water and then dried for use. Big, ■eshy and yellowishwhite rhizomes with transparent cross-sections are the best in quality. Alternately, it is steamed ■rst and dried for use. In this case, big, black and oily rhizomes are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned with water if necessary, slightly moistened, cut into thick slices and dried for use, or wine-processed for use. ［Properties］  Sweet; neutral.

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［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, lung, kidney. ［Characteristics］  It is sweet, neutral, moistening and mild in property and effect. It enters the spleen, lung and kidney channels to mildly nourish qi and yin. ［Actions］  Nourishes kidney essence, lung yin and spleen qi. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For dry cough in the pattern of lung yin de■ciency, it alone can be decocted into paste and taken orally, or is applied in combination with shā shēn (Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae), chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) to enhance the effects.   For chronic cough in the pattern of lung and kidney yin de■ciency, it is often combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), tiān dōng (Radix Asparagi) and băi bù (Radix Stemonae) to relieve cough and nourish yin. 2. For general lassitude and poor appetite, it is commonly combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to increase the effect on nourishing the spleen qi.   For frequently occurring thirst, poor appetite and red tongue body with little coating, it is basically combined with shí hú (Caulis Dendrobii), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) to enhance the effects in nourishing yin and body ■uid. 3. For dizziness, heart palpitations, aching pain and weakness in the waist and knees and premature graying of hair, it is generally combined with gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) to tonify the liver blood and kidney essence, such as in the formula Èr Jīng Wán (Double-■ssence Pill). It can also be wine-medicated together with tiān dōng (Radix Asparagi), cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis), băi yè (Cacumen Platycladi) and gŏu qĭ gēn (Radix Lycii) to nourish hair and strengthen the body, such as in the formula Huáng Jīng Jiŭ (Polygonati Wine). 4. For consumptive thirst in mild cases, it can be applied alone in a large dose. If heat is dominating, it is often combined with tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and shēng shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) to increase the effects on clearing heat and replenishing body ■uid. For cases with serious symptoms re■ecting yin de■ciency, it is often combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and tiān dōng (Radix Asparagi) to nourish yin and promote fluid production to quench thirst. For cases in the pattern of both qi and yin deficiency, it is often combined with shēng shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae), shēng huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) to nourish yin and tonify qi. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g generally in decoction, or made into paste, pills or powder, and the fresh herb 30-60 g in decoction. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with phlegm or dampness, since it is moistening and may increase dampness. ［Ingredients］  It contains various steroid saponins, polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides, oligosaccharide, phlegmatic substance, starch, various amino acids and microelements. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of anti-oxidation, anti-fatigue, anti-aging, increasing the number of white blood cells, increasing the activity of Na+,K+-ATP enzyme, reducing blood lipids and blood sugar, increasing coronary blood ■ow, strengthening myocardial contraction force, preventing myocardial ischemia, hemostasis, anti-inflammation, anti-bacteria, anti-virus, etc. Its polysaccharide extract improves immunity and the synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein. Its methanol extract arrests bleeding and inhibits the functions of the adrenal cortex.

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Bǎi Hé 百合 BULBUS LILII Lily Bulb ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry ■eshy scale leaf of Lilium lancifolium Thunb., Lilium brownii F. ■. Brown var. viridulum Baker, or Lilium pumilum DC., perennial herbs of the family Liliaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Bǎi “hundred” and hé “closing”. Its bulb is composed of many layers of scale leaves. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Hunan and Zhejiang provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected in autumn. It is cleaned with water, and only the scale leaves are blanched in boiling water quickly and then dried. ■ven-sized, ■eshy, and solid scale leaves with yellowish-white color, less ■bers and slightly bitter taste are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is used directly, or honey-processed ■rst. ［Properties］  Sweet; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, heart. ［Characteristics］  Sweet and slightly cold in property, it enters the lung channel to coolly nourish the lung yin and moisten the lung. It also works on the heart to calm the heart and mind. It is effectively applied for dry cough, palpitations, insomnia and anxiety. ［Actions］  Nourishes yin, moistens the lung, and calms the heart and mind. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For cough with little sputum or bloody sputum, and dry throat in the pattern of lung yin de■ciency, it is commonly combined with kuăn dōng huā (Flos Farfarae) to increase the effects in moistening the lung to relieve cough, such as in the formula Băi Huā Gāo (Lily Bulb and Coltsfoot Flower Decoction). For chronic cough with little sputum or bloody sputum in the pattern of lung and kidney yin de■ciency, it is generally combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) and chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) to relieve cough by nourishing the lung yin, such as in the formula Băi Hé Gù Jīn Tāng (Lily Bulb Metal-Securing Decoction). 2. For palpitations, anxiety, insomnia or absent-mindedness in the pattern of heart yin de■ciency, it is often combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to nourish the heart yin and calm the heart and mind, such as in the formulas Băi Hé Zhī Mŭ Tāng (Lily Bulb and Anemarrhena Decoction) or Băi Hé Dì Huáng Tāng (Lily Bulb and Rehmannia Decoction) ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-30 g in decoction, or cooked as food. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with cold, loose stools or diarrhea, because of its cold and moistening property. ［Ingredients］  It contains starch, phenolic acid glyceride, glycosides, colchicine, polysaccharides, phospholipids, various vitamins, proteins, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, cellulose, lipids and inorganic

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elements such as calcium, phosphorus and iron. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of relieving cough, dispelling phlegm, relieving asthma, anti-stress injury, increasing the number of white blood cells, tranquilizing, hypnosis, reducing blood sugar and anti-oxidation. The colchicine it contains has estrogen-like effects, inhibits mitosis of cancer cells, and prevents multiplication of cancer cells and gout attack.

Gǒu QǐZǐ枸杞子 FRUCTUS LYCII Chinese Wolfberry Fruit ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the fruit of Lycium barbarum L., a deciduous shrub of the family Solanaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Gǒu “dog”, qĭ “small shrub” and zĭ “fruit”. The root looks like a dog in shape, the plant is a small shrub and the fruit is medicinal. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Ningxia and Gansu of China; that which is produced in Ningxia is particularly good in quality. ［Collection］  It is collected in summer and autumn when turning red, and dried by machine or naturally in the sun. Big, ■eshy, reddish, soft and sweet fruits with less seeds are of good quality. ［Processing］  It is used directly. ［Properties］  Sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, kidney. ［Characteristics］  Sweet, tonifying and neutral in propery, it mainly enters the liver, kidney and lung channels to serve as an edible and medicinal substance. It is good at nourishing the liver and kidney to improve vision and prevent aging, and nourishing the lung yin to relieve cough. ［Actions］  Nourishes liver and kidney yin and essence, improves vision and moistens the lung to relieve cough. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For blood and essence de■ciency with manifestations such as chronic aching pain and weakness in the waist and knees, dizziness, tinnitus, impotence, seminal emission, poor vision and premature graying of hair, it can be applied alone or in combination with huáng jīng (Rhizoma Polygonati) to enhance the effects, such as the formula Èr Jīng Wán (Double ■ssence Pill).   For osteoporosis in the pattern of kidney essence deficiency, it is generally combined with shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae), guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis) and niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) to strengthen the muscles and bones, such as in the formula Zī Yīn Bŭ Suǐ Tāng (YinNourishing and Marrow-Replenishing Decoction).   For impotence, seminal emission and infertility, it is applied in combination with wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis), shā yuàn zĭ (Semen Astragali Complanati) and tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) to nourish essence and boost marrow, consolidate essence and arrest seminal emission, such as in the formula Wŭ Zĭ Yăn Zōng Wán (Five-Seed Progeny Pill).   For poor vision in the pattern of blood and essence de■ciency, it is often combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni)

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to improve the effects, such as in the formula Qĭ Jú Dì Huáng Wán (Lycium Berry, Chrysanthemum and Rehmannia Pill).   For diabetes, it is often combined with shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) to nourish yin and promote ■uid generation to quench thirst. 2. For chronic cough in the pattern of lung and kidney yin de■ciency, it is often combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to relieve the cough, nourish yin and moisten the lung. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-15 g in decoction, or made into paste, pills or powder, or wine-medicated for use. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with dampness or loose stools, because it is moistening to the body. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains betaine, atropine, hyoscyamine, scopoletin, polysaccharides, ascorbic acid, various amino acids, linoleic acid, carotene, β-sitosterol, nicotinic acid, calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of improving and regulating immunity, improving hematopoiesis, anti-oxidation, anti-aging, anti-fatigue, anti-hypoxia, anti-radiation, increasing the number of white blood cells, protecting the liver, decreasing blood lipids, anti-atherosclerosis, decreasing blood sugar and blood pressure, anti-mutation, anti-cancer, anti-bacteria, antagonism of lead immunotoxicity, etc. It can also promote acid production of lactobacillus.

NǚZhēn Zǐ女贞子 FRUCTUS LIGUSTRI LUCIDI Privet Fruit ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the fruit of Ligustrum lucidum Ait., an evergreen tree of the family Oleaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Nǚ “girl”, zhēn “chastity” and zĭ “fruit”. The leaf of this plant is alive and green even in bitter cold winter, just like a chaste girl who never surrenders to dif■culties. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hunan, Fujian and Sichuan provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected in winter when the fruit is ripe. It is cleaned, steamed for a short while or blanched in boiling water, and then dried, or dried directly without steaming or blanching. Big, fleshy and dark-reddish fruits are of good quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned simply and then dried for use, or wine-medicated for use. ［Properties］  Sweet, bitter; cool. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, kidney. ［Characteristics］  It is sweet, slightly bitter and neutral yet slightly cool in property. It enters the liver and kidney channels to coolly nourish the liver and kidney yin. It is generally applied for

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premature graying of hair, de■ciency heat and poor vision. ［Actions］  Nourishes the liver and kidney yin, improves vision and suppresses de■ciency heat. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For liver and kidney yin de■ciency manifested as dizziness, tinnitus, weakness and aching in the waist and knees, poor vision, and premature gray hair or loss of hair, it is often combined with mò hàn lián (Herba ■cliptae), such as in the formula Èr Zhì Wán (Double Supreme Pill), or is applied in combination with hé shŏu wū (Radix Polygoni Multi■ori), sāng shèn (Fructus Mori) and tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) to increase the effects, such as in the formula Shŏu Wū Yán Shòu Dān (Fleece■ower Life-Prolonging ■lixir). 2. For heat resulting from yin de■ciency or complicated with yin de■ciency, it is often combined with dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii), shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae) to enhance the effects. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into paste or pills. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with cold de■ciency or kidney yang de■ciency. ［Ingredients］  It contains oleanolic acid, acetyloleanolic acid, glossy privet fruit glycoside, ligustro■avone, quercetin, polysaccharides, volatile oils, various amino acids, phospholipids (mainly phosphatidylcholine), microelements, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of improving immunity, increasing the amount of white blood cells, anti-mutation, restraining allergic reaction, reducing blood sugar and blood lipids, anti-atherosclerosis, strengthening the cardiac function, increasing coronary blood ■ow, regulating endocrines, protecting the liver, anti-aging, antioxidation, anti-cancer, anti-in■ammation, decreasing eye pressure, diuresis, relieving cough, acting as a laxative, anti-bacteria, etc. Total extracts of acetic acid counteract hypoxia.

Mò Hàn Lián 墨旱莲 HERBA ECLIPTAE Yerbadetajo Herb ［Source］  Initially appeared in Newly Revised Materia Medica in the Tang Dynasty (about 618-907 A.D.). It is the dried above-ground part of Eclipta prostrata L., an annual herb of the family Compositae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Mò “black”, hàn “dry land” and lián “lotus”. It grows on dry land, and the sap of the stem and leaf turns black in a few minutes. The appearance of the fruit is similar to a lotus seed pod. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangdong and Hubei provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected when the ■ower is blooming and dried in the sun. Dry plants with dark green color and ■ourishing leaves are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is simply cleaned ■rst, quickly washed, cut into segments and dried again for use. ［Properties］  Sweet, sour; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, kidney.

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Chapter 17  Herbs that Tonify the Body

［Characteristics］  It is slightly sweet and sour in ■avor, and cold in nature. It enters the liver and kidney channels to coolly nourish the kidney yin in particular. It also acts to cool blood and arrest bleeding. ［Actions］  Nourishes the kidney yin, cools blood and arrests bleeding. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For dizziness, poor eyesight, loose teeth, premature hair whitening, aching pain and weakness in waist and knees, seminal emission and tinnitus in the pattern of kidney yin de■ciency, it is generally combined with nǚ zhēn zĭ (Fructus Ligustri Lucidi) for mutual reinforcement, such as the formula Èr Zhì Wán (Double Supreme Pill). It can also be combined with zhì shŏu wū (Radix Polygoni Multi■ori Praeparata cum Succo Glycines Sotae), sāng shèn (Fructus Mori) and tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) to strengthen the effects, such as in Shŏu Wū Yán Shòu Dān (Fleece■ower Life-Prolonging ■lixir). 2. For bleeding due to heat and yin de■ciency, such as hematemesis, epistaxis, hematuria, bloody stools, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, it can be applied alone, or in combination with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) and pú huáng (Pollen Typhae) to arrest bleeding, nourish yin and cool blood. 3. In addition, either the fresh herb or the dry powder can be applied topically to check traumatic bleeding. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-30 g in decoction, or made into fresh juice, paste, pills or dry powder. For external use: the fresh herb is pounded or the dry powder is applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with coldness or yang de■ciency, since it is cold in nature. ［Ingredients］  It contains various saponins, thiophene compounds, coumarin ethers, apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, nicotine, vitamin A, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, daucosterol, proteins, amino acids, stearic acid, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows the effects of improving immunity, increasing the amount of white blood cells in peripheral blood, anti-chromosome damage, anti-mutation, protecting the liver, increasing coronary blood ■ow, anti-anoxia, stopping bleeding, sedation, analgesia, antiin■ammation and anti-bacteria.

Sāng Shèn 桑椹 FRUCTUS MORI Mulberry ［Source］  Initially appeared in Newly Revised Materia Medica in the Tang Dynasty (about 618907 A.D.). It is the dry mature fruit of Morus alba L., a deciduous tree of the family Moraceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Sāng “mulberry tree” and shèn “mulberry fruit”. It is the fruit of the mulberry tree. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan and Sichuan provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected from April to June when the fruit matures. It is dried directly in the sun, or steamed ■rst and then dried in the sun. Big, complete, ■eshy, sweet and purplish-colored fruits are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is used directly. ［Properties］  Sweet, sour; cold.

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［■ntered Channels］  Heart, liver, kidney. ［Characteristics］  It is sweet, slightly cold, nourishing and moistening in property. It enters the heart, liver and kidney channels to nourish body yin and blood, promote ■uid production and lubricate the bowels. It is applicable for patients with yin and blood de■ciency, body ■uid de■ciency with serious thirst or dry-stool constipation. ［Actions］  Nourishes yin and blood, promotes fluid production and moistens dryness. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For chronic aching pain and weakness in the waist and knees, dizziness, tinnitus, poor vision, heart palpitations, insomnia and premature graying of hair due to yin and blood de■ciency, it can be applied alone, or in combination with the processed hé shŏu wū (Radix Polygoni Multi■ori), nǚ zhēn zĭ (Fructus Ligustri Lucidi) and mò hàn lián (Herba ■cliptae) to improve its effects, such as in the formula Shŏu Wū Yán Shòu Dān (Fleece■ower Life-Prolonging ■lixir). 2. For excessive thirst resulting from body fluid consumption, it can be used alone or in combination with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae) and shí hú (Caulis Dendrobii) to improve its effects. 3. For dry-stool constipation due to body ■uid consumption or blood and yin de■ciency, it can be applied alone for mild cases, or applied in combination with the unprocessed hé shŏu wū (Radix Polygoni Multiflori), huŏ má rén (Semen Cannabis) and hēi zhī ma (Semen Cuscutae) for better effect in lubricating the bowels to act as a laxative. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into paste, pills or powder, or wine-medicated, or taken directly. 15-30 g for mulberry paste, taken with warm water. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with dampness or loose stools since it is cold in nature and moistening in effect. Over-use in children may cause hemorrhagic enteritis. ［Ingredients］  It contains carbohydrates, tannic acid, malic acid, carotenes, phospholipids, proteins, rutin, rutoside, alcohol, various vitamins, fatty acids and microelements. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows the effects of improving hematopoiesis and immunity, lowering the activity of erythrocyte membrane Na +,K +-ATPase, promoting maturation of T lymphocytes, promoting lymphocyte transformation, increasing white blood cells and antimutagenesis.

Hēi ZhīMa 黑芝麻 SEMEN SESAMI NIGRUM Black Sesame ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It was originally called hú má. It is the dried mature seed of Sesamum indicum L., an annual herb of the family Pedaliaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Hēi” black”, zhī “oil” and ma “sesame”. It was originally produced in the far western areas of China, called hú (胡) in ancient times, so that it was called hú má (胡麻). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan, Anhui, Jiangxi and Hebei

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provinces of China. ［Collection］  The plant is collected in autumn when the fruit is ripe. It is dried ■rst and then struck to yield the seeds, which are then cleaned and dried in the sun. Big, plump and black seeds with pleasant aroma are of good quality. ［Processing］  They are cleaned if necessary and dried in the sun for use, or dry-fried ■rst. They are pounded before use. ［Properties］  Sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, kidney, large intestine. ［Characteristics］  It is slightly sweet, neutral, and tonifying and moistening in property. It is an edible and medicinal substance, and enters the liver and kidney channels to tonify the body essence and blood. It also lubricates the bowels to act as a laxative. ［Actions］  Toni■es body essence and blood, and moistens the large intestine. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For frequently occurring dizziness, tinnitus or deafness, and premature graying or loss of hair in the pattern of body essence and blood deficiency, it can be applied alone or in combination with sāng yè (Folium Mori), such as the formula Sāng Má Wán (Mulberry Leaf and Sesame Pill), or applied in combination with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), nǚ zhēn zĭ (Fructus Ligustri Lucidi) and mò hàn lián (Herba ■cliptae) to strengthen the effects on toni■cation. 2. For constipation due to intestinal dryness, it is applied alone or in combination with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), ròu cōng róng (Herba Cistanches) and huŏ má rén (Semen Cannabis) to nourish yin and release the bowels. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-30 g stir-fried ■rst and applied in decoction, or made into pills or paste. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with loose stools, because it is oily. ［Ingredients］  It contains fatty oils (45％-55％), sesamin, sesamol, lecithin, vitamin ■, phytosterol, folate, niacin, glycosides, proteins, sesamose, cytochrome C, various calcium oxalates, phosphorus, kalium, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows the effects of tonification, lubricating the bowels to act as a laxative, reducing cholesterol, preventing arteriosclerosis, reducing blood sugar, inhibition of unsaturated fatty acid, inhibition of adrenal function, anti-aging, etc. In addition, coating the mucosa with sterilized sesame oil can protect the mucosa from stimulation and improve recovery of in■ammation.

GuīJiǎ 龟甲 CARAPAX ET PLASTRUM TESTUDINIS Tortoise Shell ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the carapace (top shell) and plastron (bottom shell) of Chinemys reevesii (Gray), a kind of tortoise of the family Testudinidae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Guī “tortoise” and jiă “shell”. It is the shell of the tortoise. The

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plastron is plank shaped, so it is also called guī băn (龟板). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected year round. The shell only is dried in the sun. Big, complete and clean shells are of good quality. ［Processing］  It is steamed for 45 minutes, put in hot water to conveniently remove the residues from the shell, washed clean and dried in the sun for use, or dry-fried with sand ■rst and then vinegar-quenched for use. ［Properties］  Sweet, salty; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, kidney, heart. ［Characteristics］  It is sweet, salty and cold in property. It enters the kidney channel to nourish the kidney yin and suppress de■ciency heat, the liver channel to nourish liver yin and subdue liver yang, and the heart channel to cultivate and cool blood and arrest bleeding as well. It is effective for heat signs or fever due to kidney yin de■ciency or hyperactivity of liver yang due to yin de■ciency, stirring of wind due to yin de■ciency, muscular and bone weakness, palpitations, insomnia, poor memory and profuse menstruation due to yin de■ciency and blood heat. ［Actions］  Nourishes yin, subdues yang, toni■es kidney essence, strengthens bones, nourishes blood, cools blood and arrests bleeding. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For tidal ■ushing fever, night sweats and steaming bone fever due to yin de■ciency, it is effective in reducing heat and nourishing yin. It is often used in combination with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Dà Bŭ Yīn Wán (Major Yin-Supplementing Pill). 2. For dizziness and blurred vision, it is often combined with bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba), dài zhĕ shí (Haematitum) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) to nourish yin, subdue yang and calm internal wind, such as in the formula Zhèn Gān Xī Fēng Tāng (Liver-Wind Suppressing Decoction). For crimson and dry tongue body, and twitching of the limbs occurring in the late stage of febrile diseases due to yin consumption, it is necessarily combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) and biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) to enhance the effects on nourishing yin, subduing yang and calming wind, such as in the formula Sān Jiă Fù Mài Tāng (Three Shells Pulse-Restoring Decoction). 3. For weakness in the muscles and bones, delayed infantile fontanel closure, and retarded dentition and physical development due to kidney essence de■ciency, it is commonly used alone or in combination with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), suŏ yáng (Herba Cynomorii) and niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) to increase the effects. 4. For fatigue, heart palpitations, insomnia and poor memory due to chronic consumption of the body yin and blood, it is often combined with lóng gŭ (Os Draconis), yuăn zhì (Radix Polygalae) and shí chāng pú (Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii) to tonify the body, and calm the heart and mind, such as in the formula Kŏng Shèng Zhěn Zhōng Dān (Confucius’ Sage Wisdom Pillow ■lixir). 5. For metrorrhagia, metrostaxis and profuse menstruation in the pattern of yin de■ciency and blood heat, it is often combined with chūn gēn pí (Cortex Ailanthi), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi) to arrest bleeding by nourishing yin and cooling blood, such as in the formula Gù Jīng Wán (Menses-Securing Pill). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-30 g in decoction, or made into paste, pills or

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powder. For decoction, it should be crushed ■rst and cooked a longer time. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with coldness, since it is cold in nature. ［Ingredients］  It contains bone collagen, various amino acids, inorganic elements, CaO, MgO, SiO2, keratin, fats, cholesterin, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of reducing functions of the thyroid gland and adrenal gland, improving immunity, anti-mutation, activating the uterus, anti-osteoporosis, antiaging, increasing coronary blood flow, decreasing the content of Cu in serum, relieving fever, sedation, anti-tumor and anti-bacteria.

Attachment: GuīJiǎ Jiāo 龟甲胶 Colla Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis ［Source］  It is the solid concentration of the tortoise shells above after cooking. It is similar to guī jiă in property, actions, clinical applications, and cautions and contraindications, but better in effects. ［Pharmacological Research］  Research indicates that it toni■es blood, increases the number of platelets and white blood cells, and shortens bleeding time. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g melted in hot prepared decoction, or made into pills, powder or paste. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with loose stools.

Biē Jiǎ 鳖甲 CARAPAX TRIONYCIS Turtle Carapace ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the carapace of Trionyx sinensis Wiegmann, a kind of soft-shelled turtle of the family Trionychidae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Biē “moving slowly” and jiă “shell”. The turtle moves slowly and its shell is medicinal. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Hubei, Jiangsu, Henan, Hunan, Anhui and Zhejiang provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected year round. The shell only is dried in the sun. Big, complete and clean shells are of good quality. ［Processing］  It is steamed for 45 minutes, put in hot water to conveniently remove the residues from the shell, washed clean and dried in the sun for use, or dry-fried with sand ■rst and then vinegar-quenched for use. ［Properties］  Salty; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, kidney. ［Characteristics］  Salty and cold in property, it is an essential herb for reducing fever, softening and resolving lumps and hard swelling, and nourishing kidney yin as well. It is commonly applied

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for chronic low fever or febrile sensation in the palms and soles, yang hyperactivity, internal wind due to yin de■ciency, chronic malaria with splenomegaly and abdominal masses. ［Actions］  Nourishes yin, subdues yang, reduces fever and hot sensation, and softens hardness and lumps. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For prolonged fever in the late stage of febrile diseases, it is necessarily combined with qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae), shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) to nourish yin and dissipate the heat, such as in the formula Qīng Hāo Biē Jiă Tāng (Sweet Wormwood and Turtle Shell Decoction).   For yin and blood de■ciency with manifestations such as bone steaming fever, night sweats, emaciation, flushed face, dry throat and afternoon fever, it is commonly combined with dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii), chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to nourish yin and blood, and reduce fever as well, such as in the formula Qín Jiāo Biē Jiă Săn (Large Gentian and Turtle Shell Powder). 2. For trembling or twitching of limbs with dry crimson tongue body, and extremely weak pulse due to yin seriously consumed by febrile diseases, it is commonly combined with shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae), guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) to nourish yin, subdue yang and extinguish wind, such as in the formula Sān Jiă Fù Mài Tāng (Three Shells PulseRestoring Decoction).   For vertigo due to hyperactivity of yang and de■ciency of yin, it is often combined with shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae), mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) and jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) to enhance its effects. 3. For chronic malaria with splenomegaly, abdominal masses or amenorrhea, it is often combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan), tŭ biē chóng (■upolyphaga seu Steleophaga) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to move qi, activate blood, drain dampness and soften hardness and swelling, such as in the formula Biē Jiă Jiān Wán (Turtle Shell Decocted Pill). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-30 g in decoction, or made into paste, pills or powder. For decoction, it should be crushed ■rst and cooked a longer time. For the purpose of nourishing yin and subduing yang it is used directly, while for softening hard lumps the vinegarsoaked product should be used. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with coldness, since it is cold in nature. ［Ingredients］  It contains bone collagen, keratin, iodine, calcium carbonate, vitamin D, peptides, various amino acids, inorganic elements, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of tonification, sedation, protecting the liver, dissipating masses, reducing the oxygen consumption of hepatic tissue, anti-hypoxia, anti-fatigue, improving immunity, anti-radiation, anti-mutation, decreasing the content of cAMP in serum, inhibiting connective tissue proliferation, anti-cancer, etc. The ■uid of biē jiă jiāo (Colla Carapax Trionycis) can increase hemoglobin.

