The Ultimate Plant And Garden Book.pdf

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Over 2,000 Plant Descriptions & 2,200 Color Photographs Including Seasonal Calendars, Field Trips

& Cultivation Guidelines

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The

Ultimate Plant &

Garden Book

The

Ultimate Plant &

Garden Book Edited by

R. G. Turner Jr

CROWN

PUBLISHERS, INC.

PARKED -HILL BRANflWt

NEW YORK

R. G.

Chiej consultant

Additional

TURNER Jr

DUNCAN H1MMELMAN STIRLING MACOBOY ROGER MANN

Consultants

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No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission

All rights reserved.

Published

IAN PERCY

First

TONY RODD

Published by

in

1996

Crown Publishers, Inc., 201 New York. New York 10022. Member of the Crown Publishing Group.

East 50th Street.

s

Random House. Auckland Text

Inc.

New

York. Toronto, London. Sydney,

hup //www. randomhouse.com/

Roger

Your Garden

Annuals

&

Dalys

Perennial

Mann Newman

Robin Simon

Crown

is a

trade

mark

of

Crown

Publishers. Inc.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Pubhcation Data available

upon

request.

ISBN 0-517-70189-8

Peter Lavelle

Shrubs

Dalys

Newman

10

REF* S6407 U38 1996

987654321 American Edition

First

Henry Barrkman

Trees

Heather Jackson

Bulbs,

in

writing irom the publisher.

Corms

&

Tubers

OU>o

in

Julie Silk

Lawns. Ground Covers

Heather Jackson

&

Robin Smith

Ornamental Grasses

PH Managing

Editors: Margaret Olds, Lisa Foulis

Senior Editor: Mane-Louise Taylor

Vegetables

&

Gina Schien (vegetables)

Herbs

Copy

Editors:

Deb Brown, Susan

Heather Jackson

&

Heather Jackson

Nut Trees

Campion,

Kate Etherington, Margaret McAllister. Marnie Roper.

Cockle, Heather Jackson, James Y'oung Art Director: Stan

Fruit Trees.

Page, Stephanie

Denise Grieg (herbs)

Designer: Joy

Dawn

Lamond

Eckermann

Gina Schien

Other Fruits

Maps: Stan Lamond

Heather Jackson

Indoor Plants

Marnie Roper

Climbers

&

Denise Grieg

Creepers

Index: Lisa Foulis

Color Separations by Pica Colour Separation Overseas Pte Ltd

Hong Kong by South China

Printed in

Printing Co. Ltd

Heather Jackson Photographers: Ardea (London!. Tony Bomford, Geoff

Roger

Chapter Introductions

Mann

Judy Moore

Bryant, Bnnsley Burbidge. Claver Carroll,

Andy Clements,

Densey Clyne, Tony Curry. John Forlonge, Denise Grieg, Joanne Van Gruisen, Sarah Guest. Ivy Hansen, Joy Harland.

James Hyett (ARPS), Maurice Kellet, Stirling Macoboy. Brett McKay. Leo Meier, Geoff Moon, Kristo Pienaar, Gordon Field

Tups

Roberts.

Andy Clements (Dochu

La);

John Forlonge

Tony Rodd, Lorna Rose, Paul Stern Oliver Strewe. -

,

Ben Wallace. Gerry Whitmont, Brent Wilson, Australian Picture Library.

Random House

Picture Library

QAagallanes Region); Maurie Kellett (Fortin de las Flores);

John Manning

(Darling and

Malmesbury); Kristo Peinaar (Cape Floral Kingdom);

Graeme

Crimson

native North American species

Page

I:

Aquilegia

Page

2:

A

Page

5:

The romance and beauty of old

Star', a

Piatt (Coromandel Penin-

sula); Julie Silk [Blue

Mountains. Mount

very colorful collection of mixed flowers

Kinbalu, Norfolk Island'; Paul Sterry

(Grindelwald, Lundy);

roses (Gil Hanly

Angus Stewart

(Guadalupe Mountains National Park)

Pages 8-9:

A

lush, cool-climate garden (Gil Hanly!

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—

'
— Your Garden

10

We

walk

in a

creation;

we

the gardens

world oj our own

and

the pleasures of

create are

many and

gardeners. There to

make

is

a garden

—

no "right" way there

is

only the

one that works best for you.

Think,

lasting. True, the flower jades, the

perfect tomato

and

table

there will be fruit;

still

is

brought

new flowers,

its

other

promise; and as the years and

times,

what price an

in

and alienated activity that

brings us back in touch with the

slow rhythms of nature? But first we must begin

our garden.

A

beautiful

the needs

and

desires of

there are as

Most of us make our garden on the land about our house, and it augments the house's living space. Thinking about how you (and your family) want to live in your garden is as good a starting point for planning as any. Do you need a place to

wash

garden

its

owner;

many ways

to

bring these together as there are

terms of

play; to

hang out

make

sunbathe, to

sit

evening with like a

compost heap;

a

swimming

pool, a spa, a place to

grow vegetables and flowers for cutting?

fruit?

To grow

Do you need

a

shed, or can tools, the lawnmower,

Vine covered arbors, favorite sitting places since the days oj the Romans, are

still

an

ejje

On

the other hand, the feet of

and

if it is

soggy from

tables tend to sink into grass

and you may paved area what you will.

rain,

find yourself wishing for a a terrace, patio, call

it

this suggests the patio

should be shaded: but you will probably want the winter sun, so you start

to

summer Would you

in the cool of a

a cold drink?

the grass. chairs

summer, so

the washing, hide the

garbage can,

those in a house normally do. A sunny lawn can serve just as well for the children to throw a ball as it can for adults to relax; and if you have a party, guests can wander out onto it and sit on

Paving can get uncomfortably hot in

the car, to entertain

friends at a barbecue, for children to to create

grows out of the interaction between the site, the climate, the soil, and

and

PLANNING THE GARDEN Design for living

sweet smell, rich with

beauty. In our hectic

like, in

"rooms" in a garden need not have the clearly defined functions that

the sunshine will sparkle

seasons pass, the garden matures

you

ever, that

on the lawn; the newly dug earth gives

if

"garden rooms", remembering, how-

to the

no more: but tomorrow

is

portable garden furniture and what have you be kept in the garage? How important is privacy to you?

thinking in terms of deciduous trees or of vines on pergolas. The patio probably should link up in some easy way with the living rooms, and in turn open out onto the lawn; perhaps it is the spot to

display

t

some

house with garden.

extra-choice flowers or a

.

Your G

sculpture

fine piece oi

...

or should the

flowers or the sculpture be placed

the

at

other side of the lawn to draw people

know

out to admire them? Before you it.

garden room

a design for a

shape

.

is

taking

.

Plan for the climate When

gardeners think of climate,

usually in terms of

how

choice of plants, but

it

it

it

is

affects the

influences the

basic layout of a garden also. Barbecues

and swimming pools flourish where summers are sunny and pleasant; in hot climate shade is a necessity; and any climate you face

a in

almost certainly

will

winds, hot or cold, that you want

to break. If you can arrange a balance of sun and shade, you have the option of sitting in either, and you gain a greater choice of plants you can grow. But the shade doesn't stay in one place sun moves around all the time. It moves daily from east to west of course; but it

—

higher in the sky in

summer

than in

winter. So the pool of shade cast

by

make

—

summer and a corner behind may get sun in summer but

not during the winter months. a general rule that (in the

northern hemisphere) the south side of

sunny one, and the house itself. Most of us like the morning sun, but on a hot summer day the last thing we want is the hot afternoon sun streaming in the windows. If you can arrange trees on your western side to shade the house on summer afternoons, it will make life more comfortable. The south side can do with summer shade too, but here you will probably welcome the winter sun. Deciduous trees, which drop their leaves as the summer cools into fall and the house

north

is

is

the

in the shade of the

clothe themselves again in spring, will fill

the

bill

here,

wisteria trained

them

is

sitting

and so might grapes or on pergolas. Beneath

the ideal place for a terrace for

out and entertaining; but what

if

your living rooms face some other aspect?

It

doesn

t

really matter.

link with the living

rooms

An

easy

more

is

important. (You don't really want to be taking guests out through the or laundry,

bedrooms

do you?) targinally better than west;

most people entertain

and

in

be hot

summer But

it

a

in the eveni

west aspe<

i

will

doesn't really matt

still

yourself comfortable

aspects.

the shed

It is

spot for outdoor living amidst lush greenery, the brightly painted walls adding color.

arrange suitable shade and you can a

winter

tree, for instance, is larger in

than in

A

with the seasons, being

also shifts

(My own two

on most

patios face east

and west, which gives me one for the morning and one for the afternoon.) The north side of the house can be tricky. For most of the year it is in shade, but in midsummer the sun will have moved around enough to reach it.

A

north side patio should have decidu-

ous shade

When

also!

you

are planning for

sun and

shade, think of your comfort inside the

house

as well as in the garden. Curtains

or no, once the sun has gotten in

through a window,

its

heat

Creeping Jig softens and shades

is

this

in too,

house well.

a

i

d

i

n

I

I

Your Garden

12

that

you won't want

be thinking of that aspect.

It isn't

and

you'll

possible to give rules

wind patterns vary so

for all this, as

much from

to block,

dense plantings on

less

On

place to place.

the east

and in the Midwest, the hot summer winds come from the west: in Portland or San Francisco they blow from the east. Everywhere, it is the local coast

geography that determines the prevailing winds. At the seaside, a strong wind off the sea is a major factor in gardenmaking, but seaside gardens are a special case

and we

will look at

them

later.

when the prevailing summer sun) comes

can be a worn"

It

wind

(or the hot

from the same direction view. Perhaps the best

as a

way

wonderful with

to deal

open-growing trees which will break the wind or sun a bit but not block the view too much, or to group the plants so that they frame segments of the view, the way a photogit is

to use fairly

rapher arranges interesting things in the

foreground of a picture. is

essentially a

summer

the

If

problem

one. you might

trees, which will at least you back the view m winter. However you deal with the problem, the answer will be a compromise between view and shelter but in gardening, as in life, compromises can often have the

use deciduous give

The massive

trees

and expansi\e lawn

sit

well with this

grand house.

—

happiest results.

Wind Say "windbreak" and most people immediately think of the rows of poplars

march across fields country. If you have a country

or conifers that the

garden

you'll

is

unlikely to be

you'll

An im iting white summer house

stands out against

varied greens.

and

it is

very difficult to evict; shading

the outside of the glass to

keep

it

variety of devices

verandahs

is

out. Architects

—

—

the only

employ

way

a

cornices, eaves,

to achieve this.

Gardeners

use plants: trees, shrubs, climbers which

room

for

others.

downwind about

eight times

the height of the planting. In a hot

(few sights are

more romantic) or

trained over pergolas to form green roofs. Plants give cooler

shade than

structures do, by virtue of their constant

transpiration of water.

trees,

and maybe fences and trellises. Nonetheless, you will want to screen the garden from the cold winds in winter and the hot ones of summer. Not only for your own comfort, but because wind dries out the garden as effectively as it does the washing on the line. Trees and shrubs are more effective than structures for the purpose. If the wind hits a wall it just rebounds and comes down with renewed force, but foliage filters the wind and gives you shelter for

climate,

windows

you can use greener)' as an airconditioner simply by turning a sprinkler on it, converting a hot dry breeze into a gentle cool one.

Not

all

wind

is

undesirable. In most

areas there are evening

privacy you need in the

a matter of

them, and so

hang

of greener)' over the

is

some people

be thinking of shrubs, small

a distance

garden

suburbs there

can be allowed to climb the walls and trails

How much

probably be thinking of

belts of large trees. In the

Privacy

in

summer

breezes

like

A new

temperament;

more seclusion than

garden

is

apt to be

dominated by fences and the neighbors' houses, but before you rush to surround yourself with dense growth like Sleeping

Beauty in the

fairy tale,

take a careful look. Ignore the fence for a

moment

—you can mask with —and concentrate it

creepers and shrubs

on the neighbors' houses. arrange

mask

some

trees or tall

If

you

shrubs to

these from your view, leaving the

skyline

open elsewhere,

will that

be

sufficient?

is

It can be difficult to visualize how this going to look; try taking snapshots

and sketching some foliage on them to give vou an idea of how much cover you'll need. (This can be a good way of visualizing any changes you propose to and before-and-after the garden pictures of the garden are worth taking and provide a valuable record.)

—

You

A low-maintenance garden

(

i

i

a

r

den

I

'>

that gives a very pictureque first impression.

low maintenance design.

Front gardens

up

It's

to you,

but a word to the wise: in these days of

Almost always, the house is set on the land so that you have front and back

As

yards.

more private, frequently where most

it is

back yard

is

be

activities. It

privacy in

difficult to contrive

erty, a link

between the

front door.

It

a section to

a front

who comes

read the meters,

from the entrance to ensure

The

it

is

and

lit

is

and

to

show

oil

keen gardener, you

If

may

opportunity to show

oil

on the other hand y spend high proportion .1

you

yoursell and you

is all

patio, in fact

interesting to recall that the

is

'patio' originally

your

skills

meant

wani

ti

clad with

space allows, you might .1

it.

i

tree trained espalier to soften a wall.

Even with the high fences (6 ft/about 1.8 m) that most planning regulations allow, the dominant feature of your view is likely to be the neighbors' walls and windows. Sure, they will be as much concerned about you as you might be about them: but

it

is still

Surrounding buildings often

plants to shade lovers

choose carefully

1

wh

anywa)

and you need to ou ar going to sti ire .

nm

he big pr iblem

trees don't

loots [1

is

api to be privai

5

trees

probably eventuall) confine your choice

to

onsidei

it;

are effective too, though they will

shade Chances are you'll wear the grass mil undei fool

desirable to

screen them. Trellises might do

pocket-handker-

ol

the law .1

A cherry

like

1

foi

a

like this).

chief-sized lawn; bui city conditions are

Bui

youi

ma) opi

If

be able to contrive against

lening time on an area you don'i

much

to

a living

block the sun, and few lawn grasses

th

<

the plants is

room; courtyard and pave most

garden that

a

it

as espaliers.

are a

seizi

ol

—

as a

just can't

all

The walls and fences can be

the architecture of

the house to advantage.

it

it

some

climbing plants or with shrubs trained

impressions. Also

neighborly to have a garden thai

want

the activities or

Spanish word

the scene of the

last

all

—you

you might want. The answer

(and

the ideal

is

call for

list

paved courtyard garden just

night.

looks pleasing from the street and you will

editing of the wish

of

have a clear path

at

garden

to overindulge in gardening! But a

think of

to

to the front door,

well

front yard

visitor's first it

is

to

in

there simply isn't

develop the garden as

alone your invited

let

You do need

guests.

—

confined space does include

that really can't be

forbidden to the person

a city

busy people

room

and the

the need to have access

and

to the house,

some ways,

for

may be possible to screen make a front patio (using

is still

shroud

Inner-city gardens In

is

hedges where fences aren't permitted), but there

to

much

appreciate privacy too!

your prop-

street

good idea

can

allow a front fence, the front garden basically a threshold to

isn't a

greenery or with high fences. Burglars

garden. Even where local ordinances

still

it

the front of your house too

the

usually

people enjoy their family

high crime,

if)

(

have structure-damaging

)ne splendid

(and the

Also you need

to be sure thai the

\\

h)

rioi

ing Us

11.

flower)

whole garden

<

an

?) ;ei

i

anop) the

st) le

Your Garden

14

far

more

effectively than several smaller

ones can.

aspect, this can be a nice place for a

secluded patio, for the vegetable garden or for the compost heap; and trees

planted there can be useful in framing

Side gardens If

the house. Often, however,

the areas beside the house are large

enough

to use as living spaces,

you can

usually extend a screen (built or

planted) from the facade of the house to the side fence

and thus incorporate the Depending on

area into the back yard.

it

is

simply

wide enough to separate the house from the neighbors. Here there is little to do but treat it as a passageway, putting down a path and training plants on the fence and the

narrow

house.

strip, just

Make

the plants interesting

a

enough to be worth visiting. Watering a long narrow area is difficult and tedious. Even if you elect to use handheld hoses and movable spnnklers elsewhere in the garden, consider an in-

ground system

here.

Country gardens A

garden

in the

country gives you more

scope than one in the suburbs; you don't to worry about being overlooked by neighbors, and you can develop just as much ground as you please. Sweeping driveways, vistas through trees and across whole fields of flowers to the countryside beyond are all possible; but beware lest ambition outrun resources. If you are dependent on water from dams or rainwater tanks, the sweeping lawns can all too easily go brown and the flowers wilt in a dry summer. There is a tradition in England of country gardens divided by hedges into distinct flowerfilled rooms; many people feel that this doesn't suit our more open landscape and wider horizons. They suggest a freer style, open to the surrounding country,

have

is

more appropriate. You will almost certainly need

plant windbreak trees

winds

already; hot

In

dry the garden

than you can keep the water up to

faster it.

will

to

they don't exist

if

some

areas of the west, lawns are

something of

In a large garden, a variety of places to

sit

— and a whole succession of

a luxury and people often must save their bath water to water them they make such a pleasant relief

—

different pictures.

from the glare of summer You could try laving the area in gravel, which needs no water; but shade it, or the glare and reflected to the eye

dryness and dust.

heat will be ferocious. The idea of having

sweep

the country

windows

is

a

up

right

to the

bold approach unless

fire is

a worry; in that case, be sure to plant a

30

ft

(about 9

m) swath

of fire-resistant

or low fuel plants around the house.

Making a plan The

easiest

way

of developing a layout

for the

garden

paper.

An empty

is

to

make

yard

is

a

plan on

apt to look

larger than it is, and a plan can tell you whether you can in fact fit in all the things you want to accommodate. Start by making a plan showing the land as it exists. It doesn't have to be a work of art,

but

it is

desirable that

accurately to scale,

and

it

that

be it

fairly

shows the

features that might influence your

design. These include the boundaries

A formal

vista like this needs a focal point

—

here, the comfortable white-painted seat.

and

fences;

any pavings, paths, drive-

Your Garden

I

.

ways, immovable rocks and trees thai mighi already be there; and. oi course, the house itself, with and windows

external doors

its

Don't forget to note desirable views that

you

will

want

to frame, undesirable

ones that should be screened; the location of such nuisances as overhead wires or underground sewers and

telephone

and the direction of you where the sun

lines;

which

north,

tells

comes from. You may have plans for the house that

architect's

show many

of

these things; your municipal building

may

still have them; or you spend a few hours with a long tape measure and paper to create

department

may need

to

the plan for yourself.

Then you can garden rooms

—

arrange your

start to

the patio near the living

room, the vegetable patch

sunny swim-

in that

place near the kitchen door, the

ming pool, the path to the front door. Get them in the right places first, and then the decisions about what shapes they are to take, where the trees and shrubs are to go to frame them (and block out the view of that nosy

them floors and what sort of

neighbor), whether to give of paving or grass,

plants to have, can follow.

Plan generously, allowing yourself

room

to

move.

If

you make

terrace for sitting out,

sq

m)

is

a

32 sq

lawn or

ft

(about 3

about as small as you can get

away with; paths less than around 4 ft (about 1.2 m) wide are too narrow for two people to stroll comfortably along; a row of shrubs tall enough to give privacy will grow at least 6 ft (about

m) wide. Remember

1.8

that a plan

most plots of land It is

garden that

a rare

some changes if

are, at

is flat,

and

most,

flattish.

will not

have

of level to negotiate, even

only the provision of a couple of steps

leading

up

into the house.

Welcome

them, and make them features in your design.

You can even go

to the extent of

creating level changes in your garden just for the

sake of the interest they

add!

Two

hints

on plan making: Don't

make your plans too

big in scale or

you spend a great deal of time drawing on unmanageably large sheets ol papei II

A

scale of

1

in:

4

ft

builders drawings) .'"ii

basic "as

is"

(used on mi is

large

enough Do

plan on good stout

paper (graph paper makes setting oui i

i

.Hid

develop youi ideas or

Hi' ing paper laid over

redravM

it

—

it

saves /

hi

fot

mal '"

di n at

us

mo

pala<

i

tuVei

safiii

s

J

1

A

6

Your Garden

coloijid

and informal combination gains quick

attention.

CHOOSING A STYLE

presence of a tree or several, you might

Don't worry that this care over the plan

your living spaces as woodland glades. Here you have several possibilities you might use mostly deciduous trees with

and layout garden.

will lead to a stereotyped

You can develop your

ideas in

any style you like, and clothe them with your favorites among the plants that your soil and climate allow. You might opt for a rigidly formal, symmetrical design, like the old gardens of Italy and

making much use of clipped hedges and statuary, with flowers used only as accents at key points; or you France,

might go

to the opposite extreme,

and

make flowers the theme, disposing them with total informality in drifts and masses, maybe in English-style borders. you concentrate on "old-fashioned" them (perhaps) with scented herbs and maybe the more decorative vegetables and fruit trees, you have a cottage garden. (Picket fences and arches covered with climb-

—

such plants

as camellias, azaleas or

lifestyle.

exotic foliage,

if

climate permits. There

are endless possibilities.

The different styles of gardening are more about the kinds of plants you choose and how you display them than about how you cultivate them. But, in deciding which you would like, do be

cottage style.) Taking your cue from the

to

your garden.

If

sports or family activities already take

most of your

leisure hours, will

you be

is

the existing garden

in fact the

To some

better?

fits

your

What changes would

help

it fit

extent, the style will be

though garden styles aren't Your predecessors may, for instance, have been native plant buffs while you long for a cottage garden who says you can't keep the best of the native trees and shrubs and blend them with your cottage flowers? It is always wise to proceed slowly already

set,

rigid categories.

—

when you

about the time you will be

realistic

are remodelling an existing

same as if you were planning a new one on a clean slate; start with considering

how

you might prefer and shrubs to recreate a patch of local forest; or you might go tropical with palm trees and

prepared to devote

a part of the

you

if

garden? The procedure

to use native trees

flowers, blending

much

What

bluebells beneath; or

If

ing roses are very

REMODELLING

decide on a woodland theme, treating

garden;

take over an established

live

with

it

for at least a year

before deciding on major changes.

Mature

and shrubs

trees

are assets that

able to cope with extensive plantings of

take time to replace, and you should

flowers or vegetables? Might you not be

give

wiser to develop a love for easy-care

especially

trees

and ground covers?

them time if

to reveal their beauties,

they are species you aren't

familiar with.

Who

knows what hidden

)

may appear and

treasures

change

the

ol

on paper.

difficult to anticipate

sculpture, cleverly arranged lighting,

even something as simple as laying paving pattern in one way and not

Engaging a professional

another

—

life's

most rewarding challenges, but there is no shame in deciding that you need some assistance. A professional has done

many

and

times,

be

will

placing the benefit of that experience at

your disposal. He (or she) will be doing for a living what you do for a hobby, so

him

don't begrudge

his fee

and more. Anyone with shovel can set himself

—chances

much money

he will save you that

are,

and

a truck

up

a

as a land-

scapes so you need to be careful in your search; but there are trained professionals

around. There are landscape

architects,

many

whom

of

specialize in

big projects like airports or parks,

challenge of a private garden;

many

Feel free to

shop around, asking to see work to see whether previous

you wish; and don't be shy about discussing money. Be absolutely clear about your wishes and tastes, and if

— mental telepathy

around

also.

of that firm's

your budget

lawn; there

final

heartache

independent designers

clients

do

to at least

it,

but

if

provide some

is

sense in

—

as a part of a design-and-

like their style, talking to

need

growing a cover crop of clover to improve the soil and this won't cause

are smaller,

you

starting

the one that

is

terraces at this stage,

be the

build package, sometimes not; and there

some

arc getting your

cover for the bare ground. This needn't

of

contractors offer a design service,

sometimes

you

from scratch, the most landscape contractors follow. First, do any major reshaping of the ground which will need heavy equipment, build any retaining walls needed to hold the reshaped earth in place, and lay any soil drains needed. (All this is disruptive, messy work if you do it later.) Then you might lay your basic pavings: the driveway comes first or you will be getting the car bogged on the way to the garage. (Chances are, the builder will have installed a basic, concrete drive as part of the house package.) If you can afford to lay paths best plan

not, you'll

and landscape

the bigger nurseries

hands dirty. If you are

and

though equally many are only too delighted to take on the more intimate

a

the sorts of inspirations that

strike only while

before,

isn't

part

later.

A

earlier

you

get

them

the earlier you'll

in,

enough

for

of taste and

the

year. If the

first

your energy and budget

fill

garden looks

in

Or you can

save

money

— and gam —by

a

I

his will

make

a

mean

all

you haven't

your pavings

laid

second year, with the

final

However if your budget calls for you can sow the lawn now, leaving the future terraces simply in gravel or grass. Structures like pergolas might also follow.

form part of

it

will save

and back-tracking

il

plan lor doin^; the

work

be i

,ih, nil

In-

in take

<

pond

work allow

die 1

to

n Id

ii

a

in Stages;

to

I

his

an go on

(

membi you I

touchi

i

ort

In

for

it

tailorin

as

1

il

w hether

<

an

ied out

three 01 more, woi ks ind

treat .1

long as the garden

.is

ol plan,

eai

that

to

that lih

it

is

at all

belter to

call in a professional. Nothing looks worse than clumsy workmanship and surprisingly often, you don't save all that much money; not when you factor 111 the cost ol your own time and oi hiring the equipment which the professional

—

builder already owns. Bui don't

let

this

Doing your own building can be fun, and your work isn't as finely finished as 11 might be, you can always call on foliage to camouflage this put you

off.

Fences and walls Fences are worth spending time on, as they

over two

n

you're

il

more detailed

urs.

I

thi

;

stage.

if

skills,

<

game don two to

you develop

you are impatient tig

frustration

anything up

ears to achii

II

time and

in

much

second the

is

planting ol things like shrubberies and ground covers. Stage lour is the linetuning, the trying out ol new plants, the adjusting ol olor schemes, and so on

work yourself. you will have to

considerable input

gy, so

this

matter both

While much garden

doubtful about your

already, they should be the big project

a

well within the scope of

the amateur carpenter,

at.

Stage three

the

that

skill. is

look

great deal of personal satisfaction

doing some or

construction

is

design, and of

return annuals to give you something to

it,

be.

flair in

handyperson

a bit

in with inexpensive, fast

carried out professionally. Financial

willing to

actual construction of fences, walls,

pergolas and their like

grading and installation of the lawn to

more

The

be enjoying their shade. This might be

Having made your plans for the garden, elect to have your designs

finance landscaping than they used to

e

Garden construction

plant your most important trees: the

for the

you can

beautifully detailed trellis fen*

Then, as early as possible, you should

If

BUILDING THE GARDEN

dug up or torn

gets

if it

unfinished,

of a designer's skills.

institutions are far

/

The)'

therefore totally inappropriate.

it all

I

nations of plants, pieces of furniture or

winter and

Designing a garden can be one of

Garden

i

might be unusual and effective combi-

behind the shed (why didn't they put vegetable garden there?) may turn thi all

ii

garden out of the ordinary. These can be

flowei with

season; that sunny place

out to be in heavy shade

o

nations, but don't

i'

iligator)

1

that

e

it a

vill

a basi uit

ou

foi

<

an

set

the tone

and feeling

ol the

and garden ) ou need them foi pi i\ ai to keep out intruders, but you \\ ant j

them

to

against

work

for

your design, not

you

Most build,

1

and

di vi

lopei

-

pro\

id<

i

8

Y

Adding

ci

o u

i

Garden

peine/ of trellis at the top oj the paling jence has

a basic fence with the house. Usually, this is tallest

around the back garden,

though surprisingly often it is only about 4 ft (about 1.2 m) high, tall enough to keep the children and the dog from straying but not really tall enough for privacy, for which it really ought to be 6 ft (about 1.8 m) or a shade taller. The material used will vary from one part of the country to the other, but timber boards on a wooden post and rail frame are the most common. Though in theory the maintenance of boundary fences

is

the joint responsibility of the

two adjoining property owners, in if you want to heighten the

practice

fence, or replace tive material,

it

is

it

with

a

more decora-

likely you'll

be bearing

gained greater prixacy without making the whole thing too dominating

They needn't be evergreen; many deciduous shrubs are sufficiently thick growth to provide screening.

in

If

you prefer

many

a fancier fence there are

alternatives, better

shown

In

many

suburbs, front fences are

frowned upon, and even where you are allowed them, it is not often that you will be able to build anything tall enough for privacy forward of the building

Here, the fence to the house,

is

and

its

style will

colonial style cottages, whether colonial in date or not; cast-iron pickets are the

standard accompaniment to a Georgian,

and by brick wood. The

Federalist or Victorian house;

modern houses can be

brown

or grey the

army uses

camouflage rather than green which

stands out in the landscape instead of

wooden dressing up

receding) or the application of a trellis

can work wonders in

the fence; or

you can attach

a

wire-mesh

and cover the lot with vines. Alternatively, call on foliage to provide trellis

—6

screening

ft

(about 1.8

m)

or taller

shrubs or small trees will do the

trick.

depend

much on that of the house itself. Wooden pickets, plain or fancy, suit very

paint (choose the sort of olive drab,

for

line.

part of the foreground

the cost yourself. Don't despair; a coat of

khaki, dark

in

pictures than described.

walls

and stone

choice

is

flattered

as well as

limited only by your imagina-

tion. Also,

any fence can be decorated

with flowering vines. Be careful, though, with thorny plants like roses and bougainvilleas:

you may be

if

they injure a passer-by.

liable.

Fences are usually thought of as fairly light

made

of

constructions;

when

they are

masonry (brick or stone) they

A cream

picket Jence

hung m

ith

bougann

)

Walls can look mighty hand

are walls.

some, but cost usually limits their use to en< losing courtyards,

where

then- style

should closely match that oi the house. There is no reason why you shouldn't pul

windows

them

or gates in

moon

to allow

The circular

access or to frame a view.

one of the happiest ideas to come from Chinese gardens. Unless you gate

is

are skilled at building, leave

and

heavy foundations

its

masonry

to the profes-

The

only rule

that the gate shouldn't look

is

stronger than the fence

While we usually think first of boundary fences, don't forget that fences and walls can be used within the garden too, to set off and enclose your garden rooms. Here, where security is not the issue, they can be open, light and flimsy.

You

don't want

them blowing

and you shouldn't

attempt to design or build one more than around

3

ft

(about 90 cm) high

without the assistance of a professional. are safer, provided

you

adhere to two rules. leant

supports.

be designed with care, because

at,

they must be safe and comfort-

able to use.

If

you

are going to use

night, ensure they are well

it

The pressure of the earth

outwards, is

is

its

length (the tread), in

inches (centimetres), equals 26 or 27 (66).

step

The maximum height for a garden around 6'/ 2 in (about 16 cm), but

is

the ideal proportion

is

a riser of 5 in

risers in brick or

it

to go, its pressure will

endanger the

stability of the wall.

away by

it

it

up

behind the wall and, unless you give

can lead

a drain

You

behind the

foot of the wall, or provide holes so that it

can flow out through the wall face;

either

is

effective.

With these two can

make your

materials

—

rules in

mind, you

wall from a variety ol

brick, stone, concrete blocks.

treated timbers. All can look effective,

and

all

can be clothed with plants to

soften their appearance

no need

to

can make

it

make

I

'lien, there

the wall in one

lift;

is

you

as a series oi steps, with

—

growing at each level a terraced bank if you like II you have the room to plants

simplymakcabank.il a deeper) ou can dispen

llopi ;e

w

ol

tth

altogether, using a dense

groun

hold the bank again

erosion

to

fit

that twice the height of the step

(the riser) plus

i

I

1

(no

the wall

["hen

n< ills to I"

<

l\

I

•)

is

as

a slippery one.

path needn't be

garden you

made

paving

ol

(in

may

timber

want

well

to

make your

paths of grass) but they usually arc, so

we can consider them of paving, to be made of materials as

is

not only looks unstable,

unstable. Second, water builds

somewhere

is

it

rule to ensure good, comfortable

vertical wall starts leaning

it

them

but

them. steps

(I

situations like a formal rose or vegetable

who walk up and down

constantly trying to push the wall over,

and once a

lit;

even more important that they should the feet of those

I

Paths and paving A

they should not only be attractive to

could make the

rather than art,

is

to

back into the earth that

Retaining walls are heavy engineering

that

need

(I

They can

wall should be battered,

Retaining walls and steps

First, the

level to the other.

be focal points in the garden design, but

(about 42 cm). It is preferable to have an uneven number of steps, and to keep all in the same flight the same dimensions; if you must change the proportions to accommodate a changing slope, separate the two sets with a landing. The width of steps is a matter of proportion, though it is an accepted rule that the fewer you have, the wider they should be. The steps must not be slippery when wet; usually you can make them in any material suitable for paving. If they are wide enough, you

in the first storm.

Lower walls

from one

,

they are firm; a wobbly step

dangerous as

steps to

(about 12 cm) with a tread of 17 in

decorative in construction, but not

down

gel

(

I

—

ol carry-

ol level call for

II

and the treads m grass but thai will involve you in some careful trimming Whatever you make them of, en iun

any bank;

some way

—

banks, changes

The

interrupts.

it

is

away a drain or a slope. Whether you have retaining walls or

at

Gates go with fences, and they offer

the fool of

at

ing the water

look

sional.

nearly as infinite a range of options.

be run-ofl

will

ensure that there

(1

narrow strips same sorts you might use for a more as

of the

extensive terrace or patio.

The choice

of paving materials

is

enormous, but they break down into two main categories: those you lay as a continuous sheet and those you assemble from small units. The continuous sheet pavings start with gravel, the oldest of all, and the cheapest.

It

has the disadvantages of

being uncomfortable to bare

feet,

tending to track into the house and onto

and on any but the very it washes away. But does look soft and natural and flatters the lawn,

slightest of slopes

an)- plants associated

with

it.

(It

it

can look

very attractive to plant a few plants in the gravel

itself,

to look as

though they

have escaped the adjacent planting beds, but don't overdo a fine,

best. Initially

a layer

it.) If

well-rounded it

around

you have

a choice,

river gravel

should be

is

laid to give

3 in (about 7.5

the

you

cm) deep.

— Your Garden

20

going to make him witty. The

Lay the gravel on a weed-free, well-

two

bed down into the soil over time, so you'll need to topdress it occasionally. To look its best it should be raked smooth every so oh en. Japanese gardens often feature a very line white gravel which is raked daily into patterns. Nothing looks so

only really attractive surface

rolled

bed of

soil. It will

authentic in a Japanese style garden

but unless you are a Zen

monk you may

find the constant raking a bore.

Wood

chips and tanbark are softer

equivalents of gravel and can look very

woodland

pleasing in an informal

garden

—but

style

are they pavings or

mulches?

Then

there

is

pavement, and, very hard to

asphalt, a functional

make

except a car park. laying, so

it

looking

alas,

it

—

it is

anything

it

look

It

needs professional

isn't really

like

cheap.

gardeners would want to use

Few

You can at a

A

color

party

it,

but

it is

who hopes

quality gravel

is

tiresome.

a bit like a

good

a

and gently hosing

quite set. This

would

is

like to try

it,

you should

bore

that a martini or

like a stretching of

you hear

handyman

correctly;

driveway, you'll be thinking of calling in to lay

it

for you.

Concrete can be colored to look

practise

brick, but

why

like

not lay the paving in

behind the shed before tackling the patio where your visitors will see it. You can buy the sand, cement and gravel and

brick anyway? The real thing always

mix the concrete yourself, but most gardens are within reach

these days

yourself.

of a

the do-it-yourselfer;

ready-mix place that

will

if

are planning a cast concrete patio or

an expert

is

you

a skilled job. If

sounds

skills to the limit,

you

off the

surface excess before the concrete

looks better. Brick

And

you can do

supply small

is

probably the most

popular of the pavings you can assemble brick

just as

is

just the thing for

it's

easy to

much

at a

lay,

and

time as you

orders. They will make a better, stronger mix than you can. Have everything in readiness before

have the time and energy

the truck arrives. This involves leveling

sand should be held in place with the

your bed and placing the timber formwork that will hold the concrete

same

place while

will

it.

is

by using

aggregate", achieved

all

"exposed

is

it

sets.

You

it

crack even

if it is

in

—

it

reinforced. Divide

with expansion joints every 6 to 10

ft

(about 2-3 m). These can be the

formwork,

left

in place;

simple gravel pathway, edged with an equallx simple planting

in white,

yellow and blue.

to lay

If

it

is

on

sort of 2

for.

The

easiest

bed cm) deep. The

a carefully leveled

of sand 4 in (about 10

by 4 timbers you use

for

concrete formwork. Start at one

and when you are more sand over the top and sweep and water it in to fill the

with

a mallet,

finished, spread

joints.

and you can

have great fun arranging patterns.

way

end, and tap your bricks into place

can't cast con-

crete paving in wide, seamless sheets

Last of the continual sheet paving

concrete. Plain grey concrete

is

this

There are

many

patterns in

which you can lay the bricks, but the easiest, and in many ways the most

V

attractive,

ii

ii

basket weave. Stretchei

is

bond, the kind you use

in walls, is

dependent on high accuracy, both in the making of the bricks and in the laying il

the lines ol the pattern aren't to go

crooked The same

is

true of "herring-

bone ". which gives the strongest pavement, a factor that might be important if you are planning a brick driveway. The actual color taste,

and

and

will soften

it

One

dirt.

that

matter of

a

is

with weathering

matches or

darker

is a

tone than the brick walls of the house

is

always a good choice.

Concrete pavers are a substitute

for

brick and are laid in the same way,

though

such that

their proportions are

the variety of possible patterns

is less.

They come in a range of colors, and which to choose is a matter of personal taste. They all fade a bit with age and sunlight, and that is usually an improvement.

You can

buy precast concrete in (about 6 cm) thick, in a variety of sizes and proportions. They are cast in steel molds. Plain-surfaced slabs can be so smooth also

slabs, usually

around 2 'A

Low

when wet; try laying them upside down (the bottom is they get slipper)-

plantings on either side o/this mellow brick path enhance the feeling of space.

rougher) or pay the extra for an exposed aggregate finish. They look very well laid an inch or so apart, with grass growing in between. A sand bed is

best,

make

and two

pairs of

hands

will

the laying of the heavy slabs a

lot easier.

Stone

is

the choicest of paving

it isn't cheap. The type depend on what your local quarry can supply, and you can either set big, squared slabs with wide grassed joints the way you lay concrete slabs or butt them closer and point up the joints in cement. Or you can lay crazy paving, which calls for much care in arranging

materials, but

available will

the irregular pieces of stone to

space. for.

Some trimming

A sand bed

will

is

fit

the

usually called

normally

suffice,

but you might prefer the added strength

cm) concrete base. whose grey surface can be very sympathetic to plants, must be laid on concrete as it is very brittle. The same is true of marble but if you can afford of a 3 in (about 7.5 Slate,

—

marble, the expense of having a marble

mason

lay

it

for

you won't be

a

problem'

Be careful of stone and brick in shaded places, as they can

develop

growth

wet weather. This

ol algae in

not only dirty looking it

makes

it

starts to

a surfa< e is

and unsightly, but

the paving as slip

II

develop, you should wash the

\

long flight o)

iteps.

but of such an eas) grade thai thq aren't tiring

I

In

materit

i

(

,

i

(/

.-

n

— 22

(.,

d

I

J

i

buy

soil,

ported

farm

the best "garden" grade. Im-

scraped from old and may have weed killer

soil is often

fields

"Garden" grade should have

residues.

some humus added. This

part of the joy of a brand new-

is

house, and buyers of old houses are spared

But

it.

it

is still

worth checking

and cultivating if need be. Before you plant is the best time to improve soil in old garden beds, and best way to do that is to dig by hand, your

soil

a spade's

depth

—

as

that

far,

much

—manure, compost and you can

soil

organic

matter

—

to

as the

is,

blade of the spade will go. Turn the

over and incorporate as

the

the

your hands on. Leave it to settle a few days, and you're ready to plant. (More about soil and like

how

as

improve

to

lay

it

in the section "Look-

ing after the garden V> is/ih that the rocks are

paving

down

with either swimming pool

chlorine or diluted bleach, sweeping

on with

a stiff

broom

to

of the algae as possible.

not permanent the

—

it

remove as much The treatment is

wet weather cleaning

in

pavement can be

Concrete

almost hidden

a regular chore.

problem. Finally,

no pavement except gravel

should be perfectly should always be a

be There

level or there will

puddles even-where

when

fall,

it

rains.

room

pool builder to get in

with his

equipment

not less than

him

-

forced to

it

or the price will skyrocket.

rains

Building a

If

pools is

not a do-it-

swimming

pool company (choose carefully; the is

work

on

styles

and whether you should go

fiberglass or concrete. Let

for

us here only

note a couple of factors that might affect the garden.

Plan for the pool from the very

beginning, even project. Unless

if it is

a to-be-done-later

you have

a vast acreage

first

to get rid of the inevitable

thing to do

heaps of

is

trash.

Call in a trash removal contractor, or yell

You

bered to put

come and

after

have remem-

in his contract to

it

up

clean

will, hopefully,

the topsoil from the areas he

is

remove

building

on the garden-to-be later. But before you can spread topsoil, you need to do some thorough cultivating. His trucks and heavy equipment will have been driving everywhere, and they will have comover so that you can spread

it

where you can tuck it away, it will be the dominant feature of the garden. It should look as though it belongs, and not be an afterthought. It's difficult to make a pool look natural, and a simple

young and

shape

the ground, so that your lawns won't be

is

almost always the best. Try to

arrange the pool

itself to

be in the sun,

but some shade nearby will be a pleasure to retreat to. You don't want plants

pacted the

soil.

Digging with a spade

hard work, though good exercise fit.

You may

is

for the

prefer to hire a

rotary hoe, complete with operator, for a day. This

is

the time to

bumps and

do

the shaping of

Then you can spread your reserved topsoil. If you full

of

at the

height of

summer you

hollows.

are in the position of having to bring in

will

be

driving yourself crazy keeping the new-

lawn watered. Spring and autumn are the best times, with a preference for spring if you have the choice. The bed for a lawn should be prepared as scrupulously as you would for any other plants, by cultivating and soil as

much

you can;

as

properly even in grade, with no

a

to

grass takes longer to establish in winter,

and

but you also need to ensure that

you with

left

lawn as

all, you need to have something keep the dust down. You can do it at any time of year, but remember that

enriching the

shape

soil in

the builder has just

himself.

the best source of advice

is

with

system will be

filter

overtime.

at the builder to

notorious for attracting the

disreputable)

will be flooded

brand new house, the

swimming pool

yourself project, and the local

trade

it

and your

installing a

after

will

pavements drain away from the pool, or dirty water

Most of us think of

part of the construction of the garden

feature

major planting that

Getting the

Swimming

for the

Many local authorities these days require swimming pools to be securely fenced. So make sure you plan for enclosure. Finally, make sure that the surrounding even- time

around 78 in per foot (about 72 cm per 30 cm) to cam the water away— to a lawn, to planting beds, anywhere but towards the house.

later

—don't plan some

like a patio or a

obstruct

so troubled by the

isn't

leaves into the pool. Allow

lawn

Installing the

overhanging the water and dropping

and hollows. Dragging piece of timber over final

it

it

is

bumps

a long straight

helps,

and

for the

grading you need a fine-tined rake.

up any stones King on the surface them you don't want the mower to find them later. Then, you water. Not only will this help show up Pick

and

—

get rid of

any spots that still need leveling, it will encourage the weeds to germinate. When they have come up and are looking dreadful, zap them with glyphosate. Yes, we know: this takes a

month

or so, and you are impatient to

be getting on with the lawn; but starting clean will be a great help in keeping things that

With

way

the

in the years to

weeds gone,

it

is

come.

time to

think about grass. Different parts of the

country have their

own

favorites,

and

one area where you should be guided by local custom. The only thought we offer is that you should go this is

V

lor the lnu'si grass

your area, ever

and slower

ii

Li

mixture available

loi

more expensive

is

to establish than cheaper,

fast-growing blends designed for parks

and playgrounds. Think you'll save

by having

to

ol all

mow

the time less

tempted by kikuyu unless

frequently. (Don't, don't be either perennial rye or

you really love mowing.) The cheapest way to establish the lawn is by sowing seed. Follow the directions on the packet as to quantity,

/

awns

and then divide your seed supply in two. You can hire a gadget like a carpel sweeper that dribbles the seed out evenly, or you can broadcast by hand Cither way, you do it twice, first going up and down and then from side to side you get a more even coverage that way. Follow up with a light raking which will cover the seed, and instruct the cat to chase the birds away from it. Water with the finest spray the hose will give, and keep the bed evenly moist

—

usually Inn/; best utu luttered; here, a bright garden bed tets "II the perfet

i

sward

until the grass

is

ii

(i

(,

i

(i

i

,1

i

2

ii

i

well up. Normally

germination takes about ten days, but

you need to keep watering (twice a day if needed in hot weather) until n is around 2 in (about 5 cm) high, when you can taper off. About then, you can give the grass

age

it

to

its first

mowing

branch low, but

to

set the

encour-

mower

blades as high as they will go. By the

second or third mowing you should be down to your regular watering schedule of

no more than once

a

week.

24

d

(mm

)

ii

J

i

c n

— and — but very much more expensive,

Sod lawn"

is

and you

easier

"instant

faster

more limited you would find if you are laying

are likely to have a

selection of grasses than

on the seed

shelf. Still,

only a

small lawn, or don't have

fairly

the time to devote to nursing seedling

be worthwhile. The bed be prepared as before, but laying the sod is easy. You just unroll it and put it on the ground face up like so

grass,

it

needs

to

much

carpet,

will

trimming

around the

it

edges with scissors. Stand back and admire while you can, for the next job to

spread fine topsoil over

it

is

until the

green almost disappears. Water

most of the green it

will return,

it in and and keep

well watered at least until the grass

all

due for its first mowing. For economy with some lawn types, you can cut each turf into plugs around l'A in (about 3 cm) square, which you then plant out like seedlings around 4 in is

(about 10 cm) apart, watering them in

and paths of neat

In a sloping garden, steps

and keeping an eye out for weeds that might grow m while the grass is growing together. Or you could pull the turf apart into runners, which you sprinkle all over the bed and then rake over to cover with

though,

and

soil.

to

work

W^

C^& "^^H^^^^^^^B

fast

runners dry out quickly,

for the

you'll

You have

are softened bx lavish plantings.

have to water nearly as

™^y

SwU ^^r

1

IVm^^C

assiduously as you water seed.

^t.

Remember, sod doesn't keep. If you it on the weekend,

*l\

<>

Jf\i*

jAa.s

|S

A

pj

are planning to lay

order delivery for Thursday

m

%

W

mm^W^9 mm W

7i The beautiful Cornus

Choosing plants for the design successful planting design

learning to see plants as a whole.

suggests, does ations,

is

more,

is its

moment

all

attractive

is it

year?

If it isn't,

of glory sufficient to keep

you looking fondly at days? Does it have an graceful and open, or

it

during

neat,

tion, that

do

rounded and

fine in

makes you

my

seem

The other

half

them

to play in

everything there

does

it

What

sort of texture

suggest to the eye: fine,

coarse or bold, matt or glossy? offer features other

fancy leaves

—

medium, Does it

than flowers or

interesting bark or fruit

perhaps, or fragrance?

Is

it

easy to grow

say, "Yes,

you

to

will

is

learning to think of

plants in terms of the role you want

whatever: or

for the flowers?

will

garden!" and those are the

is

just a scruffy support

ffV(

carry pleasant associ-

it

compact, boldly upright, cascading or is it

I

ones you should choose to plant.

its off-

attractive habit,

Mm-

childhood memories perhaps?

have that indefinable quality of distinc-

and what

M

invalid,

There are some plants that

long time, even

jm

soil

gorgeous. Does the plant have attractive

for a

-

florida.

Don't just focus on the flowers, however foliage,

f^H

i

M*1j

and climate, or will it be an needing constant attention? And, if your temperament your

in

unhappy art of

A ^w j|^B JHi

'*A

PLANT SELECTION

is

fe

the

at

earliest.

Half the

^B

^9h

your garden design. This

you don't know know about are so many in the

particularly useful

—

is

if

to

and there plants world that none of us can have even a nodding acquaintance with them all. It's much easier to talk to someone from a nursery or search through an illustrated book like this one if you have already

The floriferous Coreopsis

ti

';>

Vim

i

d

ii

i

1/

1

2 5

'i

Focused your desires b) thinking in of, sa) a deciduous shrub, around

terms 9

It

.

(about

J

m)

tall,

with yellow flowers,

or an evergreen, cascading

ground cover

over the retaining wall, than

to trail

it

you just ask What would look pretty?" The art ol all art is simplicity Don't think you will be bored by having several plants of the one kind; to arrange just a

it

much

is

easier

few species effectively

than to try to weave an intricate tapestry with

]ust

one plant each of many. of warning. The commonest

A word

is to crowd your baby plants look so lonely, but space them in accordance with their mature spread or you'll end up

mistake in planting plants. Sure, the

with a tangle.

Where we have

given the

width of a plant take note; where given,

assume

that

it

isn't

it

will spread to a

width about two-thirds to three-quarters of its height, unless it is noted as "spreading" or "upright ". in which case you can

assume

a greater or lesser figure.

Native or exotic? Gardeners have always used their native plants. The cypresses, umbrella pines and box of the great formal Italian gardens are all Italian natives and the camellias and chrysanthemums of

Japanese gardens are native to Japan,

though

after centuries of cultivation they

can scarcely be described as wildflowers. So the idea that American

gardens should contain American plants

and

Big trees can lend dignity to a house the

way no combination

o/ smaller plants can, pro\ ided there

room.

is

that their presence will help to

create a distinctive

American

gardening, in perfect

style of

harmony with

the

scapes,

On

is

from the deciduous England "native" in San

really call a tree

forests of

New

Francisco or Phoenix; or pretend that a

scarcely a radical one.

the other hand, gardeners have

prairie wildflower

is

foreign to the very different soils

plants from foreign lands

climates of the

there are

carvings on ancient Egyptian and

it

Assyrian temples praising the rulers

who

had the benevolence to introduce trees and flowers that had never grown in those countries before. So whether you

is

American, and thus pleasing to the

way

And why

not?

from. say. Australia won't be; but

11

Trees Trees are the most important plants in

any garden

that a plant isn't

native in the sense that a local

main ot

is.

— they grow

bigger,

and

creators of the form

and structure

your garden. More than any other

plants, they are the

ones that enhance-

prefer the beautiful garden plants of

advantage that they are born to your

not only your garden but the entire

other countries, or prefer to blend the

own environment, and

street.

two. you will have plenty of tradition

that they will flourish with

behind you. It

is

tion.

true that native plants can

will

create a feeling that the garden belongs to this land

which

is

sometimes hard

to

achieve with exotics lusin^ the term in the strict scientific sense ol

from

a

turning

foreign place Ol environment").

Howevei

this

is a

big

\

ith

many

the chances are little

And wherever you might

atten-

live there

be native plants of great beauty

to

choose from: trees, shrubs or flowers, even grasses, though the use and development of the various droughttolerant

lawns

American

is still

prairie grasses for

in its infai

live

longer than any others, and they arc the

wildflower

Local plants do have the practical

belong to the "natives only" school,

exotic plants as their fancy suggests.

and

humid Southeast? True.

patriotic breast in a

and grow what they like, no matter where it comes from, mixing native and

anything other than

always taken delight in importing choice

—

Can

diverse climates and ecosystems.

you

American landscape as the gardens of Italy and Japan are with their land-

They tan provide, according and how you place them.

to

the type

shade, shelter or privac)

Some

give

flowers in their season, and there

way swimming better

ol

having the sensation

in

flowers than from a

flowering tree

However

is

no

ot

flowers are

mn

prime consideration elegani habit attractive foliage and suitability foi the position and use are more important the

26

Y oui

Garde

n

virtue of their flowers, fruit or

some

hand-

They provide detailed less expense and work than

foliage.

interest for

any other

plant. But don't forget to

allow them

room

to

do

their job;

shrubs will grow nearly as

tall

most

as they

and it would be a pity if you have to be constantly trimming to get are wide,

past them.

Try

to value

and

habit

shrubs as

much

for their

foliage as for their flowers.

can be very

telling to set

some

It

small,

rounded shrubs in front of a tall, arching one; to set dense foliage against shrubs

which

feature an

open

tracery of

branches; to contrast an upright grower against one of spreading, prostrate habit.

And

don't forget those shrubs

which can be clipped to form hedges, or which lend themselves to training flat against a wall, in the the technique

known

as espalier.

These can create a

note of formality, and there are times hedges introduce long horizontal lines to a garden and call for trees to balance them.

when

that

is

just

what

is

needed.

Ground covers Low

plants that carpet the ground with

foliage,

suppressing weeds, ground

covers will grow in the dense shade

beneath low branching trees and shrubs

where few other plants will grow. They are often modest in foliage and flower, and their great asset is the unity and simplicity they can bring to.a garden.

Always planted in masses of species (you can

make

a single

patterns of

several types, but you'll always be fighting to keep tie

them

in balance), they

together collections of disparate

If you have group of trees, their beauty will be enhanced by allowing them to rise unencumbered by a clutter of fancy plants at their feet. Simple panels of ground cover can relieve the arid appearance of large areas of paving.

plants that rise above them. a fine tree or

Climbing plants Seaside daisies set off the intricate patterns 0} tiled pavings.

A mix offlowers would

look restless here.

Do you have an Think of deciduous trees for summer shade and winter sun; of evergreens for screening and backdrops. Think too of trees that branch high enough to walk under, so that you can look up and see the sun shining through the branches as well as those that sweep the ground to be looked at from the outside as it were. Don't forget to think of the mature height and spread of your chosen tree, and how quickly it will reach full size. Scale

is

important: will

it

be too big for

the garden, or just right?

on

a

grand

scale,

If

you garden

you can think of

forest

giants; in small gardens, small trees are

more appropriate.

unsightly fence or shed

you wish would vanish from your sight? Climbing plants (or vines) to the rescue. Do you want to soften the lines of the house and make it blend well that

with the garden? Try decorating the walls with a climber. Do you want shade

Shrubs Shrubs are the workhorses of the garden,

filling in the

below eye

level.

structure at

They can

and

act as screens

for privacy, soften the lines of the

house, or be given starring roles by

in a hurry, and can't wait for a tree to grow? Build a pergola and grow a vine over it. In two or three years you will have the shade, while a shade tree is still

only a sapling.

You can

train

some vines

to

grow

flat

)

—

on the ground as ground covers ivy or place them at the classic example

—

Or.

if

some

to

wreathe

it

beware that

in color. Just

grow so heavy that down on top of you.

tree

it

for instance.

nials

it

is

permanent woody stems, but annuals and perennials bear some of the brightest and most beautiful of all flowers, and no flower lover would be without them. The distinction don't live to see their

that annuals

many

live

and flower

for

years.

There are

where

classic-

(i

I

2 7

11

them when

annuals' lives are short,

with gaiety; in

fact,

some

—sweet

peas, marigolds,

are such plants as gaillardias, carnations

shrubs are coming into bloom and

and rudbeckias, which come in both truly annual and perennial versions. So

passing out again, and you can use them

we have decided

design. Cluster

to

our annual

list all

are prejudiced

which only

live for a

few months and thus put their owners

4

I

established garden, they provide conti-

against annuals,

subtropical plants, perennial in frost-

*

the

mild winter regions of

Some gardeners

many

replacing

(I

and the Southeast. The Iceland poppy is another; and then there

But matters in the garden are not as clear cut as that.

(<

Annual flowers are generous with their blooms, and they are a great boon to the owner of a new garden. They grow quickly and give you something to admire while your slower growing, permanent plants are developing. In an

in

and perennial flowers together. And there is no reason other than horticultural convention why you shouldn't mix and match them in your plantings also.

ensuring their future by setting abun-

dant seed; perennials

in Britain

one of the glories of the

is

California

birthday,

first

summer

first

notable example

after flowering in

don't have

is

their

tilled

I

poppies, larkspurs, everlasting daisies.

perennial border, but best discarded

Annuals and perennials

according to the botanist

A

delphinium, long-lived it

They

beyond

mild climates

they are

ol if

II

of the world's best loved flowers are

annuals

Conversely, other peren-

need winter cold and rarely

flourish

it

brings the

bother

they die. But

—

flower)- climber into

doesn't

to the

as

them petunias, gazanias, scarlet salvias and the busy lizzie (Impah'ens wallerana)

loam of greenery and flowers you have a worthy but dull tree. in a

try training

grown

annuals where winter cold cripples

the top ol retaining walls to cascade

down

climates but always

tree

is

(I

nuity of flower while perennials and

draw attention to focal points in your them at the front door, around the patio, on either side of steps; they don't call for a permanent commitment, and you can change your color schemes from year to year, even season to season. If you love novelty and to

variety, they are for you. Just don't

*

'-

*?

make

the mistake of building the garden

%M

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Hit unmati hed brilliance

c/summei

floi

Sfcfri\» i

iW/s

(

|

>r

,i

Mm.

ledrop such as (hr lea/) wisteria in (his ^iiidi

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2 8

Yo

u

r

G

(i

Formal bedding needs

i

d e

lo be

11

on the grand scale of this bed oj tulips and white daisies

—

around them you do need those permanent plantings!

With

with the

gift

to look really stunning,

of a piece of

and

is

most successful

some choice

perennial flower.

the current fashion for cottage

gardens, perennials are enjoying a great revival.

No wonder,

flowers of

Bulbs

for they are the

Grandma s

garden, and

if

you

have childhood memories of beautiful flowers there, chances are that many of them were perennials. Coming up

If

you want

to initiate a friend into the

joys of gardening, a sure-fire

be a packet of bulbs.

If

gift

would

nature ever

unfailingly year after year, they can be

developed a foolproof way of packaging a plant it is this; just plant, add water,

displayed in borders in the English

and before too long there

manner, or you can just tuck a few here and there among and in front of shrubs, or beside a path: or blend them with annuals and shrubs for a kaleidoscope of color. Many have handsome foliage too, and some are providers of the boldest, most architectural foliage the garden contains. Use these in the way you use pictures and accessories and ornaments in a room; they draw the eye and provide the finishing themes. Their

flowers.

you to expand your holdings year by year; and many a lifelong friendship has begun ease of propagation allows

We

will

be

always associate bulbs with

spring and with cool climates, but there are for

summer flowering bulbs and bulbs warm climates too. They all share a

perfection of form their

own

and color which

—but most only

is

give a few

flowers per plant each year. So plant

them

as generously as

your purse

allow, in clumps, in bold masses trees, in containers, in

will

under

with other

flowers. Plant great drifts of bulbs as

though they were wildflowers

in long

You can "naturalize" bulbs ground cover plantings too. grass.

in Daffodil

in

public spaces.

.

Vegetables and herbs There once was

a

time

when

wasn't

it

you had a vegetable The master and mistress of the

quite nice to admit patch.

house may have taken the keenest interest in the vegetable garden, but no visitor ever saw the vegetables growing. They only saw them after they had been

way

harvested and the cook had had her

with them.

Nowadays, many of us take

great

pride in our vegetables, and for

many

people they are the most important part of the garden.

If

why

that includes you.

not display them with pride? Not in the front garden,

perhaps (we don't want to

place temptation in the

way

of light-

fingered passers-by) but in a choice position in the back garden, where they get the

sun they need and where you

don't have to

make

a safari out to the

back of the shed to admire their progress. Lay the plot out with care, casting an eye over the proportions of your beds and laying attractive paths between them (grass, brick and gravel have their admirers) and giving them

all

a flattering trees,

backdrop of shrubs or

lend themselves wonderfully to formal treatment as in this traditionally

sty led

herb garden

not just a bare fence or a shed.

The problem never

Hnbs

fruit

full.

is

that a vegetable

bed

is

Just as the plants are begin-

ning to develop sufficient growth to be

worth looking at, the cook descends on them, and great gaps appear in your plantings. What to do? You could edge the beds with low-growing flowers (and

why

not include

some annuals among

the

cabbages, to provide cut flowers for the it is even nicer to edge the bed with herbs. Most herbs are fairly

house?) but

low-growing, and their scent

is

a pleasure

you plant and weed. Their varied greens and textures offer much scope as

for

developing garden pictures. Think, for instance, of the gray-green of sage in front of the darker, matt green of

cabbages or the brighter color of lettuces

.

.

There

is

an old tradition of growing

herbs in small formal gardens by themselves, and a small herb patch can

Tropical watei

A pond

lilies

\

folding flowet

s

such as these

is

ii

garden

in itself

be a pleasant accompaniment to a patio,

them them among

but you needn't isolate them. Plant

other trees. Let them take places of

Islamic gardens specialize

as edgings to flowers, or set

honor

simple pond reflecting the sky and

the

blooms

Their

in a cottage

soft textures

help stop

a

garden mix.

—and

i

will

again, their fragrance

Water gardens and

ness) are as beautiful

t<

inl

a

greal jo) too In

watei plants Lven in the the garden adds

al

forget, too, that fruit tn

(unless they arc pruned

in; just

cradling a water lib or two can bring

and varied greens

definitely to be sniffed n

your garden design.

not of colors turning violent

with clashes is

in

limates, water in a special

dimension

ol

needn'i take the form ol the

[Ue-

elaboi

designing

a

garden pond, the

important thing to remember

tins thai

Italian

and

the water that exert ise

water all

It

lilies,

is

is

is

that

it

is

the purpose ol the

so eas) to get ext ited b)

lotuses, |apanese irises

the other water garden

pi, mis

and

that the

30

)

on

i

G

ii

i


1'

11

A

butterfly on a scarlet canna.

and waterholes

to see

how

nature

arranges rocks, water and plants. You'll

more from her than from

learn

of words; but don't

up with

car loaded

a torrent

come back with rocks.

the

Those rocks

are part of the natural ecology of the area,

and

creatures.

home

are It

to

many

wild

scandalous to dispossess

is

them. Don't forget

when you

to include as well as the

some

floating

plant the

water

pond

lilies

and submerged plants

to

provide oxygen to the water. These are if you aren't to have the pond choked up with algae, and they are needed for the fish. Of course, you will have fish to keep the pond from becom-

essential all

ing infested with mosquitoes. Goldfish Even

in the tiniest of

ponds,

\

ou need to allow sufficient clem water to catch the

in their various forms

light.

and

varieties are

the easiest to keep as well as the most

no unevenness or any sharp

water vanishes in the greener)' and you

there

might as well have planted a regular flower bed. As a general rule, whether

objects that will tear

your pond be informal and

from

or frankly formal and is

a

(and this

matter of which will best suit the

style of

your garden as a whole), the

water plants should cover no more than a half of the surface.

A

second rule

is

to

make your pond

a

good deal bigger than you first thought of it as being. The pond itself is just a hole in the ground with a waterproof liner. You can buy ready-made fiberglass pool liners, though they tend to be sized for portability and to end up looking like puddles. The choice for liners is really between concrete and plastic sheeting. Both have their devotees.

Plastic is

and cheaper, though you must hold down its edges and conceal them with rocks or a strip of paving. If you choose blue plastic the pool will certainly easier

always look unnatural. Simply lay plastic

over a sand base, taking great care that

it.

A

Buy them from a good aquarium supplier, and, as soon as you introduce any new fish to your pond, decorative.

layer of

pebbles over the bottom will mask

naturalistic

artificial

is

it

Pebbles will help the appear-

sight.

treat

it

against fish diseases with methyl-

ance of a concrete pool too.

ene green. The people

The plants need rich soil to grow in, and this is usually provided by planting

take ever)- care, but

in containers,

wooden boxes being

traditional.

(You

which tend

to float;

and.

at

can overflow the

many

wet

a bit disconcertfull

roots are trying to

its

Give the plants rich

the point

when

is

topple over in

it

where the pond some of

rains, plant

the water garden

you could make

it

the

bug

really

theme

for

the entire garden, taking your cue from

some

of the old gardens of China and

Japan, where the "lake" occupies most of

and the viewers stroll around you fancy artificial waterfalls and rock work, go ahead. But first, spend a day or two looking at natural streams the garden it.

If

raise fish

better to be

The aquarium shop

advise you about

desirable perennials that love

feet. If

bites,

it

iris

rise to the surface.) soil.

who is

all

will

these things.

can't use plastic pots,

ing to see a water

growth because

overcautious.

it

Birds and buttcijlies While there are some forms of wildlife that you won't want to encourage in the garden poisonous snakes, skunks, and the assorted bugs that will try to eat your plants you will want to encourage birds and butterflies. This is easy to do. Most of the birds we want to see are natives, and the recipe for encouraging them to visit the garden and hopefully take up residence is simple. First, you put a bell (or preferably two) on the cat.

—

—

how cats can learn to one bell when the urge to go hunting seizes them. Then, you plant as Its surprising

silence

Yo u

A

pleasing arrangement of color

is

wide a variety of native plants as you can accommodate. Honeysuckle, trumpet vines and sages are much loved by hummingbirds, and so are such exotic plants as butterfly

bush and the

go

for coreopsis,

not have placed the yellow tulips

by them they

much

and

as caterpillars,

if

garden there has

Many

nearby.

berries of wild cherries, huckleberries,

plants are weeds,

and viburnums, as well as cotoneasters and their like too. Insect-eaters will come, too, for the native plants and trees

will often

out

to be

somewhere

a lazy

gardener

be rewarded with more

butterflies than

scientious one.

not

Regular spraying not only cleans out the

can poison the birds too,

it

you don

may

spray, the birds

I

it

i

in

fi

many

irgei that

well act

tv.

n

We

always think

adult butterflies

mi

.ill

is

ol

and

i

pi II.

are

..ilr

fashionable for gardening books to

arranging

oloi

<

hemes, so

s^

I

rules"

that

you

burdened w ith terms like anal omplementarj ontrasts" oloi vheel and to give

harmonies

<

i

li

-

n

brilliant

green

ol

id

in

:

foi

imi

.

i

gardeners are pleased

blue.' as

1

ol

Any

to take into

grass to the

dark, almost black-green of

that

give learned dissertations on the

nio\ ing

i

fail

which most people mean the colors of flowers) are displayed and arranged against a background of green. The green ol foliage comes m infinite variety,

Color li

native birds

hollow trees and bran he

you should think

furnishing fabrics

II

as pest-control agents for you Don'i

schemes which might be

some

greens, gray-greens, and the steely tones

provide their food without asking.

insects,

i

iropual plants to yellow-greens, olive

?

u

fair, is

careful color

from the

an industrious, conIt's


account that colors in the garden (b)

of the preferred caterpillar

and

i

appropriate in arranging wallpaper and

you want

a source of caterpillar food

sunflowers; fruit-eaters will eat the

start

«/

won't do any such thing, because the

frequented

bush. But don't forget that they

i

displd)

are called the butterfly

butterflies in the

cosmos, and

in this

flowers will attract them, not just the

buddleias that are so

life

South African tecomarias. Seed-eaters will

nun

a personal thing: some

(

i

ol the writi

tog

thei

the

["his

i

1

'pinion

cedars i

in

All these

ol

year .md time

day an) case, pleasing arrangement ol

In i

and some

greens arc conslaniK

hanging with the nine

ol

to describe as

the blue spruce

ill

M

is

su< h a personal thing;

some

people adore bright pink flowers, others di

m

omi

i

i

i

find bright

)

i

llovn

think n cheerful and

drill

sunm

I

ei

— 32

V

our Garde

n

plant

is

choosing plants

fragrant. In

we have

for

ditions each plant requires,

Develop the habit of sniffing every new plant you meet, and plant your favorites in your garden with

hardiness zones for

forget the nose.

a lavish

hand.

climate on the design of the garden, but

mainly from the point of view of your, the garden user's, comfort. But your

ing trade in pot plants; even

have discussed the influence of

its

many

its

you

own

is

plants need their winters to flourish. For example, we always say that cherries

can borrow!

ago, a cherry tree in the Botanic Gardens

taste

be your guide

—

need not

in Singapore.

It

used

to

be

It

tropical climate

common

to

make scented

this

grew, but

it

a

Nevertheless,

frost that

it is

Though

the sharpest division.

that plants that can stand frost vary in

warm

gardens that everyone else does. Indeed,

evolved defensive mechanisms

scent

on

the air

is

one of the great

delights of gardening.

The problem with writing about scent is that you can't describe it in any meaningful way except by comparison and most flowers smell more like themselves than anything else. Nor can you photograph it. Francis Bacon suggested that scented flowers should be planted along paths

where you can sniff them as you pass by, and that still holds true. But he also reminded us that there are many plants whose fragrance is in the leaves, not to be released unless they are brushed against or crushed, and that these should be planted right

at

the edge of

paths, "where

you may enjoy them

you walk and

tread."

In this book,

as

we have noted when

amount they can

USDA,

—

artificially

lit,

air-conditioned store

indoor plants, usually a good buy).

good fortune

to find a salesperson

soon

arrive.

It is

who

to

buy

as possible after the plants

Walk by any

that look like they

and peren-

can often be

a

At garden centers and nurseries, you

can expect the

climates with no frosts have never

sap. In the

its suitability for your climate you need to use your own knowledge. Also, conditions in an

guarantee

has finished and they are dead.

true

from

survive, plants

allow

staff to

be able to give

good advice about the plants they

sell.

Often they will also have encyclopedic knowledge of what does well in their area, knowledge that can save you making costly mistakes. You should still look carefully at the quality and con-

dition of the plants. Are they healthy,

"hardiness zones"

have been worked out

are selling a particular plant doesn't

—

themselves to cope with being frozen. Take them to a frosty climate, and they die from having their cell walls ruptured by the freezing and expansion of then-

vigorous-looking and free from disease.

for the entire

Not potbound from hanging around too

country plus Canada, based on the minimum temperatures expected and

long

how

too big for the pot, with roots poking

long they occur. Gardeners have

if

you

drought

tolerance, use the hardiness zone rating

mild West the worry

just as likely to be trying to

it

as the reverse

factors are likely to

So

for this

is

grow some

cool-climate plant in a climate too

warm

and the limiting be drought and heat.

book, in the plant entries

signs are a plant that's just

surface), or obviously

are unfamiliar with a plant's cold

as a guide. In the

(telltale

out of the drainage holes or

developed the habit of saying that a plant is hardy to zone 7 (or 3 or whatever) or "suitable for zones 5 to 9," say;

for

a

it is

to

you can often

shelves long after the planting season

provides

most blind people found such gardens patronizing. They like to smell the flowers in the same sort of

the

are looking for,

advertised in the gardening press

good buy here, but check them caresometimes stock gets left on the fully

non-

people, but the fashion has lapsed, fortunately, for

it

nials in picture packets

flowering evergreen.

gardens for the delectation of blind

buy what you need to garden. If you can't find just

are suffering stress. Bulbs

never

had become

has never

sell plants. It

by one of the many mail-order nurseries. Supermarkets and chain stores tend to buy nationally from one or more of the big wholesale growers. The fact they

as

lost its leaves; in the

it

a flourish-

knows anything about them. Try

is

There was, some years

flowered or even

Fragrance

grow, but

a cold climate to

strictly true.

do

easier to

what you find

florists

aren't always ideal for plants (except

true too. Cold-climate

and sense of the approand keep your eyes open when you see other people's gardens. They might have ideas that you priate

been

furnish the

types of

character.

the reverse

garden center;

supermarkets

more than

else, the selection of plants

And it is not only the familiar phenomenon of a tropical plant freezing to death when struck by frost;

lose

your

humidity, not

important.

is

We

and nature has evolved plants to grow in all of them. Take those plants from the wild and bring them into a garden, and they will be happiest and easiest to grow where the climate matches that of their homeland. If it is markedly different, the plant will either not grow at all or it will

grays and pale colors.

summer

drought-tolerant;

Buying plants

can grow. The earth has

in

And

These days, gardening is big business. Every suburb, even inner-city ones, has

climate, from tropical to arctic,

scheme

its

all

Climate

anything

quiet

and

outdoor plants. we have also noted if a plant is

just rainfall,

climate also determines,

A

described the growing con-

the delight they offer to the eye, don't

at

some

at the

having suffered

stage? Naturally, there

shouldn't be weeds in the pots. Be

prepared to pay a often plants

left

fair price;

over from

bargains are

last

season,

offered cheap to get rid of them.

They

may grow well, or they may not; why spend money to take the risk? Bare-rooted stock, like roses, trees

and perennials

fruit

in season, should be

o

)

.4

display of annuals like these pansics and double daisies rakes a

plump and

healthy, with plenty of roots.

Reject any that look shriveled

which seem

out. or

to

and dried

be trying to grow

you find any that feel squashy or mildewed, examine the others even more carefully. But a good nursery knows that it trades on its reputation for quality The same is true of the mail-order prematurely. Bulbs should be firm;

.

at

once

if

.

they arrive

than perfect condition (A

in less

from

you have

the soil, which

is

up

to

you to be sure that your chosen grow in your area. The mail-

the soil what

sort of soil

much

an)

soil.

comes

But

you have doesn't

when you

order nurseries arc often the best places

haw

hoice plants

tions

nursery

When

may

i

j

not even have heard ol

you Imd yoursell reading

theii

as there are trees,

in fact

is

we want

topsoil

to

before

is

we

even it

is.

To

find

it

look alter them

developed man) loi

about

soils,

Make

a ball of just-moist soil in

it

feel just slightly

sticky

and holds

shape but crumbles il you poke it ? Medium loam and go and open a bottle

its

—

champagne, because this is the sort of soil that gardener^ dreams are made ol Does it feel greasy, holds its shape, and polishes with your lingers you rub ( lay loam, heav) to work but not to

ol

it

Geologists

1

different classifica-

but the gardenei needn't irden soils are

h^hi

just

does matter when

easy.

your hand. Does it feel gritty and crumble as soon as you open your hand? Sand. Does it feel gritty, but holds its shape, more or less? Sandy loam

Does

ground

choosing your plants, and then

to

plants will

to find rare,

know how deep our

it

;

i

season after season.

weightier than clay.) Then,

is

Preparing and cultivating

covers and grasses suitable for it

it

c m

1/

Let us look at each in turn.

garden

long way from you, and

to repeat

i

easy they are to dig. (Sand

fertile

stock won't stay in business for

Don't forget, however, that the nursery

want

a

out whether you have sand, loam or clay

just

lo

if you

how

d

rock; how well drained it is; whether be acid or alkaline; and, finally, how-

LOOKING AFTER THE GARDEN

influence the basic planning of the

a very

hack

i

strike the less-fertile subsoil or

nursery that regularly supplies inferior

may be

to put

if

houses. Here you can't examine before you buy, but you should take a critical look at the plants the minute they arrive Notify the nursery

lot

movie fans do the latest gossip about the stars, you know that gardening has you hooked.

ii

medium

(

lassed as

and

il

it

worry; n will grow most things not onl) polish

it,

delicate shapes like

but

mold

modeling

it

c

an you

into

clay?

(

la)

34

V

(i

ii

i

G ai

d

t n

Be prepared for hard work, but don't

worry. Below the topsoil and subsoil you

despair

will eventually

—

clay soils are usually

Away from and so

is

fertile.

the beach, pure sand

pure clay; most

is rare,

soils will fall in

the range from sandy to heavy loam. Strictly speaking,

you should measure

the average size of the rock particles that

make up your

soil to arrive at a

scientific classification.

more

across rock.

It is

the subsoil that normally deter-

mines how well drained your soil is. This is perhaps the most important thing to

know about your

ground

specialize in wet

and shrubs, lawn

trees

There

plants.

many

are a lot of these; but, alas,

Sometimes this is quite close to the surface, sometimes many yards down; but as long as you have around 12-20 in (about 30-50 cm) of topsoil before striking it (or a solid subsoil) you have sufficient depth to grow almost anything.

But these are

measurements you can't make outside a laboratory, and for practical purposes the ball in the hand will tell you what you need to know. Below the topsoil, you'll find the subsoil, which is usually, but not always, of the same type, but distinguished from it by a different color, due to its lesser humus content. It is normally more tightly packed than the topsoil, so that plant roots don't penetrate it as easily. As it contains less humus, it is less fertile. You don't usually want to dig it up and mix it with the more fertile topsoil, but if a little of that happens, it is no great

come

choice

and most

grass,

vegetables aren't included on the

list.

There are two ways to improve drainage. If your garden design suits, you can make raised beds. These can be an advantage if you don't like bending. Hold the soil with a wall (brick, heavy timber or whatever) and you can sit

down

Or

rather than crouch to garden.

While plant roots need water, they also need air; if the spaces between the soil particles remain

you can

clogged with water for too long, they

the introduction of flexible plastic pipes,

soil.

your drainage by digging a hole around 16 in (about 40 cm) deep, which is as deep as most of us can take a spade without strain, and fill it with water. Come back in 24 hours, and if it is quite empty, you have no worries about suffocate. Test

drainage.

If

there

is still

a

puddle

in the

bottom, you will have to do something to

improve

it,

unless you are content to

lay agncultural

dram

leading the excess water to a a

pipes,

sump

or to

convenient ditch or creek. Thanks to job it used to be, heavy work to dig a network

this isn't the difficult

but

it's still

The usual

of trenches to lay the pipes in.

arrangement

branch lines across the slope, feeding to a main which should direct the water away from the is

to lay

house. Happily, poor drainage is rare in suburban gardens wet ground is not prime land for building development.

—

Generally, the sandier the

drained

will

it

the better

soil,

—sometimes too

be

well,

you barely seem to have finished watering before you have to start again and sloping sites are usually well so that

—

drained too. Poorly drained

soils are

often clays.

Then there and alkalinity

is

the matter of acidity

This

to consider.

like to

be

my

"Oh,

who

and say things

"scientific" soil is ideal

a great

is

business for show-off gardeners

—

slightly acid;

like

pH

you know." The pH scale measures and alkalinity, with 1 representing a strong acid, strong enough to eat the end off your spade, 14 an alkali just as strong. The mid-point, 7, is completely neutral, like pure water, and each step is 6.8,

acidity

ten times as large as the next; thus a soil

pH

of

pH

6.

Most

to

approximately 8.6. The significance

5

is

ten times as acid as one of

within the range of 5.6

soils fall

that the higher the ity there is in

Some

the

pH,

the

more

is

alkalin-

soil.

rhododendrons, and blueberries, prefer

plants, like

azaleas, camellias their soil acid

pH

with

(i.e.

than

less

7);

others, notably bearded irises, the

cabbage

and

tribe,

like a soil

your

soil is

a matter of

and

lilacs are

pH

with a

too acid for these,

adding a

little

lime-lovers

of about 8. it

lime;

is

if it is

alkaline (limy) for the acid-lovers, are in trouble, as soil.

but

lily

(Zantedeschia aethiopica). an obliging plant that actually loves wet, poorly drained

soil.

isn't

worms and most

organisms dislike The arum

it

(Adding sulphur

it;

is

If

simply too

you

easy to acidify a

the standard way,

soil-living

micro-

you can grow the

acid-lovers in containers of special soil.)

V

Raised beds are a classic way

So the ideal

to

is

have the

overcome

than perfect drainage

less

or

soil neutral

our plant descriptions,

slightly acid. (In

we draw your

to

attention to any special

likes or dislikes in soil that a plant

may

have.)

You can buy

soil-testing kits that will

you just what the pH of your soil is, or you can send a sample away to your test

department of agriculture

who

will

checking out what sort of plants are

growing

neighborhood.

in the

If

plants

and animals

—

see

many

camellias and azaleas flourishing, you can assume your soil to be acid; if

odd

plants

and yellowish tints to their you can bet it is alkaline. Hydrangeas are even belter indicators:

you want maintain in

soils

or

those in regions of high rainfall tend to be acid, those

arc limestones,

alkaline

soil fertili n

,

i\

pe

'

is

the big question:

Sand)

soils

don

tend to

b<

la)

soils

the

'.'.

n

1

ontained

<

1

i

In-

u

hungry," en then

hold the wati

i

plani nutrii nts (

is

to an extent, this depends on

be< ause the large spa partii les

you can.

i

mall

and the

the watei

in i

pop

(Yes,

folding in (as a

cook would put

life

soil

if

and

soil

the recipe

it is

impossible to dig that deep without

we more shallowly, just sufficient to break up the crust that develops on the surface with the pressure of rain and disturbing the roots of our plants, so

And

is

we put

a protective

we

that very often.

about the type of

soil

you

have. Sure, a slightly acid, crumbly

medium loam

is

the ideal, but few-

desirable plants insist

on

it.

