Pulse Basics 4

pulse basics Contents Starter unit

Unit 5

Vocabulary and Grammar

1–4

Unit 1 Vocabulary 1: Skills and abilities 5 Grammar 1: Present perfect with just, yet, already, for and since 6 Vocabulary 2: Life skills 7 Grammar 2: Present perfect and past simple 8 Reading and Writing 9 Study guide 10

Unit 2 Vocabulary 1: Rescue and survival Grammar 1: Past perfect and past simple Vocabulary 2: Extreme adjectives Grammar 2: Subject and object questions Reading and Writing Study guide

11 12 13 14 15 16

Unit 3 Vocabulary 1: Future aspirations Grammar 1: Future tenses Vocabulary 2: Time management Grammar 2: Future continuous Reading and Writing Study guide

17 18 19 20 21 22

Unit 4 Vocabulary 1: Phrasal verbs 23 Grammar 1: The first, second and third conditional 24 Vocabulary 2: Non-verbal communication 25 Grammar 2: Adverbs of possibility and probability 26 Reading and Writing 27 Study guide 28

Vocabulary 1: Innovation and invention Grammar 1: The passive Vocabulary 2: Adverb review Grammar 2: Active and passive voice Reading and Writing Study guide

29 30 31 32 33 34

Unit 6 Vocabulary 1: Identity theft Grammar 1: Modals of ability and possibility, obligation and prohibition Vocabulary 2: Personal identity Grammar 2: Modals of deduction Reading and Writing Study guide

35 36 37 38 39 40

Unit 7 Vocabulary 1: Film-making Grammar 1: Reported speech Vocabulary 2: Reporting verbs Grammar 2: Reported questions Reading and Writing Study guide

41 42 43 44 45 46

Unit 8 Vocabulary 1: Advertising 47 Grammar 1: Relative pronouns; Indefinite pronouns 48 Vocabulary 2: Easily confused verbs 49 Grammar 2: Reflexive pronouns 50 Reading and Writing 51 Study guide 52

Unit 9 Vocabulary: Revision Grammar: Revision Reading and Writing Study guide

53–54 55–56 57 58

Answer key

59–65

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pulse basics

Vocabulary

3 Complete the sentences with the words in the box.

Describing places

1 Match the words with their opposites. 1 2 3 4 5 6

exciting pretty clean peaceful safe lively

a) b) c) d) e) f)

dull dangerous boring ugly chaotic dirty

2 Look at the pictures and order the letters.

1 mbcotorfale

ancient crowded exciting polluted pretty safe here – the waves 1 The beach is very are always small and there’s a lifeguard, too. 2 The beach is so today. I don’t think there’s space for our towels! 3 He’s not interested in seeing the monuments. 4 The city centre is very because of the fumes from the traffic. 5 We played an game at the pool. village in the 6 I want to live in a countryside when I’m older.

2 eensixpve

Comparatives and superlatives 3 etnniac

4 tmroainc

4 Complete the table with the words and phrases in the box. more comfortable more exciting prettier safer the most exciting the prettiest the ugliest

5 rdwcdeo

6 dleotulp

adjective safe

comparative (1)

superlative the safest

pretty

(2)

(3)

exciting

(4)

(5)

ugly

uglier

(6)

comfortable (7)

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the most comfortable

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STARTER

Grammar

Present simple and present continuous present simple

affirmative

negative

questions

I / You watch

I / You don’t watch

Do I / you watch?

He / She watches

He / She doesn’t watch

Does he / she watch?

We / You / They We / You / They Do we / you / watch don’t watch they watch? present continuous

affirmative I’m working

negative I’m not working

questions Am I working?

You’re working

You aren’t working

Are you working?

He / She isn’t working

Is he / she working?

He / She’s working

We / You /They’re We / You / They Are we / you / aren’t working they working? working 1 Circle the correct answer. 1 I always take / ’m always taking the bus to school. 2 It rains / ’s raining – take your umbrella. 3 My parents aren’t working / don’t work in the city. 4 The babies sleep / are sleeping – please be quiet! 5 They don’t usually play / aren’t usually playing volleyball after school. 6 My friends normally are coming / come to see me on Friday afternoons.

Mike: Where (3) (you / go / normally)? Sam: We (4) (go / always) to a cabin in the mountains. Mike: Is that a photo of you and your family? Sam: Yes, and that’s our cabin. We (5) (swim) in the lake and that’s my sister – she (6) (help) my dad with the barbecue. Mike: It’s a great photo. Look – you (7) (have) a great time. Sam: Yeah! You should come with us next year.

Gerunds and infinitives gerunds love doing something hate doing something interested in doing something before doing something Doing something

infinitives decide to do something hope to do something happy to do something easy to do something to do something

3 Circle the correct answer. 1 I want to send / sending my friend a postcard when I’m in Greece. 2 Swimming / To swim in cold water isn’t fun. 3 We’re interested in visiting / to visit a busy city this year. 4 I’m happy taking / to take photos of our holiday this year. 4 Complete the sentences with the gerund or infinitive form of the verbs in the box. get go spend take visit

2 Complete the dialogue with the present simple or present continuous form of the verbs in brackets. Mike: (1) (you / like) going on holiday in the summer? Sam: Yes, I (2) (love) it.

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weekends at my aunt’s house 1 I love in the summer. 2 They want organized for their big trip next weekend. 3 abroad is so much fun! your camera with you. 4 Remember ancient sites. 5 I’m interested in

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Vocabulary

Travel words

Holiday activities: Verb + noun collocations 1 Find eight holiday activities in the wordsquare. G S W

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1 Let’s go on a day to the seaside! a lot for work – he went to 2 My dad China twice last year! 3 The school to the ancient monument next week is optional. 4 Do you feel tired after your long from Thailand to New Zealand? 5 The by boat from England to Australia in the 19th century was very long.

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journey travels voyage trip trip

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4 Complete the sentences so they are true for you.

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3 Complete the sentences with the words in the box.

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1 When I go abroad I always 2 Match the speech bubbles. 1

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2 On holiday I like to a

I’d love to learn about the history of this place.

Swim in the sea!

3 If I stay at home in the summer, I never 4

b

I don’t want to get sunburnt.

Go snorkelling!

. . .

is the most boring part of going on holiday.

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is the most exciting part of going on holiday. 6 This year, I want to on holiday.

c

I want to observe life underwater.

Visit a museum!

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I don’t want to use public transport to get around the city.

Hire a car!

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5 I want to exercise while I’m on holiday.

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Wear sun cream!

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Grammar

2 Where ? We stayed at a campsite. ? 3 What We did many interesting things. We even saw a fox! 4 What ? We were making a campfire when we saw it. ? 5 What The fox didn’t do anything. It looked at me for a few minutes and then it ran away.

Past simple and past continuous past simple

affirmative negative I / You watched I / You didn’t watch

questions Did I / you watch?

He / She watched

Did he / she watch?

He / She didn’t watch

We / You / They We / You / They Did we / you / watched didn’t watch they watch?

used to

past continuous

affirmative I was working

negative I wasn’t working

questions Was I working?

You were working

You weren’t working

Were you working?

He / She was working

He / She Was he / she wasn’t working working?

We / You / They We / You / They Were we / you / were working weren’t they working? working LOOK! We use when with the past simple. We use while with the past continuous. 1 Complete the sentences with the past simple or past continuous form of the verbs in brackets. 1 While we the match, it 2 I I 3 My sister when she her arm. 4 My parents while we

(watch) (start) to rain. (read) a cool article while (wait) for the train. (take) a photo (fall) and hurt

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negative I / You didn’t use to go

questions Did I / you use to go?

He / She used to go

He / She didn’t Did he / she use to go use to go?

We / You / They We / You / They Did we / you / they use to go? used to go didn’t use to go 3 Complete the sentences and questions with the correct form of used to and the verbs in brackets. 1 I (listen) to music in the shower. 2 My parents (walk) five miles to school every day. 3 He (not have) a car. (TVs / be) black and white? 4 4 Rewrite the sentences with the correct form of used to. He was poor.

He used to be poor.

2 We played beach volleyball every summer.

2 Write questions for the underlined part of the answers.

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affirmative I / You used to go

1 My friends didn’t play tennis with me.

(sunbathe) (swim).

Where did you go last year We went to the South of France last year. 1 How long We stayed for two weeks.

used to

3 She had long, black hair. ?

4 You didn’t study for two hours after school.

?

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UNIT

1

Vocabulary 1

3 Complete the sentences with the words in the box.

Skills and abilities

1 Find the words and phrases in the wordsquare. blog cupcakes first aid juggle magic tricks song stage unicycle video J

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1 As part of his circus skills training, Alan wants to . in the future – 2 I hope to I can only speak Spanish at the moment. 3 I’ve decided to about my girlfriend. 4 I don’t want to sing in the concert because I’m too shy to . 5 Don’t forget to for Jen’s birthday party this weekend! 6 That’s amazing! How do you like that?! than 7 It’s more difficult to ride a bike!

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bake cupcakes do magic tricks learn a foreign language learn to juggle perform on stage ride a unicycle write a song

D P S

4 Complete the sentences so they are true for you. 1 I think this is a useful skill: 2 I don’t think this is a useful skill: 2 Complete the skills and abilities. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

s gn a w bs t y n b nd d t ph t s k n p bl c sp c mp t r c wr t rn f rst a d l a v d bl m k m g c tr cks d n st ge p rf rm d pl

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3 I’ve tried this, but I didn’t enjoy it: 4 I’d like to learn how to do this:

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5 I think this skill is boring:

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pulse basics Grammar 1

Present perfect with just, yet, already, for and since present perfect

affirmative I / You have played

negative questions I / You haven’t Have I / you played played?

He / She has played

He / She hasn’t Has he / she played played?

We / You / They have played

We / You / They Have we / you / haven’t they played? played

LOOK! just, yet, already, for and since We put the words just and already after the verb to have. We’ve just learnt to juggle. I’ve already made a video blog. The word yet is used in negative sentences and questions. She hasn’t ridden a unicycle yet. Have you edited the photos yet? We use for to talk about a period of time that started in the past and continues now. I have studied English for two years. We use since to talk about a point / date in time that started in the past and continues now. I have played in a band since 2014. 1 Order the words to make sentences and questions. 1 you / yet / baked / the / Have / cupcakes ? 2 performed / band / Nick’s / just / has / live . 3 has / year / had / Sam / a / for / one / blog . 4 already / photos / Dad / edited / the / has .

UNIT

1

2 Complete the sentences with the present perfect form of the verbs in brackets. 1 Class (not start) yet. 2 (you / see) Paul already? 3 Where (you / be) for the past 20 minutes? 4 I (just / bake) some lovely cupcakes for you! 3 Complete the sentences with already or yet. . 1 I haven’t read the book seen my exam 2 My parents have results. 3 Have you heard Katy Perry’s new song ? ? 4 Has the dog eaten 4 Complete the table with the time expressions in the box. 12.30pm a few days five hours last May many years yesterday for (a duration of time)

since (a point in time)

two seconds

2010

5 Complete the answers with for or since and the time expressions in brackets.

1 2 3

5 started / The / has / first aid / class / just . 4

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How long have you lived here? I’ve lived here for three years . (three years) How long has he been a musician? . (six years) He’s been a musician How long have you had a piano? . (I was young) I’ve had a piano How long have they been on holiday? . (last They’ve been on holiday Thursday) How long has your brother been ill? He’s been ill . (two days)

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UNIT

1

Vocabulary 2 Life skills

1 Find and circle seven life skills words and phrases in the wordsnake.

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2 Match words and phrases 1–5 with definitions a–e. 1 2 3 4 5

problem-solving assertiveness money management creative thinking cooperation

4 Tick (✓) the sentences that are true for you.

a) The ability to use your money sensibly. b) The ability to work together in a team. c) The ability to find answers to difficult questions. d) The ability to be imaginative and come up with new ideas. e) The ability to be strong or confident. 3 Circle the correct answer. 1 She has learnt a lot about money / time management since becoming a treasurer on the class committee. 2 I’m a writer so I’m very good at assertiveness / creative thinking. 3 I think cooperation / problem-solving is very important when you work in a large team. 4 He has no self-awareness / active listening – he doesn’t know his own areas of weakness. 5 She’s really good at problem-solving / active listening – I always feel she’s really paying attention to what I’m saying.

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1 time management a) I always know what to do and when to do it. b) I never know what I need to do and when. 2 assertiveness a) I feel confident when I give my opinion, and people listen to me. b) I prefer to agree with people because I’m quite shy. 3 problem-solving a) I love finding answers to problems. b) I don’t like trying to find answers or dealing with problems. 4 cooperation a) I love working in a team and sharing ideas. b) I prefer to work alone. 5 creative thinking a) I love new ideas and being imaginative. b) I have no imagination and prefer a routine job. 6 money management a) I always know how much money I have and spend it sensibly. b) I never know how much money I have and spend it quickly.

