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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer CONTENTS

Chapter TitlePage

I.

INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2

Status of agricultural mechanization in India JUSTIFICATION

1.3

Sprayer

1.4

Description of Agriculture Sprayers

1.5

Agricultural Sprayers

1.6

BasicComponentsofSprayer

II.

LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Spraying Methods: 2.1.1 Backpack (knapsack) sprayer : 2.1.2 Lite-Trac: 2.1.3 Motorcycle driven Spraying 2.1.4 Quadcopter Based Pesticide Spraying 2.1.5 Drone Mounted Sprayer 2.1.6 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Sprayer 2.1.7 Solar Operated Sprayer

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer 2.2 Attachments of sprayer: Weeders 2.2.1 Exact definition 2.2.2 Weeding or Weed control 2.2.3 Effects on other plants 2.2.4 Methods of Weed Control i. Manually pulling weeds ii. Boiling water iii. Vinegar iv. Mechanically tilling around plants v. Ploughing vi. Crop rotation III

METHODS AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Objectives 3.3 Spraying technology 3.3.1 High volume spraying 3.3.2 Low volume spraying 3.3.3 Ultra low volume spraying 3.3.4 Electrostatic Pesticide Spraying System

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3.4 Parameters affecting spraying 3.4.1 Spray drift 3.5 Drift Management IV

EXPERIMANTAL DISCUSSION 4.1 Brief Description of Model 4.2 Working 4.3 Detailed Description 4.3.1 Reciprocating pump 4.3.2 Connecting link 4.3.3 Nozzles 4.3.4 Wheel 4.3.5 Crank

V

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 5.1 Selection Of Reciprocating Pump 5.2 SPECIFICATIONS 5.3 TESTING OF MACHINE

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer VI

SUMMARY AND SUGGESTIONS 6.1 Advantages 6.2 Dis Advantages

VII

CONCLUSION & REFERENCE

7.1 CONCLUSION 7.2 REFERENCES

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LIST OF TABLES Table

Title

1

Specifications of Machine

2

Testing Results

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer LIST OF FIGURES Figure Title

Page

1

Sprayer

2

Backpack Type sprayer

3

Lite-Trace Sprayer

4

Motorcycle driven sprayer

5

Aerial Sprayer

6

Drone Mounted Sprayer

7

Unmaned Aerial Vehicle Sprayer

8

Solar Operated Sprayer

9

Manualy pulling Weed

10

Mechanically Tilling Around Plants

11

Ploughing

12

Boom Type Electrostatic Sprayer

13

Practical Model

14

Reciprocating pump

15

Connecting Link

16

Nozzle

17

Wheel

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer 18

Crank Mechanism

19

Working Model Of Agriculture Pesticide Sprayer

LIST OF SYMBOLS %

Percentage

OC

Degree Celsius

Rs

Indian Rupees

a.i.

Active ingredient

Cc

Cubic centimeter

D

b

Dry basis

Fed

Fadden (Egyptian unit for area)

Fig.

Figure

H Ha ha/h

Hour Hectare Hectare per hour

Ha/day Hp

Hectare per day Horse Power

Kg

Kilogram

Kg/h

Kilogram per hour

Kg/ha

Kilogram per hectare

Km

Kilometer

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer Km/h kN

Kilometer per hour Kilo Newton

L

Liter

L/h

Liter per hour

Mm

Millimeter

m2

Meter square

MJ/ha

Mega Joule per hectare

m/sec

Meter per second

N

Namibian Dollar

No.

Number

US$

US Dollars

T

Ton

q/ha

Quintal per hectare

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abstr: Abstract Agril: Agricultural AMA : Agricultural Mechanization in Asia Africa & Latin America BI : Knife cum peg type blade 82 : L-shaped cross blade 63 : Circular blade 84 : Cross shape blade cc : cubic centimeter CCS :ChoudharyCharan Singh CD : Critical difference CG : Chhattisgarh CIAE : Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering cm : centimeter DAS : Days after sowing db : dry basis Dept : Department DF : Degree of freedom Dist : District Dr.P.D.K. V. : Doctor PanjabraoDeshmukhKrishiVidyapith Engg : Engineering et al. :etalibi (and others) Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-G

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer FAE : Faculty of Agricultural Engineering Fig : Figure h : hour ha : hectare hp : Horse power Hz : Hertz ICAR : Indian Council of Agricultural Research i,e. : that is IIT Indian Institute of Technology ISAE : Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers J : Journal JNKVV : Jawaharlal Nehru KrishiVishwavidhyalaya kg : kilogram km : kilometer kW : kilowatt L : liter m : meter MJ : Mega Joule ml : milliliter mm : millimeter M.P. : Madhya Pradesh M.S. : Mean square, Mild steel Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-G

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer N : Newton NEH : North Eastern Hill NS : Not significant Pestic : Pesticide P.I. : Performance Index Res. : Research RNAM : Regional Network for Agricultural Machines rpm : revolutions per minute s :second Sci. : Science SS : Sum of squares S.V. : Source of variation Symp. : Symposium TNAU :Tamilnadu Agricultural University

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CHAPTER- I INTRODUCTION In India about 73% of population is directly or indirectly depends upon the farming. Hence it is said that India is an agricultural based country. But till now our farmers are doing farming in same traditional ways. They are doing seed sowing, fertilizers and pesticides spraying, cultivating by conventional methods. There is need of development in this sector and most commonly on fertilizers pesticides spraying technique, because it requires more efforts and time to spray by traditional way. Most of Asian nations are at developing stage and they are facing the problem of high population and as compared to that agricultural productivity is much lower as compared to developed nations. India is one of the nations who is facing the same problem. This is caused due to low level farms, insufficient power availability to farms and poor level of farm mechanization. In order to meet the requirement of food of growing population and rapid industrialization, there is a need of the modernization of agriculture sector. On many farms production suffers because, delay in sowing, improper distribution suffer because delay in sowing, improper distribution of pesticides and fertilizers, harvesting. Mechanization solves all the problems which are responsible for low production. It conserves the input and precision in work and get better and Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-G

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer equal distribution. It reduces quantity needed for better response, prevent the losses and wastage of input applied. It get high productivity so that cost of production will reduced. To reach the requirement of production Agriculture implement and machinery program of the government take steps to increase availability of implement, pumps, tractors, power tillers, harvester and other power operated machines. Special emphasis was laid on the later as more than 65% of the farmers fall in small and marginal category. Generally mechanization of small forms are very difficult and non-affordable but Japanese make it happens. They are by proper mechanization they did farming and get more production than Indian. They are using the modern time saving machine of required sizes to get more production. Japanese led agriculture to new heights.

Crop yield is reduced by mainly due to attack of pests,diseases and weed. Chemical control is the popular method adopted for controlling most insects, weed and diseases. The chemicals are applied either by spraying, sprinkling or On the crop with help of pumpor dusting. Spraying is one of the most effective and efficient techniques for applying small volume of spray liquid to protect crops. In conventional methods, manually operated low and high volume hydraulic sprayer and power operated hydraulic sprayer with long boom, long lances or spray gun are used to carry fluid at different targets. In this method, the time and labour required is more. It is difficult to spray the pesticide uniformly and effectively throughout the tree by conventional method of spraying. Though this method gives good pest control, it consumes large volume of liquid per plant, great amount of time and labour are required. Also drip losses are more. Owing to concern towards protecting environment from pollution by Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-G

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer excessive use of pesticide and to economies the spraying method suitable alternative should be identified. In India, diverse farm mechanization scenario in country due to varied size of the farm holdings and socio-economic disparities. Most of farmer in India are small and marginal land holder. The spraying operation done by Knapsack sprayer which consumes more time and energy. Tractor operated sprayers are difficult for adaption by the farmer due to existing cropping patterns, available field size, field condition during the rainy season. To overcome these problem requirements for better adaptability. In the view self propelled small engine operated sprayer is batter option due to its medium cost and small size implying better manoeuvrability in the small land holding. Self propelled walking type sprayers can full fill the mechanization gap to do spraying operation at the faster rate. This shows there is an urgent need to introduce mechanical sprayer in Indian farm.

