Contemporary World

This Learning Module on The Contemporary World is the Sorsogon State College’s response to providing flexible learning contents and outcomes-based assessment to students.

This module which integrates independent and collaborative tasks exposes learners to the contemporary world which encompasses the emergence of economic, political, social and cultural systems amid globalization. This module aims to develop among learners critical and analytical thinking skills as they reflect on their roles and responsibilities as global citizens.

This course introduces students to the contemporary world by examining the multifaceted phenomenon of globalization. Using the various disciplines of the social sciences, it examines the economic, social, political, technological, and other transformations that have created an increasing awareness of the interconnectedness of peoples and places around the globe. To this end, the course provides an overview of the various debates in global governance, development, and sustainability. Beyond exposing the student to the world outside the Philippines, it seeks to inculcate a sense of global citizenship and global ethical responsibility. This course also includes mandatory topics on population education in the context of population and demography.

FELINO S. JASMIN, Jr. SSC-Education-Accountancy Department

Introduction to Globalization The Structures of Globalization The Global Economy Market Integration The Global Interstate System Contemporary Global Governance A World of Regions The Global Divides: The North and the South Understanding Global Stratification A World of Ideas Media and Globalization The Globalization of Religion Global Population and Mobility Global City Global Demography Global Migration Towards a Sustainable World Sustainable Development Food Security Global Citizenship Global Citizenship

LESSON 1: WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION? Different scholars have different viewpoints of what globalization is. Some would view globalization as a positive phenomenon, some would see its detrimental effects on society which cannot be separated from issues of global economic and cultural imperialism.

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson you are expected to: • • • •

describe the contemporary world. craft one’s own working definition of globalization based on the different meanings of globalization differentiate the meaning of globalization, globality and globalism from one another be familiarized with the dimensions and characteristics of globalization

PRE-READING ACTIVITY Before reading the text below, choose whether to create a poster/collage, compose and perform a song, or compose poem and deliver spoken poetry which depicts your concept of the world today. Writing a short paragraph of description of our present world is also an option. Document your choice and what you did.

READING Giddens (1990) points out that globalization is the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles and away. In a conference in 2000, Giddens explained, “globalization is not a single set of processes and does not lead into a single direction. It produces solidarities in some places and destroys them in others. It has quite different consequences on one side of the world from the other. In other words, it is a wholly contradictory process. It is not just about

fragmentation. I see it more as a shake-out of institutions in which new forms of unity go along with new forms of unity go along with new forms of fragmentation.” Wallerstein (1998) believes that globalization is a reflection of the triumph of a capitalist world economy bonded by a global division of labour. Khor (1995) in discussing the world politics expressed that globalization has long been experienced by the Third World called colonization. For Mcgrew (1990) globalization is composed of multiple sameness and interconnectedness that go beyond nation states where individuals and organizations in one part of the world is affected by the activities, affairs, and convictions on another part of the globe. Holm and George (1998) described globalization as the intensification of economic, social and cultural relations across borders. Similarly, it is the processes by which the peoples of the world are incorporated into a single world society, global society (Albrow, 1990). Simply, Kanter (1995) said that it is a condition where the world is becoming a global shopping mall in which ideas and products are available everywhere at the same time. One of the most popular definitions of globalization is provided by Steger (2009) which defined globalization as a set of social processes that appear to transform our present social condition of weakening nationality into one globality. It is about the unprecedented compression of time and space as a result of political, economic and cultural change, as well as powerful technological innovations. Manfred further differentiated globalization, globality and globalism. While globalization is a process, globality signifies a future social condition characterized by thick economic, political and cultural interconnections and global flows that make currently existing political borders and economic barriers irrelevant. On the other hand, globalism means globalization as an ideology reflecting shared ideas, norms, values accepted as truth. He adds that there are three kinds of globalism namely: •

Market globalism advocates promise a consumerist, neoliberal, free-market world. This ideology is held by many powerful individuals, who claim it transmits democracy and benefits everyone. However, it also reinforces inequality, and can be politically motivated.

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Justice globalism envisages a global civil society with fairer relationships and environmental safeguards. They disagree with market globalists who view neoliberalism as the only way.

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Religious globalism strives for a global religious community with superiority over secular structures.

Steger (2009) further defines globalization as the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world-time and world space. He explained that globalization has several dimensions: Economic: ‘The economic dimension of globalization’ explores how the way people have undertaken economic production has changed. The global economic order emerged after World War II, when the Bretton Woods Conference laid the foundations for the IMF, World Bank, and WTO. In the 1980s neoliberalism liberalized financial transactions. However, this unstable growth led to the Great Financial Crash, where banks traded toxic assets without regulation. Transnational corporations rival nation-states in economic power, and

have had a profound effect on the structure and function of the global economy. The Washington Consensus was drafted to reform indebted developing countries, but it has thus far rarely helped countries develop. Political: The political dimension of globalization’ looks at political arrangements beyond the nation-state. Traditional politics harboured an ‘us’ and ‘them’ mentality. Contemporary globalization has led to a permeation of those borders. The modern nation-state came into being after the Protestant Reformation, characterized by centralized government and selfdetermination. The rise of organizations such as the United Nations has threatened the nation-state, according to globalization sceptics. However, national governments still hold significant powers. There has been a rise in the number of supra-territorial institutions, operating from the local level all the way to the global level Cultural: The cultural dimension of globalization’ explores the intensification and expansion of cultural flows across the globe. Critics of cultural globalization claim that the world is being homogenized or ‘Americanized’. However, advocates say that globalization reinvigorates niche cultures instead of eliminating them. The existence of the global imaginary is linked to the rise of global media networks. These networks are owned by a small group of transnational corporations, which can affect journalistic integrity. Several different hypotheses exist about the effects of language globalization. Some say that it leads to protection of native tongues. On the other hand, some foresee the rise of a ‘Globish’ language. Ecological: ‘The ecological dimension of globalization’ examines the effects of global alliances on ecological issues. There is an inexorable link between all humanity and the planet Earth. The Industrial Revolution has caused many ecological problems, including, resource and food shortages, overpopulation, reduced biodiversity, pollution, and climate change. All these problems are global — the result of aggregated human action — and require a coordinated response. However, there are still debates about the seriousness of ecological issues, and, whilst progress has been made, few multilateral measures have been implemented. Furthermore Cox (1999) provides the characteristics of globalization trend:

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internationalizing of production globalizing of finance and securities trading changing international division of labor vast migratory movements from South to North competitive environment that accelerates these processes internationalizing of the state making states into agencies of the globalizing world

POST READING ACTIVITY Reflective discussion and written output with a classmate, relative, friend, or household member. Present your answers in a matrix/table form : 1. Craft your own personal definition of globalization based on how you have experienced it. Relate your definition to your outputs about depicting the contemporary world. 2. What is the difference between globality and globalism?