Attachment: Biē Jiǎ Jiāo 鳖甲胶 Colla Carapax Trionycis ［Source］  It is the solid concentration of biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis). It is similar to biē jiă in property, actions, clinical applications, and cautions and contraindications, yet it is more effective in nourishing yin and blood, reducing fever and arresting bleeding. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g melted in hot prepared decoction, or made into pills,

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Chapter 17  Herbs that Tonify the Body powder or paste. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with loose stools.

Summary 1. Herbs that tonify qi Rén Shēn vs. Dăng Shēn Rén Shēn

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Dăng Shēn

Properties

Sweet

Entered channels

Spleen and lung

Actions

Tonif ies qi and promotes ■uid production

Indications

Fatigue due to spleen and stomach qi deficiency, shortness of breath due to lung qi insufficiency, thirst and shortness of breath due to qi deficiency and fluid consumption, as well as qi and blood de■ciency

Properties

Slightly bitter; slightly warm

Actions

· · ·

Indications

·

Neutral

Tonif ies original qi  Calms the mind 

Tonif ies middle qi and lung qi and nourishes blood without dryness or greasy property

Qi collapse and consumptive thirst  Restless heart and mind, insomnia,  profuse dreaming, palpitations due to fright, poor memory, impotence

—

·

Special features

Used as the first choice for internal damage, and severe and urgent cases of qi and ■uid consumption

·

Used as a key herb for spleen and lung qi  deficiency, and for light or chronic cases of qi and ■uid or qi and blood de■ciency Amount used should be doubled or tripled  when used as the substitute of rén shēn

Rén Shēn vs. Xī Yáng Shēn Rén Shēn

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal Properties

Sweet, slightly bitter

Entered channels

Heart, lung

Actions

Tonif ies qi and promotes ■uid production

Indications

Vexing thirst due to qi and ■uid consumption

Properties

Slightly warm

Cold

Entered channels

—

Kidney

·

Actions

· · ·

Indications

· ·

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Xī Yáng Shēn

R estores the pulse and rescues from qi collapse Tonif ies spleen qi and lung qi  Calms the mind  Severe and urgent cases of qi de■ciency  or qi and yin de■ciency Spleen and lung qi de■ciency  Insomnia and poor memory 

Nourishes (lung) yin and clears (lung) ■re · ·

Qi and yin de■ciency with ■re  W heezing, cough and hemoptysis  arising from vigorous fire due to yin de■ciency

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Chinese Materia Medica Tài Zĭ Shēn vs. Xī Yáng Shēn Tài Zĭ Shēn

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Xī Yáng Shēn

Properties

Sweet, slightly bitter

Entered channels

Lung

Actions

Tonif ies qi and promotes ■uid production

Indications

Vexing thirst due to qi and ■uid consumption

Properties

Neutral

Cold

Entered channels

Spleen

Heart, kidney

Actions

—

Clears heat

Indications

Qi and yin de■ciency with light ■re

Qi and yin de■ciency with exuberant ■re

Special features

Has a weaker effect than xī yáng shēn in terms of nourishing yin, clearing ■re and promoting ■uid production

—

Rén Shēn vs. Huáng Qí Rén Shēn

Similarities

Medicinal Properties

Sweet; slightly warm

Entered channels

Lung

Actions

Tonif ies spleen and lung qi

Huáng Qí

Indications

Spleen and lung qi de■ciency

Properties

Slightly bitter

—

Entered channels

Heart

Spleen ·

·

Actions

· · ·

Powerfully tonif ies original qi, restores  the pulse and rescues from qi collapse Tonif ies qi and promotes ■uid production  C alms the mind Replenishes qi and assists yang 

· · ·

·

·

Differences

·

·

·

Indications

· ·

Special features

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Qi and ■uid consumption  I nsomnia and poor memory Impotence 

The first key herb for internal damage with de■ciency

·

·

T onif ies central qi and raises yang qi Secures the exterior to stop sweating  Promotes urination to relieve swelling  Tonif ies qi to expel toxins and  promotes granulation Tonif ies qi to engender blood, contains  blood and promotes ■uid production Sinking of middle qi  Spontaneous sweating due to exterior  deficiency or qi deficiency with exterior pattern S welling due to qi deficiency and  dif■culty in urination I nward invasion of sores that are  dif■cult to heal S allow complexion due to blood  deficiency, menstrual flooding and spotting, and bloody stools due to failure of qi to contain blood, consumptive thirst due to qi and fluid insufficiency, and arthralgia, numbness of the body and hemiplegia due to qi de■ciency and blood stasis

—

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Chapter 17  Herbs that Tonify the Body Huáng Qí vs. Bái Zhú Huáng Qí

Similarities

Medicinal

Bái Zhú

Properties

Sweet

Entered channels

Spleen

Actions

Tonif ies qi and promotes urination, secures the exterior to stop sweating

Indications

Spleen qi deficiency and edema due to qi deficiency, spontaneous sweating and profuse sweating due to qi de■ciency or exterior syndrome

Properties

Slightly warm

Bitter; warm

Entered channels

Lung

Stomach

· ·

Differences

Actions

·

·

·

Indications

·

Raises yang  Tonif ies the lung and defensive qi  ■ xpels pus, promotes granulation,  tonif ies qi, promotes ■uid production and moves qi S inking of middle qi and failure of qi to contain blood Lung qi de■ciency and night sweats  Chronic sores with ulceration, chronic  pustules due to qi and blood de■ciency, consumptive thirst due to qi and fluid deficiency, arthralgia, numbness and hemiplegia

· ·

·

·

Dries dampness  Calms the fetus 

Diarrhea, abnormal vaginal discharge,  phlegm-■uid due to spleen de■ciency and dampness accumulation Restless fetus due to spleen qi de■ciency 

Shān Yào vs. Bái Biăn Dòu Shān Yào

Similarities

Medicinal Properties

Sweet

Entered channels

Spleen

Actions

Fortif ies the spleen

Indications

Diarrhea and abnormal vaginal discharge due to spleen de■ciency

Properties

Neutral

Slightly warm

Entered channels

Lung and kidney

Stomach

·

Actions

Indications

·

Differences

Tonif ies qi and nourishes yin  T o n i f  i e s t h e l u n g a n d k i d n e y  accompanied with astringent effect

Chronic cough and wheezing due to deficiency, consumptive thirst, spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis and frequent urination due to kidney de■ciency ·

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Bái Biăn Dòu

·

Special features ·

Has a stronger tonifying effect  Tonif ies yin and promotes fluid  production (raw) Invigorates the spleen to stop diarrhea  (dry-fried)

·

· ·

·

·

·

·

R emoves dampness without dryness or greasy property Resolves summerheat  Resolves alcohol and puffer-■sh toxins  Spleen de■ciency with dampness and  weak constitution after disease Vo m i t i n g a n d d i a r r h e a d u e t o  summerheat Clears summerheat and resolves toxins  (raw) I nvigorates the spleen and arrests  diarrhea (dry-fried)

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Chinese Materia Medica Dà Zăo vs. Yí Táng Dà Zăo

Similarities

Medicinal Properties

Sweet

Entered channels

Spleen, stomach

Actions

Tonif ies the middle and replenishes qi, harmonizes the toxicity of other herbs

Indications

Spleen qi de■ciency

Properties

Slightly warm

Warm

Entered channels

Heart

Lung

·

Differences

Yí Táng

·

Actions

Nourishes blood and calms the mind  H armonizes the strong property of  tíng lì zĭ (Semen Descurainiae seu Lepidii), and relieves the toxicity of gān suì (Radix Kansui), dà jĭ (Radix ■uphorbiae Pekinensis) and yuán huā (Flos Genkwa)

Sallow yellow complexion and anxiety due to visceral dryness

Indications

·

·

Relieves pain, moistens the lung and  relieves cough Resolves the toxicity of chuān wū (Radix  Aconiti), căo wū (Radix Aconiti Kusnezof■i) and fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata)

Abdominal pain due to cold and cough due to lung de■ciency

Bái Zhú vs. Cāng Zhú Bái Zhú

Similarities

Medicinal Properties

Bitter and warm

Entered channels

Spleen and stomach

Actions

Dries dampness and invigorates the spleen

Indications

Diarrhea, loose stools, vaginal discharge due to spleen deficiency and dampness retention

Properties

Sweet ·

Actions Differences

Cāng Zhú

·

·

Indications ·

Acrid

Tonif ies qi, arrests sweat and calms the  fetus P romotes urination

·

Spontaneous sweating due to qi de■ciency,  profuse sweating due to qi de■ciency with exterior syndrome and restless fetus due to spleen de■ciency ■dema and excessive phlegm-■uid 

·

·

· ·

D ispels pathogens, dispels wind  dampness and releases the exterior I mproves vision ■xterior syndrome with dampness and  wind cold damp bì Night blindness  Damp heat sores, dermatophytosis and  arthralgia when combined with bitter and cold herbs

2. Herbs that tonify yang Lù Róng vs. Zĭ Hé Chē Lù Róng

Similarities

Medicinal

9-9◎06.indd 628

Properties

Sweet, salty; warm

Entered channels

Kidney, liver

Actions

Tonif ies the kidney, essence and blood

Indications

Kidney de■ciency and essence and blood insuf■ciency

Zĭ Hé Chē

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Chapter 17  Herbs that Tonify the Body Continued　　 Lù Róng

Medicinal Entered channels

— ·

Differences

Actions

Zĭ Hé Chē

·

Lung

D rastically tonif i es original yang,  nourishes essence and marrow Strengthens tendons and bones and  regulates chong mai and ren mai

·

·

Neutrally tonif ies qi, blood, essence  and yang Tonif ies the lung and kidney 

Indications

Retardation of walking, retardation in tooth eruption, non-closure of the fontanel in infants and abnormal vaginal discharge due to kidney de■ciency

Wheezing due to kidney and lung deficiency, sallow complexion, weak constitution and reduced lactation after delivery due to insufficiency of qi and blood

Special features

Key medicinal for kidney yang de■ciency and insuf■ciency of essence and blood

—

Ròu Cōng Róng vs. Suŏ Yáng Ròu Cōng Róng

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Suŏ Yáng

Properties

Sweet; warm

Entered channels

Kidney, large intestine

Actions

Tonif ies kidney yang, essence and blood, and moistens the intestines to promote defecation

Indications

Impotence, seminal emission, infertility due to cold uterus, soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, weakness of the tendons and bones, and constipation due to ■uid consumption and intestinal dryness

Properties

Salty

—

Entered channels

—

Liver

Special features

Warm without dryness, moistening without greasy property and moderately tonifying

Warm and dry, with a stronger effect in assisting yang, and a lesser effect of moistening the intestines as compared to ròu cōng róng

Xiān Máo vs. Yín Yáng Huò vs. Bā Jĭ Tiān Xiān Máo

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

9-9◎06.indd 629

Yín Yáng Huò

Bā Jĭ Tiān

Entered channels

Kidney, liver

Actions

Tonif ies kidney yang, strengthens tendons and bones, dispels wind and eliminates dampness

Indications

Kidney deficiency marked by impotence, seminal emission, enuresis, frequent urination, arthralgia due to wind damp, and paralysis due to weakness of bones

Properties

Bitter; warm; toxic

Acrid, sweet; warm

Sweet, acrid; slightly warm

Entered channels

Spleen

—

—

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630

Chinese Materia Medica Continued　　 Xiān Máo

Medicinal ·

Differences

Actions

·

·

Indications

·

Yín Yáng Huò

Dissipates cold dampness  Tonif ies life gate ■re and warm  the spleen to arrest diarrhea C hronic arthralgia due to  cold damp A bdominal cold pain and diarrhea due to kidney yang de■ciency

Bā Jĭ Tiān

Tonif ies essence to treat impotence — ·

·

Infertility due to kidney  de■ciency and low sperm count C ough due to kidney yang deficiency and high blood pressure in menopausal women

Insuf■ciency of kidney yang and insuf■ciency of liver and kidney

Bŭ Gŭ Zhī vs. Yì Zhì Rén Bŭ Gŭ Zhī

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Yì Zhì Rén

Properties

Acrid; warm

Entered channels

Kidney, spleen

Actions

Tonif ies kidney yang, consolidates essence and reduces urination, warms the spleen to relieve diarrhea

Indications

Impotence and infertility due to kidney yang de■ciency, seminal emission, enuresis and frequent urination due to insecurity of kidney, diarrhea due to spleen and kidney de■ciency

Properties

Bitter

—

Actions

Tonif ies kidney yang so that the kidney can receive qi to relieve wheezing

Warms the spleen and dissipates cold, promotes digestion and controls excessive drooling

Dù Zhòng vs. Xù Duàn Dù Zhòng

Similarities

Medicinal Properties

Sweet

Entered channels

Liver and kidney

Actions

Tonif ies the liver and kidney, strengthens tendons and bones, calms the fetus

Indications

Liver and kidney deficiency marked by soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, and weakness of the tendons and bones, restless fetus due to liver and kidney de■ciency

Properties

Warm

Differences

·

Actions ·

·

Indications ·

9-9◎06.indd 630

Xù Duàn

Warms the kidney and strengthens the  tendons Reduces high blood pressure  Liver and kidney deficiency marked  by lumbar pain and weakness of the knees and legs K idney deficiency or ascendant  hyperactivity of liver yang

Bitter, acrid; slightly warm ·

·

·

·

Moves blood and promotes the recovery  of injured tendons and broken bones R egulates the chong mai and ren mai and stops bleeding Weakness of tendons and bones,  inhibited blood ■ow, trauma or fracture Menstrual ■ooding and spotting 

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631

Chapter 17  Herbs that Tonify the Body Gé Jiè vs. Dōng Chóng Xià Căo vs. Hé Táo Rén

Similarities

Medicinal

Gé Jiè

Dōng Chóng Xià Căo

Entered channels

Kidney, lung

Actions

Tonif ies the kidney and lung to receive qi and relieve wheezing

Indications

Kidney and lung de■ciency marked by chronic cough and wheezing, and kidney yang deficiency marked by impotence, seminal emission, and soreness and weakness of the waist and knees

Properties

Salty; neutral

Sweet; neutral

Sweet, warm

Entered channels

—

—

Large intestine

· ·

Differences

Hé Táo Tén

Actions ·

·

Indications

·

Tonif ies lung qi, and relieves  wheezing and cough Nourishes essence and blood  Chronic cough or wheezing due  to lung and kidney de■ciency Kidney yang insuff iciency and  insufficiency of essence and blood marked by impotence and seminal emission

·

Tonifies lung yin,  dissolves phlegm and stops bleeding Strengthens the body  after disease

· ·

·

Chronic cough with bloody sputum

·

Warms the lung  Moistens the intestines 

Cough due to  de■ciency and cold C onstipation due to  fluid consumption and intestinal dryness

Xù Duàn vs. Gŭ Suì Bŭ Xù Duàn

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Gŭ Suì Bŭ

Properties

Bitter

Entered channels

Liver, kidney

Actions

Tonif ies the kidney, strengthens bones, invigorates blood and promotes healing of tendons

Indications

Pain and weakness of the waist and leg due to kidney de■ciency, trauma, swelling and wound pain

Properties

Sweet, acrid; slightly warm

Actions

· ·

Warm

T onif ies liver and kidney Calms the fetus 

Good at invigorating blood and relieving pain ·

Tendon injury and bone fractures  Tinnitus, deafness, toothache and  chronic diarrhea due to kidney de■ciency

Indications

Restless fetus, menstrual flooding and spotting and profuse menstruation

·

Special features

Has stronger tonifying effect

—

Dù Zhòng vs. Sāng Jì Shēng vs. Gŏu Jĭ Dù Zhòng

Similarities

Medicinal

9-9◎06.indd 631

Sāng Jì Shēng

Gŏu Jĭ

Properties

Sweet

Entered channels

Liver, kidney

Actions

Tonif ies the liver and kidney, strengthens the waist and knees

Indications

Soreness and weakness of the waist and knees due to liver and kidney de■ciency

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632

Chinese Materia Medica Continued　　 Dù Zhòng

Medicinal Properties

Warm

Actions

Calms the fetus

Sāng Jì Shēng Bitter; neutral · · ·

Differences

·

·

Indications ·

Gŏu Jĭ

Lumbar pain due to kidney  de■ciency Restless fetus due to liver  and kidney insuf■ciency

·

·

Bitter; warm

Nourishes blood  Dispels wind dampness  Calms the fetus 

Dispels wind dampness

Liver and kidney  insuf■ciency, yin-blood de■ciency marked by soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, and weakness of the tendons and bones C hronic arthralgia damaging the liver and kidney Restless fetus due to liver  and kidney insuf■ciency

Chronic arthralgia damaging the liver and kidney

3. Herbs that tonify blood Dāng Guī vs. Shú Dì Huáng Dāng Guī

Similarities

Medicinal Properties

Sweet

Entered channels

Liver

Actions

Tonif ies blood

Indications

Blood de■ciency marked by sallow complexion, dizziness, premature white hair, palpitations, menstrual irregularities, amenorrhea and painful menstruation

Properties

Acrid; warm

Slightly warm

Entered channels

Heart, spleen

Kidney

·

Actions ·

Differences

Shú Dì Huáng

· ·

Indications ·

Special features

Invigorates blood, regulates  menstruation and relieves pain Moistens the intestines  Blood de■ciency and stasis with pain  Diseases in perinatal stage, abdominal  pain due to cold deficiency, pain and numbness due to blood stasis, swelling due to trauma and chronic abscesses with or without ulceration Constipation due to blood stasis and  intestinal dryness

Has less greasy property compared with shú dì huáng

·

·

·

·

Nourishes yin and tonif ies essence and  marrow Promotes ■uid production  K idney yin deficiency marked by  soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, tidal fever and night sweats, and essence and blood de■ciency Consumptive thirst 

—

Dāng Guī vs. Bái Sháo Dāng Guī

Similarities

Medicinal

9-9◎06.indd 632

Entered channels

Liver, spleen

Actions

Tonif ies blood and regulates menstruation

Indications

Blood de■ciency and menstrual irregularities

Bái Sháo

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Chapter 17  Herbs that Tonify the Body Continued　　 Dāng Guī

Medicinal Properties

Sweet, acrid; warm

Bitter, sour; slightly cold

Entered channels

Heart

—

·

Differences

Bái Sháo

Actions

·

Invigorates blood and relieves pain  Moistens the intestines and promotes  defecation

Astringes yin, soothes the liver and relieves pain, and calms the liver and subdues yang ·

·

Indications

·

·

Blood de■ciency with cold  Blood deficiency with stasis or pain  due to blood stasis Constipation due to intestinal dryness 

·

Blood de■ciency with heat  Night sweats due to yin deficiency,  spontaneous sweating due to exterior de■ciency, abdominal pain or spasms in the limbs, and dizziness due to hyperactivity of liver yang

Shú Dì Huáng vs. Ē Jiāo Shú Dì Huáng

Ē Jiāo

Properties

Sweet

Entered channels

Liver, kidney

Actions

Tonif ies blood and nourishes yin

Indications

Blood and yin de■ciency

Properties

Slightly warm

Neutral

Entered channels

—

Lung

Actions

Tonif ies essence and marrow

·

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

· ·

Indications

Liver, kidney essence and blood de■ciency, marked by soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, dizziness and tinnitus, premature white hair

·

Nourishes the lung and moistens dryness  Stops bleeding  Dry cough due to yin de■ciency, irritability  and insomnia due to yin deficiency, and stirring of wind due to yin de■ciency Coughing of blood, expectoration of blood,  epistaxis, bloody stools and urine, and menstrual ■ooding and spotting, especially when these symptoms are accompanied by yin de■ciency or blood de■ciency

Hé Shŏu Wū vs. Lóng Yăn Ròu Hé Shŏu Wū

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

9-9◎06.indd 633

Lóng Yăn Ròu

Properties

Sweet

Actions

Tonif ies blood

Indications

Blood de■ciency

Properties

Astringent; slightly warm (processed) Bitter; neutral (raw)

Warm

Entered channels

Liver, kidney (processed) Heart, liver, large intestine (raw)

Heart, spleen

·

Actions

·

N o u r i s h e s e s s e n c e a n d b l o o d (processed) Counteracts toxins, prevents malaria  attack, and moistens the intestines and promotes defecation (raw)

Tonif ies the heart and spleen, boosts qi and blood

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634

Chinese Materia Medica Continued　　 Hé Shŏu Wū

Differences

Medicinal ·

Indications

·

Lóng Yăn Ròu

Premature white hair due to essence  and blood de■ciency (processed) Sores and swelling, scrofula, chronic  malaria and constipation due to intestinal dryness (raw)

Palpitations and insomnia due to heart and spleen de■ciency, and qi and blood de■ciency

Dà Zăo vs. Lóng Yăn Ròu Dà Zăo

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Lóng Yăn Ròu

Properties

Sweet

Entered channels

Heart, spleen

Actions

Nourishes blood, boosts qi and calms the mind

Indications

Sallow complexion, anxiety due to blood de■ciency or qi and blood de■ciency

Properties

Slightly warm

Warm

Entered channels

Stomach

—

·

Tonif ies the middle  Harmonizes the properties of  other herbs

Actions

·

Indications

Visceral dryness due to blood deficiency, restlessness, fatigue, poor appetite and loose stools due to center qi de■ciency

Tonif ies heart and spleen qi and blood Palpitations, insomnia, loss of memory due to heart and spleen deficiency, and weak constitution of aging patients with qi and blood de■ciency

Xiān Dì Huáng vs. Gān Dì Huáng vs. Shú Dì Huáng Similarities

Medicinal

Xiān Dì Huáng

Gān Dì Huáng

Actions

Nourishes yin and promotes ■uid production

Indications

Yin, blood and ■uid de■ciency

Properties

Bitter, sweet; very cold

Bitter; cold

Sweet; slightly warm

Actions

Clears heat and cools blood

Moistens the intestines

Nourishes blood and yin and nourishes essence and marrow

Differences

·

Indications

Blood heat or excessive heat due to yin de■ciency especially for heat damaging the yin, dark tongue, vexing thirst, macules and papules, and hematemesis and epistaxis due to blood heat ·

9-9◎06.indd 634

Shú Dì Huáng

Blood heat and fluid  consumption, or essence, blood, and yin fluid de■ciency with heat, febrile disease damaging yin with dark tongue, fever due to yin de■ciency, consumptive thirst due to internal heat, thirst due to fluid consumption, hematemesis and epistaxis due to blood heat, and macules and papules C onstipation due to yin  deficiency and intestinal dryness

·

·

Blood de■ciency with cold or  yin de■ciency with light fever L iver blood insufficiency  marked by sallow complexion, dizziness, palpitations, menstrual irregularities, menstrual flooding and spotting, for treating kidney yin deficiency marked by soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, seminal emission, night sweats, tinnitus and deafness, and for essence and blood insuf■ciency marked by dizziness and premature white hair

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635

Chapter 17  Herbs that Tonify the Body Continued　　 Xiān Dì Huáng

Gān Dì Huáng

Has a weaker effect in nourishing yin yet a stronger effect in clearing heat and cooling blood

Good at nourishing yin, with a weaker effect of clearing heat and cooling blood than xiān dì huáng, and is more greasy than xiān dì huáng

Differences

Medicinal Special features

Shú Dì Huáng

Chì Sháo vs. Bái Sháo Chì Sháo

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Bái Sháo

Properties

Bitter, slightly cold

Entered channels

Liver

Properties

—

Sour

Entered channels

—

Spleen

Actions

Clears heat to cool blood and invigorates blood to relieve pain

Tonif ies and calms the liver, nourishes blood, astringes yin, soothes the liver and relieves pain and calms the liver and subdues yang

Indications

Heat entering ying-blood level, macules and papules, hematemesis and epistaxis due to blood heat, as well as amenorrhea, painful menstruation due to blood stasis and trauma

S allo w co mp lex ion d u e to bloo d de■ciency, menstrual irregularities, night sweats due to yin de■ciency, spontaneous sweating due to exterior deficiency, abdominal pain, spasms in the limbs, or dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang

4. Herbs that tonify yin Nán Shā Shēn vs. Bĕi Shā Shēn Nán Shā Shēn

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

9-9◎06.indd 635

Bĕi Shā Shēn

Properties

Sweet; slightly cold

Entered channels

Lung, stomach

Actions

Nourishes yin, clears the lung, benef its the stomach and promotes ■uid production

Indications

Dry cough due to lung heat, consumptive cough due to yin de■ciency, dry mouth and throat due to yin de■ciency and ■uid consumption

Source

Family campanulaceae

Family umbelliferae

Actions

Replenishes qi and dispels phlegm

—

Indications

Dry cough due to lung heat and consumptive cough due to yin de■ciency and insuf■ciency of qi and ■uid

Dry cough without sputum, consumptive cough due to yin deficiency, and other severe yin de■ciency conditions

Special features

—

Has a stronger effect in nourishing yin

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636

Chinese Materia Medica Mài Dōng vs. Tiān Dōng Mài Dōng

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Tiān Dōng

Properties

Sweet

Entered channels

Lung

Actions

Nourishes yin, clears lung heat, moistens dryness and promotes ■uid production

Indications

Dry cough due to lung heat, consumptive cough or hemoptysis due to yin de■ciency, consumptive thirst due to internal heat and intestinal dryness due to fluid consumption

Properties

Slightly bitter; slightly cold

Bitter; cold

Entered channels

Heart, stomach

Kidney

Actions

Benefits the stomach, promotes fluid production, clears heart ■re and relieves irritability

Nourishes yin and reduces ■re

Indications

Thirst due to stomach yin deficiency, insomnia due to heart yin de■ciency or excessive heart ■re

Steaming bone fever, night sweats and seminal emission due to yin de■ciency

Special features

Has a weaker effect in nourishing yin, clearing heat and moistening dryness compared to tiān dōng

—

Băi Hé vs. Mài Dōng Băi Hé

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

9-9◎06.indd 636

Mài Dōng

Properties

Sweet

Entered channels

Heart, lung

Actions

Moistens the lung and clears heart ■re

Indications

Cough due to lung dryness, consumptive cough, hemoptysis and insomnia due to de■ciency

Properties

Cold

Slightly bitter; slightly cold

Entered channels

—

Stomach

Actions

Calms the mind

Bene■ts the stomach and generates ■uid, moistens the intestine to relaxes the bowels

Indications

Insomnia due to deficiency or heat remaining after febrile disease

Thirst due to stomach yin de■ciency or constipation due to intestinal dryness

Special features

Has a stronger effect in moistening the lung

Has a better effect in clearing heart ■re to relieve irritability

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637

Chapter 17  Herbs that Tonify the Body Shí Hú vs. Yù Zhú

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Shí Hú

Yù Zhú

Properties

Sweet

Entered channels

Stomach

Actions

Benef its the stomach and promotes ■uid production

Indications

Vexing thirst due to ■uid consumption, and consumptive thirst due to internal heat

