Globalization

Metaphors of Globalization Solid & Liquid Solidity refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult the movement of things. Solids can either be natural or manmade Example of natural solids are landforms & bodies of water. Man-made barriers include the Great Wall of China & the Berlin Wall An imaginary line such as the nine-dash line used by

BERLIN WALL

An imaginary line such as the nine-dash line used by by the People’s Republic of China in their claim to the South China Sea is an example of modern man-made solid. Liquid , as state of matter, takes the shape of its container which means liquids are not fixed, therefore, refers to the increasing ease of movement of people, things, information & places in the contemporary world.

Today’s liquid phenomena change quickly & their aspects, spatial & temporal are in continuous fluctuation. This means that space & time are crucial elements of globalization, in global finance, for instance changes in the stock market are a matter of seconds. Another characteristic of liquid phenomena is that their movement is difficult to stop.

For example, videos uploaded on YouTube or Facebook are unstoppable once they become viral. The so called internet sensations become famous not only in their homeland but also to the entire world. The forces (the liquid ones) made political boundaries more permeable to the flow of people or things ( Cartier, 2000). This brings us to what Ritzer (2015, p.6) regarded as the most important characteristic of liquid

It tends to melt whatever stands in its path (especially solids). The clearest example is the decline, if not death of the nation-state. Liquidity & solidity are in constant interaction, liquidity is the one increasing & proliferating today. Therefore, the metaphor that could best describe globalization is liquidity.

Flows Flows are the movement of people, things, places & information brought by the growing “porosity” of global limitations (Ritzer, 2015) Think the different foreign cuisines being patronized & consumed by the Filipinos. Aside from the local dishes, many of us are fond of eating sushi, ramen, hamburger, & French fries –food introduced to us by foreign cultures. Clearly, foods are being globalized.

Another example of flows is global financial crises. As (Lander,2008)put it: “ In global financial system, national borders are porous. This means that a financial crisis in a given country can bring ramifications to other regions of the world. An example of which is the spread of the effects of American financial crisis in Europe 2008. The following are other kinds of flows that can be observed today: poor illegal migrants flooding many parts of the world (Moses, 2006).

The virtual flow of legal & illegal information such as blogs child pornography,& immigrants recreating ethnic enclaves in the host countries. A concrete example is the FILIPINO communities abroad & the CHINESE communities in the Philippines. GLOBALIZATION THEORIES Homogeneity refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic factors, & political orientations of societies expand to create common practices, same economies & similar forms of government.

Example is the dominant religion in our country is Christianity, w/c was brought to us by the Spaniards. Another is Americanization, w/c was defined by Kuisel(1993) as the import of non-American products, images, technologies, practices & behaviour that are closely associated with America/Americans For instance blamed the International Monetary Fund (IMF) FORITS “one-size-fits all” approach w/c treats every country in the world as the same.

Rich countries become advantageous in the world economy at the expense of the poor country countries w/c leads to increased inequality among nations. The political realm also suffers homogenization if one takes into account the emerging similar models of governance in the world. Barber (1995) said that “McWorld” is existing. It means only one political orientation is growing in today’s societies.

Top 10 Richest Countries 2018 Based on IMF by GDP 1. Qatar – $129,360 2. Macao – $125,170 3. Luxembourg – $112,710 4. Singapore – $93,680 5. Brunei Darussalam – $77,700 6. Ireland – $75,790 7. Norway – $72,190 8. Kuwait – $71,930 9. UAE – $69, 900 10. Hong Kong – $63, 350

The Poorest Countries in the World 1. Democratic Republic of Congo 2019 GDP per Capita (projected): USD 475 2. Mozambique 2019 GDP per Capita (projected): USD 502 3. Uganda 2019 GDP per Capita (projected): USD 759 4. Tajikistan 2019 GDP per Capita (projected): USD 861 5. Yemen 2019 GDP per Capita (projected): USD 913 6. Haiti 2019 GDP per Capita (projected): USD 923

Economic Forecasts from the World's Leading Economists

7. Ethiopia 2019 GDP per Capita (projected): USD 1122 8. Tanzania 2019 GDP per Capita (projected): USD 1159 9. Kyrgyzstan 2019 GDP per Capita (projected) : USD 1266 10. Uzbekistan 2019 GDP per Capita (projected) : USD 1350 Source: Economic Forecasts from the World's Leading Economists

Economy of the Philippines Statistics GDP Rank

GDP Growth

38th nominal (2017) World Bank 28th PPP (2017) World Bank 6.1% (2015), 6.9% (2016), 6.7% (2017e), 6.7% (2018f)

GDP per Capita

(nominal) US$3,429.55 (2018 est.) (PPP) US$8,861.79 (2018)

GDP by Sector

agriculture: 7.4% industry: 34% services: 58.6% (2018)

The global flow of media is often characterized by media imperialism. TV, music, books & movies are perceived as imposed on developing countries by the West (Cowen, 2002). Media imperialism undermines the existence of alternative global media originating from developing countries, such as the Al Jazeera (Bielsa, 2008) & the Bollywood (Larkin, 2003), as well as the influence of the local & regional media.

The Internet can be seen as arena for alternative media. Cultural imperialism denies the agency of viewers, but people around the world often interpret the same medium(e.g. movie) in significantly different ways. Global media are dominated by a small number of large corporations. As Mcchesney (1999) put it, this is being “extended from old media to new media” such as Microsoft, Facebook, Twitter, Google & Apple’s iTunes.

As a result, in the long run the Internet could end up being less diverse & competitive. Independent Media Centre associated with the alter-globalization movement, helps to counter the trend. It disseminates information to facilitate global participation of activists. Hacktivists extend activism to the Internet by hacking into the computer programs to promote a particular cause. (Juris, 2005).

Ritzer (2008) claimed that, in general, the contemporary world is undergoing the process of McDonaldization. It is the process by which Western societies are dominated by the principle of fast-food restaurants. McDonaldization involves the global spread of rational systems such as efficiency, calculability, predictability & control Ritzer (2008)pointed out that this process is

Ritzer (2008)pointed out that this process is “extended to other businesses, sectors, & geographic areas” Grobalization, in contrast to glocalization is a process wherein nations, corporations etc. impose themselves on geographic areas in order to gain profits, power, & so on. (Ryan, 2007) Theories of Globalization 1.Homogeneity 2. Heterogeneity

Heterogeneity pertains to the creation of various cultural practices, New economies, & political groups because of the interaction of elements from different societies in the world. Heterogeneity refers to the differences because of either lasting differences or of the hybrids or combinations of cultures that can be produced thru the different trans planetary processes. A more specific concept is “glocalization” coined

A more specific concept is “glocalization” coined By Roland Robertson in 1992. To him, as global forces interact with local factor or a specific geographic area, the “glocal” is being produced. The commondification of cultures & “glocal” markets are examples of differentiation happening in many economies around the world. The same goes with political institutions. Barbers (1995) also provided the alternate of “McWorld” – Jihad

As Ritzer(2008) mentioned, it refers to the political groups that are engaged in an “intensification of nationalism & that leads to greater political heterogeneity throughout the world.

thank you very much MA.VICTORIA ANDAL-CABIGAN, Ed.D.