Assignment: Write an Essay of Analysis composed of 6 paragraphs on : How can a globalizing world of differing countries – rich and poor, democratic and authoritarian – best promote inclusive growth and human security by meeting the challenges of inequality, climate change, rising populism, and global disease?

REFERENCES AND READINGS Albrow, Martin (1990). Globalization, Knowledge and Society. London: Sage. Giddens, Anthony (1990). The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press. Holm, Hans-Henrik and Georg Sorensen (1995) “Introduction: What Has Changed?” in HansHenrik Holm and Georg Sorensen, eds., Whose World Order? Uneven Globalization and the End of the Cold War (Boulder, CO: Westview), 1–17. Kanter, Rosabeth Moss (1995). World Class: Thriving Locally in the Global Economy (New York: Simon and Schuster, as cited in J. A. Scholte, “The Globalization of World Politics”, in J. Baylis and S. Smith (eds.), The Globalization of World Politics, An Introduction to International Relations. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Khor, Martin (1995). "Address to the International Forum on Globalization," New York City. Mcgrew, A. (1990). A Global Society: Modernity and its Futures as cited by Brazalote and Leonardo (2019) The Contemporary World: Outcome-Based Module. Quezon City: C & E Publishing Inc. Steger, Manfred. B. (2009). Globalization: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wallerstein, Immanuel (1974). The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York: Academic Press.

https://gened.fas.harvard.edu/urgent-problems-enduring-questions

LESSON 2: THE GLOBAL ECONOMY The Global economy alludes to different financial exercises among various nations with either negative or beneficial outcomes. The idea of a world economy is identified with regular day to day existence dependent on the interconnected idea of the different countries around the world. Exchange interrelations are noteworthy pointers of the worldwide economy. Thus, the growth of globalization of the world's economies to a great extent is dependent on the advancement of science and technology. Notwithstanding the drawbacks, globalization is still changing the world. Socially, it has encouraged the trading of thoughts and societies, adding to a world view wherein individuals are progressively open and lenient of each other.

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson you are expected to: 1. Define economic globalization; 2. Reflect on the various theories and perspectives explaining the practice of international trade; 3. Collect information about a foreign product being sold in the Philippines.

HELPFUL POINTS Economic Globalization The International Monetary Fund (IMF) regards “economic globalization’ as a historical process representing the result of human innovation and technological progress. It is characterized by the increasing integration of economies around the world through the movement of goods, services, and capital across borders. These changes are the products of people, organizations, institutions, and technologies. As with all other processes of globalization, there is a qualitative and subjective element to this definition. According to the United Nations (as cited by Shangquan, 2000), economic globalization refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of international capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies. It reflects the continuing expansion and mutual integration of market frontiers, and is an irreversible trend for the economic development in the whole world at the turn of the millennium. International Trade The conclusion of World War ll signaled the beginning of trade facilitation around the globe. Economies set rules and guidelines for international trade which led to the formation of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). These trade rules were developed through series of rounds or meetings of member ‘economies. International Trade (IT) is the process and system when goods, commodities, services cross national economy, and boundaries in exchange for money or goods of another country

(Balaam and Veseth, 2008). Global trade has grown dramatically since the post-cold war era as a result of increasing demand of goods and services of countries. This global norm is a reflection of growing practice of internationalizing and globalizing local products and services. Trade Theories There are two types of trade theories explaining international trade. • Descriptive Theory. It deals with the natural order and movement of trade. it describes the pattern of trade under the idea of laissez faire, a French term which means "leave alone". It refers to the notion that individuals are the best economic agents to solve the problems through invisible hand rather than the government ‘policies. Descriptive theory addresses the questions of which product to trade, how much product to offer and produce, and which country to trade in the absence of government restrictions. • Prescriptive Theory. This prescribes whether government, an important economic institution, should interfere and restrict with the movement of goods and services. This theory views government to have participation in deciding which countries to alter the amount, composition and direction of goods. The pressing question describing descriptive theory is “Should the government control trade?” Three Perspectives on International Trade • Economic Liberals David Ricardo and Adam Smith were known critics of late-eighteenth century on the abuses of mercantilism in England. Their liberal ideas and contribution in understanding global trade are still relevant until today. For Ricardo, his influential work Law of Comparative Advantage explains that free trade efficiency is attainable if two countries can produce more goods and trade products separately. The advantage of this theory in international trade is deriving from the principle of specialization and division of labor (Nau, 2009). Countries have different resources and talents; they are better in performing in that economic activity than other economic activities • Mercantilism An economic theory emerged from about 1500-1800. This period was the emerging eras of nations-states and the formation of more central governments. This system flourished due to the following reasons: ▪ Higher export than import. ▪ Export less high valued product and import less high valued product ▪ The benefits of colonial powers. • Structuralists The earliest wave of mercantilism was described as classical imperialism. The drive of European countries to explore and colonize underdeveloped countries originated from the aggressive mercantilist behavior of European economies. This idea was extended to the practice of modern capitalist-imperialist approach by countries and economies that have the immense resource through the use of hard power over developing and less developed countries.