Attend,

il

regular cultivation,

and then, with and keeping up the

humus

soil will

needed,

more

organic matter in

fret

if

do

don't have to

Don't

water-

its

our

it)

planted,

is

blanket of mulch on the surface,

drainage. So

its

wc know

possible to overdo

compost It

Finally, there

much

lucky gardener

dry areas inland, or

in

where the parent rocks

I

i

watering.

improves the

improve your

its fertility,

simple: add as

d

to the drainage;

supply, any

ferule as the years

become

go by.

ma-

nure, and what have you, as often as

a very general

sandstone or shale-derived

to

i

provides the

the form of compost, well-rotted

acid soils their flowers are blue, in

rule,

also

holding capacity and

foliage,

As

It

release nutrients to the It

a

cultivate

for

microscopic

for all the

we grow.

i

instantly

texture, simultaneously aiding

russet

alkaline ones pink.

its

recognizable dark color.

which hold and

(

>

compost. After the bed

(bacteria, fungi, algae, tiny insects)

you

they are looking miserable, with

—organic matter

gives fertile soil

nourishment

for you. Easier, perhaps, is

it

This substance, the end-

product of the rotting of the remains of short

ii

also are a great showcase for flowers.

and nutnents more readily and are often more fertile. Loam is the perfect balance. But fertility depends even more on the amount of humus the the water

soil contains.

tell

state

— but they

ii

hold

who

it

might be

where

but

it.

has that

is

Fertilizing

the

much

To

used to be said

two spades' depth by

to

ii

.1

laborious process called "double dig-

ging"

I

hese days

i"

.1

.

deep

we

are

as the

breaking up th clods

opening up the

<

onteni to dig

spade

will go.

oftening and

stru< ture

and

ju

;i

some

the advertising

ol

manufacturers have put out

since factory-made fertilizers were

that soil wasn't

properly prepared for planting unless

had been dug

listen to

fertilizer

available?)

invented about ago. plants are

a

hundred

made up

.\nd fifty years

entirely oi the

most

things they market

Not

plant's substance

made up

gi

n

1

is

arbon and oxygen

so,

oi

ol a

hydro

elements

thai

don't appear on the analyses given on fertilize!

pa<

kages

I

he plani exi

ra<

1

— Your Garden

36

these from air ful

process

and water by the wonderas photosynthesis. As

known

thus making

air,

life

possible for animals, including ourselves

Both the oxygen and hydrogen are derived from water. That's

grow ahead so strongly

why

after a

plants

drought

breaks; a plant deprived of water just thirsty,

it is

isn't

actually starving too.

But living things are more complex

than

that,

and there

These

them

it

gets

are

many

a plant

needs

from the

soil,

elements that

other

to live.

absorbing

m very dilute solutions through its

roots. Chief

among

these are nitrogen,

phosphorus, potassium and calcium. Others, like magnesium, manganese, boron, iron, copper and what have you, are only

wanted

in tiny

amounts and so

to

touch them. Leave them mortar mixes. If you

to builders for their

want

a by-product, green plants release

oxygen into the

enough

silly

to

apply lime use

to

add

it

in the

form of lime. Lime

There

is

quicklime, the pure oxide;

slaked lime

is

prepared by putting

high-nitrogen

is

usually in short

it won't hurt to add a little. The other three elements, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, are used up by plants. In nature most of these

supply, but

when

plants die

house, prunings burnt or carted away.

known

as the

are

if

and make abundant for

lawns and

life

can't exist.

It is

they are to grow foliage.

fertilizers are

This

is

why

prescribed

for leafy crops like

and cabbages. Sulphate of

lettuces

ammonia

the standard source of

is

nitrogen in

artificial fertilizers; is

mostly protein)

richest organic source.

blood the

is

Compost and

manure contain nitrogen too, in varying amounts depending on their origin, how old they are, and so on. Phosphorus and potassium are needed for almost all life processes, but they play especially important roles in flowering and fruiting, and in the

Nitrogen forms most of the that

compost

form

it

is

of

no use

air,

to plants.

but in

They

need to absorb it in combination with oxygen (as nitrates) or with hydrogen (as ammonia). These come into the soil by several routes: they are formed by released

you

A

prudent gardener establishes a recycling

a \ital part of pro-

without which

r

and decay. But in the garden there is always some waste we harvest our vegetables and eat them, flowers are cut and taken into the soil

teins,

meal (w hich

elements are eventually returned to the

bum

if

is

photosynthesis work)

lightning in thunderstorms; they are

hand

family. Nitrogen

essential to plants

quicklime in water. Both of these will the skin off your

atmosphenc nitrogen by on

magnesium as well. Not that magnesium (a vital component of the green pigment chlorophyll which makes

depot, otherwise

(calcium oxide) comes in various forms.

("fixed") out of

certain bacteria that live in nodules

the roots of legumes, plants of the pea

contains

heap.

need

form of

use dolomite, which

Calcium is pretty abundant in most soils, and it is only if we want to grow

we

in the

pulverized limestone (calcium carbonate). Better yet,

are called trace elements.

lime-loving plants in acid soils that

it

organisms; and they can be formed

by the decay of once-living

woody tissue. Consequently, we grow for their flowers or which we want to make firm branches creation of plants that

(trees

dance.

and shrubs) need them

A

fertilizer

abun-

be proportionately higher in these two elements than in nitrogen, too

much

of

which can promote luxuriant leaves and

'mm Here a raised bed takes the place of a front fence. Scarlet cannas bring bright

in

designed for them will

color, contrasted with the soft blue trailing

Convolvulus sabatius

;

Y our

G

u

(I

i

e n

i

Spring bulbs are ideal for busy garderiers; they will bloom reliably with minimal eare.

few flowers. Nitrogen deficiency shows

growth and pale, wanlooking leaves, which usually drop

up

in stunted

Phosphorus doesn't occur pure in the but in various salts. Most of these are very insoluble, and it is something of soil,

mystery

of them.

how

micro-organisms are involved

humus

these need

These are the big three.

soil

—and

to thrive, this

fertilizer

as

is

has

containing

all

of

An

own symptoms

its

them can be

mottled

iron deficiency or the between-the-veins

yellowing of older leaves associated with lack of manganese). So trace

you suspect

if

common,

these

in tiny

it

is

better to give the plants a complete trace

described on the label as "complete".

element mix or

The amount

containing them. Treat just the one you

the fertilizer contains

is

a general fertilizer

another reason for the compost heap.

usually given as a percentage by weight,

suspect and the chances are you will

Soluble or not, phosphorus eventually

and you will see such indications as N:P:K 7:6:7 or N:P:K 5:8:12 on the bag. (K stands for potassium which was originally known to 18th-century chemists as kalium.) Most companies make a

overdo

range of blends for different purposes.

ORGANIC OR ARTIFICIAL?

Thus

So we are going

The main organic phosphorus is bone meal.

leaches from the

source of

soil.

Phosphorus deficiency manifests itself stunted growth, with leaves showing

odd

in

russet tones.

Potassium

salts are

highly soluble, and

a

might be recommended

lower-nitrogen 5:8:12 for shrubs or

ing fertilizer get wet, you'll have lost

different hags for different plants

much

to

of

its

potassium

nourishment. Various

salts are

used

in

the

making

ol

Whether

roses.

you

it

to decide;

easier to jusl

buy

is

many

a standard,

always be kept under cover

thai

),

il

it

isn't

going to be Spread on the garden as soon fin

has died

Seaweed

is

very tn h

balanced mix, say 8:8:8, and use

I

theii

i

up

is

it

for

own

tra< e

tutu tions,

(dements

and

ea< h

eai h

delu

is

to

do

our

soil.

The

with organic

it

their

for

artificial fertilizers. In

makes little which can only

the short term, to the plants,

nom ishmeni

discriminate

.is

the long term

have \

indi

i

d

il

bee ause

difference

it

in the

solutions ol chemical

one

ien<

out of

last state will

to fertilize

whether

with factory-made

it

ontains trace elements too

he various

soil

materials (the various forms of manure, compost, blood meal or bone meal) or

evenly

everything You might also look

1

question

have

people find

main homemade source is wood ash (not coal ash which should fertilizers; the

to

and throw the

something else: and your be worse than the first.

for lawns, the

economical

it

balance, leading to a deficiency of

nitrogen-high blend like 9:4:6

washes from the soil very easily. Fortunately, micro-organisms can fix it; but if you let a potassium-containthe element

a

—and they elements being amounts —

element deficiency

needed only

artificial

(like the

yellow pallor of young leaves caused by

aren't

die.

plants actually get hold

thought that the

It is

if

make

seashore,

prematurely.

a

you want to collect it at the sure you wash the salt water out before putting it on the compost heap. Potassium deficiency shows first in yellowing of the tips and edges of older leaves, which eventually in potash;

to

salts,

how

oi

and don't

they got there. In

matters very il

take in

form

the soil

is

much to

remain

a

Your Garden

38

fertile,

must have

it

humus

its

content

continually replenished so that the soil

micro-organisms continue

to flourish.

So the thinking gardener always prefers organic fertilizers. Never mind that their N:P:K ratios are much lower than those of the life

artificials.

of your

soil;

They

are feeding

are only a part of this.

but don't stretch

the

all

you planted Take an analog)',

the plants

it

too far

—vitamin

pills

If you do acquire it fresh, heap in an out of the way place, or spread it on top of the compost pile, and leave it to settle for six weeks or so, throwing an old tarpaulin or a piece of plastic sheet over it to keep rain from washing out the soluble nitrogen

they go by.

with epidemics. Treated sewage sludge

put

is

and

with

artificial fertilizers

occasionally, but

main

The

make

their

diet organic.

analog)* holds true in terms of quantity

too

—

artificial fertilizers

must always be

used with a sparing hand or you will

to discourage flies.

smelling like

.

less offensive,

Dig

are richer in vitamins than food, but

would you try to live on a diet of pills? You can give your plants a quick boost

in a

it

it

.

.

it

w*hen is

spread

it

stops

starts to smell

ready to use.

into the beds

to plant, or

When

it

it

you

as a

are

prepanng

mulch. Or

make liquid manure out of it; simply put some in a cloth bag and steep it in garbage can

When will

full

the water

a

is

the color of tea,

You can pour

it

artifi-

MANURE

around plants that need a quick boost, and throw the bag and its contents on the compost heap. Artificial fertilizers designed to be mixed up in water are available to give much the same effect without making you hold your nose. They are usually applied dilute enough to be absorbed by the leaves as well as the roots, and shouldn't burn. Even so. the makers usually suggest you pour them on in the cool of the evening. They can be applied with a hose-end sprayer

There's a story told of First Lady Bess

or with a watering can.

overdose.

It's

really better to halve the

manufacturer's

apply

it

in

two

recommended dose and lots a

couple of weeks or

so apart. Don't increase the dose

—

may

be good but more won't be Never apply artificial fertilizer to dry ground, and water heavily as soon as you have spread it. Otherwise you risk burning any roots and stems it little

better!

comes

in contact with.

Truman, in the audience while her husband was lecturing a group of farmers on the virtues and uses of manure. A prim friend whispered to her, "Can't you get him to say something politer than manure? to which Mrs Truman replied. "Honey, if you only knew how hard it was to get him to say ".

Manure

is

manure and cow manure fall

somewhere in between. If in doubt, heap it up and wait; well-rotted manure is

almost always safe to use. Exception:

Even now, primness becomes us; let us simply note that manure is the rotted dung of animals. Until it has been rotted (mellowed if you like"), it is far too sharp and strong to put on the garden. It will bum any plant it touches, and the neighbors will turn up their noses as

a

ith b

and "heat"' comes from.

the "coldest", poultry*

the "hottest". Horse

human manure. Only

small compost heap held w

it

Pig manure, not often seen for hygienic reasons,

compost

there

is

How much manure? Old garden books that assumed you had a horse or two give recipes that boggle the mind, calling for layers of manure 6 or 8 in (about 15-20 cm) deep to be spread over beds and dug in, and this often twice a year. Nobody can afford to buy the stuff in such quantities these days, but take the point: you can feel free to be as lavish as you can afford.

toilet that

Dehydrated, pelleted, poultry manure It's

is

odor-free

fairly

development.

a recent

and

great stuff, but concentrated,

needs tions

place

on the bag, and

—

if it

gets

wet

store

in the

in a dry-

it

bag

it

will

putrefy.

Blood meal is a by-product of the meat industry and is the strongest

some

organic source of nitrogen, with

potassium and phosphorus. used as sparingly as an just coloring the

It

should be

artificial fertilizer,

ground with the powder

(think of a cook sprinkling

powdered

sugar on a cake) and watering

in

it

use it if you have works properly;

too great a risk of horrible

and dysentery The Chinese have used "night soil" for centuries, and fertile stuff it is, but they always compost it first and

days, or the smell will have like crazy.

Bone meal

made from animal

is

bones.

him digging

similar, It is

but

and the best purchasable organic source of phosphorus, the best being

(Wood

wood

Compost No

garden should be without

post heap.

Compost

is

its

com-

the most readily

available source of organic matter, is free

plastic

compost bin

is

ash.

in this case includes paper.)

otherwise.

even so the historv of China

is

slow acting

diseases like cholera

A

it

be applied nearly as carefully as an artificial fertilizer. Follow the suggesto

thoroughly. Keep the dog off for a few

varies in richness

according to the animal

'manure'!''

A

it

on paddocks and

safe to use

but that has been prepared under

skilled attention.

of water like a teabag.

be as rich in nitrogen as any

cial fertilizer.

indeed

fields,

but for the labor in making

isn't all that great either;

—

gather together

studded

clippings,

The

bean

all

and

it

That

you can simply

the fallen leaves, grass

stalks

traditional, triple

it.

and other once-

compost heap.

V o u

living debris oi the garden, Oil a

heap

m

a

(•

>

i

d

i

',')

ii

throw them

an out-of-the-way comer,

and come back a little while Liter to find compost. That little while may be several months or even a year, but sooner or later you'll find, under a skin of leaves

and twigs

that haven't completely rotted,

moist crumbly stuff works such magic on any soil. Compost freaks will throw up their hands in horror. "Compost making is a scientific process!" they'll say. "A heap a pile ol the black,

that

like that takes too

long to

rot, half

the

ammo-

nitrogen will have evaporated as

and the compost won't be as rich manure, as it would have been had it nia,

as

been made properly." True; but comthat is post isn't all that rich in N:P:K

—

not the point.

keep the

soil

It is

mainly intended

to

supplied with humus,

being

direct value as fertilizer

its

only-

secondary. Let us, however, look

at the

standard recipe for compost making,

with the understanding that apart from piling

up

the heap just about

the

all

While bark chips are a favorite mulch, they

rot very slowly

and

don't

add much

to the soil.

manipulations directed are optional.

you gather together roughly

First,

Into the bin

a

you throw around 8 in stuff, and on that you

ready to be turned inside out, so that the

(about 20 cm) of

bits

can be almost anything of organic

sprinkle a nitrogen-rich "starter", to

heat and activity of the middle. This

though the bulk will be plant matter. (Don't put meat in the heap or you'll attract flies and rude remarks from the neighbors.) Ideally, you want a mix of coarse and fine material, so that the heap will neither be too open to rot

encourage the bacteria and fungi that will do the rotting to begin their work.

what the second

cubic yard of compostable

This

stuff.

origin,

properly nor so well-packed that can't get into

air

Coarse stuff includes

it.

cabbage and tomato stalks from the vegetable garden, straw,

with roots and a

twiggy

prunings (no thorns, please) and the like; fine

includes lawn clippings,

shredded paper, small their like.

Cooked

and

fallen leaves

fungi.

No doubt

garden

(a roof

they do, but

top in the

a rare

it is

perhaps)

city,

that doesn't already contain plenty of

weeds complete

bit of dirt,

manure or blood and bone will be just fine; urea is even better. You can buy compost starters that claim to contain cultures of the bacteria and Poultry

compost.

Keep

and

piling in layers of stuff

and when the bin

go soggy and putrefy, and left-overs

starter,

from the salad bowl are dubious the oil tends to set like lacquer and preserve them. Perfectionists will keep the coarse and fine stuff separate, so that they can

Then you should cover it with a tarpaulin to keep the rain off; you don't want it all

put them on in layers, like a layer cake.

a sign of

You need to keep the heap compact. The best way to do this is to put it in a compost bin. Better yet, have two, side by side Bins can be made of wood,

wet. Take the tarpaulin

off,

heap several times with

a

—

some

let

ground allows worms

\\

wnh

ill

to entei the

heap

putrefy and smell (If

it

does,

it's

being too compact and too

it

air in.

Almost activity

I

may

it.

That

is

and stab the

sharp stake to only

really the

thing that can go radically wrong.)

between four stakes, as you please and as your handyperson skills allow. (You can buy compost bin kits made (nun you want to save hi ad treated pine s( rate hing .md trouble. No need foi a concrete floor, sitting the bin on the if

it

and worse.

of rotten eggs

bricks, or chicken wire stretched

lisi

wet or

to get too

water

is full,

i

In-

at

once, there will be frantic

from the bacteria and friends,

heap

will start to get very hot in the

middle, and there will be

ammonia No doubt Miin ig M in

1

ing

1.

lost,

the heap

hen

iln

pl(

"i

smell of

bm

mosi

ol

ammonia i

to a

>mell pa

month

<•

-

>

I

and polish them leave, it

in a

for

is

—simply

the compost. is

When

most of

ready to be shoveled out

It will be black, crumbly and sweet-smelling, and free from weeds and diseases, which will have been killed by the heat of fermentation. Even so, it isn't wise to count on this last quality diseased material and such

onto the garden.

—

horrors as oxalis bulbs are better burnt

make

ash. They should not be added compost heaps. The compost will keep for a while, but don't just sit and gloat over how gorgeous it is. Compost is not an end in itself; it is meant to be put on the garden to improve the soil. The lazy gardener can make compost without even going to to to

the trouble to

make

a

heap

lust

spread

your compostable material straight on your beds as mulch, sprinkle H with a bit blood meal to ensure

nitrogen from the

...

is

first bin.) Once again, the smell of ammonia; but this time when it fades there is no need to turn. That would disturb the worms, which will now come

and

lei

fane)

ii

rol

name

dou

!

it

soil as ii

iii

doesn't take starts to rot,

it

plai e

I

his has the

of "sheet composting." ["here

are neatei mul< hes,

>

I

bm

the

oi

\\ ill

II

Don't get obsessive

.i

a

this represents

get the benefit of the

pitchfork everything into it, and the compost should be well turned. (Then you can start on making a new heap in

in

them blowing about in the air. To the mix, add left-over artificial fertilizer, manure (rotted or otherwise), ash and the like. They will all help enrich the

vegetables are apt to

on the outside

"in ing in the honi

more

suitable

foi

garden w here the

40

Y oui

(.1

ii

d

i

t n

neighbors might see them, but

it's

fine

tor the vegetable garden.

The makers

of horticultural gadgetry

have jumped on the compost bandwagon. In small gardens, the plastic

compost bins are very useful; they take up less room than a full-sized bin and don't look quite so untidy. Some even come on a mount which enables you to turn them over and over, which the

makers claim will accelerate the rotting process and give you compost in a couple of weeks. They don't hold much and are really only useful in a small garden or

for the impatient. Shredders,

alias chippers, are useful

gadgets

—they

chop up prunings and other garden waste into small pieces. This allows you to

compost

bigger,

woodier

stuff

than

otherwise, and the neat same-sized pieces are great for sheet composting.

The mulch looks so much better than it is thrown on as it came. Like

when

dishwashers a few years ago, they are

moving up from being just gadgets

to

Planting seedlings into well-prepared

Well-spaced plantings of ageratums.

soil.

don't-know-what-I-did-without-it status.

Most of us

will only

need

72

a

smallish, electric model.

in (about

1

cm) thick

rob moisture from the

or

a thatch that suffocates the soil), fallen

don't forget that the rotting eventually

compost, well-

it

after

topdress

it

straw; bark chips; shredded tanbark; old

there's

mushroom compost (careful, it tends to make the soil alkaline) and others which

as before.

surface of bare soil to protect

precise selection varying from place to

to conserve

it

against

and watering,

moisture by blocking

its

Cut-rate landscapers are fond of

black plastic, which certainly holds

moisture in and stops weeds; but it also blocks moisture getting in, and eventua fine

way

to

weeds without digging or using weedkillers, but don't leave it on for more than six months or so. It is usually hidden beneath a layer of pebbles, which would make an effective mulch by themselves. Gravel or crushed rock or brick would serve too. These conserve a surprising amount of moisture, and by reflecting heat they keep the soil cool. But they are apt to be glary, and kill off

they look

artificial

is

common, but

nitrogen to start

it

except in a desert-

it

and it of compost

is

heaped up with a bit and left for a few months. Which of these you choose depends on which is easy and cheap to get, and how you like the look of it. Some, like straw or bark chips, can look a bit raw when they are new. but will presently weather into inconspicuousness. Just be wary of nitrogen starvation unless, as with compost, the rotting process has starter

some mulch when

already taken place. Sprinkle

blood and bone over the

you

lay

to

apply mulch depends on

how much you

can afford, but the ideal

is to have the mulch 3-4 cm) thick, thinning it immediately around the stems

with most materials

172

in (about

out a bit

of the plants. Less

isn't

so effective at

style landscape.

smothering the weed seeds. Notice weed

Rocks don't add any fertility to the organic mulches eventually rot down and add humus. There is an enormous variety you can use: grass

seeds;

soil;

clippings (don't pile these

on more than

if

weeds

are already established,

they will benefit from the mulch.

them

Remove

and water the soil. Never, mulch dry soil there has to be water to conserve! And a drv mulch will first,

never,

That's

but

it;

from time

no need

though same material

to time,

to use the

can, as our grandparents used to

mulch. The hoeing encourages

the top inch or so to dry- out,

and the

dust acts as a mulch, stopping further evaporation.

It

does work, but

scarcely labor saving

it's

and the dust blows

about in the wind.

Planting The a

actual planting of a plant only takes

few minutes, but

how you do

is

it

as

important as anything else you ever do Plant with care, and you get it off good start; do it carelessly and badly and you can cripple it for life. Don't be to

it.

to a

alarmed; there are only four rules.

it.

How thick

You a dust

takes a

rotting,

it.

do, hoe the soil after every rain to create

garden center, the

best

smother weed seedlings, and it can be of any of a wide variety of materials.

It is

Sawdust

place. lot of

evaporation from the surface, and to

ally suffocates the soil.

you'll find at the

you spread

shrinks the mulch. You'll need to

rotted manure; shredded prunings;

Mulches have become so much a part of gardening that it is hard to realize our parents found them a novelty. Basically, a mulch is a blanket you lay across the the crusting effect of rain

beneath;

soil

water

leaves, pine needles;

Mulching

at a time,

they will ferment, get hot, and clog into

—

Rule 1. Never put a ten dollar plant in a one dollar hole. If you haven't been able to dig the whole bed, dig as much as you can. Make your hole generously wider

than the plant's roots, so that

it

plenty of nice, soft soil to spread into.

has its

roots

People often dig a small hole in the

middle of

a

lawn, pop a tree into

it,

and

why it doesn't grow. They should have made a bed at least 3 ft then wonder

(about 90 cm) wide, preferably wider, and planted the tree in that. Plenty of

o

)

Cinerarias, almosi always sown in flats or pots (the seed

Nemesias, ideal cool weather flowers.

lime to

grow up has had

the grass

let

when the tree become established. trunk

Rule

the plant

If

container,

a

chance

to

is

as

little

growing

in a

has to be removed, and

it

and wrong way to do it. The wrong way is to grab the poor thing by the stalks and tug. You'll get it out of there

is

the pot

a right

all

but

right,

like as

leave half the roots behind.

way

is

not you'll

The

right

pot upside down,

to tip the

m

holding the plant

the fingers of one

hand, and give the rim a sharp tap to

from the root

release the pot

then just be to

do

lifted off. If the

this, lie

it

on

sharp knife; new, outward-going roots

will

grow where you

side

its

ball.

pot

and

is

can

It

too big

tap; the

Adoften grown

out the same

way

vanced

and shrubs are in large plastic bags. These are best cut away with scissors, and then you can lift

in place;

the plant (cradling the roots, not grab-

completely;

bing the stem and expecting

it

to take

Leave the burlap

soon rot and the roots will grow through its remains. If the burlap has been plasticized, remove it it

will

will not rot.

it

Fruit trees

very small) and then planted out-

Rule as

it

Set the plant at the

usually the soil

not to set the roots too deep or there real

and shrubs are very prone to this.) This might sound like breaking the rule, but not so you do gentl) and ii

it

quickly, so that the n

chain

do

e I"

this

(Ii;,

out

cut th

the root ball in

i

'

Grafted plants are normally set with

there are

though two major exceptions, citrus Citrus are prone to collar rot,

and lilac. which is almost

must have the surface. This

which

on the is

oi

threi

plai

i

really too

ith

graft

ii]

water hcaviK to

i

you

m i

r

an

settle

around the TOO out inflii

i

i

"ii

an) roots

i

>m

i

you

vigorous for

it.

lilac to

above the crown. Bulbs, as

though most won oi

l

deepei

general

a

have twice as

over then noses as they are

>hallowei

the worsi di ;turban< e

normally

its own roots and eventually smother the privet, which otherwise would push the lilac off alter a few \ ears. Annuals can go in a shade deeper than the\' were m the flat, and most perennials are set with 2-3 m (about 5-7.5 cm) o'l

soil

up with

the

below the

is

it

enables the

mound m

Iill

if

the other hand,

closely related privet,

rule, are set so the)

taut to

«

because

soil

the bottom.

on

graft set well

is

hole, spread the roots out over a small

id U<

certain to occur

graft is buried. Lilac,

(Planting

n

I!

in ling toots by slashing

two

broken ones with sharp pruners. is simple enough: make your

a

the graft union just at soil level,

make

trees

is

danger of smothering them.

need care to ensure they don't dry out. Plan on planting them as soon as you get

surrounding ground. (Fast-growing

trees

away soil to adjust the hole's depth. With most plants, a whisker or two too deep or shallow won't matter, but do try

is at all potbound and the showing signs of going around in circles, gently release them and tease them out, or they will continue to circle forever and not break out into the

them home. Once they are unwrapped, keep them in a bucket ol water II need be. disentangle the roots, and trim any

same depth

simple enough

show a mark on the stem where was in the nursery. Add or take

Burying the

the plant

is

and-burlapped and bare-rooted

bare-root, that

If

This

originally.

with container-grown plants, and balled-

grafted

and roses are often sold is, without soil. These

3.

was

the weight of the soil) off the bottom.

roots are

II

have plants out of their containers, don't

are tipped

removed from pots. The easiest way to separate them is to cut their roots apart with a sharp knife. Try to pull them apart, and you'll invariably lose soil and maybe bits of root. Growing bags are on the way to superseding the technique of growing trees in the field and then lifting them and bundling up their root balls in burlap and string, but if you do acquire a "balled and burlapped" tree, they are easy to handle. Simply cany them by the root ball and undo the string when the tree is safely in its hole.

trees

flats

as other plants are

plant should slide out sideways.

Garden

i

dawdle.

cut.)

Seedlings growing in

Disturb the roots as

2.

possible.

to the a

is

ii

mind the) Main have il

much

tall,

are a bit

the

remarkable ability to pull themselves down to w here the) feel omfortable i

42

V o

Rule

ii

i

G


r

cJ

c n

Water the plant in well. you need to fill the hole

4.

of course

First

of the plant drying out in

in

Don't plant out of the correct season for

around the roots with well-crumbled soil, and many people like to enrich this with a bit of compost to help the plant make the transition from the enriched soil of its container to the garden soil. Time was when people told you to trample

it

but that

water

is

well to stick

to the roots,

no longer the fashion. Just

in well

poured from

a bucket,

and

ence. Naturally,

mulch needs

A

the

new

it

you

differ-

it is

it

tainers

is

you do need

winter; but

—

its

new home

is

would

active growth if you Even minimal disturbance

is

for a

few days

(a

risk

when

to water only

and then

it

to

where the roots

actually penetrates to

in

are.

Frequent

encourage roots

where they

less it

newspaper

just the thing for seedlings, a

only

light sprinklings

to stay near the surface,

soon as the soil deep watering sends them deep where the soil dries out more suffer as

dries out again;

slowly. It isn't

possible to give rules like "water

week

twice a

twenty minutes."

for

It

Watering and

more quickly than clay soils do, but they don't absorb so much, so excess runs away more easily and what has been held is used up faster. Clay soils are the

may seem

It

between planting and any

is

depends on the weather and even more on your soil. Sandy soils absorb moisture

watering

the

rule

fall.

making

if

The golden

water thoroughly, so that the water

to take extra

probably

is,

in fact, wasted.

hot

weather planting from confine, and most plants will

establish quicker than they

care

percentage of our total water usage, and

an alarming percentage of that water

the plants actually need

Warm

it.

support the activity above, though is

is

but

conserving water

to the roots will affect their ability to

choice

the weather

to,

water and

plant for as long as

it.

can avoid

have

few leafy twigs or some shade cloth for a shrub) and water regularly at least until

few don'ts. Don't plant any plant

while

when

really

dry.

teepee

makes no will

and

some shade

that will

enough.

Some gardeners like to water with plant hormone to encourage new

roots; others think

especially not

you

pot, plant.

sheltered than the nursery was. Give

with the hose or water

settle the soil well

a

it

the plant unless

its

is

superfluous to suggest that

a skill; after

all,

any child can

wave a hose around. The water we put on our

opposite; they only absorb water slowly

when

turn on a tap and

(especially

Yet

they hold onto

it is

a skill.

gardens accounts for a surprisingly high

heavy

they are quite dry) but for longer.

it

soils takes patience

apply the water as

can't

you can on

fast as

sand. Loam, as in so

Watering

—you

much

else, is the

best balance, absorbing the water fairly

quickly and holding onto soil,

any

faster

—

soil can absorb it if the water running away it is being wasted.

than the is

On

well.

it

you shouldn't apply water

Similarly, you shouldn't waste water by evaporation. This will happen if you

water in the heat of the day, especially a

dry wind

worse

if

spray.

Much

before

it

you deliver the water of

it

when

the air

when

of the night,

is

better yet

stiller, is better;

in a fine

will evaporate

even

ground! Early morning

hits the

or evening,

if

blowing, and the loss will be

is

the air

cooler and

is

the middle

is

coolest

and

water pressure highest.

Not

that

plant that

evening

anyone would want

is

actually wilting

—water

at

to leave a

till

the

once! Plants send

signals that they are suffering water stress

long before they actually

and

wilt,

the observant gardener learns to recognize

them and

act promptly. Leaves

and

flowers go, not exactly limp, but un-

happy-looking and retains

lusterless; grass

your footprints instead of

spnnging back;

in

many

plants the stems

and leaves lose the appearance of firm plumpness they have when they are wellfilled

with water.

Some

than others, and you

plants react faster

may want

to plant

such things as hydrangeas or acanthus as

an early warning system. to

droop,

it is

When

In drought-prone areas Often thirsty and prone to wilt

if

the soil gels a bit dry, hydrangeas

tell

you the garden needs watering

make

the

they

start

a signal to get out the hose. it

is

wise to

backbone of your plantings

— >

Night time

is

and beyond

optimum and

species that will survive

flourish

conditions are

the local

of giving a visitor a surprise

assistance

rainfall. It is frustrating

give

not to be able to

of these, but so

lists

on your climate. The best way

what plants

your area is to make a tour of the neighborhood next time a summer drought strikes, and note

Somewhere along

up and

the range

is

one

your needs and pocket.

of finding that

ing and you should take the advice of

kler

the people

who market

planting designs, with the

most

more tender where

they will give the best value for water.

WATERING SYSTEMS Watering by hand can be a relaxing way to spend time in the evening, but to do it thoroughly takes more time than you would think. It can save time and water to install a sprinkler system.

Almost

every big hardware store these days can a choice of do-it-yourself

systems, and

you want something more oi more complex ones which need professional if

sophisticated there are plenty

n .mil in

,

i,

ill,

iimn

i

hese

i

an be

i

>i

mind-boggling complexity, with spun tin

pop up out gizmo

ol the

i

you

soil.

when

troubli i

vi

ill,

in

1

1

;i

il

I

hey

hoses Shifting these about

imi

and

ral

just

on

I

it

is

besi to

ill)

plai

li.it

u,i\

i

you

.

is

have

d tap

i

Why

want

I

end

soil

become

allows a plant to

don need it, you know You m,i\ prefei the old-fashioned but still effei tive method ol sprinklers on t

thoughts on saving water.

from drying

at

a

weed

is

taking water from the

allow plants you don't even

to rob water

From the garden?

install

watering pavement and driveways

the

the

If

final

super-efficiency

any watering system, do give it a test run every few weeks to ensure all is working properly, and install an in-line filter unless you can swear on the Bible to the purity of your water supply. And do arrange your system so you aren'l

ground,

and timers thai an h >ei to turn the system on late .it nighi when dry

choice plant dies.

sprin-

night.

all

pipe wastes thousands of gallons a year; and the single most important thing you can do to save water is to keep your garden weeded. One of the things that

absence of water only being noticed a

a

out; a single dripping tap or leaking

and that the drip systems are the most economical of water, though the most fiddly to install (you need far more drip emitters than you do sprinklers) and to maintain, the tiny pipes clogging up easily and the

when

good They annoyance It's

tap.

and save the you have left the

Mulching protects the

perfectly adequate,

plants placed at key positions

on

Three

the systems or

an independent irrigation consultant. gardens do-it-yourself systems can be

they should form the basis of your

on each

are quite cheap,

without help. There will be plenty,

soil is

i

longer and are less fuss

last

Designs and gadgetry are always chang-

Let us only note here that in

Mi, ii

Garden

handle than long ones too.

idea to place a timer

the plants that are obviously bearing

you

i

or three sprinklers simultaneously.

Short hoses

are

to

that will suit to find out

the chances

shower

least.

much depends

are drought-hardy in

give

n

the best time to water to conserxe moisture.

with

little

ii

rathei

an run two

Looking after a lawn Ask anyone who announces a dislike ol gardening what they dislike about it, and chances are "mowing the lawn will be high on the able;

is

it

about

it.

list

his

is

understand(

managing

part ol

I

chore w uh little nativity Yet it is the most importani ,i

a

lawn. Leave the grass

unmown, and eventually becomes a meadow the grass gets long, and the ome m low often and how il

i

l

mow depends ow the i\ pe md also to an extern on the

short to

ol

;

44

VA u

I

A massed planting

C.

el

i

J

t n

such as this will help keep the weeds down.

season. Fine grasses like creeping fescue

make

and bent can take closer cropping than

mower will go in the hope of mowing less often. Scalping the grass

without

only weakens

ing. Ideally,

the coarser types like buffalo or fescue,

and

in a

leave the grass a

As with any

dry

summer

little

tall

it is

wise to

longer than usual.

back the from it, and when growing slowly you shouldn't plant, cutting

foliage takes strength it is

weaken

it

too much. As a general rule,

the fine grasses can be cropped to

1

in

(about 2.5 cm) or a shade more, the coarser ones to 2 in (about 5 cm). Don't

the mistake of cutting as short as

the

and allows weeds to get and then you'll be mowing more in often, as the weeds grow taller and faster than the grass and look dreadful. The actual layout of the lawii can make mowing easier or more difficult. Don't clutter it with flower beds and specimen trees any more than you really have to; and avoid sharp corners and

—

it

make it difficult mower right to the edge much backing off and return-

wriggly curves, which to get the

no corner should be sharper

than a right angle, no curve smaller than

you can easily sw-eep the mower round. If you fancy grass paths, in the vegetable garden or in a formal rose garden instance, don't

for

make them narrower than is easy to make them

mower! It same width, and that w^ay you only have to push the machine down the

exactly the

— i'

)

them once: but

it

Garden

i

45

in practice that requires

such careful handling thai you might well have them wider and make two

as

passes. The same applies to the space between two trees, should you plant a grove on the lawn. Here don't forget to

allow for the eventual thickening of the trunks.

mow.

A

gentle slope

is

easy enough to

but anything steeper than about

1

both uncomfortable and dangerous. Consider planting banks with no-mow ground covers rather than in

4

is

grass.

LAWNMOWER

THE

The mower

itself is

probably the most

expensive item of gardening equipment you'll buy. so after

it.

There

choose with care and look is nothing that gives the

sward better than the old-

perfect velvet

hand-mower with

fashioned

cylinder

its

of blades kept razor sharp; but

needs

it

cleaning and oiling after every use, the

blades are fiddly to sharpen, and

energy

push

to

it.

Most of us

takes

it

perfectionists (or can think of

more

are quieter

is

that

end while the machine

is

up

mowers

to you. Electric

it

needs so

little

pruning.

EDGES Trimming edges

and save the bother of

lawn could have been avoided, soil and keeping the grass growing strongly enough so that weeds don't get a chance the

simply by starting with clean

running.

power-driven mower. Gas

will opt for a is

of the greatest joys o/Camellia japonica

the business

enjoyable ways to get our exercise) and

or electric

One

such

aren't

is

consuming a no real substi-

as time

we know

to get in. (Yes,

storing fuel, but the charging of their

job as mowing. There

batteries takes time

and they aren't as lawn as the commoner gas-powered type. These

tute for the old-fashioned

useful for a big or rugged

for this,

come

adequate for the non-perfectionist. You

get

all

being essentially a mechanized hand-mower. The rotary is easier to maintain, and better at tackling thick or

can save a lot of work if you make your edges such that you can ride the mower

the

weed with

glyphosate, relying

wet

brick, timber or concrete edging strips.

in either reel or rotary models, the

reel

but

grass;

it

doesn't give the striped

which you must have a cylinMost people aren't that fussy, and

that

is

edging shears

though the mechanical edgers operate with a flailing nylon line are

over them.

you don't

If

like the effect of

keep the edges of your beds

level

effect for

at least

der.

with the grass and avoid the gutter so

opt for a rotary, with a grass catcher to save raking up. (Leaving the clippings

on the lawn, grass blades

to filter

and

down between

rot. is a better

since the cut leaves

compost

the

admired by professional gardeners. And don't edge your plantings with fragile things like lobelias or

odd bump from

can't take the

idea

in place,

mower

wax begonias

that

the

ground cover and

zone of the grass; this works best, however, when the lawn is cut fre-

to invade

grass.

They

will

each other and have you

it

develop an obsession with safety use.

Make

after

in its

sure the blades of rotaries are

screwed on properly amputate your

lest

t

they

fly off

and

re sticks.

a

mowing

strip

without introduc-

unwanted element of formality. use ground covers or massed shrubs tall enough to have an overhang under which the mower can be tucked and which will hide the planting/grass ing an

interface.

and toys from the lawn you start, do not go away and leave the

mower

running, even

rid

I

minute; wear solid, protective shoes; and never, never, put yroui

hand down

tit

How

sounds

to

encourage the grass

like

It

I

labor on

golden rule of

ever, the

—infrequently but

A

after a

and

heavily

few minutes sprinkling

revive the grass

and have

it

will

looking fresh

hot day, but grass roots are

this will

lazy,

only encourage them to

stay close to the surface likely to suffer as

where

the) are

soon as the surface

soil

dries out.

Thorough watering,

down

the soil it

when a

sufficient to

the surface soil has really dried.

deeper and

-

lawn Water properly and you

more than once

week, even

at

the height of

ertilizing

is

easy

l

you'll

vigorous, drought

shouldn't have to water a

wet

deep, and only repeating

much more

resistant

arduous job is weeding told you SO," but mosl

to grow-

enough to be weed repellent? you need to water it: and here.

more than

have

WEEDS OUT

brush dipped in

strongly

will force the roots

ildren

KEEl'IM.

a small

on the vigor of your grass to cover the bare patch. (If you are unfortunate enough to inherit a lawn that is more than 35 per cent weeds, you might be better off plowing the whole thing under and starting again.''

applies.

make

Whichever mower you buy, look as the manufacturer directs, and

fork. Just

the root.

down

reaching the roots.)

then

make sure you Or you can try painting

hand

trowel or

watering

thatch preventing air and water from

quently to avoid the build-up of a thick

will

with a heavy kitchen knife than to use a

tend

on your hands and knees separating them. You can just mow over the edge, but it will get messy-looking. If you cant

it

you do need to weed, to cut the weeds out

If

often easier

it is

First,

wheels! Beware the junction of

returning nutrients directly to the root

need mowing!)

(

hoose

summer a

good

46

V o u

G

i

brand of lawn according

a

J

i

m

<

fertilizer,

and apply

it

manufacturer's direc-

to the

tions. Better yet, halve the quantity,

and

on in two lots two weeks apart. Spring and fall are the best times; and put

it

don't forget to water the fertilizer in

thoroughly and

at

once, or you'll burn

manure and compost aren't really much use on but you might try the lawn too bulky the grass. Organic fertilizers like

—

—

blood meal. Old-time gardeners used set

much

by an annual top-dressing

store

with sandy

than any

to

but this

soil,

is

more

a ritual

real benefit: fertilizer is better

unless you want to even out any hollows.

Lawn grubs

pests are basically two. Various

live

under the

soil, eat

the roots

need to become one of their company. The golden rule is always to prune to a place where growth will come. Most trees and shrubs grow by first extending their branches, and then making side shoots from growth buds in the axils (the "armpits

of the leaves.

')

To encour-

to divert the plant's energy into the

end

is

worst

m

wet weather.

It

most gardens, you

With shrubs, thinning wisest course also, as

another, diverting the energy to that

and you need

stubs.

If

you

may spread

back

it; if

they'll

to another

only

and the rot wood. Cut at

rot.

into the living

and the wound

the right place,

will heal

That's really

all

there

is

to

it

—

often the

is

reveals the lines

and allows the light new

growth; but even- species

If.

to study

different,

is

how

the plant

mock-orange,

like a

a

hydran-

gea, a poinsettia, a raspberry or a rose, itself,

making new shoots

to take the place of

annually

those that have spent their energy in flowers, then the basic job

wood

out the old

thinning

is

make way

to

for the

to

encourage side shoots, shorten leading

shears. (You can usually recognize

shoots; to encourage leading shoots,

by

kind of spiked roller, roll it over the lawn a couple of times to break the crust, and resolve not to park the car

shorten the side branches.

on

no use to and the plant

aerator, a

The problem is where it is a good

the grass in future.

worst on hea\y

soils,

idea to aerate even' spring.

may seem paradoxical, but the reason we cut bits of plants is to encourage It

is

the purpose of

mind, asking yourself, "If I cut here, what sort of growth will come?. and you should be able to prune just about any tree or shrub with pruning. Bear

it

in

"

confidence.

it's

butcher)-,

and the usual

is a misshapen, unhappy plant. some gardeners love cutting back their plants, and can never see

art is in

Many

want

encourage the leading shoots, as

to

to

grow

tall

in a

young tree hurry. Then you would

When do you remove

a

new

is

already replacing

saying. "That itself. It

is

really getting

needs cutting back!" There

pruning;

overcrowded branches

is all

that

weak

or

is

needed.

Nature doesn't prune, and you shouldn't get the idea that

it is

some-

with

your plants will languish. Even roses, normally pruned each winter, can be let go for a while, and you only have to see a neglected rosebush covered with roses in some old garden to wonder whether

When

description says "prune in winter," take

better diverted to other branches;

it

might be spoiling the desired shape of the plant, when you might want to shorten it simply for symmetry; or it

last is

the key to pruning trees.

grow

much.

a

as meaning that is the time to prune if you think the plant will benefit from it. Many trees and shrubs can flourish it

without ever feeling the pruners or the saw

aim

placed or stronger branches. This

don't prune too

Fruit trees are a special case. Here the

might be crowding out other, better

is

to

keep the

tree small

fruit easy, as well as to

perfectly well

enough

make spraying and hanesting

to

of the

encourage the

energy into

maximum

without pruning, though the prudent

plant to put

gardener removes dead branches before

numbers of fruit. You can leave fruit trees unpruned (this is the rule with citrus, avocados, and most subtropical fruit) if you don't mind getting out the ladder to tend them. They can look very

fall

on someone; but often

make

usually a disaster.

no

less

we

(topped) to

is

need

rambling rose that has already flowered; it might be weak and feeble, its energy

position. All too often,

beyond

will

a branch of a mock-orange, say, or a

they

without

it

when you remove

a bit too big or too densely

tree flourishing

branch

It

growth, as

it

thing that you must do every year or

might be dead, when it is the plant; it might be senile.

altogether?

tree, as camellias,

usually the judicious removal of

are trying to get a

Still,

shrub or

do. then

more other hand, you might

On

when you

miniature

bottlebrushes. hibiscus or crepe myrtles

flowers.

the

their thicketing.

like a

leads to

it

result

a

shrubs,

shortening the leaders encourages not only a bushier plant,

them

multi-stemmed habit, with unbranched young stems and twiggy older ones.) If it grows more

though not all, bear most of their flowers and fruit on side shoots, and

Usually, trees can

Indiscriminately "cutting back" isn't

pruning;

deciding which to do.

strong

Pruning

growth. Yet that

shorten side shoots. The

it

grows by renewing

and mildewedlooking; water with a fungicide. If dead patches are more than 12 in (about 30 cm) or so wide, it's desirable to sowsome fresh grass on them; if less, the lawn will usually grow over them, but watch for weeds trying to get in first! Constant traffic can compact the soil so that it sets like cement and water and air can't get in to the roots. The grass, no matter what you do, just doesn't grow vigorously. The solution is to hire an leave lawn both dead

into

new. and these are the plants that call for the most attention from the pruning

over nicely.

tends to

it

the plant to encourage strong

grows.

are cutting to above a leaf,

are almost

to let in the light.

of the branches

won't grow,

and

lollipop-shaped tree can look appropri-

And if you want to remove the branch altogether, you cut it right back to a junction with shoot, the terminal bud.

branch, cut close. Stubs and stumps

and Bermuda grasses

its

place in a formal garden where a

the tree, removing superfluous branches

or with a culture of Bacillus thuhngiensis.

that attacks bent

cutting back, called pollarding, has

above a leaf; to encourage the main branch (or the trunk of a young tree) to grow taller, you shorten any side shoots

just

their activities with a strong insecticide,

fungus

it is

shadier than before. Controlled, regular

always better' to thin out the crown of

cut just above

caterpillars later in

great

that

grow, you shorten the branch, cutting to

the birds, or simply water the scene of

on

making

bunches of new shoots, so

ate: in

branch. However you cut. don't leave

this chapter.) Dollar spot is a

shape; and the poor thing

its

age these buds (the lateral buds) to

and leave dead, brown patches. You can usually dig them up and leave them for

(See the section

ruining

usually responds by

make

it

it

a tree

shady

gets cut

smaller. This

is

for its

back is

Topping may indeed

the tree smaller, but at the cost of

its

romantic growing naturally.

The next question

is

when

to prune.

V o

ii

G ar di

I

47

n

nevei prune anything during the

First,

when

period the sap

growing and

["here arc a

bleed to death, tions; for

actively

is

it

running; you risk having

is

MM*

0t k^^^H

it

few excep-

example, you can pinch hack

the tips of such things as lavender,

rosemary and boxwood to encourage the growth to be bushy, and you can pinch the long shoots of wisteria to keep the plant from getting out of bounds; but it

,i?

L *

Ir

ip^H

•

you find yourself cutting into strong at this time, you will regret it.

wood

j

The golden rule here is that unless you hoping for fruit or berries to follow, prune after flowering and before growth begins. This means that spring bloomers, almost all of which bloom on the growth they made last year, are pruned in late spring or summer; they include such

"1

Jk4

2Mb

1

are

W

wti W

Jfefe*

things as forsythia, weigelas, flowering

peaches and their

ilk,

and wild

roses.

Mr

Prune them in winter, and you are

away

cutting

wood

the

Jm WL

* J*.

that will shortly

be flowering. (You can do your pruning

lmpaticns are easy

to

propagate

—

-just

pick a jew stems and stand them in a glass of water to root.

while the plants are in bloom, taking the

The basic way

cut off branches inside for flower

Summer bloomers

arrangements.) usually flower

on growth made

and in their case "after flowering" means during winter. Unless you expect spring flowers from them, most trees can be thinned

organs into petals, has in

winter; but the after-flowering rule

in late

summer aim

the

if

can see the

you can do the job fall after growth

or early

prune are

a

still

is

effect

you

to let in sunshine;

more

deciduous on it.

easily

tree

you

if

for

while the leaves

the branch

If

pruning shears, you

too big

is

need long-

will

handled loppers or a pruning saw;

you

if

find yourself wishing for a chainsaw, call in a professional.

Tree surgery

ous work, and chainsaws

is

danger-

lethal in the

hands of the inexperienced. You don't want to find yourself falling out of a tree and breaking a leg or worse. And keep your tools sharp so they cut cleanly. Ragged cuts heal poorly and infections can get in. If you aren't u.sed to using a whetstone, send your tools to be sharpened professionally.

Propagating h

ha

.

nevei beer is

still

propagating your

life

healthy

an impatient

—very

as "vegetative"

and they give you new plants exactly the same as their parents. A group of plants propagated vegetatively from a single original is called a "clone." The named varieties of roses or fruit trees are examples of the clonal method of propagation of propagation,

io i

eas ;fai

own

to

bu

tior to

—

ii

<

hi

plani

I"

had

api

i

too

time of year, which will

,n

i

i

diffii nit

l

he

firsi

thing to note

i

ii'

can buy special seed-raising

make

Naturally, you'll

m

dII

inn kedl

i

ii

tve

ti

unsow

the germination i

in a

should

soil

mixes.

sure there are no

weeds or weed seeds to confuse matters. Water your seed bed well to encourage weeds to germinate and zap them with glyphosate, then wait a few days before

sowing. The basic rule thickness of

soil,

make furrows stick will

sow seeds

to

is

covered by their

that they are

and

this

is

sow them

to

do the job

seeds need only

it

easiest in.

nicely.

a light

so

own

A

Very

dusting

il

you

pointed fine

ol soil to

can be easier to

them along the furrow il you bulk them up With some dry sand large seeds like nasturtiums or pumpkins can often

il

i

Don't

1> kei

for

soil

A bed can be improved by the addition of some sand or vermiculite. For sowing in pots you

be placed individually

is

your seeds must be fresh II you have boughi them, they should be fine date, provided n b o

that

i

like this one.

distribute

Plants differ in the case with which they can be raised from seed, but basically it

1

in

at the right

cover them, and

GROWING SEEDS

fou ha mii broker the seal on the

;ai

Sow

be given on the seed packet or can be

be fine and crumbly.

according to the type of plant. Collec-

known

make

a sealed container in the vegetable

nursery bed or in pots, the

and perennials do. Also, many highly bred plants don't "come true" from seed. These we propagate by division, from cuttings, or by layering or grafting,

means

them,

Whether you sow your seeds

to wait for seedlings to take their time

tively, these are

you save

If

garden,

sure they are quite dry before you store

looked up in books

and don't always want

lot,

few weeks, as one does with

in a

many vegetables, is fine.) your own seeds from the

drawer of the fridge being the best place.

sterile),

it

few plant diseases are transmitted through the seed. But gardeners can be

ii

but then

made

about flowering, as most trees shrubs

The next rule is to use the right tools; you'll do far more harm by tearing your plant about with the wrong tool than from ignorance.

sowing

and seed-grown plants have the advantage that they start out

has slowed down. This can be the better time

from seed, the way most

Almost any garden plant can be grown from seed (unless hybndity or doubling, which transforms the reproductive

in

spring,

applies here also, so

is

plants propagate themselves in the wild.

in

n

seeds

rati

fall

nd

sown wluie

lives, in

the regular garden beds, as are

mam

vegetables

pal

down \m\

it

Such plants are spend their

the) are to

Smooth gently,

the soil over,

and water with

the finesi spra) youi hose oi watei ing

w

ill

ii,

in

delivei

d

I

mil the seeds have gei mi

you need to

1

eep

I

hem

— — 48

Vo

u

i

G

a

r

J

e n

which

constantly, evenly moist,

mean

daily attention in

How

warm

will

excess

weather.

simply

long the seedlings will take to

come up depends on

Most

the species.

soil off its roots.

The clump may

into pieces, but often you'll

fall

have to pull

it

apart or cut

it

sharp knife or pruning shears. The

new plants, which you new homes immedito make the divisions

result

and shrubs can take much longer, some preferring to be sown in the fall and

can plant in their ately.

given a spell of cold betore germinating

give preference to the strong

in spring. Be patient!

sections from the outside of the clump.

If

germination

is

as

good

as

it

several

is

Don't try

any smaller than what comes

easily,

and trim the bottom end stem just below a leaf, using a razor sharp knife or blade so as not to the leaves arise,

apart with a

annuals, including vegetables, appear in ten days or so, but perennials

want, allowing about 4 to 6 joints where of the

bruise

Cut

it.

any leaves that

off

new

insert

your cutting

in a very

soil,

bed, and keep

moist. Softwood

it

and

semi-mature cuttings are best given some

should

protection from dry

Cuttings are the standard means of

way being

propagating most shrubby plants. All

clear plastic bag. Nurseries

homes. If they are already in their permanent bed, thin them out, leaving

the plant

they are

is

a piece of

stem around 4-6

in

(about 10-15 cm) long, detached from

and put

tation that

it

will

in soil in the expec-

make

roots.

Not

air,

the standard

and

to enclose pot

all

now

misting systems that keep the

in a

use

air of a

greenhouse as humid as a Turkish bath, and these have allowed many plants to be propagated from cuttings that were

all

shrubs will strike from cuttings

required

sandy

either in a pot or a suitably sheltered

CUTTINGS

at the

be

Then you simply

stop moisture loss.

and

be, the baby seedlings will be crowded. As soon as they are big enough to handle, prick them out into another container or another bed until they are big enough to transplant to their final

only the strongest

will

buried, and trim the remainder in half to

regarded as too

difficult before.

spacing.

eucalypts are impossible and

The biggest potential problem with young seedlings is damping off, a fungus that rots them. Poor drainage in the seedling bed encourages it, and so does too humid an atmosphere which you might get if you are sowing in a green-

rhododendrons and lilac recalcitrant but most are easy enough. Cuttings are classed as follows: softwood or tip cuttings, taken from the ends of actively growing shoots in spring or summer

hormone does help the "take," but make sure the stuff is fresh. It loses

(fuchsias, impatiens, lavender); semi-

varies greatly. Be patient; as long as your

house or have enclosed the pots in plastic bags to keep them from drying

mature or half-ripe cuttings, taken

after

cutting hasn't withered

growth

quite

root. After a fortnight or so,

Take the precaution of watering with a dilute fungicide as soon as you

ripe, usually

see signs of germination.

flowering shrubs); and

out.

is

summer

complete but before

(camellias

Division

is

wood which the easiest

tative propagation.

method

of vege-

At the appropriate

planting time, you dig

up

a

clump

perennials or bulbs, and shake the

of

it is

about the middle of

cuttings, taken in

DIVISION

Dipping the end of the cutting

fall

potency quickly and has a short shelf life.

The speed with which it

roots will form

will

the cuttings out of a pot to

and most spring-

in

rooting

be trying to

you can check on

tip

progress provided you don't disturb

hardwood

them.

or winter from

When you

see roots growing, the

on or transplanted,

plants can be potted

has fully matured and

them

treating

might even be dormant. Roses are the example of these.

as gently as seedlings.

LAYERING

classic

All cuttings are

prepared in

same way. Take the piece

much

of stem

the

you

Layering

used

is

for

shrubs that don't

root easily from cuttings, but

it is

useful

any shrub when you only want

also for

couple of

new

plants.

It's

a

simple to do;

you bend a branch down to the ground and bury a section, holding it firmly in place with a short stake. Roots will

form

—

eventually

buried.

Then

severed from

the its

new

rhododendrons

was

like

will take their time

You can nick

it.

you want the

the stem

plant can be

parent and trans-

Some shrubs

planted.

about

—where

roots,

the stem

where

but take care not to

cut right through.

A wipe

hormone won't go

astray.

ing or creeping plants

—

with rooting

Many

sprawl-

raspberries,

rambling roses, hypericum. ivy ground will layer themselves naturally,

covers

—

and they

are the easiest of

propagate.

all

Rummage around

plants to the base of

an old plant, and chances are you'll find

new ones

waiting for you.

AIR-LAYERING The only problem with layering is that you have to be able to bend the stem dowTi cuttings will often root in water, but ground-cover plantings usually

Unci themselves

to the

you can

ground.

If

this isn't possible,

try air-layering. This

always

1

II

)

looks like magic, but

summer

or early

worried about

I

1/

I

9

Spring

isn't difficult

and trim

to cut

off.

it

oil

any

you are

II

breaking, brace

it

II

part-way through,

it

being careful not

(.

I

usually the best time.

is

Select a suitable branch,

leaves, then cut

II

with a

it

Then pack around the cut with wet sphagnum moss, and wrap that in a sheet of plastic, tying it on firmly. You'll need to check that the moss doesn't dry out; when it is evidently full of roots, you can detach the new plant, unwrap, and plant stick.

it

in a pot.

GRAFTING Grafting

one of the high points of the and also one of the most

is

gardener's

art,

ancient.

has

It

many

niques, but they

stem from one plant

of a piece of

roots of another. fiddling;

why

The answer

different tech-

involve the uniting

all

It

seems

to the

a lot of

not just take a cutting?

is

that

by selection of the

plant that provides the roots (the

you can influence the growth of the plant grafted on it (the scion). Thus you might want to give a

Slug

cultivated plant the strength of wild

cutting-grown

propagation, which involves cutting out, under a microscope, the very tip of a growing shoot just the few cells that are actively dividing and placing them on a sterile growing medium. The tip gives rise to a mass of undifferentiated cells called callus, which can be cut into

normally

pieces that then are placed in a different

1

understock

roots,

),

which

why

is

though you probably won't be able use

roses are almost

always grafted despite

many

of

case with fruit trees.

apple

A

is

the often the

tree, for instance, will

grow unmanageably

but graft

tall:

it

onto

and you produce a smaller (and often more fruitful) tree. But the two plants keep

a less vigorous, "dwarfing" stock,

their genetic identity

—

white

graft a

yourself. This

—

them

doing quite well from cuttings. Conversely, you might want to reduce the vigor of the scion. This

it

—

growing medium to grow into plants. The method has had huge success in

making formerly

intractable plants

readily available,

and has allowed

quantity

white grapes, not pink ones.

cheaply than before.

Grafting needs to be done time,

when

the

at

the stock

is

up

and keep 11 alive while the growing together. To make

into the scion tissues are

the union requires exquisite care in

matching the cambium layers, the band of green tissue just beneath the bark where the sap runs and cells are dividing. Fail in this, and the graft won't take. This

cultivars

Budding, the method

11

whose vigor has declined will

that.

be able to restore old.

virus-ridden but

and productivity. lot more of

varieties to health will

be hearing

a

We

mericlonally propagated plants in the I

For one thing,

ut are.

amount major harm

certain

of resistance

for

to

—

a

it's

rare

be done before you

can notice and take action. The multi-

and diseases reall) only kill And once you have decided what group the problem

under

diseases

the simplest form oi ami the one you should start

and

them. Then, most plants do have

lew headings.

a

falls into,

lor roses

pests are

farious pests

Controlling pests and

'isecl

many

specific in the plants they attack,

unless you grow these you'll never see

ultra-choice

still

rot for black rot.

remedy

is

de< iding the appropriate

usuall) eas)

fruit trees, is

grafting,

than a long

ing to

i.

left

pes like

thi

grafting

ail

s\ \m

\\n

s

MER/f l()\ yet

\l

n

whi< h

1

GS

iup ol then

inkling

1

an eye- -unless

PROPAGATION

anothei method

SJ

most bothersome

ips the

I

ifting.

ol

is

to attai

vi

and de

ap;

There

the bugs, grubs and fungi that are

oi

list

with

and and

browm

Happily, things aren't nearly as bad as

through infection. Wine-growers are

hoping

is

mistake a greenfly for a blacklly. or

can also be used

delicate surgery, calling lor sharp

is

knives and a steady hand

and

quickly and It

butterfly caterpillars love nasturtiums

evidently crucial; you wouldn't want to

to create virus-free clones of old

growing

strongly and the sap will run straight

much more

Cabbage

of the precise nature of the trouble

outstanding orchids to be propagated in

grape onto a red one, and you'll get

optimum

to

mericlonal

is

ius in

"I vegetal

we should

be an equall) long

ii

ni

kill

om

(

lienm

with

in

thet

als thai

Some

"I

Identil

\ow

these

thai are soil

loudness hey

11

oi all

snails

pests

and

he) eat leaves, an) son ol leaves

I

I

own

i

foi

enough, with new 1\ pl.i

limb into plants

a

pailuuku

to gel

lings

then

.

50

V

('

u

G

i

a

J

i

e

?i

dinner, and have no compunction about If you can catch them, you can simply squash them; but that

eating flowers.

constant vigilance. Night-time

calls for

and wet weather

when most

(the times

of us prefer to stay indoors) are the best

times to go snail hunting. The standard

way

to control slugs

and

snails is to

which you can

scatter anti-snail pellets,

buy

in

many suburban supermarkets as Some people

well as at garden centers.

worry about them, as there is a risk of poisoning other wildlife feeding on dying snails You can protect delicate plants by surrounding them with a circle of ash or diatomaceous earth, across

you can you don't disastrous effects on the soil.

which the use

snails can't slither; or

salt for

mind

its

the purpose

Also time-honored

if

setting saucers or

is

up to their rims in the soil, and filling them with beer, which snails adore. They drown in it, making a small dishes

mess

revolting

...

A

cut

worm.

Sawdust

c\

idence oj borers.

CATERPILLARS Perhaps the next tribe of pests

is

caterpillars, the juvenile stage of

and

butterflies.

No one would

the

moths

like to

be

without butterflies in the garden, but happily the most desirable and decor-

numbers

come

such do much usually the ones which are

ative butterflies rarely

in

that their caterpillars

damage.

It is

least attractive as adults that

most trouble

caterpillars is that of the butterfly,

cause the

as juveniles. Chief of the

cabbage white

Codling moth damage.

which chews up the leaves of

not only cabbages but their kith (broccoli, cauliflowers,

Brussels sprouts

the various Chinese cabbages)

and

and kin and other

move

quickly

—

is

many.

If

you see

way

the easiest

dealing with caterpillars

if

a shoot rolled

up by

plants as well.

budworm, squash the shoot open it up or the caterpillar

of nasturtiums.

Processional caterpillars are best

(wallflowers, stocks, honesty)

They are especially fond Then there are the tent caterpillars whose web-like nests cover branches of cherries and other trees; budworms. the tiny pests that curl up in the young leaves of roses and other plants and eat the developing growth; the tomato homworm that feeds on tomatoes; the corn earworm. which eats the developing ears of com; the loopers, which walk by doubling themselves up as they eat just

and

finally the

about anything green; cutworms, white grubs

below the

that live

soil

and

eat roots.

These curl up if you dig them up and expose them to the air, a defense that

might protect them against birds, but

them

leaves

gardener

defenseless against the

who promptly

Squashing them

—

beasts

if

squashes them.

you can catch the

fortunately very few caterpillars

sprayed.

You

will

of caterpillar

want

of

there aren't a

before you will escape.

to spray

any kind

they invade in greater

if

numbers than can be controlled by squashing. The standard anti-caterpillar spray is carbaryl. which is certainly effective

but poisonous both to people

and birds lar.

A

that

might

eat a

better alternative

is

dying caterpilthe cultures of

the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis

which gives

caterpillars a disease (milky

them but not to birds or other animals. Look for the name in the small print on the packet; spore disease)

the best as Dipel.

fatal to

known Mix

it

preparation

is

up according

marketed

to the

package directions, and spray it on; if you suspect cutworms, water it into the ground where you think they are. The only problem is that it doesn't persist;

Borers

in

an angophora branch

once the caterpillars have bacterium dies lars arrive

also,

you have

and

all

if

died, the

new

to spray

caterpil-

them with

a

fresh culture.

Borers,

which burrow

into the stems

of trees, are caterpillars too. Their activities are revealed

by masses of

stuck-together sawdust around the

and if you see you should take action at once, as a severe borer attack can kill a tree. The standard treatment is to poke a wire down the tunnel in the hope of impaling the caterpillar; if you can't reach it.

entries to their tunnels, this

.

o

)

Harlequin

/nig.

some kerosene

squirt

any

Mealy bug.

Aphids on a rose bush.

White wax

i

Garden

5

I

or methylated

spirits into the hole. (It is

get

Red spider mite damage

ii

very hard to

sort of spray into the holes.)

Borers are particularly fond of wattles

and of some

There and pear

are types

conifers.

that molest cherry

trees too.

Borers usually have trouble invading a

vigorous and otherwise healthy

tree,

and borer attack is often a sign that the tree is unhappy. Water and fertilizer are called for.

Another caterpillar that gets inside where milky spore disease has

the plant

trouble reaching

that of the codling

it is

moth, a major pest of apples, pears and quinces. The moth lays its eggs on the

which by the time it ruined by being full of little

developing

fruit,

npens

is

grubs.

When

the caterpillars are fully

grown, they leave the fruit crevices m the bark and in base of the ling

them

tree.

is

The

first

pupate in

to

the

litter at

step in control-

to clean off loose

and

least toxic

—

is

scale.

to systematically

search suspect plants for the beetles and

crush them

when

found.

Rotenone or pyrethrum sprays work on most offending beetles. Try killing the ground-dwelling white grubs of the Japanese beetle by soaking infested areas

with

a solution of

milky spore disease

(Bacillus papilliae)

bark and

you you can tie a collar of corrugated cardboard around the trunk, where the pupas will make themselves at home; you can then burn cardboard, pupas and all, before they turn into moths. But if the moth is bothersome in your area, you will have to spray with carbaryl every two or three weeks from the time

SUCKING INSECTS

the flower petals

caterpillars do, but they can severely

substitute for dousing

approaching ripeness. Remember too

stunt the growth of a plant. Just as

insecticide.

you grow fruit trees, the law may well compel you to control pests such as codling moth and fruit fly or face a fine.

importantly, they can spread virus

rubbish from the base of the

trees. If

like,

that

until the fruit

fall

is

if

BEETLES Beetles are not usually a great nuisance,

except for a few which

become

trouble-

some on certain fruit or vegetable crops. Watch for asparagus beetles, Colorado potato beetles, cucumber beetles, Mexican bean beetles and plum curculios

— each

other than thosi narrn

n

feeding on a few plants

the broadest appetite garde

,

[lie

i

i

'I

—

didn't reach.

(To people too, so you need

poisi

-ii

pi. in

to eai

lipates alter a while,

In-

s<

poison

lal

ii

idvani

i :

I

ii

01

which the spray are most effective

amount of enough

a fair

take in

them, and there

to affect

is

no

them with

SCALE INSECTS The grand exception

to all this

sedentary

wax

live

secreting a carapace oi

lives,

to protect

the

is

which

scale insects, sap-suckers

This n does

themselves

very effectively, and they don't seem to pick to

up systemic red

many

and you

noted on the

mi noi

insecticides

much, [he

most familiar are the white wax scale ,\\-\d

rupulous about observing

withholding pei iod

They

to do damage before they

The

di

rain, they protect

chewers have

be very careful about using these on plants whit h you

by

against the sap-sucking tribe; the

The suckers can be controlled

the pests

off

parts of the plants

by most insecticides, but their control has been made much simpler by the development oi systemic insecticides, the most important oi which is dimethoate. These are absorbed by the plant and render its sap poisonous to

has

beetli

im lu

simpl

diseases.

washed

get

—

should

ugg< ted b) their nted |apan

Red scale on a lemon.

and their ilk are chewing insects, which need to be poisoned directly you have to get the poison onto them, which means thorough spraying. The big tribe of sap-sucking insects includes beetles, aphids, mealy bugs and scale insects. They don't do the immediately obvious damage that Caterpillars

oi

si

,

ile

which

affect

cuius and

other shrubs, and the white scale

roses l

he gardener's strateg) here

is

to

wre< k the carapace, destroying the tin)

breathing tubes the inse< that the in

ie<

I

i

builds into

>uffo< ates

m

its

ow

n

it,

52

V

<>

wax, and

Garde n

r

ii

this is

horticultural

wax This

is

oil.

done by spraying with which dissolves the

tricky stuff to use, as

it

—

can

burn the foliage in summer heat check whether you are about to use "summer" or "winter" infestation

brush

onto the is ideal,

insects off, so can't crawl

you can avoid using

small,

by brushing methylated

horticultural oil spirits

the plant or the

oil. If is

scales.

and

if it

much

An

old tooth-

scrubs the

the better

—they

back on.

NEMATODES Nematodes or eelworms

are microscopic

worm-like creatures that

live in the soil

and attack the roots or bulbs of a range of plants. The destruction of the roots causes the plant to wilt and often die, and they cause bulbs to rot. They are especially fond of tomato roots and

spraying

The bacterial diseases are the rarest, which is just as well as they are difficult to treat. The most common bacterial

until the

diseases are those that cause cankers

all

and

undersides, are coated with the spray.

on the stems and sometimes and oleanders. Here you can do little except remove and bum the affected parts in the hope of destroying all the bacteria, a course of action to follow too if you get bacterial leaf spots on ivy or geraniums. Gladiolus bulbs are sometimes affected by bacterial scab, which manifests itself in black, rotted areas. Burn any affected bulbs, and don't replant new bulbs in the same place. galls

the leaves of stone fruit, tomatoes

main diseases. There many of them and they tend to be

The fungi are

are the

specific in their choice of plants to

common.

attack.

difficult to eradicate.

fumigated to

kill

The

soil

them, but

can be

this calls for

at

tant thing

to get in as early as possible

is

and spray thoroughly, making sure

that

the leaf surfaces, including the

Fungicides are mostly based on copper, the old standby being copper

oxychloride, though this stuff

and can damage

is

pretty potent

soft foliage.

Many

old-time gardeners swear by Bordeaux mixture, originally developed in the

nineteenth century to protect the French \ineyards against mildew; it incorporates both copper and sulphur, another traditional fungus killer, but

it

needs

be applied in large quantities and

to

is

anything but biodegradable. More recent

FUNGI

daffodil bulbs, but they are not very

Fortunately, as they are very

weekly or ten-day intervals problem clears up. The impor-

BACTERIA

They

fall

into

two

categories:

those that spread through the soil and those that attack the leaves, flowers or

fungicides are less damaging to the environment and need less chemical

do

which

to

good thing. The)' aren't all copper based, some incorporating zinc (Zineb) or manganese (Mancozeb). Don't worn- over much about what goes into a fungicide read the label and it will tell you which their job.

is

of course a

—

professional help; the chemicals are very

stems. Let us look at the latter

dangerous and shouldn't be used by the

they are the most

home

The fungi that attack leaves, flowers and stems fall into two categories: those that stay mostly on the surface and those that burrow into the plant to do their damage from within. The surface-living types like the assorted mildews, molds and rusts, are simple enough to deal

The systemic fungicides, which work in much the same way as systemic insecticides, are no longer new, and they

with. Spray at the

against the surface dwellers also. Like

gardener. African and French

marigolds secrete substances into the soil that drive the

which

is

why

nematodes away,

they are often planted

with tomatoes. Daffodil bulbs can be treated in hot water. But

if

you

are

unfortunate enough to suffer eelworms.

crop rotation in the

—planting

same ground

plantings

—

Mildew on

a c

is

different crops

in consecutive

the only real defence.

first,

as

common.

first

fungus

signs of infection,

using the fungicide currently fashionable for the particular fungus,

Soot\ mold.

and keep

it is

designed to

kill.

have proved the best defence against the fungi that get into the plant tissues the

way black spot

of roses and

vegetable rots do.

They

some

are effective

systemic insecticides, they don't have to

be applied quite so meticulously. Fungi

Holh hock

rust.

1

G

a

c u

(I

i

mutate and develop resistance lo Faster than insects do, so

chemicals even

any

remedies

ol

list

for specific fungi

becomes outdated surprisingly quickly. The best way to deal with any disease (or insect)

advice

to take the

is

ol the

your local nursery, showing them a sample of the problem if you are uncertain about it, and then read the people

at

directions on the packet oi any chemi-

you with

cals they give

care.

Soil-borne fungi, like soil-dwelling

headache to deal with. Drenching the soil with fungicide is not very effective and can wreak havoc on insects, are a

the humus-producing micro-organisms. The most feared is root rot, Phytophthora cinnamomi, alias cinnamon fungus. This can kill and cripple the roots of a very wide range of trees and shrubs. By the time you see the plant suddenly wilting, it is too late to save it. The fungus flourishes best in damp ground, and the best preventive and remedy is to improve drainage, or to plant plants that like wet feet, which are often resistant to the fungus, and to be obsessive about not

Where you

Mosaic virus on an apple

leaf.

are offered the choice of

certified virus-free stock of anything, for

it.

indeed viewed as desirable:

fungus, Armillaria,

nearly as

is

West and in the South. It ringbarks the roots. While it usually starts out on the roots or stump bad, particularly in the

of a dead tree,

can spread to

it

a live

seventeenth-century Hol-

stripes. (In

the

land, these "broken" flowers

To guard against it, always remove stump and as much of the roots as you can if you have to cut down a tree.

speculators started trading in tulip bulb

eventually produces small, honey-

—

were much and were so expensive that

prized,

And

enrichment of some and many. Eventually the govern-

tree.

pyrethrum or

its

deriva-

when mixing different chemicals as they may not be compatible. At best they may not work; at worst the mixture may be poisonous tives.

to plants.

and blotched camellias; and the classic desirable virus is the one that "breaks" the color of tulip blossoms into striped

one.

It

insecticides like

pay

Some viruses are many variegated-leaved plants get that way through virus infection, as do some

money

the extra

transferring infected soil to other parts

of the garden.

Honey

Black spot on a rose

take great care

you want to mix, say, an and a fungicide, check the

If

insecticide

on the packets. If that doesn't give phone the manufacturers or the local office of your state department of agriculture to get advice before you start mixing chemicals. Naturally, keep all garden chemicals labels

you

clear answers,

futures, to the

securely stored out of the reach of

the ruin of

defence.

by saving some seeds and growing them.

is no need to whole arsenal of spray guns. For small jobs you can often buy the sprays ready mixed in aerosol cans; medium-sized jobs can be adequately dealt with by a pump-up pressure gun which holds a quart or so of spray. For big tasks like a whole bed

VIRUSES

SAFETY FIRST

easier than

scented

mushrooms

delicious eating

but poor compensation for the loss of fine tree or shrub.

by fumigating the

It

can be eradicated job for

soil, a

specialist professional.

the cabbage tribe

a

and

transmitted through the seed, and you

their relatives.

Sufficient to note that

can often save your stock of

cripples the

it

plants and crop rotation

is

Happily, few virus diseases are

affects

dying of

your best

children and pets. There

arm yourself with

to step in to stop the

"tulipomania.")

a

Club root

ment had

a plant

a virus

a

of roses or a fruit tree, there

It is

a general rule that viruses are

The only thing

untreatable.

to

do

to

is

destroy the infected plant before the

which it can do by the activities of aphids and by careless gardeners exchanging plant fluids by way of unclean pruning shears virus gets a chance to spread,

But don't

,k

as rose will

and

lilies

to

t<

in

i

haste

Some

and the viruses imati

be viewed

"

wnh

an

,

fi

ai

such

viruses, thai

indeed

affi

and

latal

the) infei

i

ted plani

1

il

there

want

it.

including on yourseli

protective clothing.

even

es a

I

ong

an

Weai

trousers, long

Don'l forgel thai there are

main

minimum When rhis even applies

probably won't bother you too much. Wash your equipment thoroughly

that

it

and safety goggles, and handken hiel ovei youi mouth

trsell

are apt to only give a coarse spray, but

with

gloves

are the

attaches to

warm water and detergent when you have finished; and il you are in the habit ol spraying weedkiller, keep a separate gun. prominently marked, for

breeze blowing, or

is a

everywhere you don't

main

concentrate on these, you il

.

beautiful plants that are not

bothered by pests and diseases

have finished spraying, wash both your

1 1

il

and nose

and loathing; 1

to spray

you'll get spray

ilei

i

i

It is easy to speak glibly as we have been doing about spraying, but all these chemicals are poisonous and you need to handle them with care. Don't even in-

nothing

is

one of the gadgets that the end of the hose. These

II

you

wont have

be alarmed by whai von have

jusl

to

been

o

54

Y

u

i

Gulden

Weeds

to

Console yourself. Every year ful

one

for

weeds.

If

your

a dread-

is

won't

soil

support a decent crop of weeds,

grow anything else. Weeding is still everyone's favorite gardening chore, and that

you

can't really design

matter what you do, weeds

it

won't

is

away. will

one

No

appear,

your desired plants of light, nourishment and water and make your garden unattractive. What is a weed? There is an old saying that it is simply a plant in the wrong place. The classic example is to rob

Bermuda able of

grass, one of the most desirlawn grasses but apt to provoke

the gardener to unprintable language

should

it

escape from the lawn into

nearby flower beds.

And some

that are great pests in

plants

one area may be

desirable plants in another. Another is that it is a plant which a government authority has declared

definition local

Onion weed (Nothoscordum inodorum)

plants have long-lived seeds and there

"One

truth in the old adage,

should it appear. Not all such "declared weeds" meet the usual gardener's definition of an uninvited, unlovely

seeding, seven years weeding."

plant that

least it

be a weed and which you are, thereobliged to remove from your land

fore,

would

(and the wild!)

if

it

out with a trowel

you

better; just

of the declared

it.

weeds

Your local give you a

for

your

area,

and the fines, if any, for harboring them. While the invention of the nonpersistent herbicides like glyphosate

(Zero or

base, or dig

practice will soon

let

You can

by grasping the weed

take over the garden

authority should be able to list

either pull

make

show which

at its

—

a bit of

suits

you

sure you get the whole

plant.

Mulching, provided the

you do you an advantage in the war, as mulches smother most weed seeds and prevent it

with

isn't full

of

weed

stuff

seeds, gives

Roundup being well-known

brands) that do not poison the

soil

has

given the gardener the upper hand in the battle against weeds, the victory

goes to the

swift. Pull

weeds out

as they

come up and they won't

chance

to

go

reservoir of

as

still

soon

get a

to seed. Eventually, the

weed seeds

in

your

soil will

diminish and the standing army will go still blow in from next door or down the road, but you will be

away. Seeds will ahead. Just

remember

that

is

year's

most weed

The edible dandelion (Taraxacum

officinale).

o

Y

u

i

Garden

55

Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinole<

them germinating.

any do come up,

If

the soft texture of the

them

easier to pull

mulch makes

it

out.

Weeds can be annuals, perennials, or even shrubs or trees. The annuals are perhaps the easiest to deal with. Pull

them up before they go to seed and put them on the compost heap. Then you can mulch to smother the germination of

any seeds that might

(Don't leave any

weed

still

be lurking.

just lying there;

they have an alarming ability to re-root themselves.) Paradoxically, the shrubs

and trees like blackberries, privet or unwanted Norway maples are nearly as simple, as they grow slowly in their youth. All you have to do is make sure you get all the roots when you pull them up. (This does get harder as they get

The most

bigger!)

difficult are the

perennial weeds that proliferate from

—

underground runners or bulbs horrors like oxalis, onion weed and nut grass, Cyperus rotundus. With these, you must, must get ever)' last root, tuber or bulb or there will shortly be an even bigger

crowd of baby weeds waiting for you. You can't get rid ol them by mulching; they just come up and grow all the -(longer.

Dealing with these really

and

it

comes

into

should

kill

its

is

when glyphosate

own Spray

the

u on,

whole plain

watch you don't overspra) and

kill

But plants

you want In lose ountr) you want to paint the weed with a small <

/'i/i

s/ane

I

Poi tulai

a

brush.

I

his

is

<

worth doing

.

i

in

law n

paint

56

if

You

i

G

a

i

J

e n

you are careful you won't

kill

so

much

ORGANIC GARDENING

(Infuse a few garlic cloves in 2 cupfuls

grow quickly over the bare spot where the weed was. There are

With

selective weedkillers that will kill broad-

importance of conserving the environ-

it

ment, organic gardening has become fashionable. YYe may not. as individuals

same way. using the highest-tar cigarettes you can buy.) Organic garden-

that

it

leafed

weeds and not the

safety

is

grass but their

suspect to say the

least.

