Introduction Petroleum Technology

Lecture 1

Introduction to Petroleum Technology Miri #1

Drilling Rig

Seismic Boat

Oil Refinery AMK-ORSB

Transportation

NOTES ON THE LECTURE: This introductory course covers hydrocarbon as sources of energy. Topics include: introduction to petroleum industry. Local, regional, national and global energy requirements are discussed. The course includes: an overview of petroleum technology including geological, geophysical and geochemical prospecting, drilling mechanisms, formation evaluation, reservoir engineering, production engineering, processing, transportation, refining and petrochemicals. The course contains utilization of products, Highlights of local Petroleum industry, and the Job scope for Petroleum Industry.

Overview This 1-day course is designed to familiarize non-technical personnel in the petroleum and related government, financial, legal, and service industries with the basics of the upstream (exploration and production) petroleum industry via slides, and computer illustrations. The course will provide an overview of most aspects of the petroleum industry, including exploration, drilling, reserves, production, and economics.

Lecture 1

Course Outline • • • • • • • • • • •

AMK-ORSB

Petroleum: a definition History of Oil Exploration in Malaysia Geology Exploration Techniques Prospect Evaluation Drilling Field Evaluation Production Refining Materials and Products Energy Usage

What is Petroleum pe·tro·le·um (pə-trō'lē-əm)

n.

A thick, flammable, clear-yellow to black mixture of gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbons that occurs naturally beneath the earth's surface, can be separated into fractions including natural gas, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, fuel and lubricating oils, paraffin wax, and asphalt and is used as raw material for a wide variety of derivative products. Latin petra, rock; see petrous + Latin ōleum, oil;

Definition includes: Crude oil, natural gas and Asphalt (Tar).

Crude oil samples AMK-ORSB

Natural gas blow-out

Oil seepages

History of Oil Exploration in Malaysia • First Oil well Miri # 1in 1910, at Canada Hill after exploratory drilling over four months. Use the cable toll drilling technique adopted from drilling water wells. The well dubbed the “Grand Old Lady”, this oil well remained in production until 1972. Total production amounted to about 98 Million Barrels for Miri Field.

• Peninsular Malaysia first discovery was at Sotong field offshore Terengganu in 1976. Subsequent field we discovered such as Seligi (the largest 800 MMSTB), Tapis, Guntong and Tinggi. Large Gas field were also discovered such as Duyung, Sepat and Angsi. • Recent discovery is in deep-water offshore Sabah by Murphy (Kikeh field; about 400-600 MMSTB)

Miri#1 1910

Duyung gas platforms

Kikeh PFSO

History of Oil Industry • Modern petroleum industry started in the 1860‟s in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, USA • Main product was kerosene for lighting (before that people use whale oil) • Gasoline was useless until the invention of the internal combustion engine.

Terminology: Oil & Natural Gas = Hydrocarbons • Petroleum • Crude Oil • Natural Gas • Molecules of carbon and hydrogen atoms • Usually in chains or rings of carbon atoms • Crude oil is a mix hydrocarbon

What are Hydrocarbons?  Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon & hydrogen elements bonded together by bonds. H

H H H H

H-C-H H-C-C-C-C-H

H methane

CH4

H H H H

Cyclo Hexane

C6H12

n-Butane

C4H10

Benzene C6H6

Crude Oil Compositions Crude oil can be fractionated into 3 simple components:  Aliphatics – saturates and unsaturates CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3

CH2 = CH - CH = CH2

Cyclo Hexane

 Aromatics

C6H12

Benzene

C14H10

C6H6

Anthracene

 NSO compounds (asphaltene, resins) OH

Napthol C10H7OH

S Benzothiophene

Petroleum Geology • Rock types • Oil and gas origin • Oil and gas migration and accumulation • Traps • Exploration methods.

ROCKS TYPES IGNEOUS ROCKS ƒ formed from molten magma at the surface or subsurface of the earth.