Properties

Slightly cold

Neutral

Entered channels

Kidney

Lung

Actions

Clears de■ciency heat, improves vision, strengthens the tendons and bones

Nourishes yin and moistens the lung

Indications

Fever due to yin de■ciency, poor vision and weakness in the tendons and bones

·

·

C ough due to lung dryness and  consumptive cough due to yin de■ciency ■ xterior pattern fever with yin  de■ciency

Huáng Jīng vs. Gŏu Qĭ Zĭ Huáng Jīng

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Gŏu Qĭ Zĭ

Properties

Sweet, neutral

Entered channels

Kidney

Actions

Nourishes the kidney and lung

Indications

Dry cough due to yin deficiency, chronic and consumptive cough, and kidney essence insufficiency marked by soreness and weakness in the waist and knees, dizziness and consumptive thirst due to internal heat

Entered channels

Spleen, lung

Liver

Actions

Tonif ies spleen qi

Nourishes blood and nourishes the essence, improves vision

Indications

Spleen and stomach de■ciency

■ssence and blood insuf■ciency marked by impotence, seminal emission, sallow complexion and poor vision

Special features

Key herb for tonifying qi and yin of the spleen, lung and kidney channels

Key herb to tonify the liver and kidney

Shān Yào vs. Huáng Jīng Shān Yào

9-9◎06.indd 637

Properties

Sweet, neutral

Similarities

Huáng Jīng

Entered channels

Lung, spleen and kidney

Actions

Key herbs for tonifying the three channels

Indications

Cough due to lung de■ciency, poor appetite and lassitude due to spleen de■ciency, soreness in the waist and knees due to kidney de■ciency, and consumptive thirst due to internal heat

Differences

Medicinal

Properties

Astringent

—

Actions

Secures essence and reduces urination and leukorrhea

—

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638

Chinese Materia Medica Continued　　 Shān Yào

Medicinal

Differences

·

Indications ·

Special features

Loose stools due to spleen de■ciency,  and cough and asthma due to lung de■ciency Seminal emission, enuresis, frequent  urination and excessive leukorrhea

Huáng Jīng Dry cough due to yin deficiency, consumptive thirst due to internal heat, and essence and blood insufficiency marked by dizziness, palpitations, soreness and weakness in the waist and knees, and premature white hair Has a better effect in nourishing the kidney and moistening the lung

—

Nǚ Zhēn Zĭ vs. Mò Hàn Lián

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Nǚ Zhēn Zĭ

Mò Hàn Lián

Properties

Sweet

Entered channels

Liver and kidney

Actions

Tonif ies the liver and kidney

Indications

Liver and kidney yin de■ciency marked by dizziness and premature white hair

Properties

Bitter; cool

Sour; cold

Actions

Clears de■cient heat and improves vision

Cools blood and stops bleeding

Indications

Yin deficiency with internal heat and poor vision due to liver and kidney de■ciency

Bleeding due to yin de■ciency or blood heat

Special features

Good at nourishing yin

Good at clearing heat

Sāng Shèn vs. Hēi Zhī Ma Sāng Shèn

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

9-9◎06.indd 638

Hēi Zhī Ma

Properties

Sweet

Entered channels

Liver, kidney

Actions

Nourishes yin and blood, moistens the intestines, promotes stool discharge

Indications

Insuf■ciency of liver and kidney, yin and blood insuff iciency marked by soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, dizziness, poor vision, premature white hair, and intestinal dryness due to blood and ■uid insuf■ciency

Properties

Sour; cold

Neutral

Entered channels

Heart

Large intestine

Actions

Clears heat and promotes ■uid production to quench thirst

Tonif i es liver and kidney, nourishes essence and blood

Indications

Thirst due to fluid consumption and consumptive thirst due to internal heat

Frequently occurring dizziness, tinnitus or deafness, and premature graying or loss of hair in the pattern of body essence and blood de■ciency

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639

Chapter 17  Herbs that Tonify the Body Guī Jiă vs. Biē Jiă Guī Jiă

Similarities

Medicinal

Biē Jiă

Properties

Salty; cold

Entered channels

Liver, kidney

Actions

Tonif i es liver and kidney yin to clear internal heat, subdues liver yang and extinguishes wind

Indications

Yin de■ciency fever, yin de■ciency with yang hyperactivity and stirring of wind due to yin de■ciency.

Properties

Sweet

—

Entered channels

Heart

—

Actions

Tonif ies the kidney and strengthens the bones

Differences

·

· · ·

Indications

Weakness of bones due to kidney de■ciency and non-closure of the fontanel in infants ·

Special features

Has a better effect of nourishing yin than biē jiă

Nourishes blood and tonif ies the heart,  cools blood and stops bleeding Clears de■cient heat  Softens hardness and dissipates masses  Palpitations, insomnia, poor memory  due to heart de■ciency, and ■ooding, spotting and profuse menstruation due to insecurity of the penetrating and conception vessels Fever due to yin de■ciency 

—

Review Questions 1. ■xplain the de■nition, common characteristics, actions, applications, preparations, cautions and contraindications of herbs in this chapter. 2. ■xplain the classi■cations, characteristics, actions, cautions and contraindications of each type of tonic. 3. ■xplain the characteristics, actions, applications, cautions and contraindications of rén shēn, huáng qí, bái zhú and gān căo. 4. ■xplain the characteristics, actions, applications, cautions and contraindications of dăng shēn, xī yáng shēn, shān yào and dà zăo. 5. ■xplain the characteristics, actions, applications, cautions and contraindications of lù róng, zĭ hé chē, gé jiè, ròu cōng róng and yín yáng huò. 6. ■xplain the characteristics, actions, applications, cautions and contraindications of bŭ gŭ zhī, tù sī zĭ, shā yuàn zĭ, dù zhòng and xù duàn. 7. ■xplain the characteristics, actions, applications, cautions and contraindications of dāng guī, shú dì huáng, hé shŏu wū, ē jiāo and bái sháo. 8. ■xplain the characteristics, actions, applications, cautions and contraindications of nán shā shēn, shí hú, mài dōng, gŏu qĭ zĭ, guī jiă and biē jiă. 9. Compare the differences and similarities in characteristics, actions and applications of each group of herbs below: rén shēn and dăng shēn; rén shēn and xī yáng shēn; dăng shēn and tài zĭ shēn; rén shēn and huáng qí; huáng qí and bái zhú; shān yào and bái zhú; dà zăo and yí táng; cāng zhú and bái zhú. 10. Compare the differences and similarities in characteristics, actions and applications of each group of herbs below: lù róng and zĭ hé chē; ròu cōng róng and suŏ yáng; tù sī zĭ and shā yuàn zĭ, dù zhòng and xù duàn, xù duàn and gŭ suì bŭ, bŭ gŭ zhī and yì zhì, xiān máo, yín yáng huò and bā jĭ tiān; dù zhòng, sāng jì shēng and gŏu jĭ; gé jiè, dōng chóng xià căo and hé táo rén.

9-9◎06.indd 639

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Chinese Materia Medica 11. Compare the differences and similarities in characteristics, actions and applications of each group of herbs below: dāng guī and shú dì huáng; dāng guī and bái sháo; shú dì huáng and ē jiāo; ē jiāo and lù jiăo jiāo; dāng guī and jī xuè téng; dà zăo and lóng yăn ròu; bái sháo and chì sháo; xiān dì huáng, gān dì huáng and shú dì huáng. 12. Compare the differences and similarities in characteristics, actions and applications of each group of herbs below: nán shā shēn and bĕi shā shēn; tiān dōng and mài dōng; băi hé and mài dōng; shí hú and yù zhú; huáng jīng and gŏu qĭ zĭ; shān yào and huáng jīng; nǚ zhēn zĭ and mò hàn lián; guī jiă and biē jiă; tiān dōng and zhī mŭ. 13. Lù róng, lù jiăo, lù jiăo jiāo and lù jiăo shuāng are all derived from the same thing. Compare the differences and similarities in characteristics, actions and applications among them. 14. Sāng shèn, sāng yè, sāng zhī and sāng bái pí all come from the mulberry tree. What are the characteristics and actions of each herb? 15. Zhī mŭ, tiān dōng, mài dōng, yù zhú, huáng jīng and băi hé are all in the lily family. What are the characteristics and actions of these herbs? 16. Wŭ jiā pí, sān qī, rén shēn and xī yáng shēn are all in the family araliaceae. What are the characteristics and actions of these herbs? 17. Lù jiăo jiāo, ē jiāo, guī jiă jiāo and biē jiă jiāo are all gums. What are the characteristics and actions of these herbs? 18. Rén shēn, dăng shēn, nán shā shēn, xuán shēn and dān shēn all share similar properties and actions of ginseng. What are the differences among them? 19. R én shēn, shān yào, dāng guī, shí hú and lù róng can all tonify deficiency. What are the differences in characteristics and clinical applications among them? 20. Dù zhòng, sū gĕng, huáng qín, sāng jì shēng and bái zhú can all calm the fetus. What are the differences in characteristics and clinical applications among them? 21. Bái zhú, shān yào, huáng lián, bŭ gŭ zhī and chē qián zĭ can all arrest diarrhea. What are the differences in characteristics and clinical applications among them? 22. Lù jiăo jiāo, sān qī, mò hàn lián, bái jí and ài yè can all stop bleeding. What are the differences in characteristics and clinical applications among them? 23. ■xplain the applications of the herbs below: rén shēn, xī yáng shēn, huáng qí, bái zhú, shān yào, biăn dòu, gān căo, yí táng, lù róng, lù jiăo jiāo, zĭ hé chē, hé táo rén, dù zhòng, dāng guī, shú dì huáng, hé shŏu wū, ē jiāo, bái sháo, shí hú, mài dōng, guī jiă, guī jiă jiāo, biē jiă, and biē jiă jiāo.

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Herbs that Astringe

Section 1  Herbs that Arrest Sweating  /  642 Má Huáng Gēn 麻黄根  /  642 Fú Xiăo Mài 浮小麦   /  643 Xiăo Mài 小麦  /  644

Nuò Dào Gēn 糯稻根  /  644 Section 2 

Shí Liú Pí 石榴皮  /  654 Section 3  H erbs that Secure Essence, Reduce Urination and Check Leukorrhea  /  656 Shān Zhū Yú 山茱萸  /  656 Fù Pén Zĭ 覆盆子  /  658

Herbs that Astringe the Lung and Large

Sāng Piāo Xiāo 桑螵蛸  /  659

Intestine  /  645

Jīn Yīng Zĭ 金樱子  /  660

Wŭ Wèi Zĭ 五味子  /  645 Nán Wŭ Wèi Zĭ 南五味子  /  648

Hăi Piāo Xiāo 海螵蛸  /  661 Lián Zĭ 莲子  /  663

Wū Méi 乌梅  /  648

Lián Xū 莲须  /  664

Yīng Sù Qiào 罂粟壳  /  649

Lián Fáng 莲房  /  664

Hē Zĭ 诃子  /  651

Hé Yè 荷叶  /  664

Ròu Dòu Kòu 肉豆蔻  /  652 Chì Shí Zhī 赤石脂  /  653

Hé Gĕng 荷梗  /  665

Qiàn Shí 芡实  /  665

［De■nition］  Herbs with primary actions of astringing and consolidating are called herbs that astringe. ［Properties ＆ Actions］  Herbs in this category are commonly sour or astringent in flavor, but can be warm or cold in nature. These herbs enter the lung, spleen, kidney or large intestine channels to achieve the effects of arresting sweating, astringing the lung to relieve cough, astringing the intestines to check diarrhea, securing essence and reducing urination, and astringing to check leukorrhea and bleeding. ［Indications］  Herbs in this category are applicable for spontaneous sweating, night sweats, chronic cough and wheezing, chronic diarrhea or dysentery, nocturnal seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis, frequent urination, leukorrhea and bleeding due to qi consumption or de■ciency. ［Modi■cations］  Herbs in this category are applied basically to control symptoms rather than root causes. Therefore, herbs for the treatment of the root cause are also necessary. The root causes are usually considered as de■ciency in different patterns, such as qi de■cieny, yin de■ciency or yang de■ciency, so herbs for nourishment of qi, yin or yang are often chosen in combination with herbs in this category to increase the effects. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  Herbs in this category should not be used for the patterns of exterior pathogen attack, damp-heat diarrhea or dysentery, heat-derived bleeding or trapped internal heat in order to avoid retaining of pathogens. According to the effects, herbs in this category are classi■ed into three groups: · herbs that arrest sweating · herbs that astringe the lung and large intestine · herbs that secure essence, reduce urination and check leukorrhea

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Section1  Herbs that Arrest Sweating Herbs in this section are good at consolidating the exterior to check sweating. They are mainly used for spontaneous sweating and night sweats. Spontaneous sweating is basically due to qi de■ciency, so that herbs in this section are commonly used in combination with herbs for nourishing qi to consolidate the exterior. Night sweats results from yin deficiency, so that in addition to the herbs in this section, other herbs for nourishing yin and suppressing heat are necessarily used in combination at the same time. For loss of consciousness with profuse sweating due to yang collapse, herbs in this category are not effective enough. Herbs in this section should not be prescribed in cases with sweating due to internal heat.

Má Huáng Gēn 麻黄根 RADIX ET RHIZOMA EPHEDRAE Ephedra Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Collective Commentaries on the Classic of Materia Medica in the Northern and Southern Dynasties (494 A.D.), under the item of má huáng (Herba ■phedrae). It is the dry root and rhizome of Ephedra sinica Stapf. or Ephedra intermedia Schrenk et C. A. Mey., two kinds of shrubs of the family Ephedra ceae. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Gansu and Sichuan of China. ［Collection］  The plants are collected at the beginning of autumn. After the fibrous roots and stalks are removed, the roots and rhizomes are dried in the sun. Roots that are slightly hard in texture with brownish-red outer skin and yellowish-white cross-sections are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned again if necessary, lightly washed, moistened completely, cut into thick pieces and dried for use. ［Properties］  Sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung. ［Characteristics］  Neutral in property, it enters the lung channel to act to consolidate the exterior and check sweating. It is especially used for sweating, including spontaneous sweating and night sweats. It can be used both internally and externally. ［Actions］  Consolidates the exterior to check sweating. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For spontaneous sweating, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to enhance the effects in strengthening defensive qi and consolidating the exterior.   For night sweats due to yin deficiency, it is often combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) to nourish yin and check sweating.   For profuse sweating frequently occurring in postpartum women in the pattern of qi and blood

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deficiency, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to nourish both the yin and blood, such as in the formula Má Huáng Gēn Sǎn (■phedra Root Powder). 2. Used externally, it can also check sweating. For profuse sweating in postpartum women, it is often powdered together with calcined mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) and applied topically. For sweaty feet due to de■ciency, it is always powdered with huá shí (Talcum) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae), and sprinkled over the feet. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, and also made into pills or powder. For external use: the ■ne powder is applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with exterior wind-cold or windheat attack. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains ephedra, ephedra root base and ephedra phenol. ［Pharmacological Research］  The alkaloid it contains can inhibit nicotine-induced fever and sweating. ■phedrine can increase blood pressure. ■phedrine A and B can reduce blood pressure. ■phedrine can weaken the contractions of the isolated frog heart, expand the peripheral blood vessels, and contract the intestines and uterine smooth muscles.

FúXiǎo Mài 浮小麦 FRUCTUS TRITICI LEVIS Blighted Wheat ［Source］  Initially appeared in Enlightening Primer of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Méng Quán, 本草蒙筌) in the Ming Dynasty (1525 A.D.). It is the dry grain of Triticum aestivum L., an annual herb of the family Gramineae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Fú “floating” and xiăo mài “wheat”. It is the grain of the light wheat plant, which is so light in texture that it always ■oats on top of the water. ［Habitat］  Widely produced in China and other countries. ［Collection］  It is collected when the wheat is harvested, cleaned with water and dried. Grains that are even in size, thin and clean are of good quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned again with water and dried for use. ［Properties］  Sweet; cool. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart. ［Characteristics］  Sweet and cool in property, it especially enters the heart channel to check sweating by slightly nourishing qi and yin and suppressing deficiency heat. It is applied for spontaneous sweating and night sweats, and low fever or steaming bone fever due to yin de■ciency. ［Actions］  Checks sweating, nourishes qi and yin, and suppresses heat. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For spontaneous sweating and night sweats, it can be stir-fried first and taken alone together with rice soup, or applied in combination with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), baked mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) and má huáng gēn (Radix et Rhizoma ■phedrae) to check

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sweating by replenishing qi and consolidating the exterior, such as in the formula Mǔ Lì Sǎn (Oyster Shell Powder). For night sweats, it is commonly applied in combination with wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii) to check sweating by nourishing yin and reducing fever. 2. For chronic low fever due to heat and yin de■ciency, it is often combined with qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) to suppress the fever by nourishing yin and reducing heat. For steaming bone fever, it is particularly combined with qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae), biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) and hú huáng lián (Rhizoma Picrorhizae) to suppress the fever in different ways. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 15-30 g in decoction, or the stir-fried powder is used orally. For checking sweating, the stir-fried herb is more effective. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains amylum, proteins, fats, coarse ■bers, enzymes, vitamins and microelements. ［Pharmacological Research］  It promotes the body metabolism, inhibits the secretion of sweat glands, reduces blood lipids and protects the liver.

Attachment: Xiǎo Mài 小麦 Fructus Tritici ［Source］  It is the dry grain of ripe wheat seeds. ［Properties］  Sweet; cool. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, spleen, kidney. ［Actions］  Mildly calms the heart and mind, nourishes qi and promotes ■uid production, checks sweating and slightly induces diuresis. ［Clinical Applications］  It is applicable for hysteria, anxiety, panic attacks, chronic thirst, profuse sweating and chronic stranguria in the pattern of de■ciency. For hysteria, it is often combined with dà zăo (Fructus Jujubae) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae), such as in the formula Gān Mài Dà Zăo Tāng (Licorice, Wheat and Jujube Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 30-60 g generally in decoction, or taken as food.

Nuò Dào Gēn 糯稻根 RHIZOMA ET RADIX ORYZAE GLUTINOSAE Glutinous Rice Root ［Source］  Initially appeared in Renewed Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Zài Xīn, 本草再新) in the Qing Dynasty (1820 A.D.). It is the dried root or rhizome of Oryza sativa L. var. glutinosa Matsum., an annual herb of the family Gramineae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Nuò dào “glutinous rice” and gēn “root”. It is the root and rhizome of the glutinous rice plant. ［Habitat］  It is widely produced throughout China. ［Collection］  The glutinous rice plant is harvested during summer and autumn. The root and rhizome are taken only, washed clean and dried in the sun. Dry, long

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and yellowish-brown roots and rhizomes with stalks and leaves removed are of good quality. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is washed clean and dried for use. ［Properties］  Sweet; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, liver. ［Characteristics］  Slightly sweet, neutral and cool in property, and entering the heart and liver channels, it is good at checking sweating, promoting fluid production and suppressing deficiency heat. It is applicable for spontaneous sweating, chronic fever and steaming bone fever. ［Actions］  Checks sweating, suppresses fever and nourishes stomach ■uid.. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For night sweats, it can be used alone or in combination with fú xiăo mài (Fructus Tritici Levis), dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii) and shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to check sweating, relieve fever and nourish yin and fluid. For spontaneous sweating, it is combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), fú xiăo mài (Fructus Tritici Levis) and baked mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) to nourish qi, consolidate the exterior and check sweating. 2. For spontaneous sweating and chronic low fever, it is effectively combined with qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae), biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae). For steaming bone fever, which is basically due to yin consumption, it is often combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and bái wēi (Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Atrati). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 15-30 g generally and 60-120 g if necessary in decoction. The fresh herb is more effective than the dried one. ［Ingredients］  It contains maize purine and its glucoside. ［Pharmacological Research］  250-500 g per day applied in decoction shows effect on malayan ■lariasis.

Section 2  Herbs that Astringe the Lung and Large Intestine Herbs in this section are basically sour and astringent, and mainly enter the lung or large intestine channels. They share the common actions of astringing the lung and large intestine to relieve cough and check diarrhea. They are applied particularly for chronic cough and wheezing in the pattern of lung qi de■ciency or lung and kidney de■ciency, and chronic diarrhea or dysentery in the pattern of yang deficiency. In order to achieve a better effect, herbs in this section are often applied in combination with herbs for nourishing qi or warming yang. Herbs in this section are sour and astringent, so that they are not suitable for cough in the acute stage, or for patients with dampness, phlegm or food retention.

WǔWèi Zǐ五味子 FRUCTUS SCHISANDRAE CHINENSIS Chinese Magnolivine Fruit ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried mature fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., a

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perennial deciduous woody vine of the family Magnoliaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Wŭ “■ve”, wèi “taste” and zĭ “fruit”. The whole fruit has five tastes—its skin and flesh are sweet and sour, its seed acrid and bitter, and the whole fruit tastes a bit salty. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in the northeast of China, Inner Mongolia and Hebei. ［Collection］  The fruit is harvested when it turns purplish-red, and is dried in the sun or shade. Purplish-red, big, ■eshy and glossy fruits are of the best quality. ［Processing］  After the stalks are removed, it is cleaned with water and dried for use, or vinegar-processed ■rst. It is pounded slightly before use. ［Properties］  Sour, sweet; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, kidney, heart. ［Characteristics］  The sweet and sour tastes are dominating among its five flavors, so that it mainly shows actions of nourishment and astringency. It enters the lung and kidney channels to relieve cough and diarrhea, the heart channel to nourish the heart and calm the heart and mind, and the kidney channel to check seminal emission. It nourishes qi and yin, promotes body fluid production and consolidates the exterior to check sweating as well. ［Actions］  Astringes the lung and large intestine, nourishes the kidney, promotes fluid production, checks sweating, enuresis and seminal emission, and calms the heart and mind. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For chronic cough in the pattern of lung qi deficiency, it is often combined with yīng sù qiào (Pericarpium Papaveris) to reinforce the effects, such as in the formula Wǔ Wèi Zǐ Wán (Magnolivine Fruit Pill).   For wheezing and cough in the pattern of lung qi de■ciency, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and zĭ wăn (Radix et Rhizoma Asteris) to enhance the effects in reinforcing qi and relieving wheezing, such as in the formula Bŭ Fèi Tāng (Lung-Supplementing Decoction).   For cough and wheezing in the pattern of both lung and kidney deficiency, it is often combined with shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) to relieve the problems by tonifying the lung and kidney to improve qi reception of the kidney, such as in the formula Dū Qì Wán (Qi-Restraining Pill).   For chronic phlegm-fluid internal retention triggered by exterior wind cold attack, with symptoms such as aversion to cold, fever and cough with profuse thin phlegm, it is often combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) to improve the effects, such as in the formula Xiăo Qīng Lóng Tāng (Minor Green Dragon Decoction). 2. For thirst with profuse sweating due to heat consuming the body qi and ■uid, it is commonly combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), such as in the formula Shēng Mài Săn (Pulse-Reinforcing Powder).   For consumptive thirst accompanied by frequent urination, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) to replenish qi and promote ■uid production, such as in the formula Yù Yè Tāng (Jade Humor Decoction).

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3. For spontaneous sweating, it is combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) to check sweating by nourishing qi and consolidating the exterior. For night sweats, it is often commonly combined with salt-prepared zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and fú xiăo mài (Fructus Tritici Levis) to check sweating by cultivating yin and reducing heat. 4. For seminal emission with fatigue, it alone can be boiled into paste and taken orally.   For spontaneous seminal emission in the pattern of extreme kidney deficiency, it is often combined with sāng piāo xiāo (Oötheca Mantidis) and lóng gŭ (Os Draconis), such as in the formula Sāng Piāo Xiāo Wán (Mantis ■gg-Case Powder); or is combined with tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) and shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii), such as in the formula Sān Cái Wán (Heaven, Human and ■arth Pill).   For nocturnal emission in the pattern of yin deficiency and def iciency heat, it is often combined with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) to nourish kidney yin and secure essence, such as in the formula Mài Wèi Dì Huáng Wán (Ophiopogon, Magnolivine and Rehmannia Pill). 5. For chronic diarrhea in the pattern of spleen and kidney yang de■ciency, it is often combined with wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae), bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae) and ròu dòu kòu (Semen Myristicae) to warmly check diarrhea, such as in the formula Sì Shén Wán (Four Spirits Pill). 6. For anxiety, panic attacks, palpitations, insomnia and dreaminess due to yin and blood deficiency, it is often combined with suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to calm the heart, tranquilize the mind, and nourish yin and blood, such as in the formula Tiān Wáng Bŭ Xīn Dān (Celestial ■mperor HeartSupplementing ■lixir). It can also be used for insomnia due to other reasons. 7. In addition, its powder taken internally lowers the level of aminotransferase from chronic hepatitis. Applied externally, it is effective for mouth ulcers. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 2-6 g in decoction, or 1-3 g each time in powder. It also can be made into paste, pills or powder. For external use: its powder is applied topically, or its decoction is applied for topical rinsing. For the purpose of astringing the lung, a small dose is encouraged, while for nourishment or tranquilizing, a large dose is used. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with exterior syndrome, internal heat, cough in the early stage or measles, since it is warm and astringent in property. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains volatile oils and lignans. The volatile oils include α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, etc., while lignans contain lipid schisandrin and schisandrin B, C. It also contains organic acids, sterols, tannins and resins. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows inhibitory and activating effects on the cerebral cortex to tranquilize the mind and inhibit convulsions. It shows a similar adaptive effect as rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), increasing the defensive ability to the non-specific stimulation, increasing the number of white blood cells, and promoting gluconeogenesis and glycogen decomposition to improve the metabolism of glucose. It also shows the effects of anti-fatigue, anti-oxidation, antiaging, strengthening the heart, regulating the energy metabolism of myocardial cells, improving myocardial nutrition and function, and increasing the coronary blood flow. It has a preventative effect against liver injury, which can reduce liver cell necrosis and prevent fatty liver, and it also has the effects of anti-hepatic fibrosis, improving liver function, accelerating repair and regeneration of liver cells, enhancing the detoxi■cation ability of the liver and promoting bile secretion. It can signi■cantly reduce the level of GPT; however, after stopping the use of it there can be a return to previous levels. It excites the uterine smooth muscles of non-pregnant, pregnant and postpartum

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females. Its decoction has respiratory excitation effect, which can counter morphine-induced respiratory inhibition. Its acidic composition has obvious expectorant and antitussive actions. Its alcohol immersion can inhibit a variety of Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria in vitro, while in vivo, it has anti-ulcer, anti-allergic, anti-cancer and anti-virus effects.