Few

ol

would want to use them these da] You can also eliminate weeds in

us

lawns by successive

tillings.

Established

weeds will be destroyed the first time round and will bring new weed seeds to the surface. Get these a couple of weeks two or three times

later. Till

or so of boiling water, as though you

can't

Weedkillers, like

at least,

the

garden chemi-

poisonous. Take the greatest

much

be able to do

Amazon

about saving

we can do patch of land we

rainforests, but

harmony with

it

nature.

After such a lofty beginning, a

all

were making

growing awareness of the

something about the have in our own stewardship, keeping healthy and free from poisons, in

to eliminate

resident weeds.

the

disappointment

can be

it

to find that organic

gardening has no hidden

secrets.

is

It

is

tea;

when

it

reeks of garlic,

ready to use. Tobacco water

is

made

the

ers don't use chemical fertilizers, relying

on compost and on manure. The basic philosophy of organic gardening returning what we can to the soil and avoiding chemicals that might damage the environment is

—

—

simply

common

sense.

A

fertile soil is

one which contains a flourishing population of micro-organisms, and

easier to define organic gardening in

they cannot long endure without the

care in using them. Don't breathe the

terms of what

constant replenishment of

fumes; don't get them on your skm;

gardening without the (often dubious)

wash up thoroughly after using them; and don't store them where they might

benefits of

cals, are

into the

fall

One you sure

last

hands of children.

pull out a tiny seedling, it is

a

do make

weed. Sometimes garden and you might be

is

modern

not. Basically,

it

is

chemicals. Organic

gardeners don't use weedkillers; they pull

thought on weeds: before

it

weeds out by hand. They don't spray

bugs and fungi with chemicals, or

at least

not with the newer ones developed by the petrochemical industry.

They

when

prefer

plants seed themselves,

to

pulling out something choice by mis-

can't be avoided, to use old-fashioned

take.

Give the suspect a chance to identify

chemicals

like

home-made

itself first.

The most u nlch accepted marriage

squash caterpillars

oj

companion plants

or,

spraying

Bordeaux mixture or

sprays like garlic water.

humus

that

comes from compost or manure. Chemical fertilizers don't help them, and, what is more, fertilizers do leach from the soil to pollute waterways and other soils. Sprays, no matter how non-toxic their manufacturers hope them to be, should always be regarded as poisonous and dangerous to the environment proved otherwise.

Any gardeners who their soil

and garden

— French marigolds protecting tomatoes against soil-dwelling nematodes

•

until

really care

will

eelworms

I.

about

make compost;

{III

)

(t

I

II

1/

I

57

II

I

HAPPY Roses ami garlic (the garlic protects the

and

roses from aphids,

is

it

claimed,

perfume) Beans and sweet corn (train the beans

intensifies the roses'

up

and remember

the cornstalks,

water and

fertilize lor

to

both); beans also

grow well with potatoes Tomatoes and marigolds; tomatoes like onions and garlic also Potatoes and cabbages; and maybe the other

members

of the cabbage tribe

also

Nasturtiums and most vegetables

UNHAPPY Walnuts and most other plants (fallen walnut leaves and walnut roots poison the soil and prevent other plants growing beneath the trees)

Sunflowers and almost everything else

Cabbages and beans Peas and onions

LOW-MAINTENANCE GARDENING Non-gardeners are apt

wish

to

maintenance gardening.

"I

no-

for

want

a

beautiful garden that never needs any

work!"

is

one of the

most

cries

garden designer's

know

better; gardening,

Gardeners

the boring bits like weeding, the happiest of hobbies. Nasturtiums are said

enhance the growth of most vegetables. Here they are with broccoli.

to

are times

like

manure and blood and bone

COMPANION PLANTING

as

is

Even

when we would

something will give preference to organic fertilizers

familiar

to a professional

ears.

even one of

so, there

like to

do

with our spare time; just

else

houses should be labor saving, so

gardens should be too.

rather

some

many ways

than chemicals like superphosphate and

The idea

sulphate of ammonia; and will use

on others growing nearby and others inhibit their growth is an ancient one that is enjoying renewed popularity, Many of the companion plantings suggested even

low-maintenance garden; here are two

now

approach, that of concentrating on

chemical sprays only

when

absolutely

necessary, after less drastic controls of pests

and diseases have

gardeners garden like

when people used from fence

this.

Most

The days

spray their gardens

to fence even' season just in

was

case there

to

failed.

a

bug lurking somewhere

are long over.

Whether

the result of strict organic-

gardening practices flavorful,

more

nutritious vegetables

and healthier flowers k

indeed more

is

is

nourishment contained in an orange is the same whether it was

it

all)

will be

.is

idue will, 01

1

i

in

n

1

hemii

al

in

1

and the

should, be

>oi1

still

be

thai

ol

to.

The celebrated English garden designer Russel Page used to say "trees, grass

and water." That sums up one

substances from their roots that repel

pared

being poisoned by

tin-

leaves. Planted an

irone to

g

nematode

secretions

on the 1-

ol the

follow

u

uli

1)

.u

t

epted

ol

gum

imatoes, whi< h

tion <

plants that need

well and look

are a perfect-lawn freak, that

demanding

wuh

it

isn't really all

to maintain, not

hods

com-

annuals or

ol

vegetables, anyway.) The best trees to

attack, the

it

healthy and piling

the vegetables

of the easiest.

little attention to grow handsome. (Grass might seem an odd inclusion; but unless you

mi inse< is thai live

hemi

<

grew

among

to achieve the

and herbs that interested the old herbalists and alchemists. Scientific evidence shows that there is some basis for the belief. It is known, for example, that African and French mangolds secrete

its

Bui

1

tend to be

grass to

that the

organii

There are

plants exert a

nematodes and that the reluctance ol grow under eucalypts is due

hard to say.

research suggests no,

ientifii

that

beneficial effect

Some

ompanionship

certainly

lit

the

but there are

bill,

main

shrubs, and indeed ground cover plants 100. that

need

little

(

are Other than

admiration

You need

10 take youi

into account here

Any

<

limate and soil

plant that needs

extra watering, sheltering from the ov,

ing

m

1

old

58

V

c>

u

i

(i

>i

i

These brick pavers arc

1/

e

11

ser slightly

below the

level

he grass, so the

mower

can just ride onto

it

and trim the edges automatically

conditions that aren't exactly right for can't be called

however

it

it

"low maintenance,"

might behave

in other

climates and gardens. Neither can a plant that needs constant pruning, dividing, or dead-heading to look

presentable be called low maintenance.

This

may sound

in fact there is a

easy-care plants:

awfully boring, but

good range of beautiful, and if limiting your

choice leads to simplicity of design, so

much

is no need to be and banish your own favorite flowers just don't go overboard on them, and place them at key points where they give maximum effect for the work you put into them. Search among the flowers, and you'll find many that need only once- or twice-a-year attention, among them the evergreen

the better. There

purist

—

daylilies, the

that

shrub roses, the daffodils flower, and then oblig-

come up,

ingly disappear beneath

or mulches.

A

raised stone edge like this keeps the lawn out oj the

power bed

ground covers

Remember though,

that

plant doesn't appeal to you, you will

if

a

1

(

Where

the plants are being

resent any care that

massed

like these regal

asks for

it

were bred by nature to our and climates. Moreover, few have

invading nearby plantings. Paving

should be

to the ministrations of

the

which can so often

same

set

so that

it

few inches

At

same purpose. Pavings

Some of the most we mean

using neat, dense shrubs instead of

having clipped hedges.

American) plants are easy care but short lived, and after 10 or 15 years lazy

The prudent gardener combines both approaches, and remembers thai no

find themselves facing

much

of the

is

to be meticu-

lous in your layout, so that the chores of gardening are minimized. Thus you

would arrange

to

surround

a

mess)

'

its

and so on

(alien leaves, twigs

vanish to

make

a

will

mulch, rather than

a

h

swepi up. Lawns

mowing

strips ol bin

I

c

imprison a plant

in a pot

it

is

well established.

and shrubs

trees

where

First,

you can give

a

potted plant

will

need

it,

and

watering or not

it,

a position in

Some

mix designed needs

jusi as n

sun or shade

as

it

plants with specialized

watering, fertilizing, protecting from

needs.

such nasties as snails and caterpillars,

needs such as epiphytic orchids and

and maybe pruning; ground covers won be weedprool until they have

some

grown

i«>

make

plants

and

n

ing

Any garden, low maintenance

n

didn

wouldn i

i

attention I

ii

be

bom

oi

timi

somewhai boring

cacti are usuall) foi

this reason

grov n as poi bain plants,

whether grown from seeds or cuttings, art- usuall) grown on in pots while the) are too delicate to take then chances in the ompetition ol the open garden

mat ol foliage, grass needs pam]

a solid

rited

it

dependent on you to water and fertilize it. and where u will need more care than it would it were growing in the ground? There are main reasons. utterly

is

to suit

until

.

te to

Why

maintenance"

nine

,ii

thought, growing plants in

individual care, with a soil

paving or lawn where they woi to be

first

il

t

with a ground-cover planting into whii

9

IN

garden can truthfully be called "low

Immature

garden.

The other approach

i

containers seems a perverse thing to do.

desirable native (by this

the major job of replanting

C M

at

and ground covers could take the place of some areas of grass; and you could try

expense of health and vigor. True, but

may

(/

CONTAINERS

meets the lawn

level, instead of a

higher, for the

lead to bigger flowers or fruit at the

gardeners

I

edges, and to keep the grass from

soils

only up to a point.

GARDENING

eliminate the chore of trimming the

...

care, as they

the plant breeder

(I

pelargoniums, unattractive plastic pots will he largely hidden by foliage.

Native plants are often touted as easy-

been subjected

,

i

II

1

he) will suffer less shot k ;

i.mied than the)

when would

the) il

the)

60

You

Garde

i

n

lifted from the open ground; and most modern nurseries grow most of

were

their plants in pots for this very reason

You and

can buy them, take them

1

home and

plant

them

to

paved

on

plant

on

even on can

a

terrace,

balcony or

a

make

grow your verandah,

a

roof. Here, pots

the difference between having

Or you might

plants or not having them.

be renting your house on a short

and want with you

be able

to

to take

when you go

—

lease,

your plants

them making a plant

in

ground and you are present of them to your landlord. the

handsome

Put a plant in a

and you give

it

setting a statue in a frame.

importance.

on

point

a bit like

a plinth or a picture

And you might want

potted plant or a group of a local

container,

It's

— next

them

good

a

You might

then want to take advantage of container display, retiring one plant as

changing

its

flowers

and bringing in another that is just coming into bloom. This way you can fade

of success.

Then, you might want

around

for instance.

plants' portability to arrange a

almost any time

at

with reasonable certainty

the head of a set of steps,

swimming pool

to use a to create

to the front door, at

have interest

all

year.

Just about any plant can be a pot, at least for the

sized trees can be

grown

in

time being. Full-

grown

in containers,

and many a city tree is growing in a huge planter box while cars park in a basement beneath its roots; but few gardeners will want to deal with something so cumbersome. A half-barrel is about as big as most of us can cope with and even that will need two

—

people to

shift

it

—but

it

is

quite big

enough to grow a shrub. Bearing in mind that a container plant like this draws the eye, choose one that looks

for

much

long-flowering, like

of the year.

Think of

handsome evergreens

dwarf pines, hibiscus, camellias, even citrus. There

azaleas, cotoneasters,

are also

many

others.

Smaller pots offer their ties.

own

flower a week or two earlier in the warmth of a pot than they do in the open ground), those frustrating fall

bulbs

like nerines

and blood

ing

in

that

lilies

summer drought the ram when they die

won't bloom without (shift

them out

down);

ferns;

of

even vegetables and

climbing plants. (Try training a

moonflower or tripod of

bloom

A

tall

a

honeysuckle up

stakes to

make

a

a

column

of

—an eye-catcher indeed.)

cluster of small or

medium-sized

pots has more impact than just one, and

you can mix and match your plants just as the mood takes you one of the joys

—

&**££%£

A complete garden grow

possibili-

Annuals, spring bulbs (which often

containers on a balcony The pink and white flowers arc petunias, which take very happily

to

container

life.

o

Y

This

handsome glazed Chinese pot holds

a complete spring garden of primulas, violas

and

lobelias (which haven't started to flow

ei

\

u

i

Garden

el

of container gardening.

Window

boxes are enjoying renewed

They dress up the

interest.

front of a

plain house like nothing else can,

and

to

an ornate one they add an extra touch of gaiety.

Geraniums and petunias

traditional plants for

are the

them, but you can

low or trailing things you fancy. Ferns and fuchsias would be nice in a shaded spot; and what about plant any sort of

some herbs conveniently outside the kitchen window? The important things are to make the box itself generous in size 8 in (about 20 cm) is a minimum

—

—and

width and depth

to fix

securer)

it

in place. I

he

choice

<

mil, nncrs Plastic

improved

themselve

>

i

in recent years,

i

n

be plained mil well.

I:

I

.is

the)

plani

greai

and then i

black ones, useful

iffei

much

pots have been

the old

ai

thai

he material

ind though

an

gi

ling to

d<

its

lightness

Bring potted spring bulbs out

to

show

thi

moff thenretln

thi

maftei the) havi

fin's'"

''

flowering

<>

I

62

Y out

G

a

r

d

e n

Nothing dresses up a facade the way window boxes

A

do,

and the amplest plantings arc always the most

collet tion oj different terracotta pots, given unit) by a

common theme

effective, like the

of gray foliage: catnip (Nepeta), lamb's cat

s

I

impatiens and lobelias here.

Stachys) and sun roses (Helianthemum).

a )

Some is

of the variety of sizes

usually an asset,

planning a

blown over

it

plant

tall

is

in terracotta.

won't be if you are which might get

wind.

in a high

Terracotta

and shapes a\adable

is

it.

plastic in that

it

It

fertilizer

has an advantage over porous;

is

overwater a plant

from

any plant

flattering to almost

displayed in

it

is

harder to

in terracotta. Salts

tend to

make

a

bloom on the surface, which isn't pretty. It does wash off easily, but also it can be minimized by painting the inside ol the pot with olive oil before you plant trick prat Used by the an< ient Romans. As long as you don'l haw an accident,

—

terracotta will last (or

mellowing in beauty Glazed earthen pots ha

hundreds of

all

years,

holes. That's because they aren't flower at all,

You can

(

but egg jars or goldfish bowls.

drill

holes in them, but

is

whether

barrels

or in

the

caisscs de Versailles originally

the gardens ol Louis

XIV

for

has the

keep the roots ol any plant growing in cool, no matter how

great ability to

it

hot the

summer hoose wooden as much lor theii durabilit)

I

rather

will

la

momi<

il

ifei

Reinfi

to

make them

F

thi

alternative

a

is

which the molded decoration, usually with unhappy results The most the case with

is

material can take

design, and these days are often colored

and finished to resemble stone You can paint them, though moisture from inside usually Hakes the paini

ofl

Splendidl)

All

<

arved urns and vases

though the) Should

expensive

ol

ol

are fabulousl) \o\i be fortur

have

oiled 01

material ol

couple

in a

t.ui\

stone and marble are sometimes avail

.hi

increti

small; most concrete pots

and heavy. The weight

are tub sized

able, al

painted mat-

been with us ever since Their walls have to be thick, so there is no point in trying

as

and redwood

arc the timbers ol chi i

;

most daring modern architecture, know it was first developed to make flower pots? That was back around 1800, and concrete pots have

years and the) then look

(

i!

6

II

I

attractive concrete pots are simple in

designed

Wood

(I

but did you

portable. So

in the form of cut-down more elaborate designs like

III

disadvantage; few concrete tubs are truly

a

traditional for containers too,

lain

>rieni

it's

risky business.

the time.

fashionabl

and the

to

from the plants they are supposed to be showing off; and some of the large Chinese ones have no drainage pots

(

I

the

distract

a reasi risive)

for plants, with

ones are apt

II

Colchicum autumnale.

the center are

three caveats: they are sometimes rather

Wood

white

in

good accommodation fragile; the fancier

the material with several

thousand years' tradition behind it, and even in the plainest models its warm color

The bright flowers

(I

w

hi(

h in

<

ould be the

len

fo< al

a

work

poini

i

il

ol

— 64

A

Vo

u

i

G

d

container need not

Whatever the

i

J t n

sit in

spendid isolation. This decorative urn filled with pansies adds a graceful note to a bed of flowers

material,

make

sure

your container has adequate drainage holes; nothing will kill your plants faster than wet feet. For the same reason, it isn't

wise to stand an outdoor pot in a

which will stay full in wet weather. Only do this for real water saucer,

arum

for

most

plants,

can be made from equal

good garden soil, sharp sand, and peat moss or the coarser stuff from the compost heap, with a handful of complete fertilizer added to each barrowful. Unless you are planning on a parts of

lot of

pot plants, you'll probably find

it

Louisiana irises. Over the holes it is customary to place a few pieces of broken pot to keep the soil from wash-

buy one of the ready-made potting mixes which every garden center carries these days. Premium grade is worth the extra money, and you can buy

lovers like

lilies,

willows or

easier to

ing out. (Unless you are in the habit of

special

breaking pots, these crocks are hard to

azaleas. Recently, water-retaining

come by; try pieces aluminum window

granules which you add to the potting mix have become available. They aren't cheap, but they do reduce the need for

of brass or

which will also keep out worms, which rapidly wear out their welcome in the confines of a pot.) Then add your potting soil and plant, ensuring an inch or so (about 2.5 cm) between the finished level of the soil and the rim for water.

A

screen,

time-honored potting mix, suitable

mixes

for acid-loving plants like

frequent watering a

little.

A

point to

watch: always use fresh potting mix;

can be tempting to re-use

soil that

held annuals or bulbs, but don't.

it

has

It

will

and nutrients and the

have

lost structure

new

plants will suffer accordingly.

Planting

in

is

fetching blue and yellow tones

just the

same

as

planting in the open ground four rules.

Make

when

— follow

sure your plant

the

is

accurately centered in the container, or

annoy you even." time you look at Looking after container plants is simple. Water them when they need it (in summer this can mean even- day) and fertilize them regularly, as the constant watering leaches nutrients from the soil rather quickly. Here slow-release fertilizers are well worth their high cost. Annuals are simply discarded at the end of their season, but other plants will eventually need repotting when they exhaust their soil. If they can go into a larger container, fine; if not, you may have to prune the roots. This is easy it

will

it.

simply

tip the plant

out of

shave 7 : inch (about

1

its

container,

cm) or so

off the

sides of the root ball with a sharp knife,

and

replant.

65

Hardiness Zone

Map

&P»

Hardiness zones arc based <m the overage animal

temperature

for

minimum

each zone.

>SM

CHAPTER

2

<^S>o

Annuals

&

Perennials

/-

Mb


•

•

.

*:+

*

68

.Annuals

& Perennials

Annuals and perennials,

l\

the

mainstay oj a garden, can

provide xear-round color and interest. Horticultu rally,

annuals

are those plants which complete their

cycle,

life

from seed

to seed, in

a season, while perennials generally live for

three years or more.

ments with plants

Annuals are ideally suited nent.

One summer

a subtle

gentians,

which

the

summer and form new

shoots after a dormant period. Traditionally these plants were used for

massed displays

called carpet

bedding, where plants were selected to

form disciplined color displays. Today this type of formal, high maintenance display

is

usually restricted to very large

taller

marvellous for providing a

to this

the garden could be

combination of creams and

soft

blues of the newer viola hybrids, another

perennial

welcome

festive

an entrance or a splash of color to a shrub border when the garden is to be used for a special event. For a continuous effect, group them with to

season a completely different effect

perennials, staggering the flowering

could be achieved by using bright blue

times of the plants so that

same

and bold yellow marigolds

way

in the

the novice

pocket of annuals

is

when

nearly past

a small its

pnme

repeat these colors in the permanent

behind is about to strut its stuff. This complementary display can take a few seasons to achieve as many perennials need two years to bloom, but

planting of a garden.

don't give

position. In this

a perennial just

gardener can decide which color combination

is

the

most pleasing and go on

to

way

are able to cope with

severe winters as they die back at the

end of

annuals in front to the

flower spikes behind. Annuals are

experimentation as they are not perma-

salvias

Within the vast group of perennials are evergreens, such as the hardy agapanthus and ins. which are ideally suited to temperate climates, and the herbaceous types, such as asters and

and

to provide varied

interesting combinations.

Planting Combinations By combining perennials with annuals in a more informal manner the garden loses that "all or nothing" effect which is so evident when a bed of annuals has "finished" and is again planted out with tiny seedlings. By placing clumps of perennials besides drifts of annuals the

drawn from one accent

private gardens or parks for special

eye

events, while the keen gardener experi-

say from a group of low-growing

Chrysanthemums can pro\ide a spectacular display of

is

color.

to another,

is

up as expenmenting in this one of the most rewarding aspects

of gardening.

Apart from color combinations within

house color to garden display so they comple-

a garden, try to tie in the

that of a

ment one another

—

a red or red-orange

toned house looks good surrounded by bright oranges/yellow/rusty reds

creams while

a white or

muted

and

pastel

painted house blends well with soft blue,

mauve, pink and white flowers plus masses of silver foliage.

r

A

ii

ii

s

/

i'-

/'

r

i

i

ii

a

i

a

(,')

I

important as linking the

[usl as

houses

n n

to the

garden

is

the overall suing

garden beds. Most annuals demand a position in lull sun to flower ol the

well so be sure to choose an aspect

where the plains

much

will receive as

morning sun, as Give them generously wide

light, particularly

possible.

beds ensuring the colorful display will not be overwhelmed by shrub foliage or

robbed of nutrients by the roots of nearby permanent plants.

Instant Color Effects One

of the

most welcome developments

in recent years

number

is

the increase in the

of annuals

and perennials

Once

available in "instant color" pots.

red geraniums were the only available

way

provide a splash of color in early

to

now,

spring,

right

through the seasons

a

pot or tray of mature, flowering annuals

can be purchased to add instant color to

garden dead spot or patio.

a

overlook hanging baskets

And

filled

don't

with

annuals to highlight a garden color

scheme.

If

own

your

potting

up seedlings

make

to

instant color, take care to

choose plants that

gracefully over the

fall

edge of the basket. Both upright and sprawling types can produce a very decorative display in large pots or tubs.

As discussed

earlier annuals,

very nature, aim to set as

many

possible within a very short

by

their

seeds as span.

life

Gardeners can extend the flowering period by cutting the blooms for indoor use or by nipping off any faded flowers

With then large spikes of showy, pea flowers, Lupinus species

will

enhance any garden

before they set seed and therefore

decide

it's all

particles or to

over for another year.

nourishment

to the plants in the

digging

form of

a quick-acting fertilizer designed to

promote flowers, rather than

foliage

is

add moisture

sandy

qualities to

Remember, if you follow this procedure it is good practice to provide regular

that the seedlings are ready to be trans-

planted as soon as weather permits.

particularly beneficial to

perennials which can be position for

some

layer of soil

and prepare

in the

left

years. Replace the top this surface in If

planting perennials, a dressing of wellrotted

Soil Preparation

manure or compost or a complete can be added while roughly

and Planting

whereas

soil over,

if

are

hardy

grown from

seed each season, perennials have various ways of being propagated. Most

can be grown from seed, however usually takes longer for

fertilizer

digging the

Whereas annuals

same

accordance with your planting needs.

growth.

similar sheltered spot. This guarantees

retentive

This double

soils.

If

blooms

this

to form.

established crowns or rhizomes are

divided,

new

plants, true to form, are

generally established

more quickly and

annual seeds are to be sown directly into

often produce flowers the following

To ensure good strong growth and

the soil in temperate areas this top layer

season.

maximize flowering, prepare your garden beds soundly If the area to be planted has not been dug over before, good idea to double dig ["his mi -mi

needs

it

i

weeded and

smooth, even In

Hi' n| i.i

h

i

1

this layer

fork

,i

1

is

dug

Humus uch

1 1

this layer to

impi

ist

o

ei

help breal

depth

as well rotted led to

ca

up hea

i

fai

la)

mm

h

gn

ati

i

iuc<

hould there be In

.1 i

il

:eed

an

es

i

seeds t.m be

rate

is

year, often as a

A

foliage.

eathei

in a gn p

I

i

i

nhou randa

Kile

bonus

to distinctive

What's more, perennials pay

handsome dividends, providing

ensured,

gardenei with

a possibility ol a late

own

climatic zones

in all

perennials put on a color parade once a

local climate if

For gardeners

annuals provide welcome displays of color, espec tally in the early spring, u

i

planted directl) into the ground

soil

to thi

sui

main areas the

determines when and

depth

put aside and the

be well dug over to remove any

lods. then raked evenly to ensure a

-i

l

that the topsoil, say a fork

n

(

to

;i

01

.1

soun

1

ol

with w hu h to experimeni w

and eolm combination

the

plain matei ith di

each season

ial

1

A

7

ii

n » a

I

s

&

P

e

i

ni

n

i

a

I

s

Aconitum napellus

Acanthus spinosus

Achillea filipendulina 'Gold Plate'

summer. The mound of foliage

m)

3

ft

(about

4

ft

(about 1.2 m).

1

tall

with a spread of

It

This species has very large, deeply divided, arching dark green leaves

60 cm).

tinted with purple.

(about 3

and curious spikes of

moschatus 'Mischief

make

ft

summer

1

It

grows

m) high with

to 3'/ ;

ft

a spread of

Native to the Mediterranean region

This bushy, fast-growing annual

becomes an 18

mound leaves, It

in (about

45 cm)

with narrowly divided sometimes tinged with pink.

bears white-centered red flowers

3-4

in (about

7.5-10 cm) across

from summer through fall, each flower lasting only one day. Other named selections with pink or scarlet

flowers are available.

resemble the hibiscus;

The flowers

when

crushed, both flowers and foliage

have a musty smell. It grows well as a pot plant, or in the summer border. It prefers heat and sun, but will flower in light shade. Provide plenty of water and a rich garden soil.

of southern Europe, they will

grow

sun or shade in well-drained soil. They prefer a moist situation, but tolerate the annual summer drought of the West by going dormant after flowering in early summer. Remove spent flowers, stems and dead leaves and propagate by division in fall or from seed sown in spring. Watch for snails and slugs. They have persistent roots which may be in

plant.

A. millefolium

ACHILLEA

COMMON YARROW

ZONES

9-1

and North America. Foliage is fern like, and masses of large, flat heads

white to pale pink flowers in sum-

of tiny daisy flowers are borne in

light foot traffic

summer in shades

of white, yellow,

pink and red. They are hardy perennials, easily

poor

soils

grown and

tolerant of

but doing best in sunny, temperate

well-drained sites

m

into

new

plants.

leaf as

climates.

are easily propagated

when

spent or

left to

die

when

to

24

in (about

60 cm)

tall

with feathery, dull green foliage and

mowing and and makes a useful ground cover. The cultivars are to mer.

It

will tolerate

be preferred in the garden less invasive

for their

nature and for better

Queen'

colors; 'Cense

is

bright rose

pink, while 'Rosea' has softer pink

Numerous hybrids from Germany are now available in a flowers.

wider array of colors. ZONES 2-11

down A. 'Taygetea'

a motif in the decoration of

naturally in winter,

Corinthian column capitals.

clumps should be pruned to stimulate strong spnng growth. Fertilize

Low mounds

in spring. Achilleas are suitable for

backdrop for the flat heads of soft, lemon-yellow flowers carried on 18 in (about 45 cm) high stems. This hybrid species has an excellent color that works well with purple and blue flowers, and is less inva-

A. mollis

This strong, upright-growing, semi-

and veined, bright green leaves. It produces 4-6 ft (about 1.2-1.8 m)

BEAR'S BREECH tall

These ancient perennials are grown mainly for their handsome leaves

growing

cut

grow

invasive plant

There are about 85 species of Achillea, most native to Europe, Asia

by the Greeks, who used the

pieces will

evergreen has large, deeply serrated

ACANTHUS

A widespread and

This genus has been immortalized

even tiny

Propagate from seed in spring. Rust disease can be a problem.

YARROW, MILFOIL

They multiply rapidly and by division in early spring or from cuttings in early summer. Flowering stems may be

difficult to eradicate;

summer bears

rounded heads of golden-yellow flowers, 4-6 in (about 10-15 cm) wide. It is a valuable border ZONES 3-10

7-11

are useful for covering steep banks.

MUSK MALLOW

has aromatic, bright

flat,

They

flowers.

It

green foliage and in

it

(about 90 cm).

ZONES

spectacular feature plants and

erect cultivar

reaching 3 'A ft (about 1 m) or more with a spread of 24 in (about

bears bold spikes of white flowers

ABELMOSCHUS

in the

FERNLEAF YARROW

A strong-growing,

with spiny points. In

Acanthus mollis

to

A. filipendulina 'Gold Plate'

8-11

A. spinosus

Abc/mosdius moschatus 'Mischief

house

prefers partial

shade.

ZONES

hang yarrow ward off evil.

traditionally

is

spikes of densely clustered

white flowers, each surrounded by light rosy-purple bracts, in early

the

massed border planting and rockeries, and flowerheads can be dried

—

retaining their color

—

winter decoration. This genus

named

after Achilles,

for is

who in Greek

mythology used the plant to heal wounds. On St John's Eve the Irish

of finely divided,

gray-green foliage provide a perfect

sive than other species.

ZONES 3-10

\

II

II

II

(I

&

S

/

I'

A tomentosa

ADONIS

are useful for bold

WOOLU

llC\(l\ll/l\

Luge containers and the plants also make excellent tub and container specimens he minis is extremely

leaves in late

tough, thriving in conditions of

3

I

\RKOV\

\

his species

is

.1

low, spreading

I

his

herbaceous perennial has

ra-

arranges

I

I

II

I

II

I

ll

and

leaves

ms

st«

1-

li

1

blooms

in early

spring and feathery mid-green

bright yellow

Flowerheads on

reel

cm

2 in (about 30

I

excellent in the rock

garden or as an edging plant

foli-

grows in clumps with a height and spread ol 10-12 in age

obtained

fairly light soil that

ACONITUM

siderable

amount

contains

of

con-

composted

material, peat or leafmold.

napellus

a

It

flowers

sun or light shade but wilts badly in extreme heat Fertilize and water regularly and propagate from seed in late summer or by division after in

MONKSHOOD HELME1 FLOWER Native to northern Europe, this Flowering perennial

is

good

fall-

for

cooler climates. Plant in bold

groups or allow

flowering.

to naturalize in

woodland conditions.

It

has

5

P-8

tall

armenum 'Warley

have pink or white flowers^ and deeply divided mid-green leaves

It

47; m) height with a spread of 24 in ubout

moderately rich, well-drained soil in sun or partial shade, and must not be allowed to dry out during the grow-

area, this low, evergreen, short-lived

ing season. Plants are easily in-

handsome, with narrow, elongated bluish green leaves. It is a compact 6 in ubout 15 cm) high and wide, making it an ideal plant to grow between paving stones or in a rock

60 cm).

It

will

(about 1.3

do best

in

in a

creased by root division in winter,

but once established they are best left

milder

mates. The plants enjoy

cli-

sun but will tolerate some shade, and will grow in any soil; though they prefer moisture, they are admirably drought tolerant They naturalize readily, soon forming large clumps. Propagate by division in late winter, or from seed in spring or fall. Remove spent flower stems and dead leaves at the end of winter. All species make good pot plants; in cold \\ inter areas they can be brought lull

undisturbed for several years

when dormant in winter The poison aconite is extracted Transplant

and native sub-shrub

Mediterranean

to the

is

summi

flowerheads have as

many 1

grown

for its profusion

spring and summer. Foliage

garden.

It

and

is

cm) Various dwarl selections

small heads of blue flowers freely

produced above 10

cm mounds

is

to 10 in (about

s_ll

AGASTACHE cana MOSQUITO PLANT

(about 45 cm) stems from mid-

fall.

summer to

Mexico,

early

fall;

each

Though it

is

rare in its native

a semi-evergreen perennial

flowerhead contains 20 to 50 indi-

out the Southwest and up to 6000

ft

vidual blossoms. The leaves are

(about 1830 rrO in the mountains.

It

shorter than on A. praecox.

prefers

A. praecox subsp. orientalis

amounts

sun

a

umbels of rich blue flowers carried on strong 4-5 ft (about 1.2— 1.5 m)

ZONES

is

with

ery,

sword-like leaves. A. calamus

grows

to

4-6

high with

a

ft

(about

1

.2-1.8

m)

spread of 24 in (about

60 cm). Plant in full sun. Propagation is by division of the rhizomes in

winter or early spring Plants

bubblegum. It is a good plant mixed border in a dry climate

of

region, or for naturalizing. s-9

sun,

AGAPANTHUS LILY-OF-THE-N1LE. AFRICAN tlLY

Native to southern Africa, these

strong-growing perennials are

popular for their line foliage and showy flowers produced in abundance over summer. They haw dark green, glossy, gracefully arching.

strap-shaped leaves Flowers are

many

blue or white, in

four years. The leaves of the cultivar

umbels, borne on a long erect stem

-

A. calamus 'Variegatus' have a

cream

variegation, while the smaller A.

grammeus

also has variegated forms.

7

>-n

flow ered

ft (about 90 cm) or more Agapanthus are ideal for background plants or for edging along a wall, fence or driveway. Cut flowers

often 3 tall.

Agapanthus

j

1

\i

01 us

1

alar

\,/,>im,i, scivalis

\i

jf

i/hi'Nc mil

u/i

icanus

^r

armenum w.nlcv Rose

and only moderate The crushed

of water.

quite tolerant of mild winter

should be divided ever) three or

to partial shade, a

soil

foliage releases a distinct fragrance

probably the best known agapanthus, with its large dense This

full

well-drained

8-11

is

It is

aromatic, tangerine-scented, leath-

New

well adapted through-

a marginal

25 cm) of water.

25

make

excellent edging plants.

seed readily. ZONES 5-9

water plant, accepting a depth of up

in (about

of foliage; these

l

self

This grass-like plant

are

available including Peter Pan' with

Trim lightly after flowering and propagate by softwood cuttings in spring or by seed in fall. It will

calamus

to

spread of 24-36 in (about 60-90

climates.

ACORVS

100 grows

as

(about 90 cm) high with a

ft

enjoys well-drained, full

ge

Blue flowers are produced on 18 in

of small, bright rose-pink flowers in

coarse-textured soil and

from the roots of this plant. ZONES 2-9

farmh-

/

These sage relatives are extremely popular with hummingbirds, producing bright rose-pink tubular flowers on 24-36 in (about 60-90 cm) stems through late summer and

A. ajricanus

Rose'

syn. A. x warleyense Warley Rose'

A member of the mustard

ft

and near the

in the

AETHIONEMA

violet-blue flowers (,some forms

to

hillsides

indoors for the winter.

slender spires of helmet-shaped,

grows

on

mt only

25-30 cm). Best results are when planted in a moist,

(about

M)

neglect

li

7

s

stems over broad dark

tall

1

nunculus-like

plain with feather) gray-green

I

Ichillea

tomn

lor

72

A

11

n u a

I

s

&

P

e

r t

n n

i

a

I

s

This old-fashioned, low-growing is ideal for ground cover, massed plantings on slopes, the

perennial for

Ajuga reptans Atropurpurea'

Alcea rosea

front of borders or for rock gardens. It is

or part shade. Bright blue flower spikes appear in early spring above the metallic green cnnkled leaves. There are various cultivars with different colored leaves:

Burgundy

Glow' has cream and maroon

and pink and purple; 'Yanegata". light green and creamy white; and Jungle Beauty', dark green with a tinge of purple.

They grow 4-12

rapidly from runners.

Ageratum houstonianum

AGERATUM

AGROSTEMMA

houstonianum

githago

FLOSS FLOWER

CORN COCKLE

showy annual

Native to tropical Mexico, this

This fast-growing

member of the Aster

reaches a height of 3

family

is

a

ft

(about 90

popular and easily grown annual with dull. hair) heart-shaped leaves

cm) with a spread of 12 in (about 30 cm), making it ideal for planting

and showy blue, lavender, mauve-

at the

pmk

has a slender, many branched, willowy habit with lance-shaped

-

,

or white fluffy flowerheadi.

should flower throughout

It

summer

and into fall if the ground is kept moist and dead flowerheads are removed regularly. The tall cultivars form clumps 24 in (about 60 cm) high and wide and are useful for bedding and cut flowers. The dwarf varieties form clumps 6-12 in (about 1 5-30 cm) high and wide and are excellent for edging and containers.

Any well-drained

soil is

compost enriched. They prefer a sunny position with protection from cold wind Keep moist, especially during spring and summer. Young plants benefit from tip pruning and spent flowers should be removed. Propagate from suitable, preferably

back of an annual border.

They grow

m

most conditions but prefer shade and cool moist soil. Those with bronze foliage do better in sun. Propagate by division in spring. Remove spent flowerheads and watch for fungus disease. Ajuga has been widely used as a healing agent for wounds. ZONES 3-10

in early spring or

fall.

plants should be thinned to

Young around

10 in (about 25 cm) spacing and

may need

light staking

if

growing

exposed areas. The tiny, round, dark brown seeds are poisonous.

similar to Gypsophila.

They

prefer

partial shade, moist, well-drained soil

and

humid atmosphere.

a

Propagate from seed or by division in (about 3

fall, and cut back to 1V 2 cm) when they finish

flowering.

ALPINLA zerumbet SHELL GINGER. SHELL FLOWER

A genus named

in

honor of the

sixteenth-century Italian botanist

Prospero Alpino, they are grown

showy

flowers.

Gingers are not easy to grow successfully in pots and will only

ALCEA

flower

They

m a warm, moist position.

prefer a mild to subtropical

They need full sun to part shade and will not survive temperatures below 61-64°F (about 16climate.

A native

of the eastern Mediterra-

nean and central Asia, this stately biennial was one of the first flowers be cultivated in the southern hemisphere. They are popular for to

their in

effect.

bears masses of small

sprays of greenish yellow flowers,

for their very

leaves.

sown

summer it

in spring or

It

Open, trumpet-shaped pink flowers, 3 in (about 8 cm) in diameter, appear throughout summer. It grows best in full sun in a welldrained soil. Propagate from seed

raindrops to give a sparkling

in

(about 10-30 cm) high and spread

Agrostemma githago

It has decorative, wavyedged leaves which hold dew or

In

purplish bronze; 'Multicolor', white

to a

40 cm).

vari-

egated leaves; Atropurpurea'. dark

clump forming, growing

height and spread of 16 in (about

tall

spikes of flow-ers which

18°C). Propagate by division of

rhizomes in spring or early summer. Although edible, it is not the ginger used commercially. The

can reach 6 ft (about 1.8 m). Flowers appear in summer and early fall and come in a range of colors in-

zerumbet

cluding red, pink, cream and yel-

9

low;

some

are double. Foliage

is

flowers are used in the Pacific Islands to

ft

make

is

a

tall

garlands. A. plant,

growing

to

(about 2.7 m). Originally from

China,

it

bear racemes of waxy.

AJVGA

roundish and rough and the plant

ivory or white flowers with yellow-

reptans

spreads to around 24 in (about 60

and pink or red throats in summer. It needs partial shade, good soil and plenty of water to

cm). They need shelter from wind, CARPET BLGLEWEED

benefiting from staking in exposed

seed sown in spring.

This excellent perennial ground

positions.

ZONES 2-10

cover forms a showy carpet in sun

a rich, heavy, well-drained

They

prefer sun.

lips

flower well.

\|s/K()( Willi n

\

\i\Min

ki

Native to South America, these tuberous plains are among the finest ol .ill perennials for cutting, but the) do drop petals. Flowers are show) .ind multicolored, resembling miniature trumpet lilies held on thin win- stems They Flower profusely from spring to summer About 50 species exist, all growing well in sun or light shade in a well-

enriched, well-drained acid

soil.

They soon form large clumps, bearing dozens of heads of flowers Propagate from seed or by division In cold winters

in early spring.

protect the

dormant tubers by cov-

ering with loose peat or a leafy

mulch. Best

left

undisturbed

when

established, but one-year-old seedlings transplant well. Alstroemerias

do well naturalized under on sloping banks.

trees or

A. aurea syn. A. aurantiaca

This

is

grown

the

common and easily

most

species, with

heads of orange

flowers tipped with green and

streaked with maroon. Leaves are twisted,

narrow and lance shaped.

Several cultivars exist with deeper

or a

more golden

height of 3

ft

flowers.

They reach

(about 90 cm") with

a

spread of 24-36 in (about 60-90 cm).

ZONES A.,

Ligtu hybrids

Leaves are narrow and twisted and flowers are widely flared in shades

Amaranthus

tricolor Joseph's Coat'

of pink, salmon, yellow or orange,

sometimes streaked and spotted with other colors. They grow 2-4 ft (about 60-120 cm) tall with a spread of 2-3 ft (about 60-90 cm). ZONES

7-11

drooping cords, their ends often touching the ground. Flowers appear in summer through to fall. In many old gardens this plant was used to give height in the ers in long,

Amaranthus caudatus

minimal care if given a moist, fertile sun to light shade. They are good in the perennial border or soil in full

in a

center of circular beds.

ZONES

AMARAXTHUS These bright, showy annuals, native brilliant foliage,

grown

for their

curious flowers and

-

monellii

A bushy

annual, growing to 3

ft

syn. A. lini/o/id

(about 90 cm) high and 24 in (about 60 cnO wide, this plant

They

grown

popular bedding plants,

with large and attractively colored leaves

and minute flowers borne

in

sunny, dry position with protection

from strong winds they enjoy a

fertile,

is

essential,

for

its

brilliant

and

well-drained

mulched during hot weather. when young to thicken growth and propagate from seed sown in spring. Prepare soil for planting with plenty of manure, and

is

bronze, gold,

eter

Tiny red flowers appear

fall

summer

when young.

Protect from snails

ZONES

in

2-11

AMSOSIA tabernaemontana Bll

I

si \R

mi

I

DOGBANI

a delightful perennial

from snails when young and watch for caterpillars and aphids

States. Stiff stems,

60-90 cm)

ramidal clusters

growing to 4-5 ft 2-1 5 m) high and 24-36 (about in (about 60-90 cm! wide n leaves and dark red flow-

This

tall

species,

1

I

shaped flowers

24-36

are

tall,

ol

in

row-ell

;

grown

are

summer and

They flower during

low growing to under 18 in (about 45 cm), with spread of 6 in (about 1 5 cm) or are

more This species requires

a

well-drained spot

moist

They

in fertile,

benefit from

a

sunny,

some shade

hot areas. Propagate from seed or

by division

in

spring

(about

ANAPHALIS

topped small

Amsonia tabcuu valued for us papery,

family

is

small,

w hue flowers which can be

dried for indoor decoration

and the flowers stems

m

late

in

ire

nar-

IWRI ISTING

nnial

memb

erect in

semi shade) and well drained li

will accept either

damp

Pi

or by division in early sp Prune back hard in winter

in fall

Native to the northern hemisphere,

borne on

grows to 24- JO m m) high and 24 in (about 60cm) wide Easil) grown, it pre fers a sunny situation (bui will grow

mditions \RI>

are

summer Bushy

habit, u

ol pale blui PI

has

It

lance-shaped, silvery gra) leaves

soil

margaritai ea

summer, flowering along with peonies and

is

plants or can be used for edging

in

from the northeastern and central United is

They

large containers

soil.

This

plant

1 cm) in diamgood small rockery

ers of 7; in (about

water seedlings regularly Protect

A. caudatus

little

for its brilliant blue or scarlet flow-

(about 20 cm) long leaves, which

soil,

Pinch

This charming

orange and red, variegated. 8 in retain their coloring into late

A

drooping, tassel-like spikes

wildflower meadow.

3-9

ANAGALLIS

Josephs Coat'

adaptability to hot, dry conditions. are

damp

2-11

A. tricolor to the tropics, are

Anagallis mont

7.5-15 cm) long. This species needs

or

V 74

A

n n

i<

a

I

s

& Perennials

hybrida Honorine Jobert

and spread of 8

in (about

20 cm).

A

position.

Most

tolerate

summer

forms a compact pyramid of shallow, bowlshaped, sky-blue flowers in early

drought, although flowering will be

summer. Blue Bird' is a taller 20 in (about 50 cm) but equally strik-

best in mild coastal regions of the

ing cultivar.

the desert southwest

native of southern Africa,

it

—

—

prolonged with summer water.

They

will tolerate

frost,

but do

West Coast and mild winter areas

ZONES 8-11

-

ANEMONE

some

in

j-ii

ASTHEMIS

x hxbvida

tinctoria

syn. A.japonica

GOLDEN MARGUERITE, DYER'S CHAMOMILE

JAPANESE ANEMONE

One

of the most elegant plants for growing under trees or large shrubs, this vigorous perennial grows to a height of 2-4 ft (about 60-120 cm) and a width of 24 in (about 60 cm). The leaves are deeply divided and dark green; tall, erect flower stems

many large, saucer-shaped flowers in late summer and early

bear

fall.

Anchusa eapensis Blue Angel'

Flowers are white, pink or soft single, semi-dou-

carmine red, and

Anchusa azure a

ble or double; cut

and water generously. The from staking

ingly

taller species benefit

and the plants require plenty of

room

as they

make

large root sys-

tems. Cut flower stalks back after blooming to promote new growth. Propagate perennials by division in early spring (winter in the West),

annuals and biennials from seed in fall

or spring. Transplant perennials

back stems

as

they fade. Plant in humus-rich,

sun to

well-drained

soil in full

shade

summer areas). They

(in

hot

half-

by division of an established clump in early spring before growth begins, or from seed sown in late summer. Fertilize in late winter or early spring. The cultivar Hononne Jobert' has slightly cupped white

and western Asia, this genus consists of about 50 species of annuals, biennials and perennials. They are larger than the forget-menot (Myosotis) and have clearer, true blue flowers that do not fade easily. All species are suitable for herba-

ceous borders and are easily grown in beds and containers. They grow best in a

sunny position in deep, Feed spar-

rich, well-drained soil.

perennial that

spring and

is

summer

with a dazzling display of daisy-like yellow flowers above fem-like, crinkled green leaves. The foliage

very aromatic

when

flowers are the source of a yellow

They prefer sun and will thrive even in poor sandy or clay soils as long as they are well drained. Shortlived but strong growers, they form clumps 3 ft (about 90 cm") high and should have spent flowers trimmed dye.

off to

prolong flowering. Propagate

in spring

from basal cuttings.

3-10

gate

ANTIRRHINUM maj us SNAPDRAGON Native to the Mediterranean region, this

spring. These plants are popular

ZONES 6-10

flowers borne over a long period

A. a c urea

ANIGOZANTHOS

source of winter color in mild re-

Bush Gems

gions. There are

s\ n. A. italica

grows to 3-3 2 ft (about 90-120 cm) high and 24 in (about 60 cm) wide. It has coarse, hairy leaves and an erect habit with tiers of brilliant blue flowers borne in spring to summer. -

5-10

A. eapensis "Blue Angel' CAPE FORGET-ME-NOT SIMMER FORGET-MENOT

A bushy biennial grown as an annual, this Anchusa reaches a height

is

crushed; the

flowers with yellow stamens.

This tough Mediterranean perennial

Africa

late

before growth begins in early

ANCHUSA Natives of Europe, north and south

covered in

adapt to almost any position. Propa-

with bees.

BUGL05S.ALK.ANET

An easily grown

annual

is

from spring

series

valued for

to

ranging from

fall. It is

a

its

show}

good

many cultivars,

these perennials are noted for their

(30 in/76 cm), to (20 in/ 50 cm), to dwarf (10 in/25 cm). They have a spread of 12-20 in (about 30-50 cm).

unique paw-shaped, hummingbird-

Erect plants, they form dense

KANGAROO PAW

medium

Native to southwestern Australia,

attracting flowers.

kangaroo paws

tall

The

best of the

for their resistance

to the ink disease, the

hybrids grow 2-4

ft

Bush Gems

(about 60-120

cm) tall and 12-24 in (about 30-60 cm) wide. The flower color ranges fom yellow, gold and green through to orange, red and burgundy. Plant in a warm, very well-drained sandy or gravelly soil in a sunny, open

bushes of many upright stems earning spikes of

frilly,

two-lipped,

sometimes double, flowers

in a

range of colors including orange, yellow, red, purple, pink and white

They

prefer a

fertile,

well-drained

sun with some protection from wind. Plants should be deadheaded to prolong flowering; early growth should be pinched to insoil in full

A

sun and heat than most

mi hing Propagate from

:

seed in spring 01 earl)

disease can be a problem

i

A.,

AQV1LEGIA OH

McKana

growing rhese graceful, clump-forming

America and Asia are grown for their interesting form and varied

and the dwarf and alpine

fem

prefer a well-drained,

nure. Plant in an open,

sunny

noted

a

I

s

7.5

leafy perennial

76 cm)

tall

and

are

then delicate long spurs

for

They (lower

petals.

in

ZONES 5-10

GARDEN COLUMBINE, EUROPEAN COLUMBINE

climates columbines are perennial to

be cut to the ground in them as annuals

late fall; treating

usually gives

good

gate from seed in

results.

fall

and

spurred hybrids.

modern It is

short-

a variable

growing to 24-36 in (about 30-60 cm) high with a spread of 20

species,

50 cm).

in (about

It

bears funnel-

shaped, short-spurred flowers in colors of pink, crimson, white and

during growth. In cold

and need

the true columbine, one of

is

the parents of the

amongst low, evergreen foliage. Keep moist and give plenty of liquid

purple on long stems from the center of a loose rosette of gray-

green foliage that resembles maid-

Propa-

enhair fern.

spring.

to early

The plants are short lived, but self seed readily. The common name, columbine, comes from the Latin for dove, as the flowers were

flowers from spring

It

summer.

ZONES 3-10

ARABIS

thought to resemble a cluster of

caucasica

doves

syn. A. albida

WALE ROCKCRESS

A. caerulea

This tough, evergreen perennial

ROCKY MOUNTAIN COLL MBINE

suitable for

This alpine species

is

a short-lived,

upright perennial growing to 18 in

(about 45 cm) in height with a

soil,

like heat. A. alpina

but

bedding.

It is

sometimes used

grown,

it

of thick foliage

to

forms dense clusters

up

lar

but has short spurs and usually

all

blue flowers

ZONES 3-10

leaf rosettes.

Dou-

ble-flowered forms, such as 'Plena'. are available.

It

in

warmer

hard

after

requires a light,

soil rich in organic-

sun (semi-shade and cut back flowering. Propagate from

matter. Plant in

WILDCOLl MBINE

6 in (about

(about 45 cm). In spring it has white flowers on loose racemes

well-drained

A. canadensis

to

15 cm) high with a spread of 18 in

above gray-green

simi-

is

is

in a rock

garden, for crevices in walls or for

Easily

powdery blue or white nodding flowers on branching stems appear in spring and early summer. It sometimes produces a few blooms does best in rich

ground cover

overplant spring-flowering bulbs.

spread of 6 in (about 15 cm). Big,

fall. It

i

site

with some shade in hot areas. They look their best in broad drifts

does not

m

cm). This hybrid strain includes an extensive range ot pastel shades and

This

protected from strong winds and

in

ii

i

enriched with animal ma-

light soil

fertilizer

i

A. vulgaris

spurred. They flower during early

summer and

r

spring or early summer.

and the shaped and

like

flowers are mainly bell

/'

Giants

to 30 in (about

behind the

make good rock garden is

&

s

spi

bicolors Flowers are large

color range. They are also useful cut

plants. Foliage

I

with a spread of 12 in (about 30

perennials native to Europe, Ninth

flowers,

ii

[0

I

A clump-forming,

MBIN1

species

ii

cultivars are available

j-ii

i

i\

White and double-flowered

Rust

lall

n

full

climates)

softwood cuttings in summer, or from seed or by division in lall

This native of eastern and central

North America produces masses of red and yellow flowers on 8 in (about 45 cm stems in late spring and early summer It is tolerant of full sun, provided there is plenty of

4-10

1

moisture

It

some shade

will also tolerate heat is

provided

birds love the net

tar

if

Humming-

n h

Fl

Aquilegia canadensis

produced abundantly from winter until late summer The blooms close in dull weather and in

centers, are

x hybrida UR[( \N[)\IS1

late

blooming ers are excellent lor ground CO' mass planting on sloping sites

themum

II

are

MBIN1

among the

n as

light, well diai

.ith

flowci ft

ling 3

more and n

I

a spread

Daisy-liki

i

n

ink.

.i

|i

eaves are chrysan-

ned

soil;

I

spring

in

to

Southw

-*

*?"

•

ci

'Plena' ,.

r\

J

'

OklLf^

*'

-JtL-.*

ensure

i|

i

VWfc.

jj*i

;ti

hi

(all'

the

avu asit

m

a

they do not

Pr

pei iod

'in

round Sow seed w \e.u

3*

combined with humidity

ing bloi

iuI

7.5

i

^nKo**^ ^

hese plants require

Dead-head consistent!)

annuals, and n in 01

Luge long spurred, fragrant yellow

I

sun, regulai watei ing and

full

like heal

showiest

I

like

I

are con

GOLDENCOU

afternoon

Native to southern Africa, these colorful, profusely

A (hiwcnUha

\rabis

ARCTOTIS

\f, tOtl

%

M

76

A

n

11

u

ii

I

s

&

P

e

r

i

11

ii

i

ii

I

s

branched heads of tiny, milky white flowers blooming in summer. Foliage is dark green, fern like and aromatic. This

is

a useful plant for

the rear of a border;

prefers a

it

moister, richer soil than other Artemisia.

It

needs staking, as it ft (about 1-1.3 m^

grows 3V2-4V2 tall

with a spread of 20 in (about 50

cm). --10

A.

Powys

Castle'

This assumed hybrid between A. .Ai nu'i id

Argemone platyceras

nun Kinni

Artemisia stellerana in

absinthium and A. arborescens

or trom semi-npe cuttings in

fall,

wormwoods, with

summer.

sected

ZONES 3-10

WORMWOOD a large genus, mostly native

is

to arid regions in the

northern

hemisphere. They are grown

for

ARGFMONE

northeastern woodlands, flowering

platyceras

in spring before the trees leaf out.

One

PRICKLY POPPY

or two sets of

medium

green

leaves, divided into three leaflets,

12m

This annual has prickly, white-

increase in height to over

marked grayish green

(about 30 cm) after flowers fade.

leaves

and

white to yellow poppy-like flowers.

The flowers are 3 in (about 8 cm) wide and appear in summer. It has a spreading habit, growing to 24 in (about 60 cm) high and 12 in (about 30 cm) wide. They grow best in full sun and very well-drained soil. Sow seed in early spring where they are to flower. This species self seeds readily and can sive.

become

inva-

Native to Mexico, the genus

named from

the

is

Greek argema, a

Tiny purple or green flowers cover a slender spadix which is enclosed by a leafy spathe of pale green to pur-

ple-brown; the

tip of the

flops over, like a

spathe

canopy over

a

had medicinal would cure cataracts.

lieved the plants

properties that ALL ZONES

jrutescens

tion as early as s\ n.

Chrysanthemum frutescens

MARGUERITE

thrift 1

was

578.

in cultiva-

It is

a tufted

evergreen perennial with a like

mass of narrow, dark green and dense flowerheads of

leaves

bushy evergreen perennial is available in white, pmk and yellow. They bear many daisy-like flowerheads, both single and double, in spring and summer. Most grow to a height and spread of 3 ft (about 90 cm). Pinch out growing

small pink to white flowers

tips regularly to

maintain shape,

and cut back severely ZONES 9-U

in

summer.

ARISAEMA triphyllum JACKIN-THE-PLLPIT

This

is

one of the

distinctive native

wildflowers of North America's

provides interest throughout the year.

There are both shrubby and

herbaceous, evergreen and decidu-

on

slen-

to introduce a dis-

mixed

border of perennials and shrubs; contrast it with deep reds and

is

It

prefers

full

sun but does

well drained. Propagate from

cuttings in

summer;

in cold cli-

mates, grow indoors over winter for planting out in spring.

ZONES

situation with light, well-

drained

soil.

Prune back

lightly in

6-11

A. stellerana

spring to stimulate growth. Propagate from softwood or semi-ripe

summer or by division in Transplant dunng winter or

BEECH WORMWOOD. DUSTY MILLER

cuttings in

Excellent planted in light sandy

spring.

soils, this

growth begins.

Evergreen perennial with silvery

white

foliage,

3 'A

(about

30

ft

reaching a height of 1

in (about

ZONES

9-11

A. lactiflora WHITE ML GWORT

A tall-growing,

attractive

Chinese

which grows like a Michaelmas daisv with many-

species

flush in early spring for

Auemisia arboresce

evergreen perennial has

serrated, white-haired silver leaves,

and slender sprays of small yellow flowers are borne in summer. It has

A. arborescens

stems. Flowers are produced in a

and continue to most of the year. The plant grows to 4 in (about 10 cm) high and spreads to 8 in (about 20 cm), making it good for edging. Sandy soil and good drainage are essential and they thrive in hot, dry. sunny situations, particularly near the coast. The species is native to the mountains and rocky coasts of the Mediterranean, Asia Minor and the west coast of North America, and resents wet conditions or heavy soils. Propagate from seed

it

sunny

der 6-12 in (about 15-30 cm)

bloom

Use

ous species. They prefer an open,

mound-

Native to the Canary Islands, this

hard cutting back in early new shoots develop from

purples.

a border.

garden plants,

a

spring as

well in light shade provided the soil

maritima

of the best of the old cottage

from

der where their feather)- foliage

THRIFT. SEA PINK

ARMERIA

One

ARGYRANTHEMUM

an

m) and a spread of 76 cm). Small, bright yellow flowers are borne in summer and early fall. Trim well in spring. It does not like heat with high humidity; it is a good plant for the back of

cataract, as the local Indians be-

gentle

attractive addition to a flower bor-

early spring, before

ous roots should be planted in a rich, woodsy, moisture-retentive soil in dappled shade. ZONES 4-9

its

older plants, nevertheless, benefit

tinct foliage effect into a

pulpit. Bright scarlet berries line the

spadix in fall, by which time the leaves have died down. The tuber-

finely dis-

and

the base.

often aromatic and some-

insignificant flowers but are

Artemisia 'Powys Castle'

its

leaves

their decorative silvery foliage

times repellent to insects. They have Arg) idiKlu-imiiii/rutcscens

silver}-

which

is

one

24-36 in (about 60-90 cm) mounding habit. Because it seldom flowers it remains more compact and less leggy than other species;

ARTEMISIA This

is

of the most useful of the

\

rounded habit and grows --24 (about JO- 60 m) high and aboul 90 m) spreads up to -10

a

I

m

v

Fi

!

i

\

ioli

centers appeal from late spring until early

summer and

green

I

the foliage

his species

and

\cvs

\iu

dark

II

ll

/

V

(

-

/'

i

I

II

i

II

I

CI

/

77

S

blue

1

Marie Ballard

Pacific strain

is

very

iheOregon-

I

compa

4-9

U prefers

AST1LBE

grow n

easily

is

is

popular as a full sun

is

rock garden plain

II

brightredi Mulberr) land powder

blue daisies with yellow

i

II

4-9

dioit a ^\ n

Native to the Orient, these easily

wIm

\

stei

Spiraea

.

ai

um

us

GOATSBEARD

A

A. x frikartii

Munch'

A bushy, free-branching

woodland perennial useful for shady spots and moist situations. This clump-forming plant produces a mass ol rich green. fern-like foliage and arching plumes of tin) silky white flowers in summer. Grows to a height of 6 ft (about 1 .8 m) and spread of 37; ft (about 1 m). It is a good specimen graceful

for planting beside a pool or creek.

The plant naturalizes readily and thrives in any well-drained, moist

ducing

plant pro-

large, single, soft lavender-

blue, daisy-like flowers with

yellowish centers o\ er

from mid-summer

a

long period

until late

often a coppery red

summer

in (about

summer and

early

fall

and makes It

but

1

in

good low, likes full sun and a

late

NEW ENGLAND ASTER MICHAELMAS DAISY

small orange

red) flowers during

likely to lean with the

pods that follow are interesting and release tiny seeds that fly off on silky hairs. Adaptable to both moist and very dry soils, it demands full sun and good drainage. slender, bladder-like

weight of large,

loose clusters of daisies opening in late

summer or

fall.

Staking

is

Astilbes

make

A. x arendsii

A leafy, clump-forming plant

grow-

24-36 in (about 60-90 cm) and as wide. These are hybrids

ing to

produced from several different which vary from 18 in to 4 ft (about 45 cm to 1.2 m), with a spread of 18-30 in (about 45-76 cm). They are a\ail-

named

able as

culti\-ars in a

range of

colors from red through pink to white. 'Fanal'

often is

on the most compact of culti\ ars. The natural color is \*iolet, although many cultivars such necessary, except

is scarlet.

white and Rheinland'

rose, to

name just

a

'Bridal Veil' is

deep

few Flowers are

-

pink

as 'Harrington's Pink' (.clear

and

late

blooming"* and 'September

Ruby' (cerise^ have been selected for

',-10

fall.

species, the height of

Vigorous clumps of mostly vertical. 3-6 ft (about 0.9-1.8 m) stems are

sometimes yellow or summer. It is very popular with butterflies. The

clumps from

winter to spnng. or from seed

good cut flowers

fertile soil.

A. novi-angliae

soil in partial

division of established

tall

per-

deep

or division in

with

soft laven-

ZONES

mounding

many

Plain in rich,

flowering hedge.

(about 60-90 cm)

plume-like

in tall, fluffy,

shade and give plenty of water; do not allow to dry out. Propagate by-

a well-drained

ennial produces broad heads of

plants

Flowers appear

snil \slLR SUORVLEAF ASTER

staking,

One of North America's bnghtest meadow wildflowers. this 24-36 in

attractive

young

A. linariijolius

der-pink. This species does not need

BUTTERFLY WEED

in

shades of pink, red and purple.

about 2.5 cm) daisies of

tuberosa

and

fern like,

panicles in white, cream,

late

ASCLEPIAS

and in

Lin

ZONES 5-10

division in spring or

fall.

is

It

Propagate from seed in spring or by

ZONES 3-9

Foliage

n ilens. fall

grows to a height of 30 in (about 76 .m and a spread ot 18 in (about 45

Low, somewhat stiff mounds 12-24 30-60 cml high and 12 in (.about 30 cm) wide are covered in

or partial shade.

soil, in lull light

grown perennials are ideal used as a trouble-free ground cover in damp spots They grow best on the edge ol ponds and in damp hollows, but are also suitable for borders and

produced on spikes in late spring summer. It has broad leaves

to

early

with oval

leaflets.

4-10

Asiilbc x arendsii

their different colors. Native to the

eastern US. these asters prefer a

ASTER

moist, rich soil in

MICHAELMAS

ASTER

DAIS'!

ZONES

full

sun.

-

Native to the northern hemisphere,

genus of perennials and deciduous or evergreen sub-shrubs

A. novi-belgii

this large

contains over 250 species. Easily

grown, they vary

in height

from

miniatures suitable for rock gardens to

6

ft

(about

1

.8

m)

tall

giants

back of an herbaceous border. Leaves are sometimes dark colored, sometimes hairy Showy, daisy-like flowerheads are suitable for the

usually produced in late fall

in a

summ

wide range of colors,

DAISY

Usually more compact than the

England in

asters, this species

may

New van-

height from 12 in (about 30 citO i

4

ii

more prone

about

1

2 ni

1

li

is

also

mildew The original violet color has now been replaced in cultivars by pure white Boningto

dale White'),

deep crimsi \stei x frikartii

'Monch'

in-

cluding blue,

violet, purple, pink.

red or white,

all

How

NEW YORK ASTER MICHAELMAS

with a central disc

Grow in sun or shade in hot areas in welldrained soil Keep moist at all times Propagate by division in spring or late fall, or from softor black

partial

i

m plants

spring

Ri

al

A alpinus

A clump 6-12 ii

i

anglioi

I

lai

i

melon

s

Pink

A

n

11

A. t/niu'iisis

An

ii

a

I

s

&

V

<

i

c

i!

11

rock gardens. 4-9

ASTRANTIA major MASTERWORl

Deeply lobed palmate leaves form a mound of foliage 18 in (about 45 cm) tall from which rise nearly bare stems to 24 in (about 60 cm) or more, each topped by intricately formed, soft pink or white, daisylike flowers. Each flower is actually loose

many ter,

tiny (lowers in a

surrounded by

domed

petal-like bracts

sun or dappled shade.

ZONES 4-10

I

s

green leaf rosettes and has showy flower sprays in shades of vivid

Jcltouiea

yellow and gold that last for months. It is a woody-rooted, ever-

FALSE ROCK CRESS

This miniature, trailing perennial

is

an ideal plant for rock gardens, sunny dry banks, or for border edges. It is a compact plant with greenish gray leaves and masses of starr)- flowers in mauve-pinks, mauve-blues and violets. It flowers for a long period in spring. It forms a dense mat to 2 in (about 5 cm) high with a spread of 8 in (about 20 cm), and spills prettily over the edges of beds or containers. It thrives in sun and any well-drained soil. Propagate from semi-ripe cuttings in late

summer or

from seed sown -

fall

or

green plant growing to 10 in (about 25 cm) high with a spread of 12 in (about 30 cm).

moderately seed in

4-9

fall

It

needs sun and a

fertile,

well-drained

HARDY BEGONIA

This

is

the only begonia that can be

multiradiata

winters.

to survive

It is

tall,

Low mounds of silver gray

foliage

moderately cold

bushy begonia 3 ft (about 90 cm)

a low.

with red stems to

DESERT MARIGOLD

growing from tuberous

roots.

Leaves are roughly oval in outline,

this desert dweller. Bright

somewhat

fleshy,

and generally

yellow daisies (even the centers are yellow) rise above the foliage on

reddish or copper. Flowers are

slender 18 in (about 45 cm) stems

cm) across and are produced nodding clusters all summer It prefers shade and moist, woodsy

well drained

BASKET-OF-GOLD

ful,

is

low, soils are

and sunlight

mangold from seed sown

the desert

started early

fall. It

is

is

1

in

(about in

plenti-

best

in place in

will naturalize

where

it

It

is

around

fragrant, pink,

2.5

year round. Best where

all

summer humidity

of grayish

from wind

grandis

B.

summer.

saxatilis

mound

shelter

and strong sunlight.

or softwood or greenwood

svn. Alyssum saxatilc

forms a neat

soil that is slightly

They need

expected

nearly

Native to southeastern Europe, this

scandent. All require a light, nch,

BAILEYA

AUR1NIA

perennial blooms in early spring.

Tuberous rooted or fibrous, they range in habit from dwarf to tall and

acidic.

—10

i

1 000-odd species can be grown outdoors only in areas with warm temperate to subtropical climates.

well-drained

coarse, gritty.

Propagate from

soil.

cuttings in early

mark

in spring.

clus-

same colors. Flowers are produced almost throughout summer. They prefer rich, moist soil in in the

full

a

AVBRIETA

Pumila'

clump-forming plant with toothed, hairy, dark green leaves and dense, fluffy spikes of small, star-shaped mauve-red flowers. It grows to a height of 1 2 in (about 30 cm) and spreads quickly. Ideal for moist, shady borders or attractive

-

i

B.

Semperflorens-Cultorum

h\brids

happy

WAX

ZONES 6-10

BEGONIA. BEDDING BEGONIA

Bushy, evergreen perennials,

BAPTISIA

cultivars within this

australis

grown

Native to the eastern United States,

summer-flowering perennial is beautiful in both flower and foliage. The lobed leaves are blue-green and form a loose mound around 4 tt (about 1.2 m) high and 24 in (about 60 cm) across. The lupin-like flowers are borne on spikes from early to mid-summer; they are an unusual shade of deep blue. The seed pods can be dried for indoor decoration. This plant does best in full sun and this

in a good, moisture-retentive soil.

being transplanted or disturbed,

done by seed collected and sown as soon as it is npe in fall. so propagation

is

group are often bedding annuals. They are

also useful for bordering, especially in

shaded gardens. Freely branching

plants with soft succulent stems,

they have rounded, glossy green, bronze or variegated 2 in (about 5 cm) long leaves. Flowers are showy, single or double in colors of bright rose-pink, light pink, white or red.

They grow best in partial sun or shade and a well-drained soil. Propagate in spring from seed or stem cuttings and pinch out growing tips to encourage bushy growth.

It

has a deep root system and does not like

as

best

ZONES 3-10

ALL ZONE? B.

metallka

METAL-LEAF BEGONIA

A tall-growing,

shrub-like begonia from Mexico with bronze-green

leaves often splashed with white.

The

BEGOMA

leaves are

bome from

white-

haired stems and are covered with BEGONIA

fine silver hairs, red beneath. In

This large genus of perennial plants are

grown

for their colorful flowers

and ornamental

Baptism

cuisi

foliage.

Most of the

summer

to

fall

pink flowers with

red bristles appear.

— 10

Astilbc chincnsis

Pumila

In

nu al s &

Perennial

\ergenia cordifolia

Orange Rubra'

B.

of 24 in (about

This cane-stemmed begonia can reach 24 in (about 60 cm) in height. It

has large, oval, light green leaves,

sometimes with white spots

60 cm),

it

makes an

excellent border plant or trouble-

thai

disappear with age. Clusters of

ground cover among deciduous and shrubs, and thrives in sun or shade. It requires a fairly good soil with plenty of humus. Propafree

trees

gate by division in

orange flowers are produced

ering in spring.

throughout the year

regular

J-10

fall

or after flow-

does best with watering Remove

summer

It

spent flowerheads to prolong flowering.

BELLIS

ZONES

3-10

perennis B.

hybrids

ENGLISH DAISY

Often treated as a biennial, the

semi-double

to

double flowerheads

of the garden forms

come

ELEPHANT SEARS

Bergenia hybrids

There are many handsome bergenia

Pinch out early shoots

hybrids in a range of colors. They

in red,

include Abendglut' (also

crimson, pink and white,

all

with

gold center. They grow to

a

height

a

and spread of 6-8 in (about 15-20 cm) and make ideal front border, edging or rockery plants. They flower in spring and grow in sun or semi-shade and prefer well-drained, rich, moist soil They are usually grown as annuals or biennials from seed sown in summer. Remove spent flowerheads regularly to pro-

'Evening Glow

known as

with deep magenta

Silver Light)

with pure white flow-

They all (lower in spring. Sizes range from 1 2-24 in (about 30-60 cm) in height and spread. Propagate by division in spring after ers.

The and there

leather)' leaves

species are native to Asia,

many garden hybrids that have been developed over the last

are also

one hundred years or so. Clusters of flowers are borne on short, stout stems in spring The evergreen foliage makes excellent ground cover, which is especially useful as bergenias thrive in sun or shade and are tolerant of exposed sites. The leaves often develop attractive red tints in winter; these colors develop the plants are

sun and on poor

soil.

grown

in

growing with

mauve, purple or white appear summer and early fall.

in

ALL ZONES

cl(i(
This moderately fast-growing perennial, related to the

usu-

Clump

fall

ol the

erectly

other bergenias.

It

lorming.

of 9 in (about 23

it

reaches a height

cm) with

a spread

of 12 in (about 30 cm).

ally

1

it

star

bears clusters of showy, semi-

shaped, 2

flowers in

blue

6-10

It

to

BRACHYCOME

in

a rare

(about 5 cm) wide

shade

ol

intense

has oval, mid-green leaves

It

can withstand temperatures

down

40°F (4°C), and grows U

shade in a rich soil with drainage Propagate from seed in

Bi

unnera mat oplw i

ILi

partial

Native to .Australia, these low -growing annuals and evergreen perennials are suitable for use as

md

ground

lorming

plants with fineh divided

summei for wintei llowers pin< out \ oung growing nps to encourage bushiness. The 1

like

flowers

late li

cultivar Sapphire n

m mam

ill

fol

is

a

(

ompaci

he.) are held on slender stems 18-24 in (about \5 60 cm) tall above the bold mou bean shaped basal leaves lowers I

appear

in late

spring to earl) sum-

mer, after which the new leaves

6-8 in (about lumps spread slowly underground but sell seed readily, n ground grow

to their lull

dth

BRL/NNERA 111

1

with d.uk blue flowers

with white eyes.

mauve, pink and white.

and

is

produces sprays of cup-shaped, pale pink or white flowers in spring

than on most

more

ind bear huiul

IFED BERGENIA

petunia,

grown as an annual. A bushy plant, it grows to a height ol 24 in (about 60 cm) and a spread ol r> in (about 5 cm). In summer and early

leaves that are carried

has

mat

(

ril

in/'/i\/lii

SIIIIKIW

I

well

I)

I

ol 18

fairly fast

daisy-like flowers of blue, pink,

syn. B.

wedge-shaped, hairy-margined

.

nial

It is

amcricana i

green perennial has relatively small,

U cordifolia II

50 cm).

lacy green foliage. Small, fragrant,

BROWALLIA

Propagate by

division in spring after flowering

Ml \RI

The Swan River

B iberidifolia) grows to a

Native to the Himalayas, this ever-

of perennials with large,

when

I

BLSH VIOLET

BERGENIA

best

fall.

height and spread of 20 in (about

tints in winter; Ballawley',

B. strachey

handsome,

in spring or

maroon

--10

A group

seed or by divisions or stem cuttings daisy

which bears bright crimson flowers, and Silberhcht' (also known as

perennis

to encourage branching and propagate from ripe

(lowers and leaves that develop

flowering.

long flowering.

el/is

show

lli.

in

sun

n

i

)

An

8

n

ii

ii

/

s

P

c-

e

i

i'

ii

ii

i

ii

/

s

Calceolaria x herbeoh)

Callistephus chinensis

CAl CEOLARIA SLIPPER FLOWER.

ers.

It is

may and South America, these charming annuals, Mostly native

to Central

biennials, evergreen perennials,

sub-shrubs and scandent climbers

make

like,

elsewhere. They also self seed read-

an

It

die

down

ground

to near

level.

prefers a well-drained, acid soil

and only occasional watering; it flowers very well when rootbound ZONES

Flowers are pouch

officinalis

putedly

CALENDULA, POT MARIGOLD

cies

spring-flowering annual that re-

cool sue in moist, well-drained soil

mams in bloom

with added compost and sharp

There are tall and dwarf forms, both bushy, the tall growing to a height

sand Propagate from seed in fall or soltwood cuttings in summer or late spring. Provide shelter from heavy are easily

popular winter- and for a

soil

long time.

well

and spread of 24 in (about 60 cm) and the dwarf to 12 in (about 30 cm). These fast-growing plants are

A compact, bush) annual popular

the easiest of all annuals to grow, and are useful for filling gaps in the winter and spring garden. They also provide good cut flowers

as an indoor plant, especially for

for the cooler

of

varieties,

8-16

growing

in (about

spread of 6-10 in

many a

cm] It flowers during spring and summer, bearing heads of red and yellow pouched flowers around 2 in (about 5 cm) wide. The leaves are oval and slightly hairy. ZONES

3V2 ft (about m high with a spread of 24 in (about 60 cm) It has soft green, heavily wrinkled,

to

clammy

1

leaves, rust-

colored beneath, and in

summer

bears crowded clusters ol wide, brilliant

from

tall,

up

to

24

Calceolaria integrifolit

Dwarf

Bon

with very early flowers

yellow to red-brown flow-

with double

flowers from pale yellow to orange. All cultivars will thrive in

any well-drained in late

summer

almost

sunny from seed sown

soil in a

situation. Propagate

for winter

bloom

in

mild climates, or in early spring for late

spring to early

1

toothed and mid-green and the

with pastel-shaded

strain

60 cm" 45

in (about

(about 30 cm). Leaves are oval,

with double flowers in colors rang-

Dwarf Gem

a

cm) to very dwarf, up to 8 in (about 20 cm) with a spread of 12 in

strains include the Fiesta series,

the

and

well-drained

in (about

with a spread of 18

double flowers, and Radio', with

strain,

of heat

various cultivars available, ranging

flowerheads. Tall strains include

cactus-like quilled petals.

this spe-

keep the root system cool. It is a fairly last-growing plant. There are

daisy-like single or double

'Pacific Beauty',

ALL ZONES

is re-

with added lime Water plants and mulch in hot weather to

of orange, apricot and yellow; and

evergreen, sub-shrubby peren-

growing

fertile,

scented, pale-green leaves and

Bon

nial

sandy,

forms

All

ing from cream to orange; the

o-ll

C. intcgvifolici

An

months.

that

grow,

difficult to

have lance-shaped, strongly

to a height

20-40 cm) and (about 15-25

resistant strains.

bushy annual

needs sun, protection from

light,

among

herbeohybrida

named

erect,

summer bloom

Calendula

early

Sow seed in spring danger of frost has passed, and watch for virus disease, aphids. and stem and root rot. Select wiltafter the

wind and extremes a

is

summer and

in a

ers regularly.

CALLISTEPHVS

An

This

spring display. There are

encourage prolonged flowering. ZONES 4-11

CALENDULA

species will flower well in a shady.

C. x

fall

chinensis

and heavily spotted on the lower lip Most prefer sun, but several

plants flower in

wide range of colors including white, blue, pink and red. Stake tall cultivars and remove spent flow-

to

CHINA ASTER

usually yellow, sometimes red

winds as the flowerheads damaged.

Remove spent flowerheads

ily.

9-11

for

their ability to flower profusely in partial shade.

as

in a pot.

spectacular pot plants and

garden plants, and are valued

sometimes grown

annual and during very cold winters

POCKETBOOK FLOWER

b\ Ida

officinalis

A

Caliha palust)

is

ampanula

(

is
n

ii

ii

n

I

s

&

ampanula carpatica

(

CALTHA palustris

MARSH MARIGOLD. K1NGC

I

P

Native to the temperate and cold regions of the northern hemisphere, this

marginal water plant

for its attractive flowers.

is

grown a de-

It is

ciduous or semi-evergreen perennial with glistening, buttercup-like golden yellow flowers borne in spring and dark green, rounded leaves.

grows

It

and

to a height

spread of 12 in (about 30

cml

It

is

Campanula

suitable for the margins of streams

any damp spots and prefers an open, sunny position and wet soil. Propagate by division in earl)- spring, or from seed or by division in fall. Treat any rust with or

ponds or

in

a fungicide.

persicifolia Alba'

From late spring through much of summer 12-15 in (about 30-38 cm) stems rise above the plant.

1-2

foliage, carrying up-facing.

in

(about 2.5-5 cm) wide bowl-

CAMPANULA

shaped flowers in blue, lavender or The most common cultivars available are the compact-growing Blue Clips' and 'White Clips', and

BELLFLOWER

the bright violet blue

ZONES 3-10

white.

Blue

Native to the temperate parts of the

genus includes about 250 species of annuals, biennials and perennials. They are among the most show) ol plants and are useful specimens for rockeries, borders, wild gardens and hanging baskets. Many of the species are classed as rock and alpine plants. Leaves vary in shape and size, sometimes appearing on upright stems and sometimes only as a cluster at the base. Flowers are mostly bell shaped and blue, with All

do

mod-

best in a

erately enriched, moist, well-

drained

soil

hey grow

I

in

"Wedgwood shade

to light

is

Divide established clumps

soil.

in

early spring as

growth begins, or

sow from seed

in

Campanula

fall.

5-10

A

CANTERBIRYBELL

BLLLHOWER

ITALIAN

A

dwarf, evergreen trailing peren-

growing

nial,

4

to

in

high with a spread

oi

(about 10 cm) 12 in (about

30 cm). Native to the mountain Italy, it has star-

slopes of northern

shaped blue or white flowers

in

summer The

and

leaves are small

shaped

ers This

is

Alba has white flow-

an ideal hanging basket

specimen

i

varieties,

which make good

Remove

cut flowers

spent

Ii

gate from seed or b) divi

pringoi

-I

fall

ofi

I)

plant

m

fall

and in

ipread

a

in jr.

oi earl ii

mall

.

/

!

