Summary Of Philippine Pop Culture Lesson

CULTURE AND SOCIETY INTRODUCTION TO CULTURE Culture • An idea created to describe a reality that people experience, the behaviors, and assumptions common to group that distinguish one group from others • German word “Kultur” – to develop or growth • A more abstract concept referring to the advance or growth of “spirit”, “mind”, or “civilization”, present in Greek philosophy and resurfaced among German idealist philosophers in the 18 th 19th century • man’s social and material inventions, man’s artificial or man-made environment including the learned ways of doing things • social heritage of a society • the total and distinctive way of life or designs for living of any society tells one what to do, what not to do and how to do things • According to Edward Tylor “… that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, law, customs, values and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” Examples: - China – hotpot, foot binding/ lotus feet - Thailand – greeting, neck ring (Tayan women) - Indonesia – extended family, Dany tribe – cutting of finger for every death of their family member, Toraja tribe – exhuming (dead people are not buried) - Muslim – 5 pillars 1. Shahada – there’s no other god 2. Salat – praying 5 times a day 3. Zakat – alms giving 4. Saum – ramadan 5. Hajj – pilgrimage – Mecca - self-flaggeration - endo cannibalism - Yanomami tribe

• Mores - vital to well-being; cherished moral and ethical significance coercive and compulsory - 2 Types - Positive Mores or Duty – “Thou shall behavior” - Negative Mores or Taboo – “Thou shall not behavior”

2. Ideas, Beliefs and Values Ideas - non-material; embody man’s conception of his physical, social and cultural world Beliefs - man’s conviction of certain idea; embodies people’s perception of reality Values - abstract concepts of what is important and worthwhile; provide foundation that underlies a people’s entire life 3. Material Culture artifacts concrete and tangible objects produced and used by man to satisfy various needs and wants 4. Symbols Object, gesture, sound, color, design that represents something “other than self” Modes of Acquiring Culture • Imitation • Formal and Informal Teaching • Conditioning Functions of Culture 1.

2. Characteristics of Culture • • • • • • •

Culture is everything Culture is learned Culture is gratifying Culture is adaptive, stable yet dynamic Culture is an integrated whole Culture has sanctions and controls Culture is material or immaterial

Components of Culture 1. Norms guidelines to follow in relation with one another shared rules (right or wrong) Folkways or Mores • Folkways - habits, customs, traditions, conventions customary and habitual

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Culture provides behavioral patterns unlike other animals, he has ready-made set of patterns awaiting him which he needs only to learn and to follow his group has so defined every situation that facilitates adjustments Culture maintains the biologic functioning of the group - with culture, man is provided with certain built-in mechanism to survive Culture gives meaning and direction to one’s existence Culture offers ready-made solutions to man’s material and immaterial problems Culture develops man’s attitude and values and gives him a conscience

CAUSES OF CULTURAL CHANGES 1. Discovery -process of finding a new place or an object, artifact or anything previously existed. 2. Invention – implies a creative mental process of devising, creating and producing something new, novel or original. 3. Diffusion – refers to the spread of cultural traits or social practices from a society/ group to another belonging to the same society. Types: 1. Acculturation – a + b ≠ c

2. Assimilation – a + b = c 3. Amalgation – biological and hereditary fusion 4. Enculturation – deliberate infusion of new culture to another. 4. Colonization – refers to political, social and political policy of establishing a colony which would be subject to the rule or governance of the colonizing state. 5. Rebellion and Revolutionary Movements – aims to change the whole social order and replace the leadership - Challenge the existing folkways and mores and propose a new scheme of norms, values and organizations; radical. Critics of Culture “The Work of Culture” by Raul Pertierra While the forces of globalization often lead to a homogenization of the world, these same forces also simultaneously encourage an awareness of cultural difference Modernity vs. Post Modernity Modern states are converting themselves into knowledge regimes to meet the challenges of contemporary governance. Under these conditions, intellectuals play an important role either as providers of knowledge or as facilitators for identifying the growing knowledge-needs of the society ❖ Culture becomes prescriptive rather than descriptive ❖ National culture becomes the basis for, but not of experience and knowledge

Culture locates and orientates; it also dislocates and disorientates. ❖ Culture locates and marginalizes Culture is no longer able to provide a common umbrella of meanings for it is also fragmented and disenfranchised ❖ Modernity separated culture from nature in order to ensure culture’s autonomy; Post modernity detaches culture from society by individualizing it. (Giddens, 1990)