Attachment: Nán WǔWèi Zǐ 南五味子 Fructus Schisandrae Sphenantherae ［Source］  It is the dried and ripe fruit of Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd. et Wils., an herb of the family Magnoliaceae. ［Habitat］  It is mainly produced in Shaanxi and Hubei provinces of China. It is similar to bĕi wŭ wèi zĭ in property, entered channels, actions, indications, dosage and administration, cautions and contraindications, and modi■cations. However, their chemical components are not exactly the same.

WūMéi 乌梅 FRUCTUS MUME Smoked Plum ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried nearly ripe fruit of Prunus mume (Sieb.) Sieb. et Zucc., a deciduous tree of the family Rosaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Wū “black” and méi “plum”. It is a kind of plum, and turns black after being smoked. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Sichuan, Fujian, Zhejiang, Hubei, Guizhou and Hunan provinces of China; the ones produced in Sichuan Province and Changxing of Zhejiang Province are of the highest quality and quantity. ［Collection］  The fruits are collected when nearly ripe in summer. They are heated at a low temperature to dry them, and their color turns to black. Big, ■eshy and soft fruits with an extremely sour taste are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is simply cleaned and washed well, and then dried. It is used with the core removed, or charred. ［Properties］  Sour, astringent; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, spleen, lung, large intestine. ［Characteristics］  It is sour, astringent and neutral in property. It enters the lung channel where it astringes the lung to relieve cough, the large intestine channel where it astringes the intestines to check diarrhea, and the liver and spleen channels where it astringes and stops bleeding. It has a strong sour taste, which indicates an effect of sedating ascaris and promoting ■uid production. ［Actions］  Astringes the lung and relieves cough, astringes the intestines and checks diarrhea, promotes fluid production to quench thirst, sedates ascaris to relieve pain and astringes to stop bleeding. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For chronic cough with scanty sputum or dry cough in the pattern of lung de■ciency, it is often combined with yīng sù qiào (Pericarpium Papaveris) to reinforce the

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effect, or with xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to relieve the cough and moisten the lung, such as in the formula Yī Fú Sǎn (One-Dose Release Powder). 2. For diarrhea or dysentery, it is often combined with ròu dòu kòu (Semen Myristicae), rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and hē zĭ (Fructus Chebulae) to warmly strengthen the spleen qi and yang, and check diarrhea, such as in the formula Gù Cháng Wán (Intestine-Consolidating Pill). 3. For thirst due to ■uid consumption, it can be used alone or in combination with gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and salt in decoction.   For consumptive thirst in the pattern of both qi and yin de■ciency, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) to activate qi and nourish yin and relieve the thirst, such as in the formula Yù Quán Wán (Jade Spring Pill).   For chronic low fever or febrile sensation of the body, and thirst due to yin de■ciency, it is often combined with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii) to relieve the thirst and fever by nourishing yin and suppressing heat. 4. For syncope, abdominal pain, vomiting and cold limbs in the case of round worm infection, it is commonly combined with huā jiāo (Pericarpium Zanthoxyli), gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to sedate round worms and relieve pain, such as in the formula Wū Méi Wán (Mume Pill). 5. For metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, it is necessarily combined with zōng lǚ tàn (Petiolus Trachycarpi Carbonisatus) and charred páo jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum) to improve the effects. If the metrorrhagia and metrostaxis are triggered by heat, or the cases present with hemafecia due to blood heat, it is combined with charred dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae), huái huā (Flos Sophorae) and shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae). For hematuria, it is combined with bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae), xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g generally and 30 g if necessary in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For stopping bleeding or diarrhea, the charred herb is used, while for promoting ■uid production and sedating ascaris, the unprepared herb is used. ［Ingredients］  It contains citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, oleanolic acid and other organic acids, a variety of ■avonoid glycosides and triterpene fatty acid esters. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with exterior pattern or excessive pathogens accumulated internally, since it is astringing in effect. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows the effects of enhancing immunity and inhibiting cancer in the isolated rabbit intestines. It counteracts the allergic reaction from protein, and shock from histamine. Its decoction inhibits a variety of pathogenic bacteria and skin fungi, while it excites ascaris suum. The bile of dogs fed with the decoction stimulates a withdrawal of ascariasis, and slightly contracts the gallbladder.

Yīng SùQiào 罂粟壳 PERICARPIUM PAPAVERIS Poppy Husk ［Source］  Initially appeared in Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Tú Jīng, 本草图 经) in the Northern Song Dynasty (1601 A.D.). It is the dried ripe fruit of Papaver somniferum L. , a

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biennial herb of the family Papaveraceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Yīng “jar with big belly and small mouth”, sù “millet” and qiào “shell”. The fruit is shaped like a jar with big belly and small mouth, the seed is small and milletlike, and the fruit peel is slightly hard like a shell. ［Habitat］  It is only used as medicine and is produced in plantations under the control of the government. ［Collection］  The ripe fruit is collected with the sap removed on purpose. It is broken up and dried in the sun. Big, solid and yellowish-white fruits with thick shells are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned, washed, moistened thoroughly, cut into small strips or slices, and dried for use, or honey- or vinegar-processed for use. ［Properties］  Sour, astringent; neutral; addictive. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, large intestine, kidney. ［Characteristics］  Sour, astringent, neutral and addictive in property, it enters the lung and kidney channels to relieve cough by astringing the lung qi and the kidney qi, and enters the large intestine channel to arrest diarrhea and relieve pain. It is addictive. ［Actions］  Astringes the lung and kidney to relieve cough, and astringes the large intestine to check diarrhea and relieve pain. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For chronic dysentery complicated with qi de■ciency, it is commonly combined with zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and hē zĭ (Fructus Chebulae) to strengthen qi and arrest diarrhea, such as in the formula Gù Cháng Tāng (IntestinesConsolidating Decoction).   For chronic diarrhea, dysentery or rectal prolapse due to spleen and kidney yang de■ciency, it is necessarily combined with ròu dòu kòu (Semen Myristicae), ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to warmly invigorate the actions of the spleen and kidney, and astringe to check diarrhea, such as in the formula Zhēn Rén Yǎng Zàng Tāng (■nlightened Master Viscera-Nourishing Decoction). 2. For uncontrolled chronic cough due to lung deficiency, the honey-prepared product is powdered and taken orally, or is combined with wū méi (Fructus Mume), such as in the formula Xiǎo Bǎi Láo Sǎn (Small Chronic Consumptive Cough-Relieving Powder). 3. In addition, it strongly relieves pain alone or in combination, and is applied for either internal pain or muscular and joint pain. It can also be used to astringe emission, and is applied to control spontaneous seminal emission. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-6 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For relieving cough, the honey-prepared herb is used, while for arresting diarrhea or relieving pain, the vinegar-processed herb is used. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is astringent and addictive in property, so that over-use is not encouraged. It is strictly prohibited for cases with cough or dysentery in the initial stage. Overdose application may cause nausea, vomiting, dizziness, restlessness, dyspnea and constriction of the pupils. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains morphine, codeine, narcotine, papaverine, alkali and other poppy alkaloids, polysaccharides, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of analgesia, hypnosis and relieving cough, and has an inhibitory effect on breathing. It can also increase the tension of the gastrointestinal tract and the sphincter, and reduce the secretion of digestive juices to check diarrhea.

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Hē Zǐ诃子 FRUCTUS CHEBULAE Medicine Terminalia Fruit ［Source］  Initially appeared in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (Jīn Guì Yào Lüè, 金匮要 略) in the Han Dynasty (3rd century A.D.). Its original name was hē lí lè (诃黎勒). It is the dried ripe fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz. or Terminalia chebula Retz. var. tomentella kurt., two kinds of deciduous trees of the family Combretaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Hē zǐ is the short form of the transliteration of “haritaki” in Sanskrit, which means “contolled by the gods”. It was originally produced in India, and its fruit is so able to cure diseases that it is just like angels sent by the gods to save peoples’ lives. ［Habitat］  It now is mainly produced in Lincang and Dehong areas of Yunnan Province of China, and also in India. ［Collection］  The fruit is collected on sunny days in the late autumn or early winter when it is ripe, and dried in the sun. Big, brownish-yellow, solid, glossy and dry fruits are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned, washed well and dried for use, or baked ■rst for use. It is pounded into pieces before clinical application, or the kernel is removed, and only the ■esh kept for medicinal use. ［Properties］  Bitter, sour, astringent; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, large intestine. ［Characteristics］  Bitter, sour, astringent and slightly cool in property, it enters the lung and large intestine channels to astringe the lung and the large intestine to relieve cough and diarrhea, and descend lung ■re to ease the throat and relieve hoarseness. It is applicable for chronic cough complicated with lung de■ciency or heat, chronic diarrhea or dysentery, pharyngitis or laryngitis. ［Actions］  Astringes the large intestine to check diarrhea, astringes the lung to relieve cough and eases the throat. ［Clinical Application］  1. For fecal incontinence in the pattern of de■ciency cold, its powder alone is taken orally together with rice soup, such as in the formula Hē Lí Lè Sǎn (Terminalia Powder).   For chronic diarrhea or dysentery, with possible prolapse of the rectum due to extreme de■ciency cold, it is necessarily combined with yīng sù qiào (Pericarpium Papaveris), gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to warm the interior and consolidate qi to check diarrhea, such as in the formula Hē Zǐ Pí Sǎn (Terminalia and Tangerine Powder). 2. For chronic cough in the pattern of lung qi and yin de■ciency, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to achieve the effects of nourishing and astringing the lung to relieve cough.   For hoarseness or loss of voice in the pattern of lung qi and yin de■ciency, it is often combined with gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) to nourish the lung and restore the voice, such as in the formula Hē Zǐ Tāng (Terminalia Decoction).

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  For hoarseness or loss of voice accompanied by chronic cough, it is often combined with xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and tōng căo (Medulla Tetrapanacis), such as in the formula Hē Zǐ Sǎn (Terminalia Powder). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For the purpose of relieving cough and hoarseness, the simple dried herb is used, while for checking diarrhea the baked herb is used. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with exterior syndrome, damp heat retention, cough or dysentery in the initial stage, since it is astringent and may worsen the problems. ［Ingredients］  It contains 30％-40％ of tannins, which are composed of terminalia acid, blame lile acid and gallic acid. It also contains shikimic acid, quinic acid, tannic acid enzyme, terchebin, sennoside, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  The tannin it contains can astringe the intestines to check diarrhea. The terchebin it contains shows papaverine-like spasmolysis effects to the smooth muscles, and can also relax the intestinal tract. Its decoction inhibits shigella flexneri, diphtheria bacillus, typhoid bacillus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, hemolytic streptococcus and influenza virus. It also counteracts oxidation.

Ròu Dòu Kòu 肉豆蔻 SEMEN MYRISTICAE Nutmeg ［Source］  Initially appeared in Treatise on Medicinal Properties in the Tang Dynasty (7th century A.D.). It is the dried ripe kernel of Myristica fragrans Houtt., a tall tree of the family Myristicaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Ròu “flesh” and dòu kòu “katsumadai”. Its fruit appears like that of katsumadai, and its kernel is medicinal. It is also called dòu kòu or ròu guǒ (肉果). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and India. ［Collection］  It is collected from April to June, or November to December. The ripe fruit is picked, the peel and flesh are removed, and the kernel only is retained and dried at a low temperature. Big and solid kernels with strong aroma when crushed are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned, washed quickly and dried for use, or roasted ■rst. ［Properties］  Sour; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, stomach, large intestine. ［Characteristics］  Aromatic, warm, drying and astringent in property, it enters the spleen, stomach and large intestine channels to warm the middle, warmly activate the stomach qi, and astringe the large intestine to check diarrhea. ［Actions］  Astringes the large intestine to check diarrhea, warms the middle and moves the middle qi. ［Clinical Application］  1. For chronic diarrhea and dysentery in the pattern of spleen and kidney yang deficiency, it is commonly combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), ròu guì

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(Cortex Cinnamomi) and hē zĭ (Fructus Chebulae) to warmly astringe the intestines to check diarrhea or dysentery, and replenish qi and yang as well, such as in the formula Zhēn Rén Yǎng Zàng Tāng (■nlightened Master Viscera-Nourishing Decoction).   For early morning diarrhea due to kidney yang de■ciency, it is often combined with bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae), wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to warm the kindey yang, astringe the large intestine and check diarrhea, such as in the formula Sì Shén Wán (Four Spirits Pill). 2. For abdominal distension and pain, vomiting and reduced appetite due to yang de■ciency of the middle jiao, it is commonly combined with mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) to warm the middle and move the middle qi to relieve the distension and pain. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or 0.5-1 g per time in pills or powder. It should be roasted before use to reduce the amount of oil it contains. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with damp heat or yin de■ciency with def iciency heat, since it is warm and drying in property and may assist heat or ■re. Overdose may cause poisoning, which may appear as loss of consciousness, dilated pupils and convulsions. It has been reported that 7.5 g in powder can cause symptoms such as dizziness, delirium and lethargy, and that a larger dose may even cause death. ［Ingredients］  It contains 25％-46％ fatty oils, 8％-15％ volatile oils and 4％ toxic myristicin. The volatile oils are composed of sabinene, α-pinene, etc. It also contains myrislignan. ［Pharmacological Research］  The volatile oils it contains can release the exterior and invigorate the stomach, increase gastric secretions and stimulate intestinal peristalsis. The terpenoid of the volatile oils inhibits bacteria and mold. Nutmeg oil induces dilated pupils, unsteady gait, and slows down breathing and re■exes. Myristicin induces hallucinations in healthy people, and moderately excites the human brain. The whole kernel may affect blood vessel status, induce miosis, affective impulse, loneliness and disturbance of intellectual activities.

ChìShíZhī赤石脂 HALLOYSITUM RUBRUM Halloysite ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is silicate halloysite mineral. ［■xplanation of Name］  Chì “reddish”, shí “stone” and zhī “fat”. It is dark reddish, and smooth and greasy as fat. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Fujian, Henan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi and Hubei provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected the year round. Reddish and smooth stones that are easily crushed and sticky to the teeth are of the best quality. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is reduced to powder for use, or it is calcined first and

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pounded into pieces for use. ［Properties］  Sweet, sour, astringent; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Large intestine, stomach. ［Characteristics］  Sour, astringent, warm and descending in property, it enters the large intestine and stomach channels to warm and astringe at the same time. Internally, it is applied for chronic diarrhea and dysentery, bleeding and leukorrhea. ■xternally, it is applied to dry dampness and improve the healing of ulcers. It is particularly effective for fecal incontinence in the pattern of de■ciency cold. ［Actions］  Astringes the large intestine to check diarrhea, and astringes to arrest bleeding and improve the healing of ulcers. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For chronic diarrhea and dysentery, it is often combined with yŭ yú liáng (Limonitum), such as in the formula Chì Shí Zhī Yǔ Yú Liáng Wán (Red Halloysite and Limonite Pill); or it is combined with gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and jīng mĭ (Semen Oryza Sativa) to warmly astringe the large intestine to check diarrhea, such as in the formula Táo Huā Tāng (Peach Blossom Decoction). 2. For metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, it is often combined with hăi piāo xiāo (■ndoconcha Sepiae) and cè băi yè (Cacumen Platycladi) to enhance its effect, such as in the formula Zī Xuè Tāng (Blood-Nourishing Decoction).   For leukorrhea with red and white vaginal discharge in the pattern of kidney yang de■ciency, it is often combined with lù jiăo shuāng (Cornu Cervi Degelatinatum) and qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales) to warm the kidney yang and dry the dampness to cure leukorrhea.   For hemorrhoidal bleeding due to damp heat pouring down, it is commonly combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) and chūn pí (Cortex Ailanthi) to purge heat, dry dampness, cool blood and arrest bleeding. 3. For eczema and chronic ulcers, it is powdered together with lóng gŭ (Os Draconis), lú gān shí (Calamina) and xuè jié (Sanguis Draconis), and applied topically. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 10-20 g in decoction, pounded and boiled for a longer time; or made into pills or powder. For external use: the powder is applied topically alone or in mixture with other adjuvant or dry herbal powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with damp heat or food retention, since it is warm and astringent. It is contraindicated for use with ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi). ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains hydrated aluminium silicate [Al4 (Si4O10) (OH) 8 · 4H2O], and also contains iron oxides. ［Pharmacological Research］  It internally absorbs toxic substances and the products of abnormal food fermentation in the digestive tract, and locally protects in■amed gastrointestinal mucosa.

ShíLiúPí石榴皮 PERICARPIUM GRANATI Pomegranate Husk ［Source］  Initially appeared in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing (Léi Gōng Páo Zhì Lùn, 雷公炮炙论) in the Liu Song Kingdom of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (5th century A.D.). It is the dried fruit peel of Punica granatum L., a deciduous shrub of the family Punicaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Shí liú “solid tumor” and pí “peel”. The fruit grows densely on the tree

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branches, looking like many solid tumors or lumps. ［Habitat］  Widely produced everywhere in China, but mainly in Jiangsu, Hunan, Shandong, Sichuan, Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. ［Collection］  The fruit is collected in autumn when ripe and the tip is breaking up. After the seeds and fruit segments are removed, the peel is cut into pieces and dried in the sun. Fleshy peels with brownreddish color are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is simply washed and dried for use, or deeply fried ■rst. ［Properties］  Sour, astringent; warm; slightly toxic. ［■ntered Channels］  Stomach, large intestine. ［Characteristics］  Sour, astringent, warm and slightly toxic in property, it enters the stomach and large intestine channels to astringe and arrest diarrhea, bleeding and vaginal discharge. It also kills parasites. ［Actions］  Astringes to check diarrhea, bleeding and leukorrhea, and kills parasites. ［Clinical Application］  1. For chronic diarrhea in the pattern of spleen qi deficiency, it is combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and shā rén (Fructus Amomi) to enhance the effects in invigorating the spleen and astringing the large intestine to check diarrhea.   For chronic dysentery with lingering damp heat, it is combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) and gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) to clear heat, dry dampness, regulate the intestine and check diarrhea.   For fecal incontinence and rectal prolapse, it is decocted together with wŭ bèi zĭ (Galla Chinensis) and bái fán (Alumen), and applied through topical rinsing.   For damp-heat diarrhea, it alone is decocted or powdered, and taken orally, or applied in combination with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), qín pí (Cortex Fraxini) and bái tóu wēng (Radix Pulsatillae) to purge heat and toxins and dry dampness to relieve diarrhea. 2. For bloody stools triggered by damp heat, it is combined with hăi piāo xiāo (■ndoconcha Sepiae), dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) and huái huā (Flos Sophorae) to cool blood, and astringe to arrest bleeding. If the bloody stools are due to the pattern of de■ciency cold, it is combined with charred páo jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum) and charred fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) to warmly arrest bleeding.   For metrorrhagia, metrostaxis and hypermenorrhea, it is often used in combination with other herbs based on pattern differentiation to improve the effects.   For vaginal bleeding during pregnancy, it is often combined with ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini), fried dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) and charred ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi) to nourish blood and arrest bleeding to prevent abortion. 3. For yellow and turbid leukorrhea due to damp heat pouring down, it is often combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and chūn pí (Cortex Ailanthi) to clear heat and dry dampness to check leukorrhea.   For clear thin leukorrhea due to damp cold, it is often combined with páo jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum), processed cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi) to warmly dry the dampness.

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4. For intestinal parasite infection such as infection of ascaris, hookworm and tapeworm, it is used alone, or in combination with wū méi (Fructus Mume), bīng láng (Semen Arecae) and chuān jiāo (charred) to enhance the effects. 5. In addition, it is applied to treat mange, eczema, abscesses, swelling, sores, toxins and ulcers by drying dampness. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is decocted and applied through topical rinsing, or the powder is applied topically. For the purpose of stopping bleeding it should be charred ■rst. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is toxic, so an excessive dose is not encouraged. ［Ingredients］  It contains tannins, wax, resins, mannitol, mucus quality, gallic acid, malic acid, pectin, gums, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  The tannin it contains is astringent. Its decoction kills intestinal parasites, bacteria, skin fungus, influenza virus and genital herpes virus. The powder resists conception in women. The toxicity of pomegranate alkaloids is 25 times that of pomegranate, and presents symptoms such as respiratory and physical movement paralysis.

Section 3  Herbs that Secure Essence, Reduce Urination and Check Leukorrhea Herbs in this section are sour and astringent in property, and mainly enter the kidney and bladder channels. They are good at securing kidney essence, reducing urination and checking leukorrhea. Some of them have the actions of nourishing kidney qi or essence. They are mainly applied for nocturnal seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis, frequent urination, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, and leukorrhea due to kidney qi or essence deficiency. Herbs in this section are prohibited when these problems are due to completely different causes such as damp heat.

Shān ZhūYú山茱萸 FRUCTUS CORNI Cornus ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the flesh of the ripe fruit of Cornus of■cinalis Sieb. et Zucc., a small deciduous tree of the family Cornaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Shān “mountain”, zhū “tree trunk” and yú “bending”. The tree grows on mountains and the trunks are often bending. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Zhejiang and Henan provinces, but also in Anhui, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Sichuan provinces of China; that which is produced in Zhejiang is of large output and highest quality. ［Collection］  It is collected from late autumn to early

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winter when the fruit is ripe. The fruit is blanched slightly in boiling water to facilitate the removal of the seed and then dried at a low temperature. Fleshy and soft fruits with dark reddish color are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned simply for use, or wine-processed for use. ［Properties］  Sour; slightly warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, kidney. ［Characteristics］  Sour, astringent, slightly warm, moistening and tonifying in property and effects, it enters the liver and kidney channels to astringe and tonify at the same time. Warm but not very drying, it is tonifying but in a mild way. It toni■es the kidney yang and essence as well, and is effective for incontinence that is completely due to de■ciency. ［Actions］  Toni■es and secures the essence of the liver and kidney. ［Clinical Application］  1. For dizziness, tinnitus, and weakness and aching pain in the waist and knees in the pattern of liver and kidney yin de■ciency, it is commonly combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) and fú líng (Poria) to enhance the effect in tonifying the liver and kidney yin, such as in the formula Liù Wèi Dì Huáng Wán (SixIngredient Rehmannia Pill).   For aching pain in waist and knees and difficult urination in the pattern of kidney yang de■ciency, it is commonly combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) and shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) to warmly tonify the kidney yang, such as in the formula Jīn Guì Shèn Qì Wán (Golden Cabinet’s Kidney Qi Pill). 2. For nocturnal seminal emission and spontaneous seminal emission due to kidney yin de■ciency, it is commonly combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) and shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) to nourish the kidney yin and secure the essence, such as in the formula Zuǒ Guī Wán (Left-Restoring Pill).   For nocturnal seminal emission and spontaneous seminal emission due to kidney yang de■ciency, it is often combined with bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to tonify the kidney yang and secure the kidney essence, such as in the formula Cǎo Huán Dān (Yang-Recovering Pill).   For enuresis due to kidney qi de■ciency, it is often combined with sāng piāo xiāo (Oötheca Mantidis), fú shén (Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis) and goat’s bladder to nourish the kidney qi and reduce urination.   For enuresis and frequent urination due to kidney qi deficiency in the elderly, it is often combined with yì zhì rén (Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae), rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to reduce urination by tonifying and securing the kidney qi. 3. For metrorrhagia, metrostaxis or hypermenorrhea due to spleen qi de■ciency failing to keep blood flowing normally, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) and hăi piāo xiāo (■ndoconcha Sepiae) to arrest bleeding and replenish the spleen qi, such as in the formula Gù Chōng Tāng (Penetrating VesselSecuring Decoction).   For metrorrhagia and metrostaxis with blood that is light in color and thin, it is often combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) in order to check bleeding and warmly tonify and secure the kidney yang, such as in the formula Yòu Guī Wán (Right-Restoring Pill). 4. For profuse sweating especially due to de■ciency, it is quite effective in checking sweating.

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For this purpose, it can be used alone or in combination with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) and lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) to tonify qi, restore yang and rescue from collapse, such as in the formula Lái Fù Tāng (Pulse-Returning Decoction). 5. In addition, combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) , it is used for diabetes in the pattern of both yin and yang de■ciency. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 6-12 g generally and 20-30 g if necessary in decotion, or made into pills or powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with excessive heat, because it is warm and astringent. ［Ingredients］  It contains tannins, dogwood glycosides, saponins, gallic acid, malic acid, vitamin A, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It elevates the number of white blood cells, enhances immunity, counteracts reaction from stress, inhibits hypoxia, oxidation and fatigue, improves memory, strengthens the heart, dilates the peripheral vessels, inhibits platelet aggregation and thrombosis, reduces cholesterol, inhibits arteriosclerosis, lowers blood glucose and blood pressure, induces diuresis, and inhibits in■ammation and bacteria.

FùPén Zǐ覆盆子 FRUCTUS RUBI Chinese Raspberry ［Source］  Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (Míng Yī Bié Lù, 名医别录) in the Liang Kingdom in the Northern and Southern Dynasties (500 A.D.). It is the dried fruit of Rubus chingii Hu, a deciduous shrub of the family Rosaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Fù “covering”, pén “bowl” and zĭ “seed-like fruit”. Its fruit grows to form a shape like a bowl covering something. It is recorded that it is able to reduce profuse urination, so that someone who takes it will ■nd the enuresis gone, and the bed bottle will not be needed anymore. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Zhejiang and Fujian, but also in Sichuan, Anhui and Shaanxi provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected in the early summer when the fruit turns from green to yellowishgreen. It is cleaned of impurities, blanched quickly in boiling water or steamed slightly for better drying, and then dried for use. Complete, plump, sour and yellowish-green fruits are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is simply cleaned if necessary for use, or salt-processed for use. ［Properties］  Sour, sweet; slightly warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, kidney. ［Characteristics］  Sour, sweet and slightly warm in property, it enters the liver and kidney channels to astringe and nourish at the same time. It is slightly warm but not drying, so that it can be used for both yin and yang de■ciency. It also is used for incontinence due to kidney de■ciency. ［Actions］  Secures essence, reduces urination and cultivates yin and yang of the kidney.