The

engine

manoeuvrable and

operated

self

propelled

sprayer

should

be

easily

less expensive for farmers or best source of power

mechanical spraying operation. Present pattern of row cropping concept widely adopted by Indian farmer and development of spraying vehicle type sprayer is the need of today. Keeping the above point of view, the present investigation was under taken to evaluate field performance of self propelled boom sprayer in the field crops and workout the cost of spraying operation. Mathew et al. (1992) studied test of power tiller operated boom sprayer. In this study the experiment was conducted for varying pressure on the power tiller operated boom sprayer provided with hollow cone nozzle. Also they illustrated

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer the relationship between pressure and cone angle, where cone angle is the angle subtended at the orifice by the edge of spray pattern. It was also observed that the cost of operating the boom sprayer reduced 29% as compared with the hand compression Knapsack sprayer. Padmananthan and Kathirvel (2007) evaluated the power tiller operated rear mounted boom sprayer for cotton crop. The performance of power tiller operated boom sprayer was satisfactory at a pressure of 3 kg/ cm2 and could be adopted by the farmers for spraying cotton crop and other row crops. it saves the cost and time of operation by 51% power operated Knapsack sprayer.

Veerangouda et al. (2010) evaluated the performance of bullock drawn sprayers for cotton crop. They reported that the bullock drawn traction sprayer was capable to cover 6 rows at a stretch with an average field capacity of 0.66 ha/h with a power output of 0.68 kW.

Also in this study average quantity of chemical solution sprayed per ha was 441.80 l/ha. The field capacity of bullock drawn engine sprayer was 1.19 ha/h with a power output of 0.60 kW. Gimenes et al. (2012) evaluated the performance of airassistance in spray booms which have different spray volumes and nozzle types.

Two spray nozzles (flat fan nozzle and hollow cone nozzle) were tested, combined with two air assistance levels in the spray boom (with and without air assistance) and a treatment control. They showed that hollow cone nozzle increased the spray deposit level on the corn plants compared with the flat fan nozzle, at growth stage V4.

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1.1 Status of agricultural mechanization in India Most of the developing countries of Asia have the problem of high population and low level of land productivity as compared to the developed nations. One of the main reasons for low productivity is insufficient power availability on the farms and low level of farm mechanization. This is especially true for India. It is now realized the world over that in order to meet the food requirements of the

growing

population

and

rapid

industrialization,

modernization

of

agriculture is inescapable.

It is said that on many farms, production suffers because of improper seedbed preparation and delayed sowing, harvesting and threshing. Mechanization enables the conservation of inputs through precision in metering ensuring better distribution, reducing quantity needed for better response and prevention of losses or wastage of inputs applied. Mechanization reduces unit cost of production through higher productivity and input conservation. Agricultural implement and machinery program of the government has been one of selective mechanization with a view to optimize the use of human, animal and other sources of power. In order to meet the requirements, steps were taken to increase availability of implements, irrigation pumps, tractors, power tillers, combine harvesters and other power operated machines and also to increase the production and availability of improved animal drawn implements. Special emphasis was laid on the later as more than 70% of the farmers fall in small and, marginal category.

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer 1.2JUSTIFICATION The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is the main organization looking after all agricultural research, including agricultural implements and machinery. It coordinates a number of research projects with centers at different places in the country. Some of the State Governments have also facilitated in setting up of research organizations at state level. Each of the state has at least one agricultural university.

A research program usually concentrates on the development of equipment suitable to a given farming conditions. The objective is to improve upon the performance of indigenous implements or develop a new implement that can either enhance labor productivity or appropriately mechanize the operation where a labor or power shortage hinders completing the task in time.

1.3 Sprayer A sprayer is a device used to spray a liquid, where sprayers are commonly used for projection of water, weed killers, crop performance materials, pest maintenance chemicals, as well as manufacturing and production line ingredients. In agriculture, a sprayer is a piece of equipment that is used to apply herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers on agricultural crops. Sprayers range in size from man-portable units (typically backpacks with spray guns) to trailed sprayers that are connected to a tractor, to self-propelled units similar to tractors, with boom mounts of 4-30 feet up to 60–151 feet in length depending on engineering design for tractor and land size.

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer 1.4Description of Agriculture Sprayers Agriculture sprayers come in various design types, sizes, equipment and performance specifications. There are small, spot spraying ag sprayers up to very large sprayers with extensive land and plant spray coverage. Agricultural sprayers have been engineered this way to optimize their applicability and performance for the many scenarios, crops, vegetation, and soil that sprayers are used on. Agriculture sprayers are often used for applying water and water chemical solutions

containing

acids

or

caustic

materials,

often

as

crop-

performance/pest-maintenance chemicals; i.e. fertilizers, pesticides, etc.

1.5Agricultural Sprayers There are a number of agriculture sprayers designed for spraying applications and designed to be versatile and suitable for various uses from spot applications, gardens, crops, row crops, crop trees, fruit, groves, vineyards, perimeter maintenance, livestock needs, weed control, pastures and rangeland. Examples of general sprayer types include 1.

Boom Sprayers

2.

Boomless Sprayer Nozzles

3.

Mist Sprayers

4.

Three (3) Point Hitch Sprayers

5.

Truck-Bed Sprayer

6.

Towing, Hitch Sprayer

7.

UTV Sprayer

8.

ATV Sprayer

9.

Spot Sprayer

10.

Backpack Sprayer

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1.6 Basic Components of Sprayer

Figure:1:Sprayer

a)

Pump:A pump is a piece of equipment used to move fluids, such as

liquids or slurries, or gases from one place to another. b)

Tank: It is the storage place of chemical solution. It is made up of PVC,

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c)

Air chamber: In a reciprocate type pump, an air chamber is provided on

the release line of the pump to level out the pulsations of the pump and thus given that an invariable nozzle pressure. d)

Pressure gauge:It is a dial gauge which shows the pressure at which the

liquid is delivering from the pump. e)

Pressure regulator:The pressure regulator use for some important

functions. It is the means of adjust the pressure is necessary for any spray job within the pressure choice of the pump. f)

Strainer:It is a little circular plastic ring with nylon wire mesh to filter

any dust element coming with the chemical solution it is included in the suction line connecting the chemical tank and the check valves. g)

Nozzles:It is the part which pull the fluid in to fine droplet.

Mechanization of spray fluid is usually achieved by releasing the liquid through lips called nozzle under pressure.

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CHAPTER-II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1Spraying Methods: One of the more common forms of pesticide application, especially in conventional agriculture, is the use of mechanical sprayers.

2.1.1Backpack (knapsack) sprayer One type of backpack sprayer is a compressed air sprayer with a harness that allows it to be carried on the operator's back. Another type of backpack sprayer has a hand-operated hydraulic pump that forces liquid pesticide through a hose and one or more nozzles. The pump is usually activated by moving a lever. A mechanical agitator plate may be attached to the pump plunger. Some of these sprayers can generate pressures of 100 pounds per square inch (psi) or more. Capacity of both these types of backpack sprayers is usually 5 gallons or less.