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS ƒ formed at the surface of the earth, either by accumulation and later cementation of fragments of rocks, minerals and organism, or as percipitates and organic growths from sea water and other solutions.

METAMORPHIC ROCKS ƒ formed from the transformation of other rocks, while in the solid state, by heat, pressure and chemically active fluids to which they were subjected.

Igneous Rocks • Geologists recognize three major rock groups, each of which has a characteristic mode of formation. Each major rock group can be subdivided based on composition and texture. • Igneous rocks form by cooling and crystallization of molten material. Slow cooling within Earth produces intrusive igneous rock such as granite.

Faster cooling at Earth‟s surface yields extrusive igneous rocks such as basalt.

basalt granite

Sedimentary Rocks • Sedimentary rocks form by:

limestone

1) consolidation of rock fragments, 2) precipitation of minerals from solution 3) compaction of plant or animal remains • Sedimentary rocks are very useful for interpreting Earth history

conglomerate

Metamorphic Rocks gneiss

• Metamorphic rocks form beneath Earth‟s surface when other rocks are transformed by heat, pressure, and/or chemically active fluids. • Foliated metamorphic rocks, gneiss for example, contain layers or bands formed by the parallel alignment of minerals due to pressure.

quartzite

• Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks, such as quartzite, lack pressure-induced layering and commonly form due to heat.

Source Rocks • • • •

Shale

Rich in Organic Matter 7 – 10% of the total Weight (TOC) Enough thickness Example: • Black shale • Lacustrine Shale • Coals Organic matter also known as „Kerogen‟

Coal

The Rock Cycle - Interrelationships • The rock cycle illustrates the relationships between Earth‟s internal and external processes and relates the formation of the major rock groups to external (weathering, transportation, deposition) and internal processes (melting, metamorphism).

The Rock Cycle - A Plate Tectonic Perspective • Plate movement drives the rock cycle and is responsible for the recycling of rocks from one major group to another. • For example, heat and pressure generated along convergent boundaries may lead to melting of and metamorphism of rocks in the descending ocean plate and thereby lead to formation of new igneous and metamorphic rocks.

Petroleum Geology •

Oil and gas origin

   

Inorganic VS Organic? Debated for many years Now most scientist agree on ORGANIC origin Oil forms from the decay and Transformation of dead organisms buried in sedimentary rocks

The study involved known as GEOCHEMISTRY

Geochemistry - Source Type (Organic Origin) Riverine Input

Dissolved Organic Materials Particulate Organic Materials Nutrients Primary production (Autotrophs) Nutrients (CO2, NO3, PO4)

Death Bacteria & Heterotrophs

Dissolved Organic materials

Particulate Organic materials Flakes Sedimentation

Resuspension H2S

Digenesis Kerogen

SOURCE ROCKS T, Pressure

SEDIMENTS T, Pressure GAS

Adapted from Riboulleau (2000)

Discovering and Producing Petroleum Interpreting the Unseen • Trap • Source • Charge (Migration) • Tools - Gravity - Magnetics - Seismic - Wells (Drilling)

Petroleum Geology - Hydrocarbon Accumulation Prerequisite: Source, Reservoir & Seal Process: Maturation, Migration & Implacement (Trap)

Fault

Seals Hydrocarbon accumulation Migration Seals Migration Carrier beds

Immature SRx Source Rocks

Expulsion Top of Maturity Mature SRx in 'Kitchen Area'

What are the techniques to find this accumulation?