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［Clinical Applications］  1. For nocturnal seminal emission and spontaneous seminal emission in the pattern of kidney qi de■ciency, it is often combined with shā yuàn zĭ (Semen Astragali Complanati), shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) and jīn yīng zĭ (Fructus Rosae Laevigatae) to enhance its effects.   For enuresis and frequent urination in the pattern of kidney qi de■ciency, it is often combined with sāng piāo xiāo (Oötheca Mantidis), yì zhì rén (Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae) and shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) to nourish the kidney qi and reduce urination. 2. For impotence and infertility in the pattern of kidney qi deficiency, it alone can be winemedicated and taken orally, or it is applied in combination with gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii), tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to improve conception by tonifying the kidney qi and yang, such as in the formula Wǔ Zǐ Yǎn Zōng Wán (Five-Seed Procreating Pill). 3. For loss of vision due to blood and essence deficiency, it is used alone or in combination with gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and chŭ shí zĭ (Fructus Broussonetiae) to improve the effects in toni■cation and improving eyesight. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder, or wine-medicated, or boiled into paste. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency with def iciency heat or stranguria, because of its warm and astringing property. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains organic acids such as citric acid and gallic acid, and also contains β-sitosterol, sugar and vitamin A-like substances. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows estrogen-like effects. Its decoction inhibits staphylococcus, vibrio cholerae and human-type mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Sāng Piāo Xiāo 桑螵蛸 OÖTHECA MANTIDIS Mantis Egg-case ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry egg case of Tenodera sinensis Saussure, Statilia maculata (Thunberg) or Hierodula patellifera (Serville), three kinds of insects of the family Mantidae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Sāng “mulberry”, piāo “■oating” and xiāo “silk”. It is the egg case of the mantis, which is light like silk ■oating in air. It is considered that those produced in mulberry trees are of the best quality. ［Habitat］  Produced in most parts of China. ［Collection］  It is collected during the late autumn and the following spring. It is steamed until the eggs die, and then dried. Dry, complete, yellowish, light and tough egg cases with eggs still inside are of good quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned simply, steamed well and dried for use, or salt-fried for use. ［Properties］  Sweet, salty; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, kidney. ［Characteristics］  Sweet, salty and neutral, it enters the liver and kidney channels to nourish the kidney, secure essence and reduce urination.

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［Actions］  Secures essence, reduces urination and toni■es the kidney yang. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For nocturnal seminal emission and spontaneous seminal emission in the pattern of kidney yang de■ciency, it is often combined with lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to enhance its effects, such as in the formula Sāng Piāo Xiāo Wán (Mantis ■gg-Case Pill).   For enuresis and frequent urination, it can be used alone or in combination with lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) and fù pén zĭ (Fructus Rubi) to improve the effects. 2. For impotence due to kidney yang de■ciency, it is often combined with lù róng (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum), ròu cōng róng (Herba Cistanches) and tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) to reinforce the effect of warmly invigorating the kidney yang. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: the dry powders used alone or mixed with oil and applied topically. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency with def iciency heat or frequent urination due to dampness heat. ［Ingredients］  It contains proteins, fats, phospholipids, crude ■ber, calcium citrate and amino acids. ［Pharmacological Research］  It prolongs the time food remains in the stomach and improves the secretion of digestive juices to help digestion of food. The ■ber it contains can lower blood sugar and lipids. Lignin included in the ■ber can increase the activity of macrophage cells by 2 to 3 times, thereby inhibiting the development and progression of cancer. It also has astringing and anti-diuretic effects.

Jīn Yīng Zǐ金樱子 FRUCTUS ROSAE LAEVIGATAE Cherokee Rose Fruit ［Source］  Initially appeared in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing in the Liu Song Kingdom in the Northern and Southern Dynasties (5th century A.D.). It is the dried ripe fruit of Rosa laevigata Michx., an evergreen climbing shrub of the family Rosaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Jīn “orange color”, yīng “jar with big belly and small mouth” and zǐ “seed-like fruit”. The seed-like fruit is orange colored and shaped like a jar with a big belly and small mouth. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Guangxi and Jiangsu of China. ［Collection］  It is collected during October and November when the fruit turns reddish. It is dried slightly, the burrs are removed from it and then it is dried thoroughly in the sun. Big, reddish-yellow and glossy fruits with burrs removed are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is cleaned simply, washed well, moistened completely and cut into two parts. After the burrs are removed from it, it is dried for use. ［Properties］  Sour, astringent; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Kidney, bladder, large intestine. ［Characteristics］  Sour, astringent and neutral in property, it is good at securing essence and reducing urination.

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［Actions］  Secures essence, reduces urination and astringes the large intestine to check diarrhea. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For nocturnal seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis and frequent urination, it can be used alone in paste, or in combination with qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Shuĭ Lù Èr Xiān Dān (Land and Water Two Immortals ■lixir).   For leukorrhea, it is brewed together with pig bladder and crystal sugar, or applied in combination with chūn pí (Cortex Ailanthi), jī guān huā (Flos Celosiae Cristatae) and qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales) to drain and dry dampness and astringe to check vaginal discharge. 2. For chronic diarrhea and dysentery, it can be used alone or in combination with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales) to enhance the effects. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 6-18 g in decoction or in paste, or made into pills. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with internal heat or excessive pathogens, since it is sour and astringent and may worsen the problems. ［Ingredients］  It contains citric acid, malic acid, tannins, saponins, resins, vitamin C, sugar, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It improves the secretion of gastric juices and decreases the secretion of the intestinal mucus membrane, so as to check diarrhea. Its decoction inhibits staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, tetanus, leptospirosis and in■uenza virus. It also resists frequent urination and atherosclerosis.

Hǎi Piāo Xiāo 海螵蛸 ENDOCONCHA SEPIAE Cuttlebone ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry inner shell of Sepiella maindroni de Rochebrune or Sepia esculenta Hoyle, two kinds of cuttle■sh. ［■xplanation of Name］  Hǎi “sea”, piāo “floating” and xiāo “unprocessed silk”. Cuttlefish live in the sea, and their inner shell is as light as silk and easily ■oats in the water. It is also known as wū zéi gǔ (乌贼骨), where wū means “black” or “ink”, zéi means “thief”, and gǔ means “bone”. The cuttle■sh is a kind of mollusk with an ink sac that excretes ink to hide its body when escaping, and its inner shell looks like a bone. ［Habitat］  Sepiella maindroni de Rochebrune is mainly produced in Zhejiang and Fujian provinces of China, while Sepia esculenta Hoyle is produced in Liaoning, Shandong and Jiangsu provinces of China. ［Collection］  The bone-like inner shell is collected, washed clean and dried. Large, dry, white and complete shells are of good quality. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is rinsed in water until it is free from salty taste, dried and pounded into small pieces for use, or dry-fried ■rst. ［Properties］  Salty, astringent; slightly warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Liver, kidney.

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［Characteristics］  Salty and astringent in property, it enters the liver and kidney channels. With main actions of checking bleeding and leukorrhea, it is particularly applied for metrorrhagia, metrostaxis and leukorrhea, since the liver and kidney are deeply involved in the functioning of the uterus and the dai mai, which adjusts menstruation and vaginal discharge. Naturally absorbent, it is used to absorb profuse gastric acid in order to relieve stomachache that is due to excessive secretion of gastric acid, and to promote granulation in order to improve the healing of ulcers or eczema. ［Actions］  Astringes to check bleeding and vaginal discharge, secures essence to arrest seminal emission, reduces gastric acid to relieve pain and dries dampness to improve the healing of sores. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, it is combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni), qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales) and zōng lǚ tàn (Petiolus Trachycarpi Carbonisatus) to arrest bleeding by nourishing qi and astringing, such as in the formula Gù Chōng Tāng (Thoroughfare-Securing Decoction).   For gastrorrhagia, it is commonly combined with bái jí (Rhizoma Bletillae) and applied in equal doses orally, such as the formula Wū Jí Sǎn (Cuttlebone and Bletilla Powder).   For traumatic bleeding, the powder is applied alone topically. 2. For leukorrhea, it is combined with bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) and xuè yú tàn (Crinis Carbonisatus) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Bái Zhǐ Sǎn (Dahurian Angelica Powder).   For seminal emission in the pattern of kidney qi de■ciency, it is combined with shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni), tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) and shā yuàn zĭ (Semen Astragali Complanati) to tonify the kidney qi and and secure essence. 3. For gastric hypersecretion, it is often combined with zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii), such as the formula Wū Bèi Sǎn (Cuttlebone and Fritillary Powder), or combined with yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis), wă léng zĭ (Concha Arcae) and bái jí (Rhizoma Bletillae) to enhance the effect in absorbing acid and relieving stomachache. 4. For eczema and sores with profuse effusion, it is combined with lú gān shí (Calamina), qīng dài (Indigo Naturalis) and bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum), and applied topically in powder.   For chronic purulent sores with profuse effusion, it is used alone or in combination with the calcined shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum Praeparatum), lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) and kū fán (Alumen Dehydratum), and applied topically in powder. 5. Applied externally, it is used to treat otitis media and in■amed eyes. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 6-12 g in decoction, or 1.5-3 g each time in powder. For external use: the powder is applied topically alone or in combination for ear or eye problems. For the purpose of arresting bleeding and vaginal discharge, the baked one is used, while for the treatment of profuse gastric acid secretion and upper gastrointestinal bleeding, the powder should be used. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with yin deficiency with heat, because it is slightly warm in nature. A large dose or long-term application may cause constipation, so herbs for lubricating the bowels should be used at the same time. ［Ingredients］  It contains 85％ calcium carbonate and even more in the calcined product. It also contains horny shell 6％-7％, mucus substance 10％-15％, 17 kinds of amino acids such as methionine, and 10 kinds of inorganic elements such as manganese, strontium, calcium, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It improves bone repair and resists radiation. The calcium carbonate it contains can neutralize stomach acid, improve the healing of ulcers, change the pH value

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of stomach contents and reduce the activity of pepsin. The glial it contains can form a protective ■lm on the surface of ulcers after acting with the organic matter and gastric juices of the stomach, which induces blood coagulation and stops bleeding. Its acetone extracts have anti-tumor effect.

Lián Zǐ莲子 SEMEN NELUMBINIS Lotus Seed ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried ripe seed of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., a perennial aquatic herb of the family Nymphaeaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Lián “attaching” and zǐ “seed”. The lotus pods look like beehives, with the hivelike spaces attached to each other inside, and the seeds are medicinal. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Hunan, Fujian, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces of China. ［Collection］  The fruits are collected when ripe in the fall. The seeds are taken out, the peel is stripped off while still fresh and the seeds are dried in the sun. Big and plump seeds are of the best quality. ［Processing］  It is moistened thoroughly and cut into two parts. The seed is then removed from it and dried for use. ［Properties］  Sweet, astringent; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, kidney, heart. ［Characteristics］  Sweet, astringent and neutral in property, it is medicinal and edible. It enters the spleen, kidney and heart channels to tonify the spleen, kidney and heart in a mild way. It also acts to check diarrhea, secure essence, relieve leukorrhea and tranquilize the mind by means of astringing or nourishing. ［Actions］  Toni■es the spleen to check diarrhea and leukorrhea, toni■es the kidney to secure essence and nourishes the heart to calm the mind. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For chronic diarrhea and poor appetite in the pattern of spleen qi deficiency, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), fú líng (Poria) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to check diarrhea by invigorating the spleen qi and draining dampness, such as in the formula Shēn Líng Bái Zhú Săn (Ginseng, Poria and White Atractylodes Powder).   For chronic diarrhea in the pattern of spleen and kidney yang de■ciency, it is combined with bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae), ròu dòu kòu (Semen Myristicae) and shā yuàn zĭ (Semen Astragali Complanati) to check diarrhea by warmly astringing the intestines and tonifying yang. 2. For nocturnal seminal emission and spontaneous seminal emission in the pattern of kidney qi de■ciency, it is combined with shā yuàn zĭ (Semen Astragali Complanati), qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales) and lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) to improve the effects, such as in the formula Jīn Suǒ Gù Jīng Wán (Golden-Lock Semen-Securing Pill). 3. For leukorrhea due to dampness ■owing down because of spleen qi de■ciency, it is combined

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with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and fú líng (Poria) to check vaginal discharge by strengthening the spleen qi to reduce the production of dampness, and draining the existing dampness as well.   For leukorrhea due to both spleen and kidney qi de■ciency, it is combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) and qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales) to reduce vaginal discharge and tonify the spleen and kidney. 4. For anxiety, insomnia and heart palpitations due to disharmony of the heart and kidney, it is combined with suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae), fú shén (Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis) and yuăn zhì (Radix Polygalae) to calm the heart and mind. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 6-15 g pounded with the hearts removed in decoction, or made into pills or powder. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with stomach fullness and distension, or constipation. ［Ingredients］  It mainly contains starch, and alkaloids such as nuciferine. It also contains rutin, ■avonoids such as quercetin, as well as proteins, polysaccharides and fats. ［Pharmacological Research］  It shows effects of anti-aging, immunity enhancement, astringing and sedation. The N-demethyl nuciferine it contains induces diuresis.

Attachment: Lián Xū 莲须 Stamen Nelumbinis ［Source］  It is the stamen of the lotus. ［Properties］  Sweet, astringent; neutral. ［Actions］  Clears heart ■re and consolidates the kidney, secures essence and arrests bleeding. ［Clinical Applications］  It is applicable for nocturnal seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis, frequent urination, bleeding and leukorrhea. ［Ingredients］  Research has shown that it contains quercetin, luteolin glycosides and alkaloids. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 1.5-5 g in decotion.

Lián Fáng 莲房 Receptaculum Nelumbinis ［Source］  It is the ripe ■oral receptacle of the lotus. ［Properties］  Bitter, astringent; warm. ［Actions］  Transforms blood stasis and arrests bleeding. ［Clinical Applications］  It is applicable for vaginal bleeding, hematuria, hemorrhoids, rectal prolapse and eczema. It is mild in effects and often works as an adjunct herb in formulas. ［Ingredients］  Research has shown that it contains proteins, fats, carotene, thiamine, ribo■avin and vitamin C. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction. For stopping bleeding, the charred herb is used.

Hé Yè 荷叶 Folium Nelumbinis ［Source］  It is the leaf of the lotus.

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Chapter 18  Herbs that Astringe ［Properties］  Bitter, astringent; neutral. ［Actions］  Clears summer heat and drains dampness, raises yang and arrests bleeding. ［Clinical Applications］  Often used for problems due to summerheat or dampness, and bleeding triggered by heat. ［Ingredients］  Research has shown that it contains nelumbine, nuciferine, miltanthin, quercetin, oxalic acid, succinic acid, tannins, etc. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction.

Hé Gěng 荷梗 Petiolus Nelumbinis ［Source］  It is the petiole or stalk of the lotus, and is also called ǒu gǎn (藕杆), hé yè gĕng (荷叶梗) or lián péng gǎn (莲蓬杆). ［Properties］  Bitter; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, stomach. ［Actions］  Clears summerheat, moves qi and resolves dampness. ［Clinical Applications］  It is applicable for problems due to summerheat or summerheat stroke. ［Ingredients］  Research has shown that it contains miltanthin, ■avonoid glycosides, asparagine, resins and tannins. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 9-15 g in decoction.

Qiàn Shí芡实 SEMEN EURYALES Euryale Seed ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was jī tóu shí (鸡头实). It is the dry ripe kernel of Euryale ferox Salisb., an annual aquatic herb of the family Nymphaeaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Qiàn “lack” and shí “grain”. The shape of the fruit is like a chicken head or goose head, the kernel is sphere-like and resembles rice, and it can be used as food during times of famine. It is also called jī tóu shí, jī tóu mĭ (鸡头米) or yàn tóu (雁头). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Hunan, Anhui, Shandong and Hubei provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected in batches from late autumn to early winter. The seeds are picked out, washed and then dried. The best ones are full, starchy and uniform in shape, with no impurities. ［Processing］  After the tough shell and impurities are removed, it is used raw or fried with bran. It is crushed before use. ［Properties］  Sweet, astringent; neutral. ［■ntered Channels］  Spleen, kidney. ［Characteristics］  Sweet, astringent and neutral in property, it enters the spleen and kidney channels to achieve the effects of nourishment and astringing. It nourishes the spleen qi, drains

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dampness, nourishes the kidney and secures essence. It is applicable for chronic diarrhea, nocturnal seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis and leukorrhea due to spleen qi de■ciency or both spleen and kidney de■ciency. ［Actions］  Nourishes the spleen, checks diarrhea, strengthens the kidney, secures essence, drains dampness and checks leukorrhea. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For chronic diarrhea in the pattern of spleen qi deficiency, it is combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and fú líng (Poria) to strengthen the spleen, drain dampness and check diarrhea. 2. For nocturnal seminal emission and spontaneous seminal emission, it is often combined with jīn yīng zĭ (Fructus Rosae Laevigatae), such as in the formula Shuĭ Lù Èr Xiān Dān (Land and Water Two Immortals ■lixir), or combined with shā yuàn zĭ (Semen Astragali Complanati), lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) and lián xū (Stamen Nelumbinis) to enhance the effects in consolidating the kidney and securing essence, such as in the formula Jīn Suŏ Gù Jīng Wán (Golden Lock ■ssenceSecuring Pill).   For enuresis either in adults or children due to kidney qi de■ciency, it is often combined with tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae), yì zhì rén (Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae) and sāng piāo xiāo (Oötheca Mantidis) to warmly strengthen the kidney and reduce urination.   For whitish and turbid urine or whitish discharge after urination in males in the pattern of kidney qi de■ciency, it is combined with fú líng (Poria) to improve the functions of the spleen and kidney, and drain the turbid dampness. 3. For leukorrhea in the pattern of kidney and spleen qi de■ciency, it is often combined with shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni), tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) and shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) to consolidate the kidney and spleen qi, and check vaginal discharge.   For yellowish turbid leukorrhea due to damp heat pouring down, it is often combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) to clear heat and dry dampness, such as in the formula Yì Huáng Tāng (Transforming Yellow Decoction). ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 9-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder, or cooked together with rice. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is not suitable for patients with constipation, difficult urination or food stagnation, because it is astringent in property. ［Ingredients］  It contains starch, proteins, fats, thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium, phosphorus, iron, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It improves intestinal absorption, and increases urinary xylose excretion and serum carotene concentration. It also shows the effects of nourishment and astringency.

Summary 1. Herbs that arrest sweating Má Huáng Gēn vs. Fú Xiăo Mài vs. Nuò Dào Gēn

Similarities

Medicinal

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Má Huáng Gēn

Fú Xiăo Mài

Properties

Sweet

Actions

Arrests sweating

Indications

Applied in combination for spontaneous sweating and night sweats

Nuò Dào Gēn

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Chapter 18  Herbs that Astringe Continued　　 Má Huáng Gēn

Differences

Medicinal

Fú Xiăo Mài

Nuò Dào Gēn

Properties

Neutral

Cool

Neutral

Entered channels

Lung

Heart

Heart, liver

Actions

—

Slightly suppresses heat, and slightly Relieves heat nourishes the heart qi and yin

Indications

Sweating internally or Sweating, steaming bone fever and Night sweats and externally irritability chronic low fever

2. Herbs that astringe the lung and large intestine Wū Méi vs. Yīng Sù Qiào Wū Méi

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Yīng Sù Qiào

Properties

Sour, astringent; neutral

Entered channels

Lung, large intestine

Actions

Astringes the lung and stops cough, astringes the intestines and checks diarrhea

Indications

Chronic cough due to lung qi de■ciency, chronic diarrhea and dysentery

Properties

—

Addictive

Entered channels

Liver, spleen

Kidney

·

Actions · · ·

Indications ·

Q uietens ascaris and promotes fluid  production to quench thirst (unprocessed) Arrests bleeding (deeply-fried) 

Consolidates qi and relieves pain

Thirst due to ■uid consumption  Syncope, abdominal pain, vomiting and  cold limbs in the case of round worm infection Metrorrhagia and metrostaxis 

Seminal emission, frequent urination and pain

Ròu Dòu Kòu vs. Shí Liú Pí Ròu Dòu Kòu

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

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Shí Liú Pí

Properties

Sour; warm

Entered channels

Stomach, large intestine

Actions

Astringes the intestines and checks diarrhea

Indications

Chronic diarrhea, chronic dysentery and rectal prolapse

Properties

—

Astringent; slightly toxic

Entered channels

Spleen

—

Actions

Warms the middle and moves the middle qi

Kills parasites, checks seminal emission, bleeding and leukorrhea

Indications

Abdominal distension and pain, vomiting and reduced appetite due to yang de■ciency of the middle jiao

Bloody stools triggered by damp heat, yellow and turbid leucorrhea, intestinal parasite infection

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Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Bái Guŏ

Hē Zǐ

Properties

Bitter, astringent; neutral

Entered channels

Lung

Actions

Astringes the lung to relieve cough

Indications

Cough

Properties

Sour

Sweet; slightly toxic

Entered channels

Large intestine

Kidney

Actions

Astringes the large intestine to check diarrhea

Checks vaginal discharge and reduces urination

·

Indications

·

Hoarseness and chronic cough (unprocessed)  Chronic diarrhea, dysentery or rectal prolapse  (processed)

Cough or wheezing in the pattern of lung de■ciency

3. Herbs that secure essence, reduce urination and check leukorrhea Shān Zhū Yú vs. Fù Pén Zĭ Shān Zhū Yú

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Fù Pén Zĭ

Properties

Sour; slightly warm

Entered channels

Kidney, liver

Actions

Tonif ies the liver and kidney, nourishes essence and blood, assists the kidney yang

Indications

Dizziness, weakness and aching pain in the waist and knees, impotence and infertility, nocturnal seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis and frequent urination due to liver and kidney de■ciency

Properties

—

Sweet

Actions

Arrests bleeding

·

Metrorrhagia, metrostaxis or hypermenorrhea

·

Indications Special features

Stronger than fù pén zǐ in clinical effects

·

·

Improves vision  Reduces urine  Loss of vision due to blood and essence de■ciency  ■nuresis and frequent urination in the pattern  of kidney qi de■ciency

—

Fù Pén Zĭ vs. Sāng Piāo Xiāo Fù Pén Zĭ

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

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Sāng Piāo Xiāo

Properties

Sweet

Entered channels

Kidney, liver

Actions

Tonif ies yin and yang, secures essence and reduces urination

Indications

Impotence, infertility, nocturnal seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis and frequent urination due to kidney qi de■ciency

Properties

Sour; slightly warm

Actions

Improves vision

·

Indications

Loss of vision due to blood and essence de■ciency

—

Salty; neutral ·

Assists kidney yang  C hecks vaginal discharge and male urinary whitish turbid discharge

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Chapter 18  Herbs that Astringe Jīn Yīng Zĭ vs. Qiàn Shí Jīn Yīng Zĭ

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Qiàn Shí

Properties

Astringent; neutral

Entered channels

Kidney

Actions

Tonif ies the kidney, secures essence, tonif ies the spleen and checks diarrhea and leukorrhea

Indications

Chronic diarrhea in the pattern of spleen qi de■ciency, nocturnal seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis and frequent urination due to kidney de■ciency, and leukorrhea due to spleen de■ciency or spleen and kidney de■ciency

Properties

Sour

Sweet

Entered channels

Bladder, large intestine

Spleen

Actions

Arrestes bleeding

Drains dampness

Indications

Metrorrhagia and metrostaxis

Whitish and turbid urine or whitish discharge after urination in males in the pattern of kidney qi de■ciency

Lián Zĭ vs. Qiàn Shí Lián Zĭ

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

Qiàn Shí

Properties

Sweet, astringent; neutral

Entered channels

Spleen, kidney

Actions

Tonif ies the spleen and checks diarrhea, tonif ies the kidney and secures essence

Indications

Chronic diarrhea in the pattern of spleen qi de■ciency, seminal emission, enuresis and frequent urination in the pattern of kidney qi de■ciency

Entered channels

Heart

—

Actions

Calms the heart and mind

Drains dampness

Indications

Anxiety, insomnia and heart palpitations due to disharmony of the heart and kidney

Whitish and turbid urine or whitish discharge after urination in males in the pattern of kidney qi de■ciency

Special features

More effective in strengthening the spleen

Milder in nourishing compared to lián zĭ

Sāng Piāo Xiāo vs. Hăi Piāo Xiāo Sāng Piāo Xiāo

Differences

Similarities

Medicinal

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Hăi Piāo Xiāo

Properties

Salty

Entered channels

Liver, kidney

Actions

Secures essence and checks leukorrhea internally

Indications

Nocturnal seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission and leukorrhea in the pattern of kidney qi de■ciency

Properties

Sweet; neutral

Astringent; slightly warm

Strengthens the kidney yang and reduces urination

·

Actions

·

Indications

Impotence, infertility, enuresis and frequent urination due to kidney yang de■ciency

·

·

C hecks bleeding R educes gastric acid to relieve pain and dries  dampness to improve the healing of sores B leeding, profuse gastric acid secretion and  leukorrhea internally ■czema and chronic ulcers with profuse effusion,  as well as traumatic bleeding (used externally)

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Review Questions 1. What kinds of herbs are de■ned as herbs that astringe? How many categories of herbs that astringe are discussed in this chapter? Describe the common characteristics, actions and indications of each category. 2. Describe the herbs in this chapter as to know how they are used in combinations, and cautions and contraindications. 3. Describe the properties, actions, clinical applications, cautions and contraindications of wŭ wèi zĭ, shān zhū yú, hăi piāo xiāo and chì shí zhī. 4. Describe the properties, actions, clinical applications, cautions and contraindications of wū méi, hē zĭ and lián zĭ. 5. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of characteristics, actions and indications: má huáng gēn and fú xiăo mài; wŭ wèi zĭ and wŭ bèi zĭ; wū méi and yīng sù qiào; hē zĭ and bái guŏ; ròu dòu kòu and shí liú pí. 6. C ompare the following paired herbs in the aspects of characteristics, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications: shān zhū yú and fù pén zĭ; fù pén zĭ and jīn yīng zǐ; sāng piāo xiāo and hăi piāo xiāo; lián zĭ and qiàn shí. 7. Yīng sù qiào is toxic. Describe its properties, actions, clinical applications, preparation, dosage, cautions and contraindications. 8. In this chapter, which herbs have effects of both astringing and tonifying? Describe their characteristics and actions individually. 9. Both wŭ wèi zĭ and má huáng gēn can be used for profuse sweating, and both huáng lián and wū méi can treat diarrhea. Describe the differences in the characteristics and clinical applications of each. 10. Both huáng qín and hē zĭ can be used to treat cough, and both qiàn shí and huáng băi can be used to treat leukorrhea. Describe the differences in actions and clinical applications of each. 11. Both lián zĭ and lóng gŭ can be used to treat insomnia, and both gé gēn and chì shí zhī can be used to treat diarrhea and dysentery. Describe the differences in actions and clinical applications of each. 12. Bái zhǐ, mù xiāng, chuān xiōng, dāng guī and yīng sù qiào are effective in relieving pain. Describe the differences in actions and clinical applications of each.