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Figure 2: Backpack type spraying Hydraulic sprayers consist of a tank, a pump, a lance (for single nozzles) or boom, and a nozzle (or multiple nozzles). Sprayers convert a pesticide formulation, often containing a mixture of water (or another liquid chemical carrier, such as fertilizer) and chemical, into droplets, which can be large raintype drops or tiny almost-invisible particles. This conversion is accomplished by forcing the spray mixture through a spray nozzle under pressure. The size of droplets can be altered through the use of different nozzle sizes, or by altering the pressure under which it is forced, or a combination of both. Large droplets have the advantage of being less susceptible to spray drift, but require more water per unit of land covered. Due to static electricity, small droplets are able to maximize contact with a target organism, but very still wind conditions are required. But, in this type of spraying, the labor has to carry all the weight of the pesticides filled tank which causes fatigue to labor and hence reduces the human capacity.

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2.1.2 Lite-Trac Lite-Trac is a trading name of Holme Farm Supplies Ltd, a manufacturer of agricultural machinery registered in England and based in Peterborough.The Lite-Trac name comes from "lite tractor", due to the patented

chassis design

enabling

the

inherently

very heavy

machines

manufactured by the company to have a light footprint for minimum soil compaction.

Figure 3: Lite-trac spraying

Holme Farm Supplies Ltd agricultural products, sold under the Lite-Trac name, include tool carriers, self-propelled lime and fertilizer spreaders, sprayers, granular applicators and tank masters. Lite-Trac is currently the manufacturer of Europe's largest four-wheeled self-propelled crop sprayers. The company's products are identifiable by the combination of unpainted stainless steel tanks and booms with bright yellow cabs and detailing. A Lite-Trac crop sprayer, or liquid fertilizer applicator, mounts onto the SS2400 Tool Carrier centrally between both axles to maintain equal weight distribution on all four wheels and a low centre of gravity whether empty or full. The stainless steel tanks are manufactured in capacities of up to 8,000 liters, whilst Pommier aluminium booms of up to 48 meters can be fitted, making these Europe’s largest fourwheele.

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2.1.3. Motorcycle driven Spraying In 1994, Mansukhbhai Jagani, developed an attachment for a motorbike to get a multi-purpose tool bar. It which addresses the twin problems of farmers in Saurashtra namely paucity of laborers and shortage of bullocks. This motor cycle driven plough can be used to carry out various farming operations like furrow

opening,

sowing,

inter-culturing

and

spraying

operations.

Mansukhbhai’s intermediate-technology contraption proved efficient and costeffective for small-sized farms.

Figure 4: Motorcycle driven spraying

It could plough one acre (0.4 ha) of land in less than half an hour on just two liters of diesel oil. Using motorbike-santi, the cost of weeding a typical field was found to be just Rs 8/ha because as much as 10 ha land could be covered in a single day. But, this spraying equipment needs fuel for its running and proper operation which increases its operating cost.

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2.1.4 Quadcopter Based Pesticide Spraying System Aerial sprayer is another type of spraying; it is beneficial for the farmers having large farms. This technique is not affordable by farmers having small and medium farm. It is modern technique in agricultural field. In aerial spraying the spraying is done with the help of small helicopter controlled by remote. On that sprayer is attached having multiple nozzles and sprayed it on the farm from some altitude. It is less time consuming and less human effort required to spray fertilizers.

Figure:5: Aerial Sprayer

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2.1.5 DRONE MOUNTED SPRAYER Construction

and

working

mechanism

The

process

of

construction and mechanism involved in the operation of developed prototype sprayer are discussed here. Construction: As its prefix implies, a hexa-copter (“hexa” = six) is a type of drone setup in which there are six arms and each arm is connected to a single high-speed BLDC motor, These high speed motors are mounted at the outer end of aluminium tubes (500 x 25mm) which in turn are fixed to the outer edge of the glass fibre airframe (2mm thickness) using the arm mount. Battery, high speed motor support tube, flight controller with GPS antenna, ESC, FPV camera, sensors and other circuit boards are mounted on air frame plate. A 5 l capacity fluid tank is fixed at the bottom of the glass fibre supporting plate and outlet of the fluid tank pipe is connected to the inlet of the spray motor. An aluminium pipe (14x1.5mm) is bent in an inverted U shape for making supporting frame in which fluid tank, sprayer motor and spray lance are mounted. Four nozzles are fixed on 1.3 m length of spray boom with 45 cm spacing between two nozzles. A 12 volts DC motor with pump is used to generate enough pressure to spray the liquid. Inlet liquid pipe of spray motor is connected to the outlet of fluid tank and outlet pipe is connected to sprayer nozzles. Landing gears are mounted at the bottom of drone mounted sprayer unit, which helps in safe takeoff and landing on ground surface before and after spraying operation. The overall specification of the developed drone mounted sprayer

and the

assembling and development of drone mounted sprayer

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer Electrical power supply system: A 2 LiPo (Lithium polymer) batteries consisting of six cells – 8000 mAh are used and they are connected in parallel system to provide the required power for the operation of dronemounted sprayer. When the drone mounted sprayer system is switched on, the receiver starts receiving the transmitted frequency from transmitter/remote control. The transmitter gives commands for takeoff and landing as well as left, right, forward, backward and yaw movements. Electrical power is supplied equally to all the 6 BLDC high speed motors and they will start to rotate at specified speed which is controlled by the respective ESC, when the accelerator/throttle is increased or decreased in the transmitter. A 12 volts DC motor with pump is connected to the battery system through sprayer motor speed controller board for generating the pressurized spray liquid and also the outlet discharge rate can be directly controlled by changing the sprayer motor governor in the transmitter.

Figure:6: Drone mounted Sprayer

2.1.6 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Sprayer The UAV selected that will ultimately serve as the platform for the developed spray application system is Rotomotion's SR200 (Rotomotion, LLC, Charleston, S.C.) (fig.7). The SR200 is a Vertical Take‐Off and Landing (VTOL) unmanned autonomous helicopter powered by a two stroke gasoline engine. It has a main rotor diameter of 3 m (118 in.) and a maximum payload of 22.7 kg Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-G

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer (50

lb).

An

additional

UAV

helicopter,

Rotomotion's

SR20,

which

is

battery‐powered and has a main rotor diameter of 1.75 m (69 in.), was used to develop control software familiarity as well as test and troubleshoot operational software interface and routines. FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM AND TELEMETRY An Autonomous Flight Control System (AFCS) is an integrated module mounted on the Rotomotion helicopters. The AFCS receives commands from a ground control station via a wireless telemetry system and controls the actions of the helicopters. The AFCS consists of five modular components: 1) a 3‐axis, 6 degree of freedom Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU); 2) a 3‐axis magnetometer; 3) a GPS; 4) a proprietary radio receiver with servo interface and safety pilot override; and 5) a Linux‐based flight computer. An Application Programming Interface (API) developed with C++ provided the capability to send messages from the AFCS to the ground station and from the ground station as commands to the AFCS. Through use of a number of software and shell commands pushed from the ground control system through unique Internet Protocol (IP) addresses for each UAV, command routines such as Ground, GCS, Run‐Sim, and Flyto can be used to control the UAV flight operations. The two most important commands are “Ground,” which tracks and controls the flight of the UAV, and “Flyto” which defines the waypoints of the flight and actuates the servos based on GPS triggering. ON‐BOARD SPRAYER A spray system was designed and constructed to be easily mounted onto the SR200. The spray system directly interfaced with UAV's electronic control systems to trigger spray release based on specified GPS coordinates and preprogram spray locations. The spray system consisted of four key components: a boom arm with mounted spray nozzles, a tank to house the spray material, a liquid gear pump, and a mechanism to control spray activation. All of these components, along with fuel Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-G

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer and chemical, had to weigh less than the maximum payload of the SR200, which was 22.7 kg (50 lb). A routine was developed to guide component selection and maximize available mission payload capacities for optimum spray mission efficiency.