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pulse basics Grammar 2

Present perfect and past simple present perfect

I’ve played the guitar since I was ten. past simple

I played the guitar yesterday. LOOK! We use the present perfect for actions that began in the past and continue in the present. We use the past simple for completed actions in the past. 1 Complete the sentences and questions with the past simple form of the verbs in brackets. 1 We (not talk) about selfawareness in class yesterday. 2 (she / have) many cats a few years ago? 3 Where (you / learn) to be creative? 4 My dad (bake) cupcakes last weekend. They (be) delicious! (go) to an interview last month 5 I but I (not get) the job. 2 Complete the table with the time expressions in the box. already for two years just last week since I was young two days ago when I was 12 yesterday yet present perfect

past simple

How long …?

in 1998

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UNIT

1

3 Complete the sentences and questions with the present perfect or past simple form of the verbs in brackets. (have) this car for three years. 1 We 2 Yesterday the teacher (ask) the class to write about their skills. 3 How long (you / study) French? (do) a few workshops 4 The class in 2012. 5 My aunt is a nurse, but she (not work) in a hospital yet. 6 The college (organize) monthly sessions since last autumn.

4 Complete the dialogue with the words in the box. asked did didn’t haven’t spoken started in public? Karen Have you ever (1) Jason No, but a few months ago, the teacher (2) us to make a video blog about ourselves. I (3) want to talk in front of a camera. Karen What (4) you do? practising in front of a Jason I (5) camera in my bedroom. Karen Did it work? Jason Yes actually, it did! I (6) thought about it yet, but I suppose I feel much more confident because of that experience.

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UNIT

1

Reading

Writing

1 Read the blog. Choose the correct title for the blog posts.

3 Read the notes and use them to complete the personal blog.

Juggling isn’t easy Success!

At the moment: learning to play the guitar Star ted two months ago Practise three times a week Learnt so much already tised First thing learnt: the chords – difficult, prac the chords – getting easier Not tried writing a song yet wait My new band: The Blue Monkeys – can’t to per form First per formance – amazing! Played a song that I wrote! t Next week: per form in the school concer

Hello! I’m Ellie and this is my blog. This year has been pretty exciting because I started at circus school in September and I’ve already learnt a lot. I’ve made some great friends, too. Here’s my story … 12 October, 17:35 (1) Juggling was the first thing we started to learn. It was rather difficult at first, but I’ve practised a lot so now I’m quite confident. I can juggle with three balls now – hooray! 29 October, 22:14 (2) I’ve just got home from my first public performance! It went very well – I juggled with four balls and I didn’t make any mistakes. Next week I’m going to start learning to ride a unicycle. I’m looking forward to it …

2 Read the blog in exercise 1 again and circle T (true) or F (false). 1 Ellie has had a boring year. 2 Ellie has just started at a juggling school. 3 Ellie practised and she got better at juggling. 4 Ellie juggled with three balls in her first performance. 5 Ellie made some mistakes in the performance. 6 Ellie wants to ride a unicycle next week.

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Hello! I’m Tom and this is my blog. I’m (1) at the moment. I started (2) and I (3) a week. I’m so happy because I (4) already. Here’s my story ... Learning the chords is difficult The first thing I learnt was (5) . It was (6) at first, but I (7) a lot, and it’s getting easier now. I haven’t tried (8) yet, but I’m looking forward to doing that. I can’t wait to (9) with my new band, The Blue Monkeys. Famous at last! I’ve just got home from our (10) – it was amazing! It was really exciting because we (11) that I wrote and it was the most popular song! Next week we’re going to (12) . I can’t wait!

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pulse basics

UNIT

1

Study guide Grammar •

Present perfect with just, yet, already, for and since

we use the present perfect for past actions that are connected to the present We’ve designed websites for several different groups. (We are still designing websites.)

•

we use the present perfect with just to describe very recent actions We’ve just baked some cupcakes. She’s just designed a website. •

we use the present perfect with already to talk about something that has happened He’s already learnt to speak Japanese. I’ve already written the song. •

we use the present perfect in the negative with yet to talk about things that haven’t happened but might happen in the future I haven’t learnt to juggle yet. He hasn’t edited the photos yet. •

we use the present perfect with for to talk about the duration of something which started in the past and continues in the present He’s done magic tricks for five years. (He still does magic tricks.) They’ve played in a band for two months. (They still play in the band.) •

we use the present perfect with since to describe a point in time which started in the past and continues in the present They haven’t performed since 2010. (They stopped performing in 2010.) He’s written computer code since he was young. (He still writes computer code.) •

we use the present perfect with How long …? to ask a question about a duration of time How long has Julie had a unicycle? How long have the cupcakes been in the oven?

Present perfect and past simple •

we use the past simple for completed actions in the past I played in a band at school.

•

She’s performed on stage most of her life. (She is still performing on stage.) we use the present perfect to ask about past experiences Have you ever made a video blog? Has he ever ridden a unicycle?

Vocabulary

Skills and abilities bake cupcakes design a website do magic tricks edit photos learn a foreign language learn first aid learn to juggle make a video blog (vlog) perform on stage play in a band ride a unicycle speak in public write a song write computer code

Life skills active listening assertiveness conflict resolution cooperation creative thinking entrepreneurship money management negotiation problem-solving respect for others self-awareness time management

He spoke in public last week. •

we use the past simple to ask for more information about a past experience Who did you play with? What music did you play? What did he speak about? Who did he see? Photocopy me!

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UNIT

2

Vocabulary 1

3 Complete the sentences with the words and phrases in the box.

Rescue and survival

1 Find nine rescue and survival words in the wordsquare. C V C R A S H N

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2 Match words and phrases 1–6 with definitions a–f. 1 2 3 4 5 6

victims capsize give first aid casualties firefighters compensation

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1 The workers eventually found the man in the mountains. 2 The old bank last night. The firefighters worked hard all night to put out the fire. 3 I did some training with St John’s Ambulance last month, and now I know how to . 4 My uncle was happy to for a bad car accident he had last year. 5 After the earthquake, charities to the survivors in Japan.

4 Circle the answers so they are true for you.

a) The people who put out fires. b) When somebody has an accident you might need to do this. c) The people who are affected by an accident or event. d) The people who are injured in war or an accident. e) After an accident people sometimes receive this. f) When a boat overturns in the water.

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caught fire give first aid receive compensation search and rescue sent international aid

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1 You’re at school and there’s a dangerous earthquake. What would you do? a) I would protect myself. b) I would look for any casualties. 2 You’re cooking and the food catches fire. What would you do? a) I would cover the food with a wet cloth. b) I would phone the firefighters. 3 You’re walking and you see a car crash. One of the people isn’t breathing. a) I would give first aid. b) I would phone the paramedics. 4 You’re walking in the mountains and your friend goes missing. a) I would look for her / him. b) I would phone the search and rescue workers. 5 You’re on the beach when you see a boat capsize. a) I would phone the coast guard. b) I would swim to the boat to look for survivors.

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pulse basics Grammar 1

Past perfect and past simple past perfect

affirmative I / You had played

negative I / You hadn’t played

questions Had I / you played?

He / She had played

He / She hadn’t played

Had he / she played?

We / You / They We / You / They Had we / you / had played hadn’t played they played? LOOK! Time expressions with the past perfect I had played tennis before I went to the cinema. = I went to the cinema after I had played tennis. By the time Lucy arrived, I had already watched the film. 1 Underline the past perfect verbs in the sentences.

1 2 3 4 5

I had never witnessed an accident before I saw the crash yesterday. The team had cycled nearly 20 km before I saw them. The families rushed to the hospital after they had heard about the tragedy. Everybody returned to their cabin after they had eaten. By the time I finished my homework, the programme had already finished. She had already been at the cinema for 20 minutes by the time Rick phoned her.

2 Complete the sentences with the past perfect form of the verbs in brackets.

1 2 3 4 5

By 4.30pm, Joe and Pete had put up By 5.15pm, they wood. By 6.30pm, they By 8pm, they By 9.30pm, they By 11pm, it

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UNIT

2

3 Circle the correct answer. 1 After José had set off / set off on his fishing trip, the weather changed. 2 Everyone thought he had died when he didn’t return / hadn’t returned. 3 Some people didn’t believe that he survived / had survived at sea for 13 months. 4 José said that he ate / had eaten raw fish and turtles to stay alive. 5 He looked / had looked healthy, but he had been a much bigger man before his adventures. 6 He told / had told us many stories about his time at sea after he returned. 4 Order the words to make sentences and questions. 1 his wife / spoken to / had / saw / soon after / I / James / I .

2 before / met / your job / you / Had / started / already / your manager / you ?

3 first aid / received / survivors / the / we / arrived / already / By the time / had .

4 came / when / for 20 minutes / in / been / She / already / had / the building / the firefighters .

5 before / I / France / to / had / already / in / went / been / twice / I / summer .

(put up) a tent. (collect) (make) a fire. (go) to bed. (fall) asleep. (start) to rain.

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UNIT

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Vocabulary 2

4 Circle the correct extreme adjective.

Extreme adjectives

e fre gs

bf eg bo i ling

g zin

a xh fe he ss i ou fur

fehug eddis gus tin g

1 Find and circle eight extreme adjectives in the wordsnake. st ste arvin

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

a terrifying / delighted storm a huge / tiny puppy a starving / disgusting meal an unforgettable / exhausted experience a horrific / boiling hot day an exhausted / fascinating climber a delighted / huge collection tiny / freezing water a furious / exhausted man a starving / horrific survivor

us te dd tinetiny

2 Match words 1–6 with definitions a–f. 1 2 3 4 5 6

fascinating unforgettable terrifying horrific gorgeous delighted

a) terrible b) beautiful c) very pleased d) very interesting e) very frightening f) memorable

5 Replace the underlined words in the sentences with the extreme adjectives in the box. boiling disgusting fascinating gorgeous huge tiny

3 Complete the sentences with extreme adjectives. . Lasagne 1 Thank you, the meal was is my favourite! 2 I read a book about a woman’s survival in the Australian Bush. 3 It was August and the air conditioning wasn’t working in the classroom, so it was . 4 Come and look! The view from our hotel room is . You can see the sea and the mountains! 5 It was only a mistake, but it caused problems for everyone. 6 I’m never eating at this restaurant again. The food was !

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1 I saw a very interesting film about a village that survived a tsunami. 2 They said they had eaten a very bad meal on their trip, and they were sick all day. 3 Sentinels are very big trees covered in ice. 4 It was very hot that day so we stayed in the water for hours. 5 The artist made a beautiful tree from very small pieces of paper. 6 My aunt lives in a very small house in the mountains.

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pulse basics Grammar 2

Subject and object questions subject questions

Who loves you? My family loves me. subject subject object questions

Who do you love? I love my family. object object LOOK! We don’t use an auxiliary verb (such as do) in subject questions. Who does loves you? 1 Are the questions subject or object questions? Write S (subject) or O (object). 1 2 3 4 5

When did he win the prize? What happened? Where did you stay? Who slept in the tent? Where are the victims?

2 Order the words to make questions. 1 made / your / What / you / fall / off / bike ? 2 caused / Who / accident / the ? 3 driver / the / you / say / to / did / What ? 4 to / you / the / hospital / took / Who ?

UNIT

2

3 Complete the questions with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 1 Who how to make a fire? 2 Who 3 Why the police? 4 Who 5 Where

(teach / you) (go) skiing? (you / talk) to (rescue) them? (you / go)?

4 Complete the dialogue with who or what. A: (1) What ’s your name? B: Bridget Manson. do you do? A: (2) B: I’m a firefighter. do firefighters work for? A: (3) B: They normally work for the government. abilities do firefighters need A: (4) to have? B: Well, physical strength and the skill to calculate risk is really important, but teamwork is probably the most important skill required. A: (5) drives the fire engine? B: The most experienced firefighters. saves you when you’re in A: (6) danger? B: My team, of course! Like I said, we couldn’t do the job without excellent teamwork.

5 accident / did / the / time / What / happen ?

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UNIT

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Reading 1 Read the newspaper article. How did the fire start?

A forest fire survivor Last summer, 17-year-old Jake Keller was with a group of teenagers hiking on an island in Greece. On 17th July they decided to go for a long hike and stay the night in a village on the other side of the mountain. They had walked for hours when they decided to stop and cook some food. After they had made the campfire and eaten some food, some trees caught fire. At first they weren’t scared but then the fire started spreading fast because of the wind. They realized they were in danger. After that they quickly climbed to the top of the mountain to escape. Luckily, a search and rescue helicopter found them in the end. The group were delighted to survive their terrifying experience.