Ii

24

ol

iiinii

loi

perennial reai h

n

i

ramidal

shaped,

pinl

oi

(about

produ<

lila<

i

es

6i

good

a

lance-shaped fresh green leaves spreads in 12 in '.about 30 cm).

grow to 24 in cm) flowers in spring and early summei Grow as border I

)wat

I

i

tiltivars

about 60

It

oval

persicifolia

im

i

i

(

l

\

in

mow ik

i

Perhaps th< best know n ampanula w nh nodding, bell-shaped blui i

hm

w

II

win in

he

ba< k

i.

bomi hapedbi ighi

flowers

Hi' '

in

i

mini'

i

p

I

\

abi

>vi

t

row

ti

leaves

t

II

n

i.i

ha

'!

1

1

ii.

flowei

may preadin

Ii

a rosette ol

thai

peacii-ii

bl

bl

:

IRPATHIAN BELLFLOWER .

cm) over

(about 90

l

(
I

-

It produces spires of bellshaped single or double, white, pink or blue flowers towering 3

<

m)

I

ontaining

w Kite) Howi I

(

in

about

piki

spring (

slow

6-10

height ol

a

bell ni

a

plant.

lactiflora

.

ing

-.i

is

plants in semi-shade (

A strong-growing

[ularly, partii

during the grow ing eason Propa-

biennial species, this

growing, erect, clump-forming

I

from drying winds and stake the tall

lactiflora

medium

C.

C. isophylla

heart

sun or

shade, but flower color remains brightest in shad) situations Protei

sun

preferred, along with a well-drained

northern hemisphere, this large

some whites

Full

ill

thri vi

I'm

imong

rosetti

in

hi

ighi

ill'

i

i

i.i.

h

'

.:

preading

erennial read .

'i

I

ft

(a

"

i

i

.mi/',..

,

/'

r

i

c

ii

ii

i


/

s

H

— Annuals & Perennials

'M '

J >«

+<

£

^*v W^f

:

ir*

v

»

• Campanula portenschlagiana

y>

w

r Hi

Canna

Caiharanthus roseus C. portenschlagiana

nure.

Native to the mountains of southern

Europe, this is a low-growing, evergreen plant well suited to rock gar-

grows to a height of 6 in (about 15 cm) with an indefinite dens.

has dense, small, ivy-

It

shaped

leaves,

and a profusion of

deeply lobed, bell-shaped, violet flowers are borne in late spring early

partly

summer.

shaded positions with good

protect roots with mulch.

may become

ZONES

pruning

8-11

A

soil

little

untidy and require promote a bushy habit. useful summer bedding plant in to

CATANANCHE

cool climates, flowering quickly

caerulea 'Major'

from seed sown in spring after the danger of frost has passed.

CUPIDS DART

ZONES

10-11

Native to the Mediterranean region, this fast-growing,

ennial reaches

thin, leafless

A rampant, low-growing, spreading perennial with sprays of star-

shaped, mauve-blue flowers from It

mounds up

from 4-6 in (about 10-15 cm) with an indefinite spread and is ideal for use as a ground cover, on walls and in the front of

mixed

borders. Partial shade will prolong flowering.

24

herbaceous perin (about

60 cm)

Clump

CELOSIA argentea var. ciistata

forming, the

Catananche caerulea Major'

COCKSCOMB Native to the tropics, this

stems topped with

flowerheads are borne freely

throughout summer. The flowers are suitable for drying. Requiring full

soil

sun,

it

is

easily

grown

conditions and

most drought

in

is fairly

tolerant. Relatively short lived,

best divided frequently; It

it

will self

looks good

(about 25-60 cm) in height with a spread of 8-12 in (about 20-30

seed in

cm). The flowers are of two types

Transplant

coral-like rippled crests, or feathery-

Centaureas have been grown since

plumes

ancient times and were once used as

—both

and make excellent cut flow-

Native to tropical America, these

showy perennials grow from

rhizomes and are valued

for their

soil

and loves

site; it will tolerate

CATHARANTHUS

x generalis

dryness.

a

sunny

Sow

seed in spring after the danger of

roseus

frost

syn. Vinca rosea

ZONES

has passed.

Mostly native to Europe, Asia and Afnca, this large genus of annuals

sturdy stems have bold, lance-

centered, rose-pink to white phlox-

shaped, green or bronze leaves and

like flowers,

which bloom from

spring to

or into winter in

and perennials are grown for their graceful flow erheads which have thistle-like centers surrounded by

the

summer

flowers are red, pink,

orange or yellow. They require a sunny position and moist soil with plenty of well-decayed animal ma-

native Africa, but in the

US

is

usually

in

grown

fall

warm

grows to 24 in (about 60 and spread. It loves heat and sun but will flower well in areas.

cm)

It

in height

spring

a love divination.

C. cyanus CORNFLOWER. BACHELORS BUTTONS

One

of the best

known

annuals, this

fast-growing upright plant reaches a ft

(about 90 cm) with

spring or early

CENTAUREA

a

It

summer display

of

double, daisy-like flowerheads in

its

as

winter or spring.

has lance-shaped leaves and a

an annual or tender perennial. It is popular for its dark-

an evergreen spreading shrub

late

dunng winter or

spread of 12 in (about 30 cm).

This small relative of the oleander

is

Propagate by division or

fall,

height of 3

4-11

MADAGASCAR PERIWINKLE. ROSE PERIWINKLE

and foliage. Ideally suited to summer bedding displays and containers, they grow from 47,-6 ft (about 1.3-1.8 m) tall and spread to 24 in (about 60 cm). The striking flowers

line soils.

requires a moderately rich,

well-drained

CANNA

in hot colors of yel-

low, orange and red. They are long

ers. It

ZONES 4-10

inclined to sprawl and need trim-

ming back. All are suitable for cutting. They need sun and welldrained soil and are particularly useful in dryish conditions on alka-

lasting

sunny border.

as in a

a fast-

growing annual cultivated for summer bedding displays. The leaves are mid-green; the erect, bushy plants may range from 10-24 in

it is

among meadow garden as well

seed readily.

is

-

daisy-like, lavender-blue

grasses in a

ZONES 3-10

robust,

and demands

water once established. Older plants

slender leaves are gray-green while

C. poscharskyana

banks and

prefers a rich, well-

drained

(about 30 cm).

spring onwards.

it

prolong flowering. Propagate in

in height with a spread of 12 in

ZONES 5-10

Cclosia argentea var. cristata

x generalis

part shade;

spring by division. In cold areas

Plant in cool,

drainage.

late

to

It

spread.

and

Water well during summer

KNAPWEED

f

finely rayed petals in

shades of

bright red, deep purple, blue

and

golden yellow. Some species are

shades of pale and deep pink, cerise, crimson, white, purple and blue. Tall

and dwarf cultivars

are

available. Best displayed in large

and will flower for months if deadheads are removed regularly. drifts

Once known as bluebottle, the wild form was used to make ink. ZONES

3-10

A

grow,

i/cilll'dlcl

(

it

when used

requires sun and

drainage and

I'IKMVM OKMIlWIK

will tolerate

exposed

positions and poor, alkaline leaf) plain

\ \i'i\

with

lighl

green, deeply cui foliage

in a

mass from

ila<

l

purple to lilac-pink flowei appeal

grayish

h

spring

late

onwards. An crcci perennial, grow

s

to

around 30

in

it

(about 76

is

or spring,

it

long, lobed leaves, green

on top and

clump 18

45 cm)

in (about

across.

3-9

C. moschata

A

plant introduced to cultivation over

350 years ago, this is a fast-growing, upnght annual with lance-shaped,

Alter [lowering,

fluffy, thistle-like

wide range of colors in summer and early fall Grows to 24-36 in (about 60-90 cm) tall and spreads to 12 in (about 30 cm). It loves heat; avoid overhead irrigation a

plumbaginoides

This handsome giant of a perennial

need plenty of space to spread as it grows to around 6 ft (about .8 m) high and 4 ft (about 1 .2 m) across. It forms a huge clump of dark green, divided leaves from which rise many tough, thin stems around 3 ft (about 90 cm) high, topped with primroseis

native to Siberia.

It

1

those of a scabious. Propagation

particular as to soil,

and does

DW

ruber

*RF

PI l

Native to Europe, this perennial

is

on

dry banks and gardens.

It is

is

ideal for

cm

grown

for

I

fall.

The

and flowers, red in

fall.

It

24-36

in

(

and grows

cm).

<

i

One

in

tomentosum SNOW-IN-SUMMER

fast-growing ground

cover, this perennial

has tiny,

ideal for a

is

well-drained, hot, dry silver)'

bank or rockgray leaves,

deep

of

to a height

(about 50-60

mi

Ci roslium

i

it

<

.

ntrani

n n

i

a

I

X

s

'«

II

in the

draini d

ri

I

soil

and

moisture until well established

which

ii

adapts to

Is

id

planted

of

among

spring bulbs, as us bushy form will fill

the gaps

when bulb

down -10

tough

has oval, mid-green

and

Single, cornflower-blue

Centaurea cyanus

best in

of the easiest plants to

ntaw tah

a light

color

on redbranched stems in late summer and fall. Preferring a sunny situation, it also thrives in shade but

about 60-90 cm) and a

spread of 20-24

fall

flowers appear in clusters

spring to

forms loose clumps

it

less

dish,

a site in full sun.

A \1gorous,

its

leaves that turn a rich orange

us dense

late

and

constitution and attractive foliage

cultivar Albus' has white

fleshy leaves

of

from

i

high with a spread of 18 in

reddish pink flowers that are borne for a long period

i

MBAGO, LEADWORT

(about 45 cm). Valued for

dry rock

clusters of small, star-shaped,

.

perennial grows to 12 in (about 30

RED VALERIAN

often seen as a naturalized plant

I'

Native to western China, this bushy

and masses of star-shaped white flowers are borne in late spring and summer. It is particularly attractive

CEmRANTHUS

spring

remove spent flow-

CERATOSTIGMA

er)-. It

ZONES 8-10

&

s

3-11

CERASTWM

flowers to 2 in

in

by clipping the lop of the plant

grayish green leaves. Fragrant,

(about 5 cm) across are produced in

I

GIANT SCABIOUS

can be done by division in spring or by seed in fall. This plant is not

sweet-scented cottage garden

an effective

grows to 3 in cm high and spreads

gigantea

like

SWEET SULTAN

/

indefinitely \\ ater regularly but

ZONES

yellow flowerheads that are rather

Amberboa moschata

syn.

ii

with shears.

John Couiis'

gray underneath, and forms a

(about 7 5

ers

>-io

This spreading perennial has

ZONES

seeds readily

sell

CEPHALARIA

fall.

is It

Propagate by division

flowers

mer, often with a second flush in

dense and

weed suppressani

allow to dry out between soakings

in fall

Deep rose-pink flowers are produced singly on stalks up to 24 in (about 60 cm) high in early sum-

is

he

second bloom Propagate from seed

and may naturalize

C. hypoleucha

foliage

It

I

ii

with somewhat reduced flow<

underplanting

as an

greener-leafed plants

grow more lushly with regular water C ut back straggly growth to invigorate the plant and force a

cm) high with a spread of 24 in (about 60 cm) The cultivar Steehbergii' has larger, deep pink zones

soil.

very droughi tolerant but will

ith

ii

n n

foliage dies

3

'

A

4

n

ii

ii

a

I

&

\

I'

e

i

e n n

i


/

named for Captain William Clark, one of the early explorers of the West.

Named

for its flowering period at

summer,

the beginning of

this is a

fast-growing western American

60 30 has lance-shaped, mid-green thin upright stems, and in

native to a height of

cm) and cm).

It

leaves,

summer bears

Clarhia amoena

Cleotne hassleriana

CHLLONE

ing basal growth or by striking

den,

obliqua

cuttings taken from plant material

open woodland

is in active growth in spring; and sub-shrubs by softwood

nse 3-8

that

TLRTLEHEAD

Of the

several species of turtleheads

native to eastern North America, this

the showiest

is

and most garden

worthy. Pairs of rich green leaves Line 3 It (about 90 cm) tall vertical stems topped with short spikes of curious rosy-purple tubular flowers

summer and

in late

fall.

Best along

streams or pond edges, they also

hardwood The genus Chry-

at

situations.

Above

large, divided, astilbe-like foliage

(about 90-240 cm)

tall

cuttings in spring or

racemes of tiny, fragrant, white

cuttings in winter.

flowers.

santhemum

currently undergoing

is

revision.

Some

classified

and

species have been re-

will

be found in

Diseases include rust,

and

this

new names.

chapter under their

soil

They

generally carefree perennials. Plant fall

,

but do not disturb

for years; they flower best

chrysanthemum

powder)' mildew, petal blight

well established,

when

and seldom need

soil in full

sun or part

clumps

SI

in early spring.

J-9

CLARKIA

\1MER

CHRYSANTHEMUM

multicolored flowers in Native to temperate zones, this large

and

genus

spring

is

valued for

ture, rapid ers.

its

ease of cul-

growth and showv flow-

includes annuals, perennials

It

and sub-shrubs, most of which evergreen ers,

up

All

haw

daisy-like flow-

each flowerhead in

of a large

are

number

fact

made

oi individual

Color range includes yellow, orange, brown, white, pink, red and florets

purple Leaves are usually deeply cut or divided, often leathery,

and

oval to lance shaped. Stems are upi ight

and often woody. Chrysan-

themums grow

early in

fall,

summer

or winter to early

mild regions. The Court

Jesters strain

comes

in red

w

ith

yellow centers or white with red centers. Excellent as

and cut for

flowers.

bedding plants

Sow seed

in spring

summer/fall bloom or in early

fall

for winter/spring

\LL

ZON!

bloom.

s

Argyranihemum

maximum

see

frutescens

Leucanthemum

X superbum

ticularly

They normally dry up by summer, dispersing their seeds

ceased. early

summers

(like the

West

perennials by divid-

summer gar-

Mainly native to tropical America, this fast-growing, bushy annual is

An

(about

up

its

unusual spidery flowit grows to 4-5 ft

erect plant, 1

.2—1.5

m)

tall

with a spread It has

Coast and the mountain states), but it is worth experimenting with else-

of

where. Soil should be

topped in summer with heads of airy pink or white flowers with long protruding stamens. Flowering lasts until winter. A good background

and not too

rich;

fast

draining

choose a sunny

in fall in

mild winter

re-

where

sow where they bloom since they do not

to 3

ft

(about 90 cm).

hairy stems and palmate leaves

bedding plant and useful

in

new

winters are cold;

gardens for their rapid growth, they

are to

require sun and

to

bold additions to the

in spring

hassleriana syn. C. spinosa

ers.

transplant well. Dead-head regularly

sown

(about

The color

CLEOME

valued for

in areas of

racemosa

These eastern American natives are

ft

in height.

broader, including orange

is

and flowering occurs

encourage lateral branching. Suckers should not be allowed to develop until the plants have flowered. Pi ipagate annuals by seed

range

bloom. In gardens, flowering can be extended through the summer with occasional irrigation. The best growth for the next year's

Sow seed

BIGBANE. BLACK COHOSH. BLACK SNAKEROOT

usually taller than C.

hills in late

spring after the winter rains have

gions, or in very early spring

CIMICIEUGA

is

amoena but with smaller flowers, in (about 2.5 cm) across and only often frilled and doubled. The flowers are produced along the tops of

common in California

where they color the

Dendranihema x grandiflora

soil.

MOUNTAIN GARLAND

and purple.

Feed and water regular!} Make tall plants and pinch out growing tips ol young plants to drained

well-

syn. C. elegans

western United States, Mexico and South America, this genus is par-

spot for the most compact growth.

best in an open,

site in a rich, friable,

C. unguiculata

90 cm) or more

C. morifolium see

sunny

(about 20-60 cm). ALL ZONES

Free-flowering annuals native to the

cool, dry

C. frutescens see

C.

with heights varying from 8-24 in

slender reddish stems, 3

is

from Morocco and grows to 24 in (about 60 cm), spreading to 12 in (about 30 cm") with banded,

HRYSANTHl Ml M

ble flowers in a range of colors that

1

FAREW ELL-TO-SPRING. GODET1A. MOl NTAIN GARLAND

This spectacular annual species

CHRYSANTHEMUM (

carinatum

C.

Numer-

flowers in shades of pink.

ous named seed strains are now available with either single or dou-

This species

botrytis.

syn. C. tricolor

shade. Propagate by dividing

m

staking.

adapt well to a moist border planting with rich

short spikes of 2

includes white and soft reds, and

prefer a deep, rich

with regular watering but are

in spring or

in (about

(about 5 cm), open, cup-shaped

the back of borders or in

ft

24

a spread of 12 in (.about

extend bloom;

ripen and ers. ers.

fall

let

some seed

for next year's flow-

They make excellent cut flowWatch for botrytis. Clarkia are

soil as

fertile,

well-drained

over-watering will cause rank

growth. Shelter from strong wTnds. Propagate by seed in spring or early

summer. Watch Z )\Es 4-11 (

for aphids.

n n

\

ODONOP5I5

(

(about JO cm), and prefers partial shade Remove flower spikes Most

letnatidea

c

ol

Native to Asia, this perennial thrives cooler areas

in

1

Some

the forms available are probably

support or

through a shrub. For the best

effect,

bed or on a bank where the inside of its nodding plant

in a raised

ii

flowers can easily be seen.

It

does

and summer

panicles of tubular bright blue flow-

shrubs.

borne

ers are

in

winter C.

--11

!

in fall or spring.

A

ing to 24 in (about

A showy annual with upright. 2-5 (about 60-150 cm) spikes of del-

and evergreen sub-shrubs are grown for their brightly colored and varithey are popular pot plants and are

bedding in sheltered places. Coitus grow best in bright, indirect light or partial shade and a useful for

well-drained or moist soil in a

and water during the growing season

sheltered position. Feed liberal!}'

to

encourage strong leafy growth. In

winter potted plants should be kept fairly dry.

when

bloom

Plants

heavily in late spring

and early summer, then gradually wither away Sow seed in fall for bloom the following year: once planted, they self seed readily. Give

them

sunny situation and a wellsoil. Water regularly for best growth There are numerous a

drained

seed strains with variations in height

and flower color and with double flowers.

Potted plants develop

brightest colors

phinium-like flowers in blue, violet, pink, carmine and white The leaves are deeply lobed, like birds' feet

egated foliage. In milder climates

rich,

ft

pot bound.

single or

Pinch out young shoots to promote bush\' growth. Propagate from seed

sown indoors

in late

CONVOLVULUS

winter or

spring, or from softwood cuttings in

spring or summer. Botanists have

begun assigning species of Coleus

is a large genus of dwarf, bushy and climbing perennials, annuals.

This to

either Solenostemcm or Plectranthus;

these

new names

are given here as

synonyms. C. blumci syn. Solenostemon scuiellaroides

COtElS PAINTED NETTLE

Native to Java this bushy, fast-growis grown as an annual more temperate climates. The

ing perennial in

leaves are a bright mixture of pink,

green, red or yellow and are a

pointed oval shape with serrated edges.

It

grows

cm) high with

to

20

in

(about 50

a spread of

1

2 in

— *> f-

^^ ^B^V /ki*m m ml ^*t '

>

'ft?

f

/^

zAi. a*

v

MPjl*4 A I *Al 4r* %!

.

bliinu

I

'in .>/\ llfllt

.

and

is

il

m

ii

i

(i

/

s

a useful plant for

hot

dis-

and average soil. It flowers trimmed back ever)' year

C. sabatius s\ n

(

mauritanicus

GROl ND MORNING

A

(,

LORY

trailing perennial

with profuse,

open, trumpet-shaped, mauve-blue flowers from spring to

walls

COSSOLIDA

Native to the tropics of Asia and

<

fall.

Slender

An

excellent specimen for draping over

MORNING GLORY

S1L\ LRBl

SH

dense, shrubby, evergreen grow-

with narrow,

i

stems and small, oval leaves.

ambigua

COLEVS

and sub-

cneorum

Bl SH

ROCKET LARKSPUR. ANNUAL DELPHINIUM

Africa, these annuals, perennials

for perennials

i

cream, with yellow centers. It flowfrom mid-spring to late summer

and mid-green with serrated edges;

S

complete shade. Propagate

by seed

naturalized

A fast-growing bushy perennial also grown as an annual This is a larger species, growing to 3 ft (about 90 cm) high with a spread of 24 in (about 60 cm). The leaves are oval,

syn. PUc tranthus thyrsoides

best in a light, well-drained soil in part or

now

best

i

FLOWERING Bl 5H< OLE!

a

species are

hanging baskets and as a ground cover They flower most prolifically in a sunny situation in poor to fertile, well-drained soil. Little pruning is needed. Dead-head plants to prolong flowering Propagate from seed sown in mid-spring, or from softwood cuttings in late spring

ies

/'

and large whiti sometimes tinged with pink or

places

-i-i

Hie grayish green foliage forms a

up

temperate climates.

ing over walls, for rock gardens,

he bell-shaped,

C. thyrsoides

u can twine

to

&

s

I

ers

summer, they are prettily marked with orange and red on the inside.

it

warm

ii

and strongly invasive; others of only moderate vigor are useful for spill-

hybrids with other spec

pale blue blossoms are borne in late

rounded clump around 24 in (about 60 cm) high and wide, though the plant can reach double that height

and sub-shrubs

n shrubs

Irom

ii

60 cm) or more

silky, silver)"

green

and hanging baskets, it grows 6-8 in (about 1 5-20 id a spread ol 24-36 in

to a height of

(about 60-90 cm). 8-11

Coreopsis grandiflora

perennials by division of old clumps in winter or spring, or

The annuals

cuttings.

sun and

by spring

cm). Produces abundant, large,

also prefer full

a fertile, well-drained soil;

they will not tolerate a heavy clay

may need

soil.

Taller varieties

ing.

Propagate annuals from seed

in spring or

fall,

with a spread of 24 in (about 60

stak-

and dead-head

nch yellow flowers on

daisy-like,

elegant stems and ting.

is

useful for cut-

Leaves are bright green and

very finely divided. Flowers from late

spring until winter and does

best in light, poorish

beam'

regularly.

is

a selection

soil.

'Moon-

with pale yellow

flowers.

C. grandiflora

Among the this bright

ZONES 3-10

easiest of perennials,

CORYDALIS

golden-yellow daisy

provides color for most of the sumCorydalis lutea

Convolvulus tricolor

stems form a loose mound to 12 in (about 30 cm) tall and wider, the flower stems rising to nearly 24 in

C. tricolor syn. C. minor

DWARF MORNING GLORY

An

bedding annual with profuse trumpet-shaped blue or white flowers with banded yellow and white throats. Leaves are lance shaped and mid-green. It grows to a height of 1 2 in (about 30 cm) and a spread of 18 in (about 45 cm) or more. It blooms continuously through the warm weather. interesting

ZONES

(about 60 cm), or usually flopping

soft

on

fall,

beautifully presented against

This genus of easily grown annuals all

native to North

America, are valued for their daisylike flowers in

some

shades of gold or

They are mainly summer flowering. The yellow,

perennials

bicolors.

make

excellent herba-

ceous border plants, looking stoking with shasta daisies and blue delphiniums. They prefer

and

Cosmos atrosanguineus

full

for the

(Dicentra), this

ennial covers

itself

the lush, fern-like foliage.

well-main-

The

tained border use the cultivars se-

mounded

lected for a more compact habit such as 'Sunray' or 'Early Sunrise'.

seed readily to form quite an accept-

ZONES 5-10

able

ground cover. The best growth

will

be achieved in dappled shade,

showy annual

fast-growing

a

(about 30 cm)

tall

and wide, but

in full sun; they prefer a

that

produces clusters of bright yellow, daisy-like flowerheads with red centers throughout summer and fall. It grows to a height of 24-36 in (about 60-90 cm) and a spread of 8 in (about 20 cm). Provide support with branched twigs or fine bamboo stakes.

plants are only 12 in self

though more flowers are produced

C. tinctoria

ANNUAL COREOPSIS. CALLIOPSIS

Makes good

popular plant in

cut flowers.

meadow and

It is

woodsy

soil

and steady moisture through the growing season. They are excellent for naturalizing in stone walls, be-

tween paving stones or

in a

wood-

land garden.

ZONES 5-10

COSMOS Native to Mexico and central

prairie gardens.

this small genus of annuals and perennials has been grown in

ZONES 4-10

gardens for over a century. Some

C. verticillata

annual species are particularly tall, ideal for the back of borders and

sun THREAD-LEAF COREOPSIS

a fertile, well-drained soil but

grow well in coastal regions and on poor, stony soil. Propagate

also

their neighbors. Ideal for a wild

meadow, but

A

COREOPSIS

Related to the bleeding hearts

long-blooming perwith racemes of yellow flowers from spring to

7-11

and perennials,

lutea

mer. Somewhat hairy leaves and

A

strong, dependable perennial,

growing

to

30

in

(about 76 cm)

America,

excellent for late

tion

summer and

fall

sunny situawith protection from strong

cutting.

They require

a

— \

winds and drained rich

CRAMBli

an) well

in

long as

noi o\

is

ii

i

and shapes

perennials from basal 1

his robust, small

mound atrosanguineus

.

and

BUCK COSMOS perennial grow ing 24 in (about 60 cm) in height and spread, black cosmos has very to

dark, blackish red flowers thai have

chocolate scent, which

noticeable on

from

is

warm

spring to

late

foliage

fall.

most

is

days.

It

flowers

The pinnate

broad compared

may

to that ol

back completely

die

Demands excellent

areas.

is

en m,i forms a I

wide, silver) green leaves

branching sprays

carries

ol tiny

summer. Sea kale prefers an open sunny position, but will tolerate light shade, and a wellin

drained, neutral to alkaline

soil

It

grows to a height and spread ol 24- 36 in (about 60-^)0 cm he

young

leaf

I

shoots are edible Propa-

gate from seed in spring or

fall

or by

division in early spring. C. cordijolia is

similar but

much

petaled flowers in

winter rot

1

larger

and pro-

duces clouds of small, white. 4-

in cold

may

drainage or the rootstock

pi-

I

the annuals. Partially evergreen but it

ol

white flowers

A clump-forming

a

ZONEs

summer

6-9

It

not as dependable a garden plant

as the other species of cosmos.

CYPERVS

Good

papyrus

as a cut flower

ZONES 7-10

?\?\ Rl

C. bipinnatus

This large perennial evergreen sedge

COSMOS

has an indefinite spread and grows

An

bushy annual growing Its

to nearly 6

(about 1.8

ft

m)

in

height with a spread of 20 in (about

50 cm). Though too tall for bedding, it is a fine border plant with large rose-pink, white or

maroon

flowerheads held against delicate feather}' foliage.

summer and

It

flowers in late

fall. It

varieties

ft

uibout 1.3-2.2

m)

mous umbels wet

It

is

suitable for containers. Fast ing, they

have

period from

They grow

it

among Many seed

strains are available offering varia-

tions in height

including

and flower

some with

color,

bicolored,

striped or frilled petals

tall.

Q- 11

C. sulphureus

YELLOW COSMOS This annual has coarser foliage and

blooms in many shades of yellow and orange in summer and early fall. It is

moderately

fast

growing,

reaching a height of 24 in (about

60 cm) and

a spread of 20 in (about 50 cm). It is very tolerant of heat and drought; it will also tolerate poor soil.

ZONES 7-10

(

tiiniln

matllinh

rooted perennials, native to Mexico,

Cosmos bipinnatus

ZONES 7-10

forms

HI

I

laterals

the stems

I

In

i

will flowei in the first yeai

spring to

(

roots before planting in spring

Swedish botaa pupil of

Cactus dahlia

in late

i

bi

n

spring

grow-

late fall

warm sunny

Cactus dahlias Derived from crosses between variabilis

and

recurved ray

and one

with rolled petals.

ci

mulch around

soil. They must be fed monthly and watered well when in flower. Old and faded blooms should be removed to help prolong the (lowering season. Flower size can be increased by disbudding pinch out the two buds that grow

well-drained

made paper from

after the

i

hoi weathei they benefit fro

is

the bulrush of the Bible.

Andreas Dahl,

ii

which

em

sumsunny situation in and can be grown in water.

named

ii

i

strong winds, and in well-fertilized,

This genus of bushy, tuberous-

nist

r

with the entei bud on and cut oil the immediate and all superfluous shool

position, preferably sheltered from

DAHLIA

are

Pei

Named

long flowering

best in a

to naturalize

shrubs and perennials.

a

late

a filler or

selves; allow

&

.

from basal shoots

can be used as

temporary screen in gardens that are just establishing them-

flowers

/

each type. Dwarl lortus are also

the stems.

ZONES

ui

(i

from seed sown in spring All an propagaied by division ol tub* n

of spikelets in

Ancient Egyptians

i

n h

speed and every country has a different selection, so we have simply given representative examples ol

prefers a

soil

This

combinations, sizes

come and go with amazing

sturdy, leafless stems carry enor-

mer.

wide range

ol their flowers,

are excellent as

EGY PTIAN PAPER REED

S,

47,-77; upright,

innaeus Grow n as bedding plains,

ol colors, coloi

uttings in spring

(

1

the) an- valued lor the

i

Propagate annuals from seed

in spring, *

grow

will

soil as

ii

Mexico,

D

this

D

from northmost popular type

juarezii

distinguished by the long. florets

which give the

(lower a graceful outline. The varieties are

classed as miniature,

dium and

me-

being about the same as the decoram es All are tall and need staking. ALLZO giant, the size range

A

n n u a

!

&

s

P

c

i

t n n

i

a

I

s

North

A Field Trip to Lundy

E
Point

Gamuts Rock

Bristol

Channel

Viewed from the mainland on a clear day, the windswept island of Lundy looms out of the sea haze, providing a tantaand imposing view of its fortress-like profile. A sate for pirates and marauders in centuries past, Lundy is now a sanctuary for wildlife, both land-based and marine. It has been owned by the National Trust for the past 25 years As a measure of its importance, the surrounding waters were recently declared Britain's first Marine Nature Reserve. haven

Lundy in

lies 1 1

miles (about

1

7

km)

off the coast of

Devon

Walking Tracks

Halfway Wall Bay

southwestern England. Boat trips there operate regularly

from the small, north Devon port of Bideford. After an inchoppy sea-crossing lasting a couple of hours, the towering cliffs of Lundy are a welcome sight. After stepping ashore, regain your land legs and climb the steep slopes to admire stunning coastal scenery of granite headlands and variably

cliffs

The island comprises a almost 400 ft (about being almost sheer. The east-

stretching into the distance.

flattish plateau,

which

120 m) from the

sea,

*-<J>'

in places rises

some

cliffs

Landing

ern side

is

relatively sheltered

from prevailing westerly winds

V

\

Beach

-^

by the full force of Atlantic gales. If your visit coincides with the peak flowering period, many of the views are framed by a foreground carpet while the western side

is

often battered

of purple foxgloves (Digitalis purpurea).

Lundy's flowers are fascinating and varied. In June,

thrift,

or sea pink (Armcria maritima), and sea

May and campion

Foxgloves grow profusely on the islands off southwestern England.

—

— A

(Silene

vn/gims subsp. num/muii provide a

floral

I

s

&

I'

<

r e

nn

i

a

1

s

display on

on the top

the western side, wink- short-cropped turi

n n u a

of the

island harbors Britain's best population ol the intriguingly

named dwarf There

adder's tongue-fern (Ophioglossum azoricum).

(Coincya wrightii), which

The impact of these

is

—

the Lundy cabbage found nowhere else in the world. diminished, however, by the abun-

even an endemic plant here

is

is

dant spikes of purple foxgloves that thrive in the eastern and

southern parts of the island.

in

Although the foxglove

is

sometimes perennial, especially

ornamental settings,

is

mostly considered a biennial in

the wild. In the

first

it

year

up

it

produces rosettes of broad, oval

to

30 cm) long with a distinctly hairy upper surface. In the second year a tall flowering spike is produced, which is usually branched and stands up to 6 ft (about 2 m) in height. Flowers appear on the spike over a period of a few weeks between May and August, opening from the bottom of the spike upwards as the spike itself lengthens. The individual flowers, lasting approximately one to two weeks, are tubular with an elongated, bell-shaped appearance. In the wild they are usually deep pink or purple, lanceolate leaves

to 12 in (.about

although white flower spikes are occasionally seen. In

culti-

more popular. The inner usually spotted and hairy; this latter

vation, the paler varieties tend to be

surface of the flower assists

is

grow wild

common

in a

along the north Devon coast and

wide range of habitats. They do, however, pre-

comparatively well-drained, neutral to acid

soil.

Typical

would include sunny woodland glades, forest clearings, hillsides with broken or rocky soils and coastal cliffs; they will grow quite happily on recently disturbed ground. On Lundy they thrive on slopes which, although covered with bracken sites

(Pteridium aquilinum), are almost completely lacking in tree cover.

Growing

in these conditions, the plant has to be toler-

ant of salt-spray

and constant, sometimes

Rainfall in the west of Britain

40-50

mm)

1000-1200

in (about

is

violent, wind.

per year

is

however

it

will also

grow both

dense. Since

becoming waterlogged. Foxgloves open and in a sheltered position not survive for long where the shade is too in the

occurs from sea-level to moderate elevations

it

inland, the foxglove

is

clearly tolerant of climatic variation.

on Lundy, visit in most attractive settings is among the quarries and spoil workings halfway along the eastern side. Here you can see signs of where blocks ol granite were hewn

you want

from the

to see foxgloves at their best

One

mid-June.

cliffs,

of their

although

much

of the evidence

is

now masked

by plant growth, including introduced clumps ol rhododendrons. For an alternative view, make your way to the top ol the island

where you may see small numbers

sheep and Lundy

pom

track runs north-south

Whether you

visit

ol the rare

Soay

d exclusive to the island).

down

Lundy

enci will

to see

the rugged splendor of the IiikI

ii

,i

(

aptivating

>nly

once

i

A

the island's spine,

land

untamed coastal one w

hi<

h fe\*

a

i

few soft-wooded shrubs.

(including North Africa), the majority growing wild in

and Europe. Apart from D. purpurea, several other sometimes grown for ornament. Despite being poisonous, the foxglove is one of Britain's most striking and distinctive plants, both in overall size and flower structure. The medici Britain

Digitalis species are

nal properties of D. purpurea are important

the leaves are a source of the drug digitalin, is

used

and

to control

alleviate the

of heart disease.

in gardens by the ornamental strains of D. purpurea, for example, the wellknown 'Excelsior' strain. The garden forms are more robust than the wild D. purpurea plants, and the flowers are packed more closely on the stem. Breeders have aimed for larger, more widely flared and richly spotted

chiefly

How crs displaying

more

a

varied mix of colors. Garden

foxgloves are also remarkably adaptable, thriving almost an)

where in temperate zones and in any normal, well-drained garden

soil.

Digitalis l~i0

genera

is

jusi

ol the

u ide Scrophulai family.

garden plants such as the

foxglove growing in their native setting, or simply to expei

and

Geographically they are centered on the Mediterranean

Foxgloves are represented

not unusual

will not tolerate

although they will

of biennials and perennials

symptoms

comparatively high

foxglove genus, consists of around 18 species

Digitalis, the

which

so the plant will need regular watering in a garden setting;

If

Digitalis

bees to pollinate the flowers.

Foxgloves are

fer

Digitalis purpurea

(.Uifn

one

ol

almost

world

i.u

eae

Snapdragons

rhinum

ssp,

annuals populai

),

a

genus

ol

among

gardeners, also belong to ibis l.imih Halls

purpuu


K'J

90

\ n

it

ii

ii

&

s

/

Pci

e n n

Collarette dahlias

ii

/

s

in spring or

These old-fashioned dahlias have single

How ers with

petals

surrounding the disc tall

ft

1.8

like a

(about

in (about

are available.

Decorative dahlias around 6

Pompon These are 1.8

m)

(about

me

broad ray

in giant,

tall

growing

—but bear

spheres. 1

—6

ft

(about

small flowers, 2 in

double, so

much

so that

open into perfect They are very useful

cutting, to contrast with the larger types.

petals,

medium and

Show

dahlias, not often seen

now. are similar

in form.

miniature varieties, the miniatures

having (low ers around 4

in (about

10 cm) across and the giants around 10 in (about 25 cm) or more. All

need staking. ALL

These have fully double flowers with broad ray petals, smaller and

more formal than

Zl

Often grown as annuals, dwarf

grow 14-16 in ubout 35-40 cm) tall. The flowers are 2-4 in (about 5-10 cm) across and eidahlias

ther semi-double or fully double.

They are much used for bedding and may be grown from seed sown

Nymphaea

dahlia

47 -6 :

ft

(about 1.3-1.8

m)

tall

and

need staking. ALL ZONES

This

is

a large

genus of annuals and

herbaceous perennials, most native Decorative dahlia

spikes

up

6

to

ft

(about

1

.8

m)

to

ol

; ft

(about 1.3-

27 -3

dwarfs suitable for bedding. Best suited to cooler climate gardens, they

ft

Tall, tapering

evenly spaced semi-double

summer to

fall.

me-

Cultivars include: Blue Bird',

to

dium blue flowers with a white eye; Galahad pure white; King Arthur', .

can be grown as annuals in warmer climates Grow in a sunny position. preferably sheltered from wind the taller cultivars will need to be staked

white eye: Black Knight', violet-blue with a black eye; and 'Astolat blush

A

pink

well-drained, moist, slightly alka-

line, rich

loam

complete

fertilizer,

is ideal.

Feed with

a

water well and

royal-purple with a white eye

Summer Skies',

ZONES 3-10

powdery mildew and black spot, and protect from slugs and snails. The name delphinium derives from the Greek delphin, lor the dolphins the buds were thought to resemble.

These hybrid perennials have an upright branching form and 1 in (about 2.5 cm) wide flowers in shades of blue or white. The single,

sometimes semi-double, flowers which appear in summer on 12 in (about 30 cm) long spikes are useful for cutting. It grows to a height of 3-472 ft (about 90-1 30 cm) and spread of 24 in (about 60 cm). Propagate by division or from basal cuttings in spring.

Some seed

strains

(Blue Fountains strain) can be

during the growing season. Remove

sum-

blue with a

grown from seed sown fall.

late

light

,

to rose.

provide a surface mulch of compost

D. x belladonna

DELPHINIUM

about 70-90 cm).

flowers appear from

tall

mer. Spray with fungicide for

(about 12-15 cm) wide. They grow

2

a spread of

spikes

courage a second flush in

the decoratives;

47 -67

flowers are useful for massed displays

flower spikes after they lade to en-

most varieties are around 5-6 in

Dwarf or bedding dahlias

Waterlily or

Waterlily dahlias

i

to

m) high with

or for cutting. They range from

—

for

.8

m), these have informal, fully double flowers with

dahlias

They grow 2

white spikes of cup-shaped, spurred

the flowers ft

The splen-

did, mainly blue, pink, purple or

ally fully

to

the northern hemisphere.

ol the

(about 5 cm) across. They are usu-

ALLZ.

Growing

by division

tubers.

a ruffle of short

—6 m) — and dwarf— 12 30 cm) — forms

lace collar. Both

i

in spring or

D. grandiflorum syn. D. chinense CHINESE DELPHINRM

Perennial in

its

native Asian

this plant is best treated as

home,

an an-

nual in mild winter climates.

grows to a height of 18 cm) and a spread of 1 2 cm). is

It

It

in (about

45

in (about

30

has bright blue flowers and

useful as a bedding plant as

it

flowers over a long period during the

summer months. Remove spent

flow erheads regularly. Blue Mirror' is

gentian blue and 24 in (about

60 cm)

tall.

ZONES 3-10

DENDRANTHEMA x grandijlora syn.

Chrysanthemum morifolium

GARDEN OR

FLORISTS'

CHRYSANTHEMUM

ZONES 3-10

These hybrids make up the vast D. x cultorum hybrids

These erect perennials flower in a range of colors from white to purple, usually

with contrasting eyes.

CoIIarette dahlia

majority of perennial cultivated

chrysanthemums and include a variety of flower forms, sizes and growth habits. Most flower in mid-

Delphinium x cultorum hybrid

^ or late

bui flowering

fall,

delayed

artificiall)

to

is

in

fit

often

with

4

exhibition seasons 01 the hundreds available, the besi cultivars for gar-

den display

are those identified

mums;

"cushion"

.is

these branch

needing very little pun h form attractive mounds with

naturally, ing, to

pompon How crs colors.

mums

in a

range

ol

The more serious lover ol will select from intermediate

decorative, rellexed decorative,

t

anemone-flowered, single or spider categories of flower shape. Most ol these will require pinching twice

before 4 July to promote sturdy

branching and generous flowering. Most potted mums obtained from a

any season can be set out garden after flowering, then cut back hard, watered and fertiflorist at

in the

s

lized.

ZONES 4-10

DIANELLA tasmanica

perennial

DuiniJius caryophyllus cultivars

fibrous rooted, spread-

is

>

.

Native to southeast Australia, in-

cluding Tasmania, this upright ing from underground rhizomes

D. 'Allwoodii' syn. D. x allwoodii

and sending up evergreen, straplike leaves. Nodding, star-shaped,

COTTAGE

PINK,

BORDER CARNATION,

ALLWOOD PINK

bright blue or purple-blue flowers are

bome

in

Densely leafed, tuft-forming peren-

branching sprays in

hybrid origin with gray-

spring and early summer, followed

nials of

by shining deep blue berries. The plants grow from 20 in-4 /: ft

green foliage and an abundance of erect flowering stems, each carrying

1

(about

50-130 cm)

with a

in height

spread of 20 in (about 50 cm). They

make

interesting accent plants in

sun or

partial

shade and require a

well-drained, neutral to acid

soil.

from

Propagate by division, from rooted

from seed

offsets, or fall. It

in spring

four to six fragrant, single to fully

double flowers in shades of white, pink or crimson, often with dark centers and with plain or fringed petals. Flowers over a long season late

spring until early

Grows 12-18

and

tall

can be invasive.

fall.

Dendranthema grandiflora

Dianthus 'Allwoodii'

Delphinium grandiflorum

Dkllll/llis Nil

30-45 cm)

in (about

with a spread of 18 in (about

45 cm). ZONES 4-10

DIANTHUS

D. barbatus

PINK

SWEET WILLIAM

A very large

A short-lived

carnation,

treated as a biennial,

genus including the maiden pink, cottage

Indian

pmk and many

and

readily

pink, sweet William, Chinese or

and cut

other culti-

flowers.

to a height of

green perennials. Most species are

and

popular as massed border plants

In late spring

bears

for cutting. Perennial species

include

some small-flowered

plants,

and chinks in stone walls and between paving stones. The taller perpetual and excellent for rock gardens

grown in glasshouses Dianthu; likes a sunny position and well-drained, Regular water-

b;i(

I

i

pinks and bicolors

I

taller

ing i"

has bright

It

(

cultivars are classified as either

nl short

tidy, disease

growth Propagate

pi

cm

t

i

habil with lain i and emi-doubleoi i

i

double flowers

I

l

nperen amations

i

duration

tutted, erei

show)-, perl

'11

summer; annuals and J in

fall

on

tho

e

prone and the flower-

arc jusl right

I

hi

make somewhat nl

kei

ma)

p flopp)

iti

bordei

still

in

ii'

i

arnations

garden

bettei i

d staking to

Fron

the flowers; the) perform bi

he range

.1

bii

in

ing undependable unless conditions

i

and in

carnations OT border carna-

The former are besl grown

greenhouses, as the plants are un-

UtNATION

Fairly fast -growing

The numerous

color, picotees.

D. caryophyllus cultivars

fan

Kilns

OiimcUd tasmanica

in

florists'

require staking Pruni

aftei fl0W(

it

green, grassy leaves.

mals

ties will

summer

early

ZONES 4-10

havea

stems

and

50 cm)

(about 15 cm).

in

flat-topped clusters.

produces good flowers

he

slow growing,

in (about

small, fragrant flowers

in bright reds,

ing and twice-monthly feeding I

sows

tions

spray carnations are generally-

slightly alkaline soil

many

is

It

20

spread of 6

and

self

it

useful for bedding

is

vated annuals, biennials and ever-

a

perennial, usually

an asof cool w

inti

i

;t

in

ummers and mild

92

A

n n

11

a

I

& Perennials

s

and

D. chinensis

MIW

(

[

PINK

popular annual has

his

tufted

is

RAINBOW PINK

lull

u bears

scented flowers

in

i

shades of pink,

and white. Modem such as 'Snowfire' (white red eye), are last growing to a

height and spread of

6-12

in (about

15-30 cm) and will flower in little as 10 weeks from seed.

as

Ol

A

1

\GE PINK, GRASS PINk

nial

growing 6-12 in

rock garden or as a

i

this dwarf,

evergreen perennial

25 cm). There are many

named

cultivars, bearing sprays of

\\

double sweetly

useful at the front of the border or

n from seed or cuttings.

It

DIASCIA The twinspurs

blooming perennials from South Africa that have recently become popular as garden plants on the

to 6 in (about

1

5

em

1

high with a spread of 12 in (about

30 cm). Cut back after flowering. ZONES 3-10

West

D. gratianopolitanus

Coast: they are treated as an-

tell

apart, they

all

have Hat

characteristic

CHEDDAR PINK blue-gray linear

double nectar spurs

on the back of the flower. They mass nicely in the foreground of a

become broad mats 6 m) tall and 12 in (about 30 cm) or more wide. In

noon shade

spring, delightfully fragrant, single,

well-drained

pink blossoms with toothed

regular watering through the

("pinked") petals top 6-12 in (about

mer. They do not like the combination of heat and humidity.

tohage in time

ft

(about 1.8

15-30 cm) wiry stems; (lowers often continue until frost. a

It

will

requires

very well-drained, alkaline soil

border, at the top of a wall or in the rocken'. Full sun

is

best, with after-

in the hottest areas. soil is critical,

Propagate from cuttings in spring. Apart

is

usually treated as an

annual and makes a useful addition to rock gardens and borders. It has small, heart-shaped, pale green

and bears

leaves

clusters of twin-

spurred, salmon pink flowers in

spring through to early to a height of

cm) with

6-12

in

fall. It

(about

grows 5-30

1

a spread of 8 in (about

20

cm). Pinch out growing tips to in-

flowers, generally pink, with the

syn. D. caesius

ol

are delicate but long-

nuals or pot plants elsewhere. Difficult to

mounds

vigilis and dependable

hybrid.

perennial

TWINSPt R

pink, cense or white, mostly with a

Tidy

Field', a quite

D. barberae

ZONES 4-10

red eye, in spring and early sum-

grows

'Ruby

This low-growing, rather tragile

has

lance-shaped leaves and bears

It

are D./erraniensis, D.

easily

small, single, fringed flowers in

mer.

Dicentra formosa Alba'

D'uinthu

below, other twinspurs to look for

in rockeries.

mat-form-

is

15-30

(.about

is

ground cover,

in (about

height with a spread of 10 in

seemed flowers in red, pmks, purple-reds, mauves and whites. Many have fringed petals and a contrasting eye. It flowers in late spring and

MAIDEN PINK

tiny,

1

loosely tufted, evergreen peren-

single or full)

D. deltoides

gi

eultivar

D. plumarius

masses of tu-

strains,

ing,

know

in (about

~>-10

red, lavender

[deal lor a

2

cm) stems.

ibout 10

bular, single or double, sv

a

'/

leaves. In late spring

lance-shaped

with

best

double, deep pink flowers on

cm a short.

growth habit and gray-green

andsummei

The

sun.

'Tiny Tim', with

A

with

crease bushiness

and cut back old

stems after flowering has finished. Propagate from seed in fall, softwood cuttings in late spring or

from semi-ripe cuttings

in

summer.

from those mentioned

(about 30-90 cm) comparable spread.

Plant in a rich, well-drained soil of

coarse texture. Propagate by late

winter divisions, from spring basal cuttings or seed in

fall.

FRINGED BLEEDING HEART

This vigorous twinspur has a

sprawling form with dense 6-8 in (about 1 5-20 cm) spikes of pink flowers at the upturned ends of

may be 24

(about 60 cm) across. nearly

season

all

if

It

in

flowers

faded flower

spikes are removed.

ZONES

Herbaceous perennials native

Orderley

mounds

foliage provide

of finely dissected

year-round

interest.

Narrow, heart-shaped, purplishpink flowers hang on gentle 1 2-1 5 in (about 30-38 cm) stems above the foliage through spring and summer. Bountiful'

is

very

showy with

mine red flowers but may be

8-10

car-

a hybrid.

ZONES 3-u

DICENTRA

D. formosa to the

WESTERN BLEEDING HEART

colder regions of northern Asia and

This spreading plant grows to 18 in

North America, these plants are

(about 45 cm) high and has a spread of 12 in (about 30 cm).

grown

for their attractive sprays of

pendent, heart-shaped pink, red or white flowers, which are carried on

Dicentra eximia

ft

in height with a

D. eximia D. rigescens

each stem; clumps

Dianthus plumarius

summer and grow

from 12 in to 3

ZONES 8-11

sum-

late

Dicentra spectab

spring through

Dainty pink and red flowers appear throughout spring and summer. D. a white-flowered form.

arching stems above lacy, blue-

f.

green leaves. They flower from

ZONES

Diascia barberat

Dianthus deltoide

'Alba'

is

3-10

D. spet tabilis

form large and attnu tivec lumps

mil DING HI

spec ies will thi ive in semi-shade or

I

vri

populai garden

his species isa

perennial

grows

li

to a height ol

cm). Pink and white flowers appear

summer

spring and

ground;

to the

Do not remove

flowei

stems as they continue to flower several years the) are tough

enough

for

hedges

to use as low

Propagate from seed

spring

in

oi fall

division in spring.

oi by

late

D. grandiflora

the

till

garden

in the

humus-rich, welldoes not dry out

growing

hostas and ferns can help

gap

soil thai

Aftei

flowering, the foliage usually dies

down

in

drained

too quickly

24-36 in (aboui 60-90 cm) with a spread ol 18-24 in (aboul 45-60 in laic

sun and

Ml

DICTAMNUS

Wild ins grows to a height ol 3-4 It 9- 2 m) and a spread of (about 24-36 in (about 60-90 cm) and bears 4 in (about 10 cm) wide,

albus

white, ins-like flowers

J— 10

1

marked with mauve and orange-yellow. Its blooms last several days in summer.

Native to southern Europe and Asia,

grown

nial is

for

its

summer

early

D. \egeta

spikes of fragrant, star-shaped,

syn. D. irioides

white or pink flowers with long

A smaller version of D. grandiflora,

stamens. The flowers are good lor cutting.

growing

to 3

ft

with a spread

(about 90 cm)

24

ol

in

leather)', light

fertile,

and regular water growing plant, taking soil

reach flowering

seed

sown

glossy.

green leaves.

sun,

full

size.

It

grows to a height oi 24 in (about 60 cm) and a spread of 12-24 in

re-

well-drained a

It is

slow-

4 years to Propagate from 3 or

summer

in late

tall

(about 60

cm) with lemon-scented, quires

this species has branching, wiry stems carrying 27-3 in (about 6 5—7.5 cm) wide, ins-like flowers, white with central yellow marks. It

has an upright habit,

It

ZONES 9-10

herbaceous peren-

this long-lived,

(about 30-60 cm), forming dense

clumps.

native habitat

Its

shade under ZONES 9-10

tall

open

in semi-

is

trees.

Resents

being disturbed once established.

The whole plant gives off an inflammable oil which may ignite if a flame

held near

is

it.

DIGITALIS

Natives of Europe, northern Africa

and western Asia, these biennials and perennials, some ol which are

DIERAMA

evergreen, are

pulcherrimum

accent value of their

FAIR1

WAND

to

and arching stems

which bear long, swinging tassels of tubular or bell-shaped deep pink flowers. The effect is particularly enchanting

in a breeze or reflected

in a pool.

grows

adapt to

summer drought West Coast.

in

It

ol

cooler

dies

down

partially in winter Propagate by separating the bulb-like corms in spring They resent disturbance and

may

be

left in tin

tion

They come

in

many

colors

including magenta, purple, white,

cream, yellow, pink and lavender

They grow doing best

in

most conditions

in cool,

humid

climates

semi-shade and moist, welldrained soil Cui flowering stems in

to a height ol

ibout 1.3 m) and a spread 24-36 in (about 60-90 cm) Requires sun and deep. rich, moist. well-drained soil; it will however

areas of the

groups shrub border under taller trees provide shade and wind protec-

in a

summer-

flowering plants have evergreen

It

How er

are very effective planted in

South Afncan members of the ins

strap-like foliage

for the strong tall

summer border. They

spikes in the

family, these upright,

grown

ground

f(

down

ground

to the

alter the spring

flowering to encourage developpikes Propagate ment ol from seed in fall; the) sell readily The medicinal pro] digitalis have been known Digitalis

ntei

Dierama puU D. x mertonensis

i

immg.

this perennial

grows

s-ll

to

foi

naturalizing

24

in

odl inds

in

24-31

height with

a

spread i

DIETE.S FORTNICH1

JO I

URK \MRIS

in it

hem

cm

i

Summi

il

bears

spikes ol tub tl

I

aboui 60 cm)

hairy,

while, pink. ios\ ii

shaped

fl

purpurea 1

OMMON FOXCLOVI

and I

a

all

spread spikes

ol ol

tubulai flov !

Africa

I'n ((minus albus

tonensis

ancient times

ii

i

between

I

I

pale

u

Vll

hei

i

iimim

5

94

A

n » a

ci

I

s

&

P

r e

i-

n n

i

ci

•>

I

9»a Dimoi photheca -

m

pluvialis

;

>

MP*J

*\

1

cm) wide yellow flowfrom spring to early summer.

in (about 2.5

ers

Ornamental, strawberry-like, small red fruits appear in late summer.

Uv

si

has dark green leaves and bright.

»';<

Grows to a height of 4 in (about 10 cm) with an indefinite spread. It is best grown in sun or semi-shade in

5'

well-drained, rich, cultivated

soil.

Propagate by division in spring,

from seed

in

fall,

or by rooting

plantlets.

ZONES 4-11 Echinacea purpurea

ECHINACEA

ranges in height from 6-20 in

purpurea

5-50 cm) with a spread of around 12 in (about 30 cm). Best

syn. Rudbeckia purpurea

(about

1

grown

in

semi-shade in a moist, well-drained acid soil. Propagate from seed in fall or by division in

Dormant

very early spring.

after

flowering and difficult to transplant as

resents disturbance

it

PIRPLECONEFLOWER Native to North America, this showy, summer-flowering perennial

has large, daisy-like, rosy purple flowers with high, orange-brown

The 4

central cones.

cm) wide

in (about 10

flowers, borne singly

on

ZONES 4-9

strong stems, are useful for cutting.

DOROTHEANTHUS

green.

bcllidiformis

4

Leaves are lance shaped and dark

Dimorphotheca sinuata

Of upright habit, it grows to m) and spreads 20 in

(about 1.2

(about 50 cm).

LIVINGSTONE DAISY

Dodecatheon meadia

ft

situation

Native to South Africa, this small,

DIMORPHOTHECA

spread of 6 in (about 15 cm).

1FRK AN DAISY CAPE MARIGOLD

ALL ZONES

Indigenous to South Africa, these annuals, perennials and evergreen

D. sinuata syn. D. auramiaca. D. calendulacca

sub-shrubs are valued for their

This expansive annual species

which appear over a long season from early spring, or winter and spring in the mildest regions. They are useful for rock gardens, dry banks and the front row of borders particularly as temporary fillers. They require an open, sunny situation and a light, well-drained soil. Ideal for beach gardens. They are not good as cut flowers as they close on cloudy days and remain closed indoors. Deadhead to prolong flowering. Propa-

grows up

glossy, daisy-like flowers

—

gate annuals from seed

sown

Its

to 12 in (about

30 cm)

summer. Watch

for

in

roughly serrated, spoon-

and summer display in rockeries, banks, beds and planter boxes, particularly

if

sown

thickly so the

like

It

flowerheads in dazzling shades

of yellow, white, red or pink.

It

outer petals which occasionally

ition

have yellow bases appear in winter

weather or

and spring in milder areas or from spring through summer elsewhere.

Grows

drained

ALL ZONES

resistance

7.5

cm)

to 3 in (about

long. Daisy-like flowers

—

the flowers close in dull if

grown

in shade.

well in poor but wellsoil, is

and because of its salt good for seaside gar-

Sow seed

dens.

Do not

DODECATHEON

in

in

meadia

wise spring after the danger of frost

SHOOTING STAR

This perennial,

a

member is

fall

overwater.

mild winter areas, other-

to east-

an excellent bedding plant producing small flowerheads, snowy white above, purple beneath, with brownish purple centers. It is low growing, reaching 8-12 in is

(about 20-30 cm) high with

a

a beautiful poolside or

division or from root cuttings from

winter to early spring.

ZONES 3-10

ECHINOPS ritro

GLOBE THISTLE

This perennial of a genus native to

northern Africa, Europe and western Asia

is

a useful plant for the

herbaceous border, and its globelike, spiky flowers can be cut and dried for winter decoration.

It

has

deeply cut, prickly leaves, downy beneath, with silvery white large,

spread of 30 in (about 76 cm). It requires full sun and a well-drained

indica soil

syn. Fragaria indica INDIAN

MOCK STRAW BERRY

ding, cyclamen-pink flowers with

A semi-evergreen,

and extended stamens. It has primula-like, clumped rosettes of pale green leaves, and

that spreads rapidly

reflexed petals

Regular dead-heading

prolongs flowering. Propagate by

DUCHESNEA

for

and mountain gardens and bog plant. In spring it bears distinctive, nod-

is

sunny

stems and round, thistle-like, purplish blue heads of flowers in summer Of an upright habit, it grows to 4 ft (about 1.2 m) in height with a

hillside

This annual

soil.

prefers a

has passed. of the

good

drained

It

a nch, moist but well-

has daisy-

with yellow centers and orange

ern North America,

D. pluvialis

ideal for spring

grows to a height of 6 in (about 1 cm) and a spread of 12 in (about 30 cm). Plant in an open sunny pos-

shaped leaves grow

primrose family and native

botrytis.

is

plants can intermingle.

in

spring and perennials from semiripe cuttings in

height.

succulent annual

and

trailing perennial

by runners and is useful for ground cover, bed edging, hanging baskets and pots. It

ant.

and

is

generally drought resist-

Propagate from seed in spring,

from root cuttings or by division in or by division in late winter. Transplant during the winter or fall,

early spring

ZONES 3-10

months.

Eremurus X isabellinus Shelford hybnds

Epimedium grandifloium

Echium

ECHWM

spread indefinitely unless confined

£. x

Indigenous to the Mediterranean. Canai \ Islands and Madeira, this genus of annuals and evergreen shrubs, perennials and biennials are

grown spires ers in

or containing the root system.

grown

easily

sun or

light

It is

most soils in full shade Propagate in in

spring by division of the roots;

unwieldly in

damp

soil that is

Coastal planting

ideal; they

mild climates they

summer

self

sow

BARRENWORT

E. x

Somewhat

the most important ol low-

shady situathe barrenworts produce

green,

and

delicate,

grows to a cm) and a

spread of 8 in (about 20 cm).

It

has

for

are pinnately divided

late

leaflets.

summer just

spring or early

above the to

Delightful sprays of

spurred flowers appear in

form

a

broad mound, they serve

white, blue, pink or purple tubular

woodland or in the foreground of borders and rockeries. Many are

become

invasive.

fast

growing and may

drought

tolerant, especially in the

shade. All prefer £. wildpretii

bourgaeanum

syn. £.

A striking biennial from

its

makes

narrow, silvery

second season,

bears a single, bold spike

It

dies after flowering

setting seed.

growing in

m

to a height of 77.

more with (about 60 cm).

2 2

or

a

ft

and

(about

spread

ol

E.

a

Old

24

in early

I

is

M

deciduous, except

in

margined

in red

tall,

of strap-like leaves

mid-

in

yields spikes of

It

grows 4-0 with

(about

1 It

2 in is

i

about 30

c

m

,

slender skins

best displayed as a spec Linen

father than as a

ground

Queen

wide range of colors

including white, pink, salmon,

spurs are held above the foliage on

are the

warm

a

°/0

It

(about 12-1 8 m)

lohage spread

ol 3

protection from

position

a

preferably sand)

soil

well-drained,

Ma) require

staking Protect roots w nh muli. h

m

ft

cm). They prefer a sunny.

heavy winds and

a layer ot

cold winters Propagate

from seed

in (all oi b) division in

winter and early spring

I

rans-

when dormant

planl

/

bordei

i

oi ro< k

between

commonly grown

for its i

ol 18

III lai

at

i

he top i

IBANI

Ibis

prefi

large

genus

he

ol

annuals,

nials,

moderate!)

some

sumnv mainl

able to

droughl w nh

while Ol blue,

in

ingin the h

•

periods

ive

pn \

winds and

well-drained

sun

littl<

spring or

stems

afti

tall

sum

sunnj position

iti

bli i

m

bui

soil ol all

Propagate

b) division ol an established

ipp< d b) ol pink,

will

a

fertile,

have

Hem

i

sheltered from strong

is a

inantl)

I-

he) flowei

1

spring and mid

late \

areas that have

garden

\l

ERIGERON

i

sight

pilobium angustifolium

pinnatum subsp colchicum

pans of North Ami

m

and

summer each crown

tall

PERSIAN EPIMEDIl

mosl widespread been burned

rangements. They produce rosettes

dery, red-violet flowers with white

RB

vigorous perennial

grown

is

close-packed

flowers, magnificent for floral ar-

late II!

ol

yellow, apricot and coppery tones. Spi-

most readily available, WI1IOW

LILY

us lofty spikes

ers in a

mild climates, and has toothed

/

A

SHELFORD FOXTAIL

.

R FPIMFDIl

angustifolium I.Rl A

EREMURUS x isabellinits Shelford hybrids

dreds of shallow cup-shaped flow-

(pink) and White

IIRIWIII)

It is one of the best hybrid epimediums.

bloom with strong stems and hun-

cover The selections Rose Queen

EPILOBIUM

works well woodland garden and produces beautiful flowers that combine copper)- red with yellow centers. The leaves are spiny and semi-evergreen. in a

for

spring

leaves are best cut

BISHOPS HAT, LONGSPt

clump

'-it

sparse as a ground cover,

this species nevertheless

This group of perennials

woodsy, well-

Divide

gvandifloium

leaflets often

has an erect habit,

It

fall.

This species

ol small,

funnel-shaped, rich coral-pink flowers.

or early

the Canary-

Islands, this evergreen plant

leaves and, in

soil

back in early spring to better display the new lohage and flowers.

TOWER OF JEWELS

a lovely rosette of

drained

warleyense

ZONES 4-9

well as ground covers in open

It is

cm) flowers

can be used as a ground

Slowly spreading

foliage.

lance-shaped, dark green leaves and flowers.

It

Among

shaped

it

Low

cover,

This biennial has an erect, bushy

dwarf form

in (about 2.5

1

ZONES 4-9

E. xulgarc [dwarf]

height of 12 in (about 30

white.

EPIMEDIUM

into heart-shaped or angel wing-

habit. In us

are

in spring.

elegant foliage, sometimes ever-

In

readily.

mounds

1-9

tions,

gardens. Propagate from seed or cuttings in spring or

also self seeds readily.

growing perennials

best adapted to California

all

generally has spiny leaves that are

lopped by 12 in (about 30 cm) stems with crimson and

too rich or is

This hybrid can be variable, but strikingly veined in red.

it

for their spectacular tall

and bright blue or pink flowlate spring and summer They

require a dry climate, lull sun or semi-shade and a well-drained soil ot only moderate fertility; they grow

are

by reducing watering or by pruning

wildpretii

rubrum

(

lump

and remove spent

96

A

ii

11

u a

I

s

&

P

c

i

c

ii

ii

\s||)|

ii

I

s

has lax steins and narrow, lanceshaped, hairy leaves. Cut back hard

glaucus

/

si

i

DAIS1

from time

A perennial bearing lilac-pink flowers in spring and summer C lump forming, it grows to 10 in (about 25 cm) in height with a spread ol [he around 12 in (about 30 cm docs leaves are long and hair)

to time. Native to

Mexico

E.

A

\II\K K\ mis'!

native western .American peren-

nial

with

lilac

flowers produced in

abundance through the summer. Clump forming, it varies from 6-30 in (about 1 5-76 cm) in height, the

as 'Azure Fairy

This spreading perennial

an informal ground cover

is

useful as

in

and

'Prosperity'

may

actually be hybrids of this species.

mild

will

ERINUS This small, semi-evergreen peren-

European alps

nial

is

native to the

with an indefinite spread, n can be mowed or sheared to only 4 in

and

is

ideal for planting in wall

(about 10 cm) and

rosettes ol soft,

It

is

still

crevices and rock gardens.

flower stead-

excellent in wall crevices,

between pavers or in hanging baskets and is quite drought tolerant.

leaves

medium

and bears

starry, rosy It

shade.

ZONES 3-10

five-

is

The

a

It

prolusion of

purple or white flowers

and summer. It grows (about 5-7.5 cm) in height

in late spring

2-3 in and spread. seeds

It is

short lived but self

freely. E. alpinus

grows well in shade and

either full

sun or

requires a

w ell-drained

gate

:

from seed •

partial

in

soil.

Propa-

fall.

6-10

ERODIUM

drained and not too

bears large, rounded, lavender blue

lull

fertile

A

sprawler. this species has fern-

like, finely

gray-green.

divided foliage of a soft

The simple

heads. Leaves are jagged,

mid-green and heart shaped. ZONES 5-10 E. variifolium

Distinct for

its

variegated white and

green foliage which forms an attrac-

pink or white, often with

evergreen mantle, this species

very attractive veining in a darker

tive

produced for most of the summer. Mounds are 8 in (about 20 cm) tall and 12-18 in (about 30-45 cm) wide.

has silvery-blue stems to

ZONCs 6-10

very-blue bracts.

E. reichardii

age will provide interest

syn. E. chamaedryoid.es

round.

Native to the Balaeric Islands and little

cm") flowers of white or pale

1

in (about 2.5 cm), thistle-like

flowers surrounded by similar

on dense mounds of evergreen foliage. Only 2 in (about 5 cm) tall and 6-8 in (about 15-20 cm) across, it works well between pavers in a lightly shaded situation or in full sun. Give it good drainage and

WALLFLOWER

These perennial, flowering plants have been part of the cottage garden

Some

for centuries

species are best

grown

woody

become leggy after a fewat which time they are best

replaced with younger specimens.

Native to Europe and the Americas,

spring-flowering plants, while

and perennials are members of the carrot family and are grown for their interesting foliage and spiny-collared blooms that

flower

a

long period in

and dried They require good drainage cut

inter decoration.

sunny situation, and a sandy soil. Plants tend to collapse in wet, heavy ground during winter. Propagate species from a

fresh seed; selected forms

from root

cuttings in winter or by division in

when dormant in The spiny appearance of the

spring. Transplant

winter.

strongly colored, thistle-like bracts that

surround the central flower

give rise to the

common name

all

winter or

of the genus, this has green,

heart-shaped, spiny basal leaves but

w

ith

the

upper stems and leaves

suffused with a soft blue. The

some

year in very

mild regions. The older types are

no fragrance but bloom well over a long season. They do best in well-drained, fertile soil cultivars have

in

an open, sunny position. Propa-

gate from seed in spring or soft-

wood

summer. Cut

cuttings in

back plants occasional!} so only a few leaves remain on each stem. Botanists have now placed all plants in the

genus Cheiranthus into

this

genus. E. x allionii

syn. Cheiranthus x

nllioiiii

SIBERIANWALLFLOWER

and borders.

Considered one of the most beautiful

all

sweetly scented, while the newer

nial suitable for

alpimim

E.

1

'A

rock gardens, banks short lived and

It is

should be grown as a biennial. It has toothed, mid-green leaves and bears bright yellow or orange flowers in spring, putting

on

a dazzling

display for a long period. Slow-

reaches a height and

in (.about 3.5

growing,

the blue

spread of 12 in (about 30 cm).

cm) flowers continue theme with the very intri-

it

It

cately cut bracts being a steel blue.

prefers light, well-drained, fertile

Plants are 30 in (about To

soil

with

a

spread of 18

in

A

of species are fine winter-

This hybrid of indeterminate parentage is a bushy evergreen peren-

holly.

n/i>!ui»i

as biennials.

of the perennials form

number

w

fit

nicely into the border. Short-lived

ERYNGIUM

summer and may be

Eryngium wu

species are

suitable for rock gardens, other

bases and

They flower over

karvinskianus

year

ERYSIMUM

Some

usually have a bluish metallic sheen.

i'ii

all

ZONES 7-10

years,

lor

sil-

good for the of the border, where the foliIt is

pink

these biennials

Ei igei

8 in

rock gar-

den plant flowers through spring and summer, with tiny 'A in (about 1

1

(about 45 cm) which are topped by

front

Corsica, this choice

it

(lowers,

(about 1.8 cm) across, are

in

ZONES 7-10

Long-blooming perennials in the geranium family, the long, slender fruits of this genus resemble the bill of a heron. Most are small, like E.

height of

thistle

absinthoides

E.

average moisture.

HERONSBlir

This upright perennial grows to a

dry regions Soils must be well

quite attractive. All preler

is

forms

green

oliverianum

E. x

ever-

often finely divided

color; llowers are

alpinus

:

cm) and are superb in the border, where they will tolerate very light

24-36 in (about 60-90 cm) and a spread of 18-24 in (about 45-60 cm). In late summer

and

violet,

1

ily

The

sun, generally doing well in warm,

A

i-10

bloom profusely throughout the year. The small. in (about 2.5 cm) wide, dais) -like flowers open white, lading to pink and w ine-red. It grows 10-20 in (about 25-50 cm) high it

line additions to

taller

SANTA BARBARA DAIS1

climates where

make

green loliage

ones often needing staking Commonly available selections such

karvinskianus

lew

the garden geraniums.

i

6-10

A

wall

lor cracks in a stone

petaled llowers are tiny versions of E. speciosus

li

oast.

are best suited to the

the front of a border

zones y-n

OREGON DAIS1

best in cooler coastal areas along the

and

reichardii,

rock garden or

cm) high

(about 45

in

and a sunny

summer from

position. Propagate cuttings,

which

I

A

rooi

ui\

easil)

spring in< lud(

from seed

Bedder

in ,

'i

i

01

.

self seeds freel)

it

I

6

s

r

/'

t

i

11

ii

i

(i

/

s

ESCHSCHOLZIA

in

Cultivars

which

.

n m n a

alifoi nil a

t

lias

U1IORMWOIT1

(

scented, brilliant orange flowers the state flowei ol

In is

Bow

/

Mauve'

Irs

als,

1

flowers almost continuousl) in mild (

rhe deep s on elongating

alifomia

ros) -purple flowers

alifomia,

suitable lor rock gardens, the

that

.

t

garden annu-

ol the brightest

front ol

A shrubb) evergreen perennial climates like

one

borders and gaps

hey are superb

meadows

in the

in

paving

wildflower

in

and West, but

so vigorous that they

may

are

over-

whelm

E. cheiri

other species. The cupshaped flowers open above feathery. graj -green foliage in vivid shades of orange or yellow, although hybridizers have produced seed strains in cream, red, mauve and rose. They flower trom late winter through early summer in their native range in the West, but in irrigated gardens or colder climates they will flower through summer. They close in dull weather so should be planted in a sunny situ-

syn. Cheiranthus cheiri

ation.

stems are nicel)

set ofl

against the

glaucous foliage Plants develop into uniform mounds 30 in (about 76

cm)

and 3

tall

ft

(about

°-o

wide. Prune back lightly

c

m

when

flow-

ering slows to encourage another

blooms Flowering ceases

flush ol

in

extremely hot weather, but will continue through the winter in spue of occasional light frosts.

ZONES

6-11

Of a

slender, erect habit, they

grow 12-24

ENGLISH WALLFLOWER

30-60 cm) in 12-18 in (about 30-45 cm I They grow well in poor, very well-drained soil and in (.about

height with a spread of

A bushy

perennial

grown

as an

annual or biennial. Cultivars van- in height from 8-24 in (about 20-60 16 in (about 40

should be dead-headed regularly

to

El

vsimum 'Bowles Mauve'

m)

1.2

or more. They provide a

bold accent for the

fail

garden, with

30 cm) long leaves and large heads of tiny, purplish flowers. Native to eastern and central North America, they are usually found where there is plenty their 12 in (about

ol water.

Useful in the large border,

prolong flowering. Propagate from

they perform best alongside water

cm). Fragrant. 4-petaled flowers

seed sown in spring in cold

during winter in mild winter regions. Colors range from pastel pink and yellow to deep

mates, or in

where they can get all the water they need for full growth. Give them full sun to part shade and a rich, humusy soil. Cut to the ground

browns, bronze, orange, bright

Watch

cm) and spread appear

to

in spring, or

yellow, dark red

and

fall

in

cli-

mild ones. They

do not transplant easily, so sow where the plants are to remain.

scarlet. All

each winter. Propagate in spring or fall by division. There are forms that are more compact and that have

for snails.

B-ll

have lance-shaped leaves. They do

where summers are cool. Prothem with a fertile, welldrained soil and do not let them dry out in summer. Cut back hard alter

best

vide

flowering.

bloom

Sow

seeds in spring for

the next year.

darker purple flowers.

EUPATORWM

ZONES

purpureum JOE-PYEWEED

3-11

EUPHORBIA

These are massive perennials, reaching 5-9 ft (about 1.5-2.7 m) in height with a spread ol 4

ft

(about

This large and varied genus of shrubs, succulents, perennials and

common

annuals have in sap which

may

a

irritate the

skin and

can be poisonous. The spectacular flowerheads consist of a series ol highh' colored, cup-shaped bracts or modified leaves There are many succulent species which are suitable for pot plants

and for sandy or They require cither shade and a moist but

desert gardens.

sun or

partial

well-drained creased from in spring, or

soil.

spring or early /

uphorbia marginal

I

uphorbia m\

seed

sell

rsiniti

il

Plants are in-

young basal by

cuttings

di\ ision in early fall

They may

conditions

El

milky

also

E.

hareu ias subsp

» ulfenii

ol North America, this bushy annual makes

an excellent Il

whu

•

leaves, sharply

margined with

white, and broad, petal-like white bracts surrounding small flowers in

summer. Fairly last growing to 24 in (about 60 cm) tall with a 2 in (about }0cm)spread ttwillendure 1

colder conditions

h in sp

m\

rsinites

rhis trailing species isonl)

(about

5-20 cm)

1

to ovei

1

2

m

(about $0

m) wide

treuse in spring

rhey are excellent

m

oi at

foliage yellows; cut to the to

maki room .iln

foi

i.F.

spread j

new

a ro< k

tarted

low wall

ol

growth

I

are fairlj

ft

eac h

small flowerhead

garden i

ul

It

sell

stem ending

ol soft

i

hai

the topol

out old stems

make room

.is

a

the

for

new

seeds le.nhK and will

tolerate pool soils, ru

drought la calif

c

when

ih a

Eschschol

in

Blue-green, oval leaves spiral

leases yellow to

Euphorbia characias subsp wulfenii

6-8

but spreads

in a

i

i

J£^

tall

around the stems,

ground

^~

brighter flowers

the flowerheads until seeds ripen,

<

*"'

foil for

has pointed, oval, bright green

topped b) broad flowerheads ol intense h.m remains in

are

\

UN

flowering

at

Beautiful blue-green leaves denser) line the erect stem--,

M

Native to central areas

J

(

mtuginala

SNOW-ON-THE-MOl

nine are suitable /

x allionii

siniiiiii

\

EV STOMA

profusion of tiny, fragrant, 5-

fall,

grandiflorum

petaled, saucer-shaped purple flow-

colder areas

ers with yellow

PRAIRIE GENTIAN

Nam e down

to

to

America's Midwest right Texas and New Mexico,

this short-lived perennial for its flowers fi

n

i

which

utting, lasting

watei

is

grown

are excellent

up

to 3

weeks

rich,

in

The) are also useful as conIt has lance-shaped,

deep green leaves and 2 in (about

m

moist but well-drained

5

flared, tulip-like flowers

soil

and again

in

flowers will continue from early

summer through fall. The most commonly available as potted plants in nurseries are the selected

forms,

sometimes double flowered, developed m Japan. Of an upright habit, the plant is slow growing to a height of 24 in (about 60 cm) and spread of 12 in (about 30 cm). It requires a sunny situation and well-drained soil.

In frost-free areas propagate

from seed sown in early

fall.

temperature not below 60°F

WREATH

From summer

to early

fall

this ever-

in early spring or late

delightful pale pink flowers

ZONES

sown summer.

graceful, erect stems.

9-11

on

bears crin-

It

kled, hair}', oval, dark green leaves

and

EEEICIA

will thrive best in full

sun or

partial shade. Plant in fertile, well-

amelloides

24

Native to South Africa, these annuals

and evergreen sub-shrubs

clude

some

in-

full

GAIELARDIA

a dryish, well-drained,

BLANKET FLOWER

gravelly soil enriched with organic

matter; they will not tolerate wet

conditions.

amelloides

F.

is

a

bushy,

evergreen shrub with roundish,

and sky-blue stalks.

It

These annuals and perennials from the central and western United States have vividly colored, daisy-

Some

like flowers.

flowerheads with bright yellow

on long

soil. It

in (about

ZONES 8-10

of the finest species of

blue daisy flowers. They require

sun and

grows to a height of 60 cm) with a spread of 18 in (about 45 cm). Propagate from seed or by division in spring. drained

BLUE MARGUERITE

centers borne

good cut has a

varieties

make

The perennials and are better

flowers.

often short lived

EXACUM

spreading habit, growing to 18 in

grown

as biennials in cooler cli-

affine

(about 45 cm) in height and 24 in

mates.

They

PERSIAN VIOLET

(about 60 cm) or more in width

quiring sun and any ordinary

It

growing in mild winter climates and is useful for small formal is fast

Native to the Yemeni island Socotra, this

of

showy miniature

is

useful both as an indoor pot plant

and

as a plant for

outdoor sun or

semi-shaded positions. ing, oval

It

has shin-

dark leaves and bears a

hedges, rock gardens, path edgings,

indoor pot plants or as a seaside plant. The flowers, appearing nearly year round

if

Gaillart ia pulchella Lorenziana'

1

Eustoma grandiflorum

fmv

this a particularly

small bouquets. Give them

full sun and regular water for best growth after flowering. Prune hard as soon as it becomes straggly to encourage new growth. Propagate by cuttings

taken in

named

,

WM ^t w££?* rjjj

fall

or spring.

Numerous

i

^1

which have

*

.3

or bluer flowers.

more compact

well-drained garden

soil.

coastal areas. Propagate

Suits

from spring

cuttings taken before the plants

have bloomed or from seed in

or

fall

spnng. G. x grandijlora

These are hybrids of G. aristata and G. pulchella, and are the most com-

monly grown

of the blanket flowers.

Upright to spreading, their hairy

narrow and

leaves are

the plants form

slightly lobed;

mounds up

24

to

in

flowerheads are 3-4 in (about

habit

7.5-10 cm)

in diameter, in a variety

of hot colors (red, yellow, orange

•BT/fc,

and burgundy). Often grown from seed and treated as short-lived per-

may

FILIPENDULA

ennials, they

rubra

gated by division or from cuttings; this

Ql EEN-OF-THE-PRA1RIE

Francoa appendiculata

are easy to grow, re-

(about 60 cm) high and wide. The

selections are available a

are

properly dead-headed

and thus making

useful container plant, cut well for

Filipendula rubra 'Venusta

appendiculata

green perennial bears racemes of

bright green leaves

ZONES 4-10

FRANCOA

(15°C). Propagate from seed

dead-headed,

fall. If

mildew. ZONES 3-9

BRIDAL

colors oi nth purple, pink, blue

or white Flow ers appear in spring

in

Indoors, they like diffused sun and a night

tainer plants.

cm) wide,

stamens throughout

summer. A biennial usually treated as an annual, it has a bushy habit and grows to a height and spread of 8-12 in (about 20-30 cm). It enjoys

and cut back when dormant Watch for powdery

particularly important

named

This herbaceous perennial

is

grown

deeply cut, fern-

for its attractive,

is

also be propa-

cultivars are desired,

if

Burgundy' or Goblin' (dark red with a yellow border).

and showy, crowded heads of tiny peach-blossom pink

ZONES 3-10

like foliage

G. pukhella

flowers; the cultivar 'Venusta' has

deeper pink flowers. Flowers are long lasting and the foliage remains

An annual

lovely long after flowering. These

shaped, gray-green leaves. The

plants do well

at

the back of larger

this

or short-lived perennial,

upright species has

cultivar Lorenziana'

perennial borders, as long as the soil

common

remains moist, and in waterside

are globular with

positions.