Petroleum Geology - Hydrocarbon Maturation Max: paleo-temp (°C)

Hydrocarbon maturity

Hydrocarbon product

0 1

Biogenic methane

immature

60

2

Depth (km)

3

initial maturity (zone of oil generation)

4 5

80

Oil 115

130

mature & post mature (high temp. methane)

165 180

Condensate/Wet gas High temp. methane (Dry gas)

6 Heavy Hydrocarbon

Light Hydrocarbon

Methane

Petroleum System Elements • Source Rock - A rock with abundant hydrocarbon-prone organic matter

• Reservoir Rock - A rock in which oil and gas accumulates: - Porosity - space between rock grains in which oil accumulates - Permeability - passage-ways between pores through which oil and gas moves

• Seal Rock - A rock through which oil and gas cannot move effectively (such as mudstone and claystone)

• Migration Route - Avenues in rock through which oil and gas moves from source rock to a trap

• Trap - The structural and stratigraphic configuration that focuses oil and gas into an accumulation

EXPLORATION TECHNIQUES: EXPLORATION METHODS

DIRECT (Surface)

GEOLOGICAL

• Tools - Gravity - Magnetics - Seismic - Wells (Drilling)

GEOPHYSICAL

Seepages

Aerial photographs

Gravimetric

Outcrops

Surface Mapping

Magnetic

Subsurface Mapping

Seismic

Remote Sensing

Electrical

GEOCHEMICAL

Surface

Hydrocarbon Trap Types

Anticline

Fault

Salt Dome

Pinchout

Unconformity

American Petroleum Institute, 1986

Seismic Image of Anticline - example

Milliseconds

1000

2000

3000 1 km

Seismic Image of Anticline - interpretation

Milliseconds

1000

2000

3000 1 km

Structure can be identified from seismic data

Seismic Image of the field – 3D example source

Faults

Hydrophones streamers

Salt Dome

Faults

Electromagnetics – Sea Bed Logging SBL is a marine electromagnetic method that has the ability to map the subsurface resistivity remotely from the seafloor. SBL uses a mobile horizontal electric dipole (HED) source transmitting a low frequency electromagnetic signal and an array of seafloor electric field receivers. In theory a hydrocarbon filled reservoir will typically have high resistivity compared with shale and a water filled reservoirs. SBL therefore has the unique potential of distinguishing between a hydrocarbon filled and a water filled reservoir and integrated with 3D seismic data can be a powerful tool in identifying HC prospects.

Industry Geoscience Careers: • Geophysics – Provides an image of the subsurface and data useful for predicting rock type and the occurrence of petroleum. • Regional Geology – Provides an understanding of which areas are productive, why they are productive, and where else we should look. • Basin Modeling – Quantitative integrated models of the petroleum system: source, reservoir, seal, hydrocarbon charge.

Exploration and Production

• Structural Geology – Provides an understanding of the process of deformation of the subsurface due to external forces.

• Stratigraphy – Provides an understanding of processes creating sedimentary units. • Geochemistry – Chemistry of petroleum and its sources to characterize the type, history and origin of petroleum. • Reservoir Characterization – Describes the flow characteristics and attributes of subsurface reservoirs for enhanced exploitation.

Prospect Evaluation In the area where all elements of hydrocarbon system are present: •Source Rock •Reservoir Rock •Seal Rock/Cap Rock

•Sufficient Charge •Traps How effective the Petroleum system of the area? Need to quantify how much you got and translate to $$$ for further evaluation

Prospect Evaluation – Mapping

Prospect Evaluation – Volume calculation GRV (Gross Rock Volume)

Well 2

Well 1

Oil OWC

water GR

Res

GR

Res OWC

H

Net Sand

H

Net Oil Sand

H

Gross interval thickness

Prospect Evaluation – Volume calculation BULK VOLUME (GBV) = A X H (A =AREA, H= HEIGHT) NET VOLUME (Vnet) = GBV X N/G (N/G = NET TO GROSS) PORE VOLUME (Vpore) = Vnet X P (P = POROSITY) HCPV or (Reservoir Volume) = Vpore X (1-Sw) (Sw = WATER SATURATION)

STOIIP(stb) = HCPV*1/Bo (Bo = Oil shrinkage factor or Formation volume factor) STOIIP = Stock Tank Oil Initially In Place UR(stb) = HCPV*1/Bo * Rec Factor UR = Ultimate Reserves or Recoverable Reserves Reserves(stb) = UR - Cummulative Production