Figure:7: Unmaned Aerial Vehicle Sprayer

2.1.7 Solar Operated Sprayer Solar pesticide sprayer can give less tariff or price in effective spraying. Solar energy is absorbed by the solar panel which contains photovoltaic cells. The conversion of the solar energy into electrical energy is done by these cells. This converted energy utilizes to store the voltage in the DC battery and that battery further used for driving the spray pump. Solar energy obtained by the sun is converted into electrical energy using solar panel by photovoltaic effect. The out put of the energy conversion is given to charge a deep cycle lead acid battery through a charge controller.

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer The charge controller limits the rate at which electric current is added to the battery.preventing overcharging and protecting against over voltage. It employs the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique which gradually stops charging the battery, The main advantage of PWM is that the power loss in the switching device is very low.

Figure:8: Solar Operated Sprayer

2.2 Attachments of sprayer: Weeders 2.2.1 Exact definition There is no universal definition for what qualifies as an obnoxious plant. However, a plant is often termed weed when it has one or more of the following characteristics: Little or no value (as in medicinal, nutritional, or energy) Very high growth rate and/or ease of germination Exhibits competition to crops, for space, light, water and nutrients.

2.2.2 Weeding or Weed control Weed control is the botanical component of pest control, using physical and chemical methods to stop weeds from reaching a mature stage of growth when they could be harmful to domesticated plants and livestock. In order to reduce weed growth, many "weed control" strategies have been developed in Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-G

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer order to contain the growth and spread of weeds. The most basic is ploughing which cuts the roots of annual weeds. Today, chemical weed killers known as herbicides are widely used.

2.2.3 Effects on other plants Weeds can compete with productive crops or pasture, or convert productive land into unusable scrub. Weeds are also often poisonous, distasteful, produce burrs, thorns or other damaging body parts or otherwise interfere with the use and management of desirable plants by contaminating harvests or excluding livestock. Weeds tend to thrive at the expense of the more refined edible or ornamental crops. They provide competition for space, nutrients, water and light, although how seriously they will affect a crop depends on a number of factors. Some crops have greater resistance than others- smaller, slower growing seedlings are more likely to be overwhelmed than those that are larger and more vigorous. Onions are one of the crops most susceptible to competition, for they are slow to germinate and produce slender, upright stems. Quick growing, broad leafed weeds therefore have a distinct advantage, and if not removed, the crop is likely to be lost. Broad beans however produce large seedlings, and will suffer far less profound effects of weed competition other than during periods of water shortage at the crucial time when the pods are filling out. Transplanted crops raised in sterile seed or potting compost will have a head start over germinating weed seeds. Weeds also differ in their competitive abilities, and can vary according to conditions and the time of year. Tall growing vigorous weeds such as fat hen (Chenopodium album) can have the most pronounced effects on adjacent crops, although seedlings of fat hen Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-G

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer that appear in late summer will only produce small plants. Chickweed (Stellaria media), a low growing plant, can happily co-exist with a tall crop during the summer, but plants that have overwintered will grow rapidly in early spring and may swamp crops such as onions or spring greens.The presence of weeds does not necessarily mean that they are competing with a crop, especially during the early stages of growth when each plant can find the resources it requires without interfering with the others. However, as the seedlings’ size increases, their root systems will spread as they each begin to require greater amounts of water and nutrients. Estimates suggest that weed and crop can co-exist harmoniously for around three weeks, therefore it is important that weeds be removed early on in order to prevent competition occurring. Weed competition can have quite dramatic effects on crop growth. Harold A Roberts cites research carried out with onions wherein "Weeds were carefully removed from separate plots at different times during the growth of the crop and the plots were then kept clean. It was found that after competition had started, the final yield of bulbs was being reduced at a rate equivalent to almost 4% per day. So that by delaying weeding for another fortnight, the yield was cut to less than half that produced on ground kept clean all the time." (The Complete Know And Grow Vegetables, Bleasdale, Salter and others, OUP 1991). He goes on to record that "by early June, the weight of weeds per unit area was twenty times that of the crop, and the weeds had already taken from the soil about half of the nitrogen and a third of the potash which had been applied".

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer

2.2.4 Methods of Weed Control In domestic gardens, methods of weed control include covering an area of ground with several layers of wet newspaper or one black plastic sheet for several weeks. In the case of using wet newspaper, the multiple layers prevent light from reaching all plants beneath, which kills them. Saturating the newspaper with water daily speeds the decomposition of the dead plants. Any weed seeds that start to sprout because of the water will also be deprived of sunlight, be killed, and decompose. After several weeks, all germinating weed seeds present in the ground should be dead. Then the newspaper can be removed and the ground can be planted. The decomposed plants will help fertilize the plants or seeds planted later. Typically a combination of methods is used in organic situations.

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer i. Manually pulling weeds Laborers are used to pull weeds at various points in the growing process.

Figure: 9: Manually pulling weed

ii. Boiling water Pour boiling water to weed, they will become more green and then die in few hours. Best for weed in cracks or other hard to reach locations.

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iii. Vinegar Vinegar kills the visible part of the weed. They will wrinkle and die next day, although the root will still be in place to continue growing.

iv. Mechanically tilling around plants Tractors are used to carefully till weeds around the crop plants at various points in the growing process. Besides tilling, other mechanical weed control methods also exist.

Figure:10: Mechanically tilling around plants

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v. Ploughing Ploughing

includes

tilling

of

soil,

intercultural

ploughing and summer ploughing. Ploughing through tilling of soil uproots the weeds ssswhich causes them to die. In summer ploughing is done during deep summers. Summer ploughing also helps in killing pests.

Figure:11: Ploughing

vi. Crop rotation Rotating crops with ones that kill weeds by choking them out, such as hemp, Mucuna pruriens, and other crops, can be a very effective method of weed control. It is a way to avoid the use of herbicides, and to gain the benefits of crop rotation.

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CHAPTER-III METHODS & METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction In our country farming is done by traditional way, besides that there is large development of industrial and service sector as compared to that of agriculture. The spraying is traditionally done by labor carrying backpack type sprayer which requires more human effort. The weeding is generally done with the help of Bulls which becomes costly for farmers having small farming land. So to overcome these above two problems, we tried to eliminate these problems and designed the equipment which will be beneficial to the farmer for the spraying and weeding operations.

3.2 Objectives •

Decrease the operational cost by using new mechanism.

•

Work reliably under different working conditions.

•

Decrease the cost of machine.

•

Decrease labor cost by advancing the spraying method.

•

Machine can be operated in small farming land (5 acre).

•

Making such a machine which can be able to perform both the operation

(spraying and weeding).

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer So considering these points related to spraying and weeding an attempt is made to design and fabricate such equipment which will able to perform both the operations more efficiently and also will results in low cost.

3.3

Spraying technology I.

High volume spraying

II.

Low volume spraying

III.

Ultra low volume spraying

IV.