2 Read the newspaper article in exercise 1 again and circle the correct answer. 1 What was Jake Keller doing in Greece? a) He was on a camping trip. b) He was on a hiking trip. 2 On 17th July what did the group decide to do? a) They decided to spend the night in another village. b) They decided to sleep in the mountains. 3 Why did the fire spread quickly? a) Because of the campfire. b) Because of the wind. 4 What did they do to escape the fire? a) They went down the mountain. b) They went up the mountain. 5 When did the search and rescue helicopter find them? a) Before they climbed to the top of the mountain. b) After they climbed to the top of the mountain.

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3 Find and write the five connectors of sequence in the newspaper article in exercise 1. 1 2 3 4 5

Writing 4 Read the notes and use them to complete the newspaper article.

When? Where? Why? Who?

last month Japan walking in the mountains two girls in the group

What happened? They got lost. They felt hungry. They ate plants and bugs and slept in the cold. A search and rescue team found them two days later. They were starving.

Two lucky survivors (1) , a group of ten walkers were in (2) . They were (3) when (4) got lost. At first, the girls weren’t worried, but they quickly felt (5) because they hadn’t eaten since breakfast. They ate the food they had with them. After that, they ate (6) and (7) . Then they tried to (8) , even though it was freezing cold. Eventually, a (9) found them in a wood on the mountain (10) days later. By the time they found them, they were (11) and freezing so they were rushed to hospital. It was a miracle they survived the terrifying experience.

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UNIT

2

Study guide Grammar

Vocabulary

Past perfect and past simple

Rescue and survival

•

capsize casualties catch fire crash firefighters give first aid paramedics receive compensation search and rescue workers send international aid survivors victims

we use the past perfect to refer back to an earlier event in the past and talk about things that had already happened The coastguard had found the boat before it capsized. (The coastguard found the boat first, then it capsized.) By the time the firefighters arrived, the fire had gone out. (The fire stopped, then the firefighters arrived.) The search and rescue workers had already given first aid when the firefighters arrived. (The search and rescue workers gave first aid, then the firefighters arrived.) •

we use the past simple to talk about completed actions in the past The boat capsized at 2pm yesterday. The cars crashed last month.

Subject and object questions •

question words can be the subject of the question. In this case, there is no auxiliary verb used in the question Who crashed the car? (The driver crashed the car.) (Who = the driver – the driver is the subject) Where are the survivors now? (They’re in hospital.) (Where = in hospital – the hospital is part of the subject)

Extreme adjectives boiling delighted disgusting exhausted fascinating freezing furious gorgeous horrific huge starving terrifying tiny unforgettable

What caught fire? (The engine caught fire.) (What = the engine – the engine is the subject) •

question words can also be the object of the question. In this case, the auxiliary verb is used (do, does or did) Who did the firefighters rescue first? (The firefighters rescued the little girl first.) (the firefighters = subject; who = the little girl – the little girl is the object) Why did he receive compensation? (He received compensation for the accident.) (he = subject; why = the accident – the accident is the object) What did the victims receive? (The victims received compensation.) (the victims = subject; what = compensation – the compensation is the object)

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UNIT

3

Vocabulary 1

4 Complete the sentences with the phrases in the box.

Future aspirations

1 Match verbs 1–5 with nouns and phrases a–e. 1 2 3 4 5

apply for a job do voluntary work get a degree get a holiday job go for an interview leave home

do pass go get make

1 Jane wants to a few days a week. She’d like to help children in need. , I’ll move in 2 When I with my girlfriend. 3 You need to prepare a CV before you . 4 My sister wants to this year. She needs money for her camping holiday in August. 5 You should wear smart clothes, like a suit, . when you in 6 I want to economics so that I can get a good job in a bank when I’m older.

a) a degree, a holiday job b) your driving test, your exams c) new friends, money d) backpacking, for an interview, on an exchange e) work experience, voluntary work 2 Circle the correct answer. 1 There are many benefits to going for / on an exchange. 2 My brother is making plans to study abroad / out this summer. 3 A good CV is important when you apply for / to a job. 4 I went at / for an interview on Monday, but I don’t know if I got the job.

5 Tick (✓) the sentences that are true for you.

3 Find five expressions with make and do in the wordsquare. Complete the phrases. D H N

I

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S

Y

Y

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T

N G S

O A

E

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E

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A S

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C H K

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Y O

E

C

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O R

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F

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X B X

F

C A O K A H X W T

J

K B H A G A R O

J

L

F M R

M A

K

E

A

Y

X

E O

H A

K

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C U

A R J

T

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S S

F

H V P

P O R

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K A D O Y O U R H O M E W O R

K

D O T

1 2 3 4 5

E

A D E

C

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M A

D E K

F

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W D R

R A N G E M E N S A D A

T

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H E H O U S

S

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O N

E W O R

Before I’m 25, I want to ... 1 pass my exams. 2 go on a student exchange. 3 study abroad. 4 do voluntary work. 5 pass my driving test. 6 get a degree.

I

G B

K C W

the housework a decision a choice your homework arrangements

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UNIT

3

Grammar 1 Future tenses LOOK! We use five main forms to make the future. will / won’t: for future predictions and spontaneous promises, offers or decisions be going to: for future intentions Present continuous: for definite arrangements Present simple: for schedules and timetables might: for future possibilities will

affirmative negative I / You will play I / You won’t play

questions Will I / you play?

He/ She will play

Will he / she play?

He / She won’t play

We / You / They We / You / They will play won’t play

Will we / you / they play?

be going to

affirmative I’m going to listen

negative I’m not going to listen

questions Am I going to listen?

You’re going to listen

You aren’t Are you going to going to listen listen?

He / She isn’t Is he / she going He/ She’s going to listen going to listen to listen? Are we / you / We / You / We / You / they going to They’re going They aren’t going to listen listen? to listen

1 2 3 4 5

He ’ll travel in the future He won’t go He might He’ll be He won’t He might Photocopy me!

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Jack: I have a terrible headache! (get) you a glass of Dad: I (1) ’ll get water. Jack: No, thanks. I’ve just drunk a glass of water. I think I (2) (go) for a sleep. (3) (you / wake) me when dinner is ready? Dad: I (4) (ask) your mum to wake you because I (5) (not be) here later. 3 Look at Sarah’s plans and complete the text with the correct form of be going to and the verbs in brackets. Tomorrow 1 send an email 2 meet Jim all 3 play a volleyb match 4 print science project

First, Fir Sarah (1) ’s going to send an email. Then she (2) Jim and they (3) a volleyball match. When she gets home, she (4) her science project.

4 Complete the sentences and questions with the present continuous form of the verbs in brackets. 1 2

1 Look at the survey results. Complete the sentences for Rob. Will you travel in the future? ✓ Will you go to university? ✗ Will you work abroad? ? Will you be fluent in English next year? Will you live alone? ✗ Will you get married? ?

2 Complete the dialogue with will or won’t and the verbs in brackets.

3 4

I ’m going ’into town tomorrow. (go) We the new job until the end of the month. (not start) We my little sister to the park later today. (take) Uncle Bill to see us today. (come) Where tomorrow? (you / go)

5 Complete the sentences with the present simple form of the verbs in brackets.

✓

. . . . . .

What time does the train arrive (the train / arrive) tonight? 1 School (start) at 9am. (have) an exam on Friday. 2 He (run) from 10th 3 The exhibition January to 25th February.

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UNIT

3

Vocabulary 2

3 Complete the sentences with the verbs in the box.

Time management

1 Match the words to form phrases. 1 2 3 4 5 6

develop make plan put set set

take set meet waste get plan

1 I lists for everything! a routine for 2 It’s important to regular study and revision before an exam. 3 It’s easier to a reminder on my phone than to write things in a diary. 4 People who don’t off doing jobs are more efficient. 5 All successful people say it is very important to goals. ahead, it helps you 6 When you to focus.

a) time b) a deadline c) a break d) organized e) a reminder f) ahead

4 Tick (✓) two ways you could improve your time-management skills. Then write a sentence.

2 Circle the correct answer. 1 Setting reminders / Getting organized on my phone helps me to remember important things like exam dates. 2 Don’t waste time / put off doing something you don’t want to do if you can do it today. 3 Sometimes I have a lot of homework at the same time and I find it difficult to plan ahead / prioritize the most important things. 4 Luckily, this year I think I’ve found a balance / gotten organized between study time and free time. 5 You can’t get organized / plan ahead with these papers all over your desk! 6 While I’m studying I try to meet a deadline / take a break every 45 minutes so I don’t get too tired.

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get organized stop putting off doing important things make lists plan ahead set goals develop a routine set reminders I could improve my time-management skills.

to

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UNIT

3

Grammar 2 Future continuous

1

future continuous

affirmative I / You will be working

negative I / You won’t be working

questions Will I / you be working?

He / She will be working

He / She won’t Will he / she be working be working?

We / You / They We / You / They Will we / you / they be will be won’t be working? working working 1 Order the words to make sentences and questions. 1 two / in / be / weeks’ / home / leaving / I’ll / time . 2 year / you / next / will / be / time / What / doing / this ? 3 tomorrow / having / She’ll / time / be / lunch / this .

2 3

4 5

At half past eight tomorrow Joshua will be waiting for the bus. (wait) At four o’clock tomorrow Sarah for her exams. (study) At five o’clock tomorrow we TV at home. (watch) At two o’clock tomorrow we at our favourite restaurant. (eat) At ten o’clock tomorrow we a museum. (visit) At eight o’clock tomorrow our favourite band . (sing)

3 Rewrite the sentences in the negative form of the future continuous. At three o’clock I’ll be watching a match.

At three o’clock I won’t be watching a match. 1 At midday tomorrow they’ll be having lunch. 2 At six o’clock Mary will be flying to New York. 3 At ten o’clock we’ll be doing an exam.

4 in / backpacking / Thailand / be / We / won’t / in / September .

4 At five o’clock Georgina and her friends will be getting ready for the party.

5 years’ / in / will / ten / Where / be / he / living / time ?

2 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences with the future continuous form of the verbs in brackets. 1

4 What will you be doing this time tomorrow? Write affirmative and negative future continuous sentences that are true for you. (study)

This time tomorrow I’ll be studying.

1 (play football) 2

3

2 (watch TV) 3 (chat with my friends)

4

5

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UNIT

3

Reading

Writing

1 Read the CV. What type of work is Sarah interested in doing?

3 Read and complete the notes so they are true for you. Then use them to complete your CV. PERSONAL INFORMATION Name: Address: Telephone number: Email address:

CURRICULUM VITAE PERSONAL INFORMATION Sarah Brown 24 Hough Lane, Leeds, LE4 5SK + 44 0113 876432 [email protected]

POSITION APPLIED FOR Where would you like to do work experience?

POSITION APPLIED FOR Work experience at Meade Activity Centre for Young People

EDUCATION AND TRAINING Date started secondary school: Date finish exams: Subjects you are studying:

EDUCATION AND TRAINING September 2013–June 2015 I will be taking GCSEs in the following subjects: English, maths, science, Spanish, German, art & design, ICT, music, history, geography

WORK EXPERIENCE Date started / ended: What position did you have?

WORK EXPERIENCE August 2014 Monitor at international summer camp

PERSONAL SKILLS Your first language: Any other language(s) excellent / very good / good communication skills excellent / very good / good organizational skills What other skills or abilities do you have?

October 2013–present Volunteer at Oaks Youth Club PERSONAL SKILLS • Mother tongue: English • Other language(s): Spanish, German • Communication skills: excellent communication skills gained as volunteer at Oaks Youth Club • Organizational skills: excellent organizational skills • Computer skills: proficient with Microsoft and Acrobat • Other skills: EFR first aid certificate; Piano Grade 6; experience in sports coaching for 6to 12-year-olds.

CURRICULUM VITAE PERSONAL INFORMATION (1) (2) (3) (4)

2 Read the CV in exercise 1 again and circle T (true) or F (false). 1 2 3 4 5

Sarah has already taken her GCSEs. Sarah has no previous work experience. Sarah speaks fluent English. Sarah knows how to work with people. Sarah has no experience with children.