Calculations must also include UNCERTAINTY in the Data

Prospect Evaluation – Volume calculation & Uncertainty • 1 ITERATION Minimum Most Likely Maximum

Hydrocarbon Reserves: Terminology

Abbreviation

Unit

Definition

STOIIP

Barrel =MMSTB

Stock Tank Oil Initially in-place

GIIP

scf = Tcf/Bcf

Gas Initially in-place

OOIP

Barrel =MMSTB

Oil Originally in-place (at Reservoir)

Proved reserves (1P) Proved + Probable reserves (2P) Proved + Probable + Possible reserves (3P) P50 reserves

= 2P reserves

= Conservative = Realistic = Optimistic

Expectation curve - Resource Classification 120 150 190

Cumulative probability %

100

P(x)=85% Low

A

50

B

P(x)=50% Medium or Most Likely

C

P(x)=15% High

0

X 0

100

200

300

400

STOIIP (MMstb)

A = Proven B = Proven + Probable C = Proven + Probable + Possible EV = Proven + 2/3Probable + 1/3Possible

EV = Expected value

Petronas - Resource Classification '2005' On Production

RESERVES PROVED

PROVED + PROBABLE

PROVED + PROBABLE + POSSIBLE

CONTINGENT RESOURCES (CR) LOW ESTIMATE (1C)

BEST ESTIMATE (2C)

HIGH ESTIMATE (3C)

Under Development Planned for Development Development Pending Development on-hold Development Not Viable

UNRECOVERABLE PROSPECTIVE RESOURCES (PR) LOW ESTIMATE (1U)

BEST ESTIMATE (2U)

HIGH ESTIMATE (3U)

Prospect Lead

Play

HIGHER RISK ----> PROJECT MATURITY ----> LOWER RISK

COMMERCIAL SUB-COMMERCIAL

DISCOVERED PETROLEUM INITIALLY IN-PLACE

UNDISCOVERED PETROLEUM INITIALLY INPLACE

TOTAL PETROLEUM INITIALLY IN-PLACE

PRODUCTION

UNRECOVERABLE RANGE OF UNCERTAINTY

STATUS

Source: PETRONAS Definition and guideline for classification of Petroleum Resources 2005 Revision

Drilling • To prove that there is actual hydrocarbon present in the rocks!. • Wildcat well: first well drilled for the prospect • Appraisal well: the wells drilled to appraise the prospect (How much hydrocarbon there is) • Dry well: The well that did not have any hydrocarbon present (Water wet, tight, shale out etcs) • Shows: Some traces of hydrocarbon present but not enough to do further tests

Onshore Drilling Rig

Drilling equipment, tools and systems

Field Evaluation – Formation evaluation Mud Logging – Wellsite geologist / Mudlogger Monitor and report the progress of the well while drilling: -Gas -ROP -Lithology -Oil stains -Bit, Casing, mud weight, deviation surveys Provides „mud log‟ report at the end of the drilling program

Field Evaluation - Wireline Logging

Logging unit Drilling Rig

Output: Well Logs

Well Bore

Sedimentary layers

Sonde

Field Evaluation -The Well Log

• Wells are drilled to “test” our geological model (besides to find oil/gas, of course). • Drilling gives direct access to subsurface geology, via samples (rocks an fluids), and wireline logs – Many types of logs – indirect determination of rock and fluid type.

Field Evaluation (Well Logs): Type of Logs  GR (Gamma Ray)  Resistivity Log (ILD or MSFL)  SP (Spontaneous Potential)  Sonic  Density Log  Neutron Porosity  Borehole Image  Dipmeter Log + etcs.