Electrostatic Pesticide Spraying System

3.3.1High volume spraying

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3.3.2 Low volume spraying

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3.3.3 Ultra low volume spraying

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3.3.4 Electrostatic Pesticide Spraying System An electrostatic spray charging device (ESCD) was designed for high-volume application, and it incorporated an outer annular induction charging electrode around a hydraulic nozzle with a high flow rate . Efficient induction charging was achieved at low voltage in a high humidity and dusty environment. The open section on the side of the ESCD generated an air stream via suctioning at the nozzle tip. This air stream protected the electrode against adhesion by spray droplets that could cause undesirable corona discharge. In order to evaluate the charging performance of the ESCD, we measured the charge-to-mass ratio (CMR) of spray droplets. When the voltage applied to the electrode was gradually increased to +4 kV, the CMR of spray droplets increased without discharge or electric leakage from the electrode. Conversely, the CMR decreased when the applied voltage exceeded +6 to 8.5 kV. The CMR was constantly higher when using hollow-cone spray nozzles instead of flat-fan spray nozzles . The CMR decreased by 13 to 18% when the gap between the spray cone and electrode was increased by 1.6 mm. The CMR obtained by this system was 0.20 to -0.45 mC/kg at +4 kV with the hollowcone nozzle having a high flow rate of 0.56 to 2.6 L/min

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Figure:12:Boom-type electrostatic sprayer

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3.4 Parameters affecting spraying

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3.4.1 Spray drift Physical movement of pesticide droplets or particles through the air at the time of pesticide application or soon thereafter from the target site to any non- orofftarget site. There are two kinds of drift: Particle drift is off-target movement of the spray particles  Vapor drift is the volatilization of the pesticide modules and their movement off target

3.5 Drift Management  Choose appropriate nozzle which can have better converge on surface with optimum size droplet  Reducing the distance between target and nozzle is useful for decreasing drift  Some additive can be used at spraying chemical for reducing  The reduction in drift used electrostatic force on smaller droplets than the gravitational force

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3.6 Desine Of Agriculture Sprayer

INTRODUCTION DESIGN SOFTWARE CATIAV5 computer-aided three-dimensional interactive application) is a multiplatform software suite for computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), computer-aided engineering (CAE), PLM and 3D, developed by the French company Dassault Systèm

HISTORY CATIA started as an in-house development in 1977 by French aircraft manufacturer AVIONS MARCEL DASSAULT, at that time customer of the CADAM software[1] to develop Dassault's Mirage fighter jet. It was later adopted by the aerospace, automotive, shipbuilding, and other industries. Initially named CATI (conception assistée tridimensionnelle interactive – French for interactive aided three-dimensional design), it was renamed CATIA in 1981 when Dassault created a subsidiary to develop and sell the software and signed a nonexclusive distribution agreement with IBM. In November 2010, Dassault Systems launched CATIA V6R2011x, the latest release of its PLM2.0 platform, while continuing to support and improve its CATIA V5 software. In June 2011, Dassault Systems launched V6 R2012. In 2012, Dassault Systems launched V6 2013x. In 2014, Dassault Systems launched 3DEXPERIENCE Platform R2014x [10] and CATIA on the Cloud, a cloud version of its software.

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SCOPE OF APPLICATION Commonly referred to as a 3D Product Lifecycle Management software suite, CATIA supports multiple stages of product development (CAx), including conceptualization, design (CAD), engineering (CAE) and manufacturing (CAM). CATIA facilitates collaborative engineering across disciplines around its 3DEXPERIENCE platform, including surfacing & shape design, electrical, fluid and electronic systems design, mechanical engineering and systems engineering. CATIA facilitates the design of electronic, electrical, and distributed systems such as fluid and HVAC systems, all the way to the production of documentation for manufacturing

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CATIA enables the creation of 3D parts, from 2D sketches, sheet metal, composites, and molded, forged or tooling parts up to the definition of mechanical assemblies. The software provides advanced technologies for mechanical surfacing & BIW. It provides tools to complete product definition, including functional tolerances as well as kinematics definition. CATIA provides a wide range of applications for tooling design, for both generic tooling and mold & die. In the case of Aerospace engineering an additional module named the aerospace sheet metal design offers the user combine the capabilities of generative sheet metal design and generative surface design.

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DESIGN CATIA offers a solution to shape design, styling, surfacing workflow and visualization to create, modify and validate complex innovative shapes from industrial design to Class-A surfacing with the ICEM surfacing technologies. CATIA supports multiple stages of product design whether started from scratch or from 2D sketches (blueprints).

INDUSTRIES CATIA can be applied to a wide variety of industries, from aerospace and defense, automotive, and industrial equipment, to high tech, shipbuilding, consumer goods, plant design, consumer packaged goods, life sciences, architecture and construction, process power and petroleum, and services. CATIA V4, CATIA V5, Pro/ENGINEER, NX (formerly Unigraphics), and Dassault Systems' own Solid Works platform are the dominant systems

File compatibility and CATIA V4 /V5 /V6 conversion Dassault Systems provides utilities to convert CATIA V4 data files so they are accessible to CATIA V5 and CATIA V6. Still, cases show that there can be issues in the data conversion from CATIA V4 to V5 from either difference in the geometric kernel between CATIA V4 and CATIA V5 or by the modeling methods employed by end users. The percentage loss can be minimized by using the appropriate pre-conversion clean-up, choosing the appropriate conversion options, and clean-up activities after conversion.

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer Conversion from CATIA Version 4 to Version 5 created construction problems for the Airbus A380 aircraft. These problems resulted in $6.1B of additional costs due to years of project delays when aircraft wiring was too short to make connections. Transition from V5 to V6 is facilitated because they are sharing the same geometric kernel. Third-party file translators also up-convert CATIA files between versions.

Competition CATIA competes in the high-end CAD/CAM/CAE market with Siemens NX

BASIC COMMANDS TO CATIA V5 SPECIFICATION TREE

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MOUSE CONTROLS

VIEW TOOLBAR

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OTHER COMMONLY USED TOOLS:

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Sketcher Module The Sketcher workbench is a set of tools that helps you create and constrain 2D geometries. Features (pads, pockets, shafts, etc...) may then be created solids or modifications to solids using these 2D profiles. You can access the Sketcher workbench in many ways. Two simple ways are by using the top pull down menu (Start – Mechanical Design – Sketcher), or by selecting the Sketcher icon. When you enter the sketcher, CATIA requires that you choose a plane to sketch on. You can choose this plane either before or after you select the Sketcher icon. To exit the sketcher, select the Exit Workbench icon. The Sketcher workbench contains the following standard workbench specific toolbars.

• Profile toolbar: The commands located in this toolbar allow you to create simple geometries (rectangle, circle, line, etc...) and more complex geometries (profile, spine, etc...). • Operation toolbar: Once a profile has been created, it can be modified using commands such as trim, mirror, chamfer, and other commands located in the Operation toolbar. Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-G

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer • Constraint toolbar: Profiles may be constrained with dimensional (distances, angles, etc...) or geometrical (tangent, parallel, etc...) constraints using the commands located in the Constraint toolbar.

• Sketch tools toolbar: The commands in this toolbar allow you to work in different modes which make sketching easier.

Part Design Module Part design environment is used to create 3D models from the basic 2D sketches created in sketcher environment.

Some of the commands in workbench explained below

PAD command In most CAD software, the equivalent of this is called EXTRUDE, but in CATIA we call it PAD. This command adds material in the third direction, a direction other than the sketch.