POSITION APPLIED FOR (5)

T T T T T

F F F F F

EDUCATION AND TRAINING (6) WORK EXPERIENCE (7) PERSONAL SKILLS • Mother tongue: (8) • Other language(s): (9) • Communication skills: (10) • Organizational skills: (11) • Other skills: (12)

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UNIT

3

Study guide Vocabulary

Grammar

Future aspirations

Future tenses •

we use will / won’t to make predictions for the future He’ll pass his driving test first time. They won’t do voluntary work in the summer. •

we also use will / won’t to make promises, offers and spontaneous decisions I’ll pay you back when I get paid. I won’t leave home without my keys. •

we use be going to for future intentions They’re going to go backpacking around Asia next year. She’s going to get a degree first. •

we use the present continuous for future arrangements I’m working at the café on Saturdays. We’re going on an exchange in July. I’m not playing basketball tomorrow. •

we use the present simple for schedules and timetables The first train leaves at 10.30am. The interview starts at 9am. •

we use might for possibilities in the future She might leave home when she finishes school. They might make new friends on holiday.

apply for a job do voluntary work do work experience get a degree get a holiday job go backpacking go for an interview go on an exchange leave home make money make new friends pass your driving test pass your exams study abroad

Time management develop a routine find a balance get organized make lists meet a deadline plan ahead prioritize put off doing something set a reminder set goals take a break waste time

Future continuous •

we use the future continuous for actions that will be in progress at a specific time in the future He’ll be working at the supermarket over the summer. They won’t be doing work experience at the travel agency next year. Where will you be doing work experience next year?

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UNIT

4

Vocabulary 1 Phrasal verbs

1 Find and circle eight phrasal verbs in the wordsnake. peasjasko ut ngu g b ri

fed ff hfa o l lloutwithetel

hangoutwith

2 Circle the correct answer. 1 If you hang out with your friends, it means a) you spend time with them. b) you go to a place with them. 2 If you settle down with somebody, it means a) you move away from them. b) you make a home with them. 3 If you get on with a person, it means a) you have a good relationship. b) you have a bad relationship. 4 If you split up with a partner, it means a) you are saying goodbye. b) the relationship has ended. 5 If you meet up with somebody, it means a) you get together with somebody at an arranged time and place. b) you invite somebody on a date. 6 If somebody tells you off, it means a) you’ve done something wrong. b) you’ve done something right. 3 Look at the pictures and circle the correct answer. 1

2

ea sp litu

eu ak m pwithspl

thwitlookaft pwi er

1 Emily and Fran have made up / fallen out with each other. 2 Joe’s dad told him off / brought him up when he came home after 11pm. 3 Daisy’s looking after / telling off her little brother. 4 Nick’s going out / splitting up with Ana. 5 Sophie settles down / gets on with her mum.

4 Answer the questions. Write sentences that are true for you. 1 Do you get on well with your parents? Why / Why not? 2 Do you get told off often? Why / Why not? 3 Do you have to look after a younger brother or sister? 4 Can you hang out with your friends until late in the evening? Why / Why not? 5 Have you ever fallen out with a friend? Did you make up with them? 6 Where were you brought up? Do you live in the same place now?

3

4

5

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pulse basics Grammar 1

The first, second and third conditional

UNIT

4

3 Match sentence and question beginnings 1–5 with endings a–e. 1 2 3 4 5

LOOK! We use the first conditional for possible or probable situations in the future. If I study every day, I’ll pass my exams. We use the second conditional for hypothetical situations in the future. If I had lots of money, I’d buy a palace! We use the third conditional when we imagine the consequences of a situation after it has happened. If I had gone out more, I would have made more friends.

a) if they apologized? b) I would take the bus to school. c) we would study another language. d) he wouldn’t play cards. e) if she wasn’t on holiday. 4 Order the words to complete the third conditional sentences.

first conditional

If / Unless + present simple

Mary would come to the party If we had time, Would you forgive them If I didn’t have a bike, If Greg came to the party,

If Johnny hadn’t broken his leg, … 1 hospital / two / wouldn’t / he / been / in / have / for / days .

will / won’t + infinitive

second conditional

If + past simple

would(n’t) + infinitive

2 taken / the / would / he / have / centre / job / at / sport’s / the .

third conditional

If + past perfect

would(n’t) + have + past participle

3 a / he / birthday / his / arranged / have / for / would / girlfriend’s / surprise .

1 Complete the sentences with the first conditional form of the verbs in brackets.

1 2 3 4

If we pass our exams, we ’ll have a party. (have) If you later, I’ll see you tomorrow. (not come) My parents me if I don’t call them now. (not collect) If our team wins the match, we a trophy. (get) If Peter today, he won’t pass his exam tomorrow. (not study)

2 Complete the sentences with if or unless. you stop eating cake. 1 You’ll be sick you get up late, you’ll miss the bus. 2 they arrive early, I won’t see them. 3 4 They won’t know how to get here they have a map.

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4 the / he / times / gone / to / have / doctor’s / so / wouldn’t / many .

5 Match the speech bubbles. 1 If it hadn’t rained yesterday,

2 If she was poor,

3

4

a

we’ll start the meeting without her.

if they had the chance.

b

c

If she doesn’t arrive soon,

I would have sat in the garden.

They would change jobs

she wouldn’t drive such a big car.

d

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UNIT

4

Vocabulary 2

Non-verbal communication 5

1 Find six non-verbal communication words and phrases in the wordsquare. N S

T

Y

I

F

T M C

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R Q D

F

E U

A

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A

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A N H E

P

C

W N C

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S R

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Y G P R

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W

C A P

C K

K N

S N S

U B L

L

Y G U B V H O C A

Y

H O L

T

T

D H A N D S

D

T

N K V H D

E

S H A

K

F

P

T

F

E Q

E H A N D S

2 Label the pictures with the phrases in the box. give somebody a hug kiss somebody on the cheek make eye contact raise your eyebrows roll your eyes shake hands shrug your shoulders

1

2

3

4

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7

3 Complete the sentences with the verbs in the box. frowned gave raised shake stare 1 In a formal situation, like an interview, I like to hands. her 2 When we told her the news, she eyebrows and didn’t know what to say. 3 Sarah was so happy with her present, she everybody a big hug. at 4 My mum always tells me not to people – it’s very rude. 5 They could tell I was angry when I .

4 Match sentence beginnings 1–6 and endings a–f. 1 2 3 4 5 6

When I’m happy to see somebody When I get angry When I’m surprised When I don’t know something When I go for an interview When I see my family

a) I shake hands. b) I shrug my shoulders. c) I smile. d) I hug them. e) I raise my eyebrows. f) I frown. Text Pulse © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2015

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pulse basics Grammar 2

Adverbs of possibility and probability 1 Tick (✓) the correct sentences. 1 The adverbs perhaps and maybe have different meanings. 2 The adverbs perhaps and maybe go at the beginning of a sentence or clause. 3 The adverbs definitely and probably go at the beginning of a sentence or clause. 4 The adverbs definitely and probably go after affirmative auxiliaries and forms of be. 2 Circle the correct answer. 1 I definitely / probably won’t tell anyone else your secret. 2 Maybe / Probably that’s John’s jacket – I saw him looking for something earlier. 3 They will perhaps / probably want to play cards because that’s all they ever want to do! 4 Perhaps / Definitely I should smile in work more often.

UNIT

4

3 a) Sam hasn’t called. He’s perhaps still at work. b) Sam hasn’t called. Perhaps he’s still at work. 4 a) They will probably leave early in the morning. b) Probably they will leave early in the morning. 4 Complete the sentences with the adverbs in the box. definitely definitely maybe perhaps probably we can do 1 I can’t go out today. something tomorrow. 2 That is the biggest elephant I’ve ever seen, but I’m not sure. 3 They aren’t answering the phone. they are sleeping. 4 The bus hasn’t arrived yet. I’m going to be late for school. 5 They’re going to the concert because they bought tickets last week.

5 Rewrite the sentences so they are true for you. Use adverbs of possibility or probability. 1 I’ll do well in all my exams. 2 I’ll go to university. 3 I’ll become fluent in English.

3 Tick (✓) the correct sentences. 1 a) They are definitely coming to the party. b) Definitely they are coming to the party. 2 a) She seemed worried. She has an exam maybe. b) She seemed worried. Maybe she has an exam.

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4 I’ll live abroad. 5 I’ll get a good job. 6 I’ll get married.

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UNIT

4

Reading

Writing

1 Read the instant messages. What is Holly asking Lisa for?

3 Read the notes and use them to complete the instant messages.

Ben thinks Matt should get some rest k– thinks Matt would feel better after a wal er bett p slee maybe help him to wishes Matt good luck Matt feeling exhaus ted studied all week keeps thinking about the exams will message Ben later

2 Read the instant messages in exercise 1 again and tick (✓) the correct sentences. 1 a) b) 2 a) b) 3 a) b) 4 a)

Amy needs advice. Holly needs advice. Mike has a new friend. Amy has a new boyfriend. Mike cancels plans all the time. Amy cancels plans all the time. Holly wants to ask Amy to go out in a group of friends. b) Holly wants to ask Amy to chat with Mike.

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pulse basics

UNIT

4

Study guide Grammar •

The first, second and third conditional

definitely and probably go after an affirmative auxiliary I’ll probably look after my sister tonight.

•

we use the first conditional for possible future situations If I don’t ask her out today, I’ll ask her out tomorrow. If they don’t meet up today, they’ll hang out with each other tomorrow. •

we use the second conditional for hypothetical or unlikely future situations If I hung out with that gang, I would get into trouble. (I don’t hang out with the gang.) If Mark split up with me, I’d be really upset. (They haven’t split up.) •

we use the third conditional when we imagine situations that are different from what actually happened If I hadn’t fallen out with my mother, I would have gone to the show tonight. (I did fall out with my mother, so I didn’t go to the show.) If he had gone out more, he would have made more friends. (He didn’t go out much, so he didn’t make many friends.) If we had settled down, we would have been really happy together. (They didn’t settle down, so they aren’t really happy together.)

Adverbs of possibility and probability •

we use maybe and perhaps when we are not very sure that something will happen. They go at the start of the sentence Maybe they’ll settle down in the country after the wedding. Perhaps she isn’t telling them off after all. Maybe we’ll split up. •

we use definitely when we are very sure about something My brother will definitely meet up with us later.

•

They’re probably going to shrug their shoulders when you tell them the news. definitely and probably go before a negative auxiliary She definitely won’t ask him out. We probably don’t get on with him because he’s too loud.

Vocabulary Phrasal verbs ask out bring up fall out with get on with go out with hang out with look after make up with meet up with settle down with split up with tell off

Non-verbal communication frown gesticulate give (somebody) a hug hold hands kiss (somebody) on the cheek make eye contact raise your eyebrows roll your eyes shake hands shrug your shoulders smile stare

I’m definitely going to shake hands with him at the interview. •

we use probably when we think something is likely to happen We’re probably going to go out with our friends on Saturday. She’s probably going to raise her eyebrows when you tell her. Photocopy me!

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UNIT

5

Vocabulary 1

3 Tick (✓) the correct sentences.

Innovation and invention 1 Label the pictures with the phrases in the box. driverless car e-reader flexible smartphone space tourism 1

1 High-speed trains move faster than normal trains. 2 You can’t drink desalinated water. 3 Driverless cars are robotic vehicles that use artificial intelligence. 4 Bioplastics create more pollution than traditional plastics. 5 3D printing hasn’t been invented yet. 4 Complete the sentences with the words and phrases in the box.

2

driverless cars e-reader flexible smartphone high-speed train space stations 1 We travelled to Madrid on a

3

2 4

3

2 Find six innovations and inventions in the wordsquare. S A T E L L I T E B R O A D B A N D

P S D E E B O M Q R M R V X S D W N

A R H M F C I O A Y H E L M J E E S

C A E P R Z H O P Z P A A A N D A C

E F T U D Q F P P J U R P I W A R I

T E T B Z S L C Y L T A K D T K A T

O V O D N P H L Z M A N X V C R B L

U U T E W D R T A N I S A F E A L M

R C Z X Y D U T T D M E T W E N E A

I I U J W R E Y I V Q H T I T A G O

S M P S G R G Z P Y R R J A C T A T

M M J B I L F N O B P D I T V S D C

A J S A R F P J Q P N C S G Z B G L

D I L N U E H K A B N E R B G E E E

B S G I T T I R H D K O W H K E T K

A F H I G H S P E E D T R A I N S O

4

5

. It was amazing! If I had an I would download all my comics and read them. Do you know how many there are in space? I’ve broken two phones already. A would be perfect for me! are a great invention! I’m sure they would help reduce traffic accidents.

5 Finish the sentences so they are true for you. 1 If I had a 3D printer, I would 2 If I had a flexible smartphone, I would 3 If I had an e-reader, I would 4 If I had a driverless car, I would

. . . .

5 If I had clothes made of smart materials, I would .

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pulse basics Grammar 1 present simple passive

negative Digital pens aren’t used.

questions Are digital pens used?

past simple passive

affirmative Digital pens were used.

negative Digital pens weren’t used.

questions Were digital pens used?

future passive

affirmative Digital pens will be used.