They

also

damp meadows. grows

do well

in

Upright in habit,

to a height of

4-6

ft

the

such as

it

(about

in gardens;

is

hair)',

lance-

the most

its

flowerheads

many tubular florets, making a pompon effect. It is summer flowering and comes in shades of crimson, red or pink and

m) and a spread of 4 ft (about 1.2 m) and has fleshy, swol-

yellow. Useful for creating bright

len roots. This species prefers a

to a height of

1

.2-1 .8

moist

soil in full

sun or

in semi-

patches in the border. Fast growing

12-20 in (about 30-50 cm) and a spread of 12

shade. Propagate by division in

(about 30 cm).

winter or from seed in spring and

ZONES 3-9

in

GAL1VM odoratum -\ n

Vspei

vWll

A

odorata

iiln

ttOODRUt

I

beautiful pattern of

leaves

whorled

offered by this delicate

is

perennial, which will spread into a ground cover only 6-8 in (about tn) in a shady situation The tiny white flowers are produced in

few-flowered clusters in

The ally

late

spring

was traditionwhite wine to produce

fragrant foliage

added

May wine

to

in Europe. In gardens,

this is an excellent plant for moist, shaded situations, particularly on slightly acid soils as around rhododendrons. It can be invasive.

G.Al/RA lindJicimcri

Native to North America, this

bushy, long-flowenng perennial is useful for mixed flower borders and naturalized in

meadows.

has

It

loosely branched stems covered

with tiny hairs, and from spring to

produces beautiful, pink-suf-

fall

which The leaves

fused, small white flowers give a misty pink effect. are lance

grows

to

shaped and mid-green. 4 ft (about 1 .2 m) in

height with a spread of 3

cm and

90

1

in hot full

is

easily

It

(about

ft

grown, thriving

dry climates and preferring

sun and a

drained

soil.

spring or

fall

sandy, well-

light

Propagate from seed in or from cuttings in

summer.

GAZANIA

and large, brightly colored flowers Most modem variants are hybrids from a for their ease of culture

number They

Remove spent

flowers and dead

and tidy up growing season. leaves,

at the

end of the

are useful for bedding, rock

still

useful for

summer

bedding, pots and tubs. Leaves are either entire or deeply lobed, long

and narrow and are usually dark green on top. silver-gray and woolly beneath. The large daisy flowers come in a range of colors from cream to yellow gold, pink, red, buff, brown and intermediate shades, usually marked with bands

i

sun and glow with

of uncertain parentage.

Some

are

dumpers, others are trailers. The cultivars must be propagated by

in full soil

sun

in

with green-spotted throats

varied. Popular in the

West

Grows

nials

brilliant ful

wide array

ol

in (.about 2.5

cm 1

in

root run

needs a deep soil Propagate

It

and an acid

by division

spring or from seed in

in

fall.

blue Row ers

1

he) are use-

plants tor rock gardens, peal

beds and sloping hillside gardens. doing best in cooler regions he)

of a second or third color

Aztec

G. ondrew

sii

Queen

(multicolored) and Copper King are readily available culti

soils j- ti

1

rigens var

!eu<

olaena

soil

with some

humu- Some

grow naturall) on limestone Plant in either sun or senu-

m

and wills

hoi'

both iop

i

LOSED GENTIAN

distinctly differeni

is

other species

in thai

il

the flowers appear in

Native to moist

tail

Di\ ide

woodlands spring, planting out in fresh

from the

has dark blue

tubular (lowers which never open.

spring or from seed in

ol

mid sumi

meadows and

eastern North

America

adapts with

rhey are named aftei Gentius, an lllyrian king who discovered the

relative ease to moisl bordi

medicinal value

foliage

soil

i

This

shade Propagate b) division in fall-flow

fairl

BOTTLE GENTIAN

prefer a well-drained, acid, peaty-

sandy

in earl)

lul

1

I

colors, mostly with stripes or zones

DUILINGCAZANM

Give an annual mulch ol ind water during dry pen

which

ol

are evergreen, are valued for their

the Mini-Star strain (either yellow

a

and perennials, some

is

or orange) and the Sunshine strain

which includes

to

height with a spread of 2-3 in tn)

one; seed strains are likely to be

more

ol

GENTIAN

meadows through-

Its foli-

compact, with tutted clumps glossy green, narrow leaves is

GENTIANA Natives of alpine

i"ng period sandy,

long as for the hy-

out the world, these annuals, bien-

cuttings to be assured of the correct

a metallic sh i

fall, it forms a striking carpet ol trumpet-shaped, vivid blue flowers

last as

age

This covers a large range of gazanias

full

spring until sun

does not

--it

(

irly

garden. In spring, and sometimes

G. hybrids

.

or spots of contrasting color at the

ing baskets. The flowering period

brids.

of South African species.

gardens and for binding soil on sloping land; in cold winter climates they are

Gaura lindheimeri

Galium odoratum

These low-growing perennials, some grown as annuals, are valued

ol

then

bitti

yellow, bul new

streamside gardens reach

is 1

attractive

2-24

I

he dark green

on stems

in (about

thai

J0-60cm)in

height, the plants ha\e a spread ol it

seed

in

from cuttings 1

in (all

or from

pnng

well

i

lump-formii ennial besi adapted

100

A

n n

ual

s

&

P

c r

ennials

G. asclepiaea

evergreen, found

WILLOW GENTIAN

in cool, temperate

gions.

Arching stems are clad with slender, willow-like leaves. In early

fall,

man\' rich blue (lowers are borne in the leaf axils

on the upper

part of

the stems. This perennial forms a

Grown

all

over the world

and alpine

re-

for their attractive

flowers, they are useful for rock

gardens, as informal ground covers

and

as plants for the front of the

They make showy clumps

border.

with pink to blue or purple flowers

clump around 3 ft (about 90 cm) high and 24 in (about 60 cm)

around

does best humus-rich soil.

mer. Most species prefer a sunny

loose

across.

S

It

in deep, moist,

1'/;

in (about 3.5

cm)

\ll

G. lutea

This perennial produces tubular

growth. Transplant during winter

yellow flowers in clusters on

or early spring.

tall

stems in summer. Erect and unbranched, it grows to 3-6 ft (about 90-180 cm) high and spreads to 24 in (about 60 cm). Its oval leaves grow to 1 2 in (about 30

cm) in length. This species is the main commercial source of gentian root, which is used medicinally and as a flavoring in S

vermouth.

tall

mat. Soft pink flowers

above the

foliage in spring

ZONES 5-10

An evergreen

perennial flowering in

fall and bearing trumpet-shaped, deep blue flowers that are paler at the base and banded purplish blue. It is an easily grown species of pros-

trate,

suitable for the rock garden or as a small ground cover, this species spreads slowly and has deeply divided leaves forming a dense 3-4 in (about 7.5-

through mid-summer. Album' has white flowers.

G. sino-ornata

spreading habit, reaching a

height of 8 in (about 20

cm) and

spread of 12 in (about 30 cm).

green perennial grows up to only in (about

20-25 cm) and ft (about 90

cm) or more.

Its

Geranium sanguineum

»Jb

V *

for dry

The evergreen

foliage

aromatic, deeply lobed and

green with bronze

is

medium

tints, especially

Flowers appear on 12

This perennial, useful as ground cover, bears cup-shaped, bright

in

and sporadically

throughout the year; color varies from pink or purplish pink to pure white. Ingvversen's Variety' has pale

purple-cnmson, notched-petaled flow ers throughout spring and summer. It has deeply divided, dark green leaves It develops into a mound around 12 in (about 30 cm) high and 18 in (about 45 cm) wide. A pretty pink version called G. s. var striatum

is

also available.

ZONES 4-10

pink flowers and smoother leaves.

GERBERA

ZONES 3-10

jamcsonii

G. maculatum

Name

GERBERA DAISY TRANSVAAL DAISY to eastern

American wood-

lands, this species

is

best used in

woodland gardens as it is less showy and more open than other

Name

to the

Africa but

Transvaal in South

much developed and

in spring

above deeply lobed

on plants that reach 24 in (about 60 cm) in height with a spread of 18 in (about 45 cm). leaves

gray-green leaves

and have a The flowers are cup shaped and a deep magenta pink. Shear after each flush of bloom to encourage dense growth and more

There are over 400 species of perennial geraniums, some of which are

ground cover

spreads broadly to 3

spicy aroma.

CRANESBILL

excellent

duced

This tender. South African, ever-

are very finely divided

GERANIUM

3-10

BLOODY CRANESBILL

shade, as well as for sunny situ-

in winter.

strain Lily Lovell' has white flowers

G. sanguineum

G. macrorrhizum

ations.

not have a paler eye or

The flowers are bome on 24 in (about 60 cm) stems in late spring or early summer. It reaches a height of 30 in (about 76 cm) with a spread of 18 in (about 45 cm). The -

(about 60 cm).

An

may

species. Pale pink flowers are pro-

G. incanum

8-10

to a height of 12 in

foliage in spring

A dwarf plant

10 cm)

growing

(about 30 cm) and spread of 24 in

(about 30 cm) stems above the

G. dalmaticum

are held

6-9

throughout summer. The leaves are It has a spreading

deeply divided

flower in spring to sum-

and damp, well-drained soil Propagate from semi-ripe cuttings in summer, from seed in spring or by division in fall. Tidy up regularly to encourage bushy

GREAT YELLOW GENTIAN

cup-shaped, lavender-blue flowers

habit,

or

basal zone.

This rhizomatous perennial has

-]

situation

3-9

may

G. Johnson's Blue'

flowering.

ZONES

9-11

G.

phacum

MOURNING WIDOW Native to Europe and western Russia, this

clump-forming perennial

has soft green, densely lobed leaves

and 1 in (about 2.5 cm) wide lilac to brownish purple flowers that

•ionium Johnson's Blue'

•

*7>

.

i f

-^U

Li mm

-

-»

i-

\£k>

Gentiana sino-ornata

Geranium maculatum

A

n

grows to (about 15 cm) and

a

ii

ii

ii

/

improved in Holland, this is one of the most decorative of all daisies and is an excellent cut flower It has orange-red or flame-scarlet

flowerheads up to 4 in (about 10 i.m

I

wide, borne singly on long

stems

in spring

and summer from

basal rosettes of large, jagged leaves.

An

evergreen perennial of upright

habit,

cml

grows

it

24

to

in (.about

60

in height with a spread of

(about 45 cm).

18 in

requires an open,

It

sunny position and

a light, fibrous

with free drainage. Keep some-

soil

what dry during fall and winter. Fertilize monthly in spring and summer to produce large blooms. Propagate from cuttings of side shoots in summer, from seed in fall or early spring, or by division from winter to early spring.

late

for

crown

rot, slugs

and

Watch

snails.

Glechoma hederacea

Globular ia cordifolia

orange flowers borne on slender,

marbling on the

branching stems above irregularly lobed leaves. Low growing, it

spreads rapidly.

reaches a height and spread of

either

12 in (about 30 cm).

A good

rock

garden plant. ZONES 5-10

height of 6 in

Gcum

leaves.

soil.

in spring or

chiloense

Mrs Bradshaw'

can be grown in

It

sun or shade in

drained

It

a moist, well-

Propagate by division or from softwood

fall,

cuttings in spring.

ZONES 0-U 5

&-11

GILIA

GEUM

GLOBVLARIA

capitata

AVENS

cordifolia

BLLE THIMBLE FLOWER

GLOBE DAISY

These evergreen and herbaceous perennials are valued for their long

Native to the western mountains of the Americas, this erect, branching

An

flowering period from late spring

annual has mid-green, fem-like

Flowering can be prolonged by regular dead-heading,

leaves

Europe and the Mediterranean, this plant is ideal for sunny rockeries in

and

spherical, pincushion-like

until early

fall.

in frost-free areas they will

flower almost continuously

all

year.

They form basal rosettes of hairy, lobed leaves and bear masses of red, orange and yellow, single or double flowers with prominent yellow stamens. Good plants for mixed herbaceous borders and rock gardens, although they require a to

produce

a

room They

lot of

good display open position and

prefer a sunny,

moist, well-drained

by division

in

or from seed

G. chiloense

A

soil.

Propagate

winter or early spring.

sown

and

tiny, soft

lavender-blue

flowers that appear in a nearly

summer and

early

fall.

It is

form a

cool temperate climates. in

good

cut flower and useful border plant

and grows to a height of 20 in (about 50 cm) and spread of 8 in (about 20 cm). It prefers a cool climate and requires full sun and a fertile, well-drained soil Water lightly and regularly The intensity

creeping

spoon-shaped leaves and produces solitary, stemless. round heads of flu fy mauve stamens from 1

late

to

8

in (about 20 cm) Ii requires sun and well-drained neutral

spring

fall, oi

summer and early fall. Of an upright habit, it reaches a height ot 24 in (about 60 cm) and spread of 12 in (about 30 cm) and is modwhite in

erately fast growing.

sunny situation and drained spring

prefers a

Propagate from seed

soil

when

It

light, well-

in

the danger of frost has

passed The plants benefit from lo

oi

m

mulching

hoi weathei

from seed

from softwood cuttings

in

GYPSOPHUA

summer

GLECHOMA

Arends'

clover-like flowerheads in shades

sparingly.

Propagate b) division

m

ALL ZONES

Water

-1

Geum coccincum Werner

1

alkaline soil

in early

It

forms a dome-shaped hummock. growing to a height of 2-4 in (about 5cm) and gradually spreading

type and situation Propagate from

sown outdoors

summer

spring until early

M k\

of pink, purple, yellow, orange or

sual, tiny,

lull

seed

has

It

woody stems with unu-

of flower color can van,- with soil

in fall

Mrs Bradshaw

evergreen dwarf shrub found in

ZONES 6-10

BABl

MSREATH

hederacea taller cultivar

with rounded, dou-

ble, orange-scarlet

grows to a hi " 'Ut 60 cm) and a spread of 18 in (about 45 cm) and is : mixed hei

small sprays

GOMPHRENA

flowers borne in perennial mal

ground cover but and shi

II

is

als,

peting

very invasive

1

grown

.lie

his

bushy bedding annual from -ia is

valued

damn

small,

make

whi( h

foi its

annuals and perenni-

sonic ot which aie semi-evei

GLOBI UtARANTH I

urope, Asia and North

Africa, these

itive, this evi

It

I

Native to

globosa

.

.\\\

masses

loi theil

white

oi

ol

pink flowers

excellent

foil

for

|

pery

ithei

pompon

lil

mtainei and

G

)

ation

ineum Wernei Arends

coct

flowers w

i

(

hi

winter

in!

flowering stems ill)

.Ml

(,

I

A clump

llllllMI

(

,

lilitl-.ll

hang upside down trumpet

flowi

'

i.

.-

m

until

hit h

d<

<

flowers

:

flowers or foliage Plant in

h

a cool, wellI

he

he) are also a valu

oi

jusl

open and

^\r.

I

pi. mi

iii

>.ill

in

'

lull

mim

from strong winds

tolerate

most

soils Inn

deep, well-drained

Jo

soil thai

ink matter in the

Hdcnutm Moerheim

Hed) i hium gardnerianum

compost or peat. They will grow well on limestone soils. Cut back after flowering to encourage a forri of

fall.

Transplant

when dormant

dur-

ing winter or early spring.

G. elegans

Of dainty,

bushy

bears masses of tiny white, or some-

summer to

early

leaves are lance shaped

lowed by capsules with red or

H. coronarium

-

v G\psophiIa paniculata Bristol Fairy'

satiny, white-flowered, sweet-

summer

flowers with pastel yellow blotches.

Leaves are lance shaped with undersides.

G. paniculata Bristol Fairy

and grows

A relatively long-lived perennial

itO in height

grown

3

its

sprays of tinv white

flowers in spring; Bristol Fain.'

its

double white flowers. An excellent garden plant, it should be sheared after flowering to prevent seed production and encourage a second flowering It grows 18 in (about 45 .'.bout 1.2

m)

ft

in height

and spread. Propagate from cuttings.

HEDYCHll'M

It

downy

has an upright habit ft (about 1.5—1.8

5-6

to

with a spread of up to

(about 90

cm\

j-n

is

the best selection, distinctive for

KAHILI GINGER

species, this plant

easiest

grown

produces spikes

of short-lived, fragrant scarlet and

summer and deep green and broadly lance shaped. It grows to 5-6 ft (about 1.5-1.8 m) in height and 3 ft (about 90 cm) wide. J-n

yellow blossoms in early

fall. Its

brightly colored flowers

flowers with prominent, chocolate-

prostrate habit.

brown

central discs. Flowers are borne in summer and early fall above dark green foliage. Easily grown, they give a vivid splash of color to borders and are useful as

They grow to a height of 3 ft (about 90 cml and spread of 24 in (about 60 cmV They enjoy hot summers and are best grown in full cut flowers

A rich,

The best-know-n and

late

leaves are

•

ideal.

moist, well-drained soil

Dead-head regularly

is

to pro-

long the flowering period, and

propagate by division of old clumps in winter or early spring or from seed in spring or

fall.

1

SNEEZEWEED

ers are ideal for sheltered borders.

This upright perennial, native to

The

North America,

deep-green, paddle-

flowers until the evening. attractive foliage, varying

They have from deep

and in spring are smothered with flowers in shades of red. pink, orange, yellow and white. They should be lightly cut back as soon as flowers fade to encourage a second flush of bloom in fall. They enjoy a warm, sunny position in a to grayish green,

freely drained, coarse soil; they

not do well in strongly acid

do

soils.

They do best in the and regions of the West Coast, or where winters are cold but dry. Propagate

semi-ripe cuttings in late

from

summer

fall.

HELIAXTHEMl/M nummularium

HELL\\THVS SUNFLOWER

HEEESll Moerheim Beauty

semi-tropical perennials with fleshy

rhizomes and sweetly scented flow-

day. the petals falling off in the

afternoon; double forms hold their

and

•-10

M

Natives of Southeast Asia, these

and neat, The flowers last a

sprays of daisy-like, rich orange-red

sun with shelter from strong wind, otherwise staking may be necessary.

H. gardnerianum

LILY

large,

l

WHITE GINGER LILY

bears dense spikes of butterfly-like

-

GINGER

or-

rhizomes from late winter to spring. Cut down to ground level as soon as the flowers have finished.

scented species that in

fall.

and

grayish green.

for

borne profusely In

species the flowers are fol-

ange seeds. Grow in full sun or partial shade and rich, moist soil with good drainage. Water well in

A

times pink, flowers in branching

heads from

some

summer. Propagate by division of

erect habit, this

annual grows to a height of 1 8 in (about 45 cm) and a spread of 12 in (about 30 cml It makes delicate, pretty clumps in the garden and

The

attractive in summer and die down in winter in cold areas. The shows flowers are short

shaped leaves are

lived but are

id flush of flowers. Propagi

from cuttings of small lateral shoots in summer or from seed in spnng or

Beautv'

is

grown

for its

Native mostly to the Mediterranean

Native to the Americas, these

countries and North America, these

showy-flowered annuals and peren-

evergreen, sun-loving, sub-shrubby

nials are

grown in rock garground cover for their

grown

for their large,

perennials are

daisy-like, golden-yellow

dens or as a

which

are

tall,

blooms,

on prolonged display

\

From summei to

lall

have coarsel) hair) leaves

and

I

summei

he plants

rough stems which

tall,

oi lall

he rich dark green

I

man) colored garden h) and whiti

(red. pink, yellow

look good planted with late-flower-

definitely annuals

ing blue asters or sah

bearmostl) yellow flowers with brown or yellow dis^s hey are

the

they

shining leaves are willow

sticky-feeling

.

like

lull

I

otherwise staking will be necessar) to support the tall stems soil

should be well drained Fertilize

HELICHRYSVM STRAWFLOWER

I

I'l

\

Rl

1

ISTING

ol

mainly annuals

water deeply

commonly

adapted

down

to the base

they finish flowering. Propa-

by division

gate from seed or

Watch

or early spring.

in

fall

lor snails

These flowers were once worshipped by the Incas as living miages of their Sun God. H.

annuus

COMMON SUNFLOWER

An upright annual, height of 9

ft

fast

growing to a

(about 2.7

m)

with brown centers are borne in

summer. They

called straw flow crs

The

most spectacular species occur in Australia They require a warm. sunny situation and a moderately fertile, sandy or gravelly soil with free drainage. They adapt to must soils except heavy clay Water regularly and shelter from strong winds. To use as dried decoration, cut flowers when just open, tie in bundles loosely wrapped in a paper sheath and hang upside down in a well-ventilated place Propagate

perennials by division, or from seed

or

more. Large, daisy-like, 12 in (about 30 cm) wide yellow flowerheads

and annuals

or suckers in spring,

from seed

in spring.

H. bracteatum

are coarse, leggy

straw r LOWER

plants with heavily veined, mid-

green leaves. The seeds are a good

Native to Australia, this annual or

source of protein and starch for

short-lived perennial has an up-

humans and

birds alike,

and

branching habit and grows to and spread of 30 in (about 76 cm). It has tough, hollow stems, rough, narrow leaves and from

are

pressed to produce a valuable

right,

a height

oil.

ZONES 4-10

H. sa!ict/o!ius

An upright for

6/;

summer to

perennial that

background planting. ft

ubout

1.9

m)

is It

bears brilliant yellow, 3 in 7.5

fall

bears clusters

of daisy-like blooms. Flowers are

grows and

multicolored and have a crackly.

ubout

cm) wide, single, daisy-like on branching stems in late

flowers

early

valuable

in height

to

papery

finish.

it

is

has

r

i

ii

ii

Di

prolong the ti

a n

.>

ft

<

n ipagate

from

in sprinj

wool, as are the stems

sun or shade and

to

dry

conditions The flowers, only occasionally produced, are not

Most popular are the

showy

cultivars

Limelight', with pale chartreuse

and Variegatum', with a cream\ variegation, both do better in shade and make superb summer foliage,

container plants in cold climates.

Name

to

southern Europe and

western Asia these perennial

i

which are evergreen, are useful winter- and spring-flowering plants for cooler climates They bear beautiful, open, cup-shaped flowers in shades ol green and purple and are effective planted in drifts or massed in the shade ol deciduous trees They grow best in semi-shade and a ol

ZONES 9-10

HELIOPSIS helianihoides Light of Loddcn' Native to North America, this herbaceous perennial puts on a bright display in the summer border. It has rough, hairy leaves and strong stems

which carry neatly shaped, bright yellow, double flowers in late summer. The flowers are dahlia like and are good as cut flowers, particularly in large arrangements. The plant grows to a height of 3V> ft (about 1 m) and a spread of 24 in ubout 60 Helichrysum bnutcatum

'Dargan Hill Monarch'

two or three

s

HELLEBORVS

are sprawling sub-shrubs, well to

I

and

.mi soil

«

I

a

the

lives for

e

an ex-

name of the golden- flowered cultivar commonly grown that often is

I'

4-9

name

heart-shaped leaves covered with

They

should be cut

larly to

cellent foliage plant,

This large genus

solt. felt-like

when

6

seed oi b) division

This South African I

table lor their papery, daisy flowers,

They may become invasive and

\

\M

and short-lived perennials are no-

dry conditions.

/

flowerinj LICORK

spring to promote large blooms and

in


and cut back H. petiolare

hey prefer green background sun and protection from wind,

ii

well-drained

1-10

I

ii

cm) Itreq

brid

ias

effective planted against a dai k

in

II

vears. while

Hclianihus salicifolius

Heliopsi

Helleborus argutifolius

Hcllcboius nieer

Helleboi us foetidus

Hemerocallis

hvbnd

moisture-retentive, well-drained soil that

heavily enriched with organic

is

matter. Never

comsummer. Cut off

the plants

let

pletely dry out in

old leaves of deciduous species in

buds

early spring just as

appear. or

manure

cial.

start to

A top-dressing of compost alter

flowering

is

benefi-

Propagate from seed or by

fall or early spring, and watch foraphids The plants have poisonous properties.

division in

H. argutifolius CORSK AN HELLEBORE

This

is

one

ol the earliest

blooms appearing

hellebores, with in late

flowering

winter and early spring.

a robust evergreen that

large clusters of

produces

cm) wide green

flowers on an upright spike above

divided, spiny, blue-green to gray-

green foliage.

It

has a clump-form-

ing habit, growing to a height of 24

60 cm) and a spread of 24-36 in (about 60-90 cm). This is the most sun and drought tolerant

in (about

of the genus.

ZONES

Hespei

name

LENTEN ROSE

means

is

matronalis

Helleborus orientalis

derives from the Greek and beautiful for a day.

It is

cup-shaped, nod-

ding, 2 in (about 5

Hemerocallis fulva

H. orientalis

The most

of the genus,

evergreen and clump

forming, growing to a height and

spread of 18 in (about 45 cm). The

nodding flowers come in a great variety of colors from white, green, pink and rose to purple, sometimes with dark spots. It flowers in winter or early spring. The dense foliage fades and can be trimmed back before flowering. large,

Good

6-11

grown

easily

this species is

cut flowers.

ZONES 3-10 H. foetidus

H.

fuha

TAWNY

DAYLILY

Clump of 4

ft

forming, growing to a height

(about 1.2

m)

or

more and

spread of 3 ft (about 90 cm). It bears rich orange-red, trumpetshaped, 3-5 in (about7.5-12.5 cm)

wide flowers from mid- to late summer. This plant has been in cultivation for centuries, and has naturalized in parts of North America. 'Kwanso Flore Plena' is double flowered.

with

dark green, divided leaves that remain all year. In winter or early spring the clusters attractive,

of pale green, bell-shaped flowers, delicately

edged with

borne sun or

red, are

on short stems. It thrives in shade in any reasonable soil. Propagation is best done by seed in spring, though established plants will often self

ZONES

seed readily.

5- 10

perennials,

some

of

which

are semi-

evergreen or evergreen, are grown for their

ers

showy, often fragrant flow-

which come

in a vibrant range of

colors. Individual

blooms

last for

only a day, but they are borne in great

numbers on strong stems tall, grassy foliage and con-

above

tinue flowering from early

summer

Grow in the herbaceous border, among shrubs, or naturalize fall.

in grassy

woodland

carefully

when

CHRISTMAS ROSE

Popular for

its

white, mid-winter

flowers, often appearing in the

areas. Position

planting as the flow-

heads towards the sun and the equator. They prefer sun

ers turn their

snow, this is one of the more temperamental species. Dark green,

but will grow well and give brighter

deeply lobed leaves are evergreen;

sonably good

mounds

out. Propagate

are 12 in (about

high with

a

30 cm)

spread of 12-18 in

(about 24-45 cm). They prefer

shade and a rich

soil that is slightly

alkaline; they also

moisture.

need steady

not allowed to

com-

dency to become woody and are renewed every few years. Propagate by division or from seed

best

in spring or

ZONES

fall.

3-9

ALUM ROOT, CORAL BELLS

Native to Europe and Asia these

to

H. niger

is

pletely dry out. Plants have a ten-

H. hybrids

A clump-forming, poisonous perennial

drained and

HEUCHERA

ZONES 3-10

HEMEROCALLIS

STINKING HELLEBORE

smooth, narrowly oval leaves and branching flowerheads with white to lilac flowers borne in summer. Upright in habit, it grows to 30 in (about 76 cm) in height with a spread of 24 in (about 60 cm). It prefers a sunny situation and will tolerate poor soil as long as it is well

50 years plant breeders in the USA, and lately Australia and the UK, have developed a huge range of daylilies. These bloom in late spring and intermittently until fall, and have flowers 3-6 in (about 7.5-15 cm) wide on plants ranging in height from 20-36 in (50-91 cm) or more. Colors vary from cream to brilliant yellow, pale pink to red; many have contrasting In the last

shades in the throat. Evergreen types are best suited to mild

cli-

mates; deciduous to cold regions.

does not dry

by division in fall or spring and divide clumps every 3 or 4 years. Cultivars raised from seed do not come true to type. Watch for slugs and snails in early spring. Plants may also suffer from aphid or spider mite attack. The botanical

rock garden or edging plants. They

form neat clumps of scalloped bronze or pur-

leaves, often tinted

from which

ple,

arise very slender

stems bearing masses of dainty, nodding, white, crimson or pink bell flowers over a

long flowering

They grow well sun or semi-shade, and season.

in either full like a well-

drained, coarse, moisture-retentive soil. fall

Propagate species from seed in

or by division in spring or

fall;

Catalogues carry an ever-changing

cultivars

selection.

spring.

ZONES 3-10

and divide established clumps every 3 or 4 years.

colors in part shade. Plant in a reasoil that

These evergreen perennials, indigenous to North America, are useful cultivated as ground cover or as

HESPERIS

in

Remove spent

fall

or early

flower stems

H. x brizoides

matronalis

HYBRID CORAL BELLS

SWEET ROCKET. DAMES ROCKET

This perennial, found mainly

This ever-enlarging group of hyin the

grown for its flowers which become very fragrant on humid evenings. It has northern hemisphere,

by division

is

combined traits Most flower over

brids represents the of several species. a

long period on stems reaching

24-30

in (about

60-76 cm)

in

"

\

Chatterbox haslargepink

height

Rowers; |une Bride' is pure w and 'Spitfire is rose-red New

hite;

neath Suitable

foi

the ba( k ol the

I

protected from strong winds This

cultivars are introduced eac h yeat

man) now displaying variegated

sun and well-drained, moderately rich hibiscus requires

full

This species

is

grown

for

us striking,

purple, heart-shaped foliage and

sprays of small white flowers

summer.

Ii is

in

clump forming, grow-

Fertilize in spring to

encourage growth and water well during the flowering season. Prune to maintain shape and extend flowering. Propagate from seed or

Watch

and

ing to a height and spread ol 20 in

cuttings

(about 50 cm) The leaves

by aphids, Japanese beetles, white fly and

for

last

well

indoor decoration

ZONES

and

tor root

mostl) in

-

hybrid

m gardens for had green to now

is

seen

ii

1/

1

Perennials

&

s

I

05

sieboldiana

A robust, clump-forming plant growing to a height ol 3 ft (about 90 ind spread ol 4Vj

ml

It

It

(about

has large, puckered, heart-

shaped, bluish gray leaves and bears

variegated forms.

its

racemes of trumpet-shaped white flowers in early summer There are

Aureomarginata' has mid-green leaves with creamy yellow edges and tolerates lull sun. Ff. var.

many

f.

marginata alba has sage green leaves

beautiful variegated cultivars l— 10

with w hue margins, gray beneath,

good

and

is

H

var. albopicta is pale

collar

for attacks

t

(or waterside planting;

green with

yellowish center All bear racemes

of trumpet-shaped, violet flowers in

summer. They grow to a height ol 18 in (about 45 cm) and a spread of 24 in (60

caterpillars.

-

original!)

n leaves, but

a

rot

a very old

been

that has

soil.

Ik

during winter

form

m

//

probably

is

!

the

H. micrantha 'Palace Purple'

his

a

Remove spent canes in winter alter wood has died back to ground \ el Transplant when dormant

foliage

fortunei

//.

herbaceous border and should be

ii

4-9

H. sanguined CORAL BELLS

HOSTA This

is

the

most important

H. lancifolia

species,

^\T\1NL1LY

NARROW-LEAVED

\\T\1\

with sprays of scarlet or coral-red

PI

flowers over round dark leaves

Natives of Japan and China, these

British

and American gardeners have used this species in producing the hybrids listed under H. x

easily

brizoides.

produce wide, handsome leaves, some being marbled or marked with

green leaves and

ZONES

white, others a bluish green. All-

smaller-leaved species. Racemes of

>-10

grown perennials

for their decorative foliage

yellow foliage

HIBISCUS

do well

moscheutos

excellent for

ROSE MALLOW.SW UUP ROSE MALLOW

Native to North America, this herbaceous perennial grows to a height of 6 ft (about 1 .8 m) and a spread of 3-3 about 0.9-1 m). Single, ft '

i

hollyhock-like flowers.

4-8

in

(10-20 cm) wide, are carried on robust, unbranched stems in late summer and fall. Colors van- from white to pink to deep rose, usually with a crimson throat. Leaves are large, toothed and softlv hairv be-

are valued

is

They

also available.

all

They

in large pots or planters, are

ground cover and add an exotic touch planted on the margins of lily ponds or in bog gardens. Tall

stems of nodding, white, pink

mauve bell flowers appear in warmer weather. Both leaves and or

PI

of 18 in (about 45 cm).

is

has nar-

trumpet-shaped, pale lilac flowers are borne in late summer and earlv

Heuchera sanguinea

fall.

H. plantaginea

FRAGRWT PLANTAIN Popular for

its

on 30

LILY

M GUST LILY

pure white, fragrant

flowers

well-drained

to

spread

one of the

stems, this species has

Feed regularly during the growing season. Propagate by division in early spring, and keep an eye out for attacks by snails and

It

a

row, lance-shaped, glossy, mid-

rangements. They prefer shade and rich, moist, neutral,

111

cm) with

12 in (about 30

flowers are popular for floral ar-

soil.

I

A clump-forming plant growing

green leaves

in (about

76 cm)

medium forming a mound 3

ft

cm) across. It flowers in late summer. Royal Standard" has deeper green leaves and more but (about 90

'%/ ^t a

smaller flowers.

Br

9^5

slugs.

Hostafortunei cultivar

&H

Kt 4 s

•

trm

*

'

*

A

fk.

**

v

y

>

ri-^L

•

<

I

llf'l

M

l)\ 111.

'in.

rantho Pala<

d£

Ibfl

e

Purple

Hosto

\<xm ifolia

VvJi

n

106

A

n

2

s

u a Is

&

Pci

e m

n

i

a

1

H. cerastoides

A perennial with dense, oval, graygreen leaves and terminal clusters of bright yellow, star-shaped flowers

with showy stamens produced in late spring and early summer. It has an upright, slightly spreading habit and grows to 12 in (about 30 cm)

with a 20 in (about 50 cm)

tall

spread. Useful in rock gardens. Plant in full sun. in well-drained soil.

ZONES 6-10

Jberis

sempen

irens

Hypei k inn ailw inum

IBERIS

HOUTTUYNIA

an annual.

cordata Chamaeleon"

and

svn. H. cordata Yariegata'

in (about

A

and Japan,

this water-loving,

deciduous perennial makes a good ground cover but may become invasive. It is a vigorous plant, growing

up

to

24

in

(about 60 cm) in height

It grows from underground runners which send up bright red branched stems

with an indefinite spread.

bearing aromatic,

leather)', heart-

shaped leaves splashed with yellow and red. Small sprays of white flowers are borne in summer. It prefers a damp, semi-shaded position and will

grow

in shallow water at the

edge of streams and ponds. Propagate from runners in spring.

has an upright habit

growing to a height of 24 60 cm) and spread of (about 30-45 cm). It has

is fast

12-18 native of the Himalayas, Indo-

nesia

It

in

These annuals and perennials are mainly from southern Europe, western Asia and the Mediterranean

decorative, oblong, divided, bluish

area.

green leaves and bears rich, glow-

decorative plants and are excellent

ing, clear yellow, single, 3 in (about

for

cm) wide, tulip-shaped flowers in summer and earl)* fall. It prefers a warm, sunny position and slightly 7.5

Deadhead plants regularly to prolong flowering and provide support in exposed areas. Water liberally in hot weather to keep plants in bloom. Propagate from seed in spring the plants do not transplant well so seed should be sown where the alkaline, well-drained soil.

—

white, red and purple, or in erect

racemes of pure white flowers. They are widely used in floral arrangements. Some species are only short lived, flowering

Propagate from seed in

I.

This large genus of perennials and

deciduous, semi-evergreen or ever-

MEXICAN TL LIP POPPY

green sub-shrubs and shrubs are grown for their bright yellow flow-

poppy

is

usually grow-n as

prominent showy stamens. In a mild temperate climate they provide year-round color. There

ers with

are prostrate species excellent for

rock gardens and large flowered Larger species need semi-shade and a fertile, not too dry, soil; the

smaller types prefer

well-drained resistant.

soil.

full

Most

sun and

Propagate perennials

leaves are occasionally attacked

and should be sprayed with a fungicide if this occurs. Most of the species benefit from winter by

rust

Native to the United

Europe,

H. calycinum ST-JOHN'S-WORT

An evergreen or semi-evergreen dwarf shrub with dark green foliage grows to a height of around 1 in (about 30 cm) with an indefinite that

good ground cover and bears large yellow flowers up to 4 in (about 10 cm) wide from midsummer to mid-fall. It grows in sun or shade, and is ideal for massed planting. Propagate by softwood cuttings in summer. Houttuynia cordata Chamaeleon'

It is

5-10

Kingdom and

this fast-growing

annual

has lance-shaped, mid-green leaves

and produces show)- racemes of fragrant, pure white flowers in early

spring and summer.

bushy

habit,

5 in (about

it

Of an

erect,

reaches a height of

38 cm) and a spread of

6 in (about 15 cm). The Hyacinthflowered Series has

flattish

heads of

large, scented, 4-petaled flowers in

a variety of colors.

ZONES 4-10 I.

sempen- irens

PERENNIAL CANDYTUFT

A low.

spreading, evergreen peren-

nial, this species is ideal for

gardens.

It

rock

has narrow, dark green

and dense, rounded heads of It grows to a height of 6-12 in (about 15-30 cm) and a spread of 20-24 in (about 50-60 cm). The cultivar "Snow-flake', which also has white flowers in spring, is most attractive. leaves

white flowers in spring.

mulching.

spread.

amara

are frost

from seed or by division in spnng or fall, and sub-shrubs and shrubs from softwood cuttings in summer.

The

or semi-

fall

summer.

ROCKET CANDYTUFT, HYACINTH-FLOWERED CANDYTUFT

1

species striking in garden displays.

Hunnanannia fumariifolia

themselves into

They require a warm, sunny position and a well-drained, light soil, preferably with added lime or dolomite. Water regularly. oblivion.

ripe cuttings in

fumariifolia

fornian

flowers are borne in

plants are to remain.

HYPERICUM

perennials, this relative of the Cali-

Showy

either flattish heads in colors of

ZONES 9-10

HUNNEMANNIA

of the best yellow-flowered

are highly regarded as

rock gardens, bedding and bor-

dering.

ZONES 6-10

One

They

ZONES 3-10 I.

umbcllata

a

GLOBE CANDYTUFT

Native to the Mediterranean region, this

upright annual has lance-

shaped, mid-green leaves and

flat-

heads of mauve, lilac, pink, purple, carmine or white flowers

tish

late

spring and summer.

in

Of a bushy

habit,

grows

it

to a height ol

1

6

m

(about 40 cm) and a spread of 12 in

A

(about 30 cm). lasts

it

useful cut flower,

well in fresh arrangements

while the seed heads can be used for

dry arrangements. Plant in part

sun in average soil Sow seed where they are to be planted. or

full

ZONES 3-10

1MPAT1EXS BUsWI TOICH-MENOT.JEWELWEED This large genus of succulent annu-

and mainly evergreen perennials from the subtropics and tropics of Asia and Africa. They are useful for colorful summer bedding displays and for indoor and patio als

Impatiens balsamina

are

plants Flowers

come

in an ever-

increasing range of colors.

Many

hybrid strains are perennial in mild

or they

grown

grow

sun or semi-shade, many

in

They

will

species doing well under overhang-

ing trees.

They

prefer a moist but

and need protection from strong winds Tip prune freely

drained

variegated with

age shrubby growth and

impatience with

spurred, pink, orange, red or

sometimes with white markings. 'Tango' has deep orange flowers, while Red Magic' has scarlet. They do well in brightly lit positions indoors.

ZONES /.

10-11

sodoiii

bushy annual with lanceshaped, bright green leaves and erect,

small, camellia-like single or

lilac

all

single (low-

year round in

mild climates. It grows to a height of 4 ft (about 1.2 m) with a spread of 24 in (about 60 cm). Propagate from seed or stem cuttings in spring or

This fleshy-rooted, clump-forming

perennial

and borders. It has handsome, fernlike foliage and erect stems bearing 3 in (about 7 5 cm) long, trumpetshaped, rosy purple flowers in sum-

grow to a height 60 cm) and a spread ol 12 in (about 30 cm), but die down early in fall. Grow in a sunny situation in rich, well-drained soil

but protect with

compost mulch

>ced or b) di\ ision spring or

ol

old

clumps

in

blood-red, purple-red, pink, yellow

Name

and white, some spotted It is fairly fast growing to a height of 30 in (about 76 cm) and a spread of IK m (about 41 cm is good (or bedding displays in sunny

succulent, evergreen perennial

has

M

1

IZZII

PUIIM

worth

an annual

soft, fleshy

INI

PI

in cool

oi the northern hemisphere The majority are clump-forming, rhizomatous perennials, although a significant number grow from bulbs (.these can be found in that chapter) The rhizomotous irises are divided into (our groups the bearded irises, distinguished by the tult ol hairs u he beard") on the three lower petals, the beardless irises, which ha\e none, the crested or Evansia irises, which have a raised crest in

lieu ol a

(

Mil

I

limates

pink.

(.11

I

in

allied to the lasi

SKYROi

IV

adapts

easil) to

ol

w estem

gardens where the

summei humidity

bearded

i\

pes

hose

I

arc native to the eastern

Medi-

low

is

l

and hoi dr) summers

to flourish;

the pale gray

is

likel) to

1

susiana

be -ecu

the mosi

in specialist cata

logues All the rhizomatous irises have sword shaped leaves, some

Asa

divided leaves delicatel) clothe

times evergreen

slendei stems

cold hard) and prefei sun;

cm)

tall

ti

with a

l

in

nly8

s;

m) slender,

in

rerminal clusters

(aboul

trumper flowers

mini

1

America, this show) biennial

ivendei and whiti

New Guinea hybrids

Kl

Native to the mountains i

and

thai look like

beard and are mostl) rather

cold climates; and the ver) and beautiful Oncocyclus irises,

tender

is

purred flowi

ins.

which are

of

temperate regions

5-11

5(

stems with reddish

strip.

all

cultivating, are native to the

terranean and need cold winters 1

to tropical East Africa, this

n as It

BI

species, almost

fall.

aggregata

wciUcuina

IMPATIENS

.

a

during cold winter. Propagate from

This genus of more than 200

rare

dance throughout summer and early fall Color range includes

/

useful for rock gardens

is

IPOMOPSIS /

It

IRIS

HARDY GLOXINIA

summer

double

spurred flowers produced in abun-

i

IRJS

delavayi

of 24 in (about

white or pale

sun and a well-drained soil. Plant in masses for the best effect; ideal tor mountain wildtlower meadows. ZONES 4—11

climates, the plants

Many

An

shade.

10-11

softwooded perennial has whorls ol 4 to 10 waxy, oval, pale green leaves w uh toothed margins. ing,

ers appear nearly

GARDEN BALSAM

in partial

mer. Best suited to cool, temperate

their pods.

balsamina

ZONES

bedding

well.

This vigorous and profusely (lower-

which the seeds explode from

J.

Water

cream, white or yellow. Flowers are

more

abundant flowers. Propagate from seed or stem cuttings in spring or summer. Their botanical name

useful for

INCARVILLEA

soil,

the fast-growing shoots to encour-

refers to the

may be

cerise,

usually

as annuals.

they

grow to a height and spread oi 1 2-20 in (about 30-50 cm). Leaves are oval, pointed and bronze-green.

flat,

climates but in colder climates are

Impatiens wallerana

New Guinean species,

variable

2

lighl

ol

icm) long up the lai

the soil

rule the) are

some

b Ml are easil)

grown and

A group

dl

fast-growing

p<

s<

arlel

ally

•

or M>lt

livisions,

sive hybi

I. ill

A populai

late

ii

'11

and

yellow

updated •

are

ited b) division in late

B( SV II//IF

v'.nh theii bright

m

full

ol

noisl

rhevarietii

are simply indicative ol the range available

108

.A

i!

ii

ii

ci

&

Is

P

e

i

e n n

(i

i

s

I

...

NEW MEXICO

A Field Trip to the Guadalupe Mountains National Park lhe

country of the

prairie

USA

is

home

to a host of wild-

flowers, a

number

gardens

over the world. Although the prairies are large,

all

relatively flat

of

which have found

expanses of

many

way

their

into

different grasses, extensive

stands of one or a few wildflower species can sometimes occur, creating a wildflower lover's delight.

Driving along any of the major highways in Texas from

March through to May, particularly following a season of good rainfall, you are likely to be greeted with a kaleidoscope of wildflowers.

Although the regions,

you

prairie

country consists mainly of vast

are always close to mountains,

turous wildflower lover can

move between

flat

and the advendifferent elev-

ations to extend the viewing range, as the delayed spring of

higher altitudes causes the lowland species to flower

One

of the

most

later.

distinctive of these prairie wildflowers is

the daisy, Indian blanket (Gaillardia pulchella), with

its

bright,

almost gaudy, color scheme. Native to a wide area of the southern and central USA from Arizona to Texas, north to

—

Colorado and Nebraska and south into Mexico

—

it is

found

A huge

drift of

Indian blanket creates a colorful expanse.

\

mainly ou the sandy prairies and

the desert regions.

In

n n

it

ii

I

'.

i

/'

c

i

c n n

i

a

I

Its

name, Gaillardia pulchella, which incorporates the name of Gailard de Charentoneau, a French patron oi botany, and the Latin word for "pretty," hardly conveys the vividness scientific

of

its

floral display. Its

common name,

appropriately describes

its

Indian blanket, more

good

habit, after a

rainfall season,

of spreading over wide areas of the prairie in a series of

flamboyant patterns.

One

of the best places to view

G

pulchella

is

in the

dalupe Mountains National Park, on the border between

Gua-

New

Mexico and Texas. Traveling east from El Paso, take Route 62 for approximately 100 miles (about 160 km) until you reach the town of Pine Springs, just inside the park. From here, drive in a northeasterly direction, skirting the southern side of the park through the foothills of the

and up

Guadalupe Mountains

New Mexico, which forms the Among these foothills, you will see

border with

to the

park's northern boundary. that the Indian blanket

is

well adapted to colonizing roadside

making it easy to find. At first you will see the odd of color on a roadside bank and then, if you are lucky, a

verges, flash

appear over a worth stopping at these spots to explore the subtle variations in size and color of each population. These areas usually run into larger expanses of wildflowers further from the roadside walking through these is a memorable experience. The prairies often produce spectacular fields of wildflower mixtures and you may find the adaptable G. pulchella near other equally appealing flowers, such as the delicate white Queen Anne's lace (Daucus carota) and the strikingly blue Texas bluebonnet (Lupinus texensis). The Indian blanket can grow on high plains to 3300 ft (about 1000 m) above sea level, where there are dramatic fluctuations between day and night temperatures, and is adaptable enough to grow in conditions ranging from desert large

expanse of pure Indian blanket

meadow

or a disturbed area of

soil.

will

is

It

—

to

humid

sun and room

full

to spread.

It is

best suited to

porous, well-drained soils which mimic those found in fascinating aspect of the Indian blanket

shows when

it

range of colors the florets.

It

it

is

grown from

frequently

is

in

fall.

grown

so,

itself

(about 80 cm)

Alternatively,

can produce flowers can form if

is

the natural

A

as an annual, it

gated from soft-tip cuttings which,

months or

seed.

all

if

wonderful

can be easily propa-

sprawling specimen up to 32

a

its

six

year round. The Indian

not kept in check by tip pruning.

ers arc, of course,

and seed

renewed every

most outstanding

The

in

flow-

feature, the individual

heads being 1.5-2.5 in (about 4-6 cm) wide, with bristly scales lound among the florets. The leaves are a pleasing graygreen, approximately 3 in (about 7

cm)

in

length, often with

toothed margins.

genus of about 28 species of annuals and

a

into the sunflower tribe (Heliantheae). Gaillardia

falls

it

USA and

I

i

i

<

oloring

it

The most

distinctive

feature of Gaillardia

is

ray-florets), which are wedge-shaped and toothed at the apex. These contrast in color with the prominent dark

center of the flowerhead. Culti-

\ A^lVf^

vated gaillardias are

among

the hardiest

of garden flowers,

tolerating extreme

heat as well as col

and dryness, strong winds

and poor

soils.

Daisies form one oi

i

In

largest flower

ing plant families

wiih some 25000

>l

c

f,

is

Mexico, with three of its species also being found in South America. Only two species are generally known in gardens, the yellow-flowered perennial G. aristata and the bicoloured annual Indian blanket, G. pulchella. Both have been selected over a hundred years for their size and for the coloring of the flowers. A range of hybrids has arisen between them, the earliest of which were believed to have appeared spontaneously. The results of deliberate breeding for new strains are known collectively as G. X grandiflora. centered in the

species in

The Indian blanket is a stai attrai the prairie wilddower country Whether you wish to appreciate its ephemeral harm in the w ild oi ultivate in your own garden, pulchella will always reward you with both its adaptability and inspirational

is

its

obtained with interesting zigzag patterns on

is

should be sown

blanket

Gaillardia

perennials in the daisy (Asteraceae) family, within which

the circle of "petals" (the*

natural habitat.

A

Gaillardia

coastal areas. Being a prairie species, the Indian

blanket needs

variation

Gaillardia pulchella

1

I

iih (

00 genera. hiding

OSttlOS,

(

it/

in/)sis,

Rudbet kia

.mil Echinacea,

Gaillardia pulchella

I

09

—

Iris

bnd

Louisiana h\

exquisitely ruffled, pale blue or

white flowers in spring.

winter and

late

and

likes acid soil

It

a

shaded spot, and prefers

lightly

more or less There

a variety

is

wTth white-striped

although this

leaves,

a

frost-free climate.

is

rather shy

flowering.

I.

Louisiana hybrids

Mainly derived from allied species

Iris

Pacific Coast

hvbnds

Iris

c

6-10 in (.about 15-25 cm) creeper makes a satisfactory ground cover in shaded gardens Pale blue to lavender or purple flowers are held just foliage in spring

and

offer

a faint but sweet fragrance; the crest

on

the

/.

its

United States, these beardless irises are evergreen and bear flat, often

ristata

above the

fulva and from the southern

falls is

yellow or cream.

ruffled flowers. In late spring several

are usually a

little

wide range of colors

over 3

come

(about 90 cm). They

ft

in a very

—white, cream,

yellow, blue, mauve, magenta and purple.

It

woodsy, moist soil in the shade: it spreads slowy by rhizomes. Alba' is a vigorous cultivar with prefers a

on stems

flowers appear together

which

moist

They prefer sun and very and will grow perma-

soil

nently in shallow water of a pond.

The flowers

the edge

at

are excellent

for cutting.

white flowers

4-10 I. 7.

fris

japonica

ing upright petals

lower petals

band

"standards

("falls"),

of color

around

bearded hybrid

")

and

bearded hybrids

FLAG BEARDED

IRIS

Often classed under

which

J.

germanica,

only one of their ancestral species, the bearded irises are is

among the most

beautiful

and

widely grown of laie-spnng flowers. Their sword-shaped, grayish foliage is

handsome

in

its

own

right

and

mous

are available in

range of colors

is

called

temperate climate, sun and an alkaline,

but true red

—with many

well-drained

soil.

ZONES 3-10

varieties

featuring blended colors, contrast-

1.

ensata

grows to a height of 3 ft (about 90 cm) and bears purple flowers with yellow blotches in late spring. The many named garden varieties bear huge flowers, sometimes as much as 10 in (about 25 cm) wide, in shades of white, lavender, blue and purple, often blending two shades. The

down

foliage dies

The plants prefer

for the winter rich, acid soil

A woodland

iris

native to the south-

eastern United States, this delightful

the United States. In late spring they

bear 3 in (about 7.5 cm) wide flowers, usually beautifully

cream, yellow, blue, mauve and soil and and have the

bronze. They prefer acid

sun or

light shade,

reputation of being difficult to transplant.

Once it

a

clump

fall

through spring, let

they are not submerged in winter.

pletely dry out. Foliage

and dark green.

flowered all

/.

laevigata

can grow in

less in the

them comnarrow

is

ZONES 8-10

Both feature in Japa-

year.

pallida 'Yariegata'

nese paintings.

I.

ZONES

ORRIS

I.

estab-

while the plants are growing

freely

The

water

is

undisturbed. Water

summer, but do not

similar but slightly smaller

marked and

veined in a wide range of colors

happily in shallow water provided

5-11

iris from the Middle East features handsome

This splendid bearded

japonica

JAP\N[S[CRESTEDIR1S lea\es

from Japan

IRIS

species native to

lished, leave

and

I.

and other the West Coast of

douglasiana

from

is

the best

tall

known

species

of the

forms large clumps of almost evergreen, midgreen leaves and bears sprays of many 27; in (about 6.5.cm) wide.

crested species. CRESTED

I.

plenty of moisture, even growing

This 20 in (about 50 cm)

crisrara

mainly derived from

inrwminata,

Native to Japan and cultivated there

an enor-

—everything

irises are

IRIS

rather erratically. All prefer a

I.

They

JAPANESE WATER

IRIS

for centuries, the beardless

"plicata"). They can be divided into three groups: the dwarfs, which grow 6-15 in (about 15-38 cm") tall and flower earlier than the others; the intermediates, which are usually 15-28 in (about 38-71 cm) tall and (lower two to three weeks later; and the tall bearded irises, last to bloom and growing 3 ft (about 90 cm) or more tall. These are the most popular, and new introductions are available even year from breeders in the United States, the United Kingdom. Australia and New Zealand. Some of the newer varieties, described as "remontant ", flower a second time in late summer or tail, though

the flower stems bear several flowers.

These almost evergreen, beardless

kaempferi

basically

-

I.

/.

JAPANESE

or a broad

white flowers (this pattern

Iris

cnsata

syn. (

Pacific Coast hybrids

It

which

are striped in gray-

green and cream.

Its

pale blue,

lightly scented flowers are 3 7;

ft

(about

1

bome on

m) high stems

spring. Cultivation

the bearded irises.

is

the

in late

same

as for

01

/'S('ll(/(ll

/

YELLOW

u,

11

from

\(.

fall

weathei

From Europi thi has handsome, mid-green

A beardless watei Flag [eaves

iris

and profuse brighi yellow

Flowers

spring

in late

here

I

is

and

grown plants

also a

arc delightful, easily

garden pond

for a

to spring is

mild the) are lovely

cutting and will cul in Inul

I

lasl

for

or 4 days

'

he typical form

is

ONI

9

•

pseudacorus 'Variegata'

daikei blue varieties available. All

vigorous than

whites through yellows and

flower,

Little

ZONES

creamy

flowers; 'Atlanta' has soft

in

30 cm) to 4

«

8-11

this

lime- free soil in order to flourish. In best of the irises for the

make

strongly

late

summer it

bears pale yellow,

(about 90 cm) high,

ft

(about 60-120 cm). In

late

spring

summer stems

rise

above

forming a clump about the same distance across. It does best in part or complete shade. Propagate by

to sev-

division in

or early

and present one

the foliage eral

ft

narrow-petaled, blue, purple or

ZONES

fall

or spring.

full

sun

to

shade (particularly in hot areas), a moderately moist, rich soil that may be slightly acid and

KNIPHOFIA

a very light

w-ater

during the hottest periods.

/.

spuria,

den

orientalis

/.

and

their

mainly from eastern Europe and western Asia, are beauallied species,

tiful

plants in their

have been

much

own

right, they

hybridized. The

more common hybrids bear many flowers on 3 'A ft (about m) high stems in early summer. The colors 1

are mainly in the white, yellow

and

blue range. All prefer sun, rich

soil,

and lavish watering while they are growing and flowering, but need minimal watering during the summer.

J.

some

of

which

for a

to

long time. They are up-

right, tufted plants

grass-like foliage

with long,

and

tall,

bare stems

carrying showy, brightly colored

tubular flowers in dense racemes.

They require an open position in full sun and a well-drained soil; though they prefer plenty of water during the growing season, many have proven drought tolerant in the dry summers of the West. They tolerate wind well and are often seen growing close to the coast. From spring on, fertilize monthly to increase size and quality of blooms. Remove dead flower stems and fall.

They

are excellent

cut flowers, looking very IRIS

upon

a brilliant display in the gar-

leaves in late

unguicularis

WIMIR

Native to southern Africa these stately perennials,

make

spuria hybrids

While

RED-HOT POKER. TORCH LILY

are evergreen, can be relied

ZONES 4-10 I.

when combined

good

with agapanthus.

This evergreen, beardless species

Propagate species from seed or by

from north Africa

division in spring, cultivars by divi-

Iris

unguii ula\

Is

is

2 m).

creamy

many have two

scarlet;

or three colors per

Maid' has spikes

ol

valued for us

i

irengi

tall

perennial w

ith large,

strap-

shaped, strongly channeled leaves

and dense racemes of tubular

scarlet

become orange-yellow

with age. Flowers in

late

summer

and fall and grows to a height of 37 It (about 1 m) with a spread of 20 in (about 50 cm). :

ZONES

6-11

Kniphofia Atlanta' Jris

5-9

white flowers, often veined in a

deeper color. They prefer

I

olor varies from

flowers that

shuttlecock-shaped flowers on arching stems 3

of slender bright

green leaves to a height of 2-4

2 in

oranges to hot corals and

A

moist conditions and needs a deep, SIBERIAN IRIS

clumps

i

I

POKER P1ANT

unusual

perennial which thrives in cool,

sibcrica

vertical

lowei

from

(about

K. uvaria

From Japan comes

border, the Siberians

I

It

KIRENGESHOMA palmata

4-0

Among the

[eights range

I

/.

pseudacorus.

I.

(about

warm, sunn) posiwhere they don't get too much summer sun, and in slightly alkaline he flowers on then 8 in soil (about 20 cm) stems will be more conspicuous the luxuriant Foliage in back in late fall.

red flowers.

months, then often turning green is less

great man) hybrids have been developed over the years, using K uvaria and other spec ies

flowei besl in a

striped foliage during the spring

It

alli.u tive to

A

tion

i

summer.

hey are

K. hybrids

il

This strain has yellow and green-

I

il

pale

I

/

sion in spring

hummingbirds

Whciievei the

blue but there are also white and

Form with variegated leaves Both prcfei lo glow m shallow water and rich soil,

Mowers

habii oi bearing its scented

IIS

w hirii

.


pseudacorus Variegata'

cm

with

I

spread of 3

a

cm). The plants prefer

shade and

a

ft

(about 90

full to partial

moist, well-drained

Propagate by separating rooted

soil.

stems

in spring.

There are several

more silver in the and more compact growth:

cultivars with

leaves

'Beacon

Silver'

with pink flowers;

White Nancy' with white

flowers;

and 'Pink Pewter' with silvery-pink Rowers. 5-10

LAVATERA Lavatera ilun ingiaca

KOCHIA scoparia

Closely related to the hollyhock and

frichophylla

f.

syn. Bdssia scoparia FIRE BUSH.

f.

hibiscus, this

trichophylla

A very bushy annual

group of annuals, and soft-

biennials, perennials

BURNING BUSH

wooded shrubs

are popular for then

usually large, colorful mallow

native to

southern Europe and grown for us narrow, lance-shaped, 2-3 in

How

season. Unfortunately, however,

purplish red in

even the perennials are not long lived. Upright in habit with simply to palmately lobed leaves, often

dull

woolly to the touch. All prefer a

(about 5—7.5 cm) long,

soft, light

green leaves that turn a

brilliant

for

fall. The flowers are and inconspicuous. It is useful bedding and for pot plants.

Moderately

fast

a height of 3

growing,

it

reaches

spread of 24 in (about 60 cm). prefers a

It

warm, open, sun-exposed

position sheltered from harsh

winds

— provide support

Pruning

blooms

after a flush of

encourage branching and more flowers. Propagate from seed sown

will

in place as cuttings

do not

strike

well.

in very

ihuringiaca

L.

should be moderate!) fertile and well drained. Tip prune young plants to encourage denser growth. Propagate from seed

windy

sunn)- site with any well-drained soil.

(about 90 cm) and a

ft

areas. Soil

in spring;

readily self seeds

it

and

can become invasive.

TREE LAVATERA

A

fairly

recent introduction to

American gardens, this shrubby perennial produces a glorious display of rosy-pink, hollyhock-like

summer on

flowers

all

bushes

to 5

ft

sturdy

(about 1.5

m) in

LAMIASTRUM

height. Softly hairy, grayish green

galcobdolon Variegatum'

leaves are an attractive

syn. Galcobdolon argentatum,

flowers. Native to the Mediterra-

Lamium galcobdolon Variegatum'

nean, they prefer

YELLOW ARCHANGEL

drained

is

much

now several

there are

cultivars avail-

Bamsley'

is

nearly white with a

deep pink center; 'Bredon Springs'

stems of oval, coarsely

is

toothed, silver-marked, mid-green

a rich pink 5_io

.

It is

sun, a well-

and average water. Use

able with distinct flower colors:

under deciduous trees. It spreads fast from runners, producing long

leaves.

full

for the

colorful hedge. Easy from seed,

favored as ground

cover in shaded places, particularly

trailing

soil

foil

the back of a border or as a

at

This semi-evergreen carpeting perennial

-

generally produced over a long

ers,

inclined to be rampant

but can easily be controlled. Yellow

form to those of Lamium, are produced in summer. It grows to around 12 in (about 30 cm) in height with an indefinite spread. Culture as for Lamium. Cut back lightly after flowering. flowers, similar in

trimestris

L.

\\M u MALLOW This shrubby annual, native to the Mediterranean, its

brilliant

is

grown mainly

lor

white or pink, silken

flowers which closely resemble a hibiscus. Flowers are 3 in (about

i-10

7.5

mer

LAMIUM

cm) wide and appear from sumto early fall. They are short

lived but are borne in profusion,

maculatum

benefiting from regular dead-headSPOTTED DEAD NETTLE ing.

A semi-evergreen

perennial, this

popular flowering ground cover the shade. It has mauve-tinged,

is

a

for

deeply toothed leaves with central silvery stripes

and

carries clusters of

pinkish flowers in spring and sum-

mer. Mat forming, Leonotis leonurus

Kochia scoparia

I.

trichophylla

it

grows

height of 10-12 in (about

to a

25-30

Leaves are oval, lobed and mid-

green.

habit

It

has an erect, branching

and

is

moderately fast growing 2-4 ft (about 60-120

to a height of

cm) and spread

of 24

m (about 60

cm). 'Silver Cup' has lovely dark

pink flowers. white.

Mont

Blanc'

is

pure

\

LEONOTIS

foliage

lump forming,

c

heighi

.i

leonurus

cm) with 60 shrubby perennial

popular

is

ol

in

warm. dr\ gardens A striking plant, (about 8 m oi growing to 6 li

more,

ii

whorls

1

ol

tawn) orange, Furry,

bular flowers

m

late

tu-

summer and

aromatic

24

ol

in

and well-drained, 1

a

sunny

light soil

winter or early

late

Do

soil

from seed

in

trol

summer To

con-

height and encourage vigorous

flowering stems, cut back hard in spring. There

is

a

white variety

gions of Europe and Asia, these

superbum syn. Chrysanthemum maximum

attack by slugs and snails.

from seed

L.

This robust perennial grows to a height and spread of 3

cm).

It

has large, daisy-like, white

flowerheads with golden centers

The (lowers

are

are available with

Give

petals.

full

sun, a well-drained soil and average water. Divide

and replant

A compact

even.-

two

years for best flowering.

LI

grown for its and showy heads of has kidney-shaped,

long-stalked, leathery, brownish

large, 3 in (about 7.5

ATMS

cm) wide

orange-yellow flowerheads on long

branching stems in summer. forming, it grows to a height (about 1.2

1

grow

in the sun. Plant in

fertile soil. fall.

s

/'

i

I

I

II

i

II

I

(I

I

•>

/

/

J

latifolium \l

WINOIK

fall.

A tall-stemmed

perennial bearing

clusters ol la\ender-bluc or bluish <>r

a long period over

summer. Clump forming, it grows to a height of 24-36 in (about 60—90 cm) and a spread of H in (about 45 cm), with large leaves. 1

The dried flower stems have a delicate,

misty appearance They are

attractive to bees.

Cut stems down Propagate b)

Keep

a look out for

I

MMlUlMmi

\NN1

UMUK

This stance

I

is

a bushy, upright per-

ennial almost always

grown

as an

annual It produces dense rosettes of oblong, deeply waved, dark green

LlMOmUM

and bears masses of tiny blue, pink or white papery flowers on \\ inged stems. Flowers in summer and early fall. It is fairly slow growleaves

STATICE. SEA LAVENDER

These sub-shrubs and perennials, sometimes grown as annuals, are popular for their paper)-,

many

ing to a height of 20 in (about 50

colored flowers, w hich can be cut

cm) and

and dried for decoration. Flowers should be cut just as they open and

30 cm).

to

a

spread of 12 in (about

dry in a cool,

They are good mixed border plants and excellent rock garden plants and are easily grown in full sun and well-drained, sandy soil. Their need for minimal maintenance and tolerance to seaspray and low rainfall make them a good choice for seaside and second home gardens. Plants will benefit from

m) and

a

Clump ol

4

ft

spread of 24 in

light fertilizing in

spring while

flow erheads are developing. Propa-

gate

by division

in spring,

from seed

(about 60 cm). This species will

in early spring or

grow happily

cuttings in late winter. Transplant

ZONE>

1

I

airy place.

perennial

It

about

A frost-tolerant plant ideal damp, shady area, although it

hung upside down

GOLDEN GROIND5EL

green leaves and bears clusters of

either single or double flowers,

some with fnnged

Prone to

orum Desdemona'

cli\

daisy flowers.

m

the dark, shiny, toothed leaves

spring or

fall.

(

--it

Desdemona'

dentata

striking foliage

earned high over

summer. Cultivars

in spring or

syn. Sciicr io

(about 90

ft

in

in late

slug and snail attacks.

in

summer. Some species grow up to 7 A ft ubout 22 m) tall and 3 It (aboul 90 cm" wide They prefer a moist, well-drained soil and will grow in either sun or semi-shade. Propagate by division

SHASTA DAISY

height and spread of 24 in

spring or

1

x

branched stems

This species grows to a

division in spring or from seed in

Originally from the temperate re-

LEUCANTHEMUM

ll

and green leaves

arising Irom

to the base in

racemes of daisy-like flowers

grown has

It

ol daisy-like H

damp,

LIGULARIA

perennials produce large clusters or

spring or softwood

cuttings in early

led gold

is

with clusters

will also

over-water. These plants are de-

well in coastal situations. Propagate

Us foliage and How ers

for a

j-10

pendably drought tolerant and do

lor

60 em

spring.

not

II

SI

This herbaceous perennial

summer

Transplant w hen

dormant during

Aureomaculata'

tussilaginea

hey do not

division in earl) spring or from seed fall.

/

II

(aboul

requires a sunny posi-

It

and well-drained

tion

to

high humidity Propagate by

Leaves arc lance shaped and

tall

grows

LEOPARD PI \ni

reasonable quality

like

it

(ab

he plants require

1

in spring or

stems with

bears vertical

tin

li

spread

,i

1

situation

Native to Africa, this evergreen

4

ol 2

11

at the

-

edge of ponds

fall,

or from root

during winter or early spring.

spicata syn. L. callilepis

sPIM G

X

1 !

FEATHER BLAZING

ST ^R

This upright perennial from the prairies of central

North America

a desirable cut flower

and

a

is

good

and bee-attracting plant. The flowers are lilac-purple and are produced in crowded, fluffybutterfly

—

spikes late

top

like a feather

duster

—

in

summer They open from the dow nwards, the opposite of

most flowering spikes. The species has thickened, corm-like

and basal

/

inii'iiiiiin

tufts of grassy,

latifolium

r<

>.

mid-green

I

1111. 'Illlllll

Wllllilllllll

/

igularia (ussitagini a

Vureomai ulata

I

I

Annuals &

4

P

c

/

<

ii

n

LINARIA

i

a

I

s

grow n

are

maroccana Fairy Bouquet'

and

border. TOADFLAX, BABY SNAPDRAGON

lor their

profuse blooms

garden or in a sunny spot with

are useful in a rock

Grow

average, well-drained

soil;

some

Native to Morocco, this fast-grow-

species need shelter in cool

bushy annual is a useful bedding plant, giving a long and

mates. Propagate the annuals, bien-

ing,

colorful displa) ol flowers in spring. It

bears sprays of small, snap-

dragon-like flowers in colors of

and perennials from seed in fall and perennials by division in spring or fall. Most species self sow

It

and It

23 cm)

4 in (about 10 cm). prefers sun or light shade and a a spread of

well-drained, neutral well in

i

it

Water

he early stages of growth.

Propagate from seed fall;

soil.

in

spring or

also self seeds freel)

summer

full

sun.

SCARLET

L.

more.

It

flowers and lance-shaped, gray-

grass-like leaves

open, funnel-shaped,

short but can be extended

sowing seed

at

monthly

by

intervals.

has a slim, erect habit and

and

It

light

blue

to a height of

It will grow in sun but preshade and well-drained, moderately fertile soil. Propagate by

fers

division in early spring or from

seed in

fall.

LOBELIA

LIRIOPE BIG BLUE LILYTURF

narbonense This clumping evergreen peren-

— one of species of genus and nam — a useful casual ground 5

nial

the blue

with deep, sky-blue, funnel-

is

widely distributed

in

temperate regions, particularly

ZONES 5-10

flaxes,

grows

(about 30-60 cm) with a

perennials

5-10

muscari

FLAX

The most handsome of all

It

This large genus of annuals and

summer.

is fairly

(about 15 cm).

L.

in

flowers that are borne throughout

growing to a height of 20 in (about 50 cm) and spread of 6 in

These annuals, biennials, perennials, sub-shrubs and shrubs, some of which are evergreen, are distributed widely in temperate regions They

rounded,

clusters of

fast

LiNUM

erect spikes of

bell-shaped, violet flowers in late

has slender stems with

green leaves. The flowering period is

a

spread of 18 in (about 45 cm) or

deep red

m. 'Variegata' has variegated leaves),

and bears

foliage.

vigorous, upright perennial form-

(about 30-60 cm) high with

small, rounded, flatttsh,

has grass-

flower spikes held just above the

\\

Native to Algeria, this annual has

It

shining, dark green leaves (L

spread of 12 in (about 30 cm), with

perenne

ing an open, bushy plant 12-24 in II

like,

12-24

A

grandiflorum 'Rubrum'

has lance-

to a height ol 9 in (about

sheltered site in

BLUE FLAX

readily. L.

shaped, pale green leaves and grows

cover or path edging.

nials

gold, pink, mauve, apricot, cream,

purple and yellow.

cli-

shaped flowers that last for manyweeks in summer, borne on slender stems and forming a clump 18 in (about 45 cm) high and wide. It needs a well-drained soil and a

a

native to China, Japan is

Viet-

America and Africa. Growth habits vary from low bedding plants to tall, herbaceous perennials. They are all grown for their ornamental flowers and neat foliage and make excellent edging, flower box, hanging basket and rock garden specimens. Some are suitable in wild gardens or by

grown loam enriched with animal manure or compost. Most grow in sun or semithe waterside.

They

are best

in a well-drained, moist, light

shade. Prune after the

first

flush of

flowers to encourage repeat flowering,

and

liquid

fertilize

weekly with

manure dunng

a

the season.

Propagate annuals from seed in spring, perennial species from seed

or by division in spring or

fall

and

perennial cultivars by division only.

Transplant from

late fall until early

spring. L. cardincilis

CARDINAL FLOWER

A clump-forming perennial

useful

wet places and beside streams and ponds. From late summer to mid- fall it produces for

growing

in

spikes of brilliant scarlet-red flowers

on branching stems above green or deep bronzy purple foliage. Grows to a height of 3 ft (about 90 cm) and a spread of 12 in (about 30 cm). It requires moist soil and semi-shade and is very attractive to hummingbirds.

Liriope muscari Variegata'

Linum grandiflorum Rubrum

:

i

i

'

•

/.

.

>

V; uu

«: ?w %

:

•s

t!r)

$> t&

•

i

{v /

:''/ : ;-•

s

Lobelia crinus

i

erinus

L.

-

:

:

'

'

'

'

.

EDC.IM.I0BEL1A •'

This slow -growing, compact annual is

native to South Africa.

'

{

has a

It

v

A

sometimes semi-trailing

tufted,

habit with dense oval to lance-

shaped leaves It bears small, twolipped Rowers from spring through early

the typical color

fall;

grows

4-8

to a height of

blue.

is

in

-

It

(about

0-20 cm) and a spread of 4-6 in about 10-15 cm). Water sparingly and feed regularly Excellent for edging, rockeries, pots and hanging baskets Cambridge Blue' is a pale 1

blue; Crystal Palace'

Sapphire'

is

is

White and pink

I

*^L

Lobularia maritima

LOTUS

dark blue;

good blue

a

- :j

At

.

berthelotii

trailer.

cultivars are also

PARROT'S BEAK

available.

Native to the Cape Yerde and Ca-

nary Islands, this semi-evergreen,

x gcrardii 'Yedrariensis'

L.

A

hybrid of L cardinalis and

trailing perennial is suitable for

L

clump-forming peran excellent border plant.

syphilitica, this

ennial

is

to a height of 3

g

ft

tops of walls.

branches of

(.about

90 cm) and a spread of 1 2 in about 30 cmV It produces racemes of two-lipped, violet-blue flowers

summer. Leaves are dark green and lance shaped. It prefers in late

full

hanging baskets, ground cover or banks or the

spilling over rockeries, It

fine

has hairy,

clusters of pea-like, scarlet flowers

cover the plant in spring and early

summer. Grows to 12 in about 30 cm) tall with an indefinite spread. It requires a fairly sunny situation and well-drained, coarse

sun.

silver}'

needle leaves and

with

a little

soil,

preferably

added peat or other

Lobelia Xgerardii Yedrariensis'

cmV a

organic matter.

warm

prune young shoots to encourage dense foliage Propagate from cuttings taken in summer or from seed in

LOB11.4RJ4 maritima syn. Alyssum

best suited to

It is

maritimum

SWEET U.YSSUM

coastal gardens. Tip

spring or Native to southern Europe and

fall.

lar

a widely

is

edging, rock garden or

box

plant.

It

popu-

window

produces masses of

LUNARJA

sun or

moderately fertile, well-drained Propagate from seed in spring

soil.

This plant

or

fall.

in

most climates.

sell

sows

readily

sMi

/

.

biennis

southern Europe and the Mediterra-

has a low, rounded, compact

large

grown

A

shades are also available

pi\t

genus

ol

annuals and peren-

mainly name to North America and southern Europe,

and

MONEY

ti

A

nials

annua

honey-scented, 4-petaled white flowers over a long season from spring to early fall Lilac, pink

li

in either

LUPINUS

tiny,

violet

grow

9-11

western Asia, this last-growing.

spreading annual

will

It

shade, but prefers partial shade and

PI

V\t HONEST)

fast-growing biennial

nean coast,

lor their ease ol culture,

Luna rid annua

rapid growth and large spikes of

this plant

is

name grown

to

for

showy pea flowers

in a

range

ol

colors including blue, purple, pink.

earl) spring.

and

white, yellow, orange and red. They /

habit with lance-shaped, grayish

its

green leaves and grow

fruits

s

to a height

3-6

in

labout 7 5-15

spread

ot

H-12

of

in

i

about

cm and I

a

sun and

well-drained

and after

soil

likes a fertile,

iood

(

It

d,

fol

white or

\

and beats heads

4-petaled ros) magenta,

iolet-purple flowers in

spring and earl)

summer

translucent

flowering to eni

which

membrane,

are used in dried Moral ar-

'

:

pring

grouped with bearded bedding schemes and arcgood naturalized Grow in an open, sunny position in a well-drained soil; water during the growing

grows

in

dry areas

a

spread

ol 12

il

ii

out lor slugs

hartwegii

urs

i

on van

1

pis

1

Native to Mexico this annual has

compact, il

71

erect

growth

to

cm) high with

llu\

It

a

spread

has hairy,

enjoy high humidit) and should be

palmate, darl

mulched

slender spikes ol pea flowers in

in

drv areas Spent

should be cut awa) life

and

to

Hi

prolong plant ding eed

and

.

ful

son and mulch

l

followed

be.

tinuousl

and curious

has pointed, oval, serrated.

bright green leaves

2

besi in a dryish position in full

attractive flowers

Watch

snails.

in fall

forms from cuttin

ol

-and

blue, while or pink are

ibundantl) ind earl)

in late

summer

winter.

ol

,

,

1

J

L.,

6

.A

m

ii

ii


Is

&

P

t

i

t n

11

Russell hybrids

This fine strain of perennial lupines bears long spikes of large brilliant .

strongly colored flowers (in shades of cream, pink, orange, blue or violet),

some

of

which

that.

There are also

dwarf strains, such as the 24 in (60 cm) high Little Lulu'. Cut back flowering stems to ground level in late fall and divide and replant clumps between fall and early spring even.' two or three These hybrids require a richer, slightly acid soil than do most of the and prefer cool summers with high humidity. Even under the best of conditions they are prone to a number of pests and diseases. -

ii

s

I

annuals, biennials and perennials

flowers. Foliage

grown for their attractive summer flowers, borne in cymes in white through to reds and magenta. They are easily grown in sunny sites in any well-drained soil on an west-

in a

are

are

bicolored, in late spring and summer. They produce a magnificent clump of handsome, deeply divided, mid-green leaves, growing to a height of 3 ft (about 90 cm) with a

spread of half

1

minimize temperatures, and an annual

erly or northerly slope to soil

feeding in

Remove spent stems and dead-head

fre-

quently to prolong the flowering period. Propagate by division or

from seed in

They

self

fall

or early spring.

seed readily. These plants

have been cultivated for

many cen-

turies.

LYSIMACHIA punctata YELLOW LOOSESTRIFE

A clump-forming perennial with mid-green leaves and lightly branched stems that in summer cam a great massed display of bril-

LYSICH1TOS camtschatcensis

liant yellow. starr\- flowers

SklNk CABBAGE

duced

Native to Siberia and northern Japan this deciduous perennial is a

for

in whorls.

bedding, rock gardens or beside

pools and streams

It grows erect to and spread of around 28 in (about 71 cm). It prefers a sunny situation and moist but welldrained soil. Propagate by division

marsh plant useful for planting in damp, boggy soils and on pond edges. It has handsome, arum-like, pure white spathes surrounding

a height

spikes of small insignificant flowers

in

fall,

winter or early spring, or

followed by tufts of bold, bright

green foliage arising from a creeping

plant

A clump-forming perennial, some-

rhizome

coronana

times grown as a biennial, this plant

grows It

24

60 45 Africa, Asia and dense clump of

to a height of

cm) and

in (about

a spread of 18 in (about

is

native to

forms a white, woolly leaves: It

A

cerise flowers It

it

in spring

and

are

grows to a height of 30 K>ut 76 cm) and a spread of 24 in (about 60 cm). It prefers full sun but will tolerate semi-shade. They require a cold and frosty winter climate and are happy growing in both running and still water. Propagate from seed in late summer.

throughout summer. thrives in most areas and self sows

readily. Plant

bome

•

was grown

a

mate leaves and bears dark blue and white flowers in

late spring. Easily

grown, it thrives in poor soils and quick to flower from seed. This is the state flower of Texas

is

sunny

>-9

MACLEAYA coi'data syn. Bocconia cordaia

PLUME POPPY

Native to China and Japan, this perennial grows to 8

in moist, rich soil in

position. Alba'

is

a white-

flowered cultivar. In ancient times the flowers were used and crowns.