FILIPINO BELIEF SYSTEM, VALUES AND IDEOLOGY 1. NATURALISM (Aristotle) o nature is the only real thing, knowledge this is received by man’s senses o believing in the value of beauty as the inherently simple and natural o human beings grow and in the process undergo cyclical stages of development 2. IDEALISM (Plato)

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reality is in the mind and outside of its knowledge will render a thing non-existent o guided by the principles which lift them up closer to a “model” o man is capable of rising above mediocrity to attain excellence and self-realization o beauty, truth and goodness 3. PRAGMATISM (John Dewey) o value of theory and practice and the functionality of resources and resultant products o not contented with the acquisition of knowledge; it should be filtered in experimentations and testing before their applicability is decided upon o utility and relevance BELIEF SYSTEM Formation of Belief System 1. Intuition 2. Observation 3. Comparison 4. Reference Group 5. Perception of own behavior 6. Social Institutions THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN ON THE SOURCES OF VALUES 1. “Inner Man” or Mentalistic Theory (William James) o all our obligations, all what we call good and what we call bad, do not exist as good or bad per se o These are OUR constructions and are each of us but a product of individual’s wants, needs and desires o The value is purely a product of each heart and mind o To a valuing person nothing can be good or bad except so far as some consciousness feels it to be good or thinks it to be right 2. “Outer Man” or Behavioral Theory (B.F. Skinner) o values come from your personal experience o values are created by a never-ending series of a combination of behavioral reinforcements and extinctions 3. “Id; Ego, and Superego” Theory of Values and Preferences (Sigmund Freud) o we evolutionary-based instinctual drives Id– prefer certain things; we develop over time a consciousness of ways to interact with our external world to get what we want Ego – we have a set of culturally and parentally induced should or should not Superego- spend a good amount of time in a tensionproducing conflict with what we value and what we prefer 4. Labelling Theory / Cultural Relativism Theory of Values o things, ideas, events, behavior are neither good nor bad per se o It depends upon the agreement of the society CLASSIFICATION OF VALUES 1. Economic Values o objects with material values o money, car, house 2. Behavioral Values

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internalized guides to behavior Instrumental (means) or the mode of behavior (e.g) studying hard Terminal (outcome/end) results of the behavior (e.g) knowledge and skills ; good grades 3. Social Values values arising from interpersonal relations Prescriptive (thou shall) values (e.g) Thou shall love thy neighbor Proscriptive (thou shall not) values (e.g) Thou shall not kill 4. Non-Social or Self-Concern Values taking a bath everyday having balanced diet 5. Moral and Spiritual Values ethical values godly values

THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF PHILIPPINE VALUES BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL ORIGIN OF FILIPINO VALUE ORIENTATIONS The Filipino is a hodgepodge or mixture of: o Different racial strains, the indigenous or primitive strains (Negrito, Aeta, Ati, Ita, Pygmy or Baluga) o Mixing and blending with the Oriental or Eastern strains (Indonesians, Malays, Chinese, Japanese, Arabs , Thais ) o and Occidental or Western Strains (Spanish, Americans, Portuguese, English) o but with Malay strain predominating FOUR BASIC FILIPINO VALUES Fr. Jaime Bulatao 1. Emotional Closeness and Security in a Family o It is in this value where the family including the extended family give support to members of the family o In return, Filipino children are loving to their parents o It tends to make the Filipinos a nation of dependent people 2. Approval from authority and of society o This value brings about the Filipino image as amiable, personable, and the like o Filipinos have the desire to please and be accepted by the authority 3. Economic and social betterment o Filipino value of uplifting one’s state in life o This can be considered a positive value, but negates itself if one goes to the extent of “selling” oneself and sacrificing other values 4. Patience, endurance, and suffering o This value shows the “matiisin” attitude among the Filipinos o Enables us to bounce back easily when tragedy strikes FILIPINO ORIENTAL AND OCCIDENTAL VALUE ORIENTATIONS DICHOTOMY 1. NON-RATIONALISM vs. RATIONALISM Non-Rationalism