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POCKET command The POCKET commands somehow the opposite of PAD command. It simply helps remove geometry belonging to an already create part. On the figure below the POCKET command is helping to create the cylinder hole in the middle of the cube.

SHAFT command It is like revolve command in other CAD software, the SHAFT command is mostly used to make shaft like parts. It requires an axis, around which the sketch will be resolved.

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RIB command This command which is usually known as SWEEP is called RIB IN CATIA. It adds material along a guide curve. RIB is used to make components like springs, pipes etc.

SLOT command

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer SLOT removes the material along a guide curve. Here is an example of slot. While using SLOT, I have used the same guide curve that was used for RIB. This ensures that the cross section will be uniform throughout.

1. Step 4: Assembly Module Assembly environment is used to provide mating to two or more part models to from complete assembly

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We have two approaches in assembly Top -down approach Bottom -up approach Entire design structure will be created in product environment in Top - down approach whereas in bottom - up parts will be created separately and will be mated using mating or constraint tools.

2. Step 5: Drafting Module Drafting is a process of generating 2D machine drawing for the 3D part models to send it to the manufacturers. Catia drafting is of two types 1. Interactive Drafting 2. Generative Drafting

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ASSEMBLY DESIGN IN CATIA The Assembly Design used to create an assembly starting from scratch. Here is illustration of the several stages of creation you may encounter for an assembly.

Creating an Assembly Document This task will show you how to enter the Assembly Design workbench to create a new assembly from scratch. Select the Start -> Mechanical Design -> Assembly Design command to launch the required workbench. The Assembly Design workbench is opened. You can see that “Product1” is displayed in the specification tree, indicating the building block of the assembly to be created. To create an assembly, you need products. The application uses the term “product” or “component” to indicate assemblies or parts. You can use parts to create products. Those products can in turn be used to create other products. The product document contains: a specification tree to the left of the application window, specific toolbars to the right of the application window, a number of contextual commands available in the specification tree and in the geometry. Note that these commands can also be accessed from the menu bar.

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer Inserting a Components This task will show you how to insert a component into an existing assembly. In the specification tree, select Product1 and click the New Component icon The structure of your assembly now includes Product1 (Product1.1).

Inserting a New Product This task will show you how to insert a product in an existing assembly. In the specification tree, select Product1 and click the New Product icon. The Product2 (Product2.1) is created in the specification tree.

Inserting a New Part This task will show you how to insert a new part in an existing assembly. In the specification tree, select Product1 and click the New Part icon

. If geometry exists in the assembly, the New

Part: Origin Point dialog box is displayed, proposing two options to locate the part: Click Yes to locate the part origin point on a selected point, on another component for example. Click No to define the origin point of a component based on the origin point of the parent component.

Defining a Multi-Instantiation This task shows you how to repeat components as many times as you wish in the direction of your choice. Select the component you wish to instantiate. Click the Define Multi-Instantiation icon . The Multi-Instantiation dialog box is displayed, indicating the name of the component to be instantiated. The Parameters option lets you choose between the following categories of parameters to define: Instances & Spacing, Instances & Length and Spacing & Length. To define the direction of creation, check x-axis. The application previews the location of the new components. Click OK to create the components.

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer Fast Multi-Instantiation This task shows you how to repeat components using the parameters previously set in the Multi Instantiation command. You will use the Fast Multi-Instantiation command to quickly repeat the component of your choice. The operation is very simple. Select the component you wish to instantiate. Click the Fast Multi-Instantiation icon . The result is immediate. Three components are created according to the parameters defined in the Multi-Instantiation dialog box.

Using Assembly Constraints This section describes the notions and operating modes you will need to set and use constraints in your assembly structure. Constraints allow you to position mechanical components correctly in relation to the other components of the assembly. You just need to specify the type of constraints you wish to set up between two components, and the system will place the components exactly the way you want. Setting constraints is rather an easy task. However, you should keep in mind the following: You can apply constraints only between the child components of the active component. You cannot define constraints between two geometric elements belonging to the same component. You cannot apply a constraint between two components belonging to the same subassembly if this subassembly is not the active component. The active component is blue framed (default color) and underlined. Double-clicking activates it. The selected component is orange framed (default color).

Creating a Coincidence Constraint Coincidence-type constraints are used to align elements. Depending on the selected elements, you may obtain concentricity, coaxiality or coplanarity. Click the Coincidence Constraint icon Select the face to be constrained. Select the second face to be constrained. Green arrows appear on the selected faces, indicating orientations. The Constraint Properties dialog box that appears displays the properties of the constraint. The components involved and their status are indicated. You can define the orientation of the faces to be constrained by choosing one of these options: Undefined

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer (the application finds the best solution), Same, opposite. Click OK to create the coincidence constraint. This constraint is added to the specification tree too.

Creating a Contact Constraint Contact-type constraints can be created between two planar faces (directed planes). Click the Contact Constraint icon . Select the faces to be constrained. As the contact constraint is created, one component is moved so as to adopt its new position. Green graphic symbols are displayed in the geometry area to indicate that this constraint has been defined. This constraint is added to the specification tree.

Creating an Offset Constraint When defining an offset constraint between two components, you need to specify how faces should be oriented. Click the Offset Constraint icon . Select the faces to be constrained. The Constraint Properties dialog box that appears displays the properties of the constraint. The components involved and their status are indicated. You can define the orientation of the faces to be constrained by choosing one of these options. Click OK to create the offset constraint.

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Creating an Angle Constraint Angle-type constraints fall into three categories: Angle, Parallelism (angle value equals zero), Perpendicularity (angle value equals 90 degrees). When setting an angle constraint, you will have to define an angle value. Click the Angle Constraint icon . Select the faces to be constrained. The Constraint Properties dialog box is displayed with the properties of the selected constraint and the list of available constraints. Keep the Angle option. Enter angle in the Angle field and keep Sector 1. Note that four sectors are available: . Click OK to create the angle constraint.

Fixing a Component Fixing a component means preventing this component from moving from its parents during the update operation. There are two ways of fixing a component: by fixing its position according to the geometrical origin of the assembly, which means setting an absolute position. This operation is referred to as “Fix in space”. By fixing its position according to other components, which means setting a relative position. This operation is referred to as “Fix”.

Fix in Space: Click the Fix icon . Select the component to be fixed, that is the light blue component. The constraint is created. A green anchor is displayed in the geometry area to indicate that this constraint has been defined. Fix:Double-click the fix constraint you have just created to edit it. In the dialog box that appears,click More to expand the dialog box. Uncheck the Fix in space option to the left of the dialog box.The lock symbol is no longer displayed in the specification tree, meaning that the component is positioned according to the other components only. Move the fixed component. Click OK toconfirm. Update the assembly: now the component remains at its location.

Fixing Components Together

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer This task consists in fixing two components together. The Fix Together command attaches selected elements together. You can select as many components as you wish, but they must belong to the active component. Click the Fix Together icon . You can select the components in the specification tree or in the geometry area. The Fix Together dialog box appears, displaying the list of selected components. In the Name field, enter a new name for the group of components you want to create. Click OK. The components are attached to each other. Moving one of them moves the other one too.