The Modern World System (MWS) theory deveIoped by Immanuel Wallerstein, explains the contact of economies between core, semi peripheral, and peripheral countries in the world. The core states have the absolute advantage over the other through unequal exchange and extraction of raw materials from periphery and semi-periphery. Thus, the economic globalization and market integration of the 21 st century are extensions of the same economic motives of imperial powers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (Balaam and Veseth, 2008)

ACTIVITY Follow the product! Globalization allows for a worldwide exchange of most of the commodities that we consume. This activity will allow you to investigate the origin and spread of the products and services sold in our country. You will also be able to know the countries involved in the production, distribution, and consumption of the products being sold and consumed in the country. The following are the steps to accomplish this activity: 1. Choose a specific foreign product/brand that is being sold in the Philippines. 2. List down the main ingredients or raw materials in manufacturing the chosen product. Identify the corresponding country from which each ingredient or raw material came from. 3. Identify the countries involved in the manufacturing of the chosen product. Indicate the corresponding service the country does for the product (e.g., Costa Rica planting of coffee beans). 4. Aside from the Philippines, list other countries where the product is being sold. Cite the kinds of technology that made the creation of the product possible. Consider communications and transportation. 5. Write one to three statements about the creation of the product and answer the following questions: • How do economic trading institutions influence global economic activity? • How does it affect the Philippine economy? • Does the position of rich countries as giants in the economic chain threaten the status of less developed countries in the global market?

REFERENCES Balaam, D and Vesseth, M. (2008), Introduction to International Political Economy, 4th ed. Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc. De Ocampo, F., Ramos, B., Llomora, R.,Macaraeg, A., David, M.A. (2018), Introduction to Contemporary World. St. Andrew Publishing House. Claudio, L., Abinales, P. (2018), The Contemporary World. C & E Publishing, Inc., Shangquan, G. (2000). Economic Globalization:Trends, risks and risk prevention. CPD background paper no.1. United Nations Development Policy and Analysis Division. Nau, H. (2009). Perspectives on International Relations: Power, Institutions, and Ideas. 2 nd edition. Washington DC: CQ Press Sage Publishing. 2009

Lesson 3: MARKET INTEGRATION Much of globalization is anchored on the role global economy plays in the different nations. We often think of economy as something that covers a wide variety of financial aspects like employment, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or the stability of stock markets. However, we must understand that the economy is composed of people. It is the social institution that organizes all productions, consumptions and trade of goods in the society. World economies have been brought closer together by globalization. These days, many occurrences of foreign affairs are conducted to cement trading relations between and among nations. Thus, this chapter will show the contributions of the different financial and economic institutions in the growth of the global economy.

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson you are expected to: 1. Discuss the role of International Financial Institutions; 2. Relate the importance of International Financial Institutions to the creation of a global economy; 3. Write an essay on how International Financial Institutions influence global economic activity.

HELPFUL POINTS International Financial Institutions An international financial institution (IFI) is a financial institution that has been established (or chartered) by more than one country, and hence are subjects of international law. Its owners or shareholders are generally national governments, although other international institutions and other organizations occasionally figure as shareholders. The Bretton Woods System The major economies in the world had suffered because of World War I, the Great Depression in the 1930, and World War II. Because of the fear of the recurrence of lack of cooperati0n among nation-states, political instability, and economic turmoil (especially after the Second World War), reduction of barriers to trade and free flow of money among nations became the focus to restructure the world economy and ensure global financial stability (Ritzer, 2015). These consist the background for the establishment of the Bretton Woods system. In general, the Bretton Woods system has five key elements. First element is the expression of currency in terms of gold or gold value to establish a par value (Boughton, 2007). Another element is that “the official monetary authority in each country (a central bank or its equivalent) would agree to exchange its own currency for those of other countries at the established exchange rates, plus or minus a one-percent margin" (Boughton, 2007, pp. 106-107).

The third element of the Bretton Woods system is the establishment of an overseer for these exchange rates; thus, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was founded. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) According to Feet (2003), global trade and finance was greatly affected by the Bretton Woods system. One of the systems born out of Bretton Woods was the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) that was established in 1947 [Goldstein et al., 2007). GATT was a forum for the meeting of representatives from 23 member countries. It focused on trade goods through multinational trade agreements conducted in many rounds of negotiation. However, “it was out of the Uruguay Round (1986-1993) that an agreement was reached to create the World Trade Organization (WTO)” (Ritzer, 2015). The WTO headquarters is located in Geneva, Switzerland with 152 member states as of 2008 (Trachtman, 2007). Unlike GATT, WTO is an independent multilateral organization that became responsible for trade in services, non-tarriff-related barriers to trade, and other broader areas of trade liberalization, an example cited by Ritzer (2015) was that of the “differences between nations in relation to regulations on items as manufactured goods or food. A given nation can be taken to task for such regulations if they are deemed to be an unfair restraint on the trade in such items”. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank IMF and the World Bank were founded after the World War II. Their establishment was mainly because of peace advocacy after the war. These institutions aimed to help the economic stability of the world. Both of them are basically banks, but instead of being started by individuals like regular banks, they were started by countries. Most of the world’s countries were members of the two institutions. But, of course, the richest countries were those who handled most of the financing and ultimately, those who had the greatest influence. IMF and the World Bank were designed to complement each other. The IMF’s main goal was to help countries which were in trouble at that time and who could not obtain money by any means. Perhaps, their economy collapsed or their currency was threatened. IMF, in this case, served as a lender or a last resort. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), and the European Union (EU) The most encompassing club of the richest countries in the world is the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) with 35 member states as of 2016, with Latvia as its latest member. It is highly influential, despite the group having little formal power. This emanates from the member countries’ resources and economic power. In 1960, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was originally comprised of Saudi Arabia, lraq, Kuwait, Iran, and Venezuela. They are still part of the major exporters of oil in the world today. OPEC was formed because member countries wanted to increase the price of oil, which in the past had a relatively low price and had failed in keeping up with inflation. Today, the United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Libya, Qatar, Nigeria, and Indonesia are also included as members.