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CHAPTER 19  

Herbs that Kill Parasites and Dry Dampness to Relieve Itching Xióng Huáng 雄黄  /  671

Shé Chuáng Zǐ 蛇床子  /  676

Liú Huáng 硫黄  /  673

Tǔ Jīng Pí 土荆皮  /  678

Bái Fán 白矾  /  675

［Definition］  Herbs with a primary action of counteracting toxins, killing parasites, drying dampness and relieving itching are called herbs that kill parasites and dry dampness to relieve itching. ［Properties ＆ Actions］  Most of the herbs in this category are toxic, either warm or cold. Mainly for external use, some of them are also for oral administration. They are good at counteracting toxins, killing parasites, drying dampness and relieving itching, and some of them are also able to prevent malaria and reinforce yang. ［Indications］  The herbs in this category are mainly used for treating scabies, tinea, eczema, carbuncles and abscesses, as well as leprosy, syphilis and venomous snake bites, while some of them are also used for treating malaria and kidney yang de■ciency. ［Modifications］  For external use, these herbs are applied by grinding into fine powder, mixing with sesame oil and tea, making into ointment and rubbing, making into medicated threads or suppositories, decocting for steaming and washing, applying with a heated pad, etc. For oral administration, these herbs should be made into pills that allow slow absorption, except for the ones with no toxic side effects. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  Most of the herbs in this chapter are toxic. Caution must be exercised when applying the extremely poisonous herbs externally, avoiding high doses and longterm continuous use, as well as application to a large area or to the face and ■ve sense organs. At the same time, to avoid adverse reactions caused by local severe stimulation, there should be strict conformity to the standards of processing, dosage, application, compatibility and incompatibility of herbs. Toxic herbs for oral application should be regulated by the same standards, and should be made into pills in order to ensure safe application and avoid cumulative toxi■cation, and they should not be used continuously.

Xióng Huáng 雄黄 REALGAR Realgar ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is a sul■de mineral of the realgar group. ［■xplanation of Name］  Xióng “male, powerful” and huáng “yellow”. It is orange yellow, and is often found in the south faces of mountains. The ancients thought that it possessed abundant yang qi and looked lustrous, so named it xióng huáng or míng xióng huáng (明雄黄).

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［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Hunan, Guizhou, Hubei, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected the year round. It is soft as mud underground, where it is mined with a bamboo knife, and then becomes hard when exposed to air. The best ones have large size, red color, crisp property, lustrous surface and no foreign matter. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed, it is ground with water for use. ［Properties］  Acrid; warm; toxic. ［■ntered Channels］  Heart, liver, stomach. ［Characteristics］  It is acrid, bitter, warm and dry, as well as toxic and powerful, and is mainly for external use. It not only can treat malignant diseases with its poison, but also can dry dampness to eliminate phlegm, prevent malaria attack and arrest convulsions. It is also used for treating carbuncles, scabies, tinea, parasites, asthma and malaria. ［Actions］  Resolves toxins and kills parasites. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For carbuncles and furuncles, sore throat, eczema, scabies, tinea, and insect and snake bites, it not only resolves toxins and dries dampness, but also kills parasites to relieve itching.   For carbuncles and furuncles, it is often combined with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum), mò yào (Myrrha) and shè xiāng (Moschus) to expel toxins and resolve blood stasis, as well as dissipate masses and disperse abscesses, such as in the formula Xĭng Xiāo Wán (Waking and Resolving Pill).   For sore throat, it is often combined with chán sū (Venenum Bufonis), zhū shā (Cinnabaris) and niú huáng (Calculus Bovis) to remove toxins and relieve sore throat, such as in the formula Liù Shén Wán (Miraculous Pill of Six Ingredients).   For eczema and scabies, it is often dissolved with bái fán (Alumen) in tea and spread on the afflicted part, such as in the formula Èr Wèi Bá Dú Săn (Toxin-Removing Powder with Two Ingredients).   For insect and snake bites, it can be ground alone into ■ne powder, dissolved in sesame oil and spread on the af■icted part, or infused with yellow rice wine. 2. For abdominal pain due to parasites, it kills intestinal parasites to relieve pain, and is often combined with bīng láng (Semen Arecae), qiān niú zĭ (Semen Pharbitidis), etc., such as in the formula Qiān Niú Wán (Pharbitidis Pill). For pruritus ani due to pinworm, it is often combined with verdigris as powder to spread on the anus, or made into paste with vaseline and then inserted into the rectum with antiseptic gauze. 3. For fright epilepsy, malaria and asthma, it can dry dampness to eliminate phlegm, prevent malaria attack and arrest convulsions.   For infantile fright epilepsy due to phlegm heat, it is often combined with zhū shā (Cinnabaris), dăn nán xīng (Arisaema cum Bile), niú huáng (Calculus Bovis), etc., such as in the formula Niú Huáng Bào Lóng Wán (Bovine Bezoar Dragon-■mbracing Pill).   For malaria, it is often combined with shān cí gū (Pseudobulbus Cremastrae seu Pleiones), hóng yá dà jĭ (Radix Knoxiae), qiān jīn zĭ (Semen ■uphorbiae), etc., such as in the formula Tài Yĭ Zĭ Jīn Dān (Tai Yi Purple Gold Pill).   For asthma, it can be used as ■our and water paste pills, 500 g made into 1000 pills, 1 pill each time for adults, 1/2 pill each time for 10-15 year-old patients, 1/3 pill each time for 5-9

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year-old ones, 1/4 pill each time for 2-4 year-old ones, 3 times a day, taken with warm boiled water. 4. Additionally, its effect of counteracting toxins can also be used for treating cancer. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For external use: ground into ■ne powder, spread or applied like moxa through fumigation at an appropriate dose. For internal use: 0.05-0.1 g in pills or powder; it cannot be used in decoction. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is extremely poisonous, so it cannot be applied to large areas or long-term for external use, and it also cannot be applied in large doses or long-term or continuously for oral application. It cannot be used for pregnant women or those with yin and blood de■ciency. After being calcined, it may produce arsenic trioxide which can increase its toxicity, so the calcined product should be avoided for oral administration. It is soluble in alcohol, so it cannot be immersed in wine for oral administration. The main toxic symptoms are vomiting and diarrhea. ［Ingredients］  Its major component is arsenic disulfide, which contains about 75％ arsenic, and 24.9％ sulfur. Other components are a small amount of arsenic trioxide and some other heavy metallic salts. ［Pharmacological Research］  It has an inhibitory effect on many kinds of dermatophytes, such as a bactericidal effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus proteus and Aeruginosus bacillus. It also has anti-schistosomiasis and anti-hemoplasmodium effects. ［Notes］  It cannot be used when it is dark yellow, or red outside and white inside after being crushed, or when it has white crystals, because these characteristics indicate that it contains arsenic trioxide (shí huáng) or other foreign matter.

LiúHuáng 硫黄 SULFUR Sulfur ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was shí liú huáng (石硫黄). It is the naturally-occurring sulfur mineral, or is obtained by processing minerals containing sulfur. ［■xplanation of Name］  Liú “flowing” and huáng “yellow”. It is yellow colored; the ancients thought that it was the essence of yang ■owing out from volcanoes. ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces of China. ［Collection］  It is collected at any time and heated to melt and remove foreign matter. The best sulfur is regular, yellow, glossy, brittle and with no foreign matter. ［Processing］  After foreign matter is removed, it is broken into pieces or ground into powder for external use. For oral administration, clean sulfur is boiled with bean curd until the bean curd becomes blackish-green, and then the sulfur is taken out, washed well and dried in the shade. ［Properties］  Sour; warm; toxic.

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［■ntered Channels］  Kidney, large intestine. ［Characteristics］  It is sour, warm and toxic, and enters the kidney and large intestine channels. It kills parasites and relieves itching, is used externally for treating scabies and tinea, and internally for reinforcing yang to relax the bowels in cases of kidney yang de■ciency. ［Actions］  Kills parasites and relieves itching when used externally; reinforces yang for relaxing the bowels when taken orally. ［Clinical Applications］  1. ■xternally applied for scabies, tinea, eczema and pruritus, it can remove toxins, kill parasites and relieve itching. It is often used alone ground into ■ne powder and spread on the affected part of the body with sesame oil.   For tinea and itching, it is often ground into powder with bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum) and qīng fĕn (Calomelas), made into ointment with sesame oil and ■our, and spread on the affected part of the body.   For eczema, it is often ground into powder with lime, qiān dān (Minium), putty powder, etc., and spread on the affected part of the body.   For genital eczema and itching, it can be used alone or ground into powder with shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii) and kū fán (Alumen Dehydratum), and spread on the affected part of the body to kill parasites, dry dampness and relieve itching. 2. For dyspnea due to kidney de■ciency, impotence and constipation due to yang de■ciency, it can tonify ■re and reinforce yang for relaxing the bowels when taken orally.   For treating dyspnea due to failure of the kidney to receive qi or kidney yang de■ciency, it is more effective when combined with hēi xī (Stannum), fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi), etc., such as in the formula Hēi Xī Dān (Black Tin Pill).   For impotence due to kidney yang de■ciency, it is often combined with lù róng (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum) and bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae), and for constipation due to yang de■ciency, it is often combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), such as in the formula Bàn Liú Wán (Pinellia and Sulfur Pill). 3. Additionally, for treating rosacea, it can be ground into powder with qīng fĕn (Calomelas) and xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), and spread on the nose. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For external use: an appropriate quantity is applied topically after being ground into powder and mixed with oil or calcined. For internal use: 1-3 g in pills or powder; it cannot be used in decoction. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is warm and toxic, so it should be used only after being processed, and should not be applied in large quantities or over a long term. It is contraindicated in cases of pregnancy or hyperactivity of ■re due to yin de■ciency. It cannot be used with pò xiāo (Mirabilitum). ［Ingredients］  Its major component is sulfur, other components include small amounts of tellurium, selenium, iron and arsenic. ［Pharmacological Research］  Liú huáng has the effects of killing parasites and mold, because it may produce hydrogen sul■de and sulfuric acid after touching the skin. Sublimated sulfur has the effects of softening the epidermis, depilation, killing sarcoptic mites, etc. Liú huáng may produce hydrogen sul■de in the intestines, which can stimulate the intestinal wall to induce diarrhea. It also has anti-in■ammatory, antitussive and expectorant effects.

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Bái Fán 白矾 ALUMEN Alum ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was fán shí (矾石). It is a processed crystal of alunite. ［■xplanation of Name］  Bái “white” and fán sounds like the word for “burn” in Chinese. It is a processed crystal of alunite, which is colorless or white, and is obtained by “burning” or calcining alunite. It is also called míng fán (明矾). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Wuwei of Anhui Province, Pingyang of Zhejiang Province, Fuding of Fujian Province, and also in Shanxi, Hebei and Hubei provinces of China. ［Collection］  It can be collected at any time, then broken into pieces, dissolved in water and filtered. The filtrate is heated to a concentrate, which produces crystals when it becomes cold. The best ones are large, colorless, transparent and with no foreign matter. ［Processing］  After foreign matter is removed, it is pounded into pieces or calcined before use. The calcined one is called kū fán (Alumen Dehydratum). ［Properties］  Sour, astringent; cold. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, spleen, liver, large intestine. ［Characteristics］  It is sour, astringent, and cold with potent effect and wide application. ■xternally applied, it can counteract toxins, kill parasites, dry dampness to relieve itching and astringe to stop bleeding. Internally applied, it can stop bleeding, check diarrhea, clear heat, disperse phlegm and dispel dampness heat to treat jaundice. ［Actions］  ■xternally applied, it counteracts toxins, kills parasites and dries dampness to relieve itching. Internally applied, it stops bleeding, checks diarrhea, clears heat and disperses phlegm. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For eczema, scabies and tinea, it can counteract toxins, kill parasites, eliminate dampness and relieve itching, especially for ulcerous wounds with itching.   For eczema with itching, suppurating after being scratched, it is often combined with xióng huáng (Realgar) and spread with strong tea, in order to dry dampness to relieve itching and counteract toxins, such as in the formula Èr Wèi Bá Dú Săn (Toxin-Removing Powder with Two Ingredients).   For scabies and itching, it is often ground into ■ne powder with liú huáng (Sulfur) and qīng fĕn (Calomelas) to kill parasites and relieve itching.   For mouth ulcers, it is often ground into fine powder with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum) for external use.   For superficial infections and sores, it is often ground into fine powder with xióng huáng (Realgar) and huáng dān (Yellow Lead) for external use to counteract toxins, such as in the formula Èr Xiān Săn (Two-Immortals Powder). 2. For bleeding, lingering dysentery and diarrhea, it can astringe to stop bleeding and astringe the intestines to check diarrhea.

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  For hematemesis, epistaxis and bleeding wounds, it can be ground into ■ne powder with ér chá (Catechu) for internal or external use.   For bloody stools, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, it is often combined with wŭ bèi zĭ (Galla Chinensis) and dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) to enhance the effect of stopping bleeding.   For lingering dysentery and diarrhea, it can be used with wŭ bèi zĭ (Galla Chinensis), hē zĭ (Fructus Chebulae), etc., to astringe the intestines to check diarrhea and dysentery, such as in the formula Yù Guān Wán (Jade Customs Pill). 3. For stroke and phlegm syncope and epilepsy due to phlegm heat, it can not only cause vomiting to resolve phlegm and ■uid retention, but also clear heat and resolve phlegm to promote resuscitation.   For stroke and phlegm syncope, marked by phlegm in the throat, loss of consciousness and aphasia, it is often combined with zào jiá (Fructus Gleditsiae), made into powder and dissolved in warm boiled water to resolve phlegm and bring back consciousness, such as in the formula Xī Xián Săn (Drool-Thinning Powder).   For epilepsy due to phlegm heat, it is often combined with yù jīn (Radix Curcumae) to clear heat and resolve phlegm to suppress epilepsy, such as in the formula Bái Jīn Wán (Alum and Curcuma Pill). 4. For jaundice with damp-heat pathogens, it can clear damp heat to relieve jaundice. For this purpose it can be powdered and made into capsules or made into 5％ alum syrup, and can also be used in formulas. 5. Additionally, because of its astringent effects, it is often made into injections and used for treating hemorrhoids, hysteroptosis, anal prolapse, etc. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For external use: an appropriate quantity, ground into powder, spread, or sprayed into the throat, or dissolved in water for washing. For internal use: 0.6-1.5 g in pills or powder. The raw one is used for removing toxins and killing parasites, while the calcined product is used to dry dampness and astringe. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is cold and sour with powerful astringency, which is dif■cult to take and easily causes vomiting. Overdose for oral administration should be avoided. It is contraindicated in cases of stomach de■ciency or phlegm ■re. ［Ingredients］  The major component is aluminium potassium sulfate dodecahydrate. ［Pharmacological Research］  It has the effects of stimulating the gastric mucosa, inducing vomiting, checking diarrhea, diminishing in■ammation, astringing, antiseptic, coagulating proteins, hardening the skin, stopping bleeding, anti-epileptic, benefiting the gallbladder, reducing blood lipids, anti-bacteria, killing Trichomonas vaginalis, etc. It also has the effect of purifying turbid water.

Shé Chuáng Zǐ蛇床子 FRUCTUS CNIDII Cnidium Fruit ［Source］  Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry ripe fruit of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss., an annual herb of the family Umbelliferae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Shé “snake”, chuáng “bed” and zǐ “seed”. The ancients observed that

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snakes like staying below this herb and eating its fruit, and its ripe fruit is small and resembles a seed. Alternate names are shé sù (蛇粟) or shé chuáng shí (蛇床实). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Hebei, Shandong, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangsu and Anhui of China. ［Collection］  The fruit is collected in summer and autumn when ripe, and then dried in the sun. The best fruits are fully developed and grayish-yellow with a strong fragrance. ［Processing］  After impurities are removed and dust is screened out, it is used raw. ［Properties］  Acrid, bitter; warm. ［■ntered Channels］  Kidney, spleen. ［Characteristics］  Acrid and dispersing, bitter and dry, warming yang and descending, it enters the kidney and spleen channels, and can eliminate pathogens and reinforce healthy qi. It can not only dry dampness, kill parasites, dissipate cold and dispel wind to treat scabies and itching caused by wind dampness, but also warm and tonify kidney yang to treat coldness in the uterus due to kidney yang de■ciency, and other problems of the kidney channel or organ. ［Actions］  Dries dampness, kills parasites, dispels wind, relieves itching, warms the kidney and reinforces yang. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For genital itching, eczema and scabies, it is good at drying dampness, expelling wind and relieving itching.   For genital or scrotum itching, it can be used alone or decocted with bái fán (Alumen), kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis), dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae), etc., to wash the affected body part.   For eczema or scabies, it can be ground into powder with kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis), kŭ liàn pí (Cortex Meliae) and bái xiān pí (Cortex Dictamni), and applied on the affected body part. 2. For leukorrhea due to cold dampness, and cold dampness lumbago, it can not only dry dampness and dispel wind, but also warm the kidney and dissipate cold.   For cold dampness leukorrhea due to spleen and kidney de■ciency, it is used with shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni), dry-fried shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae), dry-fried bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), etc.   For cold dampness lumbago, it is often combined with dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae), xù duàn (Radix Dipsaci), sāng jì shēng (Herba Taxilli), etc. 3. For impotence and infertility due to cold congealing in the uterus, it is good at warming the kidney to invigorate yang. For impotence and infertility due to kidney yang de■ciency, it is often combined with wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) and tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae), such as in the formula Sān Zĭ Wán (Three-Seed Pill), or combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) to tonify the kidney, supplement essence and assist yang. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For internal use: 3-9 g, used in decoction, pills or powder form. For external use: 15-30 g, made into decoction for steaming and washing, or ground into powder for topical application, or made into suppositories or ointment. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It should not be used for yin de■ciency with def iciency heat or for damp heat in the lower jiao, because it is warm.

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［Ingredients］  Its major components are volatile oils, including pinene, camphene, bornyl isovalerate and isoborneol. It also contains coumarins such as osthole, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It has gonadal hormone-like effects, as well as antiarrhythmic, anti-aging, anti-allergy, anti-mutagenesis, anti-in■ammatory, anti-fungus and anti-virus effects, and can also decrease blood lipids, eliminate phlegm, relieve dyspnea, kill infusorian and anesthetize locally.

TǔJīng Pí土荆皮 CORTEX PSEUDOLARICIS Golden Larch Bark ［Source］  Initially appeared in Tests of Medicinal Harvest (Căi Yào Shū, 采药书) by Wang Lian-shi in the Qing Dynasty. Its original name was jīn qián sōng pí (金钱松皮). It is the dry root bark or stem bark near the root of Pseudolarix kaempferi Gord., a deciduous tree of the family Pinaceae. ［■xplanation of Name］  Another name is tǔ jĭn pí (土 槿皮). ［Habitat］  Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan and Hubei provinces of China. ［Collection］  The bark or root bark is collected in late autumn, and dried in the sun. The best quality is big, regular shaped, yellow-brown and without cork. ［Processing］  After foreign matter is removed, it is washed well, moistened slightly, cut into slivers and dried in the sun. It is used raw. ［Properties］  Acrid; warm; toxic. ［■ntered Channels］  Lung, spleen. ［Characteristics］  It is acrid, warm and toxic, only for external use and not for oral administration. It is good at killing parasites and relieving itching, so it has good effect on treating itchy tinea. ［Actions］  Kills parasites and relieves itching. ［Clinical Applications］  1. For itchy tinea, scabies and eczema, it is good at dispelling dampness, killing parasites and relieving itching.   For itchy tinea, it can be used alone by being ground into ■ne powder, and soaked with vinegar or wine for topical application. Now it is often made in 10％-50％ tŭ jīng pí (Cortex Pseudolaricis) tincture, or combined with salicylic acid, benzoic acid, etc., such as Fù Fāng Tŭ Jīng Pí Tincture (Compound Larch Bark Tincture).   For eczema, 6 g of tŭ jīng pí (Cortex Pseudolaricis) can be immersed in 100 ml of wine for 1-2 days, and then spread on the affected body part. 2. Additionally, for treating localized neurodermatitis, it is ground into ■ne powder with mì tuó sēng (Lithargyrum), qīng fĕn (Calomelas), băi bù (Radix Stemonae), etc. ［Dosage ＆ Administration］  For external use: appropriate quantity immersed in vinegar or wine, or ground into powder and mixed with vinegar for topical application. ［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］  It is highly toxic, so cannot be used for oral administration.

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［Ingredients］  It mainly contains pseudolaric acid, tannin, aetherolea, etc. ［Pharmacological Research］  It has antifungal, antifertility, hemostatic and antitumor effects.

Summary Xióng Huáng vs. Liú Huáng Xióng Huáng

Similarities

Medicinal Properties

Warm; toxic

Actions

■xternally used for killing parasites, scabies and itching

Properties

Acrid

Sour

Entered channels

Heart, liver, stomach

Kidney, large intestine

·

Differences

Liú Huáng

Actions

·

·

Indications

Special features

·

Removes toxins (applied externally)  Dries dampness to eliminate phlegm  (applied orally)

·

C arbuncles, insect bites and snakebite (applied externally) Parasite infestation, malaria, asthma  and fright epilepsy (applied orally)

·

More poisonous than liú huáng

·

·

■ liminates dampness and relieves  itching (applied externally) Tonif ies ■re, assists yang and relaxes  the bowels (applied orally) ■czema and pruritus (applied externally)  Dyspnea due to kidney yang de■ciency,  impotence, frequent urination and constipation due to yang deficiency (applied orally) —

Review Questions 1. Describe the definition, range of applications, methods of use, cautions and contraindications of the herbs for killing parasites, drying dampness and relieving itching. 2. Describe the characteristics, actions and clinical applications of bái fán and shé chuáng zĭ. 3. Describe the dosage and administration, cautions and contraindications of xióng huáng, liú huáng and bái fán. 4. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of characteristics, actions and clinical applications: xióng huáng and liú huáng. 5. Liú huáng, bái fán, shé chuáng zĭ and kŭ shēn all relieve itching. What are the differences in their actions and clinical applications?