5

3 Complete the sentences with the correct future passive form of the verbs in brackets.

The passive affirmative Digital pens are used.

UNIT

negative questions Digital pens Will digital won’t be used. pens be used?

1 Circle the correct answer.

Cars of the future In the future, better and safer cars will be invented by inventors. (invent) by electricity or water. 1 They (power) 2 They by computers. (control) 3 Miniature cars around big cities. (drive) 4 Different car shapes and sizes . (design) 4 Complete the sentences with the present simple, past simple or future passive form of the verbs in brackets.

1 Computers is / are provided to all students. 2 Access to the computer room is / are allowed between 9am and 4pm. 3 The room is / are locked at lunchtime. 4 Using social networking is / are forbidden. 5 The computers is / are switched off at night. 2 Circle the correct answer. The history of brushing our teeth 1 In ancient times a twig … on the teeth to clean them. a) was rubbed b) were rubbed 2 The first toothbrush … in 1498 in China. a) were invented b) was invented 3 It … from hairs from a pig’s neck! a) were made b) was made 4 Electric toothbrushes … until 1939 in Switzerland. a) wasn’t developed b) weren’t developed 5 Toothpaste … in 500 BC in China and India. a) was used b) were used 6 Toothpaste in a tube … in the USA in 1892 by Dr Washington Sheffield. a) was introduced b) were introduced

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The tape recorder 1 In the past, music recorders. (record) 2 A cassette tape work. (need)

on tape

to make it

The smartphone 3 Today, messages

and received quickly on smartphones. (send) 4 All the functions on a touchscreen. (control) Robots 5 In the future, all our housework by robots. (do) 6 Many domestic appliances . (not need)

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UNIT

5

Vocabulary 2 Adverb review

1 Find and circle seven adverbs in the wordsnake. fo com

rtablylyedre dq u

ndtabsol ene ut ely t f el rem fo t r y i x als u ickl ydferquite talwaysrfedte

2 Circle the correct answer.

4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets.

1 The adverb ‘quite’ means a) a little. b) a lot. 2 The adverb ‘often’ means a) rarely. b) frequently. 3 The adverb ‘absolutely’ means a) frequently. b) extremely. 4 The adverb ‘rarely’ means a) extremely. b) not very often. 5 The adverb ‘quickly’ means a) fast. b) a little.

1 2 3 4 5

The astronauts waved quickly as they boarded the space shuttle. (quick) They work at the weekend. (rare) after a ten-hour We arrived journey. (safe) My dad doesn’t speak English very . (good) send text messages to I don’t my parents. (usual) You can confuse some words. (easy)

3 Rewrite the sentences with the adverbs in brackets. I play games on my phone. (often)

I often play games on my phone. 1 This app is amazing! (absolutely) 2 All the competitors were talented. (extremely) 3 James is on Facebook! (always) 4 This solar oven cooks well. (very) 5 Tablets are useful for watching films. (quite)

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5 Complete the sentences with the adverbs in the box. comfortably easily fast quietly well 1 I’m so hungry – I could eat another pizza! 2 I didn’t feel yesterday – I had a headache all day. 3 The cat came into the room so that I didn’t know it was there. 4 We sat on the sofa and watched a great film. 5 The new student spoke – I think he was quite nervous.

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pulse basics Grammar 2

Active and passive voice active

An inventor designed the driverless car. passive

The driverless car was designed by an inventor. LOOK! In the active voice, the subject is the person or thing that does the action. In the passive voice, the subject is the person or thing that receives the action of the verb. 1 Are the sentences and questions active or passive? Write A (active) or P (passive). 1 Many new gadgets are invented every year. 2 The app is used to chat to friends. 3 They received the device in the post. 4 Will the information be sent soon? 5 They sent some messages to their friends. 2 Match questions 1–5 with answers a–e. The Smart Wheel 1 Where is it sold? 2 How is the battery charged? 3 What does it do? 4 How is it used? 5 Who was it invented by?

UNIT

5

3 Read the sentences and cross out the words in bold if they aren’t necessary. 1 My house will be painted by them. 2 The instructions were given by our teacher yesterday. 3 This cool gadget was invented by my friend Dave. 4 The programme will be downloaded tomorrow by our computer technician. 5 This new TV series is viewed by over 2 million people. 4 Rewrite the sentences and questions in the passive form. Use by only if necessary.

1 2 3

4 5

People celebrate the event every year. The event is celebrated every year. Leonardo da Vinci invented an alarm clock. . An alarm clock Somebody stole my pen last week. . My pen Somebody found this microchip the other day. This microchip . Did Isaac Newton discover gravity? ? Was gravity Cyclists use the Smart Wheel when they don’t want to do any work. The Smart Wheel .

a) It allows you to cycle fast without you doing any work! b) It was invented by a company called FlyKly Bikes. c) It’s fitted to your bicycle. It can replace the back wheel of most bikes. d) The battery charges itself when you cycle downhill. e) On the FlyKly website.

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The Smart Wheel

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UNIT

5

Reading

Writing

1 Read the formal letter of complaint. What was the problem with the tablet that Maggie bought?

3 Read the notes and use them to complete the formal letter of complaint.

74 Park Drive York YO2 4PL 14th March The Manager Top Computers 35 Raikes Lane London SW2 7RR

bou ght mobile phone on 15th Dec ember firs t bill: £75 money taken from account yes terday offer: 120 minutes free calls / free text messaging haven’t made or rec eived any calls never had problems with the shop before want a refund in the nex t seven days

Dear Sir or Madam, I ordered a new tablet computer (a DELL Venue 8 Pro at £215) from your website on 5th February. My order was placed at 18:30 and I received a confirmation email. The money was taken from my account the next day. Unfortunately, when the tablet arrived it had been damaged. I sent it back immediately, but I still haven’t received a replacement. I would appreciate it if you could send a replacement or refund my money within one week. I have never had any problems using your website before and am disappointed this hasn’t been resolved sooner. I look forward to your reply and a quick resolution to this problem. Yours faithfully,

Maggie Hall 2 Read the letter in exercise 1 again and circle the correct answer. 1 a) b) 2 a) b) 3 a) b) 4 a) b) 5 a)

Maggie bought a tablet in a shop. Maggie bought a tablet online. She didn’t receive the tablet. She received the tablet but it was damaged. She sent the tablet back. She hasn’t sent the tablet back yet. She wants her money back. She wants her money back or a new tablet. She has had similar problems with the website before. b) This is the first time she has had problems with the website.

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16 Grace Park Avenue Durham DRM 6OM 9th January The Manager YouPhone 69 Blue Road London SW3 8SS Dear Sir or Madam, I purchased a new (1) from your shop on (2) . I’ve just received my first bill for an amount of (3) . The money (4) yesterday.

from my account

When I bought the phone, I signed a contract for (5) of free calls and all instant messages totally (6) of charge. I have sent a few messages but I still haven’t made or received any phone (7) . I have (8) had any problems with your shop before and am disappointed that this mistake has been made. I would appreciate it if you could send a (9) within the next (10) . I look forward to your reply and a quick resolution to this problem. Yours faithfully,

Tom Allen

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pulse basics

UNIT

5

Study guide Vocabulary

Grammar

Innovation and invention

The passive •

we use the passive to say what happens to people or things or what is done to them The sea water is processed to remove the salt. The 3D printer will be used by the new students. •

we use the passive to focus on the recipient of an action, not the person or thing that does the action New smart materials are produced all the time. The space station was built a few years ago. New wearable gadgets will be designed in the future. we use by to show who or what does / did the action E-readers are used by people all over the world these days. •

The mobile phone was invented by Martin Cooper. The smart materials will be worn by athletes.

Active and passive voice •

the active voice is where the subject is the person or thing that does the action Richard Branson wants to be the pioneer of space tourism. They didn’t use bioplastics in their invention. Electric toothbrushes weren’t developed until 1939. •

the passive voice is where the subject of the sentence receives the action, so the focus is on the action or the recipient of the action 3D printing is used to make more products every day.

3D printing bioplastics desalinated water driverless cars e-readers flexible smartphones high-speed trains satellite broadband smart materials space station space tourism wearable gadgets

Adverb review absolutely always comfortably easily extremely fast hard late often quickly quietly quite rarely safely usually very well

Driverless cars won’t be driven by robots. The Smart Wheel was invented by a company called FlyKly Bikes.

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UNIT

6

Vocabulary 1

3 Complete the sentences with the words and phrases in the box.

Identity theft

1 Match the words to form phrases. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

shred credit bank junk identity spending credit phishing wifi

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i)

credit card fraudster junk mail loan log on spending spree

account theft documents mail spree rating scam hotspot card

2 Circle the correct answer. 1 You can use this instead of money to buy things. a) credit card b) loan 2 A person who tries to cheat others. a) scam b) fraudster 3 This is when you go shopping and buy lots of things. a) debt b) spending spree 4 Emails that you don’t want from strangers. a) loan b) junk mail 5 A public place where you can use the internet. a) wifi hotspot b) social networking 6 Money that somebody owes. a) debt b) shred 7 You save money in this. a) credit card b) bank account 8 A website where you communicate with friends. a) social networking b) wifi hotspot site 9 You do this when you start a computer or want to read you emails. a) log on b) loan

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1 Mary closed her email account because she . was getting too much 2 He just went on a huge and spent £500 on suits! 3 I can’t to my computer for some reason – perhaps I changed my password. 4 My mum destroyed her because she was spending too much money. 5 A in the USA was sentenced to 150 years in prison last month for identity theft. to buy 6 I would only get a something big like a house or a car.

4 Tick (✓) the sentences that are true for you. 1 I always keep my passwords secret. 2 I would never give a stranger my personal information. 3 I don’t make friends with people I don’t know online. 4 I don’t use the internet in public places. 5 If I buy something online, I always check that the website is safe. 6 I don’t open emails or attachments from people I don’t know.

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pulse basics Grammar 1

Modals of ability and possibility, obligation and prohibition ability and possibility

present can / can’t + infinitive I / You can speak He / She can speak We / You / They can speak

past could / couldn’t + infinitive I / You could speak He / She could speak We / You / They could speak

UNIT

6

2 Complete the sentences with mustn’t or don’t have to. 1 We finish it today – we can do it tomorrow.

2 drink You that – it’s very bad for you! You touch that – it’s very hot!

obligation and prohibition

present must / mustn’t + infinitive; have to + infinitive I / You have to speak He / She has to speak We / You / They have to speak

past had to + infinitive I / You had to speak He / She had to speak We / You / They had to speak

past didn’t have to + infinitive I / You didn’t have to speak He / She didn’t have to speak We / You / They didn’t have to speak

1 Complete the sentences with can / can’t or could / couldn’t. use my phone if you need to 1 You ring your parents. 2 I access my email yesterday because I didn’t have an internet connection. 3 It was raining heavily last weekend so we go on our school trip. get a credit card because you’re 4 You already in debt! 5 I wear my own clothes when I was in primary school, but now I wear a uniform.

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4

tell You me about it if you don’t want to.

3 Circle the correct answer.

no obligation

present don’t have to + infinitive I / You don’t have to speak He / She doesn’t have to speak We / You / They don’t have to speak

3

1 We missed the bus, so we … call a taxi. a) have to b) had to c) must 2 You … wear a suit for this job – everyone normally wears jeans. a) don’t have to b) have to c) had to 3 I broke my leg when I was a child and I … walk for six weeks. a) could b) can’t c) couldn’t 4 You … always find a wifi hotspot in town – there are lots of cafés with free internet. a) can b) can’t c) could 4 Complete the sentences with the verbs in the box. didn’t have to had to have to must 1 We finished school at 2pm yesterday because my teacher leave early. open a bank account 2 You in your own name. 3 It’s not fair! My parents study as much as I do when they were young. 4 You study hard if you want to become a doctor.

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UNIT

6

Vocabulary 2 Personal identity

1 Find and circle eight personal identity words in the wordsnake. rancenaena tio

sonalityt liefsfegrr pe r hn bebe p ela s s p i th tio na h on i s s nic nsh lityn sses ips ip o ityychfriend

e

ea app

2 Complete the personal identity words. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

a pea an e re a ion hips en e a io alit s yl a ue e ni i y fs b l

American blond hair blue eyes confident female funny individual People should be themselves. 21st April 1996

3 Match words and phrases 1–8 with definitions a–g. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

friendships possessions beliefs ethnicity peer group style personality appearance

a) People of the same age and background. b) Your nationality, language and cultural background are part of this. c) The way somebody looks on the outside. d) The relationships you have with friends. e) The mixture of characteristics that makes somebody different from others. f ) A person’s opinions. g) The things somebody owns. h) The clothes you wear and the way you choose to dress.