Petrophysical Well Logs

Field Evaluation -Subsurface Sampling • Core • Sidewall core • Drill Cutting To get Geological and Petrophysical information about the rocks:        

Age Depositional Environment Source Rocks Chemistry Porosity Minerals Cements Permeability Lithology

Core Bits

Subsurface Sampling – Coring Process

Subsurface Sampling • Core To determine: • Porosity • Horizontal permeability • Grain density • Grain size • Mineralogy • Petrography • Fossils • Sedimentary structures Special core Analysis • Vertical permeability • Relative permeability • Capillary pressure • Cementation Core Plug • Saturation

Cores un-slabbed

Slabbed cores

MDT Tool

Field Evaluation (Drilling) – Well test Types: DST - Drill-stem test MDT - Modular Formation Dynamics Tester RFT - Repeat Formation Tester To determine: • Reservoir pressure • Permeability • Skin • Productivity Data will have an impact on the producible volumes of Hydrocarbon for the field

DST Test in Action

Production : Well Head (Christmas Tree) Christmas Tree: An assembly of valves, spools and fittings for an oil well, named for its resemblance to a decorated tree, are used on both subsea (current technical limits are up to around 2000 to 2500 metres) and surface wellheads and both are available in a wide range of sizes and configurations, such as low- or high-pressure capacity and single- or multiple-completion capacity or horizontal or vertical in their primary valve bore axis.

Surface well head

Subsea well head

Production: Offshore Platform Oil platforms are an industrial town at sea, carrying the personnel and equipment needed for continuous hydrocarbon production. Functions: •Drilling •Preparing water or gas for injection into the reservoir •Processing the oil and gas before sending it ashore •Cleaning the produced water for disposal into the sea. Power is generated on the platform to drive production equipment and support life. All production systems are constantly monitored for leaks, since oil and gas are hazardous and extremely flammable.

Production: Offshore Platform

Qatar Gas

Integrated Production Platform complexes

North Sea

Production: Offshore loading facilities SBM Tower SBM Tower SBM Buoy

Production: Transportation of Hydrocarbon

Refining An oil refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful petroleum products, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas. Oil refineries are typically large sprawling industrial complexes with extensive piping running throughout, carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units.

Crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation. The fractionating column is cooler at the top than at the bottom because the fractions at the top have lower boiling points than the fractions at the bottom. The heavier fractions that emerge from the bottom of the fractionating column are often broken up (cracked) to make more useful products. All of the fractions are subsequently routed to other refining units for further processing.

Refining

CDU – Crude Distillation Unit

Refinery

CDU during construction

Malaysia Refining Capacity: Melaka Refinery (Petronas) 126K b/d Melaka Refinery (Petronas&ConocoPhillips) 93K b/d Kerteh (Petronas) 40K b/d Port Dickson (Shell) 155K b/d Port Dickson (ExxonMobil) 86K b/d

Simple Diagram of Refinery Processes Gas treatment

Crude Oil

H2 S

Sulphur Recovery

Sulphur

Platformer

Petrol

H2 S

Shorter Chain Molecules

Desulphurisation

Kerosene Gas Oil

Diesel Long Residue

Distillation

High Vacuum Separation

Long Chain Molecules Waxy Distillate

Bitumen

Butane De-asphalting

Hyrdrocracker

Vacuum Gas Oil

Hydrogen

Hydrogen Manufacturing Unit

De-asphalted oil DAO

Roads

Asphalt

Fuel oil

Refinery Processes To get high value products and profitability. The refinery employed several process to increase the amount of high value product: Typical processes includes: Hydrocracking Plat-forming (Platinum reforming) Hydrogen recovery Sulfur recovery GTL (gas to liquid) We can see some of these units within the refinery complexes built as a separate petrochemical plants that get their raw feedstock from the main refinery.

Refinery Processes Detail Flow Diagram of a typical modern refinery

Examples of Modern Refinery Processes

Hydrocracker

FCC

CDU

Cat Reforming

Vacuum distillation unit

Materials and Products (Fuels) Petroleum refineries produce a variety of components that are then used to blend refined products. Product blending is a critical source of flexibility and profitability for refining operations. Of great interest is the economic blending of gasoline.