The European Union (EU) is made up of 28 member states. Most members in the Eurozone adopted the euro as basic currency but some Western European nations like the Great Britain, Sweden, and Denmark did not. Critics argue that the euro increased the prices in Eurozones and resulted in depressed economic growth rates, like in Greece, Spain, and Portugal. The policies of the European Central Bank are considered to be a significant contributor in these situations. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is a trade pact between the United States, Mexico, and Canada created on January 1, 1994 when Mexico joined the two other nations. It was first created in 1989 with only Canada and the United States as trading partners. NAFTA helps in developing and expanding world trade by broadening international cooperation. It also aims to increase Cooperation for improving working conditions in North America by reducing barriers to trade as it expands the markets of the three countries.

ACTIVITY Go for a virtual Tour! Go to the web and accomplish these tasks: a. Choose an international economic organization (Asian Development Bank, European Investment Bank, etc.) or an international company (Honda, McDonalds, Kimberly Clark, etc.); b. Research the origin and history of the institution you have chosen; c. Identify the major country-leaders of this institution, and

d. Then write an essay on how International Financial Institutions influence global economic activity. Mention the Philippines’ role in the interconnected global economic activities.

REFERENCES Aldama, P. (2018). The Contemporary World. Rex Book Store, Inc. Boughton, J. (2007) Bretton Woods System. In Scholte, J.A & Robertson, R. (eds.) Encyclopedia of Globalization. New York: MTM Publishing Claudio, L., Abinales, P. (2018), The Contemporary World. C & E Publishing, Inc., Goldstein, J.L., Rivers, D.& Tomz, M. (2007). Institutions in international relations: Understanding the effects of the GATT and the WTO. International Organization. Ritzer, G. (2015). Globalization: The essentials. MA: Wiley Blackwell. Trachtman, J.P (2007). Encyclopedia of globalization. New York: MTM Publishing

Lesson 4: THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM The world is composed of many states having different forms of government. It has been one of the major subjects of scholars of political disciplines because it is viewed as the institution that sets policies for the country. The study of international relations is becoming more imperative since it is an attempt to explain behavior that occurs across the boundaries of states, the broader relationships of which such behavior is a part, and the institutions (private, state, nongovernmental, and intergovernmental) that oversee those interactions. This lesson will begin with a short narration of some events that occurred 400 years ago and the challenges that most governments face amid globalization. It will also tackle the different institutions that govern international relations in order to facilitate connections among nationstates.

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson you are expected to: 1. Explain the effects of globalization on governments; 2. Identify the institutions that govern international relations; 3. Write a position paper on the Philippines’ territorial and economic relations with China.

HELPFUL POINTS The Interstate System The origins of the present-day concept of Sovereignty can be traced back to the Treaty of Westphalia, which was a set of agreements signed in 1648 to end the thirty years’ war between the major continental powers of Europe. The Westphalian system provided stability for the nations of Europe, until it faced its major challenge by Napoleon Bonaparte. The latter believed in spreading the principles of the French Revolution - liberty, equality and fraternity to the rest of Europe. Despite the challenge of Napoleon to the Westphalian system and the eventual collapse of the Concert of Europe after World War I, present-day international system has traces of this history. Effects of Globalization to Governments One of the key aspects of state sovereignty is the government. It is a group of people who have the ultimate authority to act on behalf of a state. Each state has its own right to selfdetermination and that other country should not intervene in the affairs of that state unless there are extraordinary reasons to do so. Globalization has, in a way reshaped the role and functions of nation-states as governing bodies in their particular territories.

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First, globalization is seen to impose a forced choice upon nation-states. Either they conform to the neo-liberal ideas and free-market principles of deregulation, privatization, and free trade or run the risk of being left behind in terms of development. Of course, nation-states, in this contemporary age, are forced to submit themselves to the demands of globally accepted free-market principles. Second is the establishment of economic and political integrations. One good example is the European Union (EU) and the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). EU has a single currency and monetary system, parliament with legislative powers, with common citizens’ rights to live, work, vote and run for office. The statehood of the members is not dissolved, what has changed is only how the nation-states function, in terms of economy and politics, as part of a whole. The third effect of globalization is the establishment of international laws and principles. This is observable in the establishment of the UN that operates as a forum for nation-states to air their differences and try to resolve them. The fourth effect is the rise of transnational activism (TNA). Such happens when activist groups of nation-states connect with their counterparts in other states. For example, an advocacy-based organization in the Philippines may connect itself with and get support from other human rights groups in Europe to pressure the Philippine government to realign its stance and actions in upholding human rights.

Institutions that Govern International Relations There are several international organizations that governments of countries around the world and individuals participate in. In order to facilitate connections among nation-states, intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) were established. Their aim is to foster strong economic, political, cultural, educational, and technical intergovernmental relationships. There are also nongovernmental organizations promoting social and economic growth. Let us look at them one by one. • Peace Treaties and Military Alliances: The UN and NATO Global politics entails relationship of countries and different governments and nongovernmental organizations, The United Nations (UN) is one of the leading political organizations in the world where nation-states meet and deliberate. However, it remains as an independent actor in global politics. Generally, it functions in four areas: military issues, economic issues, environmental issues, and human protection. It is made up of close to 200 countries from around the world, 193 member states to be exact. (United Nations, 2011) • Global Economic Associations: The WTO and NAFTA The next group is an economic association-WTO which was created with the goal of increasing free trade. Countries, therefore, can buy and sell goods from one another without placing takes on imports or tariffs. In addition, tariffs are used to protect businesses and companies inside their country. Another famous economic organization is NAFTA. This is an economic treaty between the United States, Canada, and Mexico in which the three countries trade freely without taxing each other. NAFTA is not without critics either. Some American autoworkers protested against NAFTA as several car companies moved their factories to

Mexico in search for cheaper labor. NAFTA, like WTO, represents the challenge in America of keeping manufacturing factories. • Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Established in 1967, now has 10 member states. Its aims are to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region; promote regional progression; advance peace and sustainability; promote active and beneficial cooperation and mutual assistance on matters of common interest in the economic, technical, cultural, administrative and scientific fields. • European Union (EU) An IGO with 28- state members was established in 1993. Its goals are to promote peace, its values, and well-being of its citizens; offer freedom, security and justice without internal borders; uphold sustainable development; combat social exclusion and discrimination; promote scientific and technological progress; enhance economic; social and territorial cohesion among member countries; respect cultural and linguistic diversity; and establish an economic and monetary union. • Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) Another example of an international organization that was developed out of war is the Red Cross (Red Crescent in Muslim countries). NGOs are not tied to any country. This allows them to operate freely throughout the world. They provide emergency relief such as food, water, and medical supplies for those whose homes or towns have been destroyed by disaster or war. They also monitor the treatment of prisoner of wars and go to conflicts to make sure that no war crimes are taking place. In fact, the Red Cross began as an organization to help those who were wounded during wars.