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4 Complete the profile with the words and phrases in the box.

Name: Tavi Gevinson Date of birth: (1) Gender: (2) Nationality: (3) Appearance: (4) (5) Personality: (6) (7) Style: (8) Beliefs: (9)

, ,

5 Complete the profile so it is true for you.

Gender: (1) Nationality: (2) Appearance: (3) (4) Personality: (5) (6) Style: (7) Favourite possession: (8)

, ,

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pulse basics Grammar 2

Modals of deduction

UNIT

6

3 Match sentences 1–4 with pictures a–d. 1 The food can’t be good – there’s nobody here! 2 You can’t be hungry – you’ve just eaten! 3 This could be valuable! 4 You must feel awful!

certainty

can’t + infinitive must + infinitive I / You can’t be famous He / She can’t be famous We / You / They can’t be famous possibility

might / might not + infinitive could + infinitive I / You might not be famous He / She might not be famous We / You / They might not be famous I / You could be famous He / She could be famous We / You / They could be famous 1 Complete the sentences with can’t or must. be a new computer – it looks 1 This so old! 2 Our neighbours be on holiday. I haven’t seen them for over a week. 3 James be a dentist – he’s too young. 4 That be you in the photo – this person has black hair, but your hair is blond! 5 She have a good job if she can afford this expensive car. 6 He be at home – all the lights are on.

a

b

c

d

4 Circle the correct answer. 1 I said I’d meet Sarah at the cinema so that can’t / must be her at the door. 2 Our hockey team is doing very well this year – we might not / could win the finals! 3 You must / might be able to speak some English – you lived in England for five years! 4 If we get to the stadium before nine o’clock, we might / must see the end of the match. 5 Look at the photo and order the words to make sentences.

2 Complete the sentences with might or might not. 1 If my mum gets the job in Sydney, we move to Australia. come to school today – 2 James he wasn’t feeling well yesterday. 3 The players win anything because of their bad behaviour in the match. 4 You be lucky this week and win the lottery! 5 She change her mind and surprise us all! 6 That be his dog – I think it was brown not black.

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1 be / look / could / sisters / They / they / similar / because . 2 happy / smiling / be / because / must / they’re / They . 3 they’re / wearing / can’t / They / university / be / because / school / at / uniforms . 4 the / is / Eiffel Tower / must / be / Paris / They / because / in / in the background .

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UNIT

6

Reading

Writing

1 Read the profile. Who values a strong work ethic?

3 Read the information about Nick Vujicic and use it to complete the profile.

Nationality: American Residence: Camden, New Jersey, USA Occupation: founder and teacher at Camden Sophisticated Sisters Tawanda Jones is from New Jersey, one of the poorest cities in the USA. She started an organization called Camden Sophisticated Sisters to teach discipline and self-confidence to vulnerable young people. She also helps young women to do well at school and to get involved in the community. She does this because she believes it will make Camden a better place to live. Tawanda’s key values include a commitment to improving the lives of young women, pride in her community and a strong work ethic. Because of this, the organization has grown from the original 80 members to over 4,000 participants. Tawanda has made a difference to the lives of many young people and she is a role model to many. It can’t be easy working in tough conditions, but she has certainly succeeded.

Nationality: Australian Residence: Melbourne Appearance: physical disability (no arms or legs) Personality: determined, positive Occupation: director of Life Without Limbs (a non-profit organization for the physically disabled), motivational speaker Beliefs: Always have big dreams and never give up.

2 Read the profile in exercise 1 again and tick (✓) the correct sentences. 1 Tawanda teaches people how to be vulnerable. 2 She believes that the community will be better if people get involved. 3 Tawanda wants to make people’s lives better. 4 The organization has 80 members today. 5 Tawanda has changed many people’s lives. 6 It is easy for Tawanda to work in these conditions.

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Nick Vujicic is from (1) in (2) . Due to a (3) disability, he has no arms or legs and relies on two small feet. Despite his condition, Nick is (4) and always stays positive. He taught himself many incredible things like writing, swimming and throwing tennis balls. Nick was bullied at school and suffered from depression at a young age. However, he realized that his story inspired other people, so he decided to help people. At the age of 17, he started an organization called (5) . Nick still runs this non-profit organization for (6) people today. He is also a (7) and has travelled to many countries. He has inspired people with his story. Nick believes that we should have (8) and never give up.

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pulse basics

UNIT

6

Study guide Vocabulary

Grammar Modals of ability and possibility, obligation and prohibition •

we use can / could for ability and possibility I can’t pay my bills so the debt is increasing. He could get credit cards very easily when he was 18. She can afford to go on a spending spree this month, but she couldn’t last month. •

we use must, have to and had to for obligation We must keep our passwords secret. They have to shred all confidential documents. We had to take out a loan to pay the debt. •

we use mustn’t for prohibition You mustn’t tell anyone your password. She mustn’t get into debt again. •

we use don’t have to / didn’t have to when there is no obligation You don’t have to join a social networking site if you don’t want to. We didn’t have to get a credit rating. We didn’t have to sign up for a bank account when we were students, and we don’t have to sign up for one now.

Modals of deduction •

Identity theft bank account credit card credit rating debt fraudster junk mail loan log on phishing scam shred documents social networking site spending spree wifi hotspot

Personal identity appearance beliefs ethnicity friendships gender nationality peer group personality possessions relationships style values

we use can’t and must when we are certain about something That can’t be true. I saw them at the shopping centre yesterday evening. This must be a mistake – I didn’t go to the office yesterday. He can’t be our new teacher. It must be a mistake! •

we use might or could when we think something is possible but we are not certain He might be a fraudster – I’m not sure everything he said was true. They might not be in the office now – it’s after 5pm. I’m going to shred these documents because someone could find the information and use it.

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UNIT

7

Vocabulary 1 Film-making

1 Look at the pictures and complete the film-making words and phrases.

1 s

5

r

p

a

e

ao

2

o

tu

e

esi

e

a

or

6

i

ne

h

in

bt

2 Find and circle seven film-making words and phrases in the wordsnake. tiononsu ca o l e edcr esd itl

e

3 Match words and phrases 1–6 with definitions a–f. 1 2 3 4 5 6

ackacfcast d tr

dits

soun sax w cre ss eg oun s t c deffe

crew script sound effects make-up artist credits set

a) The noises in a film. b) The person who puts cosmetics on the actors. c) A group of people who work on the production of a film. d) The scenery and props used for a film. e) The written text of a film. f) The words that appear on screen at the end of a film. 41

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3 s

7 s

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t de

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4 Complete the dialogue with the words in the box. actors cast costume designer script sound effects Laura: Have you seen any good films recently? Glen: Yeah, I saw X-Men last week. It was brilliant! Laura: Yeah, I saw it, too. The (1) are all famous, which made it even better! Glen: Yeah. I really like Hugh Jackman – he’s one of my favourite (2) . Laura: What did you think of the (3) ? Glen: Amazing, they were loud but really cool. And the costumes were fantastic, too. Laura: I agree. The (4) will probably be nominated for an award for them. was Glen: The (5) excellent, so the writers will probably win some awards, too.

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pulse basics Grammar 1 Reported speech

reported speech: tense changes

direct speech am / is / are

reported speech was / were

present simple

past simple

present continuous

past continuous

past simple

past perfect

present perfect

past perfect

will / would

would

must / have to

had to

can / could

could

1 Circle the correct answer. 1 The teacher said that he was starting / is starting rehearsals for the play. 2 Jodie said that she wanted / wants to play. 3 She said that she has downloaded / had downloaded the film. 4 The actor said that he did / had done another action film the year before. 2 Complete the reported speech sentences. 1 ‘It’s a great film!’ a great film. They said that it 2 ‘I would love to watch that film again.’ to watch Sophie said that she that film again. 3 ‘I’ve finished the script.’ The script writer said that she the script. reported speech: changes to time expressions

direct speech ➔ reported speech today ➔ that day tomorrow ➔ the following day / the day after next week ➔ the following week / the week after yesterday ➔ the previous day / the day before last week ➔ the previous week / the week before four years ago ➔ four years before here ➔ there this ➔ that these ➔ those

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UNIT

7

3 Circle the correct answer. 1 ‘Sorry I didn’t call you yesterday.’ Max said that he was sorry he hadn’t called me the previous day / the next day. 2 ‘The film club’s showing Gravity next week.’ He said that the film club was showing Gravity the next week / the following week. 3 ‘Three great movies came out last year.’ She said that three great movies had come out the year before / the year after. 4 ‘I’m flying to Hollywood tomorrow!’ Chloe said that she was flying to Hollywood the following day / the day after. 5 ‘I’ll meet you here at nine o’clock.’ Dan said that he would me there / here at nine o’clock. 6 ‘I need these chairs for the set.’ The set designer said that she needed that / those chairs for the set. 4 Match direct speech sentences 1–8 with reported speech sentences a–h. 1 2 3 4 5 6

‘You’re late!’ said Maggie. ‘I missed the bus,’ said Jack. ‘We can’t go to the cinema,’ Maggie said. ‘The film has already started,’ she said. ‘It doesn’t matter,’ Jack said. ‘We don’t have to go to the cinema,’ he said. 7 ‘I’m feeling hungry,’ he said. 8 ‘Luckily I know a nice café near the cinema!’ Maggie said. a) Maggie said that luckily she knew a nice café near the cinema. b) She said that the film had already started. c) Maggie said that Jack was late. d) Jack said that it didn’t matter. e) He said that he was feeling hungry. f ) Jack said that he had missed the bus. g) Maggie said that they couldn’t go to the cinema. h) He said that they didn’t have to go to the cinema.

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UNIT

7

Vocabulary 2 Reporting verbs

LOOK!

1 Find ten reporting verbs in the wordsquare.

Verb patterns verb + infinitive with to: agree, offer, promise, refuse verb + object + infinitive with to: ask, convince, invite, tell verb + that: admit, complain, say, suggest

T

V D

J

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D N M A

T

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P D

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A U R

V M

V B

T O L

A

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P M F

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T M X

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S C S R

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E A

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S N G M A

2

H N S G

O Q Y G R

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A S K H

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C K

C Y M Z E

4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

F

3

U S E I

T

E

4

2 Complete the reporting verbs. 1 2 3 4 5 6

pr m s c nv nc nv t s y c mpl r f s

5 6 7

n

8

3 Circle the correct answer. 1 ‘I’ll love you forever!’ said Mark to Bridget. Mark offered / promised to love Bridget forever. 2 ‘I don’t want to go to the party with you,’ said Pippa to Oliver. Pippa refused /complained to go to the party with Oliver. 3 ‘Linda’s acting is really bad!’ said Tim. Tom suggested / complained that Linda’s acting was really bad. 4 ‘I’ll pay for the tickets,’ said my aunt. My aunt refused / offered to pay for the tickets. 5 ‘Let’s watch this DVD!’ said Nick. Nick suggested / offered that we watch that DVD.

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she broke the light Sarah admitted that on the car the night before. (admit) They tell us what happened at the end of the film. (refuse) He help us with the script. (agree) They perform for them. (ask / us) Our teacher show us the photos. (promise) They leave early. (ask / him) I read the book before seeing the film. (suggest / we) He watch the film. (convince / us) The couple the service had been very bad at the Chinese restaurant. (complain)

5 Match verbs 1–3 with words a–c. 1 say 2 promise 3 invite a) to … b) somebody to … c) that …

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UNIT

7

Grammar 2

Reported questions

3 Write the direct speech questions.

reported questions

wh- / how questions ‘Where are you going?’ They asked me where I was going. ‘How many films have you seen?’ They asked me how many films I had seen.

yes / no questions ‘Are you working?’ They asked me if / whether I was working. ‘Will you be rich?’ They asked me if / whether I would be rich.

1 2

3

1 Circle the correct answer. 1 ‘How are you?’ The teacher asked me how I am / was. 2 ‘Where do you study?’ The man asked me if I studied / where I studied. 3 ‘Do you like school?’ They asked her if she liked / likes school. 4 ‘What kind of acting do you do?’ They asked the boy what kind of acting he does / did. 5 ‘Are you a good actor?’ The director asked him if he was / is he a good actor. 2 Circle the correct answer. 1 ‘What did you do last night?’ a) Dad asked me what I had done the night before. b) Dad asked me what I did last night. 2 ‘Were you with Suzie?’ a) He asked me if I was with Suzie. b) He asked me if I had been with Suzie. 3 ‘Where did you go?’ a) He asked me where we had gone. b) He asked me if we had gone. 4 ‘Are you going out tonight?’ a) He asked me if I was going out that night. b) He asked me if I would go out that night. 5 ‘What time will you be back?’ a) He asked me what time I could be back. b) He asked me what time I would be back.