Gasoline components

Gasoline is not a single product. Refiners blend hundreds of different specifications. In addition to the different grades of gasoline we all see at the retail pump, gasoline is subject to different specifications based on country, geographic location, season, humidity, altitude, and environmental regulations. This further complicates distribution systems with additional requirements for low sulfur, conventional, reformulated and oxygenated "boutique" blends. Key to good gasoline performance is octane, vapor pressure (Reid Vapor Pressure - RVP) and distillation range of the blend. A table of octane, RVP and specific gravity blending values for some typical gasoline blending components is given:

•MON – motor octane Number •RON – research octane number

Materials and Products Products from Petroleum: Fuel Raw material for Plastics Man made fibers Synthetic rubbers Lubricants Organic Chemicals Fertilizer feedstock's Bitumen Petroleum Industry byproducts: Sulfur Hydrogen Oxygen Helium Mercury CO2

Oil & Gas Exploration/Production: (HSE) issues All production systems are constantly monitored for leaks, since oil and gas are hazardous and extremely flammable. Accidents can happen and could result in Millions in costs and environmental damage.

USA

CHINA ALGERIA GOM IRAQ INDIA

Hydrocarbon Production

Hydrocarbon Producing countries

Hydrocarbon Usage

Hydrocarbon Importing countries

Year

1994

1992

1990

1988

1986

1984

1982

1980

1978

1976

1974

1972

8,00 0 7,00 0 6,00 0 5,00 0 4,00 0 3,00 0 2,00 0 1,00 0 0

Oil Natural Gas Nuclear Energy Hydroelectricity Coal

1970

Million tonnes oil equivalent

World Fuel Consumption: 1970-1994

Cook and Sheath, 1997

Crude Oil Prices: 2006-2007

Projected World Energy Supplies US Energy Information Administration forecast World Oil Consumption is at about 87.45m barrels a day (in 2007) amounted to about 32 Billion barrels per year.

100

80 Billion Barrels of Oil

100 BILLION BARRELS

Solar, Wind Geothermal

World Energy Demand Coal

60

Crude Oil

20

Year

Decreasing Fossil Fuels

Natural Gas

40

1900

Nuclear Electric

1920

1940

1960

1980

2000

2020

2040

New Technologies

Careers in Oil & Gas Hydroelectric 1993 Remain Important

2060

2080

3000

after Edwards, AAPG 8/97

Proved Oil Reserves (by area - end 1998) The world‟s proved oil reserves continue to be dominated by the Middle East which holds 64% of the total.