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Index by Chinese Medicinals-Pinyin Names Cāng ■■r Zǐ 苍耳子, 79

Dì Gǔ Pí 地骨皮, 177

Cāng Zhú 苍术, 230

Dì Lóng 地龙, 515

Cǎo Dòu Kòu 草豆蔻, 239

Dì Yú 地榆, 358

Cǎo Guǒ 草果, 240

Dīng Xiāng 丁香, 293

Cǎo Wū 草乌, 208

Dōng Chóng Xià Cǎo 冬虫夏草, 591

Cè Bǎi Yè 侧柏叶, 362

Dōng Guā Pí 冬瓜皮, 252

Bā Jǐ Tiān 巴戟天, 573

Chái Hú 柴胡, 94

Dōng Guā Zǐ 冬瓜子, 253

Bā Jiǎo Huí Xiāng 八角茴香, 292

Chán Pí 蟾皮, 539

Dōng Kuí Zǐ 冬葵子, 268

Bái Biǎn Dòu 白扁豆, 562

Chán Sū 蟾酥, 537

Dú Huó 独活, 204

Bǎi Bù 百部, 461

Chán Tuì 蝉蜕, 88

Dù Zhòng 杜仲, 578

Bái Dòu Kòu Ké 白豆蔻壳, 239

Chē Qián Cǎo 车前草, 258

Bái Dòu Kòu 白豆蔻, 238

Chē Qián Zǐ 车前子, 256

Bái Fán 白矾, 675

Chén Pí 陈皮, 306

Bái Guǒ 白果, 467

Chén Xiāng 沉香, 319

Bǎi Hé 百合, 615

Chì Sháo 赤芍, 170

Bái Huā Shé Shé Cǎo 白花蛇舌草, 163

Chì Shí Zhī 赤石脂, 653

A ■ n Xī Xiāng 安息香, 541 A ˋ A i Yè 艾叶, 382

B

■ Jiāo 阿胶, 599 ■ ˊ ■ Zhú 莪术, 398

F

Bái Jí 白及, 376

Chì Xiǎo Dòu 赤小豆, 254

Fān Xiè Yè 番泻叶, 195

Bài Jiàng Cǎo 败酱草, 155

Chōng Wèi Zǐ 茺蔚子, 413

Fáng Fēng 防风, 69

Bái Máo Gēn 白茅根, 363

Chòu Wú Tóng 臭梧桐, 219

Fáng Jǐ 防己, 205

Bái Qián 白前, 437

Chuān Bèi Mǔ 川贝母, 442

Fó Shǒu 佛手, 314

Bái Sháo 白芍, 597

Chuān Liàn Zǐ 川楝子, 321

Fú Líng Pí 茯苓皮, 247

Bái Tóu Wēng 白头翁, 159

Chuān Niú Xī 川牛膝, 418

Fú Líng 茯苓, 245

Bái Wēi 白薇, 176

Chuān Shān Jiǎ 穿山甲, 421

Fù Pén Zǐ 覆盆子, 658

Bái Xiān Pí 白鲜皮, 138

Chuān Wū 川乌, 207

Fú Píng 浮萍, 100

Bái Zhǐ 白芷, 73

Chuān Xīn Lián 穿心莲, 143

Fú Shén 茯神, 247

Bái Zhú 白术, 558

Chuān Xiōng 川芎, 393

Fú Xiǎo Mài 浮小麦, 643

Bǎi Zǐ Rén 柏子仁, 485

Cí Shí 磁石, 476

Fù Zǐ 附子, 283

Bǎn Lán Gēn 板蓝根, 146

Cōng Bái 葱白, 83

Bàn Xià 半夏, 429 Běi Dòu Gēn 北豆根, 159

D

G Gān Cǎo 甘草, 563

Běi Shā Shēn 北沙参, 604

Dà Fù Pí 大腹皮, 324

Gān Jiāng 干姜, 285

Bì Bá 荜茇, 298

Dà Huáng 大黄, 190

Gǎo Běn 藁本, 78

Bì Xiè 萆薢, 270

Dà Jì 大蓟, 355

Gāo Liáng Jiāng 高良姜, 294

Biǎn Dòu Huā 扁豆花, 563

Dà Qīng Yè 大青叶, 145

Gé Gēn 葛根, 98

Biǎn Xù 萹蓄, 263

Dà Zǎo 大枣, 566

Gé Huā 葛花, 100

Biē Jiǎ Jiāo 鳖甲胶, 624

Dàn Dòu Chǐ 淡豆豉, 102

Gé Jiè 蛤蚧, 589

Biē Jiǎ 鳖甲, 623

Dǎn Nán Xīng 胆南星, 434

Gǒu Jǐ 狗脊, 581

Bīng Láng 槟榔, 348

Dān Shēn 丹参, 406

Gǒu Qǐ Zǐ 枸杞子, 616

Bīng Piàn 冰片, 532

Dàn Zhú Yè 淡竹叶, 118

Gōu Téng 钩藤, 511

Bò He 薄荷, 84

Dāng Guī 当归, 593

Gǔ Jīng Cǎo 谷精草, 124

Bǔ Gǔ Zhī 补骨脂, 583

Dǎng Shēn 党参, 553

Gǔ Suì Bǔ 骨碎补, 582

C Cán Shā 蚕沙, 209

索引.indd 680

E

Dào Yá 稻芽, 337

Gǔ Yá 谷芽, 336

Dēng Xīn Cǎo 灯心草, 269

Guā Lóu 瓜蒌, 446

Dì Fū Zǐ 地肤子, 264

Guǎng Huò Xiāng 广藿香, 234

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681

Index by Chinese Medicinals-Pinyin Names Guī Jiǎ Jiāo 龟甲胶, 623

Jīn Qián Cǎo 金钱草, 273

Mì Méng Huā 密蒙花, 125

Guī Jiǎ 龟甲, 621

Jīn Yín Huā 金银花, 139

Mò Hàn Lián 墨旱莲, 618

Guì Zhī 桂枝, 59

Jīn Yīng Zǐ 金樱子, 660

Mò Yào 没药, 397

Jīng Jiè 荆芥, 67

Mǔ Dān Pí 牡丹皮, 168

Jǐng Tiān Sān Qī 景天三七, 369

Mǔ Dīng Xiāng 母丁香, 294

Hǎi Fēng Téng 海风藤, 221

Jú Hé 橘核, 308

Mù Guā 木瓜, 216

Hǎi Jīn Shā Téng 海金沙藤, 266

Jú Hóng 橘红, 308

Mǔ Lì 牡蛎, 500

Hǎi Jīn Shā 海金沙, 265

Jú Huā 菊花, 91

Mù Xiāng 木香, 312

Hǎi Piāo Xiāo 海螵蛸, 661

Jú Sān Qī 菊三七, 368

Mù Zéi 木贼, 101

Hǎi Tóng Pí 海桐皮, 211

Jué Míng Zǐ 决明子, 123

H

Hǎi Zǎo 海藻, 452 Hé Gěng 荷梗, 665

N Nán Guā Zǐ 南瓜子, 350

Hé Huān Huā 合欢花, 491

Kǔ Liàn Pí 苦楝皮 , 347

Nán Shā Shēn南沙参, 605

Hé Huān Pí 合欢皮, 490

Kǔ Shēn 苦参, 136

Nán Wǔ Wèi Zǐ 南五味子, 648

Hé Shǒu Wū 何首乌, 601

Kǔ Xìng Rén 苦杏仁, 455

Niú Bàng Zǐ 牛蒡子, 86

Hé Táo Rén 核桃仁, 588

Kuǎn Dōng Huā 款冬花, 460

Niú Huáng 牛黄, 150

Hé Yè 荷叶, 664

Kūn Bù 昆布, 454

Niú Xī 牛膝, 416

Hē Zǐ 诃子, 651 Hēi Zhī Ma 黑芝麻, 620

L

Nǚ Zhēn Zǐ 女贞子, 617 Nuò Dào Gēn 糯稻根, 644

Hóng Huā 红花, 410

Lái Fú Zǐ 莱菔子, 337

Hóng Téng 红藤, 154

Léi Gōng Téng 雷公藤, 210

Hòu Pò Huā 厚朴花, 233

Léi Wán 雷丸, 351

Hòu Pò 厚朴, 232

Lián Fáng 莲房, 664

Hú Huánɡ Lián 胡黄连, 180

Lián Qiào 连翘, 142

Hú Jiāo 胡椒, 295

Lián Xū 莲须, 664

Páo Jiāng 炮姜, 385

Hú Lú Bā 胡芦巴, 577

Lián Zǐ 莲子, 663

Pí Pá Yè 枇杷叶, 463

Hǔ Pò 琥珀, 480

Líng Yáng Jiǎo 羚羊角, 508

Pú Gōng Yīng 蒲公英, 147

Huā Jiāo 花椒, 296

Líng Zhī 灵芝, 488

Pú Huáng 蒲黄, 371

Huá Shí 滑石, 258

Liú Huáng 硫黄, 673

Huái Huā 槐花, 360

Lóng Chǐ 龙齿, 480

Huái Jiǎo 槐角, 361

Lóng Dǎn Cǎo 龙胆草, 134

Qiàn Cǎo 茜草, 369

Huáng Bǎi 黄柏, 132

Lóng Gǔ 龙骨, 477

Qián Hú 前胡, 441

Huáng Jīng 黄精, 613

Lóng Yǎn Ròu 龙眼肉, 603

Qiàn Shí 芡实, 665

Huáng Lián 黄连, 130

Lú Gēn 芦根, 115

Qiāng Huó 羌活, 72

Huáng Qí 黄芪, 555

Lú Huì 芦荟, 196

Qín Jiāo 秦艽, 214

Huáng Qín 黄芩, 127

Lù Jiǎo Jiāo 鹿角胶, 570

Qín Pí 秦皮, 160

Huǒ Má Rén 火麻仁, 198

Lù Jiǎo Shuāng 鹿角霜, 570

Qīnɡ Hāo 青蒿, 174

Lù Jiǎo 鹿角, 570

Qīng Xiāng Zǐ 青葙子, 126

Lù Róng 鹿茸, 568

Qīnq Pí 青皮, 308

Jí Lí 蒺藜, 505

Luó Bù Má Yè 罗布麻叶, 507

Qú Mài 瞿麦, 261

Jī Nèi Jīn 鸡内金, 338

Luò Shí Téng 络石藤, 215

Quán Xiē 全蝎, 517

J

Jī Shǐ Téng 鸡矢藤, 340 Jī Xuè Téng 鸡血藤, 415

索引.indd 681

K

M

O Oǔ Jié 藕节, 381

P

Q

R

Jiàn Qū 建曲, 334

Mǎ Chǐ Xiàn 马齿苋, 161

Rěn Dōng Téng 忍冬藤, 141

Jiāng Cán 僵蚕, 521

Má Huáng Gēn 麻黄根, 642

Rén Gōng Bīng Piàn 人工冰片, 534

Jiāng Huáng 姜黄, 404

Má Huáng 麻黄, 57

Rén Gōng Niú Huáng 人工牛黄, 152

Jiàng Xiāng 降香, 374

Mài Dōng 麦冬, 607

Rén Shēn Yè 人参叶, 551

Jiāo Mù 椒目, 298

Mài Yá 麦芽, 334

Rén Shēn 人参, 548

Jié Gěng 桔梗, 439

Màn Jīng Zǐ 蔓荆子, 92

Ròu Cōng Róng 肉苁蓉, 571

Jiè Zǐ 芥子, 434

Máng Xiāo 芒硝, 193

Ròu Dòu Kòu 肉豆蔻, 652

2014-12-17 14:21:58

682

Chinese Materia Medica Ròu Guì 肉桂, 286

Tán Xiāng 檀香, 320

Xuán Míng Fěn 玄明粉, 195

Rǔ Xiāng 乳香, 395

Táo Rén 桃仁, 408

Xuán Shēn 玄参, 166

Tǐ Wài Péi Yù Niú Huáng 体外培育牛

Xuè Yú Tàn 血余炭, 379

S

Y

Tiān Dōng 天冬, 608

Sān Qī 三七, 366

Tiān Huā Fěn 天花粉, 116

Yā Zhí Cǎo 鸭跖草, 119

Sāng Bái Pí 桑白皮, 464

Tiān Má 天麻, 513

Yán Hú Suǒ 延胡索, 401

Sāng Jì Shēng 桑寄生, 223

Tiān Nán Xīng 天南星, 432

Yì Mǔ Cǎo 益母草, 411

Sāng Piāo Xiāo 桑螵蛸, 659

Tián Xìng Rén 甜杏仁, 457

Yí Táng 饴糖, 567

Sāng Shèn 桑椹, 619

Tiān Zhú Huáng 天竺黄, 451

Yì Yǐ Rén 薏苡仁, 247

Sāng Yè 桑叶, 89

Tíng Lì Zǐ 葶苈子, 465

Yì Zhì Rén 益智仁, 585

Sāng Zhī 桑枝, 220

Tōng Cǎo 通草, 260

Yín Chái Hú 银柴胡, 179

Shā Rén Ké 砂仁壳, 238

Tǔ Bèi Mǔ 土贝母, 445

Yīn Chén Hāo 茵陈蒿, 272

Shā Rén 砂仁, 236

Tǔ Fú Líng 土茯苓, 152

Yín Xìng Yè 银杏叶, 469

Shān Dòu Gēn 山豆根, 158

Tǔ Jīng Pí 土荆皮, 678

Yín Yáng Huò 淫羊藿, 574

Shān Yáng Jiǎo 山羊角, 510

Tǔ Niú Xī 土牛膝, 420

Yīng Sù Qiào 罂粟壳, 649

Shān Yào 山药, 560

Tù Sī Zǐ 菟丝子, 586

Yù Jīn 郁金, 402

Shān Zhā 山楂, 330 Shān Zhū Yú 山茱萸, 656

W

Yù Lǐ Rén 郁李仁, 199 Yù Mǐ Xū 玉米须, 255

Shé Chuáng Zǐ 蛇床子, 676

Wáng Bù Liú Xíng 王不留行, 420

Yú Xīng Cǎo 鱼腥草, 153

Shè Gān 射干, 157

Wēi Jiāng 煨姜, 65

Yù Zhú 玉竹, 612

Shè Xiāng 麝香, 530

Wēi Líng Xiān 威灵仙, 212

Yuǎn Zhì 远志, 491

Shén Qū 神曲, 333

Wú Gōng 蜈蚣, 519

Shēng Dì Huáng 生地黄, 164

Wǔ Jiā Pí 五加皮, 222

Z

Shēng Jiāng Pí 生姜皮, 65

Wǔ Líng Zhī 五灵脂, 372

Zé Lán 泽兰, 413

Shēng Jiāng Zhī 生姜汁, 65

Wū Méi 乌梅, 648

Zé Xiè 泽泻, 251

Shēng Jiāng 生姜, 63

Wǔ Wèi Zǐ 五味子, 645

Zhāng Nǎo 樟脑, 539

Shēng Má 升麻, 96

Wū Yào 乌药, 317

Zhè Bèi Mǔ 浙贝母, 444

Shí Chāng Pú 石菖蒲, 535

Wú Zhū Yú 吴茱萸, 289

Zhě Shí 赭石, 502

Shí Gāo 石膏, 112 Shí Hú 石斛, 610

X

Zhēn Zhū Mǔ 珍珠母, 499 Zhēn Zhū 珍珠, 482

Shí Jué Míng 石决明, 497

Xī Xiān Cǎo 豨莶草, 218

Zhī Mǔ 知母, 113

Shǐ Jūn Zǐ 使君子, 346

Xì Xīn 细辛, 76

Zhǐ Qiào 枳壳, 312

Shí Liú Pí 石榴皮, 654

Xī Yáng Shēn 西洋参, 551

Zhǐ Shí 枳实, 310

Shí Wéi 石韦, 266

Xià Kū Cǎo 夏枯草, 121

Zhī Zǐ 栀子, 120

Shǒu Wū Téng 首乌藤, 487

Xiān Hè Cǎo 仙鹤草, 377

Zhú Lì 竹沥, 450

Shú Dì Huáng 熟地黄, 595

Xiān Máo 仙茅, 576

Zhū Líng 猪苓, 249

Shuǐ Niú Jiǎo Nóng Suō Fěn 水牛角浓

Xiāng Fù 香附, 315

Zhù Má Gēn 苎麻根, 365

Xiāng Rú 香薷, 65

Zhú Rú 竹茹, 448

Shuǐ Niú Jiǎo 水牛角, 173

Xiǎo Huí Xiāng 小茴香, 291

Zǐ Bèi Chǐ 紫贝齿, 504

Sōng Zǐ Rén 松子仁, 200

Xiǎo Jì 小蓟, 357

Zǐ Cǎo 紫草, 171

Sū Hé Xiāng 苏合香, 534

Xiǎo Mài 小麦, 644

Zǐ Hé Chē 紫河车, 590

Suān Zǎo Rén 酸枣仁, 484

Xiè Bái 薤白, 323

Zǐ Huā Dì Dīng 紫花地丁, 149

Suǒ Yáng 锁阳, 572

Xīn Yí 辛夷, 81

Zǐ Sū Gěng 紫苏梗, 63

Xióng Huáng 雄黄, 671

Zǐ Sū Yè 紫苏叶, 61

Xù Duàn 续断, 579

Zǐ Sū Zǐ 紫苏子, 457

Xuán Fù Huā 旋覆花, 436

Zǐ Wǎn 紫菀, 458

缩粉, 174

T Tài Zǐ Shēn 太子参, 554

索引.indd 682

黄, 151

Sān Léng 三棱, 400

2014-12-17 14:22:00

683

Index by Chinese Medicinals-Latin Names FOLIUM MORI, 89

CORNU SAIGA■ TATARICA■, 508

FOLIUM P■RILLA■, 61

ALO■, 196

CORT■X ACANTHOPANACIS, 222

FOLIUM PYRROSIA■, 266

ALUM■N, 675

CORT■X ALBIZIA■, 490

FOLIUM S■NNA■, 195

ARILLUS LONGAN, 603

CORT■X CINNAMOMI , 286

FRUCTUS ALPINIA■ OXYPHYLLA■,

B

CORT■X DICTAMNI, 138

585

CORT■X ■RYTHRINA■, 211

FRUCTUS AMOMI KRAVANH, 238

B■NZOINUM, 541

CORT■X ■UCOMMIA■, 578

FRUCTUS AMOMI, 236

BOMBYX BATRYTICATUS, 522

CORT■X FRAXINI, 160

FRUCTUS ARCTII, 86

BORN■OLUM , 532

CORT■X LYCII, 177

FRUCTUS AURANTII IMMATURUS,

BULBUS ALLII FISTULOSI, 83

CORT■X MAGNOLIA■

BULBUS ALLII MACROST■MI, 323 BULBUS FRITILLARIA■ CIRRHOSA■, 442 BULBUS FRITILLARIA■ THUNB■RGII, 444 BULBUS LILII, 615

C CACUM■N PLATYCLADI, 362 CALCULUS BOVIS, 150

OFFICINALIS, 232

310 FRUCTUS CANNABIS, 198

CORT■X M■LIA■, 347

FRUCTUS CHA■NOM■LIS, 216

CORT■X MORI, 464

FRUCTUS CH■BULA■, 651

CORT■X MOUTAN, 168

FRUCTUS CITRI SARCODACTYLIS,

CORT■X PH■LLOD■NDRI CHIN■NSIS, 132

314 FRUCTUS CNIDII, 676

CORT■X PS■UDOLARICIS, 678

FRUCTUS CORNI, 656

CRINIS CARBONISATUS, 379

FRUCTUS CRATA■GI, 330

E

FRUCTUS ■VODIA■ , 289 FRUCTUS FO■NICULI , 291

CAMPHORA, 539

■NDOCONCHA S■PIA■, 661

FRUCTUS FORSYTHIA■, 142

CARAPAX ■T PLASTRUM

■NDOTH■LIUM CORN■UM

FRUCTUS GARD■NIA■, 120

T■STUDINIS, 621 CARAPAX TRIONYCIS, 623 CAULIS BAMBUSA■ IN TA■NIA, 448 CAULIS D■NDROBII, 610

GIG■RIA■ GALLI, 338 ■XOCARPIUM B■NINCASA■, 252

F

FRUCTUS HORD■I G■RMINATUS, 334 FRUCTUS JUJUBA■, 566 FRUCTUS KOCHIA■, 264

CAULIS PIP■RIS KADSURA■, 221

FA■C■S BOMBYCIS, 209

FRUCTUS LIGUSTRI LUCIDI, 617

CAULIS POLYGONI MULTIFLORI,

FA■C■S TROGOPT■RORI, 372

FRUCTUS LYCII, 616

FLOS BUDDL■JA■, 125

FRUCTUS MORI, 619

CAULIS SARG■NTODOXA■, 154

FLOS CARTHAMI, 410

FRUCTUS MUM■, 648

CAULIS SPATHOLOBI, 415

FLOS CARYOPHYLLI , 293

FRUCTUS P■RILLA■, 457

CAULIS TRACH■LOSP■RMI, 215

FLOS CHRYSANTH■MI, 91

FRUCTUS PIP■RIS , 295

COLLA CORII ASINI, 599

FLOS ■RIOCAULI, 124

FRUCTUS PIP■RIS LONGI , 298

CONCHA HALIOTIDIS, 497

FLOS FARFARA■, 460

FRUCTUS PSORAL■A■, 583

CONCHA MARGARITIF■RA■ USTA,

FLOS INULA■, 436

FRUCTUS QUISQUALIS, 346

FLOS LONIC■RA■ JAPONICA■, 139

FRUCTUS ROSA■ LA■VIGATA■, 660

CONCHA MAURITIA■, 504

FLOS MAGNOLIA■, 81

FRUCTUS RUBI, 658

CONCHA OSTR■A■, 500

FLOS SOPHORA■, 360

FRUCTUS SCHISANDRA■

CONCR■TIO SILIC■A BAMBUSA■,

FOLIUM APOCYNI V■N■TI, 507

487

499

451

索引.indd 683

568

A

FOLIUM ART■MISIA■ ARGYI, 382

CHIN■NSIS, 645 FRUCTUS S■TARIA■ G■RMINATUS, 336

CORDYC■PS, 591

FOLIUM CL■ROD■NDRI, 219

CORNU BUBALI, 173

FOLIUM ■RIOBOTRYA■, 463

FRUCTUS TOOS■NDAN, 321

CORNU C■RVI PANTOTRICHUM,

FOLIUM ISATIDIS, 145

FRUCTUS TRIBULI, 505

2014-12-17 14:22:01

684

Chinese Materia Medica FRUCTUS TRICHOSANTHIS, 446 FRUCTUS TRITICI L■VIS, 643 FRUCTUS TSAOKO, 240 FRUCTUS VITICIS, 92 FRUCTUS XANTHII, 79

G GANOD■RMA, 488 G■CKO, 589 GYPSUM FIBROSUM, 112

H HA■MATITUM, 502

L LIGNUM AQUILARIA■ R■SINATUM, 319 LIGNUM DALB■RGIA■ ODORIF■RA■, 374 LIGNUM SANTALI ALBI, 320

M

RADIX AD■NOPHORA■, 605 RADIX ANG■LICA■ DAHURICA■, 73 RADIX ANG■LICA■ PUB■SC■NTIS, 204 RADIX ANG■LICA■ SIN■NSIS, 593 RADIX ARN■BIA■, 171 RADIX ASPARAGI, 608 RADIX ASTRAGALI, 555

MAGN■TITUM, 476

RADIX AUCKLANDIA■, 312

MARGARITA, 482

RADIX BO■HM■RIA■, 365

MASSA M■DICATA F■RM■NTATA,

RADIX BUPL■URI, 94

333

RADIX CODONOPSIS, 553

HALLOYSITUM RUBRUM, 653

M■DULLA JUNCI, 269

RADIX CURCUMA■, 402

H■RBA AGRIMONIA■, 377

M■DULLA T■TRAPANACIS, 260

RADIX CYATHULA■, 418

H■RBA ANDROGRAPHIS, 143

MOSCHUS, 530

RADIX DIPSACI, 579

H■RBA ART■MISIA■ ANNUA■, 174

MYRRHA, 397

RADIX ■T RHIZOMA ASARI, 76

H■RBA ART■MISIA■ SCOPARIA■, 272

N

H■RBA CIRSII JAPONICI, 355

NATRII SULFAS, 193

H■RBA CIRSII, 357

NODUS N■LUMBINIS RHIZOMATIS,

H■RBA CISTANCH■S, 571 H■RBA COMM■LINA■, 119 H■RBA CYNOMORII, 572

381

O

RADIX ■T RHIZOMA AST■RIS, 458 RADIX ■T RHIZOMA CL■MATIDIS, 212 RADIX ■T RHIZOMA CYNANCHI ATRATI, 176 RADIX ■T RHIZOMA ■PH■DRA■, 642 RADIX ■T RHIZOMA G■NTIANA■,

H■RBA DIANTHI, 261

OLIBANUM, 395

H■RBA ■CLIPTA■, 618

OMPHALIA, 351

H■RBA ■PH■DRA■, 57

OÖTH■CA MANTIDIS, 659

RADIX ■T RHIZOMA GINS■NG, 548

H■RBA ■PIM■DII, 574

OS DRACONIS, 477

RADIX ■T RHIZOMA

H■RBA ■QUIS■TI HI■MALIS, 101 H■RBA H■DYOTIS DIFFUSA■, 163

P

H■RBA HOUTTUYNIA■, 153

P■RICARPIUM AR■CA■, 324

H■RBA L■ONURI, 411

P■RICARPIUM CITRI R■TICULATA■

H■RBA LOPHATH■RI, 118 H■RBA LYCOPI, 413 H■RBA LYSIMACHIA■, 273

VIRID■, 308 P■RICARPIUM CITRI R■TICULATA■, 306

H■RBA M■NTHA■, 84

P■RICARPIUM GRANATI, 654

H■RBA MOSLA■, 65

P■RICARPIUM PAPAV■RIS, 649

H■RBA PA■D■RIA■, 340

P■RICARPIUM ZANTHOXYLI , 296

H■RBA PATRINIA■, 155

P■RIOSTRACUM CICADA■, 88

H■RBA POGOST■MONIS, 234

PH■R■TIMA, 515

H■RBA POLYGONI AVICULARIS,

PLAC■NTA HOMINIS, 590

134

GLYCYRRHIZA■, 563 RADIX ■T RHIZOMA NOTOGINS■NG, 366 RADIX ■T RHIZOMA NOTOPT■RYGII, 72 RADIX ■T RHIZOMA RH■I, 190 RADIX ■T RHIZOMA RUBIA■, 369 RADIX ■T RHIZOMA SALVIA■ MILTIORRHIZA■, 406 RADIX ■T RHIZOMA SOPHORA■ TONKIN■NSIS, 158 RADIX G■NTIANA■ MACROPHYLLA■, 214

POLL■N TYPHA■, 371

RADIX GL■HNIA■, 604

H■RBA PORTULACA■, 161

POLYPORUS, 249

RADIX ISATIDIS, 146

H■RBA SCHIZON■P■TA■, 67

PORIA, 245

RADIX LIND■RA■, 317

263

H■RBA SI■G■SB■CKIA■, 218 H■RBA SPIROD■LA■, 100 H■RBA TARAXACI, 147 H■RBA TAXILLI, 223 H■RBA VIOLA■, 149

R RADIX ACHYRANTHIS BID■NTATA■, 416 RADIX ACONITI LAT■RALIS PRA■PARATA, 283

索引.indd 684

RADIX ACONITI, 207

RADIX MORINDA■ OFFICINALIS, 573 RADIX OPHIOPOGONIS, 607 RADIX PA■ONIA■ ALBA, 597 RADIX PA■ONIA■ RUBRA, 170 RADIX PANACIS QUINQU■FOLII,