ACTIVITY Write a position paper on the Philippines’ territorial and economic relations with China. After conducting extensive research on the topic, the position paper should be easy to write. Remember: A good position paper must include: • A brief introduction to the country and its history concerning the topic and committees; • How the topic affects the country; • The country's policies with respect to the issue and the country's justification for these policies; • Quotes from the country's leaders about the issue; • Statistics to back up the country's position on the issue; • Actions taken by the government with regard to the issue; • Conventions and resolutions that the country has signed or ratified; • UN actions that the country supported or opposed; and • What the country believes should be done to address the issue.

REFERENCES Aldama, P. (2018). The Contemporary World. Rex Book Store, Inc. Brazalote, T., Leonardo, R. (2018) The Contemporary World. C & E Publishing, Inc., ©2019 Claudio, L., Abinales, P. (2018), The Contemporary World. C & E Publishing, Inc. Goldstein, J.L., Rivers United Nations. (2011). Basic facts about the United Nations. New York, USA: United Nations Department of Public Information. Retrieved from http://munkiconference.weebly.com/uploads/1/5/4/2/15422056/basic-facts-about-theun.pdf on May 13, 2020

Lesson 5: CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE The world has no global government and global authority. There are however, political and economic bodies operating worldwide that not all people are aware of. Thus what the world has is the idea of global governance. This term refers to domestic institutions and governments on how large-scale problems and public-policy issues are being resolved on a global level. It involves a range of actors including states, national and regional bodies that have the eagerness and commitment to deal with a particular challenge. This lesson will focus primarily on the United Nations (UN) as the most prominent intergovernmental organization today as well as the challenges of the twenty-first century governance.

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson you are expected to: 1. Identify the roles and functions of the United Nations (UN); 2. Describe the challenges of global governance in the 21 st century; 3. Explain the relevance of the nation-state in the midst of globalization; and 3. Create a poster that depicts the participation of the Philippines in the global community

KEY POINTS Today, global governance makes world affairs systematic, secured and formulaic. Weiss & Thakur (2014) describe global governance as the totality of norms, laws, policies, and bodies that define, comprise, and facilitate transnational relations between citizens, states, cultures, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. Rules and norms put everything in order. Though global governance is rule-based, it has no central authority. However, there are systems for international relationships that bind the states, people and society together. Since the United Nations (UN) has the most number of members among the established global systems, this section discusses its organs, roles and functions. The six organs of the United Nations (UN) • • • •

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General Assembly is the central deliberative and the only organ where all member-states have equal representation in discussion and consideration, and policymaking Security Council is the organ which has the commitment to preserve peace and security. Economic and Social Council is the main organ for cooperation, policy reviews, policy dialogue, and advice on social, economic and environmental issues. Trusteeship Council is the organ tasked to administer international oversight for 11 trust territories and to make sure that adequate procedures are taken for independence and self-government. International Court of Justice is UN’s prime judicial organ.

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Secretariat is the organ tasked to execute the daily activities as assigned by the other organs.

Aside from maintaining international peace and security and protecting human rights, UN also carries the functions of delivering humanitarian aid, promoting sustainable development, and upholding international law. The organization utilizes good offices, diplomacy, and mediation. It does peacekeeping processes in countries with domestic conflicts and peacebuilding tasks in countries freed from conflict, lessening the risk of reversing into conflict and setting the ground work for sustainable peace and development. In order to protect human rights, UN scrutinizes situations and issues reported to them and oversee the exercise of international human rights agreements. In delivering humanitarian aid, UN is responsible for coordinating responses to emergencies and supports rapid humanitarian response for people affected by natural disasters and armed conflict. The Millennium Development Goals was set to promote sustainable development. In 2015, this was changed into the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These goals are the blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all. This collection of 17 global goals covers social and economic issues including poverty, hunger, health, education, global warming, gender equality, water sanitation, energy urbanization, environment and social justice. Weiss and Thakur (2014), in their article titles, The United Nations Meets the Twenty-first Century: Confronting the Challenges of Global Governance, identify challenges confronting UN based on knowledge, norms, policy, institutions and compliance: 1. In terms of knowledge, UN is underappreciated regarding how its convening capacity and mobilizing power are utilized to help funnel and consolidate knowledge from outside and ensure its discussion and dissemination among governments. 2. The contrasting moral structures of social behavior in different member-states complicate the formulation of a normative standard that can be applicable to all. 3. In formulating propositions, problems occur when only the member-states are heard. UN belittles the helping hand of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the global public opinion. Sometimes, recommendations are not executed. 4. Institutions can also be places where ideas are cornered and left behind. The modality and processes for enforcing compliance with international norms and laws are not present. In fact, some UN staff members violate, cheat, and challenge them. Despite the establishment of global norms and international laws that nation-states should follow, the nation-states are still relevant for there will be no intergovernmental organization without them. Also, international and multinational agreements are designed by the states and propelled by the initiatives that they undertake. To conclude, contemporary global governance defines political scope of globalization. Cooperation among nation-states is the only way to reform and advance the roles and functions of interstate relationships despite real challenges being faced by United Nations.

POST READING ACTIVITY Create a creative and colorful poster that depicts the participation of the Philippines in the global community. Then write at least five sentences to explain your poster. You may use a long-sized bond paper, a recycled paper or calendar for this activity.