L. x

for garlands

haagena

A short-lived, clump-forming per-

LYCHNIS

ennial growing to a height of 18 in

(about 45 cml with a spread of 12 in (about

30

cmV

In

summer it

Native to the temperate regions of

bears clusters of large. 5-petaled.

the northern hemisphere, these

white, salmon, flame and scarlet

Lychnis

x

haagena

L\ simai

Cjc^M tiP '%rN

m w-

y v

v^^^K

^M V. "

«*

/

v

jt?^

^;

-

o\

mSB^

1

Lupinus. Russell hybrids

to repel lice

It

:

has bright green pal-

pro-

are suitable

ROSE CAMPION Ml LLEIN PINK

L.

branched, gray stems cam- bright

this species

They

trom seed in fall. Its common name is derived from louse-strife', as the

silver)-

bushy annual reaching a height of 12 in (about 30 cm) and spread of 8 in (about 2C

mid-green. Plant

-

These are

TE\V>BUE BOWET fast-growing,

is

sunny position in well-drained soil. It is weak growing and should be regularly propagated from seed.

winter to early spring

after flowering

Europe. L. texensis

late

beneficial.

is

cm

4-9

,

Lupinus texnu

L.AM* Maclcaya cordaia

ft

tall

(about 2.4

A

a n

ii

ii

I

s

/'

<

i

i

e n a

a

i

I

I

I

MECONOPSIS

green leaves and fragrant, 3-6 in (about 7 5-1 i in lung spikes ol '~>

)

mauvi flowers which arc borne during ool weather winter in the mildest regions, spring elsewhere

—

i

A genus of short that I

Imulaya and which includes the

superb

I

limalayan blue poppy >M.

betonii ifolia)

'Mammoth Column'

his

is

a cultivar

which grows (about 90

produces a 30-38 cm) Matthiola

m) poppy

int

ana

in height.

family.

It

has large, rounded,

deeply veined, heart-shaped, gray-

green leaves and bears large, feathery,

terminal flower spikes of cream

tinted with pink in summer. It is one of the most attractive foliage plants available for the herbaceous

border.

It

m

will thrive

a

wide range

and climatic conditions Propagate from seed in fall and cut plants back after the first flowers have soil

Watch

faded.

and well-drained soil, and prefers cool summers. Water well during the growing season and mulch during winter. Propagate by division in early spring or from root cuttings in winter.

It

spreads from underground stems

and may become

invasive.

MALCOLMIA

perennials

is

native to the Mediter-

ranean region. They are grown their soft, gray-green foliage

Mediterranean, this plant

4

to

is

valued

ability to flower in as little as

6 weeks

after

seed

is

sown.

It is

very useful for edging, for paths, crevices

and window boxes, and

and bears

in (about 2.5

1

cm) wide

fragrant flowers in shades of pink, red, to

mauve and white from spring has an erect habit and

fall. It

growing to a height of 8-1 5 in (about 20-38 cm) and a spread of 4-8 in (about 10-20 cm). It refast

quires sun and soil

fertile,

well-drained

Propagate from seed sown

at

frequent intervals from spring to early

son

self

It

best in

sun or

light

in a fertile, well-drained

There are

many improved seed

developed for a wider color range (reds to pure white), double flowers or compact habit. Tall cultivars

may need

port. Over-fertilizing will

growth

at

the expense of the

flowers. In mild regions, fall

sup-

encourage

seeds readily

M. incana

This upright biennial or short-lived perennial from southern Europe

ing and spicy fragrance. These

iow

fi

,i

naturalizing in a wild

garden or odd corner,

this perennial

narrow, lobed, divided leaves with a sticky, which emit a musky In n ha

1

.>.

crush

ofEurope.itbi

profu

pink Int' It

has

k

\lli.i

culti ,i

at

|.il

ii

ini

.ii

Ii

is

ih.

also very populai

in. in-

Inn-i

!

riabil .mil fi

is

grown as an annual. It has a bushy habit and grows up to 30 in (about 76 cm) in height with a best

mnsi hula

.'till

(about \flW\ll DIllSI

cm)

tall

but spreading to 12 in

(about 30 cm) or more, this makes a

good small-scale ground cover or addition to a rock garden.

llll/cl

It

likes

an

average soil and moderate watering. It

will often

invade nearby lawns,

but looks attractive there and will tolerate light foot traffic.

works well

It

also

between paving stones. Give afternoon shade in ZONES

in cracks

full

sun.

3-11

Matthiola

spring

bloom.

MALVA

1

yellow spots. Only 2 in (about 5

for winter flowering, or

in early spring for later

stocks have lance-shaped, gray-

Ml SK MAI

Welsh poppy

short, upright stems;

hot areas, otherwise

sow seed

spread of 12 in (about 30 cm). M. mama has an unforgettable, pervad-

long flowering sea-

for a

fall

the

Himalayan perennial has stems that trail and are lined with 1 in (about 2.5 cm) long bright

flowers are lavender with white and

STOCK

is

is

root as they

in spring

in early

has oval, gray-green leaves

It

will

sensitive

and purple, deep reds and pinks, and yellow. They are fragrant and long

Grows

Mammoth Column'

m

moist

soil

with

a cool site in

shade which is sheltered from strong winds. One exception

temperature and needs a

on

a

part or lull

green leaves. Small flowers appear

lilac

tall

is

densely clustered, highly scented

leaf

for

growing over spring-flowering bulbs.

for

and

strains available,

annual from the

humus and

reptans

This genus of annuals, biennials and

soil.

little

is

It

but not over-wet, lime-free

This prostrate, carpet-forming,

shade and

VIRGINIA STOCK

to the

flowers.

needing

plenty of

main spike

hnished, cutting the plant back

promote more

are exacting

their requirements,

MAZVS

MATTHIOLA

a sheltered position in

maritima

the

meconopsis species

4-10

lasting as cut flowers.

its

(about

in

on

summer. Most

-,-n

i

flowers in shades of white,

ZONES 4-10

for

2-1 6

in early

long, cool spring.

for rust disease.

requires a sunny, shel-

attractive

1

large, exotii

ft

Each plain

spike of scented

When

rate colors.

ol

tered situation

An

reaching 3

flowers in spring, in mixed or sepa-

and

belongs to the

It

tall

stems

ana

tni

in height.

single,

hey boat

bold, central boss ol stamens

from M.

taller,

cm)

I

flowers with papery petals and a

Column'

syn. M. "Giant I

pen nnials to the

iii

.

M.

lived

mostl) nati

.'i'

Malcolmia maritima

(M. cambrica), a

/

/

A

8

native ol

n n

a

it

Europe

/

& Perennials

s

uh bright lemon-

v,

short stems tnosl soils freel)

rhis species thrives in

and usuall)

self

orange blooms are in late

ti

spring.

ing habit, reaching

uh

seeds

psisby

Propa

01 ni h

on

yellow or orange flowers borne

1

height ol

a

(about 30-45 cm).

It

2 in (about 1

range

freel)

has a spread-

2-18

It is

30

summer.

a short-lived

spcLies that nevertheless self seeds readil)

Al

betonicifolia

BLUI POPPl

MERTENSIA

this

clump-forming but short-lived

i

perennial bears pure sky-blue, sausatiny flowers with yel-

low stamens in

late

summer Oblong,

spring and early

hairy,

mid-green

produced in basal rosettes. It grows to a height ol 5 It (about 90 cm) and a spread of 18 in (about 45 cm) A woodland species, it must be grown in a sheltered

Native to the cooler parts of eastern

North America,

this perennial is

of the loveliest of It

all

position in humus-rich, moist, neutral to acid soil

and

climate. Plants usually

in a cool

bloom

in

second year, and often die unless they are prevented from their

by dead-heading. Propagate from seed in late sum-

setting seed

mer. Best in the Pacific Northwest. a distinct challenge elsewhere.

one

1

in (about 2.5

cm)

long flowers, 20 or more on each stem, and has smooth, oblong, soft

blue-green foliage; the foliage dies

ing.

in early

It is

summer after

effective planted

flower-

with daf-

fodils and polyanthus primroses and is seen at its best naturalized in woodlands or alongside streams. It grows to a height and spread of around 18 in (about,45 cm). Plant in shade and a deep, well-drained soil Propagate by division in spring or from seed or by division in fall.

7-9

Watch

for slugs. V. ciliata is very

M. cambrica

similar but

WELSH POPPY

Mountains.

is

native to the

Rocky

poppies are more easily grown

make

welcome addition

garden

when allowed

to naturalize

Grow in a

the edge of

in full

a

spreading

range of

warm

colors

with

flower borders. The slightly hairy,

mid-green leaves are deeply divided and form basal tufts. Lemon-yellow

usually with spotted and speckled

do well

light

soil in lull

sun

MMULUS

in a rich,

cool areas,

shade elsewhere. They grow

spring for

summer bloom.

or early spring.

'.-ii

M. cardinalis

M. moschatus

sc \R11

I

MONKEYFLOWEB

Striking for

its

Ml SK PLANT, MUSK

tubular, two-lipped

A

FLOWER

small, creeping, water-loving

flowers of bright scarlet, this clump-

perennial growing to a height and

forming perennial from western

spread of 6-12 in (about 15-30

North America makes an excellent damp border or a

cm).

addition to the

streamside garden.

Medium

green

hairy leaves are nicely backlit sun.

m

)

Clumps reach 4

in

ft

by the

(about 1.2

height with a spread or

around 24

in (about

plenty of moisture flowers are pro-

duced from

spring through

late

bears snapdragon-like, pale

brown,

summer

The and This plant was once grown in

to

oval.

musk scent

new

moist

flowering stems.

soil is

has been odorless for

ZONEs 7-10

fall,

A

important in a

M. x hybridus

The flowers come

in a large

MONKEY FLOWER

A showy group

of hybrids derived

from M. guttatus and M. luteus, these are low-growing and short-lived perennials often

grown

for

but, mysteriously,

especially if dead-headed and cut back when flowering slows to en-

courage

fall.

leaves are pale green, hairy

its

60 cm). With

It

yellow flowers, lightly dotted with

ZONES 7-10

These annuals and perennials are characterized by tubular flowers with flared mouths, often curiously spotted and mottled, which have been likened to grinning monkey faces.

in

best in cool weather; start seeds in

as annuals.

Meconopsis cambrica

Met onopsis betonicifolia

— yellow, —and

mahogany

orange, red and

sunny situation. Very popular with hummingbirds.

a

shrubs and bulbs or when added to

is

bedding displays Calypso' and 'Mahbu are the most readily available seed strains, each around 12 in (about 30 cm) tall and wide and offering a

moist

soil.

mound and

lor containers or for

throats All will

sun or

wet or moist

lorms

MONKEY FLOWER

than the blue poppy and to the

at

Propagate perennials by division in spring and annuals from seed in fall

rich,

Native to western Europe and in-

cluding Great Britain, these peren-

groups

It

good

blue spring

bears clusters of rich

blue, tubular,

back

in

shade

partial

VIRGINIA BLUEBELLS

flowers.

and

flower beds.

irginica

leaves are

nial

and the USA, most species are suited to bog gardens or other moist situations, although some are excellent rock garden plants. The bright Rowers ers

cer-shaped. 2-3 in (about 5-7.5

ZONES

to the cool Pacific

are particularly effective in contain! as,

cm) wide,

Mainly native

coastal areas ol Chile

in

;

fresh seed in late

including brown,

ol colors

orange, yellow, red and crimson.

many years.

it

\l/\

sowing seed

\

directly into

flower-

its

ing position in early spring Water

Ipomoea

s\ n

\

ei sicoloi

Quamot

.

In

moderately and feed monthly with balanced

\obata

a

fertilizer

Native to Mexico and central

America,

this vigorous, short-lived,

twining climber all)

grow n

ciduous

oi

is a

10ROI

an annual.

.is

MYOSOTIS

perennial usuIl is

SOI

[All

de-

This genus of annuals and perenni-

semi-evergreen with

includes 50 or so species, but

three-lobcd bright green leaves, and

als

bears racemes of small, tubular.

those most

commonly

dark red (lowers fading to orange then creamy yellow Flowers appear

come from

the temperate regions of

from

summer until

late

The

late tail.

plant climbs to a height of

1

5

Europe. Asia and the Americas

They

grown

are

m) and quickly provides dense leafy cover over a suitable supporting structure It requires a warm, sun-exposed position and a

complement plants of stronger spnng garden. Most

(about 4.5

that

color in the

well-drained

soil that

does not

dry out In cold climates the plant rarely survives the winter

and

species are useful in rock gardens,

border displays or as ground cover under trees and shrubs They prefer

semi-shaded woodland sunny spot with the

either a

setting or a

should be replaced by fresh sowings in

for their dainty blue

(.sometimes pink or white) flowers

ft

a

rich,

cultivated

spnng.

protection of other, larger plants. Soil

should be

fertile

They

and well

ZONES 9-11

drained.

MiRABILIS

to feeding in the pre-flowering pe-

are rarely affected by-

pests or diseases

riod. Discard plants after flowering

jalapa

Propagate from seed in

FOLRO CLOCK

Once

fall.

established they self seed freely

This bushy, tuberous perennial

grown

and respond well

for its fragrant,

is

Myosotis

is

"mouse

for

trumpet-

derived from the Greek ear", referring to the

shaped, crimson, pink, white or

pointed leaves. The flowers have

yellow flowers which open in

long been associated with love and

afternoon and remain open night, closing again at

though

it is

annuals,

not as a

it is

remembrance.

all

dawn. Al-

showy

as

is

hedge. They are native to tropical

grow

to

summer flowering, and

around 3

ft

Ball"

This slow-growing perennial usually

Good as pot

bedding plants or as a dwarf

America, are

M. Blue

some

tough plant that

easy to cultivate. plants,

late

(about 90 cm)

grown

height of 8 in (about 20

spread of 6 in (about flowers in Its

in a fertile, well-drained soil

any heat that is from buildings or pave-

will tolerate

reflected

ments In frosty areas tubers are best lifted and stored like dahlias over winter: in mild climates they can be left undisturbed and gradually make large clumps. Propagate from seed or by division of tubers in early spnng.

has a

1

5

cm) with cm) and

spnng and

summer.

early

leaves are lanced shaped.

good

for edging.

seed in

^

M. scorpioides FORGET-ME-NOT

A deciduous

perennial similar to M. sylvatica but generally lower, this species has is

more

likely to

have

will

12-18

in

FLOWER

sylvatica

They appear throughout

This summer-flowering annual,

summer

It

grown for its flower spikes which are very popu-

and can be grown

I

is

each tiny white flower

is

a shell-like,

sur-

leaves are

I

(ab branching habit

mud

or even in

<js

a

\ae\

is

slender, curled stems unfurl-

ing as their flower buds open

grown

in

most

soils

llowenngand

are best pulled

ingyearsforarepe.il I

Ml Not

bloom. For great

for

is

its

usually

grown

as an annual

cheen,-. bright blue, yellow

-

ol

'

sele<

in follow

the spring

effect, plant n

laffodils, tulips-

This biennial or short-lived peren nial

1

with moisture

up; seedlings will appear

paleis

taller,

aftei

S\l\(lll((l

GARDEN FORGI

ml

-ft.

Mohuiclla

in spring, the plants lade shortly

and

oilier

mlbs Numerous named

Mons

are available with

more

corni-

eyed flowers in sprii summer it forms mound

in

well-di

in

water plant

-,_io

\f

growing to a height ol 24 (about op m and spread ol 12

fairly fast

II grow sunny, open position in

a marginal

apple-green

green and nettle like The plant

(

is

very shallow water.

or dried floral work;

Rounded

'~M

'jb

a

M

over a longer period than

in

&-1

be

on stems (about }p-45 cm) high

laevis

calyx

*^^B3f^

yellow, white or pink eye

MOLl'CCELLA

native to Syria,

?^ir

& ^,*5^qy

perennial and spreads by rhizomes.

BELLS0FIRIIAND SUM

Miiabilis jalapa

i^*"

to semi-evergreen

The small blue flowers

rounded by

Myosotis scorpioides

It is

Propagate from

fall

shiny leaves,

s-io

lar for (resh

a

bears tiny, five-lobed. deep blue

require a sheltered position in

sun and

is It

bushy, compact habit, growing to a

high with a similar spread. They full

as an annual.

er brighter blue n

l

tall

A-nh

and

ally

flo

on-

pink or white) \f

\

.

'si'n

s

Blue IUII

120

A

Nemesia

n

11

a

ii

I

s

&

P

e

rennials

s(iuihi>mi

Ncrtera granadensis

Nepeta xfaassenii

ange are borne in spring on short

NEPETA

terminal racemes. The plants prefer

xfaassenii

moderately ferule

a well-drained,

sunny They prefer cool weather and do not do well in hot, humid summers. Prune spent flowers to prolong flowering and pinch out growing shoots of young plants to encourage a bushy habit. Sow seed soil

and

CATMINl

a wind-sheltered,

position.

A bushy

(lower border and very effective

when used with an edging plant.

most cultivated of its genus, N. strumosa has spawned a range of hybrids and cultivars of varying heights and colors.

numerous flower stems

fall

for winter

menzxesii

often depicted sitting in the center

to a height

Californian

a useful

is

ground

cover under shrubs such as roses, in

SACRED LOTUS

deciduous, perennial, aquatic

plant in the water

lily

family grow-

90-130 cm) water surface and spread(about

3V2

NEMES1A

bed of spring bulbs.

strumosa

early

Indigenous to southern Africa

a subtropical spe-

unusual seed pods,

shakers.

Remove

shaped, sapphire-blue flowers with well-defined concentric ring of

summer bloom

grows to a height of 8 cm) and a spread of 6

also useful for planting

is

and requires an open, sunny position and 8-12 in (about 20-30 cm) of water over the tubers. Flow-

In spring or

bears small, bowl-

a

green leaves. cies

this

summer it

annual is popular as a bedding plant for winter bloom in the milder regions and colorful, fast-growing

salt

a

prefers cool con-

It

sunny

situation, but

soil

fade to encourage a blooms. Propagate by division early spring or from softwood

cuttings in spring

rock gardens and edges, and is particularly effective overplanting a

ft (about 1 m). Large, pink or white, 10 in (about 25 cm) wide flowers are bome above large, shield-shaped, pale

fragrant,

resembling

and

when flowers new flush of

wildflower, this fast-growing,

spreading annual

of a lotus.

nucifera

ers develop into

summer. Grows and spread of 18 in

flowers throughout

within 3 in (about 7.5 cm) of

A charming little is

It

hun-

earn,

dreds of small, pale violet-blue

level in winter; shear

nucifera

NELVMBO

ing to

crushed, and the

does not like high humidity Any moderately fertile, well-drained soil will suit. Cut back old growth to

BABY-BLUE-EYES

above the

when

(about 45 cm).

ZONES

NEMOPHILA

It

of grayish green leaves that

are aromatic

ditions

ing 3-4 'A

forms spreading

It

mounds

All

A

stone, either in

walls, paving or rock gardens, or as

blooms, or spring for early summer bloom. The in early

Nelumbo

perennial useful for sepa-

rating strong colors in the shrub or

elsewhere. They are

between summer-flowering bulbs, in rock gardens and window boxes. They are bushy plants with lance-shaped, pale green and prominently toothed leaves, growing to a height of 12-18

white in the center. serrated,

cm").

It is

partly

mid-green

has dainty,

foliage

and

soil;

will

ing as long as the

NERTERA granadensis syn. X. depressa

BEAD PLANT

A carpeting perennial grown

(about 20

mass of spherical, orange or

in

(about 15

bead-like berries

site in fertile,

it

and summer.

-10

in

best planted in a cool,

shaded

drained

It

well-

continue flower-

soil is

moist and

in

it

bears in

for the

red,

fall. It

has a prostrate habit, growing to V 2 in (about 1 cm) in height with a spread of 4 in (about 10 cm) and

forming compact cushions of tiny

the temperature remains cool. Sow-

bright green leaves with extremely

faded foliage and divide overgrown

in

plants in spring. Propagate from

of 10 in (about 25 cm). Large, two-

seed where they are to grow in early fall in mild areas or in early spnng.

early

seed in spring. This vigorous plant

lipped, snapdragon-like flowers in

Watch

sheltered, semi-shaded site in gritty,

colors of yellow, white, red or or-

ALL ZONES

grows well

in large

ponds. Buddha

(about 30-45 cm) and a spread

for aphids.

small, greenish white flowers in

summer.

It

thrives in a cool,

moist but well-drained sandv

soil.

\

\\ .iter

well in

summei

dryish in wintei

but keep

is .in

It

excellent

Propagate by

alpine house plant

division or from seed or tip cuttings in spring

1

here

is

a variety

with

purple-tinged foliage

son and purple

dunng

fragrant

made Propagate from seed

lowers stay open

1

the day, although not

all

are

II

in

sous readily

fall. It sell

with

fragrance

Little is

more

Fragrant Fragrant

loud

(

The

Domino

is

1

This genus of deciduous and ever-

night.

at

\

/

-

named for the Greek goddess Nymphe. They are grown fleshy roots

NIEREMBERGIA These annuals and perennials, some of

which

are

grown

as annuals, are

mainly of South American origin and are an ornamental species ol tobacco The older species are

(

tive bright flowers that

Native to Argentina, this small,

fertile,

moist but well-drained

soil

Propagate from seed in early spring

The flowers

are

good

for cutting,

although the plants are sticky to handle.

Watch

for snails

and

cater-

pillars.

early

boxes. In

alata

flowers with yellow throats.

FLOWERING TOBACCO

A short-lived perennial grown

as

an annual,

usually

this flowering

tobacco bears few-flowered stems of

all frost

growing to a height and spread of around 12 in (.about

warm, sunny

Moderately

soil

forming,

it

nights. Rosette

has oval, mid-green

and grows to a height of 3 ft (about 90 cm) with a spread of 12 in (.about 30 cm). It flowers through summer and fall. There are hybrid leaves

forms with different flower colors.

N. x sanderae

m

These hybrids, derived from N. alata and N. iorgetiana, are somewhat bushy annuals with heights varying from 1 2 in vabout 30 crrO to 3 ft

situation

5-23 cm)

in

shades of

green, white, pink. red. cense, crim-

They flower fall and have

--H

A

true miniature water

lily

which

double flowers The leaves are handsome too, being dark olive green splashed with maroon. Plant with around 9 in (about 23 cm) of water over the crown of the plant. ZONES

i

N. Laydeckeri hybrids

These compact hybrids are excellent for small ponds, as they are very free flowering yet produce comparatively

little

foliage.

Colors

range from soft rose-pink to deep

pink and rosy crimson Plant with 9-12 in (about 23-30 cm) of water over the crown of the plant. 5-11

water and annual

species need

still

fertilizing as

they are gross feeders.

Propagate from seed or by separatfall.

for insects, particularly

pests.

ELROPEAN WHITE WATER

LILY

followed by rounded, green seed

ZONES

summer, almost hidden in the bright green feathery foliage and brown. Both flowers and seed pods are good for floral decoration. Upright and fast growing, it reaches 24 in (.about ^0 mature

1

ft

(about 2.7 m). 5-11

to

with a spread of 8

in

(about 20 cm). Plant in a sunny

water regularly The plants

N. 'Aurora'

A smaller,

hardy

cultivar, also de-

ciduous, with floating olive green leaves blotched with purple. Semi-

double flowers are star-shaped. 2 vabout 5 cm 1 wide and turn from

cream

in

to yellow, to orange, to

blood-red. Spreads to 30 in (about

5-11

Nierembergia hippomanica var. violacea Purple Robe'

Utmost ena

crown

Nicotiana alata

and

early

has spurred, many-petaled blue, pink or white flowers in spring and

have a short blooming season and can be dead-headed to prolong flowering; successive sowings can

trumpet-shaped flowers

are

hardy species with floating dark green leaves and cupshaped, semi-double, fragrant 4 in (about 10 cm wide white (lowers with golden centers. It spreads to 9

soil;

of water over the

stored in moist sand over winter. All

A deciduous,

summer through

they bear long,

ideal

\. x helvola

-

is grown for its attracand is native to the Mediterranean and western Asia It

tive flowers

situation in a fertile, well-drained

fall

situation.

the tubers should be lifted

most

This annual

in height

is

bears small,

ol the plant.

scented flowers held above

X. alba

cm)

It

the water surface. In cooler areas

LOVE-IN-A-MIST

that

pond

aphids; goldfish in the pool will eat

cm) and a spread of 12 in (about 30 cm) or more. From early (about 90

three or lilies

tender, requiring a very

from mid-summer into

Watch

pods

BRID FLOWERING TOBACCO

sunny

four years. Tropical water

large,

/

in

brilliant

ing plantlets in spring or early

damascene

the garden with

a

--a

evening and

still

and

Cut back well after flowering Propagate by division in spring. from semi-ripe cuttings in summer or seed in fall. Fresh stock should be raised every two or three j car?

NIGEUA

fill

last

prefers a moist but well-

outside The flowers open towards

on warm,

come

summer every

deep-green, slightly hairy leaves

•

scent

has

in spring or

trumpet-shaped flowers that are white inside and the palest green

It

ll

bears soft yellow, star-shaped, semi-

deep reds, blues and purple. There are hardy and tropical varieties. Hardy water lilies grow in all climates and (lower freely throughout summer, both flowers and foliage floating on the water surface. Faded foliage should be removed. Divide the tuber-like rhizomes and replant

much-branched, thin, stiffly erect stems and narrow, lance-shaped,

drained

syn. X. affinis

bears a profusion of cup-

fall it

shaped, open, dark bluish purple

It

X

summer and

I

attrac-

yellows and oranges, pinks and

bush) perennial, best grown as an annual, is ideal for edgings and massed beddings, rock gardens and

window

and

shades of white and cream,

IPriOWER

-

grown for the fragrance of their warm-weather flowers which usually open at night; the newer strains have flowers that remain open all day but have limited perfume. They require full sun or light shade and a

is

for their floating leaves

hippomanica var. violacea Purple Robe'

II

Candida

green, perennial, aquatic plants with

NICOTIANA

II

pure white, cup-shaped flowers Plant with around 6-9 in (about

mMPHAEA

and sun tolerant tall, white and

heat

(1

for a miniature

bloomers on compact plants, but strain

II

This dainty, dwarl species

he Nikki series are heavy

I

II

Annuals & Perennials

122

\ marliacea 'Carnea'

O. biennis

This elegant water

COMMON

lily

has dark

green leaves and star-shaped, semidouble, soft pink flowers with

golden centers 6-10 in (about

5-25 cm) across. It flowers in summer. Propagate from seed or by 1

separating plantlets in spring or early

fall.

7-11

-

\

I

A showy

ORIGANUM

ENING PRIMROSE

has large, scented, yellow flowers

grow

that

in the

in long sprays and open evening Foliage is light

growing to a height m) and a spread of 24 in ubout 60 cm). Oil from the seeds has been used medicinally. green.

It is

of 5

(about 1.5

ft

fast

N. odorcua

ZONES 4-10

WHITE POND ULY

O. missouriensis

This perennial, native to America,

OZARK SLNDROPS

has large, white, fragrant, manypetaled flowers appearing in

mer.

It

prefers the

still

sum-

waters of

ponds and marshes in an open, sunny position. It is frost resistant Propagate by division. 5-11

OENOTHERA

for the

mats of dark green leaves and has short-stemmed, bell-shaped, 4 in (about 10 cm) wide, canary yellow flowers,

and perennials

summer long, and

An

excellent

filler for

the per-

sometimes spotted

sun. a well-

not too

fertile,

and occasional water during dry periods. Cut flower stems to the ground at the end of the season; they

red.

full

soil that is

make

delightful additions to

dried flower arrangements.

out spring and summer.

recent cultivars with ncher flower

It

and spread of 12

grows

to

in (about

Hopleys' and Herrenhauseri are color.

5-10

OSTEOSPERMUM

O. speciosa

is

masses of short-lived summer Most

and only

release their

lovely fragrance at night.

Some

do not even during the day

of the genus

open their petals They grow best in

a well-drained,

an open, sunny situaThey will tolerate dry condi-

tions.

all

Flowers open at sundown and are borne over a long period through-

WHITE EVENING PRIMROSE

This genus of annuals and ever-

nial bearing spikes of fragrant, sau-

tion.

of the stems

drained

species are pollinated by night-

sandy

create a cloud of lavender at the top

flies.

A short-lived,

members

which rise flowering stems to 18-24 in ubout 45-60 cm). Tiny flowers

ennial border as well as the herb

flowers borne during

flying insects

very ornamental oregano with

spreading roots serving a low, dense mass of evergreen leaves, from

provide nectar for bees and butter-

spreading perennial that forms

Native to the Americas but natural-

grown

A

30 cm).

ized elsewhere, this genus of annu-

biennials

igatum

ORNVMENtUORK.VNO

garden. Provide

A

a height

EVENING PRIMROSE

als,

lae\

plant, this upright biennial

rhizomatous peren-

The tough plants gardens, dry

flowerheads open daily throughout

rows of shrub borders, particularly as temporary filler plants. They produce large, daisy-like flowers in the white and violet, purple and blue range and flower for many weeks in winter and spring. They prefer a warm, temperate climate and require moderately fertile, well-

the

summer. The small

leaves often

turn red in hot or cold weather.

It

Propagate from seed or by

height of 12-18 in (about 30-45

or from

fall,

late spring.

Origanum lae\igatum

is

flowers in profusion. Fresh

spreads aggressively by rhizomes to

softwood cuttings in

semi-woody perennials

mostly indigenous to South Africa.

cer-shaped, pink-tinted white

soil in

division in spring or

green,

3

ft

(about 90 cm) or more with a

cm).

It

can become invasive.

are useful for rock

embankments

or the

front

Xymphaea marliacea Carnea

A

drained

soil

position

is

\n open sun-exposed

Shearing after

essential

flowering helps maintain shape and

extend the plant's

life

from cuttings

gate

ol

shoots or from seed

span Propanon-flowering

in

summer

milkweed family The

Stems must be burnt to sticky white sap

grows cm).

An evergreen w ith

either

upnghi or

to

.1

height and spread of 3

and

a hair)

seal the

It

down, and

to a height of 3

It

ft

about ^0 cm). It has lance-shap mid-green leaves and bears 3 in

1

he plant has

It

(about ^0

requires a sunn) situation

rich, well-drained soil

and

should be grow n as an annual

straggling habit, this sub-shrub

grows

I

heart-shaped, gray-green

covered with

ecklonis

renowned Mai

flow

suitable lor picking bui the cut

in

genus

mauve underneath

daisies, glisten-

to

FREEtt

An

U

DA1S1

with saw-tooth tips clustered

early

earn- masses of

around 12

in

30 cm) above the ground: the heaviest bloom is in winter, with some blossoms at any time Named selections are available with pure (.about

burgundy or purple

flowers.

summer

grows

likes

to a height of

8 in

(about 20 cm) with a similar spread

Propagate by division in early spring. There

is

a silver-edged

ZONES

Dimorphotheca jucundum

form

5-

PAEOMA

This evergreen perennial grows to a height and spread of 18 in (.about

45 cm). It is clump forming with mid- to dark green, lance-shaped to rectangular leaves and produces abundant purplish pink daisies with darker central discs from fall to early summer. The flowers close on

PEONY

Some

species of these deciduous

shrubs and perennials display

showy seed pods in addition to the lobed foliage and full, round flowerheads for which this genus is

cloudy days. •

£-11

OXYPEJALUM cacruleum SMi.

Twccdia caerulea

SOUTHERN STAR Pale blue starry flowers, aging to

summer and on this weakly twining herbaceous climber They are followed by 6 in (about 1 5 cm) long, boat-shaped, green seed pods simipurple, are borne in early

fall

lar to

those of other

members

of the I

l

>\

\

JVM/lllll

ii

ii

i

ii

/

s

cold winter, They are

try

early-blooming

cultivars there. Sarah Bernhardt'

has fragrant, double while flowers

kinds. Botryiis

in

sun. except in

moist, well-drained soil in a shady site. It

i

is

is

often

the most senous

fungicide Peonies

full

This evergreen makes

good ground cover and

i

moist but well drained, especially

that is less \igorous.

9-11

jucundum

s\ii.

a

a long,

<

disease of peonies, treat with a

at the

Flowenng stems

palest lilac daisies

O.

or early spring in the

be cultivated widely.

ends of short stems Tiny white flowers, sometimes pink or purple tinted, appear in terminal clusters in

ZONES

fall,

9-11

stems which spread to cover vast areas when planted along freeways in coastal California.

I'

South. Soil should be deep and rich,

Japan, has leather.-, ovate leaves

trate or trailing

white,

early

This creeping perennial, a native of

evergreen perennial with pros-

S

flecked with red. Staking

terminalis

syn. Dimorphotheca (ruticosa

s

necessary for the large-flowered

PACHYSANDRA

0. fruticosum

I

carefully dividing the fleshy roots in

fall

j-ti

-

to

a

used medicinally Propagate by

to

the petals Flow-

from early summer

ers

m Siberia and Mongolia. Others are of European origin, including P. officinalis which has been

the hottest of areas. Best in regions

centers and streaked with bluish

cm) wide

ii

not well adapted to mild winter

seed in spring and pinch out tips of

buds

ii

with

winter. Plant in

ing white with deep reddish violet

5

from

hina and the Himalayas;

cooler climates. Propagate from

encourage a branching habit. This species, from Uruguay and Brazil, is the only member of its

(about 7

re

ii

sandra icimmali

him Sarah Hit nh.iiih

do not

like to

be disturbed, they flower better

with age

;

24

A

i>

n

ii

a

I

S

&

I'

c

i

e n n

i

ii

I

\

A Field Trip to

"$"

Grindelwald

SWITZERLAND Visit the picture-postcard town of Grindelwald between December and March and you will find thousands of brightly clad skiers trudging through the slush and ice. Return again in July and Grindelwald will have undergone a transformation, with colorful windowboxes full of geraniums adorning

ChairliftJ

>

^>

Wttttrbont

5

A

frJ Grindelwald

attractive alpine houses.

The town land, sitting

ScforaMoni

mountains of the Bernese Oberagainst the backdrop of the Swiss Alps, These nestles in the

mountains, with their wooded lower slopes, alpine meadows

and snow-capped peaks, include among

their

number

A

the

Elder

Scbiltho

towering Eiger.

FiitstlMj'lwt

Although Grindelwald at times suffers from an inundation of visitors, it does have two important advantages for the plant enthusiasts who visit. Firstly, it is surrounded by some superb alpine meadows and pastures which are incredibly rich in colorful species; secondly, the

same

A

BERN ER

chairlifts that

2

1

transport hopeful skiers to the piste during the winter

3

mis

months

operate throughout the year and can save hours of foot-slog-

Within a few short minutes, you can be free of the and bustle of urban Grindelwald below and admire the clear views and brilliant flowers which in summer include one of the Alps' most spectacular species, the great yellow ging

toil.

hustle

gentian (Gentiana

luted).

The Grindelwald chairlift has intermediate stations before you reach the highest point. One of the best ways to explore the region, assuming you are sufficiently fit and energetic, is to walk down the slopes from one of these stop-off points. The network of paths and tracks are signposted and route

maps

are available.

The highest ski-station is well above the tree-line and in the highest zone of vegetation before areas of permanent snow are reached. A succession of flowers appears from May onwards, as the snows retreat, and these include the spring gentian (G. verna) and the trumpet gentian (G. acaulis). One of the region's most enchanting plants also occurs here, the aptly named alpine snowbell (Soldanella alpina), and it is one which usually cannot wait for the snow to melt. Nodding flower spikes of these fringed flowers often force their way through the snow

itself.

you descend a few hundred feet (a hundred meters or so) you come to some truly vivid alpine meadows. Throughout the summer months these flower-rich pastures are home to small herds of cattle, noisily identified by their jangling cow-bells. Everywhere you look there are such After

plants as alpine pasque-flower (Pulsatilla alpina), alpine bartsia alpina),

and alpine butterwort

(Bartsia alpina)

as

well

as

numerous

cinquefoils and orchids.

It

is

in this region,

banks, that you are most likely to

The great yellow gentian, with

a spectacular

mountain backdrop.

cranesbills,

come

colored stands of great yellow gentian.

across

(Pinguicula

bedstraws,

on slopes and

some

brightly

A

the

down the mountainside, towards Grindelwald, meadows become increasingly lush and full of grasses

and

rich flowers such as rod

Further

campion

(Silent dioica)

and dan-

Taraxacum officinale). Here and there, as you are descending the slopes above Grindelwald. you walk through stands of native conifer fordelion

est.

i

These are mainly comprised of white

fir

winter their sagging, snow-laden branches spectacle.

low wood

On

(Abies alba)

make

—

in

(Viola luica)

violet

borealis) are there to

find the diminutive

be seen.

and

and the twinflower (Linnaea If you look carefully you may

easily

overlooked lesser twayblade

Gentiana lutea of

all

is

these plants,

among

and

its

the

most

variably stunning settings in

which

it

and distinctive enhanced by the in-

striking

appearance

is

grows.

The species produces a robust basal rosette, each leaf of which is broadly lanceolate or ovate in outline and pointed at the tip. The leaves are bluish green in color with strongly marked veins, and can be up to 12 in (about 30 cm) long. From June until August, stout and upright flower-bearing spikes appear, rising from the basal rosette. These reach a height of up to 6 ft (about 2 m) or more and are hollow

(i

I

&

s

e

I'

renniais

1

Great yellow gentian all

the species that

is

grow

a hardy, long-lasting perennial, like in the

Alps and central European

mountains. Here the combination of a short growing season

and

a prolonged winter has favored the adaptation of very

hardy plants indeed. The

come

orchid 0-istera cordata).

ii

and unbranched. Whorls of large, bright yellow Rowers are arranged up the stem with pairs of clasping leaves below. These are similar in appearance to the basal leaves but smaller in size. The individual flower corollas are colored deep yelin (about 2 cm) low, or occasionally reddish, and are about long; they have five to nine lobes which spread out in starshaped fashion.

a delightful

the forest floor colorful plants such as the yel-

n n

first

heavy snows

Alps can

in the

as early as October, although the lower slopes are not

usually covered until Christmas. Freezing temperatures and a

blanket of

snow

are then the

norm

until April,

when

the thaw-

begins.

Great yellow gentian can be found in tainous areas of Europe, but while

many

some

mounmay rival

of the

of these

the Bernese Oberland for scenic splendor, few can for the ease habitat.

match

Whether you

visit

Grindelwald or one of the

many

other alpine resorts, you will surely have a botanical field trip to

remember and

cherish.

Gentiana Gentians are members of the genus Gentiana and recent sister-genera Gentianclla and Gentianopsis.

more The

its

group consists of around 400 species of mostly perennial herbs found in most parts of the world, although in the tropics only in higher mountain regions. The areas richest in gentian species are the mountains of western China and

The Alps of Europe boast equally attractive species, including G. lutea which is widespread throughout the upland and mountain regions of central Europe. The roots of G. lutea are important in herbal medicine and its infusions and brews serve as useful tonics: a potent liqueur is also distilled from the fermented root. Intense deep blues and sk) blues are the flower colors most the neighboring Himalayas.

commonly

associated with gentians,

but whiles and creams are also

fre-

quent, and G. lutea has a brilliant

yellow flower

The family Gentianaceae con80 genera, including woody shrubs, annuals and perennials. Others thai may tains about

be familiar to gardeners

in-

clude the prairie gentian (I

ustoma

I,

popular

.is

a

<

ul

flower, and the Persian violel I

(

.is

um), which is grown an indoor plant

\di

(

Gentiana Intra

it

with which you can reach the plant's natural

ientiana lun-a

126

P.

A

n n u a

lacti flora

I

s

&>

Perennials

hybrids

P. officinalis

COMMON GARDEN PEONY

l

A mainstay of the early summer border, these long-lived perennials are

among the most popular of

garden flowers in America. Great mounds of excellent, deep green foliage provide interest from spring to tall Flow ers appear abo leaves on stems that may need staking, especially for the double-flowered forms. Colors range from pure white to pink, red, salmon and peach; flowers

may be

single,

P.

OMMONPLON1

A

This alpine

other, lesser

known

species have

been involved over the years. 'Festiva Maxima' has fragrant, double,

pure white How ers flecked with

red. 'Coral

Charm' represents more its coral buds

recent breeding,

opening

to semi-double,

colored blossoms.

peach-

poppy

reaches 24 in (about 60

Iceland poppy.

height

nial, this

cm) in and spread, bearing single,

spring through mid-summer.

It is

A

is

a miniature

nearly

short-lived peren-

a

and likes good soil and ample water. Ot similar size, the hybrid 'Rubra Plena' bears Row-

in

(about 20-30

cm) high and wide, and has finely cut grayish leaves. It bears w hue or yellow flowers through summer. Use on banks or in rock gardens.

ers that are fulsome clusters of

man)

small,

mid-magenta

This tult-forming perennial

It

their characteristic

cupped

and nodding buds turning skywards upon opening, poppies are popular flowers for bedding and for borders. They prefer a petals

full

soil,

average water

sun. Dead-head for longer

flowering. fall;

FLANDERS POPPY

The cupped flowers on

Sow

seed in spring or

the annual species self seed

readily.

is

in fact

bears large, scented flowers,

available.

time

are light green

in

native of subarctic regions

full

Sow in late summer to early The species is good for rock dens, bedding and cutting.

1

2 in

is

all full

early

summer, and the leaves and lobed. Give them

sun.

sun

fall.

P.

somniferum

BREADSEED POPPY. PEONY POPPY

The green leaves on

this fast-grow-

ing annual have a grayish cast and

gar-

and elliptical with serrated blooms in early summer,

are lobed

edges.

It

displaying big flowers in white, pink, red or purple, often as dou-

From

the Middle East,

Opium

it

likes

poppies are cultivated

This perennial bears spectacular

for the

single or double flowers in early

their seed capsules, source of the

summer. Originally from

narcotic drug

abound but

Asia, vari-

a

common

feature

is

the

dark basal blotch on each petal. Their hairy, lance-like, bluish green leaves

become

down

completely alter flowering.

Propagate

straggly

and

when dormant

summer by

nudicaule

in a

1

and grows to a height of 12-24 in (about 30-60 cm) with a 4 in (about 10 cm) spread. Give this

eties offering different colors

ei

grow 24-36

pale green leaves, long, hair) stems

bles.

Pii/un

will

pink and with a crinkled texture, winter and spring. The plant has

sun.

hoeas

It

(about 60-90 cm) high with

colored white, yellow, orange and

P. orientate

i

hues includ-

(about 30 cm) spread. Flowering

ZONES 3-10

Papavci

this fast-

growing annual from Asia Minor are small, delicate, scarlet and single,

ing reds, pinks, whites and bieolors.

VNDPOPP1

almost always grown as an annual.

and

rhoeas

Double-flowered strains are also

PAPAVER

well-drained

P.

(.Shirley poppies'! offer

nudicaule

P. It II

With

spread of

although cultivated varieties

petals.

ZONES 2-9

a

(about L'0 cm)

ft

5-9

5

native of Europe

3

tuft-forming semi-ever-

green grows 8-1 2

purple or red rose-like flowers in

center, semi-double or double.

These hybrids are derived mostly from P. lactiflora, but a number of

by taking root cuttings. These plants will grow to a height of 2-4 ft (about 60-120 cm) and

tuberous species, this perennial

with a

great burst ol yellow stamens in the

alpinum

ALPINE POPPY

lifting

die

in late

and dividing or

milky sap extracted from

opium and

tives.

Though

grow

as the source of

its

deriva-

technically illegal to

opium, the

garden forms readily self seed (and in fact have naturalized'* in the warmer areas of the United States,

and are a source of the poppy seeds found on breads and bagels. ZONES 5-10

Papaya alpinum

.

A

Parochetus communis

Pelargonium

PAROCHEWS

P.

communis

LEMON GERAMIM

SHAMROCK PEA It is

gi

this evergreen,

on

crispum

on

leaves

this

upright plant are small and lobed

up

to

cm) across

in (about 2.5

1

often have darker markings.

bloom

It

most of the year; the leaves resemble clover. In mild winter climates it is a successful ground cover, and is a good pot plant or

grows to 3 ft (about 90 cm) with a 12-20 in (about 30-50 cm) spread.

basket plant elsewhere. Plant

ZONES

for

P. c.

shade in moist, coarse soil. Use rooted runners to propagate by division at any time of year. Don't partial

be alarmed

if it

P.

10-11

X domesticum

MARTHA WASHINGTON GERANIUM, REGAL GERANIUM, SHOW

vanishes without

Often

apparent cause; marginal bits will live

'Variegatum' has variegated

leaves.

in

it

from which you can make

sions to re-establish

divi-

it.

]ust called

"pelargonium, the "

shrubby perennials with stiff, pleated leaves and clusters of large flowers, wide open and regal types are

They

often blotched or particolored.

flower in late spring and

PELARGONIUM

red and purple

These tender perennials are often grown as annuals for summer bed-

showiest flowers of any

colder climates. In

in

warmer

climates with long hours of daylight

they flower almost

all

greenhouse

in

winter

in

colder

in

climates Plant in pots or beds The site

should he sunny with

well-drained, neutral fertilize

regularly

and

i

ill!

\liii a

—

needed Cut back hard after blooming to keep the bushes compact ZONES P.

I!

(

10-11

I

uttings foi propagation

I

as

:

11

ii

luding h) brid ii'

.ill.

.'•

nu

and ii

an

<

b

ulti

x hortorum

is

,i

wide

with petal

a

roses

"I

rheri

"in

pi

10

I

R

\Ml

60

1

in

poi ire a

i

tall

and

and

i

\1

/ON

\l

(.1

R

\NU

\l

ol several

ies are

bush)

marked w uh

darkei

a

lusters ol brighl flowers

nni annuals, propagated from

this ver)

ii

>

tin re are several

ives

\\

hie

.

I

i

ol

man) bunched h rea< hes a heighl

and spread of 12

in

he flowers u bears are small and

ei

hite,

bush)

geranium,

the

salmon, pinl

R\NH M

shaped, lobed. gra) green leaves

be single or double, in red, orange,

in thi

number of hy-

I

A strong, pungent smell ol apples comes oil the small, roughl) heart

sum

pinl i

odoratissimum

M'IMI "I.

[sew here the) are grow n as

and Minimis

(,1

iften

« hen

In- flo

purple

P.

zonule

aromatic perennials with round

shrubb)

|

P. x

OMMON

he deeply lobed, furr) leaves give Ins

domest

These popular hybrids

URVNI1 M

ima

x

South African spec

in pots,

dead

cull

P.

syn.

graveolens

KOSl soil

Pelargonium

is

light,

.

in'

the

oi the gera-

niums and arc often likened to They arc much grown as pot plants and arc lender in tool

ui 111

in

azaleas.

vvoid ovei wi

softwood

They have

;reenhouse

the time,

although they do not do well in extreme heat and humidity Keep a

come

shades from white through pink to

GERANH M

ding

12

with crinkled margins. Pink flowers

ground-hugging,

wide-spreading perennial. The flowers are bright blue and

Perennials

<

Pelargonium crispum

aveolens

The lemon-scented

the flowers that are pea like

nnual s

ometimes with red wins m upper petals in warm tempera borne almost

ontinuousl)

hot, well

.

although

humid onditions drain* d,m <

it

dislikes

Plant

it

in

tline soil

.1

7

-

The plant grows to 3 ft (about 90 cm) high, with a spread of 12 in (about 30 cm). Plant this semi-

evergreen in well-drained

soil in

sunny location Praine Fire (scarlet) and 'Prairie Dusk' (purple^ are two commonly available cultivars, each around 24 in (about 60 cm) tall. There are many other a

cultivars with varied flower colors,

including pink, purple, white and orange.

ZONES

Pelargonium Orange Ricard' P.

Orange

Penstemon hvbrid purple-veined white flowers in

Ricard'

clusters.

Masses oflarge. semi-double coral flowers

bloom on

shade. this variegated-

grows (about 60 cm

leaved zonal geranium.

vigorously to 24 in

spreading over half

Give

it

at least partial

The species climbs

to

24

LEAVED GERANIUM

shrubs, annuals and perennials,

ing out the growing

of

Older

that.

PELTIPHYLLI'M pchatum

species has narrow trailing or climb-

UMBRELLA PLANT

long.

Its

up

to 3

ft

(about 90 cml

A good

bright green leaves have

sharp lobes and are up to 3 in (about 7.5 cm) across. The foliage

plant for

bicolors. Tall varieties suit sheltered

around ponds

this

perennial, indigenous to western

five

is

similar in appearance to ivy. Flow-

from purplish redwhite and appear in spring

ers can range

pink to and summer. 0-11

P.

tomentosum

PEPPERMINT GERAN1LM

North America, has lobed. peltate name, meaning shield shaped) that grow up to 24 in (about 60 cm) across. In spring it bears pale pink flowers. some forming into panicles, on hairy stems. Foliage growth follows flowering. It grows 4 ft (about 1.2 m) in height and half that in spread. leaves (.hence the species

borders; dwarf strains are bright in bedding schemes. Cut plants back hard after flowering. Propagate from seed in spring or fall, by division in spring, or from cuttings of nonflowering shoots in late summer. The genus comprises mainly evergreens and semi-evergreens. They are attractive to hummingbirds.

refreshing smell of peppermint comes from the large lobed, heart-shaped, grayish green velvety leaves on this sprawling geranium. It produces insignificant.

sunny or shaded location. Propagate by division in spring. In full growth the umbrella plant

contained.

is

not easily

is

however,

cultivar.

usually seen

is

P.

barbatus

syn. Chelone barbata BEARD-LIP PENvTEMON

on this perennial two lips. They bloom on racemes from the middle of summer to early fall above nar-

The

scarlet flowers

are tubular with

row, lance-shaped, green leaves.

notable for

its

deep reddish-purple foliage, which adds a strong color accent to the border.

It is

a robust plant, reaching

30 in v76 cm) and spread of 24 in (about 60 cm). Give it good soil and regular water in a sunny situation. It is attractive to hummingbirds. a height of

ZONES P.

3-?

heterophyllus subsp. purdyi

FOOTHILL PENSTEMON

A good addition this

10

to rock gardens,

semi-evergreen shrub reaches

in

(about 25 cm) in height and

somewhat more

in spread. In late

spring through early

Plant this species in moist soil in a

A strong,

native to eastern

neither particularly exciting. This all

which do best in fertile, welldrained soil and full sun. Most of the species are native to North America, but hybrids are grown worldwide for their showy flower spikes in blues, reds, white and

.

Originating in South Afnca, this ing stems

with white or pale lavender flowers.

is

North America and

E

This large genus includes sub-

0—11

pchatum

BEARDTONGL

or hangs Limit us spread by pinchplants present poorly.

IVY

PESSTEMOS

This species

in

10-11

P.

Husker's Red'

Pelargonium tomentosum

(about 60 cm) and spreads widely

It

tips.

>-9

P. digitalis

summer blue,

tube -shaped flowers bloom from short side shoots.

Its

lanceolate

Used for ground cover, this North American native has been dubbed Blue leaves are pale green.

Bedder' in

some

from seed

in spring or

regions. Propagate

division in spring. 5-10

fall,

or by

1

In In ids

P,

l

mam

he

1

1

named hybrid

penstemons are mostly derived from P, hartwegii and either P. campanulatus or P cobaea to

Always grown as annuals, these like well drained, lertile pen soil and a sunny location, They ilu ive where summers are hot, bul need shelter From the wind Available are hues ol while, pale yellow, purple, red, blue and pink, as well as blends and mixtures of all these dims airly last growing, the

be more or

less

All

shrubby,

green, long Flowering and

tend

e\ ei

make

excellent plains lor the middle or rear ol the border.

Among

i

i.i

i

I

I

the har-

dier ones are Evelyn' (rose-pink)

and Garnet' (wine-red); slightly more tender ones are 'Midnight (deep purple) and 'Holly's White Removing Flower stems after a flush of bloom will encourage more branching and more flowers.

blanching plant has dark green elliptical leaves. Flowers of some of the larger Grandiflora hybrids are

damaged by

rain but others,

resistant.

Sow seed

is

a sprightly perennial best

suited to a well-drained rock gar-

den.

A

native of the Southwest of

it loves heat and supplemental water beyond the normal rainfall. Flowers are typically two lipped and bright

the United States,

needs

little

in

orange-red. and are produced for

much

summer. The

of the

needle

fertilizer

every

month only until the onset of hot weather. Cucumber mosaic and

P. pinifolius

This

early in spring.

Pinching back hard encourages branching. Give

ZONES 8-10

mainly

the Multiflora hybrids, are more-

leaves are

tomato spotted wilt can attack these which need regular dead-

species,

heading. Petunias are

ing baskets or planters.

Of the many-

remain the most popular, due to their large flower size, although they are

more

ing) or

type

is

susceptible to disfiguring

look for the Cascade

botrytis;

atriplicifolia

of the

types available the Grandifloras

like.

PEROVSK1A

some

most popular flowers in the world, finding widespread use as bedding plants and in window boxes, hang-

(trail-

Magic series. The Flonbunda the most weather resistant

and flowers very heavily; try the Madness series. The Multifloras have smaller flowers but make up

RUSSIAN SAGE

tough sub-shrub produces

This

tall,

soft,

gray-green foliage, beautifully-

complementing the haze of

pale,

for size

Plum

with prolific flowering, the

series

have delightfully veined

flowers.

lavender-blue Flowers that appear

on panicles

in late

summer and

Plants are upright to 5

ft

m), with a spread of 3

ft

cm) or more. Given

full

fall.

(about 1.5 (about 90 sun, a well-

dramed, not too rich soil and only moderate water, these plants will live for a long time. Cut to the ground in late fall. Divide in fall or early spring. i-10

PHACELIA campanularia CALIFORNIA BLUEBELL, DESERT BLUEBELL to its common name, the flowon this fast-growing annual are blue and shaped like bells. Appearing in spring and early summer, the

True ers

flowers are small, only 2.5

cm)

PETUNIA

ing plant

X hybrida

garden or border;

PETl

M\

"Petun" means "tobacco" in a South American Indian dialect and petunias are indeed relatives of the to-

baccos (Nicotiana), their leases having a similar effect on humans

is

1

in

(about

The bushy, branch-

across.

delightful in a rock

it grows around 15-45 cm) tall with a 6 in (about 15 cm) spread. Its leaves are dark green and serrated Plant in well-drained, fertile soil and full sun. Propagate from seed in

6-18

in (about

spring or early

fall.

ALL ZONES

ii

men

pin if

i

'lius

Pi

nsU

mon

hi

ti

i

oph)

llus sul

A

J. 3

n n u a Is

&

P

e

i

e n

11

i

a

/

s

PHLOMIS

Choose

russeliana

location.

A native

of Syria, this easily

plant thrives in

given a

The

grown

any ordinary

reasonable amount

soil

of sun.

large, heart-shaped, fresh

make

green

ground cover, forming clumps around 12 in (about 30 cm) high and up to 24 in (about 60 cm) across. In summer it bears stout stems around 3 ft (about 90 cm) high topped with several whorls of hooded, butter-yellow [lowers Propagate by division in spring or from seed in fall. Leaves

excellent

ZONES 4-10

P.

sunny or

a

ANNl

Kt

PHLOX

bushy 16

The name phlox means

"flame," an

appropriate epithet for these brightly colored,

showy

flowers

popular in bedding and border displays.

Grow in

fertile soil that

drains well but remains moist.

fairly

in (about

rapidly to a

40 cm)

height, half that in spread.

it

mulch

ZONES

in

fall

or early spring. Give

in winter.

fall

in reds, pinks,

P. stolonifera

P.

It is

re-

but not to droughts.

in spring.

A native ful

ft

perennial can grow to

flowers in pink, blue or white are

many named

little

while

ft

P.

(about 1.8 m)

about half that

P. coiensoi

They make splendid con-

1

P.

among the summer

accents in milder regions of the

soil

but adapt well to the

it

needs

cookianum

many

small, 5-petaled flowers. Colors

This handsome plant with bold

3-9

spiky leaves

that

prostrate perennial are

white and shaped

mauve, pink,

like stars, the

notched and open. This evergreen species is suited to growing in rock gardens where it will get petals being

Its

ideal for

adding some

full

sun and

It

a reasonably

retentive yet well-drained soil.

bloom through terminal masses on this

The flowers

sun.

is

foliage interest to the garden.

subulata

spring in

'Tricolor'

NEW ZEALAND FLAX

prefers

bears long-lasting, terminal

summer

droughts of the West Coast. Propagate from seed or by division in spnng.

2 in

MOSS PHLOX it

They respond well to averand to generous watering,

country.

will tolerate

more

varieties. In

flowerheads comprising

tenax grows to 6

P. It

sun in cool areas; otherwise shade and a woodsy soil.

(about 90 cm), although

height varies a

In

panicles

of dull reddish or yellow flowers.

age

creeper makes an excellent

ZONES than 3

woodlands of south-

(about 30 cm) stems.

paniculata

tall

of the

eastern North America, this delight-

held above the foliage on

3-9

GARDEN PHLOX. Sl'MMER PHLOX

This

tall

where they can be brought indoors for the winter, and are useful garden

CREEPING PHLOX

ground cover in shaded situations. Low mats of deep green evergreen foliage increase by rhizomes. Spring

purples and creams, and has lanceolate, light green leaves.

and adaptable.

tainer plants in colder climates,

drummondii bears closely clustered, small, flatfish flowers with 5 petals

summer and

plants are tough

summer they produce

height.

The

number of cultivars, including some dwarf strains which grow to 4 in (about 10 cm). P.

in

multicolored, these large, clumping

tall,

3-9

species has a

S

for their profuse, fragrant flowers.

range through violet, red. salmon and white according to variety Watch out for spider mites and powder)- mildew. Propagate by division in

This annual grows

Sow seed

These evergreen and semi-evergreen annuals and perennials, mostly native to North America, are grown

shaded

drummondii

sistant to frosts

PHLOX

partially

grow cm)

fine-leaved foliage will

carpet like to 4 in (about 10

high with a spread twice in spring or

that. Start

summer using cuttings

erect, sword-like leaves,

around 4

clump 18

ft

(about 1.2

in (about

The

reaching

m) high

45 cm)

in a

across,

are prettily striped with red, yellow

and green. Propagate by division

in

damage can be a problem in colder areas, in which case the plant can be grown in a large container and overwintered in an spring. Frost

unheated greenhouse. ZONES 8-10

from non-flowering shoots. ZONES

P.

2-9

PHORMWM NEW ZEALAND FLAX

Grown their

Phlomis russeliana

Phlox suhidata uiifulctftf

for the

stiff,

dramatic effect of

vertical leaves, often

hybrids

These hybrids of P. tenax and P. coiensoi are the most varied in foliage color, and are often of more compact growth habit than their parents. Foliage color varies from

bronze or purplish to chartreuse to pink and salmon; the leaves may be variegated with vertical stripes of

two or more

colors.

New cultivars

from New Zealand each year; some have the unfortuare introduced

nate habit of reverting to a plain

green foliage with age.

Among

the

best are Bronze Baby' (reddish-

brown

to 3 ft/90

cm), 'Maori Chief

(green and rose-red stripes to 5

ft/

1.5 m), 'Surfer' (olive green with

burgundy margins to 24 in/60 cm) and 'Tom Thumb' (green with bronze margins to 24 in/60 cm). 5

8-11

Annuals &

Polemonium

caei

Pohgonatum

uleum

sub-shrub has

tcnax

P.

This

the largest of the

is

New Zea-

land flaxes, with olive green leaves reaching 6-10 ft (about 1 .8-3 m) in height and clumps 6

m)

across.

ft

ubout

.8

They grow well by the

hedge or windbreak. 'Purpureum' has maroon foliage; 'Yariegatum' is striped creamy yellow and white. sea,

and can be used

as a

ZONES 8-11

stems and

Though

the flowers are insignificant, the

and form provide an exceladdition to container and

foliage

windowbox gardens

in cold regions,

or a year-round low

mound

of silver

mild gardens. They adapt to either full sun or part shade, but need a well-drained soil and only moderate amounts of water. Pinch for

growing ing.

PHYSOSTEGIA

felt-like

tiny leaves of silvery gray.

lent 1

Polygonum

x hybi idu

encourage branchPropagate from cuttings in tips to

summer.

when

P

c

>

c n n

i

a

I

s

/

The broadly oval

they open in summer. The

leaves rise off the

stem like sets of wings. Rhizomes should be planted in fall to winter in a moist, shady spot in well-

flowers cluster above pinnately

divided leaves resembling the rungs of a ladder, hence its common name. The plant grows in a clump to a height and spread of up to 24 in (about 60 cm) or more. The stem is hollow and upstanding. Grow

drained

soil.

4-10

POLYGONUM

this species in well-drained soil in

affine

sun or semi-shade. Propagate by division in early spring, from seed or by division in fall. A native of temperate Europe,

it

HIMALAYAN FLEECE-FLOWER

The green of this evergreen perenni-

suits cooler

al's

climates

small, shiny, lance-like leaves

becomes bronze spreads

OBEDIENT PLANT. FALSE DRAGONHEAD

1

in winter.

It

2 in (about 30 cm) or

a mat to about the The flowers it bears in dense spikes in late summer and fall are small, red and funnel shaped. Sunny or lightly shaded locations

more, forming

PODOPHYLLUM

POLYGONAWM

peltatum

x

MAY APPLE

SOLOMONS SEAL

a hinge-like structure.

The showy which bloom in erect terminal spikes late in summer, are tubular, have two lips and are available in pale pink, magenta ("Vivid') or white. The leaves are lance shaped and serrated. Plant this

A popular eastern American

The elegant Solomon's

flowers,

wildflower, appearing before the

to temperate areas of the northern

well-drained soil of average

hemisphere.

is

species in sun in

the leaves. Edible yellow fruits fol-

you move a flower on

this her-

baceous perennial it will not spring back into position but will obediently stay put, thanks to a stalk with

fertile soil that

on deciduous

leaves

forest trees.

Deeply lobed. peltate leaves around 12 in (about 30 cuO

tall

shelter

cream)- white blossoms resembling single roses, almost

hidden under

drains well but remains moist.

low. Deep,

Propagate by division in spring.

with ample water in a lightly shaded

This native of eastern and central

position.

North America will grow to 3 ft (about 90 cnO and make a striking display in a mixed border.

form

}-10

woodsy

soil is preferred,

same

hybridum

are fine for this plant; a moist but

seal is native

does best in cool cold areas where it will produce It

to

or

to

A gently arching stem grows

around 3

ft

or

(about 90 cm) with

at

each

at

Use

it

in a rock

the front of a border.

fall.

"many

white, green-tipped flowers hanging

from the underside

preferred.

fertility-

garden

Sow seed

or propagate by division in spring

tubular, bell-shaped flowers in spring.

height.

The genus name means knees", referring to the

plant's swollen nodes.

ZONES

leaf axil.

3-9

It spreads rampantly to bold ground cover, so it is not for the small garden. Propagate by dividing the rhizomes in early

a

spnng. ZONES

}-9

PLATYCODOS grandiflorus

POLEMONIUM

BALLOON FLOWER

caeruleum

This perennial originates from Japan

and China In summer, balloon-like buds open out into 5-lobed flowers colored blue, purple, pink

like bells,

or white.

The

JACOBS LADDER

Yellowy orange stamens provide a colorful contrast against the blue of this perennial's

serrated, elliptical

bell-shaped flowers Plectostachys serphyllifolia

leaves with a silver)- blue cast form in a neat

clump up

60 cm) high and Plant

it

in full

to

24

in

well-drained,

sandy soil Use rooted basal cuttings of non-flowering shoots to propagate in

summer, sow seed

or

or divide clumps in spring.

fall,

in spring

1-10

PLECTOSTACHYS serphyllifolia

s\n Hclu hi Winn petiolart Mil rnphyllum'

mblinga miniature version hrysum

petiolare, this

ol

sprawling

,

,

,

n

Plat\codon granailloi us

in (.about

half that in spread

sun

I

Ph\ sostegia virginiana

affine

virginiana

If

5

Phot iniiim tenax

Purpureum

PoJorlwIlum reliant

1

13

A

2

n

ii

ii

ii

I

s

>:-

/'

e

i

e

11

11

i

a

I

s

Potentilla nepalensis

Miss WUlmott'

mates, cultivars producing pink, red and orange blooms will be better colored

if

and

This

in particular

deep green leaves with roughly serrated edges. It forms a low carpet, flat to the ground, and makes a good small-scale ground cover if there is no foot traffic; it may also be used in the rock gartden. In spring

place in rock gardens. Plant

all

well-drained, enriched

The

is

soil.

in

indigenous to the north-

arctic regions. Perennials are

propa-

or from seed in

cies

have been used medicinally.

cordata

cm).

Its

in (about

30

and

large,

tense blue flowers in dense, terminal spikes. Plant to

it

in full

sun

in

up

10 in (about 25 cm) of water

Cull flowers as they fade.

Sow

seed

or propagate by division in spring.

ZONES

open

which may be bloom in red.

pink, yellow or white, in

through early

good plant as a

fall.

This

for hot,

dry

summer ground

is a

Plant

is it

cover in a rock

close in dull conditions

Sow

and over-

seed in spring.

Watch

out for aphids. ZONES 4-10

one

is

to the

summer cm)

PORTVLACA

a soft green,

The flowers

MOSS ROSE

This annual, native to South America, grows quickly, attaining a

up

to

8 in (about 20 cm)

of this large genus of

deciduous shrubs and perennials are small and rounded, growing in clusters. Although the species all thrive in full sun in temperate cli-

fruits.

sun and enjoys

soil.

PRIMROSE. PR1MI LA

Fragrant, colorful flowers

above

on stems

a rosette of basal leaves are

characteristic of this genus, mostly

from the temperate regions of the

leaflets.

northern hemisphere. The flowers

5-9

nepalensis

flat,

trumpet shaped or

shaped. Primulas like

NEPAL CINQUEFOIL

A profusion

damp

7-11

can be P.

This species will toler-

it

it

with each leaf di-

vided into three

drained

of flowers in shades of

soil, partial

fertile,

bell

well-

shade and amfrom seed in

ple water. Propagate

summer or

by

or

pink or apricot with cherry-red

spring, early

centers appears on the slim branch-

division or from root cuttings. Re-

nial

throughout summer. With

this species reaches a height of

grandiflora

purple ate full

ZONES

fol-

by globular, reddish

fall

PRIMULA

cm

move dead-heads and after

bright green, strawberry-like leaves, C1NQUEFOIL

veins appear in the leaf axils,

tall

ing stems of this Himalayan peren-

POTENTILLA

white, starry flowers with purple

of hybrids that are

best at the front of a border;

ZONES

1

low ed in

reaches a similar width. The foliage

very

3-1

height of

is

garden or in containers in welldrained soil in full sun. The flowers night.

spe-

and with somewhat floppy stems,

summer

sites.

number

garden. At 18 in (about 45

Its

flow-ers,

single or double,

of a

worthy additions

its

branching stems are prostrate.

North America grows to 30 in (about 76 cm) with an 18 in (about 45 cm) spread. Its tapered, heartshaped leaves are dark green and shiny. Blooming in summer, the deciduous perennial produces in-

This red-flowered cinquefoil

small, lance -shaped, fleshy

leaves are bright green

This marginal water plant from

fall.

Gibson's Scarlet'

P.

PICKEREL WEED

Some

fall,

angulata

and a spread of 12

in

while dwarf potentillas have their

gated by division in early spring or

PONTEDERIA

'/;

cm) wide, nearly round,

(about

ern hemisphere, from temperate to

id

New Zealand creeper has

the shrubs, are useful in borders,

species

ortulaca grandiflora

angulata

protected from very strong

sun. Tall species,

3

PRAT1A

30

(about 12 in) or more and twice

blooming. There

for virtually

purpose.

old foliage is

a

pnmula

every position and

Some

alpine species are a

challenge to grow and are best

among the

ZONES 5-10

though some are treated

to the specialists,

left

while others are

Miss WUlmott' has a cherry-red, cnmson-centered flower and is exceptionally floriferous. that in breadth.

fall,

simplest of perennials

for the garden. All are perennial,

as annuals.

P,

dentit ulata

DRUMSTK KPRIMI

LA

name

he species

I

ol this

I

limala) an

native refers to the toothed profile

winch are mid-green and broadly lanceolate A neat and ol the leaves,

\

igorous grower,

reaches a height

it

and spread ol 12 in (about JO cm). Ii blooms in early to mid-spring,

when open or

lilac

flowers of pink, purple

with yellow centers crowd in

rounded terminal hair)'

ZONES P.

clusters atop thick

stems. J-9

florindae

TIBETAN PRIMROSE

Growing 24-36 in (about 60-90 cm) high, this perennial blooms in spring. The flowers up to 60 of them to an umbel are bright yellow and hang like little bells against

— —

a

backdrop of broad, mid-green

leaves with serrated edges. This

species prefers very wet conditions, thriving at the edge of a

pond

or

stream.

P.

Primula florindae

japonica

JAPANESE PRIMROSE

Forming a clump up to 24 in (about 60 cm) high and 20 in (about 50 cm) across, this native of Japan flowers in tiers on tall, sturdy stems like a candelabra in spring and early summer. Its flowers range in color through pinks, crimsons and purples to nearly pure white, usually

with

color.

rated

a distinct

eye of another

The leaves are elliptical, serand pale green. This species

also does best in a moist situation.

ZONES

Dense flower clusters grow in an umbellate arrangement on hairy, erect stems on this perennial. A native of China, it grows to 12 in (about 30 cm) high and as much or more in spread. Flowering time is winter through spring. The yelloweyed, flattish flowers, 2.5

cm)

malacoides

This

open flowers bloom in spiral masses on this perennial, which is usually grown as an annual for winter bloom in mild regions. It is a native of China. The single or douSmall,

ble flowers range in color

from

white to pink to magenta.

Its

oval-

is

ZONES

a

from

1

a height

and

2 in (about 30 cm).

This 24 in (about 60 cm)

tall

peren-

from Yunnan Province in China is remarkable for carrying its lilac flowers in dense spikes, quite unlike any other primula. The buds are crimson, giving the inflorescence a two-tone effect. Foliage is lush and bright green. A cool, nial species

moist climate ZONES 5-10

is

needed.

P. vulgaris

ENGLISH PRIMROSE,

COMMON PRIMROSE

This perennial, sometimes grown as

an annual, reaches 12 in (about 30 cm) in spread and height. Large,

ers are pale

This

x polyantha

is

wildflowers in Europe. POLYANTHUS PRIMROSE

but green

erect stem.

3-10

P. viallii

one of the most familiar It is low growing to around 6 in (about 15 cm) and produces a carpet of bright

P.

flat,

its

and have been grown since

when touched.

8-11

hairy texture, as does

The species reaches

sometimes cause an

popular container plant.

shaped, light green leaves have a

8-11

in (about

white through pink to purple. The

irritation to the skin

FAIRY PRIMROSE

ZONES

1

across, range in color

cal; the hairs

spread of

(P. veris)

the seventeenth century.

POISON PRIMULA

light green, hairy leaves are ellipti-

ZONES 5-10 P.

Primula malacoides

obconica

P.

in

scented flowers in every color

bloom on dense umbels

winter through spring. Polyan-

thus are cultivars derived from vulgaris crossed

P.

flowers in spring.

The

flattish flow-

yellow with dark eyes

and bloom singly on hairy stems above rosettes of crinkled, lanceshaped, serrated leaves. Both leaves and flowers are edible.

with the cowslip

Pi intuia

pcl\iuul\a

13

4

Annuals & Perennials

«v2 Raoulia australis

PULMONARIA

fall.

The genus includes some spe-

common weeds.

angustijolia

cies that are

BLUE LUNGWORT. COW SLIP LUNGWORT

R. aconitifolius

Dark blue

FAIR MAIDS OF

flowers,

sometimes

bloom through spring European perennial. The

FRANCE

tinged pink,

Cultivated to produce pure white,

on

single or

this

double flowers,

this peren-

flowerheads have a 5-lobed tubular

nial flowers in terminal clusters

shape and are held above basal rosettes of mid-green foliage. The plant grows to a height and spread

robust branched stems from spring

of

10-12

in

(about 25-30 cm).

Plant in moist, well-drained soil in

shade. Propagate by division in

spring or

fall. Its

close relative, the

Bethlehem sage

(P.

saccharata)

very similar but

its

broad, lance-

,

is

on

to summer. Its dark green leaves have 3 or 5 lobes with saw edges. The plant grows to 24 in (about 60

cm) high over a slightly lesser spread and is native to southern and central Europe. ZONES

5-9

gramineus

shaped leaves are usually speckled or streaked with silver and gray. It makes a handsome ground cover,

R.

bringing a

and grows 20 in (about 50 cm) tall. It blooms in late spring and early summer, producing cupped yellow

shady

little

sparkle of light to a

area.

ZONES 4-10

With bluish green this perennial

flowers. Plant

leaves like grass,

has a compact spread

in rich soil.

it

PULSATILLA vulgaris syn.

RAOULIA

Anemone puhatilla

PASQUE FLOWER

australis

Nodding, 6-petaled flowers bloom m spring on this perennial from Europe. The yellow centers of the

Suitable for rock gardens, this native

of

New Zealand

lays

down

carpet of silvery leaves

cm) deep over

a solid

V 2 in (about

a spread of 10 in

flowers are a stark color contrast to

1

the petals,

which can range through white, pink and red to purple. The

(about 25 cm). In

finely divided leaves are pale green

duces mimscule flowerheads of fluffy yellow blooms. Plant this

and are covered with silky hairs which glisten in the sunlight. Reaching 10 in (about 25 cm) in height and spread, the species is good in a sunny rock garden, in well-drained soil rich in humus. Avoid disturbing the roots. Sow seed

when

summer it

pro-

perennial in moist, well-drained, acidic soil that has

composted. Give

it

been well an open, sunny

Sow seed when fresh or propagate by division in spring. location.

ZONES 6-10

fresh or propagate using

root cuttings in winter.

RESEDA odorata

ZONES 4-9 MIGNONETTE

A moderately fast-growing annual,

RANUNCULUS

renowned BUTTERCUP

of

Reseda odorata

18-20

grandijlora

height of 12 in (about 30 cm). Plant

in (about

45-50 cm) and

a

in moist, well-drained soil in a SELF-HEAL

Purple, two-lipped flowers erect spikes

spring and

above

leafy

summer on

evergreen perennial.

grow

in

mats in this

semi-

A native

of

Europe, it is good for ground cover or rock gardens, having a spread of

sunny location. Propagate by division in spring. Trim out old flower stems before they seed. The species is a member of the mint family, and was considered to be of medicinal

for the strong fragrance

The conical heads

flowers.

genus of some 250 species, mostly annuals and perennials,

small greenish flowers with dark

grown for their colorful flowers. The name derives from the Latin "frog", as some of the genus are

unspectacular. Flowering

This

PRUNELLA

its

is

a

for

aquatic plants (although these are

not widely cultivated). Most species are tuberous

and

thrive in cool,

moist conditions in sunny or shady

Sow seed when

fresh or

value.

locations.

ZONES 4-10

propagate by division in spring or

of

orange stamens are otherwise

mer through dead-heads Plant in

it

early

to

fall.

is in sumRemove

prolong flowering.

in well-drained, fertile soil

sun or

partial shade.

Sow

seed in

grow to 24 in (about 60 cm) high and about half

spring or

fall. It

that in spread.

ALL ZONES

will

A

Rheum palmatum Atrosanguineum'

ii

n k

(i

I

s

i

ii

i

a

I

s

Rodgersia aesculifolia

RHEUM palmatum Atrosanguineum'

A cousin

of the rhubarb

we

eat, this

perennial bears panicles of small, bright red flowers that

summer

It

open

in early

has deep green leaves

with decoratively cut edges, and reaches

more

up

to

6

in height

1.2-1.8

m)

(about

ft

and 4-6

in spread.

ft

1

.8

m)

or

(about

Grow

in deep,

rich soil that drains well but retains

moisture. Give

it

a

sunny or par-

shaded location. Propagate from seed or by division in spring

tially

or

Ricinus

communis

fall.

cies, native to Asia.

shrub, which is

RHODOCHITON

is

The evergreen

alone in

its

genus,

mostly grown as an annual.

Rounded, prickly seed pods appear following the

syn. R. xolubile

woolly clusters of red and greenish

summer display of

PI RPLE BELLS

flowers.

A native

glossy and deeply divided into ellip-

climber is mostly grown as an annual. The flowers it bears in leaf-stalk

late

spring through

late fall

prise a long, finger-like,

com-

dark purple

corolla protruding from a bell-

shaped calyx purple

Its

in a

redder hue of

leaves are ovate to heart

shaped with sparsely spiky edges The plant is good for ground cover

on trellises or fences, where it will grow to 9 ft (about 2 7 m). It thrives in sun and welldrained soil Propagate from seed or for planting

early in spring

The

plant's leaves are large,

the leaves are often red

tical lobes;

or bronze in color.

reaching 6

ft

It

grows rapidly,

(about 1.8

m)

in height

and spread. This drought-resistant species takes to most soils and likes a sunny, open location. Propagate from seed sown in spring after the danger of frost has passed The seeds are deadly poisonous

touching the leaves matitis for

some

if

eaten;

may cause

der-

individuals.

nials arc attra< tive both in foliage

communis

and flower-

they tend to

be grown mi tectural leaves than foi theii

The purgative ol universal renown comes from the seeds ol tl

makes them excellent plants for marshy ground at the edge of a pond or in a bog garden in sun or part shade. They are best grown in a site sheltered from strong winds. which can damage the foliage. Propagate by division in spring or from seed in fall. soil

R. aesculifolia

Large, lobed, bronze-tinted leaves

on hair)- stalks, forming a clump around 24 in (about 60 cm) high and wide The large, coneare borne

shaped clusters of small, starry flowers are cream or pale pink, and are borne in mid- to late summer on

up

to 4

It

\,ibout

1

.2

m).

ZONES 5-9

R1CINUS ASTORBI vs

form a fan of leaves on top of

stout stalks

RODGERSIA Native to China and Japan, these handsome, moisture-loving peren-

I

to

stout stems. Their liking for moist

atrosanguineum

of Mexico, this evergreen

unfurl in mid-spring and spread out

in In

plumes ne in

R pinnata

The bold, dark green leaves are arranged in pairs, above which are borne (.lusters ol icamv pink flow height and spread reach *.

approximate!) Rhodot luu 'ii atrosanguim urn

1

i

i

Rudbcckia fulgida var. sullivantii 'Goldsturm

Roscoea cauteloide

R.

fulgida var. sullixantii

Goldsturm' This upstanding perennial bears

'i^

r

^^ N^S^B

tflk -r

7

T 23i

Ei^ *

jP

^i.>>. k

1

«*.

-

Rodgersia podophxlla

Romnexa

coulteri

ROMNEYA

cm) with

a 6 in (about 15

coulteri

spread. Glossy leaves are lance

low, stem-like structure

This summer-flowering, shrubby

base.

Californian perennial produces

that

large, sweetly scented,

poppy-like

The

this species in cool soil

humus. Keep the soil summer. Choose a sunny

When it

dies back, top dress with mature

ver} green leaves are deeply di-

compost or leafmold. Propagate by division in spring or from seed in

vided, their edges sparsely fringed

with but

hairs. Sensitive to

a

R.

to 8

podophxlla

Suited to

pond surrounds,

rhizomatous perennial has unusual leaves comprising 5 to 9 large leaflets with a touch of copper to their green color. Multi-branched panicles of star-shaped flowers

mid-summer

Plant in moist soil

is

(about 2.4

forms a bush up high, with a

m)

bloom

in

better in partial shade. This

species grows to a height of

3-4

fall.

with mulch. It can be rampant spreader, especially with

summer water.

leaves are mid-green

forms, called glonosa daisies, have yellow, gold, red,

bicolored flowers

cauteloides

R. hirta is

very

grown.

PAINTED-TONGUE

for their bright, daisy-like flowers

with a prominent dark-colored

Offering a variety of flower colors

central cone (hence their common name). Plants range from 2-6 ft

including red, orange, yellow, blue

species,

depending

tall,

and spread up

(about 90 cm) wide. The

and

fall

flowers.

ft

mahogany and up to 6 in (about

ZONES 4-8

to 3

ft

summer

blooms provide good cut

Grow in

moist

soil in a

Bearing a yellow flower similar to an

30

orchid in summer, this tuberous

from cuttings in spring. Propagate from seed or by

perennial grows to 18 in (about 45

division in spring or

76 cm).

Its

RVDBECK1A

on

ROSCOEA

and bright

and lance shaped. It reaches 1-3 ft (about 30-90 cm) tall, with a spread of 12 in (about 30 cm). Hybrid

15 cm) in diameter.