Using the Quick Constraint Command The Quick Constraint command creates the first possible constraint as specified in the priority list. Double-click the Quick Constraint icon Select the two entities to be constrained. The possible constrain between these will be according to list specifying the order of constraint creation: Surface contact, Coincidence, Offset, Angle and Parallelism. The first constraint in the list can now be set. A surface contact constraint is

Changing Constraints Changing a constraint means replacing the type of this constraint by another type. This operation is possible depending on the supporting elements. You can select any constraints, not necessarily inthe active component. Select the constraint to be changed. Click the Change Constraint icon The Change Type dialog box that appears, displays all possible constraints. Select the new type of constraint. Click Apply to preview the constraint in the specification tree and the geometry. Click OK to validate the operation.

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer Deactivating or Activating Constraints Deactivating or activating constraints means specifying if these constraints must be taken into account during updates or not. Select any activated constraint. Right-click and select the Deactivate contextual command. The constraint is deactivated. The graphic symbol representing the deactivated constraint is now displayed in white. Repeat step and right-click to select the Activate contextual command to activate the selected constraint.

Updating an Assembly Updating an assembly means updating its components as well as its constraints. The application lets you choose between updating the whole assembly or the components of your choice. The constraints are in black, indicating they need an update. The default color is black, but the application allows you to redefine the colors you want. To do so, refer to Customizing Constraint Appearance. Select the Tools -> Options command, then expand the Mechanical Design section to the left to access Assembly Design options. You can choose between two update modes within the Assembly Design workbench: Automatic or Manual. Check the Manual option in the Update frame. Click OK to confirm and close the dialog box. Click the Update icon to update the whole assembly. The assembly is updated.

Using a Part Design Pattern This task shows you how to repeat a component using a pattern created in Part Design. Select the rectangular pattern in the tree or in the geometry. Control-click to select the component to be The Instantiation on a pattern dialog box is displayed, indicating the name of the pattern, the number of instances to be created (for information only) and the name of the component to be repeated. There are two work modes: Using associativity with the geometry: the option “Keep link with the pattern” is on, Using no associativity: the option is off. To define the first instance of the component to be duplicated, three options are available:

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer Reuse the original component, create a new instance, cut & paste the original component. Click OK to repeat the second component. The new component “xxx on RectPattern.xx” is displayed in the tree. An entity “Assembly features” has been created in the tree. “Reused Rectangular Pattern.1” is displayed below this entity. If you use the option “generated constraints”, the Reuse Constraints section displays the constraints detected for the component and makes all original constraints available for selection: You can define whether you wish to reproduce one or more original constraints when instantiating the component.

Moving Components 6.8.1 Manipulating Components

Snapping Components The Snap command projects the geometric element of a component onto another geometric element belonging to the same or to a different component. Using this command is a convenient way to translate or rotate components. Depending on the selected elements, you will obtain

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer Different results. First Element

Last Element

Selected

Selected

point

point

point

line

point

plane

line

line

line

plane

plane

line

Result

Identical points. The point is projected onto the line. The point is projected onto the plane. Both lines become collinear. The line is projected onto the plane. The plane passes through the line.

Smart Move The Smart Move command combines the Manipulate and Snap capabilities. Optionally, it creates constraints. The Quick Constraint frame contains the list of the constraints that can be set. This list displays these constraints in a hierarchical order and can be edited by using both arrows to right of the dialog box. The application creates the first possible constraint as specified in the list of constraints having priority.

Sectioning This task you will create section planes, orient the plane with respect to the absolute axis system, invert the normal vector of the plane. Click the Sectioning icon. The section plane is automatically created. The plane is created parallel to absolute coordinates Y, Z. The center of the plane is located at the center of the bounding sphere around the products in the selection you defined. Line segments visualized represent the intersection of the plane with all products in the selection. The Sectioning Definition dialog box contains a wide variety of tools letting you Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-G

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer position, move and rotate the section plane. A Preview window, showing the generated section, also appears. 3D section cuts cut away the material from the plane. Click the Volume Cut icon in the Sectioning Definition dialog box to obtain a section cut. You can position section planes with respect to a geometrical target (a face, edge, reference plane or cylinder axis). You can view the generated section in a separate viewer.

Assembly Features Prior to creating assembly features, keep in mind the following. You can create assembly features only between the child components of the active product. The active product at least must include two components, which in turn must contain one part at least. You cannot create assembly features between two geometric elements belonging to the same component. The different assembly features you can create are: Split, Hole, Pocket, Remove, Add, Perform a Symmetry.

Assembly Split The dialog box that appears when you click Assembly Split, displays the names as well as the paths of the parts that may be affected by the split action. Move the parts to the list ‘Affected parts”. Arrows in the geometry indicate the portion of parts that will be kept after splitting. If the arrows point in the wrong direction, click them to reverse the direction. Click OK to confirm. To edit an assembly split, double-click ‘Assembly Split.X’ in assembly features available in history tree.

Creating Scenes Scenes enable you to: work on the evolution of an assembly in a separate window from the actual assembly and to impart updates to the assembly as you see fit. Save a copy of an assembly in a separate window, work on the evolution of that assembly directly on the assembly. You can modify the following attributes either in the scene or in the assembly without the modifications being replicated in the other: the viewpoint, the graphical attributes of the components, the “show” or “hide” state of the components, the “active” or “not-active” state of the components. Scenes are identified by name in the specification tree and by a graphical representation in the geometry area. Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-G

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer The Edit Scene dialog box and a scene representation in the document window are displayed. Click Ok to end the scene creation. You are now in a scene window: The background color turns to green. Scene 1 is identified in the specification tree. Perform the required modifications. For instance modify: viewpoint, graphical attributes, show-no show. Within a scene, click the Reset selected products icon to reposition the components as they were in the initial product. Note that color attributes and the show-hide specification are not taken into account when using the Reset selected products icon. Click the Exit From Scene icon to swap to the initial window. Double-click Scene 1 either in the specification tree or in the geometry area to swap to the scene window.

Exploding a Constrained Assembly This task shows how to explode an assembly taking into account the assembly constraints. This Explode type is applicable only to specific cases. When the assembly is assigned coincidence constraints: axis/axis & plane/plane. Click the Explode icon . The Explode dialog box is displayed. Wheel Assembly is selected by default, keep the selection as it is. The Depth parameter lets you choose between a total (All levels) or partial (First level) exploded view. Keep All levels set by default. Set the explode type. 3D is the default type. Keep it. Click Apply to perform the operation.

Detecting Interferences Checking for interferences is done in two steps: Initial computation: detects and identifies the different types of interference. Detailed computation: computes the graphics representation of interferences as well as the minimum distance. Two interference types are available: Contact + Clash, Clearance + Contact + Clash. Results differ depending on the interference type selected for the analysis. Four computation types are available: Between all components, Inside one selection, Selection against all, Between two selections. Click Apply to check for interferences. A progress bar is displayed letting you monitor and, if necessary, interrupt (Cancel option) the calculation. The Check Clash dialog box expands to show the results. Clash: red intersection curves identify clashing products. Contact: yellow triangles identify products in

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer contact. Clearance: green triangles identify products separated by less than the specified clearance distance.

Customizing Assembly Design 6.14.1 Customizing Assembly Design Settings This task will show you how to customize Assembly Design settings. Select Tools -> Options. Click the Mechanical Design category, then the Assembly Design subcategory. The General tab appears, displaying the following options: Update, Access to geometry, Move components.

Customizing General Settings Select the Tools -> Options… command. Click the Infrastructure category, then the Part Infrastructure subcategory. The General tab appears, containing three categories of options: External References, Update and Delete Operation

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CHAPTER-IV EXPERIMANTAL DISCUSSION 4.1 Brief Description of Model

Figure:13: Practical model

 Handle for controlling.  Reciprocating pump.  Connecting link (bar).  Flexible pipes.  Nozzles.  Wheel.  Crank.  Supporting wheels.  Storage tank.