REFERENCES Brazalote, T., Leonardo, R. (2018) The Contemporary World Outcome Based Module. C & E Publishing, Inc., 2019 Weiss, T., Thakur, R. (2014) The United Nations Meets the Twenty-First Century: Confronting the Challenges of Global Governance. The SAGE Handbook of Globalization UN Logo: www.wikimedia.com

Lesson 6: THE GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH AND SOUTH 1.Overview of the lesson The world has been divided in different ways. Because of historical factors, countries have been categorized as first world, second world and third world. In recent times, nation states have been identified either as the Global North or Global South. Most often they are defined based on their wealth and development. 2. Learning Outcomes Knowledge • Examine the term Global North and Global South • Identify examples of countries which are categorized as Global North and Global South Skills • Distinguish the characteristics of the Global North and Global South Attitude • React to the world order as divided into South and North

3. Pre-Assessment List 10 countries which belong to the Global North and Global South.

4. Activities or Tasks Make a Collage showing the differences between rich and poor countries. Submit your output in a pdf file.

5. Focus Points/Highlights Prior to the division of world as Global North and Global South, it was divided into three world country (Gorman, 2003): • • •

The “First World” are countries which are aligned with the United States adhering to capitalism as their economic and political system. The “Second World” are countries aligned with the now-defunct Soviet Union adhering to the principles of communism The “Third World” of non-aligned (and generally poor) nations. People use the term “third world” to refer to poor nations in general, but many people are not certain of its origin.

With the end of the cold war, the term second world was not used anymore.

Cold War is the term used to describe the rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies after World War II. The Cold war centered on major political and economic propaganda and not necessarily on recourse to weapons. It was George Owell, an English writer who first used this term in 1945 to refer to what he predicted would be a nuclear stalemate between “two or three monstrous super-states, each possessed of a weapon by which millions of people can be wiped out in a few seconds.” (Britannica Encyclopedia) The Global North are developed European, North American, Australian societies. It also includes South Africa and Israel (Odeh, 2010). Among the characteristics of countries belonging to the global north are: • • • • • • •

established democracy wealth technological advancement political stability aging population zero population growth dominance of world trade and politics

On the contrary, the global South are societies with agrarian economies like Africa, India, China, Latin America and others which do not have stable economy and politics compared to the global North. These countries experience turmoil, war, conflict, poverty, anarchy and tyranny (Odeh, 2010). The Global north is most often associated with first world countries where powerful countries like the Group of Eight (G8) –Germany, Canada, France, Italy, United Kingdom, Russia, Japan and the United States of America is located. On the other hand, third world countries are now termed as the Global South. The Brandt line as shown below was proposed by Willy Brandt in 1980. It is an imaginary line dividing the world into two regions based on their GDP per capita.

Image source: Royal Geographical Society

The map shows that generally rich countries are found in the northern hemisphere and poor countries are in the southern hemisphere with the exception of Australia and New Zealand. Nevertheless, this global partition has become blurry and less useful since the economies of many countries have changed overtime. For additional information on the Global North and Global South, kindly access the link: https://drive.google.com/file/d/18-lqE8DSL3ToObAHAdAxb3gSFLk9Wc-u/view?pli=1

6. Post-Assessment •

Make a two-column table showing 10 major differences of the global north and global south RUBRICS FOR ESSAY

CATEGORY

PROFICIENT (8-10)

AVERAGE (5-7)

NEEDS IMPROVEMENT (0-4)

INTRODUCTION (25%)

Very well stated and provides very clear direction for essay

Well stated and provides clear direction for essay

Poorly stated and provides unclear direction for essay

BODY (50%)

Development of ideas is highly observed. Statements and arguments are supported with detailed and convincing evidence. Statement(s) is very well stated, purposeful and perceptive.

Development of ideas is moderately observed. Statements and arguments are supported with sufficient evidence.

Development of ideas is lacking. Statements and arguments are supported with irrelevant evidence or no evidence at all.

Statement(s) is well stated and summarizes only the previous information.

Statement(s) is poorly stated, incomplete, unfocused or absent.

CONCLUSION (25%)

•

Make an essay identifying the characteristics of the Global South in relation to the social conditions of the Philippines.

7. Feedback • Scheduled a synchronous meeting to discuss the output of the students based on the rubrics provided • Discuss comments through chat rooms 8. Homework Make 5 statements stating your thoughts/opinion why a country is rich or poor. 9. Rubric

CATEGORY

4

3

2

0

Creativity

All of the graphics or objects used in the collage reflect a degree of student creativity in his/her display. Graphics are cut to an appropriate size, shape and are arranged neatly. Care has been taken to balance the pictures across the area. The collage includes 10 or more items, each different.

Most of the graphics or objects used in the collage reflect student creativity in their display

Only a few graphics or objects reflect student creativity, but the ideas were typical rather than creative 3-4 graphics are lacking in design or placement. Too much background is showing. .

None of the graphics or objects reflect student’s creativity.

The collage includes 7 different items

The collage includes 5different items. Missing some items.

The collage contains fewer than 5 different items. Missing many items

The title is catchy and creative and related to the collage. The texts and labels are correct and provides insight to the purpose/meaning and design of the collage purpose/ meaning and design of the collage

A title is provided that relates to the collage. The texts and labels describe the purpose and process of creating the collage.

Title, texts and labels are incomplete and partially relate to the collage

No title or explanation.

Design

Number of Items

Texts, Labels and Explanation

1-2 graphics are lacking in design or placement. Placement of pictures are not balanced.

Graphics are not an appropriate size shape. Most of the background is showing. It appears little attention was given to designing the collage.