(about 90-120 cm) and a spread of in (about

or purple.

sinuata

a

branching

like

yellow, with central cones of green

SAEPIGLOSSIS

tect the roots

this

annual are big, daisy

easily

(about 60-180 cm)

shade,

meadow gardens.

CON'EFLOWTR

elsewhere. In colder climates, pro-

very

ZONES 3-10

These North American annuals, biennials and perennials are popular

it

It is

well suited to mass planting in

drought tolerant in the West, adapts to moderate summer water

and protect from full

locations are preferred.

spread of 3 ft (about 90 cm). Grow it in well-drained soil in full sun;

in a froth of cream.

strong wind. Tolerates

but

ft

fully

this

winter or

vigorous grower once estab-

lished, this species

Salpiglossis sinuata

disturbance

Sunny

lanceolate, green leaves.

The flowerheads on

a hol-

at their

or semi-shaded location.

sil-

Growing 24 in (about 60 cm) high with a spread of 12 in (about 30 cm) or more, the plant has narrow,

BLACK-EYED SUSAN. GLORIOSA DAISY

rich in

moist in

white flowers boldly accented by the gold of fluffy stamens.

Grow

is

orange-

like daisies,

R. hirta

cm)

shaped, erect and wrap into

MATILIJA POPPY

flowerheads

yellow with central black cones.

sunny

position. Start

fall.

and purple, this species from Chile blooms from summer until frost. The 2 in (about 5 cm) wide, heavily veined flowers are

like

small flaring

trumpets. The lanceolate leaves are

A fast grower, this branching annual reaches a height light green.

of

16-20

in (about

a spread of at least

40-50 cm) and 16 in (about

A

This large and widely distributed genus of annual and perennial herbs and shrubs includes species whose leaves are used as edible herbs as well as for a host of folk remedies.

The genus

named from

is

"salvere." to

the Latin

be healthy. The leaves

of most species are aromatic,

many produce

and

decorative garden

Salvia azurea

from seed

and perennials by division in spring or from softwood cuttings in spring and summer.

frost.

The

of clear blue flowers

summer and fall on American native perennial. The narrow green leaves have a gray cast Blue sage grows to around 6 ft (about 18 m) and usually needs in late

It

prefers a poor, relatively

but adapts well to increased

moisture Best

S.

in full

/'

(

I

I

II

II

I

(I

I

s

/

57

30 in (about 76 cm) in height and spread to 12 in (about 30 cm)

S.

full

sun. except in

x superba

syn.

nemorosa

S.

Many slender,

erect spikes of pink-

ish purple flowers

appear through peren-

around 3 ft (about 90 cm) high, with an 18 in (about 45 cm) spread. nial plants.

this eastern

soil

-

leaves are

summer on well-branched azurea

dry

i

fertile,

cation. Propagate annuals

staking.

s

to

well-drained soil in a sunny lo-

appear

I

toothed ellipses on plants that grow

the hottest climates.

Long spikes

(I

flowers continuously from early

summer to

or more. Provide

5.

II

Salvia splendens

displays with spikes of small, thim-

Establish these species in

II

terminal spikes of harsh scarlet

ble-shaped flowers with two

lips.

r II

It

grows

to

Sahiafarinacea Blue Bedder'

ZONES 5-10

uliginosa

S.

..;*;•

Salvia x superba

J >.£• ''V-fs^^:

Long racemes of blue flowers appear on this branching species in summer and fall, amid serrated, lance-shaped leaves.

elliptical to

It

6 ft (about 1.8 m" with a spread of 18 in (about 45 cm). Its soil should be moist.

grows

sun

fahnacea

to

1

"-10

MEALY CLP SAGE

This species

is

in regions that

grown

as an annual

have cold winters

and sometimes also in warmer climates. Growing to 24-36 in (about 60-90 cm), it bears its violet-blue flowers in slender spikes on white stems. 'Blue Bedder' is an improved cultivar; there are also white and

SANGU1SORBA

<%JfW >&#$>& ^Mrii !

canadensis

A

native of eastern North America.

this

vigorous perennial loves

full

sun and a moist soil The handsome, pinnate leaves are fresh green and form a clump around 8 in about 45 cm) wide, above which ne masses ol w 1

purple cultivars available

i

s

bottlebrush flowers

splendens

grows

It

S(

\RIF

r

SU.I i

which is innual, produces

[his native ol Brazil,

m

in stiff,

in

to

around

in late

summer

s

division

1

spring or 1-9

ft

..til

Sanguisorba

>

anadensls

138

A

n

ii

ii

(i

/

&

s

P

c

i

e

11

11

i

el

/

s

SAW1TALIA

perennial, a native of Europe, forms

procumbens

a thick carpet

from which profuse

terminal clusters of small, flattish

CREEPING ZINNI\

flowers, colored pink to

A

native oi

C

entral America, this

summer-flowering annual produces masses of bright yellow flowerheads like

1

in (about 2 5

black centers. cies

\\

It is

cm)

daisies with

a prostrate spe-

ah mid-green, ovate

leaves,

cm) high

growing to 6 in (about 5 and spreading easily twice that. Grow it as ground cover or in a hanging basket Ln fertile, welldrained soil in a sunny position. 1

ALL

bloom mer.

in late spring

Grow

drained

in

soil.

sun

and

deep early

red.

sum-

in sandy, well-

Propagate from

soltwood cuttings

in early

or seed in spring or

summer

fall. Its

names

nectar which, together with the bright colors of the plant, attract insects

rocks and break them apart with their sturdy roots.

which become trapped and

are absorbed into the plant. Strongly

5.

caespitosa

scented, yellow or greenish yellow

MOSSY SAXIFRAGE

flowers are borne on long stems in

The mossy

spring to summer. Dunng the growth period it requires wet conditions and in winter, when dormant, late

saxifrages are

among the

grow, preferring light shade and a moist but well-drained easiest to

soil.

The

leaves are deeply cut, giv-

refer to the juice of the plant's

cool, moist conditions are preferred.

ing an almost fringed

crushed leaves which can be used

Grow

spring the 3-4 in (about 7.5-10

as a soap substitute.

ZONES 7-9

in full

sun or part shade.

mounds are covered

ZONES 2-10

effect. In

cm)

with small

pink or white flowers.

SAXIFRAGA

ZONES 4-9

This genus comprises some 370

This summer-flowering evergreen

SARRACENIA S.

Z<

paniculata

flava

SAPONARIA

YELLOW PITCHER PLANT

ocymoides

This insectivorous plant, native to

RO(

KMUPWORT

Ideal for banks, rock gardens or trailing

over walls, this tough alpine

species of evergreens

and semi-

evergreens. Their natural territory

perennial from central Europe bears terminal clusters of 5-petaled white

North America, has cylindrical,

includes temperate, alpine and sub-

yellowish green pitchers (modified

arctic regions

marked in red and with a hooded top. The pitchers secrete

hybrids have been cultivated, and

green leaves form a rosette below

they serve well in rock gardens, in

the flower stems.

edges and as ground cover. Gener-

to a height

leaves)

ally

but

many garden

they dislike a warm,

climate and

demand

humid

flowers, often with spots of reddish

purple,

on

erect stalks.

The bluish

The species grows and spread of 8-10 in

(about 20-25 cm).

a gritty, well-

soil with moderate water during dry periods. The flowers are mostly w hite, sometimes spotted with pink, but other colors are also

drained

f

available.

Use rooted

5.

stolonijcra

syn.

S.

sarmentosa

STRAWBERRY GERANIUM, MOTHER-OFTHOLSANDS

offsets for

propagation in winter or seed in

Geranium-like leaves are a feature

The genus name combines the Latin roots for rock or stone and for

of this perennial,

fall.

"to break", suggestive of the plant's

apparent

ability to

grow

in cracks in

of eastern Asia.

which is a native The rounded, glossy

leaves are olive green with silver veins, purplish pink

on the under-

1

\

Scae\ola sides. In

Mauve

summer, curious white

flowers are

bome

in delicate pani-

on thin, erect stalks. Two petals on the tiny flowers seem to outgrow the 3 companion petals. This surprisingly hardy species makes a good ground cover or container plant both indoors and outdoors. It grows to a height of 6-8 in (about 15-20 cm) and spreads to 12 in (about 30 cm) by runners. cles

ZONES

headed. The

rockeries or hanging baskets. like

cm) wide and

drained

are fragrant

and

mainly dark purple but also come in white, pink, crimson and blue. Sizes van- from 20 in (about 50 cm) for dwarf forms, up to 3 ft (about 90 cies

for taller plants.

has lobed, lance-like

This spefoliage.

ALL ZONES 5.

6-1

dome -shaped

flowerheads are some 2 in (.about 5

cm) high

sun or

soil.

cuttings in spring 5.

The

dark

green leaves on this perennial herb

Open

spikes of blue flowers with

summer. This

sandy coastal regions of Australia, resists drought and salt spray.

It

leaves for a

Dome-shaped flowerheads contain numerous individual flo-

cm) wide

each with protruding stamens, creating a pincushion effect. Flower

60 cm). Originally from

colors range from white through

named

rets,

pink or

12-18

in (about

30-45

basal rosette, with flower

stems rising to 18-24 casus, there are

now

a

in

(about 45the Cau-

number

of

selections available.

pinks and reds to blue and purple

Most species

will thrive in full

in well-drained, alkaline soil

Propa-

from seed in spring; perennials from cuttings in summer, seed in fall, or by division in early spring

atropurpurea

PIVI SHIONMOVWR

Mill

ZONES S.

species, native to the

9-11

Mauve

Clusters'

This spreading perennial flowers profusely in spring and summer. The small flowers present as mauve masses against a backdrop of bright

green leaves. This cultivar spreads as

much

as 6

ft

(about

18

m

1

sun

gate annuals

5.

yellow throats appear in spring and

has lobed. gray-green

flowers suitable for cutting or drying.

RMNC, BRIDE

This bushy annual produces flowers

from summer through to early fall, provided blooms are cut or dead-

SCAEVOLA I

'>

FLOWER

thick, coarsely toothed,

surrounded by longer-petaled florets make these summer-flowering perennials popular for borders and cut flowers.

'

aemula

FAIRY FAN

white with pincushion-like centers

cli-

I

and summer.

PINCUSHION FLOWER, SCABIOUS

temperate

Perennials

cV

\

They

This genus of annuals and perenniin

I

shade and wellPropagate from

Flat flowerheads in blue,

found widely

cj

partial

SCABIOSA

mates, produces long-stemmed

ii

grow along spreading stems to form a mound 20 in (about 50 cm) high with a spread of 3 ft (about 90 cm).

caucasica

PERENNLAL PINCUSHION FLOWER. SCABIOUS

als,

ii

Schizanthus pinnatus

Saxifraga stolonijera

Clusters"

»i

SCH1ZASTHUS

IN FLOWER

pinnatus This genus of evergreen perennials

and small shrubs is found in Australia and the islands of the Pacific The flowers are 5 petaled, often split into a fan-shaped arrangement Their colors range from white to blue and mauve The plants are excellent as ground ovei or m i

syn.

wisetonensis

S.

POOR MAN S ORCHID BUTTERFLY FLOWER

These

attractive plants, native to

grown for their exotic blooms and pale green, fern-like foliage The orchid-like flowers Chile, are

come

in a

range of colors from

Scabiosa caucasica

mauves to scarlet and purple, all with speckled yellowthroats They need fertile, welldrained soil, partial shade, and protection against both frost and heat. They grow into a bush up to 18 in (about 45 cm) high and wnde. They make excellent winter bedding white, pinks and

plants in mild winter regions, or

spring and early

summei How ers

elsewhere. Propagate from seed in late

summer and

young

Encourage bushy growth by growing tips fall

plants into

nipping

off

>NES

I

A

4

n u a

11

I

&

s

P

c

i

t

ii

11

i

u

I

s

A Field Trip Dochu La

to ihe

THIMPHU

flight to

Bhutan from the

cities of

Calcutta and Delhi

passes over a region of stark contrast. As your light aircraft crosses the

flat

expanse of the Bangladesh plains, which can

be either dry and dusty or completely flooded, you will see far to

the north the snow-covered peaks of the world's tallest

mountains, hanging suspended above an ever-present haze.

As your descent begins, you pass closely over a myriad of ridges and slopes still completely clothed in pristine forest. Soon you slip into the Paro valley and land at the airstrip which services Bhutan's capital, Thimphu, which has a population of 20000. Walk down the steps and treat yourself to the ranfied Himalayan air. with spectacular scenery whichever way you look. This was certainly not the

way

that plant collectors in the

nineteenth and early twentieth century arrived in the king-

dom, but Bhutan's incentive for them

diversity of plant species to

was

a big

enough

endure the hardship of a long overland

journey through India

to reach these botanical

crown jewels. I

Many

of our

most

attractive

garden plants originated in the forests of Bhutan, ranging from large-flowering Magnolia and Rhododendron species, shrubby Pieris and Daphne species, to Impatiens and Primula. Nowhere else in the world can you see

as

many

species from the Primula genus.

Primula denticulata in Bhutan

is

April.

The best time

Spnng weather

is

to see

often

and cold at night but pleasantly warm during the day. Bhutan is a small Bhuddist country to the east of the famous Indian districts of Darjeeling and Sikkim. with Tibet to the north. The interior is protected physically by ranges of forested hills and a scarcity of roads, while its culture is maintained intact by a monarchist government committed to conclear

servation of the environment. Fortunately for both the visitor

and the Bhutanese.

its

policy of sustainable tourism, designed

to protect the country's fragile natural

and

cultural riches,

allows only limited access.

Thimphu, the base for your field tnp. lies 19 miles (about 30 km) to the east of the airstrip. The road from here climbs east out of the Thimphu valley and, after about 12-15 miles (about 20-25 km), reaches a pass called the Dochu La. Most visitors travel to the pass by taxi, coach or jeep, the hardy returning part of the way on foot. A trekking path winds downhill for about 9 miles (about 15 km), passing through open forest with clearings. The walk back to the road junction at Simtokha takes about four hours. The view from Dochu La at 9100 ft (about 2800 m) allows

snowy peaks, but the forests in the foremore spectacular. The birches, oaks and firs

a glimpse of distant

ground always gaze

A

carpel of drumstick primulas at

Dochu

La.

is

are even

make an impressive combination, but in spring the drawn to the multiple splashes of bright color.

really

These include the intense red of the tree rhododendron (Rhododendron arboreum), the stark and beautiful candles of the

A

Campbell magnolia (Magnolia

campbellii)

it

ii

(i

ii

/

s

&

l'

r

i

c n

in a

I

s

on branches other-

wise bare of leaves; and the bright pink Rhododendron kisangi, this last species

only recognized as a separate species

1980s and named

in the

queen of Bhutan. In clearings on the ground and along the sides of the path, the round pink heads of the drumstick primula or primrose (Primula denticulata) can be seen. Common throughout the mid-altitudinal range and the most easily seen member of its after the

genus in the Himalayas, with

ive,

tall,

P.

denticulata

is

particularly impress-

flowering stalks and large, round umbels of

—

flowers a growth form which gives the plant its colloquial name. The leaves form a compact rosette. At flowering time they are a fresh, pale green, often closely packed in the ro-

and tending

sette

downwards along the become much larger, up to

to curl

flowering the leaves

edges. After

12m

(about

30 cm) long. The flowers are usually pink or purple, the intensity of color varying considerably, although occasionally they can be white. Around Dochu La, drumstick primulas are mainly tall with purplish pink flowers. In other areas, where Bhutan's wild deer and yak or domestic flocks of sheep have been grazing, the stem may be very short and the flowers appear to

down on

sit

In this area the

beries

slopes, but not in the shade of the forest

interior. Like other

along the

damp

the leaves.

drumstick primula can be found in shrub-

and on open

primulas

grows close

it

They hale hand they loathe all but their own kind. Each primula species stands up for its own rights, but expeditions: "Primulas have a strong social sense. to

be alone.

On

once security at least

is

the other

attained, then

it is

primulas against the world;

the alpine world."

The drumstick primula's natural range covers a wide diand climate. The species can withstand heavy frosts and in its highest Himalayan locations, up to 14 750 ft (about 4500 m), it will often spend some months under snow. In summer, its presence in open, rather than shaded, situations shows its ability to withstand long days of intense sunshine and heat. versity of habitat

In the

Dochu La

compete

las

for

pass groups of

tall

pink drumstick primu-

your attention with the

wildlife. Parties of

move through

small, brightly colored birds

—

the trees and

bamboo and daphne warbler-sized babblers and flycatchers, and the iridescent red and green sunbirds which perch among the rhododendrons to sip nectar. Overhead the occasional mountain hawk-eagle soars, and yellowbilled magpies flap across to their fir tree perches. It may be possible to glimpse muntjae deer or yellow-throated marten; understory of

these forests also hold small red,

numbers

enough to halt species grow in

the

firs

and

oi P. denticulata

large concentrations,

making

whole scene framed

a glorious blue sky

it

is

a

In

the tall

stem- noi easily

forgotten, a reminder of the magnetic alliai lion whi( h orig

mally drew explorers to these mountains anii

.il

of the species.

treasure r

a

hundred

i

ti

agi

i

— and

to thi

il

as

They are concentrated in temperate Asia, more particularly in China and the Himalayas; smaller numbers of species occur in other areas of the world. Primula denticulata occurs right throughout the Himalayas, from Afghanistan to southeastern Tibet and to Burma in the east. Its seed only reached England in the mid-nineteenth century. Some of the most popular English wildflowers are Primula

namely the primrose,

species,

cowslip and oxlip

(P. vulgaris,

and P. elatior respectively). Hardly any other genus offers such a treasury of perennials to the cool-climate gardener. With spikes of P.

veris

flowers in almost every color

known

in

nature and often with two or more color zones in a flower,

they attract the attention of enthusi-

and collectors. Their scale is generally small though there are a few that send up spikes 3 ft

asts

(about

m)

1

in height. In

warmer temperate

mates a few species succeed, primula

(P.

,

is

(P.

usually treated

obconica)

and the more

brilliantly colored poly-

anthuses,

\

(P.

polyanthd), which

treated as spring annuals

warmer

areas.

Primulaceae family contains 20 or so genera, most ol them conIn

fined to the northern hemi-

sphere, Anothet well-know n

genus

((

tuberous

yi /(linen (

>

<

oni.ims the

yclamens. Pi

Imula

>l<

cli-

for instance fair)

malacoides) winch

as an annual, poison primula

i

is

.'our progress. In this area particu-

flush with pink, with the

Himalayan

swathe

members many as 500

Primulas, or primroses, are botanically

genus Primula, which consists of

in

spectacular

area

of the elusive lesser, or

panda.

Yet despite these distractions, a

larly,

Primula

to water, often

edges of paths. In the 1930s, the plant collec-

Frank Kingdon Ward, said during one of his Himalayan

tor,

Primula denticulata

ntU ulata

art-

1

I

I

V

* 4

Ncmpnviium tectorum

Sedum spurium

Schizostxlis coccinea Grandiflora'

SEMPERVIWM HEN-AND-CH1CKENS. HOISELEEK

These evergreen perennials with distinctive small rosettes of fleshy, elliptical

or strap-shaped leaves

spread into a dense carpet, making

good cover

for walls,

banks and

rock gardens. Found in Europe, northern Africa and western Asia. their star-shaped flowers

appear

at

the top of stems nsing from the

center of the oldest rosettes. Flowering does not begin for several years.

Sedum

A well-drained

Sedum Autumn Joy'

spectabile

soil

and sun are

preferred. Propagate

SCHIZOSTYLIS

borders and in rock gardens.

coccinea 'Grandiflora'

mon

KAFFIR LILY

Spikes of open, gladiolus-like flowers provide bright splashes of crim-

son against long, grassy foliage on this rhizomatous perennial, which

blooms native,

in it

fall.

A South African

grows

to a height of

16 in

(about 40 cm) or more and a spread of about half that.

It is

source of cut flowers.

a

good

Grow

this

and give it some shade only where exposed to hot weather. Water amply during summer. Propagate by division species in moist,

fertile soil

ever)' three years in spring.

There

Com-

features are the small, overlap-

ping leaves and the star-shaped flowers in flat heads. Their natural territory is wide: from the Far East

and Europe regions.

to tropical

Any

mountain

soil is suitable,

but

they need sun. Propagate perennials

from seed

in spring or

fall,

or by

division or from softwood cuttings in spring

through mid-summer.

Propagate annuals and biennials

from seed sown under glass

An

hybrids increasing

number

of very gar-

Hegarty'.

ZONES

vide late

best

and

7-11

summer

or

the border or rocker)-.

(24-36 in/60-90

SEDUM

color for

fall

cm

Autumn Joy'

tall

and wide)

has bright salmon flowers that age to bronze, providing a long season

STONECROP

Ruby Glow

from

SHOWY SEDl M

leaves

grow

fleshy, gray-green

in clusters

on the

more

S.

arachnoidcum

COBWEB HOL SELEEK

branching, erect stems of this perennial. Butterflies flock to

heads of little, pmk,

the flattish

star-like flow-

The web

45 cm).

evergreen produces pink to crimson

and spread of 18 'Brilliant",

late in

summer.

in (about

Indian Chief and 'Meteor'

2.5

flowers in loose terminal clusters on

are selections with richer flower

12m

colors.

summer.

S.

spurium

This summer-flowering, semi-

The

blooms

dish tipped, sometimes red

rounded flowerheads; colors range from white to in big.

purple. Hairy stems carrying saw-

edged,

elliptical leaves

spread

widely into a carpet 4 in (about 10

cm) deep, suitable for covering banks and slopes. It is an easily

rosettes of this species are red-

throughout. The flowers are a purple to rosy red

leaves to the skin has a cooling

ZONES 4-10

ZONES 4-10

ZONES

serve well along

for a

sunny is

low-maintenance plant position. 'Dragon's

a rosy-red flowered, pur-

in one-

(.about 30 cm 1 high stems in summer The rosettes are 4-6 in (about 10-15 cm) wide. Applying bruised

fever.

cultivated,

and appear

sided terminal clusters on 12 in

ple-leaved cultivar.

They

stems in

evergreeen perennial bears small

flowers.

succulents.

tall

tectorum

shrubs and sub-shrubs, mostly

tall)

30 cm)

HEVAND-CHICKENS. COMMON HOL SELEEK

Blood'

cm

(.about

ZONES 5-10

with blue-gray leaves and ruby red

is

in (.about

This Asian native grows to a height

which bloom

ing annuals, biennials, perennials,

2 in/30

1

cm) wide rosettes of this species undoubtedly inspired its name. This

ers

compact (only

1

of white hairs covering the

green, triangular-leaved,

There are about 600 species and eight groups in this genus, compris-

of interest.

m summer

offsets left after the rosettes die

following flowering.

Spoon-shaped,

S.

den-worthy hybrid sedums are becoming available. Most include S. spectabile and S. telephium. All pro-

pmk cultivars, the known being the pale pmk Mrs

are white

spectabile

in early

spring or outdoors in mid-sprmg. S.

S.

effect

and

is

said to relieve burns,

insect bites, skin

5-10

problems and

A n

SENEC/O i

leaves form a basal

spread of 24

ruentus

in

I

clump w

about 60

c

Overall height of this species

(about 1.2

which grow --12m tall and as wide, is a multi-purpose bloomer for grouping or for formal bedding in semishaded spots, for windowboxes oi for containers on balconies or in protected courtyards Thecoloi ol the dais) -like flowers ranges from pink. red. purple and crimson through to white, as well as the 1

In--

spe(

ies,

(about )0 cm)

traditional blue

and drought,

They are very heal and poor soil

salt air

from high

tolerant, but they suffer

humidity or excessive

rain.

m) and

tall

h a

it

m

plants

s

is

4

ft

may

need staking. Establish in wellsoil in sun Propagate from seed or by division in spring or by drained

division in

fall

mahiflora Rose Queen' PRAIRIE

MALLOW. MINIATURE HOLLYHOCK

spring

summer, or

in

mild regions.

in

a spread of 6 in (about

SILENE CAMPION, CATCHFLV

S.

These annuals and perennials ture 5-petaled

summer

baggy calyces and

fea-

flowers,

a multitude of

small, elliptical, often-silky leaves.

Some

of the species

do well potted;

SI

W

S.

Its

It

1

are dark pink, while the divided

cuttings in spring.

soil

and

full

or partial

To propagate, use seed

spring or early

fall

in

or softwood

grows

5 cm).

» f-~

BT.X

*3Q Sisyrinchium angustifolium

in mills tflma Ruse

Queen

niciilm

i

r

ennial $

1

4

Establish

them

drains well. Al-

soil that

late

summer.

It is

easy to mistake

for grass.

angustifolium S.

graminoides

This deep-rooted perennial bears a

multitude of white flowers vsometimes double) on short-branched in

;

though tolerant ol semi-shade, they prefer sun They readily self seed, or can be propagated by division in

5.

spring or summer.

Its

caly-

ces are greenish and balloon like;

its

lanceolate leaves have a grayish cast.

20 cm) in (about 38 cm) spread, it can be grown on top of walls or in beds or containers. Cut the stems occasionally to bring on in (about

BLLE-EYED GRASS

This semi-evergreen perennial

blooms

in spring,

producing termi-

nal clusters of small, pale blue to

deep purple flowers like small, flat irises; they also have yellow throats,

some yellow with darker

veins. The and winged. The 2-18 in (about

stalks are flattened

plant grows to

30-45 cm).

S.

1

bellum

is

a

western

new growth.

species with similar flowers.

ZONES 4-10

ZONES

Silcnc vulgaris subsp. maritima

Silenc coeli-rosa

I'

with long, slender leaves typi-

moist

syn.

Reaching around 8 in height with a 1 5

well-drained

nials

in

green

UflPIOM

throughout temperate and cold climates of the northern hemifertile,

»

uniflora

stems

sphere, these evergreens like

<

the narrow leaves of the seedlings

make good ground cover, with numerous stems forming a mound. Widely distributed

sun.

in winter-

vulgaris subsp. maritime!

syn.

s

cal of the ins family

ALL ZONES

The flower spikes borne in summer by this perennial resemble hollyhocks. The large, cupped flowers

Sldilli

purple flowers with white

rapidly to 20 in (about 50 cm), with

others

SIDALCEA

This upstanding annual bears pinktenters

r I

These natives of North and South America are clump-forming peren-

oeli-rosa

ish

a

coeli-rosa, Lychnis

leaves have a grayish cast.

5-11

-

i

Agrostemma

ii

S1SYR1NCMVM

oeli-rosa

i

syn.

I

ii

5-9

4 4

A

11

it

ii

u

I

s

&

/'

e

i

c

ii

n

i

a

I

S.

striatum

the leaves

on

this

semi-evergreen

perennial are gray-green. In it

bears slender spikes of

summer

little

cream

flowers striped purple. The species, which originates in Chile, grows 18-24 in (about 45-60 cm) high, with a 12m (about 30 cm) spread.

There

is

(about 1.2 m) high and wide It perhaps best grown as an annual. even in wild areas, in which case it should grow to 26 in (about 66 cm

4

Long, narrow and sword shaped,

also an attractive variegated

ft

is

tall.

colored cies

is

fruit are available.

The spe-

related to the potato, eggplant

and tomato,

some less The genus name rethe narcotic qualities of some as well as

edible plants. fers to

species.

form.

well suited to being an

It is

indoor plant. ALL ZONES

SM1LACINA

SOLEIROLIA

raccmosa soleirolii FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL. FALSE SPIKENARD

syn. Helxine soleirolii

Red

BABY'S TEARS

on this blooms in spnng through mid-summer, producing fleshy fruits appear

perennial after

it

lemon-scented white flowers in feathery sprays above fresh green,

Growing to 3 ft (about 90 cm) high and a spread of

elliptical leaves.

about half that, this plant likes semi-shade and moist soil of acidic

pH.

It is

ZONES

a native of

North America.

3-9

Indigenous

Mediterranean, herbaceous perennial has small, round, bright green to the

this creeping,

and tiny, insignificant white which occur singly in the leaf axils. Grow in moist soil and shade. It makes an acceptable substitute for the traditional moss of a Japanese garden. Beware of using it between paving stones, as it is exleaves

flowers,

tremely slippery^ even

SOLANUM

when

dry.

It

spreads widely and can be invasive unless contained; hanging baskets

pseudocapsicum

are ideal.

JERUSALEM CHERRY, WINTER CHERRY, CHRISTMAS CHERRY

The

small, scarlet berries that ap-

pear on this species after flowering

SOL1DAGO species and hybrids

are poisonous to eat but are used as

Christmas decorations in some

The poor goldenrod has never

starry white flowers, precursors to

much garden status in North America, due in part to the assumption that it is a primary cause of hay fever. In fact it does

bloom

in

summer. A

native of the Mediterranean, this

evergreen grows sedately into

a

bushy, velvety-leaved shrub around

Smilacina raccmosa

GOLDENROD

northern hemisphere countries. The the berries,

Solidago hybrid

>

Several varieties with differently

achieved

not contribute to this allergy prob-

A

lem

all,

.11

surge

since

its

pollen

float in the

heav) to

ol interest in

.m

I

is

s\ n

America's native

I

F01

these

and mountains Most rhizomatous and can become prairies

sive

allowed, but

it

feel

inva-

many new

more compact in their growth habit Bright yellow is the standard color of goldenrod. with occasional diversions into cream. is

generally upright, with

heights varying from 12 in (about JO cm) to 4 It (.about 1.2 m or more Flowering occurs in late summer and fall, the tiny flowers clustered in large masses on racemes or panicles. They are easily grown in full sun. average soil and with moderate water. Divide in

Golden Mosa' low

is

fall

its

or spring

name: shaped like a lamb's same white woolly wonderful to touch Unfortu-

ear with the

are

cultivars are

Growth

he leaves give this perennial

common

colorful perennials of the fields,

—

nately, the leaves turn to

mush

in

humid or wet weathei Lamb's-ears makes a good ground

ver) cold,

cover or border plant, growing

12-20

in (about

Mauve-pink flowers appear in summer. Silver Carpet' seldom flowers, remaining more compact than the species. Establish in well-drained

A

coccinca

st

ARLET HEDGE NETTLE

A

long-flowering perennial native to

S.

hybridus. Aster luteus

open at their mid-summer blooming both their disc and flowers

first

bushy annual from Mexico. It grows to around 2-4 ft (about 60-120 cm) tall with a spread of 18-24 in (about 45-60 cm). Ver)' large double flowerheads in orange or yellow-

ers

produced from summer through first heavy frost of fall. The flowcan be as much as 4 in (about

10

cm

across.

and

The flowers are hummingbirds Flowering continues from spring through fall on plants that grows 2-36 in (about 30-90 cnrO tall and irresistible to

1

as wide. -

--11

rays are gold, although the rays

quickly fade to creamy yellow. The flowers cluster in flattish heads. 4 in (.about

10 cm) across, on

downy

stems branched near the top. The leaves are narrow and mid-green. It grows to 24 in (about 60 cm) high and spreads somewhat more than that. soil

This species likes well-drained

and

full

sun.

SJACHYS

STOKESIA laevis syn.

S.

cyanea

STOKES ASTER

This perennial from the southeast

America has evergreen narrow leaves green, basal and divided The summerflowering, blue-mauve or white blooms have a shaggy appearance. The plants grow to a height of 1 2of North

rosettes, us

24

in (.about

30-60 cm) and

a

spread of 18 in (about 45 cm). EsThis genus in the mint family has

tablish in well-drained soil in full

long been used in herb gardens, many of them having supposed

sun. Propagate from seed or root cuttings.

medicinal value. Those listed here are fine perennials for the border,

rockery or naturalistic landscape.

Some

ers. All like a full

TAGETES

betonies are more vaulable for

their foliage, others for their flow-

well-drained

soil in

sun. with only moderate

amounts

of water. Divide in early

spring

Solidaslei luteus

I

IN MARIGOLD

lipped, red flowers

When this perennial's daisy-like

t

Stokesia laevis

almost

luteus

I'

strong aroma comes from the

Mexico, bearing tubular, two-

syn. x

&

T ciccta

URK

are

sun

the Southwest United States

XSOL1DASTER

s

ens of seed strains are available for each species of mangold

a good, light yel-

--

)

dead-head regularly Japanese beetles can be a problem, excess rain or humidity will rot the flowers. Doz-

the

S.

a

glossy, dark green leaves of this

30-50 cm

with a 24 in (about 60 cm) spread.

soil in full

ii

soil and average To prolong How

moisture.

olympica

s

liinuici

kMB'S-EARS

I

plants will hopefully result in

broader acceptance

s

ti

any well-drained

byzantina

s

too

hi

n

MARIGOLD

These annuals are used for edgings. Plant after the

danger of

Give mangolds

Tagetes

<

re<

i
in

beds or

seed in spring, frost

has passed.

maximum

sunlight.

Solidago

(

ioldi n

Mosa

t

ii

n

i

(i

I

)

i

/

4(>

n n

\

ii

ii

Is

&

P

e r

i'

11

11

i

TANACETl/M

patula

5

ii

T.

ptarmicifolium Chrysanthemum coccineum,

of their slender,

Cineraria candicans

The double flowerheads produced in summer and early fall by this bushy annual resemble beefy carnal ions in hot reds, yellows,

oranges

and mahogany ook for the Bonanza or Aurora series. The leaves are deep green and aromatic. This Fast grower reaches 12 in (about 30 cm) in height and spread. This mangold was introduced to European gardens via the south of France hence its common name. I

—

Ganymede

Immortality came to

as a

result of drinking tansy, a species of this

genus that

is still

considered of

the northern hemisphere, tansy are

grown more

for their finely cut

and daisy-like flowers. They are relatives of the chrysanthemum.

The

foliage of

als carries a

them

in

sun

many

of the perenni-

strong fragrance.

Grow

I

bushy peren-

woody

tap root

a spread of

1

cm

Its silver)', elliptical

leaves are intricately cut, perfect for

introducing a lacy texture in

a per-

summer it bears white flowerheads in terminal clusennial border. In

they are very useful in

delicate in

its

floral

age than other species, the signet

and spread of only 8 in (about 20 cm), making it suitable for edgings and bedding. The flowers are smaller as well, to in (about 2.5 cm) across,

mangold grows

to a height

1

in either soft

yellow or orange 'Tan-

Gem' has

small, single,

orange flowerheads. ALLZo

deep

The leaves are feathery and scented on this perennial. Its single, or sometimes double, flowerheads may be pink, red, purple or white, appearing from late spring to early

summer. Brenda' is a striking magenta. The species grows 24 in (about 60 cm) high with a spread of 18 in (about 45 cm) or more.

contrast to perennials with bolder

blooms and foliage, and in the margins of woodland gardens. Establish them in rich, damp soil with shade from the hot afternoon sun. Propagate from seed when fresh or by division in spring.

arrangements.

ZONES 9-10 T. aquilcgiifolium

This spring-flowering perennial

THALIA

bears

dealbata

lacy foli-

and columbine like Blooming time is spring or summer, the flowers having four or five sepals and conspicuous tufts of stamens. They serve well in borders, particularly as

5 in

PAINTED DAISY, PYRETHR1 M

Much more

gerine

a a

18 in (about 45

(about 38 cm).

in well-drained, dryish

Propagate by division in spring.

Pyrethrum roseum

MARIGOLD

more and

ters; soil

coccineum syn. Chrysanthemum coccineum,

T. tenuifolia

to a height of

or

is

foliage

T.

5IGNI

miller

growing from

nial

medicinal value. Confined mainly to

hold leaves that are finely divided

Dl STY MILLER SILVER LACE

The dusty

The branches upstanding stems

delicate presentation.

syn.

IRIV H MARIGOLD

lilac

or greenish white flowers

on strong stems; and deliGrowing 3 ft (about 90 cm)

in fluffy clusters

WATER CANNA

the leaves are gray-green

This aquatic perennial from the

cate.

southeast of North America tolerates

high, the species has a spread of 18

Growing to 6 ft (about 1.8 m) in height and 24 in (about 60 cm) or more in spread, it carries

in (about

cool water.

45 cm).

ZONES 5-10 T.

delavayi

blue-green leaves that are broadly elliptical to lanceolate

stalks

and

a

syn. T. dipterocarpum

with long

mealy whitish coating.

Rather than

fluffy

heads, this species

11

Its

Its

stems are erect and unbranching. summer blooms are followed by

decorative seed heads. The flowers, which occur in tall spikes, are violet and waxy, their six petals forming a tube. Establish this species in loamy soil in full sun under 6 in (about cm) of water. 1

bears a multitude of nodding,

lilac

flowers in loose panicles, their yel-

low stamens prominent. Flowering time is from the middle to the end of summer. Reaching 4-5 ft (about 1.2-1.5

m)

high, this species has a

spread of 24 in (about 60 cm). ZONES 5-10

ZONES 9-10

TIARELLA

THALICTRUM

cordifolia

MEADOW RUE

Known ers,

FOAMFLOWER

for their fluffy,

showy

flow-

these perennials overall have a

This vigorous, spreading evergreen, a

North American

native,

Wt |1 1

*Jr.-i L'Jl ,: Tanacctum coccineum

ragetes patula

Tanacctum ptarmicifolium

4

Thalutium delavo)

i

blooms

A

rapidly to a height of

species found in

2 in

woodland

m n u a

I

s

pure white flowers fade to pink as they age. The double-flowered form

profusel) in early to laic spring,

fairly

producing terminal spikes of tiny, pink-tinged white flowers with 5 petals. Its leaves are mostly pale green, lobed and toothed with dark red marbling and spots, although the basal leaves take on an orange-

(about 30 cm) and a spread of 8 in

flowering in spring before the de-

(about 20 cm). Establish in rich,

ciduous leaves appear then remaining green until fall. They all prefer a

is

woodsy soil with ample waand shade from the hot afternoon sun. Slow to propagate from seed or by division, they are long lived once established.

West Coast.

red hue.

height and spread

Its

in flower are

2 in (about

1

when

drains well, in partial

soil that

shade. Propagate from seed. Red,

moist,

pink and white varieties are

ter

avail-

able.

ALL ZONES

30 cm) or

more. Establish in moist, wellcomposted soil in semi-shade. Propagate from seed or by division.

ZONES

moist

1

3-9

TRADESCANTIA

T.

xirginiana

GIANT TRILLILM

COMMON SPIDERWORT

A western

A

native of eastern North America,

TITHOMA

this perennial

rotundifolia 'Torch'

like leaves that

has dull green, strap-

ft

early

fall.

(about 1.2-1.8

m) high with

a

spread of 24 in (about 60 cm), this species carries rounded, lobate leaves. Establish soil in full sun.

sown under

it

in well-drained

Propagate from seed

glass in late winter or

ers

with three petals in

late

spring to

one parent of most of the named garden hybrids now available in white, pink, and purple as well as blue. Give it a fall.

This species

protected location in average to soil;

early spring.

ZONES 5-10

This branching annual from tropical elliptical leaves Its

flowers,

early

fall,

with toothed edges.

borne

in

summer and

are like small gloxinias,

TRILLIUM WAKE ROBIN

Among America's most beautiful wildflowers, miliums are

members

deep purplish-blue, turning

of the

abruptly paler nearer the center and

ple petals held just above a

with a touch of yellow.

Trillium grandiflontm

It

grows

lily

situations.

the apex.

Its

spring

family, having three sim-

three leaves. There are

fi/doiim rotundifolia

whorl of

numerous

fori

ii

its

5 to 15 petal-like sepals forming a

rounded shape 2 in (about 5 cm) Forming each mid-green leaf

are 3 to 5 lobes arranged palmately,

cies

grows

to a height of

24

in

(about 60 cm) with an 18 in (about

grandiflontm

45 cm) spread Establish

SNOW TRILLILM

it

in moist,

rich soil in a protected location with

is

WISHBONE FLOWER

Asia has light to dark green, ovate or

at

T.

do not over-w-ater or which encourages rampant vegetative growth at the expense of the flowers. Propagate by division in

TOREMA

branching

2.5-3.5 cm) wide, deep blue flow-

of

fertilize,

fournieri

or streamside

The stem on this perennial from northern and central Europe is smooth, hollow and upstanding,

each lobe incised deeply. This spe-

45-60 cm) with a spread 60 cm) or more. It

in (about

poor

early spring.

ALL ZONES

to

milium Wash-

bears small, 1-1 V; in (about

24

mer and

TROLLIUS europaeus

shade than other species. ZPM.s 6-S

(about

(about 7.5 cm) across appear on

sumGrowing to 4-6

ovalum (the on the

across.

orange or red daisies up to 3 in in

T.

very- similar

with the three petals held upright. This species is more tolerant of dry-

Flowerheads resembling bright

slow-growing annual

species, the giant

wooded

is

GLOBEFLOWER

found from California

ington in

milium)

flowers are yellow and terminal,

in (about

It has an 30 cm) or erect stem with spreading branches, and reaches a height of 18-24 in

this

chloropetalum

beautiful but rare.

coast

Growing up to 24 in (about 60 cm) tall, its flowers maybe green, white, pmk or maroon,

grow to 12 more in length.

MEXICAN SUNFLOWER

is

habitats,

4 7

1

i

This showy milium

is

native to

woodlands and is the easiest to grow, reaching 12-18 in (about 30-45 cm) in height. The

eastern American

some shade. Propagate from seed spring or

fall,

spring or

fall.

ZONES

5-10

or by division in

in

\

Veratrum nigrum i

*r

?T»v

•

wfar

x Venidio-arctotis cultivars

->

.M

^^1

T

4

"*'i

V. nigrum in early spring from seed or by division. V. album, with cream flowers, and V. viride, with pale green flowers, are veri-

Propagate

J|

similar to this species. Protect

ri

%

from

poisonous. ZONES

3-9

VERBASCUM Large, basal rosettes develop

biennial and perennial

Tropaeolum peregrinum

its

5 petals are bigger

The stems

fringed.

to

and and

are slender

trailing or climbing.

on the

members

of

European and Asian genus. Including both very large and some very coarse species, the genus offers this

shaped, yellow flowers; the upper pair of

all

snails. All species are

It is

adaptable

much

variety in the foliage, with

leaves ranging from glossy to vel-

Summer flowering is mainly form of tall, narrow spikes.

vety.

most acid soils in a protected, shaded position.

the

partially

Establish

in

species in well-drained

all

and an open, sunny location, though they do tolerate shade. Propagate from seed in spnng or

soil

X VEN1DIO-ARCTOTIS

CULTWARS

late

MONARCH OF THE VELD In

summer,

summer or root cuttings in Some species self seed

winter.

these branching peren-

nials bear large flowers like daisies

numerous hues. Most commonly grown as annuals, the plants carry

readily.

V.

nigrum

in

lobate green leaves that have a gray-

Long spikes

upper side and are almost white beneath. They grow sedately to a height and spread of 20 in (about 50 cmV They are from a hybrid genus that enjoys welldrained, fertile soil and sun. The

almost black centers appear on this

plants are best propagated in late

(about 90 cm) and a spread of 18 in

summer using semi-npe

(about 45 cm). ZONES 5-10

ish cast

Verbascum olympican

Verbascum nigrum

TROPAEOLUM

climb to 3-4 ft (about 90-120 cm). There are numerous seed strains with single or

more, and

NASTURTIUM Bright flowers are the attraction of this

genus of annuals, perennials

and twining climbers, whose natural territory extends from Chile to Mexico. Most species prefer moist, well-drained soil and a sunny or semi-shaded location. Propagate from seed, basal stem cuttings or

Watch out for aphids and the cabbage moth catertubers in spring.

pillars.

T.

leaves.

soil, full

sun

to part

shade and mod-

erate water; avoid fertilizing,

only encourages foliage

at

frost}'

on

the

climates they are

which

and climbing on bushy annual. Its leaves are rounded with radial veins. It blooms in summer and fall, is trailing

5-petaled flowers spurred,

open and trumpet shaped T

shades of red or yellow

.

It

in

many

will

spread to 24 in (about 60 cm) or

through leaves

fall.

dense layer of

hairs.

This semi-

evergreen grows to a height of 3

V.

ft

olympican

Not

a long-lasting species, this

semi-evergreen perennial grows sedately

nigrum

up

to

472

ft

(about 1.3

m)

with a spread of 24 in (about 60

BLACK FALSE HELLEBORE

This species

is

a rare perennial

from

southern Europe and Asia. It carries long, narrow, terminal spikes of small, purplish brown flowers with

bloom

in late

mer. The big, pleated,

svn. T. canariense

Its stems and leaves are hair)-. The rosette-forming leaves are large, elliptical and silver-gray and spikes

of 5-lobed yellow flowers appear in

summer.

sum-

elliptical

leaves are arranged spirally into a

CANARY CREEPER

VERBENA

sheath around the stout, erect stems. This species grows to a

This South American annual vine

climbs to over 6

ft

(about 1.8 m).

Its

gray-green leaves have 5 broad lobes and radial veins. In it

Morocco in summer The species' mid-green taper to a point and carry a

native of

cm).

peregrinum

early winter

of yellow flowers with

annuals.

six petals that

this fast-growing,

as

the ex-

pense of the flowers. The spicyflavored leaves and flowers are used

T.

cuttings. In

grown

VERATRUM

Give nasturtiums average

ZONES 4-11

GARDEN NASTURTIUM

its large,

double flowers on either compact, bushy plants (12 in/30 cm tall and wide) or trailing and climbing plants. The Alaska strain has single flowers and prettily variegated

to accent salads.

majus

The stem

will

DARK MULLEIN

summer to

bears small, trumpet-

height of 6

ft

(about 1.8

m) and

a

spread of about half that. Establish it in moist, rich soil in a protected location in sun or semi-shade.

Because of a susceptibility to powder)- mildew, these biennials and perennials are considered best

grown

as annuals. Originating in the

1

Americas, they are characterized by small, dark, irregularly

shaped and

toothed leaves. The flowers are presented in short spikes over a long season from

soil in

semi-shade. To propagate, use seed in

fall

winter.

or

fall,

You can

to

m

(about 2.5

cm)

also propagate in

young shoots An agreeably spicy aroma is associated with most verbenas. bonariensis tall

the

perennial

is

grown

often

an annual, primarily

for its

1.5

m)

4-5

ft

as

deep

1

in

many showamong the

across,

violet,

ground

in late

age vigorous

ZONES

Where

(about 1.2-

mounded

easily fits in the front

which or middle of a rosette,

border; the floral stems give a vertical line

without

seeds readily

much

mass.

It

self

and survives with

only minimal water, even in the

dry west. ZONES 7-10 V.

canadensis

ROSE VERBENA. CREEPING VERVAIN

white

hardy, shear to

Purple'

a sturdy cultivar

red-purple flowers.

ZONES 5-10

with rich

and spread. ZONES 4-9 V.

incana

WOOLLY SPEEDWELL

blue.

spreading clumps of

for its

woolly leaves,

this

speedwell

Though

does not flower as

it

reliably as other species, the foliage

though

the front of a terrace

is

their flowers are usually

encompass a wide variety of foliage types and a range in height from a few inches to around 4 ft (about 1.2 m). Some are evergreens, some semi-evergreens. Establish them in rich, well-drained soil in full sun to light shade. To blue, they

fall

or spring, fall,

cuttings in

is good and rock gardens.

Several hybrid offspring are excellent

garden plants, including

Minuet' which

is

a soft pink.

ZONES 3-10 V. prostrata

syn. V. rupestris

stems and somewhat vari-

occurring in upright spikes in spring and early summer. This spein

flower stems 12 in (about

30 cm) high, which comprise many blooms in deep true blue. The

tiny

will brighten

and

The flowers are small and blue, with widely flared petals,

(about 45 cm) across from which rise the

It

able foliage.

subsp. teuchum

A spreading perennial forming a low mound of foliage around 18

enough.

also in borders

trailing

summer.

V. austriaca

attractive

This perennial from Europe has

or

softwood or semi-ripe

as

is

white flowers in late spring. They reach 18 in (about 45 cm) in height

These perennials are widespread through temperate regions. Al-

either

an annual. It grows to 18 in (about 45 cm) in height with a spread of 24 in (about 60 cm). Dark purplish pink flowers appear from summer through fall. 'Homestead

dark green leaves from which rise stems ol the palest blue, almost

Notable

VERONICA

division in early spring or

grown

This mat-forming plant has wide,

grows 12-24 in (about 30-60 cm) tall and wide. The flowers are on typical spikes and are a deep violet

America

short-lived perennial quite easily

a

soil

gentianoides

silvery,

10-1

This native of eastern North a trailing or sprawling,

summer

sun and

winter to encour-

new growth.

propagate, use seed in

is

lii

6-9

stems. Deeply toothed leaves

cluster in a

lull

V.

in

purple flowers which top the sparsely foliaged

in late

[his plain pri

bears

It

blooms

and pink. Use this species in summer beds and containers. Avoid being heavy handed with fertilizers or the plants will yield more leaves than flowers.

V.

Rowers an bomi

is

fragrant flowers

white centers

oil

It

dense clusters

hues of red, mauve,

or division in late

spring by division of

This

as an annual

fall, its

appealing ing

or spring, stem cuttings in

summer

grown

usually

summer

most

at

S\

slightly hairy leaves.

some of them medium, sun or

Kill

well-drained

irresistible. Establish in

well-drained

x hybrida

This tender, trailing perennial

summer through

butterflies find

fall;

V.

(,\RI)IN\I

cies spreads

widely into a mat of

indefinite coverage,

however it only

reaches 12 in (about 30 cm) in height.

ZONES 5-10

Verbena x hybrida

'

Ann

15

ii

&

a Is

P

c r f

nil

i

a

Vinca minor

Viola cornuta

V. spicata SPIKE

spring, or

from semi-ripe cuttings

in

summer.

SPEEDWELL

summer are gressive

A European

species, this perennial

V.

major

LARGE PERIWINKLE

30-60 cm) and a spread of 12 in (about 30 cm). Its stems are erect, hairy and branching. Spikes of

The and

summer; named

selections are available with pink or

white flowers, although some of

may actually be

hybrids.

The

leaves of this species are mid-green, linear to lanceolate in shape. Plant

sun

in full

leaves have a dark green gloss are heart

shaped

to pointed

vine from the Mediterranean.

Widely spreading and with an

woody stem,

erect,

the species climbs to

12 in (about 30 cm) in height with a

spread of 3 liant

ft

(about 90 cm).

Bril-

blue flowers 2 in (about 5 cm)

across are borne

to light shade,

through early

m early spring

fall. It

can be aggres-

i-io

sive

V.

PERIWINKLE

common

on

vinmg perennials and subshrubs from Russia and Europe. these

The flowers five lobes. it

is

are widely flared with

Any soil

not too dry.

If

is good provided ground cover is

desired, provide these evergreens with shade to semi-shade. For flowers, let

gate

and

them have more

by division

in

fall

sun. Propa-

through

and

invasive.

VIOLA VIOLET. PANSY

PERIWINKLE

The slender woody stems on this European evergreen creeper will cover ground over a distance of 3 ft (about 90 cm) to lay down a mat of glossy, dark green leaves of pointed elliptical

shape.

They grow

other species have

more The small flowers

many

little

or

of the

no

fra-

grance. Their leaves can be solitary

or in clumps, lightly to heavily textured, kidney to heart shaped.

annuals are suited to

The

summer bedthem

are

you want sufficient yield to pick. The perennials are good in beds and rock gardens. Some species have runners and are invasive. Most species do best in average soil if

that drains well yet retains moisture,

with some preferring an acidic pH.

Most do best V.

in light shade.

cornuta

to a

height of 6-12 in (about 15-30 cm) oi

of flower perfumes,

needed

minor

COMMON

Although the sweet violet (V. odorata) gives one of the best loved

ding, although big beds of

invasive.

ZONES 7-10

VINCA Shiny green leaves are

purple or

ovate on this tenacious evergreen

small, star-shaped, usually blue

these

lilac,

ZONES 4-10

reaches a height of 12-24 in (about

flowers appear in

bluish

white. This species can also be ag-

it

pro-

duces in mid-spring through early

VIOLA,

HORNED VIOLET

Originally a delicate, broad-faced violet with a short

spur

in the back,

Vinca major this species

has

now been

the point that the

modern

bred to viola

looks like a simple version of the pansy, in a

full

range of solid colors.

Short-lived perennials

they are often

grown

by nature,

as annuals for

winter bedding in mild regions, or

spring-summer bedding in areas of cool summers. Plants grow 6-12 in (about 15-30 cm) tall and wide. The flowers are 1 in (about 2.5 cm) across. Propagate from seed in spring or fall, or by division in late

summer or ZONES

7-11

fall.

|

A

n n

through the winter This plant thrives in part or full shade, so

it

a

I

and lobed ovate to lanceolate leaves, and grows to a height and spread of

is

good under larger plants or for a woodland garden. They reach 2-4 in (about 5-10 cm) in height, with spread of 9 in (about 23 cm

11

It can take full sun or part shade, and readily self

a

seeds. --10 V. x

wittrockiana

sororia Freckles'

V.

A new

introduction with attractive

This group of predominantly bushy

flowers that are white and heavily

perennials are almost always

speckled with blue The flowers are

as biennials or annuals. Offering

borne are

in late

shown

winter and spring; they

by the fresh Height and spread (about 10-15 cm).

off well

green leaves. reach 4-6 in

flowers ol a great

early

summer elsewhere, possibly summer in cool areas.

Plant in light shade.

through the

The 7.5

V. tricolor

flow ers grow up to 3 in (about cm) across and have 5 petals

creating a JOHNNY-JUMP-UP, WILD PANS1

of color

recent hybrids have

mid-green leaves are elliptical, sometimes with toothed margins. Sedate grow ers.

It

has

fall,

soft,

Viola x wittrockiana

flowers in violet, white or rose late

winter through

early spring. Boasting

The

tiny. 5-petaled. scentless (low-

bloom on short stems on

ers that this

creeping perennial from the

southeast of Australia are

lilac

white and solitary They appear in spring,

summer and

fall.

The

plant's

stems are prostrate, suckering and

seeds and can be propagated by

height.

Its

cm

1

kidney shaped, deep green and with irregular edges. Partially shade this

creeper,

and give

it

regular water

through dry periods. Propagate by division in spring or

fall.

tected location in semi-shade

very vigorous plant that to

is

It

is

a

very easy

grow -^10

V.

reichenbachiana

WOOD VIOLET This perennial bears small, pink,

mauve or

spring and

flattish.

pale blue flow ers in

summer

Its

kidney-

shaped leaves are green. Although spreading an invasive species widely but growing to only 2 in about 5 cm) it cai banks ot in natural st

—

B-ll

V odorata

—

i

••win \ioifi

A

The plants like wellsoil and a pro-

in

rounded and

leaves are

fall.

composted, moist

mat forming, spreading widely but reaching only 2 in (about 5

many

cultivars, this species readily self

division in

or

sweet perfume wafts from the iding, \

rhizomatous perennial from Eu6-10 in about i

ill

vide

and 12

in

Itsdarl

pointy kidney shape with shall

toothed edges Spun-

A

m mmiui neat,

Purpurea group

clump-forming perennial

With rounded, purple-green leaves and put stems in spring and earl) summer lined

by

flowers with appealing faces from

displaying shades of

there will always be plenty of

bloom from

violas,

perennial or annual produces neat

and white. Although the tlowers are only small,

hederacea

with the patterns

contrast, have solid colors although

yellow, blue, violet

V.

flat "face'"

and venation;

Originating in Europe and Asia, this

spring to

AUSTRALIAN VIOLET

hues, the

bloom through the winter in mild regions and from spring into

species

ZONE-

-

many

grown

Vielii

[I

them

angular, branching stems

the distinctions.

begun

to erase

Its

these plants reach around 8 in (.about

ZONES 4

20

cm

1

in

spread and height.

152

A

n

11

a

ii

/

&

S

/'

('

i

c

11

n

XERAXTHEMVM

i

ci

I

measure 9 ft (about 2.7 m) or more. They need well-drained soil and full

annum

sun.

IMMORTELLE

If

grown

in containers

source

ol

dried (lowers, ihis

The

outside the growth season. Propagate from seed or root cuttings or by

doubles are also available. The leaves are silver)' and lanceolate on

drought

this species,

which grows 24

(about 50 cm) spread. soil

and

Grow

full

are desert species, the yuccas are also

stiff,

spear-like leaves,

ZANTEDESCH1A

white, bell-shaped flowers appear in

CALLA

in

ft

summer

This native of south-

height of 6-8 ft (about 1 .8-2.4 m) and a spread of 3-4 ft (about 90120 cm).

\DAMS NEEDLE

sun.

Like 3

fall.

(about 90 cm) long green

on

this

ZONES 7-10

evergreen

The edged with white threads.

plant form a basal rosette.

YUCCA

leaves are

YUCCA

—

reaching to 40

in

ft

some

(about

species 1

2

m)

—

are

The flowers that bloom in terminal spikes from the middle to the end of summer are white and bell shaped.

formed by the spear-like leaves of these evergreen plants from North and Central America. Yuccas carry

This species (about

1

.8

showy

(about

1

.2

clusters of flowers, mostly

white, at the end of stalks which can

is

native to southeast-

em North America and grows to 6

--10

ft

m) high with a 4 ft ml spread; it is stemless.

Y.

It is

start

eastern North America reaches a

filamentosa

sometimes tinged with purple. extremely drought tolerant. -mo

mature, turn a deeper green. The

through Y.

this ever-

which

long, terminal spikes in

resistant to frost

spears, the leaves

Huge clumps

They are

stem on

out with a grayish cast but, as they

all

in

(about 60 cm) high with a 20 in well-drained

division in spring. Although not

stout, erect

green plant has a tufted crown of

annual blooms in summer, producing heads of purple, daisy-like flowers, whites, pinks and mauves and

resistant.

12 ft (about 3.6 m) that is densely covered with creamy white flowers,

gloriosa

do not

over-water and ease off even more

A good

Y.

SPANISH DAGGER

whipplei

OUR LORD'S CANDLE

LILY

ARUM

LILY

These tuberous perennials, indigenous to South Africa, are characterized by the classic calla shape comprising an enfolding spathe like a funnel with a central, finger-like spadix. The leaves are glossy green and arrow shaped. Mostly evergreen in

warm

ground \\

climates,

some

die to the

after flowering. Establish in

ell-drained soil, but provide

from the other species of yucca by its very narrow, gray-green leaves that form a nearly perfect

shade. Propagate using offsets in

sphere. Native to the coast of Cali-

winter

and Baja, as well as the mountains of California, this species sends up a tall, flowering spike to

2. aethiopica

Distinct

plenty of water to maintain foliage.

Some

prefer shade, others partial

fornia

COMMON CALLA CALLA

The

LILY

large flowers that

appear on

this species in spring are white, the

spadix yellow. Although normally

deciduous, the perennial can stay evergreen if given enough moisture. It can be grown around pools in water 6-12 in (about 15-30 cm)

deep. Growing 24-36 in (about

60-90 cm) high with a 12-20 in (about 30-50 in) spread, the plant produces many

Yucca whipplei

large,

broad

leaves.

A

n n

ii

ii

/

s

&

/'

c

rennials

Zinnia angustifolia Its

mum 64°F (about

lance-shaped leaves are glossy

and around 16m (about 40 cm) long. It grows 16 m (about 40 cm) high with a spread of 12 in (about 30 cm). This species

green, semi-erect

well-composted soil, a proand partial shade zones a-n likes

tected location

a

18°C) and needs

humid atmosphere

in part

shade

with plenty of water during the

growth period. Plant in moist, humus-rich soil. Propagate by division of rhizomes in spring. The rhizomes, unlike the edible ginger of Zingiber officinale, are bitter to eat,

but can be used in pot pourri. ZONES

ZAVSCHNER1A

10-11

California* syn. Epilobium

ZINNIA

canum

CALIFORNIA Ft CHSLA

The common name

both

refers

the species' Califomian origin to

its

flowers,

which bear

a

to

and

is

placed. These

are bright red, appearing in terminal

spikes late

on

erect to prostrate stems in

summer and early

fall.

The

evergreen shrublet has lance-like.

1

cm) long leaves, and height and spread of 20

in (about 2.5

grows

to a

Zinnia elegans

are like

smaller spread.

full,

these annuals double dahlias. Estab-

them in fertile soil that drains well in a sunny position. They need lish

resem-

blance to those of fuchsia, in whose family Zauschneria

The flowerheads on

50 cm). Give it light, welldrained soil and a sunny, open

frequent dead-heading.

Sow seed

is

only

mod-

erately frost tolerant but thrives

the annual

summer drought

on

in the

syn. 2. linearis

This native of Central

grows

Amenca

hairy, green leaves of ellipti-

cal shape. Its

abundant flowers

are

orange-yellow. The plant has a

it

mounding habit with matt

is

A

fast-growing annual,

Grow in aver-

an open, sunny location.

Z.

haageana

syn. Z. mexicana

30-40 cm). There

in (about

a very pretty

in (about 6.5-7.5

strains offering a variety of colors.

white form.

Zauschneria californica

ALL ZONES

A clump-forming ginger plant

from and Malaysia with narrow. 12 (about 30 cm) long leaves. On

Z. elegans

India in

stems are overlapping cones of green bracts that age to separate,

red,

tall

surrounding white and gold

flowers.

Used

areas,

is

Innia

it

to hot equatorial

frost

tender to

haageana

(

'Id

a

mini-

Mexi< o

COMMON

ZINNIA

This sturdy annual from Mexico the best

known

is

of the zinnias,

blooming from summer until a frost. It grows fairly rapidly to 24-30 in (about 60-76 cml with

mginrt ztrumbi

i

cm)

wide single or double flowers on this annual are yellow, orange and bronze. It flowers in summer and early fall. A fast grower, this Mexican species reaches 24 in (about 60 cm) in height with an 8 in (about 20 cm) spread, its stem erect and branching. Old Mexico and Persian Carpet are old but valuable seed

reaches a height and spread of

12-16

zerumbet

soil in

The 2V : -3 2. angustifolia

green leaves.

ZINGIBER

age

source of cut flowers.

loose,

West.

deep green leaves

ALL ZONES

under glass early in spring. Found through Mexico, Central and South America, this genus is an excellent

in (about

location. This species

Its

are lanceolate to ovate.

a

Ziiiiii

.Ii

si

hia rfhmannil

*

ii

II I

I

.5

6

S h

No

i

u b

garden

is

complete without

the cohesive

atmosphere that

shrubs supply. With their multi-

make excellent backgrounds for deciduous plants. Also, consider the advantage of

permanent plant foliage against a house or fence wall or where a

Color

they

fill in

the

garden picture between the lower

growing annuals and perennials

and

growing background

the taller

trees.

They unite

garden,

the house

make wonderful

and

barriers

for both sight and sound and can be

grouped with one another

to form

eye-catching displays of color

almost

all

year round.

Shrubs are generally classified as deciduous or evergreen, although in more temperate areas some

two groups and

are

fall between these termed partly or

division of garden space

is

Deciduous shrubs can provide the

Evergreen shrubs provide the perma-

winter their bare

branches can look magnificent against

Roses are perhaps the best loved of all flowers

of these

make

an otherwise green shrubbery, indeed in tropical and humid subtropical areas plants such as acalyphas and crotons take the place of flowering plants and replace those that

forsythias

and the flowering quinces

the pink shades

in

autumn

color in colder areas.

Shrubs with

passed parade of color through spring

can wonderful landscapes and are often combined with white

provided by a myriad of well-loved and proven shrubs. As summer progresses

there are the variegated forms,

the shrub garden can form a dense, cool

which need

over.

We

tell

us the cold

is

almost

can look forward to an unsur-

background highlighted by spectacular

show stoppers

like the tibouchinas,

Keep

this

possible to have a plant in

year round.

be used

in

it

the

is

bloom almost

silver or gray foliage

to create

flowering plants to great

effect.

Also

some

of

where they are sheltered from drying winds and hot afternoon sun otherwise they tend to burn.

continuous color show

plants for the shrub garden as

the deciduous

Many

are traditionally used to provide

mind when designing and choosing

when

plants

then plants such as the bright yellow

nent structure of a garden so necessary

winter

of flowers in

many

green backgrounds or a winter skyline,

in the overall landscape design, espe-

types are dormant. In this regard they

domain

striking accents in

crepe myrtles and oleanders.

semi-deciduous.

cially in

colored leaves.

Their ever-changing attributes give interest. In

not the sole

clothed with a fantastic display of

needed.

contrast elements of garden design.

continued

is

the shrub garden. There are

plain

stemmed growth

Color through Foliage

On

to be planted

the other hand, gold-leafed

plants and those with gold markings

need

to

be planted in

full

sun

to retain

The shade loving variegated forms of Aucuba japonica are the exceptheir color.

tions to this rule.

S h

Remember oi essentia]

also to include in your

make marvellous warmer

I)

5 7

;

list

and

foliage

displays indoors. Holly

one cold country

is

u

shrubs those plains with

which highlight the

berries

i

favorite.

Then,

in

climates, the pigeon berry

(Duranta repens) with

display ol

its

bright yellow berries can be a real

eye-

stopper as can the showy ardisias with their long-lasting red or white berries

providing added interest to

shaded

a

deeply

area.

Scented Shrubs Plants not only give visual pleasure; a fragrant shrub can provide a subtle

sense of joy as

scented foliage,

its

if

brushed against, or its flowers release their distinctive perfume. Daphne, boronias, lavenders, rosemary, gar-

denias and the

lilacs are all beautifully

scented and well worth including on

They are examples which can be placed near an outdoor living area where their perfume can be appreciated as you sit at your shopping

many

of the

list.

leisure. Others,

the over

c>/

camellias, azalias

may

you pass by. such

American

as beside a front gate

and

looked. These shrubs, used sparingly,

and the various

laurel (Kalmia)

through the landscape

chosen for a particular growth pattern such as a weeping standard or for their arresting are choice plants,

like those of the

Though

is

more expen-

accommodate

more attention, in which are to be

for cutting,

Often there

room

as a

Soil

is

wide range of

and reasonably

number

to

of

have an

a pf

I

ale

sc

ranging

very alkaline solutions plant

is

enjoys

Three

,i

(

fertile, howevei garden favorites which need

a< idle soil. Soil is

(

don

14) t

id (1) to

that

I

level

—

m

loving

resent

ability for

good

to establish a .i

root system

well-established border

it

usually appear towards the end

ver)

i

a

pi,

garden bed

a lew

weeks well

lining, diggil

othei

i

I

making

it

n

mattei

!

ol

spring growth. These are

pruned

in late

winter, or in colder

possibility ol host

areas once

all

Shaping

the

is

over.

main requirement here, taking thin or dead wood back to the mam trunk and shortening vigorous ihi

ii

ii

i

the late

is

Plains in this

summer

<

ategory include

flowering shrubs sue h

as tiboiu lima. fu< lisias

Prepan ti

if

is

limited.

the low

immediati

do some plants

the flowering canes are

current season's growth, the flowers

best to

the one

ami adding well-rotted composl

these extrem a< id

not only

shrubs within

and although

rea< h

onsidered to be pi

measured on

In

time

being disturbed, but the

well drained

at

if

back once the flowers are finished to enable the developing new shoots ample room to develop. When shrubs produce flowers on the

summer on

minimum.

a

makes sound gardening sense

plant out a complete bed

it

to interplant

mulch, keeping both weeding and

it

season's canes include forsythia,

cut well

planted towards the is

last

shrubs do best

easy

the form of pruning, or

watering requirements to

will tolerate a

taller,

plants which require

front.

—

weigela and kerna. These and similar

two

back and the

And

types, as long as

at least

these with ground-hugging shrubs to act

well positioned they give a

These shrubs can be divided into two those that produce flowers

on

wide

best planned

care evergreens at the

grown

Acer palmatum

usually

garden that individual look.

a

ensure continued high quality blooms. to

the previous season. Flowers that appear

shrub border to

often unnecessary for shrubs,

on new or the current season's wood and those that form the flower buds in

shrubs in depth, with the

section of the garden.

is

categories

enough

another

to

Pruning

but some do require annual attention to

Planting A

drawing the eye

act as a focal point,

Most shrubs

Pruning

magnolias, the

ericas,

them.

The dramatic statements that an accent plant can provide are sometimes over-

soil

materials.

to

moss and organic mulches added

peat

Accent Points

sandy

light,

type soils with moisture-retentive

have had loads of compost,

soils that

if

and help

and provides

easily drained

species of Pieris. These plants thrive in

or entrance path.

sive,

and rhododendrons

give variety to a shrub border. Other

the heaths

cultivars.

camellias are descended from Camellia japonica.

<>/

shrubs to interplant with them include

overpowering on a summer's

shapes

varieties

but there are other shrubs which will

evening and are best positioned where

They

30 000

thrive in similar conditions

such as the night

scented Cestrum nocturnum, some find

Most

plants

well as hibis* us

m loi

mind, a

it

is

and

ami abutilon

luculia

possible to

garden shrubbery ttention ami still

<

as

Bearing this

hoose plains

that require ver)

d ol a n

as

.i

1

Acacia greggii

Abutilon vitifolium

should have the previous season's stems cut back hard annually in early spring. In the ground it grows to a height of 8-10 ft (about 2.4-3

in

m). Propagate from softwood or

function. The fruits are round or extended pods containing seeds that

semi-npe cuttings from summer to winter. They do well in greenhouses

—birds and bees many spehave phyllodes — same —

abundance

cies

flattened, leaf-

are exceptionally resilient

ZONES 9-11

Light watering in dry seasons and

megapotamicum

One this

of Brazil.

it

Native to Japan, the Himalayas and

low-branching evergreens are widely grown in temperate climates the world over. in

summer and

fall,

bearing pink or white flowers with reddish

brown

bracts.

They

prefer

ft

dense habit makes

a suitable choice for a hedge.

grows

India, these dense,

They flower

of the hardiest of the genus,

sprawling evergreen

Abutilon megapotamicum Variegatum'

to a height

It

and spread of 47;

trained against a wall, but

FLOWERING MAPLE. CHINESE LANTERN

delightful, colorful, lantern-shaped

2.7

mates. In colder climates they will

flowers, these leggy evergreen or

ZONES

ground each winter; give from a wall or other

shelter

shrubs. Plant in early spring or

fall.

Thin out the oldest branches and trim lightly in winter or early spring.

The

fine

growth that follows trim-

ming makes

it an excellent choice an informal hedge. Propagate from cuttings in summer.

for

A. x grandiflora GLOSSY ABELIA This, the best is

a

known

hybrid of a

species.

It

of the group,

number

of Chinese

has oval, glossy, bronze-

green foliage and fragrant, pinktinged, white flowers which appear

from mid-summer

to mid-fall.

When there

foliage, or

is

new

when

the flowers have fallen leaving be-

hind reddish brown bracts, the entire bush takes on a bronze tone. It grows to a height and spread of

6-9

ft

(about 1.8-2.7 m).

ZONE? 6-10

for the

beauty of their ma-

ple-like leaves as

much

as for their

it

may be

a

to a height

and spread of 9

30

years.

after flowering will

They require welldramed soil and full sun to thrive. Propagate from seed or from cuttings. Acacias suffer from fewlife.

A. boormanii syn. A. hunterana

This small, rounded, evergreen tree it is

dense ground cover. Prefers part shade to full sun and a well-drained but moist soil. It grows

used as

to

SNOWY RIVER WATTLE

splashes of yellow. Normally

ABUTILON

up

pests or diseases.

'Variegatum' has leaves with

6-10

Grown

them

a native

branches and pendent, bell-shaped, yellow and red flowers appearing in spnng to fall. These appear among

sun or part shade, flourishing in a well-watered garden yet tolerating drought easily in summer dry clidie to the

is

has long, slender

oval, lightly serrated leaves;

(about 1.3 m).

ZONES

It

for

pruning

prolong

TRAILING ABUTILON

until mid-fall. Its

—they

may survive light

ABELIA

that serve the

like stalks

in cold climates.

A.

Abutilon x hybridum

love

them. Instead of leaves,

ft

(about

ml

or shrub grows to a height and

spread of 9-12

ft

(about 2.7-3.5

m), producing bright yellow balls of flowers in spring. It produces narrow, dark green phyllodes and is best propagated from the suckers that appear around the ZONES 9-11

9-11

mam trunk.

semi-evergreen shrubs are grown in A. vitifolium

glasshouses in cold climates and

outdoors in mild winter regions. They prefer to be shaded from the hot afternoon sun and a rich, moist, fertile,

well-drained

soil.

Improve

the flower yield by regular pinching back to ensure branching and hence budding. Tie to a support if stems are weak. Raised from seed sown at any time, Abutilon will germinate within 3 weeks or less and should flower within 12 months. The varieties named below however will come true only from cuttings (take these from firm, new tips later in

the season

and struck with heat

in a

sand/peat mixture). Often raised as

indoor plants, they bloom best when rootbound. Popular with white A. X

flies

and aphids.

hybridum

These open, soft-wooded shrubs have green, maple-shaped leaves

A. schumannii

with a slightly furry texture. They bear bell-shaped flowers in shades

Also from China, Schumann's abelia

of white, cream, pink, yellow, or-

has larger flowers which are a

deeper mauve-pink than A. x

ange and red (often veined in contrasting tones) from spring to fall. In

grandiflora. Its yellow-blotched,

the growing season,

pmk-and-white, bell-shaped flowers appear from mid-summer and last

may need

tip

young plants pruning to promote

bushy growth. Mature specimens

A. greggii

syn. Corynabutilon vitifolium

This

tall,

CATCLAW ACACIA

open, evergreen shrub,

native to Chile,

masses of

is

prized for

its

delicate, soft lilac to white

summer.

It does best in shade with fertile, well-drained soil; it needs high humidity in summer to perform

flowers in full

sun or

partial

Tip prune new growth to encourage bushmess. Water well during growth, less at other times. It well.

reaches a height of 12-15 ft (about 3.5-4.5 m) and a spread of 9-10 ft (about 2.7-3 m). Propagate from semi-hardwood cuttings in summer.

ZONES

8-1

A native

of southwestern United

and northern Mexico, this deciduous shrub reaches 6-8 ft (about 1.8-2.4 ml in height and spread; with training and shaping States

it

can become a small, picturesque tree suitable for patio gardens. Tiny,

gray-green leaves appear in mid-

by fuzzy yellowThe stems are covered with thorns, making the

spring, followed

catkins in late spring.

shrub useful as a barrier planting but making gardening around it a challenge.

It

loves the heat

and

is

very drought tolerant once established.

ACACIA MIMOSA ACACIA. WATTLE

A. pravissima

One thousand

species of evergreen,

semi-evergreen and deciduous trees

OVENS WATTLE

and shrubs, found in Africa, North America and most predominantly Australia. They grow fast and are usually short lived. The flowering season is variable and brief, with a

This arching, evergreen shrub grows

spectacular explosion of fragrant yellow that blows away to leave dry

tipped and dull green. Small heads of bright yellow flowers appear in

pea pods. The flowers are actually a mass of stamens and produce pollen

late

to a height

and spread of 18

ft

(about 5.5 m); some nearly prostrate

forms are available.

Its

phyllodes are triangular, spine

winter or early spring.

ZONES

J- 11

1

S

more, with an ultimate height in 10-12 ft (about 3-3.5

redolens

\

Though

a large,

mounding shrub

great age of in

us native Australia, the form most

common dens

is

in

southwestern

US

m)

can only be propagated by and is a slow grower It

It

gar-

shrub useful as a ground cover for large areas. It reaches 24 in (about

prefers a

sunny

but protect

site with moist soil, from the intense heat

it

of the afternoon sun.

It

palmatum Dissectum

A.

Yiridis'

It

is

is

native to

a squat, semi-

The green

like puff-

is

it

a

on the upper Bnght red tubular flowers, hanging in loose pairs, appear in spnng and summer. It grows to a height and spread of just under 6 ft side only.

maple resembles more able

slightly

withstand the sun.

to

balls in spring.

cut-leaf

the red, but

from

tuberous rootstock. The evergreen leaves are red tinted

LACELEAFJAPANESE MAPLE

carries gray-green

and yellow flowers

the Himalayas.

epiphytic shrub that sends out

tolerates a range of soil types as well

leaves

This arching climber

slender, arching branches

60 cm) in height but spreads to 12-15 ft (about 3.5-4 .5 m) wide Best in sun or dappled shade. It as drought.

serpens svn Pentapterygium serpens

grafting

a prostrate, widely spreading

ACAPETES

(about 1.8 m). A. serpens prefers a -

9-1

well-drained, humus-rich soil (neutral to

ACER

AESCULUS

Maples are native throughout the

Though most

cooler regions of the northern hemi-

two species deciduous shrubs native to southeastern North America. They form broad mounds

acid)

shade. BUCKEYE

sphere and have been grown all over the world for centunes. The

shrubby maples originated in Japan. where their cultivation reached the level of an art form. These maples are grown for the delicate beauty of their deciduous foliage, although they do have small red flowers on drooping stems which are followed by pairs of winged seeds that twirl when they fall from the tree. They prefer cool, moist conditions and fertile, well-drained soil. They do best when protected from intense sunlight, otherwise the leaves

bum. They color beautifully fall

—

tral

particularly

if

or slightly acid.

gated from seed as

the soil

may

in the

is

neu-

They are propasoon as ripe, the

seed usually requiring a period of

species of Aesculus are

below

listed

are large,

of attractive, palmately divided leaves

topped with panicles of small buckeye fruits ma-

flowers. Typical

ture in

fall,

Both are good for the large shrub border or as screening, and add a distinctive foliage texture to the

them

garden. Give

lar

A.

to light

garden watering dunng dry peri-

soon

as ripe or

sown

as

from softwood

cuttings in early

summer.

A. paniflora BOTTLEBRL SH BUCKEYE

reaching 8-12

from the

sun

ods. Propagate from seed

should be propagated by grafting or from rooting cuttings. Avoid pruning in spring as the sap

pruning cuts.

full

shade, a well-drained soil and regu-

A mounding,

will "bleed " excessively

smooth seeds en-

their

cased in a tough, leather)' husk.

cold to encourage sprouting; cultivars

the

fairly large trees,

deciduous shrub ft

(about 2.4-3.5

nO

and spread. White flowers appear on 6-12 in (about 15-30 cm) long panicles in mid-summer. in height

It

tolerates light shade well

ZONES 5-9

palmatum Dissectum

Atropurpureurri

A. pavia

RED LACELEAF JAPANESE MAPLE

REDBLCKEYE

This cultivar of the deciduous Japa-

This species

nese mountain maple has normally

deciduous shrub

reddish purple leaves that turn

3-6 m) tall and wide; it may become tree like to 30 ft (about 9 m). Red flowers on 6 in (about 15 cm)

The flowers are small, also reddish to purple, and appear in spring. The plant has a brilliant red in

fall

broad, honzontal growth habit,

spreading to 15

\
ft

(about 4.5

m)

is

mounding. 10-20 ft (about

also a to

panicles appear in late spring.

It

has

excellent dark green foliage.

or

Dissectum Vtropurpureum

ZONES 6-9

Icerp

Dissectum Viridis

\, si

ulu

and

full light

or part

/l

I

ii

/)

s

159

]

60

S h

i

u b

s

ALYOGYSE s\ n

glossy,

Hibiscus huegelii

BLL E HIBISCUS

This dense, semi-deciduous desert

shrub blooms in fall,

bearing

ers

The leaves

lilac,

slightly hair.-

late

spring through

hibiscus-like flow-

are lobed

and

with irregularly ser-

rated margins. It prefers full sun and well-drained soil. It needs minimal watering once established, and /s to a height of 8 ft (about 2.4 m) and spread of 4-5 ft (about 1.2-1.5 m). Propagate from semihardwood cuttings in summer. -

summers are cool. It has mid-green leaves and pro-

best where

huegelii

j-ii

AMELASCHIER alnijolia

duces pitcher-shaped clusters of pink flowers in spnng and early summer. It prefers full sun or partial shade and a moist, humus-rich, acid soil

—

it

thrives naturally in peat

grows to a height and spread of 24 in (about 60 cm). Propagate from seed or by division

bogs.

It

of root runners.

ANISODONTEA x

commercial fruit production. White spring flowers cover the branches as the leaves are just emerging. Deep bluish purple ripen in

mid-summer.

position in

full

It

fruit

prefers a

sun

of subarctic areas, this

dainty, spreading evergreen

Andiomeda polijolia

is

m)

They

additions to the peren-

border and are

growing but full sun for maximum flowering and a welldrained soil; they require minimal watering once established. fast

not long lived. Give them

to light

shade and relatively little water during the summer months. A. uvaursi is the exception in being very

hardy and tolerant of summer moisture with good drainage. Propagate from cuttings taken in the fall. These are excellent plants for the water-conserving garden in mild regions of the

West

Coast.