Europe North America

20.7

85.1

Former Soviet Union

65.4 Middle East

673.7 S. & Cent. America Billion barrels

89.5

Africa

75.4

Asia Pacific

43.1

Hydrocarbon Reserves

Proved Oil Reserves (Middle East – Selected fields) IRAQ

RUMAILA:10 Bbbl AZADEGAN

NAHR UMR RUMAILA

DOHQUAIN ZUBAIR

AGHA JARI

PARSI

RAMSHIR RAG-E-SAFIQ

AZADEGAN:24 Bbbl CHILUNGAR

SUBA TUBA RACHI RAUDHATAIN

KHASHMAN MINAGISH UMM GUDAIR RIMTHAN RUWARIS SADAWI 1

DIBDIBAH

WAFRA

NARGESI SADAT ABAD 1 SARVESTAN

DOROOD SOROOSH

BURGAN: 55 Bbbl LULU

JYRAYBIAT ABU HADRIYA BAKR JALADI

DALAN

MARJAN

IRAN

AGHAR

KUH-I-MAND

MAHARAH SAFANIYALAWHAH

SHARAR

BUSHGAN

KUH-E-KAKI

ZULUF

KHAFJI

JAUF

EL HABA

ABOUZAR

DORRA HOUT

HABARI

WATBAN

GULKHARI

KUWAIT BURGAN

GACHSARAN: 50 Bbbl

RUDAK-MILATUN

BINAK

NOWRUZ

SUBAN WARI'AH

KILUR KARIM

BAHRGANSAR

SABRIYA

BAHRAH

GACHSARAN SULABEDAR

HENDIJAN

SAFWAN

SAFANIYAH: 19 BbblNAR KARAN NORTH KANGAN

MANIFA

PARS

KURAYN

VARAVI

JANA

KHURSANIYAH

ASSALUYEH

BERRI

SOUTH PARS

SATER FADHILI

SARKHUN SURU

ABU SA'FAH

QESHIM

QATIF AL RAYYAN

AL-SHAEEN

DAMMAM ABQAIQ

JARAM

ABQAIQ: 17 Bbbl KHURAIS

BAHRAIN AWALI

NORTH FIELD

DUKHAN

QATAR SAUDI ARABIA

North Dome/South BUKHA SALEH Pars: 900+ TcfFATEH MUBAREK FARZAM SALIM

BALAL

AL-KHALIJ

MAYDAN MAHZAM

GHAWAR

GAVARZIN HENJAM

NOSRAT BUL HANINEFALAH UMM NASR RASHID SHAIF MANDOUS UMMA DHOLOU AL KARKARA BUNDUQ 1 1

HAMIDIYAH MOVEYEID SAJAA KAHAIF

UAE

MARGHAM

GHAWAR: 70 Bbbl

OMAN

Ghawar Field (Super Giant) • Largest Oil field in the world • Discovered 1948 • Onstream since 1951 • Water Injection since 1965 • Produces about 5 Mil bbl/D* *(6.5% of world daily production)

115 Bbbl with RF 60% Area Size: 174 x 16 Miles

Shaybah field (KSA)

20 Bbbl

• Last giant field in KSA • Discovered in 1967 • On-stream 1998 with EOR • Produces about 0.5 Mil bbl/D

Proved and Speculative Hydrocarbon (by country) Proved gas reserves

Proved oil reserves

Tc f

Billion Bbl (inc c onde nsa te ) 0

Saudi Arabia Canada Iraq Kuwait UAE Iran Venezuela Russia Libya Nigeria USA China Qatar Algeria Oman Angola Indonesia

50

100

150

200

250

0

300

200

Russia Iran Qatar Saudi Arabia UAE USA Algeria Venezuela Nigeria Iraq Indonesia Australia Malaysia Norway Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Kazakhtan Canada Egypt

259 180 113 94 92 90 78 60 30 24 22 18 15 9 6 5 5

400

600

800

Saudi Arabia Russia USA Iran Brazil Iraq Greenland Nigeria Kazakhtan Venezuela Mexico Norway Angola China Surinam Turkmenista Australia Indonesia UAE Algeria

40

60

80

120

67

43 25 24 23 23 17 17 15 14

1800

812 224 212 183 160 148 124 110 93 90 89 77 71 66 65 60 59

Speculative gas resource

140 136

115

55

1600

Tc f

100

84

1400

509

Billion Bbl 20

1200

1680

Speculative oil resource

0

1000

0

160

200

400

600

800

USA

1400

527

Iran

315

Turkmenistan

208

51

Brazil

194

51

Norway

183

Nigeria

123

Iraq

120

Australia

109 108

Indonesia

86

Greenland

81

Kazakhtan

72

Azerbaijan

1200

681

Saudi Arabia

China

1000

1169

Russia

68

11

Malaysia

50

10

Mexico

49

10

Algeria

49

10

UAE

45

source: EIA, 2001

Historical data & Future Forecasts: possible „peak-oil‟ Global cumulative discovery/yr

OFFSHORE

ONSHORE

What happen if we ran out of oil?. Humans will find alternative energy sources…..

Public Transport in 2050?

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