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4

They asked Tom if he had any experience. ?’ they asked ‘Do you have any experience Tom. She asked where he was rehearsing. ‘Where ?’ she asked. The teacher asked what we had done. ?’ asked the ‘What teacher. They asked how many movies the director had made. ‘How many movies ?’ they asked. The actor asked if he could repeat that scene. ‘ this scene?’ asked the actor.

4 Read the speech bubbles and circle the correct answer. 1 How old are you? 2 3

Have you acted before?

Can you sing? 4

Which part are you interested in?

Yesterday I went for an audition to be in a theatre production of High School Musical. First, the director asked me (1) how old am I / how old I was. Then she asked me (2) if I had acted before / what I acted before and (3) could I sing / if I could sing. After that, I had to read a bit of the script to her and she asked me (4) which part I am interested in / which part I was interested in. I hope she’ll call me!

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UNIT

7

Reading

Writing

1 Read the report. Where do the majority of young people prefer to watch films?

3 Put the sentences in the correct order. Then complete the survey by writing the conclusion and your recommendations.

Report on the results of a survey about films

a) More than half the students said that they exercised regularly – 30% of those said they practised three or more times a week. 90% of those who practise a sport on a regular basis said they enjoyed it and feel the benefits of exercise in their lives. b) This report outlines the results of a survey about the amount of time young people spend on sports or physical activity. c) Report on the results of a survey about sports d) Of the teenagers interviewed, 25% said they can’t find the time to exercise but they are aware it is good for them. Only 5% of the people interviewed claimed to dislike sports and physical activity. e) Thirty teenagers were asked if they play a sport, how much time they dedicate to sport and their attitudes towards physical exercise in general.

This report outlines the results of a survey about films and young people at our school. Fifty students aged 14–16 were asked about their film-viewing habits and preferences. The majority of students said that they watched films on TV, online and at the cinema. Over 80% said that they would like to have more films for young people. More than half of those interviewed said that they preferred to watch films at the cinema rather than on TV. To sum up, this survey shows that young people watch films in different ways and that there is a lack of good films for this age group. I suggest that we send this report to local cinemas and to the TV broadcasting companies so that they can take our opinions into account.

To sum up, this survey shows that

2 Read the report in exercise 1 again and circle T (true) or F (false). 1 Fifty students participated in the survey. 2 The students were asked about their TV-viewing habits. 3 According to the survey, there aren’t enough films for teenagers. 4 The survey shows that teenagers don’t like watching films. 5 The report was sent to cinemas and TV companies. 45

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T

F

T

F

T

F

T

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pulse basics

UNIT

7

Study guide Grammar Reported speech •

•

we use reported speech to talk about what people said The director said that the cast was excellent. (‘The cast is excellent.’)

She asked whether the costumes were ready. (‘Are the costumes ready?’)

we change the tense in reported speech. Present tenses are changed to past tenses The actor said that he was sorry he was late. (‘I’m sorry I’m late.’)

Vocabulary

The set designer said that he had found the perfect location. (‘I have found the perfect location.’) we change the past simple to the past perfect The director said that they had recorded the soundtrack. (‘We recorded the soundtrack yesterday.’) The costume designer said that she had made the final costume. (‘I made the final costume today.’) •

we change the present perfect to the past perfect The director said that he had never filmed in that location. (‘I’ve never filmed in this location.’) He said that he had checked the credits. (‘I have checked the credits.’) •

we use if or whether to report yes / no questions The director asked if the set was ready. (‘Is the set ready?’)

The make-up artists said that the brushes were dirty. (‘The brushes are dirty.’)

The make-up artist said that she was putting on the make-up. (‘I’m putting on the make-up.’)

•

•

The designer asked where the lighting would be. (‘Where will the lighting be?’)

we change modal verbs into their past form The director said that she would tell the crew we were ready. (‘I’ll tell the crew we’re ready.’) The crew said that they could put the lights there. (‘We can put the lights here.’) The camera operator said that we had to redo the scene. (‘We have to redo the scene.’)

Film-making camera operator cast costume designer credits crew lighting location make-up artist script set designer sound effects soundtrack storyboard subtitles

Reporting verbs admit agree ask complain convince invite offer promise refuse say suggest tell

Reported questions •

we make the same tense changes when we report questions, but the word order is the same as in affirmative sentences He asked where the script was. (‘Where is the script?’) I asked when they would do the credits. (‘When will they do the credits?’) Photocopy me!

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UNIT

8

Vocabulary 1 Advertising

1 Find and circle nine advertising words and phrases in the wordsnake. ee hyp

ygeadver uasiveera consumerde enc tis pers dv g s ce a e i er d p ng leb a d t e n cam rityju inglev a nj paignbrbr

2 Match the words to form compound nouns. 1 2 3 4 5

target online eyead peer

a) agency b) catching c) audience d) pressure e) ads

4 Tick (✓) the sentences that are true for you.

3 Circle the correct answer. 1 These are adverts on the internet. a) online ads b) ad agencies 2 When something is noticeable because it is attractive or unusual. a) persuasive b) eye-catching 3 When something is shared very quickly and with a lot of people on the internet. a) advertising campaign b) go viral 4 The people that an advert is aimed at. a) peer pressure b) target audience 5 A business which creates adverts for other companies. a) ad agency b) online ads 6 The influence that people of your age have on you. a) persuasive b) peer pressure 7 A person who is famous. a) celebrity b) consumer

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1 I know many ads in my country that have gone viral. 2 I would like to work in an ad agency in the future. 3 I would love to be a celebrity. 4 I like many different brands of clothes. 5 I have felt peer pressure from my friends many times. 6 I like eye-catching advertisements. 7 I like to know a lot about the celebrities in my country. 8 I think jingles are an effective way of advertising something. 9 I find adverts on TV very persuasive – I want to buy the products after I see them.

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pulse basics Grammar 1

Relative pronouns

UNIT

8

Indefinite pronouns indefinite pronouns

relative pronouns

who / that

used to describe people

people

places

things

which / that

used to describe things

anyone

anywhere

anything

where

used to describe places

someone

somewhere

something

when

used to describe time

whose

used for possession

no one

nowhere

nothing

1 Circle the correct answer. 1 Kate Moss is a British model who / whose is known all over the world. 2 We want to find a small car who / which is quite cheap to buy. 3 Texas is when / where Beyoncé grew up. 4 That is the actor which / whose wife won the award. 2 Match sentence beginnings 1–5 with endings a–e. 1 2 3 4 5

Teen Vogue is a magazine I can’t remember the place 1742 was the year Rob Janoff is the person Facebook is a social networking site

a) who designed the Apple logo. b) where you can share photos and updates. c) which is aimed at teenage girls. d) when the first advert appeared in a magazine. e) where I bought this watch. 3 Complete the sentences with the relative pronouns in the box. where which which who whose 1 Starbucks is an American company has branches all over the world. 2 IKEA is a shop you can buy things for your home. 3 Fashion bloggers are people write about different fashion brands. 4 This is the advert has a puppy in it! aim is to help 5 Oxfam is a charity people in need.

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4 Circle the correct answer. 1 I don’t know anything / something about advertising. 2 There’s a shop somewhere / nowhere in this city which sells unicycles. 3 I can’t go somewhere / anywhere without asking my mum first. 4 Does anyone / no one know who won the match? 5 There’s nowhere / somewhere in the world that’s nicer than this place – I love it here. 6 There is nothing / something really annoying about that jingle. 5 Complete the sentences with the indefinite pronouns in the box. anyone anything anywhere no one nothing someone something somewhere on TV on Monday 1 There’s never nights! 2 Is there you would like to go tonight? 3 I know who has met Prince Harry! was wrong with the 4 I realized that advert when the sound wouldn’t play. 5 recognized the celebrity because he was wearing sunglasses. 6 Shall we go out for dinner? There’s in the fridge that we can eat. 7 Is there at the ad agency who hasn’t seen the new ad? 8 There’s in the city centre where all the celebrities go, but I can’t remember the name!

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UNIT

8

Vocabulary 2

Easily confused verbs 1 Find six verbs in the wordsquare. Y

F

V S

J

J

V

4 Tick (✓) the sentences that are true for you.

Y M O U B

L Q T O H H K O

A V D Y D S B S W R F

E

V N E

U O E F

P

L

A G W

V R

J

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N

O

T

D H E W

S M Z

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P Q A

Y

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E B A N Y

W A S

T

E N Z

F

D

T

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Z B N

B P

T

I

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I

R M

D W X

E N

2 Circle the correct answer. 1 Watching / Seeing funny videos online is one of my favourite things to do. 2 Did you remind / remember to switch off the lights? 3 They were waiting / hoping for Peter for two hours. 4 Can you remember / remind me to phone Mum later? 5 I hope / wait you pass your exam tomorrow. 6 Have you seen / watched my pen? 3 Tick (✓) the correct sentences and correct the mistakes in the other sentences. 1 Can I borrow your pen, please? 2 I lent a book from the library yesterday – it’s really good!

1 a) I only spend money on something if I need it. b) I sometimes waste money on things I don’t need. 2 a) Sometimes I waste my time on silly things. b) I don’t like wasting time. I normally use my time well. 3 a) I always remind my family and friends to do things. b) My family and friends remind me to do things. 4 a) I remember important things, like birthdays. b) I forget important things, like birthdays. 5 a) I like watching adverts on TV between programmes. b) I don’t like watching adverts on TV between programmes. 6 a) I often see my friends in the evenings during the week. b) I hardly ever see my friends in the evenings during the week. 7 a) If I won the lottery, I would lend money to my friends. b) If I won the lottery, I would give away money to my friends.

3 They waste a lot of money on useless gadgets. 4 I hope our school wins the competition this year. 5 Emma has a really good job. She wins a lot of money. 6 I never see TV in the mornings.

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pulse basics Grammar 2

Reflexive pronouns

UNIT

8

4 Complete the sentences with the pronouns in the box.

1 Complete the table. subject pronoun

her herself him himself me myself them themselves

refexive pronoun

singular I

myself

you

(1)

he

(2)

she

herself

it

(3)

plural we

(4)

you

(5)

they

themselves

2 Circle the correct word. 1 You can’t do that yourself / you. I’ll help you. 2 I often ask me / myself if I really enjoy playing football. 3 The teacher showed themselves / them the answers, but I think they already knew. 4 She saw herself / her in the mirror and was shocked at how tired she looked. 5 I asked him / himself if he was doing anything the next day. 6 The machine stops itself / it when it’s done. 3 Complete the sentences with a reflexive pronoun.

about the advert he 1 Did you ask was in? 2 Lucy and Amy really enjoyed at the theatre. 3 Do you want to tell you the end of the story? 4 The boy learnt to do it . move the heavy box. They 5 I helped were very happy. 6 I wrote this short film by . Do you like it? 7 Did she hurt when she fell off her bike? 8 We told not to move to the city because we knew she would be unhappy.

5 Circle the correct answer for you. 1 2 3 4 5

I know myself very well. Sometimes I sing to myself. I express myself easily. I look after myself well. I like to do things by myself.

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

No No No No No

1 I’m a teenager now – I can look after ! 2 Don’t worry – she’ll write the article by . 3 My dad is great. He did the entire garden by . but 4 We both fell in the race and hurt we’re OK now. 5 You’ll do very well at the interview if you just be . . 6 History always repeats

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UNIT

8

Reading

Writing

1 Read the for and against essay. What is the writer in favour of?

3 Complete the essay with the expressions in the box. however in addition in conclusion moreover nowadays on the one hand on the other hand

Should there be a ban on adverts on television before 9pm?

Nowadays, children are bombarded with adverts. Many experts would like there to be no advertising on TV before 9pm, but there are arguments for and against this proposition. On the one hand, children wouldn’t see adverts on TV so they would be far less influenced to buy products through advertising. Moreover, if there were no adverts before 9pm, there would be more time for other programmes such as documentaries. On the other hand, adverts might become more attractive to children because they couldn’t see them. So they might try to find them on the internet. In addition, companies should be able to advertise their products. To sum up, I am in favour of banning all advertising on TV before 9pm. However, I believe that although this is a good idea, the most important thing is to educate children to think critically.