RUBRIC FOR COLLAGE Source (edited/revised): https://studylib.net/doc/25196985/collage-rubric

10. References Cold War: International Politics. https://www.britannica.com/event/Cold-War Gorman,Tom (2003). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Economics. USA: Alpha Books

Odeh, L.E. (2010). A Comparative Analysis of Global North and Global South Economies. https://www.academia.edu Royal Geographical Society. A 60 Second Guide to the Global North/South Divide. https://www.rgs.org/schools/teaching-resources/60-second-guide-toglobal-north-south-divide

Lesson 7: UNDERSTANDING GLOBAL STRATIFICATION 1. Overview of the lesson There are several perspectives that explains why global inequality and global stratification exists. Three theories-- are (1) Modernization Theory, (2) Dependency Theory and (3) World System Theory — offer different explanations why nations are either poor or rich. Each theory has different arguments in making us understand the unequal distribution of world’s resources. 2. Learning Outcomes Knowledge • Differentiate the meaning of global stratification and global inequality. • Analyze the main arguments of the theories of global stratification. Skill • Apply the theories of global stratification to the Philippine situation Attitude • Take a stand on the causes of social inequality in the Philippines

3. Pre-Assessment Complete the following statement: 1. The United States is rich because___________________________ 2. Japan is a developed country because________________________ 3. The Philippines is poor because_____________________________ 4. Hunger exists in Somalia, Africa because______________________ 5. Australia is a wealthy country because________________________ 6. Singapore is more developed than Thailand because_____________ 7. Many Filipinos wants to migrate in Canada because______________ 8. Luxembourg is the richest country in Europe because______________ 9. Bangladesh is challenged by poverty because___________________ 10. Haiti has a very low GDP because ____________________________ Include in the pre-assessment the answers of students to their previous homework on Global Divides 4. Activities or Tasks DISTRIBUTION OF THE EARTH’S WEALTH

React to the figure below: 1. Interpret the pie graph by providing at 5 statements about it. 2. How do you feel about distribution of the earth’s wealth?

5. Focus Points/Highlights

Countries around the world are hierarchically arranged based on their resources, status and power. These arrangement of nations on a global scale is called Global Stratification. Conversely, global inequality is the unequal distribution of resources, status and power. It is the result of stratification. There are several viewpoints why global stratification exists. Among the theories explaining global stratification are (1) Modernization Theory, (2) Dependency Theory and (3) World System Theory.

Modernization theory The development of wealthy nations is attributed to the “correct” beliefs, values, and practices of its people. These cultural traits include a willingness to work hard, to abandon tradition in favor of new ways of thinking and doing things, and to adopt a future orientation rather than one focused on maintaining present conditions (Barkens, 2011). Such thought has been introduced by McClelland (1961) who believed that the value attached to and the motivation for achievement are important in understanding why societies have achieved development. For him child rearing practices and early socialization of individuals have impact on the cultural traits of a society. Barkens (2011) further explained that the theory has similarities with the culture of poverty theory which states that countries have remained poor because they have failed to develop attitudes, values beliefs which are essential to economic success since the beginning of industrialization in the 19th century to present times. Dependency Theory Dependency theory explains underdevelopment of poor nations in relation to their dependency on rich countries. Prebish (as cited by Ferrero, 2008) is an Argentine economist who observed that economic growth in the developed countries did not result in growth in the poorer country but led to serious economic problems of poor nations. The conditions of poor nations are attributed to the colonization of developed and rich countries which exploited the resources of these countries and used them for cheap labor. These “colonizers” after exploiting the resources will sell their products to their “colonized” countries. Further, rich and powerful countries compel their colonized nations to borrow enormous debt from them which are still being paid up to present times. The exploitation of wealthy nations hindered poor countries to develop on their own. World System Theory From the point of view of the world system theory, countries are divided into either core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral countries based on their position and relationship in

the global economy. The core countries like the United States, Japan, Australia, Germany characterized by high level of industrialization and capitalism. On the other hand, semiperipheral countries are less developed compared to the core countries. Taiwan, South Korea, India, some countries in South America are examples. Haiti, Cape Verde and Honduras are countries with very little industrialization. They are examples of peripheral nations which are dependent on core countries for capital. As an example of global stratification and global inequality read the case of Haiti in: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YmJE5w0_XKYfwRxYUzpAcLEProFsZeb/view?usp=sharing A summary of global stratification is further discussed in Global Stratification & Poverty: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rts_PWIVTU 6. Post-Assessment Quiz: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1g0rHN-H0QYSAMUPFy0PcOomxp6BpDGw/view?usp=sharing

7. Feedback • Schedule a synchronous meeting to discuss the output of the students based on the rubrics provided • Discuss comments through chat rooms 8. Homework Watch the video, Would you eat recycled landfill meat?” - BBC News: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7gDBVmgIRA&t=72s to have a glimpse on the situation of poverty in the Philippines. Make a short reaction/reflection paper about the video clip and discuss your thoughts on how can the country mitigate poverty.

9. Rubrics RUBRICS FOR ESSAY

CATEGORY

AVERAGE (5-7)

NEEDS IMPROVEMENT (0-4)

INTRODUCTION Very well stated and (25%) provides very clear direction for essay

Well stated and provides clear direction for essay

Poorly stated and provides unclear direction for essay

BODY (50%)

Development of ideas is moderately observed. Statements and arguments are supported with sufficient evidence.

Development of ideas is lacking. Statements and arguments are supported with irrelevant evidence or no evidence at all.

Statement(s) is well stated and summarizes only the previous information.

Statement(s) is poorly stated, incomplete, unfocused or absent.

CONCLUSION (25%)

PROFICIENT (8-10)

Development of ideas is highly observed. Statements and arguments are supported with detailed and convincing evidence. Statement(s) is very well stated, purposeful and perceptive.

10. References Barkan, Steven E., "Sociology, Understanding and Changing the Social World" (2011). Faculty and Staff Monograph Publications. 2. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/fac_monographs/2 Ferraro, Vincent, "Dependency Theory: An Introduction," in The Development Economics Reader, ed. Giorgio Secondi (London: Routledge, 2008), pp. 58-64 https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/depend.htm Explaining Global Stratification https://open.lib.umn.edu/sociology/chapter/9-3explaining-global-stratification/ McClelland, David C. (1961). The Achieving Society. University of California: Van Nostrond

Lesson 8: ASIAN REGIONALISM This lesson looks at the mechanism of unique integration of the world’s biggest land mass and population – the Asian region and how nation-states approach contemporary challenges.