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer The machine shown in figure is designed to perform the two operations namely “Spraying”. For Spraying pesticides, the reservoir tank contains pesticides is attached to the reciprocating pump. The outlet of the pump is connected to the spraying nozzle through flexible pipe. A cutting plate is attached just below the reservoir tank for the weeding purpose.

4.2 Working When the equipment is push forward by using handles, front wheel rotates and the gear is mounted at the axle of wheel is start to rotate and its rotation is then transferred to the pinion through the chain drive. The rotary motion of the pinion is converted into the reciprocating motion by the single slider crank mechanism, due to this arrangement the connecting rod moves upward and downward which then reciprocate the piston of single acting reciprocating pump mounted at the top of storage tank. During the upward motion of the connecting rod the pesticide is drawn into the pump and during the downward motion of connecting rod the pesticide is forced to the delivery valve, the delivery is connected to the pipe carrying the number of nozzles.

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer 4.3 Detailed Description It consists of the following parts

4.3.1 Reciprocating pump These types of pump operate by using a reciprocating piston. The liquid enters a pumping chamber via an inlet valve and is pushed out via an outlet valve by the action of the piston or diaphragm. Reciprocating pumps are generally very efficient and are suitable for very high heads at low flows. This type of pump is self priming as it can draw liquid from a level below the suction flange even if the suction pipe is not evacuated. The pump delivers reliable discharge flows and is often used for metering duties delivering accurate quantities of fluid.

Figure:14:Reciprocating pump

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Figure:15: Connecting link

4.3.3 Nozzles The nozzle is a critical part of any sprayer. Nozzles perform three functions:  Regulate flow.  Atomize the mixture into droplets.  Disperse the spray in a desirable pattern. The hydraulic spray nozzle used in the application of pesticides has several functions. One of its main purposes is to convert the spray solution into droplets for efficient target coverage. The target may be foliage, bark, stumps, soil or insects.

In association with other variables, e.g. height above target, travelling speed, operating pressure, the nozzle also has a role in spray pattern delivery, volume rate delivered and sprays quality produced. Various nozzle types are required to accomplish these roles within a range of operating variables.

Nozzles are generally best suited for certain purposes and less desirable for others. In general, herbicides are most effective when applied as droplets of approximately 250 microns; fungicides are most effective at 100 to 150 microns, and insecticides at about 100 microns.

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer Nozzles determine the rate of pesticide distribution at a particular pressure, forward Speed and nozzle spacing. Drift can be minimized by selecting nozzles that produce the largest droplet size while providing adequate coverage at the intended application rate and pressure.

Nozzles are made from several types of materials. The most common are brass, plastic, nylon, stainless steel, hardened stainless steel, and ceramic. Brass nozzles are the least expensive but are soft and wear rapidly. Nylon nozzles resist corrosion, but some chemicals cause thermoplastic to swell. Nozzles made from harder metals usually cost more but will usually wear longer.

Figure:16: Nozzle

4.3.4 Wheel Wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate on an axial bearing. The wheel is one of the main components of the wheel and axle which is one of the six simple machines. Wheels, in conjunction with axles, allow heavy objects to be moved easily facilitating movement or transportation while supporting a load, or performing labor in machines. Wheels are also used for other purposes, such as a ship's wheel, steering wheel, potter's wheel and flywheel. Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-G

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer

Figure:17: Wheel

Common examples are found in transport applications. A wheel greatly reduces friction by facilitating motion by rolling together with the use of axles. In order for wheels to rotate, a moment needs to be applied to the wheel about its axis, either by way of gravity, or by the application of another external force or torque.

4.3.5 Crank A crank is an arm attached at right angles to a rotating shaft by which reciprocating motion is imparted to or received from the shaft. It is used to convert circular motion into reciprocating motion, or vice-versa. The arm may be a bent portion of the shaft, or a separate arm attached to it. Attached to the end of the crank by a pivot is a rod, usually called a connecting rod. The end of the rod attached to the crank moves in a circular motion, while the other end is usually constrained to move in a linear sliding motion.

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer

Figure:18:Crank (mechanism)

The term often refers to a human-powered crank which is used to manually turn an axle, as in a bicycle crank set or a brace and bit drill. In this case a person's arm or leg serves as the connecting rod, applying reciprocating force to the crank. There is usually a bar perpendicular to the other end of the arm, often with a freely rotatable handle or pedal attached.

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CHAPTER-V RESULTS & DISCUSSION

5.1 Selection Of Reciprocating Pump

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5.2 SPECIFICATIONS Specifications of machine

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer 5.3 TESTING OF MACHINE The machine is tested on the farming land and got the satisfactory results and then it is compared with traditional method

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CHAPTER-VI SUMMARY & SUGGESTIONS As shown in result, it reduces the labor cost by resolving the two days work in a single day. So the proposed machine not only saves the money but also the time. The proposed machine takes Rs. 10700/- for spraying 1 acre of land in one day whereas traditional method takes Rs. 11300/- in two day.

In India, diverse farm mechanization scenario in country due to varied size of the farm holdings and socio-economic disparities. Most of farmer in India are small and marginal land holder.

The spraying operation done by Knapsack sprayer which consumes more time and energy. Tractor operated sprayers are difficult for adaption by the farmer due to existing cropping patterns, available field size, field condition during the rainy season.

To overcome these problem requirements for better adaptability. In the view self propelled small engine operated sprayer is batter option due to its medium cost and small size implying better manoeuvrability in the small land

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer holding. Self propelled walking type sprayers can full fill the mechanization gap to do spraying operation at the faster rate.

6.1 Advantages  Cost effective  Spraying is better  The cost is lower  Operation safety  Less human effort  Easy to operate

6.2 Disadvantages  Output pressure is low compared to power sprayers  Spraying can be done at minimum heights  More effective only at dry lands

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CHAPTER-VII CONCLUSION & REFERENCE

7.1 CONCLUSION The equipment is purposely design for the farmers having small farming land say 5-6 acre. It is suitable for spraying as well as weeding at minimum cost for the farmer so that he can afford it. The equipment will results more beneficial when it is subjected to moist soil for weeding purpose, due to moist soil the weed cutter can easily penetrate and dig out the soil and hence will easily accomplished the weeding process.

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Figure:19:Working model of agricultural pesticide sprayer

The performance of the equipment will increase when it is operates on the smooth surface or less uneven surface and also it will be more effective when it is used on the crops having nearly similar height and having the less space between two crops

7.2 REFERENCES [1] R. Joshua, V. Vasu and P. Vincent “Solar Sprayer - An Agriculture Implement”, “International Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 2 (1): 16-19, 2010 ISSN 2079-2107” [2] R. D. Fox, R. C. Derksen, “Visual and image system measurement of spray deposits using water–sensitive paper” Applied Engineering in Agriculture Vol. Department of Mechanical Engineering :: NEC-G

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Agriculture Pesticide sprayer 19(5): 549–552 2003 American Society of Agricultural Engineers ISSN 0883– 8542

[3] M. A. Miller, B. L. Steward, M. L. Westphalen “Effects of multi−mode four−wheel steering on sprayer machine performance”, American Society of Agricultural Engineers ISSN 0001−2351 [4] A. Taiwo K. Oje, “Development and testing of a swirl chamber nozzle”, Journal of Agricultural Engineering and sTechnology (JAET), Volume 16 (N0. 1) June, 2008

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