2 Read the essay in exercise 1 again and circle the correct answer. 1 The writer thinks that a) there are many adverts on TV. b) there aren’t many adverts on TV. 2 If advertisements were banned before 9pm, a) children would probably want to buy less. b) children would probably want to buy more. 3 If advertisements were banned before 9pm, a) there wouldn’t be time for other programmes. b) there would be time for better viewing. 4 If advertisements were banned, a) children could want to see them more. b) children would lose interest in them. 5 The writer is in favour of a) stopping advertisements. b) only showing adverts at a specific time. 51

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Should big stars appear in advertisements? (1) , it is very common to see celebrities advertising all sorts of brands, perfumes, food and drinks. Is this right or wrong? There are points to consider for and against this proposition. (2) , fans would argue that they like to see their idols on TV. (3) , if they buy their favourite celebrity’s products, they will feel more similar to their idol. (4) , it could be argued that celebrities make too much money before doing any advertising. (5) , it could be said that they are taking advantage of their fans to make money. (6) , I believe that big stars should not appear in adverts. (7) , although I think this is a good idea, if the money the star earns is used for a charity or a good cause, then I would encourage it.

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pulse basics

UNIT

8

Study guide Reflexive pronouns

Relative pronouns •

•

Grammar we use relative pronouns to give more information. We use who or that to describe people James is the man who writes the jingles. She’s the designer that created the brand. •

we use which or that to give more information about things This is the advert which became very famous. This is the video that went viral. •

we use where to describe places The ad agency in London is where most of our staff works. The ad agency is a place where everyone works creatively. •

we use when to give more information about timing I always hear this advert when I turn on the radio in the morning. The drive to work is when I usually hear the annoying jingle. •

we use whose to show possession There are some celebrities whose personality is perfect for advertising. She’s the designer whose advertising campaign won awards.

Indefinite pronouns •

we use indefinite pronouns to talk about things in general. We use some- compounds in affirmative sentences I have a copy of the advert somewhere.

we use reflexive pronouns in sentences where the subject and object are the same I wrote the advert myself. She taught herself to sing. We spoke to the target audience ourselves.

Vocabulary Advertising ad agency advertising campaign advert brand celebrity consumer eye-catching go viral hype jingle online ads peer pressure persuasive target audience

Easily confused verbs borrow / lend hope / wait remember / remind see / watch spend / waste win / earn

He’s someone I really admire. •

we use any- compounds in negative sentences and questions We don’t have anything ready for the campaign yet. Have you got anyone to write the advert? •

we use no- compounds with affirmative verbs There is nothing persuasive about this advert. There is nothing persuasive about this advert.

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UNIT

9

Vocabulary

4 Circle the correct answer.

Revision

1 Match words 1–6 with categories a–f. 1 2 3 4 5 6

absolutely told go out usually appearance make

a) noun suffix b) adverb of frequency c) adverb of degree d) a verb that collocates with ‘arrangements’ e) reporting verb f) phrasal verb

2 Complete the sentences with the words from exercise 1. 1 We’re going to some signs for the party this weekend. 2 We do an exam after each unit. 3 Smoking at a petrol station is dangerous. 4 ‘We must complete this section today,’ the teacher us. with my friends after an 5 I usually exam. 6 The fraudster changed his so no one knew who he was. Reporting verbs

1 My mum promised / offered / asked us some cupcakes. 2 Why not use this printer,’ she promised / suggested / asked. 3 Marion suggested / asked / promised me to help her with maths. 4 I complained / suggested / promised that the exam was too difficult. 5 The teacher suggested / promised / said not to give us homework if we all passed the exam.

Phrasal verbs 5 Find eight phrasal verbs in the wordsquare.

3 Read the sentences and write the reporting verbs. admit ask complain invite offer promise suggest

L O O K A

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T

E

R

S P S

F

E

D

I

E O O U E H

L

L

B Q Y

E

L

R O T

H P

L

S

L

E

T

T

S

A H A N G O U

T

L

B E

T

E

S W

D S F

1 ‘You can take the summer job if you pass your exams.’ 2 ‘We’ll help you if you like.’ 3 ‘Let’s meet later for a game of football.’ 4 ‘I can’t walk any more. My legs are tired!’ 5 ‘Can somebody help me with these books?’ 6 ‘I must tell you that I broke the vase.’ 7 ‘Would you like to come to the party this evening?’

F

R

I

T

A I

A A O S

L

U

F

N

B M L

L

I

T

F

P O D W J

A

E

L

E D U M O O E

T

B S S O H A O E W X D

E

R B

D M H T S

I N G U P

T

E

L

A U N N S N W C

H A S T T R F U K F N H B O O T M F U I U N O A L I T U P T

R Y K W O

O L L M R

D B D N G M T

R

O G

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pulse basics 6 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the phrasal verbs in exercise 5. together at the café 1 We all yesterday, but we didn’t talk very much! 2 I’d like to get married and one day. 3 The two sisters had a huge argument and . with his first 4 Joe girlfriend because she was lying to him. 5 My parents were in Yorkshire. 6 I often my little brother when my parents are at work. 7 Were you ever by one of your teachers? 8 I was by James yesterday but I already have a boyfriend!

UNIT

9

Easily confused words 8 Circle the correct answer. 1 I … I have time to answer all the questions on the exam paper. a) wait b) hope 2 … me to set my alarm for 6am tomorrow! a) Remind b) Remember 3 The … to school today took me nearly an hour! a) journey b) trip 4 How long are you going to … revising for the exam? a) spend b) waste 5 Can you … me your watch for the exam tomorrow? a) borrow b) lend 6 I … the match on TV last night. Our team was awful! a) saw b) watched Noun suffixes 9 Complete the table.

Adjectives and adverbs

root word

noun with suffix

7 Circle the correct answer.

disappear

disappearance

(1)

personality

(2)

relationship

(3)

achievement

(4)

possession

(5)

sadness

(6)

importance

(7)

improvement

1 It was quite / quickly a good day today. We learnt a lot in science. 2 I was the first to arrive at school today. I got up very early / late this morning. 3 That was the worst horror film I’ve ever seen. I was quickly / absolutely terrified! 4 The exam was hard / quite, but I think I passed! 5 We heard a stranger / strange noise coming from the kitchen.

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UNIT

9

Grammar Revision

Tense review 1 Match the words in bold in sentences 1–10 with grammar areas a–j. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

If I hadn’t finished school, I wouldn’t have got a good job. Yesterday I realized I’d left my mobile phone at home. I’ll never forget that day! My brother used to be very good at sports. I’ve never performed in front of an audience before. We’ll be leaving early in the morning. If I wasn’t sick, I’d go to school today. ‘I’m doing an exam,’ he said. I couldn’t remember the answers to all the questions. He was told to put the pen down immediately.

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j)

present continuous present perfect past perfect used to past passive future simple future continuous modals second conditional third conditional

Gerunds and infinitives 2 Complete the exam instructions with the words in the box. cheating looking talking to ask to write writing

1 Remember

your name clearly at the top of the paper.

2 Do not start

at the questions until you are told to do so.

3 During the exam,

is not allowed.

4 If you need

a question, you should raise your hand.

5 Do not look at anyone else’s exam paper apart from your own. will be punished! 6 At the end of the exam, put your pen down when the supervisor tells you to finish .

Conditionals 3 Match sentence beginnings 1–6 with endings a–f. 1 2 3 4 5 6

If I was famous, If Sarah had come yesterday, If I had known you were coming, I’ll cook some pasta I won’t see you tomorrow You’d understand more

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a) she would have met Daniel. b) if I’m hungry. c) I wouldn’t like fans following me all the time. d) if you listened in class! e) I would have prepared something nice. f) if you leave early.

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UNIT

9

Reported speech

The passive

4 Complete the reported speech sentences.

6 Rewrite the sentences in the active or passive voice.

1 ‘I cleaned your room,’ said mum. . My mum said that 2 ‘We’re going to the cinema!’ said Mary. . Mary said that they 3 ‘I do martial arts after school,’ said Josh. . Josh said that 4 ‘I’ve taken the wrong turn,’ the woman said. . The woman said that 5 ‘I’ll give you my tablet!’ my sister said. . My sister said that Verb tenses

1

2

3

5 Circle the correct answer. What is Mensa? Mensa (1) is / will be a society for very clever people! You’re only allowed to join Mensa if you (2) had / have a very high IQ – higher than 98% of the population. Dr Lancelot Ware, from England, and an Australian called Roland Berrill (3) were starting / started the society in Oxford in 1946. The Second World War (4) had just finished / just had finished when Ware (5) did meet / met Berrill on a train and they (6) started / were starting talking about the subject of intelligence testing. Berrill and Ware, who (7) were studying / was studied at the University of Oxford at the time, had the idea of creating an organization to bring intelligent people together and encourage research into the subject of intelligence.

4

5

The actors were welcomed by thousands of fans. Thousands of fans welcomed the actors . The students will give the presentation. The presentation . The teachers tell the new pupils what to do. The new pupils . The younger children won’t take the exam. The exam . They didn’t change the design of the test last year. The design of the test . The exam will be taken by thousands of students this year. Thousands of students .

Since it began, Mensa (8) are attracting / has attracted members from all over the world who come from many different backgrounds and age groups. Today there (9) are / is about 110,000 ‘Mensans’ in more than 40 countries! If you (10) want / will want to join Mensa, it’s simple. Anyone of any age, background and nationality can apply. You (11) has / have to take an intelligence test first, though!

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UNIT

9

Reading

Writing

1 Read the formal email. What does Marta want to study at university?

3 Read and complete the notes so they are true for you. Then use them to complete your email.

Your email address: y: A summer course you would like to stud

[email protected]

To: From: Subject:

[email protected] Application for a grant to study on a summer course

A plac e you would like to study:

Grant application July summer course

Dear Mr Cameron, Please find attached my application form for a grant for a summer course to study English in Edinburgh. As you will see, I am interested in improving my English. I am currently a student at IES Barajas in Madrid. This year I am taking my leaving exams and I am expected to pass them all with good grades. I have studied English for eight years and my level is B1. I went to a summer camp in the USA last year, so I already have some experience, too. If I am accepted, I will certainly make the most of this wonderful opportunity. After I leave school I hope to go to university and study languages, so I would benefit greatly from doing this course. Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to hearing from you. With best wishes, Marta Blanco Gutiérrez

Your are a of interest: Your school: Your pas t experience in this are a: How long? Why do you want to do this course? What do you want to do after school?

[email protected]

To: From: Subject:

(1) Application for a grant to study on a summer course

Grant application July summer course

Dear Ms Burke, Please find attached my application form for a grant for a summer course to study (2) in (3) . As you will see, I am interested in (4)

2 Read the email in exercise 1 again and circle T (true) or F (false). 1 Marta’s grant application is attached to the email. T F 2 Marta wants to do an English course in her country. T F 3 She would like to improve her English. T F 4 She is studying in Edinburgh now. T F 5 She is in her final year now, and she thinks she will pass her exams. T F 6 She has been to a summer camp in her country. T F 57

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.

I am currently a student at . I have (5) (6) for (7) . I am very interested in this course because I would like to (8) . If I am accepted, I will certainly make the most of this wonderful opportunity. After I leave school, I , so I would hope to (9) benefit greatly from doing this course. Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to hearing from you. With best wishes, (10)

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UNIT

2 9

Study guide Grammar

Gerunds and infinitives

Tense review •

Present tenses • we use the present simple to talk about habits and routines Jack always eats fruit for breakfast.

we use gerunds after certain verbs and prepositions I like playing tennis.

•

we use infinitives after certain verbs and adjectives He wanted to study economics.

we use the present continuous to talk about actions in progress at the time of speaking Jill is running in the park at the moment.

•

They are good at speaking.

•

we use the present perfect for past events linked to the present I’ve just baked some cupcakes.

We are happy to move to London.

Conditionals we use the first conditional for possible future situations If you study hard, you’ll pass the test. (possible) •

we use the second conditional for hypothetical or unlikely future situations If he won the match, he would be the school champion. (unlikely) •

we use the third conditional when we imagine situations that are different from what actually happened If we had finished the project, we would have gone to the party. (We didn’t finish the project.)

They’ve already visited Barcelona.

•

I’ve had an apartment for three years. Past tenses • we use the past simple for completed actions in the past The police arrested the suspect at 6pm. •

we use the past continuous for past events that occurred over a period of time The thief was stealing jewellery from the tourists. •

we use the past perfect for events that happened before other past events The burglar had left when the police arrived.

we use reported speech and questions to talk about what people said or asked The actor said he’d enjoyed the film. (‘I enjoyed the film.’)

Future tenses • we use will / won’t to make predictions, promises, offers and spontaneous decisions She won’t be a very successful actress

•

Reported speech

I’ll cook supper tonight.

He asked what I would do next. (‘What will you do now?’)

we use be going to for future intentions My brother’s going to go to Asia this summer. •

we use the present continuous for future arrangements We’re catching the 10am train to Madrid. •

•

we use the future continuous for actions that will be in progress at a specific time in the future I’ll be studying for the exam this weekend.

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•

The passive we use the passive to say what happens to people or things or what is done to them The director will be awarded an Oscar for his film. The building was constructed in 1910. The exam is usually taken by thousands of students.

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