2014-12-17 14:22:03

685

Index by Chinese Medicinals-Latin Names 551

RHIZOMA CIMICIFUGA■, 96

S■M■N C■LOSIA■, 126

RADIX P■UC■DANI, 441

RHIZOMA COPTIDIS, 130

S■M■N COICIS, 247

RADIX PLATYCODONIS, 439

RHIZOMA CORYDALIS, 401

S■M■N CUCURBITA■, 350

RADIX POLYGALA■, 491

RHIZOMA CURCULIGINIS, 576

S■M■N CUSCUTA■, 586

RADIX POLYGONI MULTIFLORI,

RHIZOMA CURCUMA■ LONGA■,

S■M■N D■SCURAINIA■ S■U

601

L■PIDII, 465

RADIX PS■UDOST■LLARIA■, 554

RHIZOMA CURCUMA■, 398

S■M■N ■URYAL■S, 665

RADIX PU■RARIA■ LOBATA■, 98

RHIZOMA CYP■RI, 315

S■M■N GINKGO, 467

RADIX PULSATILLA■, 159

RHIZOMA DIOSCOR■A■

S■M■N JUGLANDIS, 588

RADIX R■HMANNIA■ PRA■PARATA, 595

HYPOGLAUCA■, 270

S■M■N LABLAB ALBUM, 562

RHIZOMA DIOSCOR■A■, 560

S■M■N MALVA■, 268

RADIX R■HMANNIA■ R■C■NS, 164

RHIZOMA DRYNARIA■, 582

S■M■N MYRISTICA■, 652

RADIX SANGUISORBA■, 358

RHIZOMA ■T RADIX CYNANCHI

S■M■N N■LUMBINIS, 663

RADIX SAPOSHNIKOVIA■, 69 RADIX SCROPHULARIA■, 166 RADIX SCUT■LLARIA■, 127 RADIX SOPHORA■ FLAV■SC■NTIS,

STAUNTONII, 437 RHIZOMA ■T RADIX ORYZA■ GLUTINOSA■, 644

S■M■N P■RSICA■, 408 S■M■N PHAS■OLI, 254 S■M■N PINI KORAI■NSIS, 200

RHIZOMA GASTRODIA■, 513

S■M■N PLANTAGINIS, 256

RHIZOMA IMP■RATA■, 363

S■M■N PLATYCLADI, 485

RADIX ST■LLARIA■, 179

RHIZOMA LIGUSTICI, 78

S■M■N PRUNI, 199

RADIX ST■MONA■, 461

RHIZOMA PHRAGMITIS, 115

S■M■N RAPHANI, 337

RADIX ST■PHANIA■

RHIZOMA PICRORHIZA■, 180

S■M■N S■SAMI NIGRUM, 620

RHIZOMA PIN■LLIA■, 429

S■M■N SINAPIS, 434

RHIZOMA POLYGONATI ODORATI,

S■M■N SOJA■ PRA■PARATUM, 102

136

T■TRANDRA■, 205 RADIX TRICHOSANTHIS, 116 RADIX TRIPT■RYGII WILFORDII, 210

612

S■M■N TRIGON■LLA■, 577

RHIZOMA POLYGONATI, 613

S■M■N VACCARIA■, 420

RAMULUS CINNAMOMI, 59

RHIZOMA SMILACIS GLABRA■, 152

S■M■N ZIZIPHI SPINOSA■, 484

RAMULUS MORI, 220

RHIZOMA SPARGANII, 400

SPICA PRUN■LLA■, 121

RAMULUS UNCARIA■ CUM UNCIS,

RHIZOMA ZINGIB■RIS

SPORA LYGODII, 265

511

PRA■PARATUM, 385

SQUAMA MANITIS, 421

R■ALGAR, 671

RHIZOMA ZINGIB■RIS R■C■NS, 63

STIGMA MAYDIS, 255

RHIZOMA ACORI TATARINOWII, 535

RHIZOMA ZINGIB■RIS, 285

STYRAX , 534

RHIZOMA ALISMATIS, 251 RHIZOMA ALPINIA■ OFFICINARUM, 294

S SACCHARUM GRANORUM, 567

SUCCINUM, 480 SUCCUS BAMBUSA■, 450 SULFUR, 673

RHIZOMA AN■MARRH■NA■, 113

SARGASSUM, 452

RHIZOMA ARISA■MATIS, 432

SCOLOP■NDRA, 519

RHIZOMA ATRACTYLODIS

SCORPIO, 517

TALCUM, 258

S■M■N ALPINIA■ KATSUMADAI,

THALLUS LAMINARIA■; THALLUS

MACROC■PHALA■, 558 RHIZOMA ATRACTYLODIS, 230

239

RHIZOMA B■LAMCANDA■, 157

S■M■N AR■CA■, 348

RHIZOMA BL■TILLA■, 376

S■M■N ARM■NIACA■ AMARUM,

RHIZOMA CHUANXIONG, 393 RHIZOMA CIBOTII, 581

索引.indd 685

404

455

T

■CKLONIA■, 453

V V■N■NUM BUFONIS, 537

S■M■N CASSIA■, 123

2014-12-17 14:22:04

686

Index by Chinese Medicinals-English Names

A

Common Burreed Tuber, 400 Common Coltsfoot Flower, 461

Aconite Root, 283

Cablin Patchouli, 234

Common Curculigo Rhizome, 576

Acorus, 535

Camphor, 539

Common Day■ower, 119

Adzuki Bean, 254

Cape Jasmine Fruit, 120

Common Fenugreek Seed, 577

Aged Tangerine Peel, 306

Cassia Bark, 286

Common Monkshood Mother Root, 207

Aloe, 196

Cassia Seed, 123

Common Scouring Rush, 101

Alum, 675

Cassia Twig, 59

Common Self-heal Fruit-spike, 121

Amber, 480

Cattail Pollen, 371

Common Yam Rhizome, 560

American Ginseng, 551

Centipede, 519

Coptis, 130

Andrographis, 143

Chaenomeles Fruit , 216

Cornsilk, 255

Angelica Root, 73

Chain Fern, 581

Cornus, 656

Antelope Horn, 508

Charred Hair, 379

Corydalis Rhizome , 401

Aquilaria Wood, 319

Chastetree Fruit, 92

Cow Bezoar, 150

Arabic Cowry Shell, 504

Cherokee Rose Fruit, 660

Cowherb Seed, 420

Arborvitae, 362

Chicken Gizzard Lining, 338

Curcumae Rhizome, 398

Areca, 348

Chinese Anemone Root, 159

Cuttlebone, 661

Areca Peel, 324

Chinese Angelica, 593

Cyathula Root, 418

Arnebia Root, 171

Chinese Caterpillar Fungus, 591

Cynanchum Root and Rhizome, 437

Aromatic Madder, 65

Chinese Clematis Root, 212

Ash Bark, 160

Chinese Date, 566

Asparagus Tuber, 608

Chinese Dwarf Cherry Seed, 199

Dandelion, 147

Astragalus Root, 555

Chinese Fevervine, 340

Danshen Root, 406

Atractylodes Rhizome, 230

Chinese Gentian, 134

Deer Velvet, 568

Chinese Hawthorn Fruit, 330

Dendrobium Stem, 610

Chinese Lovage Root, 78

Dens Draconis, 480

Bamboo Sap, 450

Chinese Magnolivine Fruit, 645

Desert Cistanche, 571

Bamboo Shavings, 448

Chinese Raspberry, 658

Dictamnus Root Bark, 138

Bamboo Sugar, 451

Chinese Star Jasmine Stem, 215

Dodder Seed, 586

Belvedere Fruit, 264

Chinese Taxillus, 223

Dogbane Leaf, 507

Benzoin, 541

Chinese Waxgourd Peel, 252

Donkey-hide Gelatin, 599

Bitter Apricot Kernel, 455

Chinese Wolfberry Fruit, 616

Double Teeth Pubescent Angelica Root,

Black Cohosh Rhizome, 96

Chinese Wolfberry Root-bark, 177

Black Sesame, 620

Chrysanthemum Flower, 91

Dragon Bone, 477

Blackberry Lily Rhizome, 157

Cicada Moulting, 88

Dried Ginger Rhizome, 285

Black-haired Vine, 487

Clerodendron Leaf, 219

Drynaria Rhizome, 582

Bletilla Rhizome, 376

Clove Flower, 293

Duckweed, 100

Blighted Wheat, 643

Cluster Mallow Seed, 268

Dwarf Lilyturf Tuber, 607

Blond Magnolia Flower, 81

Cnidium Fruit, 676

Borneol, 532

Codonopsis Root, 553

Borneolum Syntheticum, 534

Coix Seed, 247

■arthWorm, 515

Buddha’s Hand, 314

Combined Spicebush Root, 317

■leutherococcus Root Bark, 222

Buffalo Horn, 173

Common Anemarrhena Rhizome, 113

■phedra Root, 642

Common Aucklandia Root, 312

■phedra, 57

B

索引.indd 686

C

D

204

E

2014-12-17 14:22:06

687

Index by Chinese Medicinals-English Names ■pimedium Herb, 574 ■rythrina Bark, 211 ■ucommia Bark, 578 ■uryale Seed, 665

270

I

Motherwort, 411 Mugwort Leaf, 382 Mulberry Leaf, 89 Mulberry Twig, 220

Immature Bitter Orange, 310

Mulberry, 619

In Vitro Cultivated Ox Gallstone, 151

Musk, 530

Feather Cockscomb Seed, 126

Indian Bread, 245

Mustard Seed, 434

Fennel, 291

Indian Madder Root, 369

Myrrh, 397

Field Mint, 84

Inula Flower, 436

Field Thistle, 357

Isatis Root, 146

F

Figwort Root, 166 Figwort■ower Picrorhiza Rhizome, 180

J

N Natrii Sulfas ■xsiccatus, 195 Notoptetygium Root and Rhizome, 72

Fleece■ower Root, 601

Jack-in-the-pulpit Tuber, 432

Nutgrass Galingale Rhizome, 315

Flying Squirrel Feces, 372

Japanese Climbing Fern Spore , 265

Nutmeg, 652

Four Leaf Ladybell Root, 605

Japanese Thistle, 355

Four Stamen Stephania Root , 205

Juncus, 269

Fragrant Solomonseal Rhizome, 612 Frankincense, 395 Fresh Ginger, 63

G

K Kadsura Pepper Stem, 221 Katsumadai, 239 Kelp, 453

O Oldenlandia, 163 Oriental Arborvitae, 485 Oyster Shell, 500

P

Galangal, 294

Knotweed, 263

Pagoda Tree Flower, 360

Gambir Plant, 511

Kudzuvine Root, 98

Pale Butter■y Bush Flower, 125

Garden Burnet Root, 358 Gecko, 589

L

Pangolin Scales, 421 Patrinia, 155

Germinated Barley, 334

Large Leaf Gentian Root, 214

Peach Kernel, 408

Ginkgo Nut, 467

Licorice Root, 563

Pearl, 482

Ginseng, 548

Light Yellow Sophora Root, 136

Pepper Fruit, 295

Glabrous Greenbrier Rhizome, 152

Lilac Pink , 261

Pepperweed Seed, 465

Glutinous Rice Root, 644

Lily Bulb, 615

Phellodendron Bark, 132

Golden Larch Bark, 678

Long Pepper Fruit, 298

Pine Nut, 200

Grain Sprout, 336

Long Stamen Onion Bulb, 323

Pinellia Rhizome, 429

Great Burdock Achene, 86

Longan, 603

Pipewort Flower, 124

Green Tangerine Peel, 308

Lophatherum Herb, 118

Plantago Seed, 256

Gypsum, 112

Loquat Leaf, 463

Platycodon Root, 439

Lotus Rhizome Node, 381

Polyporus, 249

Lotus Seed, 663

Pomegranate Husk, 654

Lysimachia, 273

Poppy Husk, 649

H Hairy Vein Agrimonia, 377 Halloysite, 653 Heartleaf Houttuynia, 153

M

Prepared Dried Ginger, 385 Prepared Rehmannia Root, 595

Hematite, 502

Magnetite, 476

Prepared Soybean, 102

Hemp Seed, 198

Magnolia Bark, 232

Pricklyash Peel, 296

Heterophylla False Satarwort Root, 554

Malt Sugar, 567

Privet Fruit, 617

Highly Concentrated Powder of Buffalo

Manchurian Wild Ginger, 76

Pseudoginseng Root, 366

Mantis ■gg-case, 659

Psoralea Fruit, 583

Himalayan Teasel Root, 579

Medicated Leaven, 333

Pumpkin Seed and Husk, 350

Hirsute Shiny Bugleweed Herb, 413

Medicinal ■vodia Fruit, 289

Puncture Vine Caltrop Fruit, 505

Hogfennel Root, 441

Medicine Terminalia Fruit, 651

Purslane, 161

Honeysuckle Flower, 139

Morinda Root, 573

Pyrrosia Leaf, 266

Human Placenta, 590

Mother-of-pearl, 499

Horn, 174

索引.indd 687

Hypoglaucous Collett Yam Rhizome,

2014-12-17 14:22:07

688

Chinese Materia Medica Silktree Bark, 490

Tortoise Shell, 621

Silkworm Feces , 209

Tree Peony Bark, 168

Radish Seed, 337

Smoked Plum, 648

Tripterygium Root, 210

Ramie Root, 365

Snakegourd Fruit, 446

Tsaoko Fruit, 240

Rangoon Creeper Fruit, 346

Snakegourd Root, 116

Turmeric Root Tuber, 402

Realgar, 671

Sodium Sulphate, 193

Turmeric Root Rhizome, 404

Receptaculum Nelumbinis, 664

Songaria Cynomorium Herb, 572

Turtle Carapace, 623

Red Peony Root, 170

Spiney Date Seed, 484

Two-toothed Achyranthes Root, 416

Reed Rhizome, 115

Spring Onion, 83

Reishi Mushroom, 488

Starwort Root, 179

Rhubarb Root and Rhizome, 190

Stemona Root, 461

Rice Paper Plant Pith, 260

Stiff Silkworm, 521

Roasted Rhizoma Zingiberis Rosc., 65

Storax, 534

Rosewood, 374

Straight Ladybell Root, 604

Villous Amomum Fruit, 236

Round Cardamom, 238

Suberect Spatholobus Stem, 415

Virgate Wormwood Herb, 272

R

S

Sulfur, 673

Unprocessed Rehmannia Root, 164

V

W

Saf■ower, 410

Swallowwort Root and Rhizome, 176

Walnut, 588

Sandalwood, 320

Sweet Wormwood, 174

Water Plantain Rhizome, 251

Saposhnikovia Root, 69 Sargent Gloryvine Stem, 154

索引.indd 688

Subprostrate Sophora Root, 158

U

T

Weeping Forsythia Capsule, 142 White Atractylodes Rhizome, 558

Schizonepeta, 67

Talcum, 258

White Hyacinth Bean, 562

Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis, 247

Tall Gastrodis Tuber, 513

White Mulberry Root-bark, 464

Scorpion, 517

Tatarian Aster Root, 458

White Peony Root, 597

Scutellaria Root, 127

Tendrilled Fritillaria Bulb, 442

Woad Leaf, 145

Sea-ear Shell, 497

Thin-leaf Milkwort Root, 491

Woolly Grass, 363

Seaweed, 452

Thotowax Root, 94

Senna Leaf, 195

Thunberg Fritillary Bulb, 444

Sharpleaf Galangal Fruit, 585

Thunder Ball, 351

Siberian Solomon’s Seal Rhizome, 613

Toad Skin, 539

Sichuan Chinaberry Bark, 347

Toad Venom, 537

Sichuan Lovage Rhizome, 393

Tokyo Violet, 149

Siegesbeckia , 218

Toosendan Fruit, 321

X Xanthium Fruit, 79

Y Yerbadetajo Herb, 618

2014-12-17 14:22:08

1

Color Illustrations

彩插.indd 1

Má Huáng 麻黄

GuìZhī桂枝

ZǐSūYè 紫苏叶

Shēng Jiāng 生姜

Xiāng Rú香薷

Jīng Jiè 荆芥

Fáng Fēng 防风

Qiāng Huó 羌活

Bái Zhǐ白芷

XìXīn 细辛

Gǎo Běn 藁本

Cāng■ E r Zǐ苍耳子

2014-12-17 13:56:22

2

彩插.indd 2

Chinese Materia Medica

Xīn Yí辛夷

Cōng Bái 葱白

Bò He 薄荷

NiúBàng Zǐ牛蒡子

Chán Tuì蝉蜕

Sāng Yè 桑叶

JúHuā 菊花

Màn Jīng Zǐ蔓荆子

Chái Hú柴胡

Shēng Má 升麻

Gé Gēn 葛根

FúPíng 浮萍

MùZéi 木贼

Dàn Dòu Chǐ淡豆豉

ShíGāo 石膏

2014-12-17 13:56:28

Color Illustrations

彩插.indd 3

ZhīMǔ知母

LúGēn 芦根

Tiān Huā Fěn 天花粉

Dàn ZhúYè 淡竹叶

Yā ZhíCǎo 鸭跖草

ZhīZǐ栀子

Xià KūCǎo 夏枯草

Jué Míng Zǐ决明子

GǔJīng Cǎo 谷精草

MìMéng Huā 密蒙花

Qīng Xiāng Zǐ青葙子

Huáng Qín 黄芩

Huáng Lián 黄连

Huáng Bǎi 黄柏

Lóng Dǎn Cǎo 龙胆草

3

2014-12-17 13:56:33

4

彩插.indd 4

Chinese Materia Medica

KǔShēn 苦参

Bái Xiān Pí白鲜皮

Jīn Yín Huā 金银花

Lián Qiào 连翘

Chuān Xīn Lián 穿心莲

Dà Qīng Yè 大青叶

Bǎn Lán Gēn 板蓝根

PúGōng Yīng 蒲公英

ZǐHuā DìDīng 紫花地丁

NiúHuáng 牛黄

TǔFúLíng 土茯苓

YúXīng Cǎo 鱼腥草

Hóng Téng 红藤

Bài Jiàng Cǎo 败酱草

Shè Gān 射干

2014-12-17 13:56:38

Color Illustrations

彩插.indd 5

Shān Dòu Gēn 山豆根

Bái Tóu Wēng 白头翁

Qín Pí秦皮

Mǎ ChǐXiàn 马齿苋

Bái Huā Shé Shé Cǎo 白花蛇舌草

Shēng DìHuáng 生地黄

Xuán Shēn 玄参

MǔDān Pí牡丹皮

ChìSháo 赤芍

ZǐCǎo 紫草

ShuǐNiúJiǎo Piàn 水牛角片

Qīng Hāo 青蒿

Bái Wēi 白薇

DìGǔPí地骨皮

Yín Chái Hú银柴胡

5

2014-12-17 13:56:43

6

彩插.indd 6

Chinese Materia Medica

HúHuáng Lián 胡黄连

Dà Huáng 大黄

Máng Xiāo 芒硝

Fān Xiè Yè 番泻叶

LúHuì芦荟

Huǒ Má Rén 火麻仁

YùLǐRén 郁李仁

Sōng ZǐRén 松子仁

DúHuó 独活

Fáng Jǐ防己

Chuān Wū川乌

Cán Shā 蚕沙

Léi Gōng Téng 雷公藤

Hǎi Tóng Pí海桐皮

Wēi Líng Xiān 威灵仙

2014-12-17 13:56:49

Color Illustrations

彩插.indd 7

Qín Jiāo 秦艽

Luò ShíTéng 络石藤

MùGuā 木瓜

XīXiān Cǎo 豨莶草

Chòu WúTóng 臭梧桐

Sāng Zhī桑枝

Hǎi Fēng Téng 海风藤

WǔJiā Pí五加皮

Sāng JìShēng 桑寄生

Cāng Zhú苍术

Hòu Pò 厚朴

Guǎng Huò Xiāng 广藿香

Shā Rén 砂仁

Bái Dòu Kòu 白豆蔻

Cǎo Dòu Kòu 草豆蔻

7

2014-12-17 13:56:54

8

彩插.indd 8

Chinese Materia Medica

Cǎo Guǒ 草果

FúLíng 茯苓

YìYǐRén 薏苡仁

ZhūLíng 猪苓

Zé Xiè 泽泻

Dōng Guā Pí冬瓜皮

Dōng Guā Zǐ冬瓜子

ChìXiǎo Dòu 赤小豆

YùMǐXū玉米须

Chē Qián Zǐ车前子

Huá Shí滑石

Tōng Cǎo 通草

QúMài 瞿麦

Biǎn Xù萹蓄

DìFūZǐ地肤子

2014-12-17 13:56:59

Color Illustrations

彩插.indd 9

Hǎi Jīn Shā 海金沙

ShíWéi 石韦

Dōng KuíZǐ冬葵子

Dēng Xīn Cǎo 灯心草

BìXiè萆薢

Yīn Chén Hāo 茵陈蒿

Jīn Qián Cǎo 金钱草

FùZǐ附子

Gān Jiāng 干姜

Ròu Guì肉桂

WúZhūYú吴茱萸

Xiǎo HuíXiāng 小茴香

Dīng Xiāng 丁香

Gāo Liáng Jiāng 高良姜

HúJiāo 胡椒

9

2014-12-17 13:57:04

10

彩插.indd 10

Chinese Materia Medica

Huā Jiāo 花椒

BìBá 荜茇

Chén Pí陈皮

Qīnq Pí青皮

ZhǐShí枳实

ZhǐQiào 枳壳

MùXiāng 木香

Fó Shǒu 佛手

Xiāng Fù香附

WūYào 乌药

Chén Xiāng 沉香

Tán Xiāng 檀香

Chuān Liàn Zǐ川楝子

Xiè Bái 薤白

Dà FùPí大腹皮

2014-12-17 13:57:09

Color Illustrations

彩插.indd 11

Shān Zhā 山楂

Shén Qū神曲

Mài Yá 麦芽

GǔYá 谷芽

Lái FúZǐ莱菔子

JīNèi Jīn 鸡内金

JīShǐTéng 鸡矢藤

ShǐJūn Zǐ使君子

KǔLiàn Pí苦楝皮

Bīng Láng 槟榔

Nán Guā Zǐ南瓜子

Léi Wán 雷丸

Dà Jì大蓟

Xiǎo Jì小蓟

DìYú地榆

11

2014-12-17 13:57:15

12

彩插.indd 12

Chinese Materia Medica

Huái Huā 槐花

Cè Bǎi Yè 侧柏叶

Bái Máo Gēn 白茅根

ZhùMá Gēn 苎麻根

Sān Qī三七

Qiàn Cǎo 茜草

PúHuáng 蒲黄

WǔLíng Zhī五灵脂

Jiàng Xiāng 降香

Bái Jí白及

Xiān Hè Cǎo 仙鹤草

Xuè YúTàn 血余炭

OǔJié 藕节

ˋ A i Yè 艾叶

Páo Jiāng 炮姜

2014-12-17 13:57:20

Color Illustrations

彩插.indd 13

Chuān Xiōng 川芎

RǔXiāng 乳香

Mò Yào 没药

ˊ E Zhú莪术

Sān Léng 三棱

Yán HúSuǒ 延胡索

YùJīn 郁金

Jiāng Huáng 姜黄

Dān Shēn 丹参

Táo Rén 桃仁

Hóng Huā 红花

YìMǔCǎo 益母草

Zé Lán 泽兰

JīXuè Téng 鸡血藤

Huái NiúXī怀牛膝

13

2014-12-17 13:57:25

14

彩插.indd 14

Chinese Materia Medica

Chuān NiúXī川牛膝

Wáng BùLiúXíng 王不留行

Chuān Shān Jiǎ 穿山甲

Bàn Xià 半夏

Tiān Nán Xīng 天南星

Jiè Zǐ芥子

Xuán FùHuā 旋覆花

Bái Qián 白前

Jié Gěng 桔梗

Qián Hú前胡

Chuān Bèi Mǔ川贝母

Zhè Bèi Mǔ浙贝母

Guā Lóu Pí瓜蒌皮

ZhúRú竹茹

ZhúLì竹沥

2014-12-17 13:57:30

Color Illustrations

彩插.indd 15

Tiān ZhúHuáng 天竺黄

Hǎi Zǎo 海藻

Kūn Bù昆布

KǔXìng Rén 苦杏仁

ZǐSūZǐ紫苏子

ZǐWǎn 紫菀

Kuǎn Dōng Huā 款冬花

Bǎi Bù百部

PíPá Yè 枇杷叶

Sāng Bái Pí桑白皮

Tíng LìZǐ葶苈子

Bái Guǒ 白果

CíShí磁石

Lóng Gǔ龙骨

HǔPò 琥珀

15

2014-12-17 13:57:35

16

彩插.indd 16

Chinese Materia Medica

Zhēn Zhū珍珠

Suān Zǎo Rén 酸枣仁

Bǎi ZǐRén 柏子仁

Shǒu WūTéng 首乌藤

Líng Zhī灵芝

Hé Huān Pí合欢皮

Yuǎn Zhì远志

ShíJué Míng 石决明

Zhēn ZhūMǔ珍珠母

MǔLì牡蛎

Zhě Shí赭石

ZǐBèi Chǐ紫贝齿

JíLí蒺藜

Luó BùMá Yè 罗布麻叶

Líng Yáng Jiǎo 羚羊角

2014-12-17 13:57:40

Color Illustrations

彩插.indd 17

Gōu Téng 钩藤

Tiān Má 天麻

DìLóng 地龙

Quán Xiē 全蝎

WúGōng 蜈蚣

Jiāng Cán 僵蚕

Shè Xiāng 麝香

Bīng Piàn 冰片

SūHé Xiāng 苏合香

ShíChāng Pú石菖蒲

Chán Sū蟾酥

Zhāng Nǎo 樟脑

■ A n XīXiāng 安息香

Rén Shēn 人参

17

XīYáng Shēn 西洋参

2014-12-17 13:57:45

18

彩插.indd 18

Chinese Materia Medica

Dǎng Shēn 党参

Tài ZǐShēn 太子参

Huáng Qí黄芪

Bái Zhú白术

Shān Yào 山药

Bái Biǎn Dòu 白扁豆

Gān Cǎo 甘草

Dà Zǎo 大枣

YíTáng 饴糖

LùRóng Piàn 鹿茸片

Ròu Cōng Róng 肉苁蓉

Suǒ Yáng 锁阳

2014-12-17 13:57:49

Color Illustrations

彩插.indd 19

Bā JǐTiān 巴戟天

Yín Yáng Huò 淫羊藿

Xiān Máo 仙茅

HúLúBā 胡芦巴

DùZhòng 杜仲

XùDuàn 续断

Gǒu Jǐ狗脊

GǔSuìBǔ骨碎补

BǔGǔZhī补骨脂

YìZhìRén 益智仁

TùSīZǐ菟丝子

Hé Táo Rén 核桃仁

19

2014-12-17 13:57:55

20

彩插.indd 20

Chinese Materia Medica

Gé Jiè 蛤蚧

ZǐHé Chē 紫河车

Dōng Chóng Xià Cǎo 冬虫夏草

Dāng Guī当归

ShúDìHuáng 熟地黄

Bái Sháo 白芍

■ ■Jiāo 阿胶

Hé Shǒu Wū何首乌

Lóng Yǎn Ròu 龙眼肉

Bǎi Shā Shēn 北沙参

Nán Shā Shēn 南沙参

Mài Dōng 麦冬

2014-12-17 13:57:59

Color Illustrations

彩插.indd 21

Tiān Dōng 天冬

ShíHú石斛

YùZhú玉竹

Huáng Jīng 黄精

Bǎi Hé 百合

Gǒu QǐZǐ枸杞子

NǚZhēn Zǐ女贞子

Mò Hàn Lián 墨旱莲

Sāng Shèn 桑椹

Hēi ZhīMa 黑芝麻

GuīJiǎ 龟甲

Biē Jiǎ 鳖甲

21

2014-12-17 13:58:03

22

彩插.indd 22

Chinese Materia Medica

Má Huáng Gēn 麻黄根

FúXiǎo Mài 浮小麦

Nuò Dào Gēn 糯稻根

WǔWèi Zǐ五味子

WūMéi 乌梅

Yīng SùQiào 罂粟壳

Hē Zǐ诃子

Ròu Dòu Kòu 肉豆蔻

ChìShíZhī赤石脂

ShíLiúPí石榴皮

Shān ZhūYú山茱萸

FùPén Zǐ覆盆子

2014-12-17 13:58:07

Color Illustrations

Sāng Piāo Xiāo 桑螵蛸

Jīn Yīng Zǐ金樱子

Hǎi Piāo Xiāo 海螵蛸

Lián Zǐ莲子

Qiàn Shí芡实

Xióng Huáng 雄黄

LiúHuáng 硫黄

Bái Fán 白矾

Shé Chuáng Zǐ蛇床子

23

TǔJīng Pí土荆皮

彩插.indd 23

2014-12-17 13:58:11