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involves the belief in the supremacy of nature and forces outside of oneself (Belief in ghost, spirits, supernatural beings) o Involves an uncritical acceptance, reverence and protection of traditions and rituals, unquestioning obedience to authority and loyalty to one’s group NON-RATIONALISM vs. RATIONALISM o A non-rational person is traditional, fatalistic, dogmatic, superstitious and unscientific - Bahala Na ; reliance on amulets, anting-anting, gayuma ; use of words – “itinatalga ng Diyos”, gulong ng palad, itinadhana ng kapalaran Rationalism o involves a belief that by systematic planning, studying and training, one can actually control and manipulate his or her destiny o One is thus responsible for his or her own success or failure. o A rational person is scientific-oriented, liberal and skeptical o high value upon individualism, self-expression, selfreliance, self-determination, critical mindedness, open-mindedness, productivity and creativity o all knowledge and truth is found only in reason ; no supernatural revelation - kasipagan, pagkamakatwiran, mapanuri 2. PERSONALISM vs. IMPERSONALISM Personalism o refers to the tendency to give due importance to intrapersonal and interpersonal relations in working arrangements o kinship, whether by blood or ritual ; friendship and intimacy in getting things done o The Filipino way of doing things is centered too much on personalities (Fr. Bulatao) o Filipinos have inability to dissociate personalities from functions and positions, thus there’s extreme difficulty to be really objective in making judgments o lies behind many charges of nepotism, favoritism, and graft and corruption in government - kaibigan ; kamag-anak ; kumadre/kumpare ; use of intermediary or go-between, utang na loob, hiya, amor-propio, areglo palakasan system Impersonalism o tendency to eliminate the influence of friendship or kinship in working relations o behavior is depersonalized, standardized or institutionalized o working relationship is based on merits and qualifications - Walang personalan ; hustisya para sa lahat 3. PARTICULARISM vs. UNIVERSALISM Particularism o tendency of a person to center his or her concern on his or her sub-groups made up of relatives, friends, colleagues, associates, religious affiliates or members of his or her ethnic/regional group in the larger society to which he/she belongs - Tayo-tayo system, kamag-anak system, fraternity and sorority ties; kapatiran

Universalism o tendency to focus one’s attention and concern on the promotion of the national and common will o emphasis is on general welfare of the whole society o eliminates familial, kinship, friendship, political, religious or ethnic relations in getting things done - kagalingang-pambansa ; katarungang panlipunan; pambansang kamalayan ; pambansang paglilingkod ; pambansang pagkakakilanlan 4. NATIONALISM vs. INTERNATIONALISM Nationalism o the advocacy of making one’s own nation distinct and separate from others in intellectual, social, cultural, economic, political and moral matters o feeling of oneness among the nationals who seek to establish the identity and the good of the nation in these matters - Bayan ko, Mahal ko ; Mabuhay ang Pilipino Internationalism o the belief in having friendly relations between and among nations for their mutual and common benefit o advocacy of making nations of the world as one global community, removing all geographical, cultural, social and cultural barriers towards the community of nations and making all peoples as citizens of the world o may sound a utopia, but seems the western idea of globalization and the American hegemony plan is geared towards that direction GENERAL FILIPINO VALUES 1. Bahala na 2. Utang na Loob 3. Amor Propio 4. Fatalism 5. Smooth Interpersonal Relationship (SIR) 6. Use of Euphemisms 7. Pakikisama General Filipino Values 8. Hiya 9. Paggalang 10. Pakikialam 11. Tungkulin ng panganay sa pamilya 12. Segurista 13. Pagkatitulado 14. Lack of Sportsmanship General Filipino Values 15. Particularism 16. Filipino Time 17. Mañana Habit 18. Ningas Cogon tendency 19. Pakipot 20. Delicadeza 21. Palabra de Honor General Filipino Values 22. Colonial Mentality 23. Compadre System 24. Lakad System 25. Lagay System 26. Kamag-anak System 27. Walang bigayan, walang lamangan policy

28. Pagkamatiisin General Filipino Values 29. Crab Mentality 30. Baka Sakali Attitude 31. Status Consciousness 32. Fiesta Syndrome Patterns of Cultural Conflict in Philippine Life by Justus M. van der Kroef o Small group loyalties o Strong Family Ties “Wherever we go we look for family ties. If we can find none, we create them” – Inocencio Ferrer o Bahala na o “James Bond” Cult o Use of English became a pivotal importance at all levels of education