Learning Outcomes At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. differentiate between regionalization and globalization: 2. identify the factors that lead to a greater integration of Asian regions; and 3. analyze how different Asian states confront the challenges of globalization, regionalization, and COVID-19.

Learning Experiences and Self-Assessment Activities Preliminaries Trigger question: What problems do developing countries face today, and how can individuals contribute to solutions rather than awaiting the generosity of the state or other actors? Today we shall look closely at the unique integration mechanism of the Asian region and how nation-states therein approach the contemporary challenges and facets of world homogenization, division, and pandemic. The lesson will conclude on the level of reflective students’ personalization.

Critical Reading Activity Direction: Find the key ideas and details in the following excerpts: Governments, associations, societies, and groups form regional organizations and/or networks as a way of coping with the challenges of globalization. Globalization has made people aware of the world in general, but it has also made Filipinos more cognizant of specific areas such as Southeast Asia. How, for instance, did the Philippines come to identify itself with the Southeast Asian region? Why is it part of a regional grouping known as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)? While regionalism is often seen as a political and economic phenomenon, the term actually encompasses a broader area. It can be examined in relation to identities, ethics, religion, ecological sustainability, and health. Regionalism is also a process, and must be treated as an “emergent, socially constituted phenomenon.” It means that regions are not natural or given;

rather, they are constructed and defined by policymakers, economic actors, and even social movements. Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V. Milner state that economic and political definitions of regions vary, but there are certain basic features that everyone can agree on. First, regions are “a group of countries located in the same geographically specified area” or are “an amalgamation of two regions [or] a combination of more than two regions” organized to regulate and “oversee flows and policy choices.” Second, the words regionalization and regionalism should not be interchanged, as the former refers to the “regional concentration of economic flows” while the latter is “a political process characterized by economic policy cooperation and coordination among countries.” Countries form regional associations for several reasons. One is for military defense. Countries also form regional organizations to pool their resources, get better returns for their exports, as well expand their leverage against trading partners. Moreover, there are countries that form regional blocks to protect their independence from the pressures of superpower politics. Finally, economic crisis compels countries to come together. Official regional associations now cover vast swaths of the world. The population of the countries that joined the Asia Pacific Economic Council (APEC) alone comprised 37 percent of the world’s population in 2007. These countries are also part of the “smaller” organizations that include the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the North American Free Trade Agreement, the Caribbean and Pacific Group of States, and the Union of South American Nations. Even “isolationist” North Korea is part of the Regional Forum, which discusses security issues in the region. (Lisandro E. Claudio and Patricio N. Abinales) Globalization and regionalization are the same for they refer to integration. Their difference lies on the scope. Globalization is worldwide while regionalization focuses on a specific geographical region. As a response to world homogenization and division, regionalism that comes in various forms of regional alternatives to globalization spawned within and among regions in Asia. Asian integration did not happen based on one historical event for there were different factors that led to this alliance. Asian regionalism is a new concept among the continental communities. New to cooperation and collaboration goals, it has the 50-year-old ASEAN group and the failed East Asia Economic Group (EAEG). The ASEAN community is comprised of three pillars – political security community, economic community, and socio-cultural community. ASEAN has also partnered with three EAST Asian countries – China, Japan, and South Korea. It is called the ASEAN + 3. Its goal is to address the 1997 Asian financial crisis and help each other cope with the crisis. In this context, ASEAN has concretized regionalism in the Asian region. There are some aspects that led to a greater Asian integration. First, integration has been market-driven. Within Asia, there are a variety of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations, and infrastructures that are put in place for countries to engage in exchange. Second, formal institutions such as the Asian Development Bank (ADB) were established. Conceived in the 1960a, ADB promotes social and economic development in Asia. Third, economic grants and overseas development assistance are made available by better Asian economies. For example, the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) aims to work on human security and quality growth. Fourth, production networks have expanded. Economies are mainly on

comparative advantage through the regional division of labor. Fifth, cooperation among the ASEAN and East Asian countries ensued the ASEAN + 3 Financial Ministers’ Process that established two economic structures – the Chiang Mai Initiative and the Asian Bond Markets Initiative. The process aims to strengthen policy dialogue, coordination, and collaboration on common financial, monetary, and fiscal issues. (Tumoroh C. Brazalote, Ryan M. Leonardo, and Bernardino C. Ofalia) Further Reading More detailed explanations on the above points are found in: *Lesson 5 A World of Regions page 50 of The Contemporary World. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City Philippines. Lisandro E. Claudio and Patricio N. Abinales. 2018. *Module 3 A World of Regions Section 2 page 79 Asian Regionalism The Contemporary World Outcome-Based Module. Tumoroh C. Brazalote, Ryan M. Leonardo, and Bernardino C. Ofalia. 2019.

Post Reading Engaged Discussion: • • •

Differentiate regionalization from globalization. What are the factors that lead to a greater integration of Asian regions? Give examples for each. How do Asian states confront the contemporary challenges of globalization, regionalization, and pandemic?

Essay Writing: •

Identify the strengths of the Philippines that may contribute to a sustainable ASEAN integration in meeting the COVID-19 challenge.

Assignment: Metacognitive Reading and Report on COVID-19 (Optional): Read the article online and complete the personal statements that follow. Sustainability of ASEAN integration, competition policy, and the challenges of COVID19 Hassan Qaqaya, Journal of Antitrust Enforcement, Volume 8, Issue 2, July 2020, Pages 305–308, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaenfo/jnaa019 Published: 11 June 2020

1. The (3) three things that I significantly learned from the assigned reading are …

2. The (3) three things that are still unclear to me are …

3. I used to think that …

4. The three (3) questions that I want to ask about the reading are …

References Tumoroh C. Brazalote, Ryan M. Leonardo, and Bernardino C. Ofalia. 2019. The Contemporary World Outcome-Based Module. Lisandro E. Claudio and Patricio N. Abinales. 2018. The Contemporary World. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City Philippines. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaenfo/jnaa019 https://gened.fas.harvard.edu/urgent-problems-enduring-questions