9-11

A. densiflora

ARBUTUS

This dense,

unedo Compacta'

A compact

among the most

selection of the straw-

berry tree popular on the West

Coast for

its

white,

Howard McMinn

mounding shrub

um-shaped fruits,

once established.

grows

widely planted of native Califomian shrubs. Ultimately growing to

around

5

ft

(about 1.5

slightly wider,

it is

m)

tall

and

extremely useful

an informal hedge or as an addition to the middle range of a shrub border The flowers are produced in great quantity in late winter, and are followed by dull red fruits in summer. A handsome shrub for full sun or dappled shade. as

—10

Anisodonlea x hxpomandarum

is

adaptable and

Arbutus unedo Compacta'

It

it

may spread

6

ft

or more. The foliage

dependably bnght green, even

in

California's hot interior regions.

Pale pink flowers are relatively in-

conspicuous.

prefers a

It

and

in hotter regions

the West Coast. bank cover.

It is

full

shade sun along

little

excellent as a

<-io

MONTEREY MANZANITA

ft (about 2.4-3 nO tall and 5-6 ft (about 1.5—1.8 m) wide; Elfin King' is even more compact. Give it full sun and well-drained soil, and little water

BOG ROSEMARY

30 cm) although (.about 1.8

trunks All prefer a well-drained,

sun

hybnd

height of 12 in (about

slightly acid soil, full

This form grows to 8-10

A native

apples ( "manzanita" means

apple in Spanish). The upnght

at a

popular in the milder regions of the US for their nearly continuous production of 1 in (about 2.5 cm),

usually appearing simultaneously.

polijolia

found around the world

northern latitudes. All have small, tough leaves, clusters of umin

tops out

Small, upnght, evergreen shrubs

flowers and strawberry-like

ASDROMEDA

uva-ursi,) is

A

manzanita, thought to be a

of two coastal Califomian species

A. hookeri

MALLOW

nial

for

neighboring states; the bearberry

Emerald Carpet" valuable ground-covenng form of

forms usually have attractive, mahogany-colored bark on picturesque

CAPE

This shrubby species of serviceberry

good fall color. The berries are edible and are sometimes cultivated

The manzanuas are evergreen shrubs (occasionally small trees) in the rhododendron family found mostly in California and

little

pink, hibiscus-like flowers

Roundish, deciduous leaves provide

A

like tiny

hxpomandarum

make good

and the Rocky Mountains grows from 4-20 ft (about 1.2-6 m) tall.

A.

MANZANITA BEARBERRY

shaped, white to pink flowers in winter or early spnng, and fruits

SASKATOON SERY1CEBERRY

native to the northern Great Plains

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS

A low, mounding shrub with

the

leaves held venically. this manzanita is

dunes and pine around Monterey Bay in

native to the

forests

coastal central California, Clusters

of pale pink flowers are late winter.

It is

showy

in

good as a ground

cover or for foreground planting in It will need a little shade in hot interior regions. The ultimate height varies from 18 in to 4 ft (about 45 cm to 1.2 ml with

a shrub border.

the spread often exceeding 6

(about 1.8 m).

It is

ft

most commonly

grown

as one of several cultivars such as 'Monterey Carpet' (only 12

in/30

cm tall but spreading very

wide\ or 'Wayside' by 8 ft/2.4 m wide

v4

ft/1. 2

m tall

ZONES 8-10

manzanita COMMON MANZANITA

A.

A large shrub or small tree, the common manzanita is a characteristic

plant of the chaparral

commu-

Shrubs

Atriplex lentiformis subsp. breweri

much

nity that once covered

of the

hillside regions of interior California-

Reaching 20

and

f

m)

(about 3

ft

m) tall more in

(about 6

ft

or

mahogany bark on

its

Ardiski japonica

by red fruits that remain colorful in winter. Good for shaded areas with steady moisture and slightly acidic, loamy soils.

ASCLEPIAS

cant, although both are attractive to

subulata

birds.

AJAMENTE, BUSH MILKWEED

drought and even the highly alkaline soils of the and West.

are followed

and are followed by deep red fruits. It is very heat and drought tolerant.

arbutifolia

in late winter,

HOkEBERRY

(

A

native of eastern North America,

deciduous shrub is a common understorey plant in moist woodlands. White flowers in spring become bright red berries in fall and early winter, popular with birds. The shrubs are usually under 6 ft (about 1 .8 m) tall, with many vertical stems rising from spreading this

ZONES 8-10 A. uva-ursi BEARBERRV. KINMKINN1CK

Native to coastal and subarctic areas

around the northern hemisphere, this delightful, prostrate shrub is the Its

bright red berries are popular with

clumps Narrow, oval

bears in the wild, hence the

bright red in the

mon name.

It is

com-

drought

less

toler-

ant than the other species but

adaptable over a

much wider

fall

range,

leaves turn

(best in the

sometimes

cultivar Brilliant',

as'Brilhantissima').

is

It

listed

and

soils,

will tolerate full

including the mountains of the

in

Wesi the West Coast, the Great Lakes and New F.ngland. An excellenl ground cover in ihe wild garden or on coastal dunes. Ii is usually under 12 in (about 30 cm),

sun or part shade. Periodically cut the oldest steins to the ground to encourage vigorous new growth

,

may

although the spread (about

m)

3

be

llkl

tains

foi

hadi

ground

shrub

in .ii

'l

.i

il

lli'

gardi n

upright

ill

tin

vhiti

of

planl

flowei thi

ipn

."I

\

Hi

m

the must

"I

ora ol

star-shaped flowers appear in mid-

selected cultivars. Small, purple,

iwidi

fall

thi

I)

spring. Red, egg-shaped berries

parviflora

ripen in

syn. Hymenolepis parviflora

only This spreading, slightly

woody

4'/ :

ft

(about

m) high and bears

3

I

on

small, golden-yellow flowers

ii

uK

heads

in early

sum-

and last into winter, but one male plant is ever) two females (the

fall

least

if at

grown

shrub comes from the southwestern comet oi South Africa. It grows to

to

females are the ones that bear

grows

ol the

\s

to ]ust

cuttings.

ONI

Ii'

.

divided Plant in rich, well soil

m

gent aroma

showy il

in

I

It

I

flowei

[eight varii I

I

i

bi

lull

sun

BOXLI

an nol

from

Wl R\S\I

A tough

lilt

d

hrub

in

i

Growingto 6 i'

'

.1

foi i

fl

in

(aboul

fi

riatu

.

s

i

inf

trden nil

and

I

ol

m), deep

(

men:

Il

grow

toa

ma

'i

'in "i

hade

draini d

It

oil

emi-ripe cutting

l

am)

:ol

hi h'Jh

bi 'in

ingin

tng

in spi

icented en

vanilla

and

erviceabli

thi

h.

'/.

hile lias

yellow flowers with

hwesi 1

i

name

his elegant, evergreen

be, us tin)

the

foi

ol th

i

width, ,n.

I

lea

ati'

il

abi

fi

\

s||

n gion

'li'.

AR

green, oval leavi

gra

hei

\

tii full

I

\/

\l

i

(

hoi

over 10

I

subsp brewei

est.ra

-

fruil

under 9 It (about 2.7 m) in height and spread Propa gate from semi-hardwood fall It

leaves are needle like and

lentiformis

moun-

the

rheleavi

i.l.i

in

ian

an produ

items in

and basins

i

L>ll

the tip

is

planl

to the

anattracti

>ml, i

ATHANASIA

ATRIPLEX

ipi

I

uthi

tl

dark green, oval leaves heavily splashed or edged with gold in

llkl

^

in all but the

ZONES 9-10

I

S|l

his silvery

VIARI IIIRR>

Itoci

mountain native ol most barren of soils. A bushy evergreen, it has stout, green shoots and glossy,

Japan grows

inn rophylla

I

i

shade while producing under a dense cover,

in

colorful fruits

A2ARA

characteristii

i

Thriving

tridentata

japonu «

i

JAPANESE AUCL1BA

syn Seriphidium tridentatum

ARDISIA

thai

very drought toler-

ant plant for desert gardens.

mer The

BIGSAGI

drub

A

cottony seeds.

AVCUBA japonica

this cool-climate

which develop into characterismilkweed pods filled with

ers,

drained

more

or

clusters of curious yellowish flow-

large, flattened

9

ARTEMISIA

It

1

,

milkweed grows along desert washes where it sends up numerous 3-5 ft (about 90-1 50 cml tall, pale green stems when there is moisture present The stems are topped by

tic

sun,

full

ZONES 8-10

will thrive in

average garden conditions as well as

wet

food source for the

takes heat,

It

butterflies in desert re-

gions of the Southwest, this

AROMA

flowers are held in pendent clusters

hardiest of the manzanitas.

An important monarch

picturesque

trunk and branches. The pinkish

I

Aucubajaponica

ZONES 8-9

width, this evergreen has beautiful

(>

I

•

;ta

and m),

i

requires

!ii ix

fei

Pro] in

i

tei

I

with a spread to 6

ft

(about 1.8 m).

Prune after flowering and propagate from seed in spring. ->-n

BEGONIA

+e%$$k

fuchsioides This evergreen, multi-stemmed

hegonia has dark green, oval, serrated leaves. Small, single, white flowers are borne in spring and fall. It

grows

to 3

ft

(about 90 cm)

tall

with a 12 in (about 30 cm) spread.

Baeckea xirgata

It

prefers

good

well-drained

BANKS1A

from

ericifolia

light

and moist but

Best propagated

soil.

soft tip cuttings or

seed

if

available.

HEATH BANKSIA

Named

after the botanist Sir Joseph

who

Banks,

discovered this ever-

BERBER1S

green in 1770, banksias are found in even,- state of Australia, particu-

southwestern regions.

larly in the

Though common

in cut-flower

nurseries in coastal California, lew

show up

and

in gardens. Foliage

habit vary, but

all

species are char-

acterized by colorful Qowerheads,

odd,

woody

follicle fruits

and adapThe

Species from this genus of evergreen, semi-evergreen and decidu-

ous shrubs from Europe, Asia and the Americas are among the most popular

The

for cool-climate gardens.

usually golden flowers are a delight,

when

especially neat, parallel

rows along

a spike

usually appear in spring. Container-

A low, mounding shrub

ized plants need moderate watering

from

coastal California, this evergreen has tin\'.

resinous leaves and stays under

24 in (about 60 cm) spreading to 6

(about

ft

pot seedlings to become pot bound

in height, 1 .8

m)

or

more. Flowers like tiny shaving brushes are produced in fall; male and female flowers are produced on

Begonia fuchsioid.es

during growth periods, but little water at other times. Do not allow prior to planting. B. ericifolia

branching shrub with

freely

wide).

habit

Though

is

m

enhanced by

a light

annual

Very tolerant of coastal conditions, where it thrives with no summer water. Inland, even in the high desert, it is a dependable ground cover requiring only occasional water through the summer. Excellent on banks in shearing in

sun.

full

late winter.

Good

drainage

ter.

It

is essential.

hedges. Propagate from seed in

fine,

B.

fall.

darwinii

DARWIN BARBERRY

This

is

fall

a native of Chile

It

grows

one of the more adapt-

well-drained and sandy

is still

best in

It

best

prefers

soil (free of

and phosphates) and grows

nitrates

sun or part shade condi-

full

tions, to

in height

around 12 ft (about 3.5 m) and spread. Propagate

from seed

in early spring or

fall.

Banksias are closely related to the

genus

and

Protect,

found in South

scientists cite this as

that the continents

and Argenand spread of 9 ft (about 2.7 m), producing an abundance of orange to yellow is

in (about

flowers in

suited to coastal gardens.

naturally dense, the

make good, dense

taller species

tina.

able of the banksias, but

ft/1 .8

Smaller spe-

10-25 cm)

be messy. Male selections are usually planted, especially 'Twin Peaks'

and 6

soil.

cies are excellent in rockeries while

through win-

long.

tall

but waterlogged

This

around 4-10

cm

may

change color in late summer or fall. They prefer sun or part shade in any

per to orange, bottlebrush spike

oping cottony seed heads that can

5 in/38

offset against the

red or purple foliage, which

a

glossy foliage and an upright, cop-

different plants, the females devel-

( 1

is

saw-

toothed, and the clusters of tiny,

tation to harsh conditions.

slender, tubular flowers arranged in

and

leaves are shiny

Africa,

evidence

were once joined

flowers

to a height

among dark

from mid-

green leaves

to late spring.

Then blue-

colored berries appear in turn. ter heavily

Prune ing

if

lose

Wa-

only in dry seasons.

lightly to

shape

after flower-

desired, but be prepared to

some

berries. Propagate

from

semi-ripe cuttings in summer.

ZONES 7-10 B. x me?itorensis

MENTOR BARBERRY

as part of the supercontinent

An

extremely tough shrub resulting from the cross of B. julianae with B.

Gondwanaland.

BAECKEA

thunbergii, this species has a dense,

xirgata

upright habit with many vertical stems covered with spines. The

BAUH1NIA

This dainty,

woody evergreen,

na-

galpinii

atractive foliage turns bright red in

tive to the east coast of Australia, is

prized for

its

elegant profusion of

tiny, white, tea-tree-like flowers,

which appear in summer. thin leaves

up

It

bears

to 'A in (about

1

cm)

long and prefers well-drained, moist

RED BAL'HIXIA

fall

The most spectacular shrub genus Bauhinia,

this

bush (occasionally native to Africa.

It

in the

low-spreading

a climber)

is

has tw-o-lobed

9 ft (about 2.7 m). Propagate either from young cuttings or ripe seeds, if they can be caught !->efore dispersal.

and sweet smelling, bright red flowers borne in small racemes which appear in late summer and fall. It prefers light, fertile, well-drained soil and full sun and dislikes cold or salty wind. It grows

ZONES 9-10

to a height of 9

and

sun or semi-shade conditions. It grows to a height of soil

12

ft

full

(about 3.5

m)

with a spread to

leaves

—

—

ft

(about 2.7

m)

in colder climates, but

remains

evergreen in mild winter regions.

Flowers and

fruit are less

showy

than in other barberries. This is grown most frequently as an impenetrable hedge in

ZONES

full

sun.

5-8

B. ottawensis syn. B.

o.

Superba'

Purpurea'

Developed

at the

mental Station

in

Ottawa ExperiCanada, this de-

S III

leaves topped by bright yellow, green-centered daisies from spring

ciduous shrub is grow n foi its at tractive an hing habit and dark

maroon/purple leaves

that

tum

to

through

tinged yellow Flowers appear in

shrub

1

late

spring and are follow ed by glossy,

reachesa height and spread of 7'A ft (about li

I

his

is

The flowers release an

fall

intoxic ating

aroma

ol

<

fiocolate

mi excellent long-flowering for the prairie states

and the

m)

2

necessary for

maximum

well-drained

soil is preferred.

bloom,

1

ONES B.

BOVGAINVILLEA

deciduous species from Japan. Us pale to mid-green, oval This

is

a

leaves turn brilliant orange-red in fall.

Small, red-tinged, pale yellow

flowers erupt in mid-spring. Bright

egg-shaped fruits follow. grows to 47; ft (about 1.3 m) red,

It

tall

and 9 ft (.about 2.7 m) wide. Numerous named selections are available, such as the dwarf 'Crimson Pygmy' (18 in/45 cm tall by 30 in/ To cm wide' with deep red-purple

species Bougainvilleas are popular for their brilliant

papery bracts, borne for a

powering the foliage. They are hardy only in the mildest regions of the US, although they are very popular as container plants for summer color and can be brought

'Rose Glow' with newmarbled pink and

purplish bronze.

soil

This many-branched evergreen in

belongs to the same family

liquid is

(Asteraceae) as daisies

flower-

—though us

petite, bright yellow, daisy-like

ing Propagate in spring from

flowers which appear in

softwood cuttings or root cuttings. Whitefly and mealy bug may present problems.

and

B.

fall

summer

are less interesting than the

leather)',

green-gray leaves with

gray, woolly undersides that give a

edge to each leaf. It prefers sun or part shade and welldrained soil. Plants in a pot should silver

hybrids

full

There are a number of hybrid bouvardias available, mainly derived

be watered freely in summer, otherwise moderately.

cm). Prune regularly and pinch

or evergreen in w-armer climates,

shades from white to bright red;

they can be deciduous

some, such as the pink 'President Garfield', have double flowers. They make excellent, long-blooming pot plants and used to be very popular

As well

in coolei

as being

in containers

and

good

tubs, they

can be trained into arches and standards or can even be used as

hedges and ground covers. Root restriction encourages flowering;

ZONES 4-10

|

9-11

cm)

grown

is

full light

well-drained

di

indoors in winter. Semi-evergreen

climates.

new

more

syn. Senecio greyi

half- to three-quarters.

and fertile, Water heavily

tall,

with clusters of flowers

conservatory plants. Scent

is

It

grows

height and spread of 3

in

ft

to a

(about 90

back occasionally to maintain a neat habit. Propagate from cuttings in late

summer.

Berberis ottawensis Superba'

apt to

be lacking.

ZONES

9-11

the plants need to be cut back

BERLANDIA

blooming. They require fertile, soil, full sun and plenty of water during summer.

lyrata CHOCOLATE FLOWER

Propagate from semi-ripe cuttings

is a native from the and flatlands of western Texas through New Mexico and Arizona to Mexico, and is usually found at

summer or from hardwood when dormant. 'Temple

This tough plant

in

hills

cuttings

elevations of 4000-5000

1220-1525 m). (about 30 cm")

B. longiflora

after

well-drained

It

ft

(about

produces

mound

a 12 in

of evergreen

Fire' is a

dense, shrubby form

6-10 ft (about 1 .8-3 height and has bronzy-red

syn. B. humboldtii

This thin-stemmed, spreading ever-

green

is

the only bouvardia that

truly fragrant.

It

bears exquisite

lar-shaped petals, in terminal clus-

during

and winter.

ters

m)

small, lance-shaped leaves

bracts.

grows

fall

to a height

+

l

emplc

Fire

It

has

and

and spread of

-'

3

-

—

.

ft

(about 90 cm) or more. 'Albatross'

Brachy glottis grc\

lim illea

*****

is

white flowers, each with four tubu-

that reaches in

I

al-

from B. longiflora. They are spreading shrubs to about 3 ft (about 90

barberry Atropurpurea'; and the foliage that

prefer

—cut

very long period and often over-

leaves; the old-fashioned red-leaved

relatively

stems

summer and add diluted fertilizer when the shrub

thunbergii

M'WIsr BARBERRY

I

5-9

Stephanie' flowers

BRACHYGLOTTIS

I.

6

ably.

greyi

They

/

11

flowering to maintain shape a

Propagate from seed or cutting

5-10

1

untidy and require pruning after

in

bai 2

s

1

Bouvardias are

intensely fragrant

Southwest, in a mixed bordei 01 a natural landscape. Full sun is

I)

must commonly grown, though the more com pad 1

ii

orange scarlel and purple in fall small umbels ol up shaped, red-

bright scarlel berries

BOUVARDIA These evergreens come from Me and Central America and are grown for the spectacular beauty ol their How ers. which in some species are

M

is

Bouvardia hybrids

1

'"'Jtr-

:'

'

v

1

BRVGMANSIA

It

ANGEL STRIMPET

height and spread of 12

These exotic-looking but robust. evergreen or semi-evergreen shrubs are native to the Andes mountains. They prefer full sun or half shade and fertile, well-drained soil. Propagate from seed in spring, or

beyond

ness range; bring indoors in winter.

Keep moist during the growing season and prune in early spring to maintain shape. Specimens in containers should be watered freely.

to

which if

trum-

eaten.

about 3.5

m)

spread of 9

ft

grown

T

T

^

**

,..

•.

."

L

,

l\'\

^

™ K^

i\

grows

It

to 12

Similar to the other species, but with larger flowers that begin white

pale pink 'Frosty Pink', two of the

most common cultivars available; both are extremely flonferous.

ft

in height with a

(about 2.7 m).

for its elegant,

ZONES 9-10 It is

pendulous,

BRUNFELSIA

fall.

are

at

YESTERDAY-TODAYAND-TOMORROW

bome from sum-

Leaves are oval shaped

This stunning, rounded, evergreen

shrub from South America is widely enjoyed for the varying displays of

downy texture.

ZONES 7-10

fragrant blue flowers

M.^v

B.

and

(about 1.8-

3.5 m).

pauciflora

to

and

fall

to a height ft

cream or pinkish) flowers which

mer

.

follow.

spread of 6-12

greenish-tinted white (.sometimes

with a

4£x

growing

night. Flowers are

H^Hr

flowers which appear in

winter. Green, egg-shaped berries

terscotch 'Charles Grimaldi' and the

extremely fragrant, especially

'

in

doubtedly a parent of the pale but-

This semi-evergreen shrub has a

[

This round-headed tree or shrub

then age to pink or apricot Un-

Candida syn. Datura Candida

habit,

suaveolens

syn. Datura sua\eolens

B. versicolor

B. x

rounded

B.

9-1

-

the) are

related, all parts of the angel's

pet are poisonous

ZONES

may

present problems. Like the wild

Jimsonweed,

(about

shaped, single or double, white

their hardi-

Whitefly and spider mite

ft

3.5 m).

produces thin, oval leaves to 12 (about 30 cm) long and funnel-

softwood or semi-ripe cuttings in summer. Adaptable to container culture in areas

has oval leaves and grows to a

sanguinca

on

the

one

plant. In spring this tropical beauty

syn. Datura sanguinca

produces

RED ANGEL'S TRUMPET

gradually fade to pale blue and then

This species grows cream and scar-

to white. The shrub has lanceshaped, glossy, leather)- leaves and

trumpet-shaped flowers up to 8 in (about 20 cm) long, each with a let,

spathe-like calyx, in

summer to

rich,

purple flowers which

and

prefers full sun to part shade fertile,

humus-rich, well-drained

fall.

Water plants in containers only It grows to 6 ft (.about 1.8 m) in height and spread. Propagate from summer cuttings. Mealy bug and whitefly may present probsoil.

moderately.

lems.

ZONES

10-11

BUDDLEIA BLTTERFLYBISH

The

spicy, fragrant

blooms

of

Buddlcia attract butterflies from far

—

and wide hence the common name. Found in Asia, Africa and the Amencas, there is little variation in the foliage between species all have pointed, crepe-textured, large

—

bloom

leaves although the

The tubular

florets

varies.

may be arranged

in whorls, globes, single spikes or

branched racemes. Most do best fertile,

well-drained

soil.

in

Propagate

these arching, deciduous shrubs

and trees from semi-ripe cuttings summer.

in

B. alternifolia FOl STAIN BUTTERFLY BUSH

Forming a graceful mound,

this

deciduous shrub

from the

is

distinct

other species listed here in flower-

S lii

ingon wood produced the pn ingyeai ( onsequentl) pruning should be done immediately after .

flowering

in

spring, cutting out the

ground to encourage vigorous new growth Light oldest stems to the

purple, slight!) fragrant flowers are

produced

in

small clusters along the

The on other

length ol the arching stems. leaves arc smaller than

and

species,

is

brown

height and spread of 7

it

making

ZONES

shun

leaves,

the plant an attractive

choice lor flower arrangement

hedging despite its thoms. It prefers full sun and welldrained soil Ii grow - to a height ol JO It about 9 m) and a spread of 18 Propagate from ft (about 5.5 m) I

BUXVS

This deciduous or semi-evergreen,

arching shrub

known

It

is

the most widely

lance-shaped leaves with white-

honeyscented, purple, lilac or white flowers appear in long panicles in felted undersides. Small,

summer to of 15

9

ft

ft

grows to a height (about 4.5 m) and spread of fall

shrubs are native to Mediterranean Europe, Japan and Central America.

The flowers

It

edging and topiary; the plants have been used in this way for centuries. They thrive in sun or semi-shade and any soil that is

not waterlogged. They

are best set out (use semi-ripe

cuttings) in early spring or late

sum-

mer, watered regularly and, as they

(about 2.7 m). For dense,

shapely and flonferous plants, cut

grow which

ground each spring before growth begins: all flowers are produced on wood from the current

pinched to shape. Trim and shear

to the

year. 5-10

B.

globosa

i

is

very slowly),

grow Promote new growth by cutting back stems to 12 in (about 30 cm) or less in late spring. regularly as separate plants together.

B.

This deciduous or semi-evergreen

microphylla var. japonica

syn. B. japonica

BOXWOOD

species from South

JAPANESE

to a height

This evergreen, bushy variety bears

America grows and spread of 12 ft (about 3.5 m) and is valued for its fragrant, bnght orange flowers in ball-like heads which appear in

summer

Its

leaves are long, dark

green and wrinkled.

It

likes full

sun

a rounded mass of small, oblong, bnght green leaves. It requires full sun and will tolerate moist soil; it is

also

more

tolerant of the dry heat

and alkaline

soils of the

and good drainage. ~-io

BURS ARIA spinosa BOX THORN

Sheep farmers hate green bush

this spiny, ever-

— they claim

it is

forever

snagging the wool of passing sheep.

However, the fragrance and charm of the tiny white flowers

popular

in

gardens

summer

the flowers are

make

it

in California. In

massed

in

panicles toward the ends of the

Buxus sempen Buddleia ahernijolia

mates worldwide

to a

(about 2

hedging and screen-

flowers.

Found

and subdo best in soil moisture and prefer full

that retains

sun and plenty

B.

Named

botanist Propagate from seed in

ENGLISH BOXWOOD

fall

or spring, or from softwood cuttings

almost identical to

is

of water.

after a sixteenth-century Italian

sempervirens

This

for their brilliant

in tropical

tropical areas, they

ing

in

8.

microphylla but grows to twice the

However, the form most

summer.

C. gillicsii syn. Poinciana gillicsii

BIRDOf PARADISE BISH

is

the type used to

This rather prickly deciduous shrub

make

irens

West than

grown

clipped edgings in formal Italian- or

or small tree

French-style gardens. Foliage

racemes of bird-like, yellow flowers w "ith long, red stamens that appear

is

a

darker green and has a distinct aroma not appreciated by everyone.

in

summer

and

CAESALPINIA These deciduous shrubs, climbers are valued in

is

It

trees

warm

and

cli-

for the short

has finely divided

dark green leaves.

ZONES 5-10

are insignificant but the

foliage is ideal for hedging,

has dark green, long,

ft

ZONES 6-10

and

These densely foliaged evergreen

BISH SUMMER LILAC

grows

s

only around 32 in (about 81 cm)

BOXWOOD, BOX

BITTERm

Perfect lor

It

often seen, Suffruticosa', grows to

5-10

B. da\ulii

m)

height.

*-io

summer

of water in

the English

also excellent lor

and moder-

prefers full sun

amounts

ate

appear. These contrast

nicel) with the small,

than opposite. Tolerant of poor soils,

fruits

seed or semi-ripe cuttings.

are alternate rather

box

branches, alter which attractive

li

ii

It

prefers full sun

a well-drained soil

It

grows

to

a height of 12

ft

(about 3.5 m) and

a spread of 18

ft

(about 5.5 m).

Propagate from seed in B-ll

fall.

166

Shrubs

C. pulcherrima syn. Poinciana pulcherrima

RED BIRD-OF-PARADLSE

This is the most common species of Caesalpinia. An erect or spreading, prickly, evergreen shrub, like leaves

it

has fern-

and bears racemes of

esque plant prefers

full sun and and tolerates the cold poorly. The Greek genus name

C. dichotoma

well-drained

excellent; C. bodinieri var. giraldii

reflects its characteristics {kallos:

the best.

beaut>-

soil,

drained

It

prefers

soil. It

does not tolerate cold very well. Propagate from seed in fall.

WEEPING BOTTLEBRLSH

ripe cuttings in

This graceful, weeping, evergreen

fall.

CALLISTEUOS BOTTLEBRLSH

Native to Australia, these

CALLICARPA

evergreen shrubs are popular in

The attraction of these

late fall to

Ireland, the

upright,

deciduous shrubs lies in the luxurious bunches of glossy, purplish, lilac berries they bear in fall. The

and i to Central and South America and related to the Acacia, this evergreen shrub grows to a height and spread of 9 ft (about 2.7

spring

striking flowerheads

many red-stamened

it

bears

made up of

—

florets

like all

it has no petals. The bipinnate leaves each have more than 100 leaflets. This pictur-

species in the genus

woody

and sometimes papery-trunked BEALTV BERRY

(often bronze tipped BRAZILIAN FLAME BUSH

(which is bright red) and Violaceus" (which is reddish purple). —10 C. viminalis

and andros. stamens). Propa-

pale green, crepe-textured leaves

CALLL\\DR.\

m). In

generally considered

warm months of

full sun and wellgrows to a height and spread of 9 ft (about 2.7 m) and

the year.

is

bodinieri are

gate from seed in spring or by semi-

orange-red to yellow, cup-shaped flowers during the

Profusion'

and C.

when young)

tiny, lilac flowers in spring or

countries.

USA. Mediterranean

Hong Kong and South

and wherever frost is not weeping in habit, they are grown for their magnificent flowers, which closely resemble a

Africa

severe. Often

bottle brush.

From the Lips of the new leaves grow,

summer are of little interest. Un-

flower spikes

gainly plants, they should be

leaving long-lasting,

pruned in winter. Use the

capsules behind.

fruiting

stems for indoor decoration. They

grow best in fertile, well-drained soil and prefer full sun or semishade conditions. They grow to a height and spread of 6 ft (about 1.8 m). Propagate from softwood

cuttings in

summer. There

eral species, all very

are sev-

much alike:

W&a'

w H

}

\il

-,'

Callistemon prefer full sun.

Though

SCOTTISH HEATHER

A familiar sight as natural cover on moors and heaths in northern Europe, this bushy evergreen is a native of Europe and Asia Min densely spreading bush,

adapt readily to the annual summer drought of California. Propagate

leaves are arranged in pairs.

its

small It

has

spikes of bell- to um-shaped, single

from semi-ripe cuttings in summer.

or double flowers, usually pink,

Tent caterpillar may present a problem about this time.

mauve or white, which appear from mid-summer to late fall. The shrub

C. citrinus

does well in rockeries and mulched with pebbles. Though

LEMON BOTTLEBRL 5H

tolerant of salt

tions. Its leaves

fragrance.

damp condi-

have a distinct lem-

The flowers are

crimson and are produced in great abundance in spring and sporadically throughout the year. Grown either as a dense shrub to 15 ft (about 4.5 m) or trained into a small-headed tree. Cultivars available include Splendens brilliant

V

CALL UNA \ul°aris

native to seasonally wet soils, they

ony

*M
Ititf £

a^^HI

W^m

A

hurxuningbirds and orioles.

profusely in dry or

/'•

\f

woody, seed

A favorite with

This species thrives and flow ers

1*4i*^

shrub or small tree flowers mostly in spring, producing clusters of bright red flowers. It grows to 25 ft (.about 7.5 m) tall with a spread of 15 ft (about 4.5 m). producing long, narrow, oblong leaves. It tolerates most soil conditions.

and wind, heather does not thrive in areas with high

summer temperatures. good ground gritty,

It

makes

a

cover, preferring a

well-drained, acid soil with

Grows to a height of 24 in (about 60 cm) and a width of 20 in (about 50 cm). Over 100 regular water.

cultivars are available ists,

from special-

including some with variegated

or multicolored leaves such as Multicolor".

CaUicarpa bodinieri Calliandra tweedii

CALYCASTHIS SWEET SHRLB SPICE

BL SH

Deciduous shrubs from North America and the Orient, notable

for

and usually maroon

the fragrance of their leaves

flowers which are and resemble very small magnolia -'.;55;~s

:

:~

st;.:cs

/.s:-.:.i

her,

shade and steady moisture. The bold foliage prefer full

sun

to light

texture provides a

good contrast

in

the moist shrub border. Propagate

from seed.

Calluna

\

ulgaris Multicolor"

UtMP

>,

Camellia granthamiana C. floiidus

Maroon flowers

and then

in spring

summer are

scattered through

not

showy but are interesting and fragrant. Clumps spread slowly to 6-10 ft (.about .8-3 m) and reach 6 ft (about 1.8 m) or more in height. It is good as an understorey shrub in open woodland or as an 1

informal hedge or shrub screen in full

sun or part shade.

ZONES 4-10 C. occidentalis agate from cuttings in late

SPICE BLSH

Similar to C. flondus but with large

West Coast,

plenty oi moisture.

4-12

m)

(about 1.2-3.5

ft

spreading 6-8

ft

grown

for its flowers

leaves,

which

(about 1.8-2.4

m)

are used to

s-10

Legend has

it

CAMELLIA winm

making

genus of evergreen, woody shrubs and trees are actually from mainland hina and the Indo-Chinese peninsula hey are found in mountainous, ubtropii al area growing in partial culture, the majority of this

(

C.

Japan these lush plan

in

pan

iil

i

i

oil

soon

ol

for tea

flower-

a

after

soil,

Kong

flowers

Hong

i

in

'

in late fall

I

he flow-

single,

rounding

vheri

a

<

1

in

petal

I'

avi

• i

lo

rinl

hii

Mm

i

ai ietie

ifl

an

h

japonu a

di

•

i

<

now

f

hi

WIIIIIV

haped

i

open anda well drained neutral to acid oil D hadi

in th

i

lea item

floral oi

I'lni

discoloi

>h

form ind

l

1

1

1

i

i

e

<

too

ild

than other

Itgn

i

the flowei

i,l

c

has

ulti\ ai

rounded

a

^mailer petals .\nd petaloids

s

Mower Medium

an ofa<

pink and appear earl) son

oliage

i

1<

ai

mid

to

lighi

sea-

green on an

light

is

hrub

dai iih

I

w

red Inii

I

an bn

/«/"""<"

are

w

iai

II

md Hie;

centei

m

petal

pink flowers

large, rose

i

d

this (

(

ultivai s

)ften the

(

>

flower has

varii gati d pi taloids in its hi

l

gled with a flowei

legans'

<

make

hal

wlnie

flo

marking

ni yi llou

greei

(

highly pri

lucei

li

irii

Pi

,ii

tamer double wnli two oi rh of9 to 'l i" tal ii

ill

times u

promim

fi

air

iil

in the center ol the

Beautiful

his well established cultivar has

bettei re ii

varieties (

mass

uprighi

japonica Adolphe Audusson"

lj

nd

prefi

peony form with

8-10

japonica

IAPANESI I

adequate moisture and a proenvironment shade from the

a lull

deep

)

I

ii

prefers a cool

are remark. ibl\ drought tolerant

their luxi I0i

the most popular ol pink

ii

i

( i

It

Among

legans'

'Debutante'

jtij^onica

(

I

camellias, this Ameri< an

much

burning afternoon sun Watering is mill in dr) areas, oi the buds s w ill fail to open: plants in t alifornia

entral boss "I yellow

In

I

.

usually kepi

is

led

tec

up to 6 in (about 5 while and s.mcei shaped, with

ire

green and

am from

through mid-spring, depending in part upon climate It grows to 20 ft (about 6 m) 01 more w ith a similar spread, but

granthamiana

Camellia japonica

Camellia japonica 'Debutante'

smaller as a shrub

I

onteni

butelsi

:

popularity as

beauti-

a

This evergreen shrub from

I

in

—

but quite useless Its

ing planl look

associated with Japanese

the

tea

some

agents attempted to export

ful plant,

<

foi

its

make

that British East India

tuted C japonica instead

their seed capsule

not

specimens out of China after tea had become fashionable in Europe. However, Chinese officials substi-

spring and summer.

grown

but for

tall,

wide. Flowers are produced in

Though

camellias during or immediately after flowering. C. sinensis is

does best with It varies from

it

the shape, prune

fra-

grance Native along streamsides on the

To trim

winter.

flowers and slightly stronger

summer

or mid-winter, or graft in spring or

an inn rmin

taloid

pi

ma

ol

tamens

th

Hon rhe

rhi

iwsol

lii

am

leavi

mom an dai ipi

i

i

II.

n

ml

green and

I

,1

Camellia sasanqua Yuletide

Camellia sasanqua Camellia reticulata Captain Rawes'

Camellia hitchuensis C. japonica Nuccio's

A relatively recent

Gem'

pink and red flowers in spring; the cultivars have large (8 in/20

introduction

from California, this pure white cultivar is popular worldwide for the perfection of its formal double [lowers. Petals present an appealing spiral pattern. Flowers are quite large and are produced mid-season

on

sturdy, upright stems.

ZONE

C. lutchuensis

of dainty white flowers with only

perfume of any camellia. The is fairly fast

when young and

growing, upright spreading

at

Japan and it

matu-

rity.

most sun

It is

tolerant of

all

a fast-growing, slen-

der and dense species which pro-

duces an explosion of fragrant, single, white (occasionally red or pink) flowers in

fall.

These flowers

shaped, glossy and bright green. C.

sasanqua will thrive in a sunny

OIL-SEED CAMELLIA

spot.

grows

It

Considered about the hardiest of

(about 3

camellias, this species has fragrant

(.about 1.5 m).

white flowers shading to pink

•

blooming in the fall and early winter. By crossing with C. japonica and other species

many new hybrids are

becoming available, some of which are hardy to Zone 6 or colder, par-

a spread of 5

ft ft

-^10

C. sasanqua

A pure

White Doves'

white sasanqua with a grace-

ful habit that

espalier

on

but many are produced good show against the dark

ZONES

green leaves

to give a

itself to use as an Flowers do shat-

lends

a wall.

ter quickly,

7-

to a height of 10

m) with

if they can be protected from drying winter winds.

ticularly

^-10

C. reticulata

A its

favorite

among enthusiasts, with

serrated foliage.

Found

naturally

grows slowly up

m

30

(about 9 m). The species bears large, saucer-shaped, single, rose-

planting,

deep

it

to a height of

C. sasanqua Yuletide' Suitable for formal or container

upright habit and handsome.

the forests of southern China,

I

the

opening. The leaves are lance

C. oleijera

^

another lovely evergreen

is

usually shatter within a day or so of

ZONES 9-10

*#"

is

camellias.

three petals but the strongest, sweet-

>

shelter.

This upright native of southern

from China is a little tender but well worth growing for the long display

plant

and provide 10

C. sasanqua

This recently introduced species

est

than C. japonica, it is a taller, more open grower. Grow in a sunny position,

ZONES 8-10

cm or

more) double flowers in shades of pink or red Captain Rawes', the oldest, has been joined by many in recent years. The leaves are large, oval and leather}'. Less cold hardy

ft

it

bears a profusion of

red. single flowers, perfectly

rectangular in shape, in great profusion throughout the winter months. •

s-10

B

S h

(

.

sinensis

Most popular and

cultivars. 'E.

G. Waterhouse

Williams', but there are \

variable shrub/tree, cultivated in

warm, temperate

parts ol eastern

and southern Asia, us processed young leaves are used to make tea Some varieties are also used as ornamental hedge plants are small, scented

I

he flowers

and white

is

a

japonka and

all

in

shades

C. saluensis,

including

these are

CANTVA

C.

buxifolia

many ol

oth-

pink.

C. x williamsii

Donation'

I

III!

\s

m) An

vitamin C.

com-

bears large,

semi-double, orchid-pink flowers in the winter months.

sheer weight of

bright red or

soil

showing

it

a

is

considerable

ZONES

BUSH ANEMONE

Like

SIBERIAN PEASHRl

or small tree native to the

cold reaches of Siberia and churia, valued because of

Man-

its toler-

ance of extremely harsh conditions heat, cold, drought,

—

wind, poor

soils.

Bright yellow pea

flowers are produced in abundance in spring, against leaves that are

divided into 8 to 12 tiny

leaflets.

The ultimate height may be 20 (about 6

m) with

a

spread of

1

ft

5

ft

(about 4.5 m).

ZONES

2-9

CARISSA macrocarpa NATAL PLUM Native to South Africa this

fast-

growing, dense, thorny hedge plant

m

iI/iiihisi

'

ami

Hi,

i

sinensis

(

«ii

pentai

la

i

many

other Californian natives,

this sturdy,

arborescens

A shrub

10-11

California*

«- 10

CARAGANA

/

Beauty', 'Green Carpet'

CARPENTARIA

sheltered position.

lli'i

rich in

drained

and 'Tunic

sun and drought resist-

resistance to cold especially in a

arm

is

late spring. Preferring full

ant, also

(

a well

(accepting nearly pure white sand on the coast ), lull sun to part shade and regular watering. Numerous cultivars are available, including dwarf or compact forms such as

Boxwood

purplish, trumpet flowers in mid- to

well-drained

attractive

evergreen, soft-

its

needs

soil It

stemmed, somewhat scraggy bush, it becomes bowed down by the

it

It

li

an excellent tub specimen and garquite prolific; a

69

I

are followed by fruit that

This spectacular cultivar makes both

It is

/

frangipant-ltke flowers appear; these

This beautiful native of the Andes

(about 2 7

plant.

s

1

MAGH FLOWER, SACRED FLOWER 01 l\(

u h

grows to a height ol 9 It (about 2.7 m) and a spread ol 6 It (about .8 in lie leases are leathery and glossy and in spring largi whiti

mountains develops a leggy habit with slender, weeping branc lies grows to a height and spread ol 9

10

pact upright shrub,

hyhrid group between C.

numerous popular and

almost

J.

Most form low mounds, flowering heavily from mid-winter

den

C. x williamsii This

ers,

ol

i

a/l/oi

rtii

a

evergreen shrub

is

S h

i

u b

90-180 cm). Cut back hard in spring and propagate from semihardwood cuttings, or from seed

into the nursery trade are generally

quires a well-drained soil and occa-

grows to a height drained soil, and spread of 3 ft (about 90 cm). Propagate from softwood or semiripe cuttings in summer or from

sional watering through the drj

seed in

in spring.

mer

ZONEs 9-10

small, broad, spreading tree with

drought resistant but dislikes the pollution in city gardens. in full

sun

to part

summers

It

It

shade and

re-

do well against

will

air

thrives

height and spread of 3-6

11

fall.

ZONES 6-9

a

It has dark green

south- or east-facing wall. glossy, long, narrow,

C.

ft

(about

parentage, but those introduced

more adaptable (more

garden situations

some sum-

Ray Hartman'

water).

early season

corymbosa

to

likely to tolerate

a

is

blooms of deep blue. Dark Star' and 'Con-

'Julia Phelps'.

CASSIA

syn. Senna corymbosa

centered, white flowers which ap-

SENNA

FLOWERY SENNA

pear in summer. Prune regularly

These shrubs and small trees from tropical and subtropical regions around the world provide a blaze of yellow and gold flowers in mild

This fast-growing shrub has light

crinkled leaves. Percy Picton' has

green foliage and large, dense clus-

lavender flowers.

leaves

and

fragrant, yellow-

alter flowering to

prevent scraggi-

Grows to a height of 9 ft (about 2.7 m) Propagate from seed in fall or from cuttings in summer. ness.

on

yellow flowers that

ters of bright

cover the shrub in

winter gardens of California and the

height of 10

Southwest. Pinnately divided leaves

spread of 6

ft

and usually

in ordinary

garden

are green or gray-green,

cha' have deep, cobalt-blue flowers

ft

fall. It

(about 3

grows

.

dense shrubs with

tiny,

B-10

to a

m) with

a

(about 1.8 m). Plant soil in a

large,

sunny

C. x delilianus Gloire

de

Versailles'

This French hybrid

is

a sturdy,

CARYOPTERIS

evergreen. Flowers are often bowl

position. Propagate from cuttings.

vigorous, deciduous shrub with

x clandonensis

shaped or are reminiscent of pea flowers, with the seeds produced in typical bean-like pods. Most are tolerant of heat and some drought; all need full sun and good drainage. Some species are used medicinally, while other species are used to tan leather. Propagate from seed.

ZONES 9-10

mid-green leaves that are broad and oval. It does best in full sun and well-drained soil, and will tolerate

This deciduous, bushy sub-shrub

is

masses of delicate, purple-blue flowers from late sumprized for

mer

its

The leaves are irregularly serrated, oval and gray-green. Cut to the ground each spring; it will send up new shoots very rapidly. Preferring full sun and light, wellto

fall.

CEANOTHVS

the moist,

CALIFORNIA LILAC

genus of over 50 species, most of which originate in western North America. Despite the comThis

is

a

mon name

they are not true

lilacs.

C. artemisioides

They

syn. Senna artemisioides

densely clustered flowers, which

FEATHERY CASSIA. SILVER CASSIA

develop in showy panicles or

is

a

dry-climate, frost-tender shrub.

member of the same

A

family

(Leguminosae) as peas and beans,

it

bears spikes of delightful, buttercup-like yellow flowers from winter to early

summer. Each

14 silver-gray

leaflets

leaf

has 6 to

covered in

a

down. It prefers an open, sunny position and fertile, wellfine

drained

soil,

although

wetter conditions

allowed to drain

if

the water

freely.

It

for their small but

ra-

are limited in their use to the

and

West. They need a sunny situation in well-drained soil with little or no

summer water once

they are estab-

lished in the ground. in

Europe

A

few hybrids

are adapted to

the East Coast; these have been

is

grows

grown

produced

will tolerate

it

are

cemes not unlike the true lilacs; the colors range from blue to lavender to white, as do true lilacs. The evergreen species and their American hybrids are the most popular, but

Native to Australia, this wiry, upright to spreading evergreen

derived from a Mexican species and C. americanus,

to a

one of the few species North America.

native to eastern

They tend

to be

summer

All other species

flowering.

and hybrids

remove dead wood in spring. Propagate from seed in spring or from leafy, semi-hardwood cuttings taken in summer. C. cultivars

Nurserypeople and native plant enthusiasts are constantly discover-

ing

new forms

or hybrids of

ceanothus that are superior to the wild species for garden cultivation;

many

scented flowers in racemes are pro-

duced in mid-summer to early fall. It grows to a height and spread of 5 ft

(about 1.5 m).

ZONES 6-10 C. griseus var. horizontalis

CARMEL CREEPER

A

low, broadly spreading, evergreen

shrub with glossy, leathery leaves and masses of light blue flowers in late winter.

Only 24-36

60-90 cm)

in height this spreads to

10-15

ft

in (about

(about 3-4.5 m), making

an excellent ground cover for banks and rough ground, particularly along the West Coast. 'Hurricane Point' is a somewhat more refined ground cover, not so fast to grow and with deeper blue flowers. All like a well-drained soil, full sun and minimal water during the summer.

ZONES 8-10

lightly to

C. impressus SANTA BARBARA CEANOTHUS

This dense, evergreen shrub

is

dis-

deep green, crinkled leaves and for the deep blue flowers produced in spring. A broad mound, it grows to 6 ft (about 1 .8 m) or more in height and up to 15 ft tinct for its small,

(about 4.5

m)

across.

It

prefers the

milder regions nearer the coast in California.

of the hybrids are of uncertain

Ceanothus impressus

Ceanothus Percy Picton'

of east-

are

winter-spnng flowering. Prune

Ceanothus griseus var. horizontalis

humid summers

ern North America. Pale blue

Caryopteris x clandonensis

Ceanothus

Cesti urn elegans 'Smithii'

Chaenomeles

ih\ rsi/leuis

C. ihyrsiflorus BLl E

An

spe< io\a

w*

BLOSSOM

upright, evergreen shrub with

glossy, bright green leaves

the coastal Its tall

mountains of

name

to

California.

*

A

^^'^'-'V'jfife'ifr'.

panicles of soft blue to white

flowers are produced in mid-spring

on plants

may

that

m)

(about 6

reach 20

s

ft

and spread

in height

even wider. Fast growing,

it

is

also

one of the hardiest species. Usually found in nurseries as one of its named selections such as 'Skylark' (blue flowers) or 'Snow Flurry' (white flowers); both are more compact growers than the species. 8-10

-

'Jf'WI'l

v^Hfc^'jif* ^kwjBit. »<-.*»» "^s?

iHxi k

'''

^a

!£.J&mm noctw num

Ccsii urn

phsh flowers in summer and fall, followed by berries of a similar color. 'Smithii' has soft red flowers.

ZONES 9-11

CESTRUM While some enjoy the scent from some species of this genus of deciduous/evergreen shrubs and semiscrambling climbers, others find

overpowering and unpleasant. agree that the delight.

showy

fertile,

it

All

flowers are a

These shrubs

position in

like a

sunny

w-ell-drained soil

and plenty of water during the warmer months. Plants in containers

nocturnum

C.

JESSAMINE

should be

freely

watered during

active growth, less at other times.

NIGHT JESSAMINE

This spreading, evergreen tropical

and subtropical shrub with dark green leaves comes originally from the West Indies. In summer it bears clusters of greenish white to cream flowers, which give off intense fragrance especially after dark. well-drained

soil. It

height of 9

(about 2.7

m) and

(about

m).

summer.

ft

spread of 6

Cut out the older canes ever)' year. Propagate from soft-tip cuttings in the

pre-

It

sun and a grows to a

ft

.8

1

a

FLOWERING Ql IV EJAPANESl

Ql INC

I

Mostly evergreen, this semi-scram-

This dense, thorny, many-branched

deciduous in colder climates. It grows to a height and spread of 6 ft (about 1 .8 m). though it stays a rounded shrub if cut back. In summer, tubular, bright orange appear in large trusses;

shrub from China

these are followed by white berries

flowers

bling shrub

The

is

leaves are oval

The

<

In itered, l

red, while, In

number

and

All

i,

,.

tin

i

ni

ing

tions that

easily into the category

They

are evergreens with

6

It

into a low ball

76 cm)

SO in (about

.\\\A

tall

broad.

distinct

.

globulai

,

wood) cones,

SAW \R\

soil

and

woods)

.

\ tall,

sun

oi

shade but have a prefi n nci foi coolsummers rhesmallest forms light

Hem

i

ery, while the largi

useful foi

-i

i

a

[reen i

\|S|

l

M'RISS

one shaped nee

I

in the

numbet

shrubb) forms more suited gardi n

I

In

al!)

arranged

mi

In • Ih Id

hoi

i

age, finei textured i

ild,

ol

to the

al theii tip,

in flat

forms often displa) hi

w

leaves are scale like but

wiih sharp points

bi

tvrub

reenin

ittle shrub bord< needed Propagate from

additions to is

rocl

additii ins to thi

i

this species also has a

well

will lake lull

I

nol

always produced on the shrubby All like a

pisifera

(

hints are

small, scale-like needles

usu-

sprays on

Dwarl

ontall) a

juvenile

and

foli-

mon

Boulevard has silver) blue a dense p) ramidal

and chl

obtusa

IIINOKII

shru

hi ti

al

i

;

m

and

probl

"i

mMall

liiul.i i

idol i"

a

pyramid, while

ZONES lit

of shrubs

ill'

light

large,

Nana develops

\l

111

like

tall

green foliage on bi

I

makes

Gracilis'

8 m)

1

around

or slow -growing selec-

pruning

legans

Nana

ol

many dwarl

wall tra

from Mi

(about

drained

and dowering,

or three buds and

during

ner

FALSE CYPRESS

pink

.Alter

ihi mii

.id.

i

CHAMAECYPARIS

forms

Ol 01

of dwarl, shrubby forms.

have scale-like leaves arranged on fan-like branches, often swirling and spiraling in an appealing man-

in flower color.

ol attractive,

plain prefers sun ill

I

make

They follow the

jelly.

winter-spring bloom

flowering

RFIH FSIRI

grown not so

spherical, greenish fruits

.ill

I

is

for its fruil as foi its flowers.

excellent

mi

older stems by cutting to after

much

and bright

green Pruni

they offer a range in size of shrub

The two species listed below are usually grown in gardens as one

speciosa

ORANGE CESTRUM

Chamaecyparis obtusa

pisifera

9-11

CHAENOMELES

C. aurantiacum

Chamaecyparis

fers a position in full

MM

hi. (

H'HIss

I

mon

li

ind as wide

down pni

hi

i

—

>

tains

and basins of the West, mak-

ing broad sweeps of bright yellow in early

fall,

one of the few native

plants to flower at that season.

There are numerous species, but all are very similar: they have slender, gray-green to white leaves on stems

2-6

(about 60-180 cm)

ft

tall,

topped by fluffy heads of yellowflowers. Cottony seed heads follow and may last into winter. Best reserved for the natural garden in the mountains or high desert; it enjoys full sun and requires no water be(

Zistus salviifolius

Cistus ladani/cr

yond

CHMONANTHUS

deteriorate quickly in high

the natural rainfall.

It

will

summer

humidity

praecox

:-io

W1NTERSWEET

This twiggy, deciduous shrub native to

China and Japan

is

grown

CISTUS

for the

rich, fragrant scent of its dainty,

#/

1

«

y

of the branches during

near a doorway or sidewalk where

the fragrance can be enjoyed.

p

It

has

rough, glossy, oval, dark green leaves.

K>

It

needs constant moisture to sun and a

short-lived flowers; these only last a

soil.

Originally from Mexico, this

*

-

^,/^VfT -**

>

.

,

*

W^&

17

m*

•

^^^Hiy"^

Jti

^S WW*

v

^rJKiL.

S

^^VBft^L^«C

fc^*

'

A.

'

IMS* ^

-

V

-

*

;

"•

;

:>

.

C% ^%

•

4

do not transplant

sunny position and a fertile, wellsoil. It grows to a height and spread of 6 ft (about 1.8 m).

-

.f

Clusters of white flowers with the

—

Propagate by seed in

fall

softwood cuttings

summer

Affe2vi\

light,

on

cuttings in

grow- the

in pots. Plant in

well-drained

young

sun in

soil.

C. x hybridus syn. C. x corbaricnsis

WHITE ROCKROSE

Pure white flowers cover this

mounding shrub from late winter into summer and occasionally be-

Propagate from semi-ripe cuttings

most noticeable on

in

Ultimate height

summer.

'<

CHRYSOTHAMNUS

a warm day. may be 5 ft (about

1.5 m), although plants are easily kept lower with light tip pruning; the spread will be greater than the height. A good plant to use on a dry hillside

among the most plants of the moun-

is

characteristic

9i

and hybrids by

or by

yond. The small, slightly furryleaves have an incense-like scent.

Rabbitbrush >

in

glossy leaves are also scented.

pear in spring. The bright green,

RABBITBRLSH

PI

They

Regular

drained

fragrance of orange blossoms ap-

,

easily.

pinching back will maintain shape cut out deadwood in spring, but do not prune hard.

plants

drought-resistant plant prefers a

.--'

day, but are quickly replaced.

summer only), and

MEXICAN ORANGE. MOCK ORANGE

Cistus x /nbridus

'

delightful, freely

Vcultivars

CHOISYA

r~ w

borne but

Prune lightly to shape. Propagate from seed in late spring and early summer, and by layering in fall. It grows to 9 ft (about 2.7 m) in height and well-drained

-10

Choisya ternata ,

Mediterranean. Cistus species pro-

duce

spread.

A

.

does badly in moist, humid conditions. Native to the shores of the

thrive, preferring full fertile,

+ %

«-.#-

wood

milder periods in mid-winter. Plant

*

'm w

is famous for its drought resistance and ability to thrive in poor or sandy conditions, such as exposed banks or seaside cliffs. Equally, it

bare

.

\

This genus of spreading evergreens

it

IMP-

"'JTym

pale yellow flowers with

purple centers. These appear on the

brown and

with California natives and

other drought-tolerant plants.

ZONES 8-10

i

S h

u b

i

1

s

73

ladanifei

(

KIMSON SP01 RCX KKOSI

I

open, upright evergreen bears

his

I

sinking, large, white flowers

ings

in

with triangular, red mark-

summer

the base ol cadi petal

.11

he

I

narrow leaves are dark green and sticky It likes lull sun and welldrained soil and grows to a heighl

and spread

ol 3

(.about

ft

The leaves are the source

90 cm). ol

the

ladanum; not to be confused with laudanum, a form oi opium. fragrant, medicinal resin

Clethra alnifolia

)NES 8-10

/i

ground each

spring,

C. x purpureus

will

then flower on 3

PURPLE ROCKROSE. ORCHID ROCKROSE

cm

stems

I

will

It

new growth ft (about 90

spread rapidly

if

not contained or controlled. Light

A

compact hybrid

relatively

rockrose notable for

its

soft

shade reddish

cm) diamdeep red spot at

is

best.

7-10

purple, 3 in (about 7.5 eter flowers with a

C. trichotomum

the base of each petal. Flowers are

HARLEQUIN GLORYBOWER

produced most heavily in spring but are scattered throughout the rest of

This deciduous, upright, tree-like

the year, especially in cool areas

along the Pacific Coast. Plants reach

3-4 with

90-120 cm)

(about

ft

a similar

in height

but slightly wider

shrub grows to a height and spread of 9

It

(about 2.7 m).

summer

to mid-fall

From

it

late

bears clusters

of fragrant, tubular white flowers

with red calyces, these are followed

spread.

by blue berries. This also travels underground, so be prepared to prune out unwanted shoots. Plant in full sun in average garden soil.

ZONES 8-10 C. sahiijolius SAGELEAF ROCKROSE

Clerodendrum bungei

^H

S?5> /*"4*

rVJ^^^

fctJ^^

ZONES 7-10

A

low

.

spreading shrub with crin-

kled, gray-green,

in

1

(about 2.5

cm) leaves and white flowers with yellow spots

ground cover, growing less than 24 in (about 60 cm) tall but spreading to

6

(about 1.8

ft

10^

m)

This bushy, deciduous, rounded shrub, native to eastern North

and bears

a profusion of dainty,

spicily fragrant, bell-shaped flowers

CLERODENDR VM

in

These picturesque flowering evergreen or deciduous shrubs arcfound mostly in Africa, Southeast

and Australia. They vary tremendously in habit, from upright

Asia

climbing

varieties. C. bungei,

grown

for instance, is

for

its

large

heart-shaped, coarsely serrated

and

leaves

its

M.

America, has oval, serrated leaves

8-10

tree to

V

SUMMERSWEET, SWEET PEPPERBl SH

This makes an excellent

petal.

CLETHRA alnifolia

base of each

at the

rounded clusters

summer

to

fall. It

lite' Clerodendrum trichotomum

prefers a well-

drained, moist, peaty, acid soil in

sunny

semi-shade conditions and yearround watering. Prune back alter

potted specimens moderately dur-

bloom by removing the oldest canes. Grows to a height and spread

other times. Winter moisture stimu-

ol

L)

ing the

(about 2.7 m). Propagate

It

to hall-shaded spot. \\ .iter

growing season,

lates flowering. Clip alter

to

so at

less

blooming

maintain shape. Grows to

from spring seed, soft-tip cuttings or, best ol all. from the suckers it

and spread Propagate from

produces.

cuttings

over

3

cm)

(.about ^)0

It

in

a little

in height soli tip

summei

ol 10

-

i

small, fragrant, rose-red flowers

Thriving

drained

humus-rich, well-

in

soil

they

do

all

best in full

summer

sun, with partial shade in

Water all year round, especially in summer Crowded growth should

COLEONEMA

from

in

spring

bardwoi

.i-nii

"I

may

I

utting

bug and

Whitefly, meal)-

fall

i

:

in

\

I

II

Ol

III

Wl

N

spreading shrub

lii

a nativi

is

.1

h.i.i

present problems.

hi .nil

lil

plant

nl

i

foliagi

plains to produce fruits, but are i

\NIIMIRI BOl Ql

F

I

bright

gi

i

pun

al

Mi

M

itl

.

I.

i.

flowei

I

hi

.

Ii

i

ati

i

mi

i

in

1

do

in

folia

I

hey are

well in

a

si

a

[hi

'.ii!

to thi

mi

ummi

mi

feii

kii

\ ai leg.u.i

pi

lining help

ma

gati

w

'I

a

-

a\

li

i

1.

1 1

in

,

, i

oi in

thai

1 1

t

an

lu \

>t<

iilvet

1]

a

in

rs

ai

and green Squai bram hed, this shrub is

nli

di nsi

useful

.

in

.1

i

opposite

i

gata ha

\ arii i

;i

ii

>

for erosion control,

h

afi

l<

.

leaves are

and

lummer-dr

foliage ol this smallei

hybrid varies; mosi frequentl) nar iow oblong, gloss) brighl gn n

ii

i

I

abi

salt

prefet

i

throu

In

l

warm, humid

well drained soil

in a

.in.

mi

ii-.

adapi

rthrou pinl

i

then

fot

nol ovei rich

is

'

of tin

planted

grow well

thai

" i

ill',

ondii ions

.

obi ofi

(

.n.

pecii

oi .!

x

x kirkii

(

and an

dalongbanl

osma

opi

(

I

.

bungei

(

ol

South Africa v\ hile not a membei id. di ami famil) a In ath thi

.

spidei

hose lush, spreading, evergreen shrubs are native to New Zealand hey require both male Ami female I

PISkHRi I

be thinned out

COPROSMA

pulchrum

Grov

high with

pc<

i

i

i

lall;

on

1

7-f

S h r

ii

b

s

A Field Trip to the

ARGENTINA

Macjallanes Region

8=

'& ihe story

is

told that, in the closing years of the eighteenth

century, James Lee, a famous English nurseryman,

was show-

ing a client around his establishment in Hammersmith. The

remarked

visitor

that

house

in

Mr

he had seen

a plant, far

more

beautiful

Lee's collection,

much negotiation sum of six guineas.

species of Fuchsia. After plant for the princely

The plant was Fuchsia magellanica and it has been one of most important parents of our modern Fuchsia hybrids,

the range of

course,

its

its

own

different forms

R)o Grande

Pacific

to its early introduction, its reputation for hardiness,

s\;

C H

Ocean

and color variants and, of

About 95 per cent

and South America, mainly

50

in

100 '

'

magellanica, are native to Chile city,

'

1

L

del fupco

of the naturally occurring fuchsia

the moist, cool forests of the Andes.

southern

tiNra

^

delicate beauty.

species are native to Central

F.

V

.AMX4 RTICA

"fXl

he obtained the

the

thanks

Op "ACELLANts

growing in a humble W'apping. Lee found the house and a magnificent

than anything in

Punta Arenas,

is

Two and

I

of these, including

that country's

150

=5

50

100

km mis

most

the base for our field trip.

As you move south of the

capital, Santiago, the climate

changes progressively from dry, almost Mediterranean, to a zone of heavy rainfall around Los Lagos (the Lake Region).

The

becomes even heavier, the further south you go, where some of the western Patagonian islands receive an astonishing 158 in (about 4000 mm) annually. F. magellanica occurs throughout this region and down to the rainfall

to the point

southern part of the continent.

Punta Arenas, with a population of 90000,

is

the capital of

and the most southern city of this size in the world. It is a cold and windy place even in the warmer months from October through to March. Despite the cold, it is a good idea to time your \isit for early fall, when the southern, or Antarctic, beech trees (Xothofagus species) are turning to red and gold. This also coincides with the later part of the flowering period for F. magellanica. As you travel toward the south of the Brunswick Peninsula, you will see many southern beeches covering the hillsides, some of them growing sideways due to the prevailing winds. The area around the Strait of Magellan has not changed greatly since its discovery by Ferdinand Magellan in 1520. Tierra del Fuego (Land of Fire) is but a line on the eastern horizon and looking south, you will see masses of snow-capped mountains above a green plain. At various spots along the road south you are likely to find the Magallanes region of Chile,

a delightful

Chilean

of grevillea

and

yellow violet (Viola magellanica), the occasional

fire tree

(Embothrium coccineum), which

and waratah and has

a primitive flowering, glossy-leaved

Drums

is

a relative

similar red spider flowers.

shrub or small

tree.

winteri.

Approximately 62 miles (about 100 km) south of Punta Arenas, in the area around Fuerte Bulnes, you will find mixed Tories del Paine National Park,

in the

Maeallanes region.

beech

forests of evergreen Nothofagus betuloides

and some

s

r/ic//onc?"s of Fuchsia magellanica contrast well with

its

foliage.

)i

i

ii

b

s

Fuchsia magellanica

deciduous Nothofagus antarctica and N. pumilio. As you glance around, you are likely to see numerous Fuchsia magellanica plants covered in edible black berries about V2 in (about

common

open wood1.5 cm) wide. They are quite land, enjoying the dappled light under the beech trees, where they grow into flaky-barked shrubs 6 ft (about 2 m) high and wide. The leaves are lVi-2 in (about 3-4 cm) long, sitting in an unusual pattern on their stems- mostly in opposite pairs. but also in threes and sometimes fours. The sepals are a striking crimson and the petals themselves are a pinkish purple and form a long tube. Flowers of many unrelated plants in this part of the world are reddish and tube-like, to attract the various species of tiny hummingbird. Other plants to be seen in this woodland include various Acaena species which you are likely to collect in your socks, for this ground cover member of the rose family has burrs tor

—

fruit.

Some barberry shrubs

(Bcrbcns

ilicifolius)

with spiny

stems and prickly leaves, are found here, as are more Chilean fire trees.

Many

flowering stalks of the orchid genus Chloraea

emerge from the grazing grass that covers most oi the areas between the trees. There are patches of boggy ground where you can find a yellow-flowered Ranunculus (buttercup) species, and a little herb with red spikes of fruit, Gunnera magellanica. The treetops are home to an interesting group of shrubby parasites (Missodendrcm species) that only occur on the southern beech trees of Chile.

Some look

like old

man's beard lichen; others

resemble button mushrooms; and others are reminiscent of the unrelated

European mistletoe.

magclhmuii grows

F.

parts of the forests that are well drained,

Fuch UCDSia

in this

though

fairl)

in

moist

The soil here is a loamy type with a rich, organic top La Although F. magellanica is ink common throughout the southern region oi Chile, nothing can compare with seeing

The genus Fuchsia comprises around 100 species, from the north to the southern tip of South America centered on the Andean mountain chain. Some species are found in eastern South America and there are five species in the Pacific, one in Tahiti and four in New Zealand. F. excorticata, from New Zealand, forms a tree to 40 ft (about 12 m) tall with a trunk to 2 ft (about 60 cm) in diameter! Variable in flower shape and color, F. magellanica is possibly the most cold-hardy species *^H and was introduced to the British Isles ''"stS^'/ as early as 1788, and has since become naturalized in some milder, wetter areas.

known

Fuchsias are hybrids,

grown

m

m

the wild and

area steeped

m

history, exti

where the plant was t

will

the Strait ol Magellan

led

hi

field trip for thi

impress yon with

th<

pL ndi

m and the place and collected ovi

faint ir

— an

of

hi arti tl

most

as indoor pis

cold climates or as outdoor

milder climates, where they are also popular in tuhs

and

hanging baskets. These hy hnds derive from South American species such as Fuchsia magellani

and

F. coct inea,

with

some genes from and

F.

fulgens

I

arborescens,

both from Mexico Fm hsia belongs

Onagraceae

to

the evening

primrose fam-

I,

it

to

gardeners through numerous

whi< h has

ily,

genera w

21

u

ide,

MO

oi Id-

w nh about

spe< les

/in hsia magi llanli a

named

S h

i

u b

s

Coronilla valentina subsp. glauca

•

Corokia cotoneaster are popular in cold to cool-temper-

The shrubby forms

ate climates.

excellent winter accent plants against white

snow

or against dark

have clusters of tiny white flowers followed by blue or white fruits.

green evergreens. Flaviramea' has

do best in sun or semi-shade and need a fertile, well-drained soil. Cut back stems to almost ground level annu-

Gold' has variegated leaves with

The various

ally in late

species

yellow winter stems;

all

and

yellow winter stems.

ZONES 2-10

COROKIA

winter to stimulate

young growth which develops

'Silver

the

cotoneaster

best bark color. Propagate from seed or rooted layers struck in a humid.

This sparse and hardy, evergreen

sand-peat mixture.

bush is a native of New Zealand. It grows zigzag fashion in all direc-

C. alba

tions.

RED-BARK DOGWOOD. TATAR1AN

DOGWOOD

It

has small, round, dark

green leaves and fragrant, yellow flowers that appear in spring and

This deciduous, upright then

summer.

spreading shrub from northern

Europe and Asia has shoots that turn an attractive, deep red in winter. The normally dark green, oval leaves turn red-orange in fall. Starshaped, creamy white flowers ap-

pear in

late

spring and early

summer and

are followed

by round

white berries, which are often blue tinted.

Coprosma repens

Cornus alba

C. repens MIRROR PLANT

This evergreen shrub, which

at first

has a spreading habit and then later

becomes erect, grows to a height and spread of 6 ft (about 1 .8 m).

Propagate from softwood

cuttings in

summer or hardwood

cuttings in

fall

a height

watered gardens; it is also tolerant of all kinds of soil conditions including sandy soil. Prune back to prevent dense growth.

and winter. Grows

and spread of 9

ft

has bright, shiny, oval leaves, often with variegations. The insignificant

All spread slowly

form large ZONES

underground

to

thickets.

CORNUS

syn. C. stolonifera

DOGWOOD

RED-OSIER

DOGWOOD

fall

and

is likely

to

become weedy

in

dener's delight. Native to the cooler

regions of the

USA and Asia,

they

similar as well. Both species

sun, a

soil

or thin to emphasize the pictur-

esque branching pattern 8-

COROMLLA

This dense shrub

is

a native of the

and bear yellow,

tragrant,

summer. The

leaves are a

pleasant blue-gray color, each with

orange-red, egg-shaped berries from ant of drought in coastal regions

well-drained

pea-like flowers from mid-spring to

North America and having a tendency to spread faster into large clumps. Winter stems are bright red, while flowers and fruit are

foliage

tolerance

lull

(about 2.7 m). Shear regularly after flowering to promote dense growth,

early

of twiggy, deciduous shrubs a gar-

its

and moderate water through the summer. It grows to a height and spread of 9 ft fertile,

will thrive

Similar to C. alba but native to

very toler-

it

Mediterranean region. If grown in a sunny spot in a well-dramed soil it

2-9

beautiful spring

fall. It is

give

valentina subsp. glauca

Attractive winter bark followed

to

salt;

syn. C. glauca

followed (on female plants onl-

summer

wind and

leaves or yellow stems are available.

flowers that appear in late spring are

late

of

ZONEto

(about

ZONES 9-10

by a bloom and then by and fruit make this genus

suitable for mild

2.7 m). Varieties with variegated

C. sericea It

It is

coastal areas because of

make

5 or 7 leaflets. It grows to a height and spread a little over 4'/ : ft (about 1.3 m). Use seed, summer cuttings,

layers or divisions to propagate this delightful evergreen shrub.

ZONES 9-10

S

0RR1

(

matter and semi-shad)

\

SIRUIVS

\l

sheltered

.

conditions Propagau from seed in

HS1A

c

I

I

or from softwood

fall

rhe dense, evergreen Vustralian natives in this genus range from (about ground coven to 1 nr tall shrubs Most bloom from fi

I

c

uttii

summer; layer low branches il nec11k flowers may be damaged move dead by frost Prui

3

red in Ii--

essat)

How eis.

drained

When

soil

moist but wellplanting out, a

slightly alkaline soil

is

recom-

mended Water potted specimens moderately when in flower, less at

named

but the masses

From

6

It

«

about 1.8 m) Densel) it

has slender.

for the eighteenth-

grows

to a height

of 6

downy

9

(about 3 cm) bell-

that

in winter. /_

spread of 3

ft

grows

It

m

tolerates salt spray

coastal gardens,

it

WINTER HAZEL

a

It

(.about

ft '

1

about 2.7

win-

late

lemon-green, prefers a neu-

It

soil rich in

Propagate from softwood

summer

or Irom seed in

fall.

CORYLVS avellana 'Contorta'

This spreading, dense, evergreen

flowers that appear from spring.

It 1

ft

HARRY LAI

24

fall

European hazel

to

ter

to

with

spread of around o

(about 1.8

a

1

about 60

m) and does

shady conditions.

It

when

easily seen.

clothed

has bright

mounding shrub fall

brown

flow-

through spring.

Leaves are onl

2 5

cm

may

I

K

in

IIUI

ma—

as a

ol

broad, toothed leaves.

3 in (about 7.5

nuts,

cm

though not

gs in fall or

summer The

by grafting in

me

:

mildew. Prune out any

(

OIIWS

cogg) s\n Rhuscolinus I

for

to

straight

from the urn maintain the curious branching

I

ii

as reliably

requires

It

ter

(ORvm/'s/s 1

s

full sun or shade and deep. rich, welldrained soil Propagate Irom

shade

1

grow

as the species

also be

around 3-4 .11) tall and imewhat wider h iwn in full sun or partial in

WIS

It

partial

>

en and smooth: the flowers are typically pink, but

:

win-

in

appear on us bare limbs in late winter. It also produces edible

C. pulchella

from

us best

Sleek, greenish yellow catkins

around

rhis dense,

is at

the leafless stems are most

contorted stems and branches

best in

green, oval leaves.

ers heavily

\LKINGSTI( K

This strange-looking form of the

grows

in

RsW

1)1

the de-

dusky pink, bell-shaped

lightful

(

oiosi \srrR

This genus

evergreen and decidu-

ol

I

-MOM

.i

quince

.

III

Ml

mean

and the genus name

pronounced "kotonee -aster", not

added

Cotoneaste ol

berry-

attraction ol tolerating

almost any kind

ol soil

(except waterlogged

m) and a spread ol m). The leaves ol this

mildly acid

tral to

cuttings in

and makes an ex-

name from

colors are less

COTOXEASTER

the

.8

leafmold, and semi-shady condi-

Bells'

its

tall

— having

thrive

Correa alba

is

condition

soil).

They do

however, when dry and alkaline The\ are

a little

the soil

spreading shrub are dull, bristle-

tions.

does well in

syn. C. "Carmine Bells'

shrub takes

their

perhaps the most popular bearing shrubs anywhere

is

9-10

Dusky

C.

more

spectacular.

"cotton-easter

drooping racemes.

1

sand binder.

cellent

are

lor their season-

long purple foliage and pinkish

like

ter small, fragrant,

to a

13

and (about 90 cm). As 11 uibout

It

Variet)

Rosaceae as the quince; the Creek

bell-shaped flowers appear in

mittently throughout the year but height of 4

uti s

commonl) grown

ous shrubs comes from Europe. North Africa and northern Asia. The) are Irom the same family

Shelter

toothed and pale green. In

shaped flowers, opening to starshaped blooms, appear intermostly

and 'Nut<

is

SPIKE

compact, evergreen, rounded shrub with rounded, long White (sometimes pink)

froi

it

It

and spread of 15 ft (about 4 5 m) Prune back to growth buds by two-thirds in win-

popular for us attractive foliage and late w inter flowers. It grows slowly to a height

a low.

in

or

in a well-

not too rich;

sun or semi-shade

Native to Japan, this deciduous,

/j

m summer,

Cultivars such as Royal Purple'

smoke;

common name

docs best

full

C. spicata

C. alba

1

the

needs

from cold winds.

many-stemmed shrub

leaves

slender,

s

kotoneon and astei together

Correa de Serra.

is

ol

/)

ter. Pi

areas

form pale gra) summer through

soil thai is

1

when young

are bronze

tree

drained

century Portuguese botanist |ose

This

late

— hence

spring or

semi-ripe cuttings in summer. is

dense shrub from earl) to mid-spring It has a bushy habit, reaching a height and spread this

growths and bright green leaves

shaped and compact. The) are dependably drought tolerant in shaded situations, less so in sun

Correa

home on

branched,

well

in

ragrant, bell-shaped flowers are

ol

other times Prune to keep them

Propagate from seed

i

giving the appearance of

smoke Smoke

/nun ijlora

(

I

moderatel)

glorious yellow-

fall.

silky flower stalks

1

.1

a

a

II

I

l.ill

bell-

shaped Qowers arc rich in honey They prefer semi-shaded spot, and fertile,

fall,

fruit

fall,

through spring rheir long,

nun mon

green leaves

l>

better,

Cotoneaster muhijlorus also very drought resistant.

They are

eminently suitable for use as an arching, specimen shrub, but may

be used for hedging or for ground cover. Some of the evergreen spe-

do well

sun or semishade, but deciduous varieties and

cies

in either

cultivars prefer

full

from cuttings in

Cotoneaster damme]

Cotoneaster apiculatus

sun. Propagate

summer or seed

in

last

Irom

SPREADING COTONEASTER

ter.

Best

A

develop its natural arching shape; avoid shearing.

deciduous shrub from China, this has many upright, branching stems to 5 ft (about 1.5 m) with small leaves that

pmk

tum

flowers

red in the

become

Pale

fall.

bright red

fruits that last into winter.

It

fall

given enough space to

if

~-io

C. microphylhis 1

COTONEASTER

1TTLE-LEAF

can

10-12 ft (about 3-3.5 m). Good for massing in full sun or light shade.

C. apiculatus

through most of win-

C. dixaricatus

easily spread to Fall.

Cotoneaster salicifolius

i

A low-growing, evergreen useful as a

shrub in the

rockery or sheared as edging for bed or border.

CRANBERRY COTONEASTER

ground cover,

The

tiny leaves are

deep

green and glossy. The white flowers

A low, mounding,

deciduous shrub,

cranberry cotoneaster gets

its

name

C. horizontalis

are

ROCK COTONEASTER

lew -flowered clusters, followed

from the bright red cranberry-like appear in fall. The 'A in cm) leaves are nearly round and are wavy margined, turning burgundy in the fall. The branches are low and arching, eventually creating a mound of 24-36 in (about 60-90 cm) in height, spreadfruits that

(about

1

ing to 5

ft

(about 1.5

m)

or more.

Pale pink flowers appear in late spring.

An excellent ground cover

for cold regions, for planting in

urban containers or

large

for cas-

This low-growing, deciduous bush

from China has horizontal, herringbone branches that arch along the ground; its ultimate height is under 3 ft (about 90 cm) with a spread of 6 ft (about 1.8 m) or more. From late

spring to early

summer it bears

attractive pinkish white flowers,

which

are followed

berries.

leaves

by bright red

scarlet in the

C. horizontalis is

ZONES

garden.

BEARBERR'i

This

evergreen shrub grows

to a height of 12 in (about

30 cm)

with a spread of 6 ft (about 1.8 m) or more. In summer it bears striking,

white flowers with purple an-

thers, followed in It is

fall

by red

fruits.

vulnerable at times to fireblight.

The leaves are glossy, dark green and oval. The cultivar Lowfast' quickly spreads to 10-15 ft (about 3-4 5 m) while remaining under 12 in (about 30 cm) in height. ZONES 5-10

Horizontal

The

leaves are

C. multiflonis

tall

It

grows

and spread of 10

cultivar only

is

24

1.8-2.4 m).

MANY-FLOWERED COTONEASTER

ZONES

ft

Fire'

a ground-covering

in (about

but spreading to 6-8

syn. C. reflexus

deciduous shrub reaches a height of 10 ft (about 3 m). It has arching, pendulous branches and oval to

rounded

leaves.

White

these are followed fruit. It

of the larger species, this

is

a

spreading shrub (10 ft by 10 by 3m) or a small, umbrella-

around 1 5 ft (about 4 5 m in height and spread. Its evergreen leaves are 2-3 in (about 5-7.5 cm) long, leathery, green on top and silvery on the underside. White flowers are produced in 2-3 shaped

to a height

CHerbstfeuer)

ZONES 5-10

REDCLLSTERBERRY

m

are a delight.

(about 3 m). Fall

syn. C. parneyi

ft/3

fall

narrow, lance shaped and dark

(about 60 cm).

from

large,

in

green, with distinct veins.

C. lacteus

One

var. stansburiana

stems trail and root at nodes, spreading to 6 ft (about 1.8 m) or more; secondary' stems rise to 24 in

60 cm)

ft

(about

6- 10

late

borne

spring to early summer;

prefers

full

by red, berry-like sun

ZONES 5-10

cm)

clusters in

spring followed by red berries that

mexicana

var. stansburiana

A somewhat straggly shrub native the deserts of the Southwest, this a

dependable addition

to is

to a desert

garden. The rose-like, creamy white flowers in spring are followed

quickly by feather} seedheads that -

C. salici/o/ius

The and around

soften the outline of the plant.

WILLOWLEAF COTONEASTER

tree of

in (about 5-7.5

COWANIA

flowers, in

clusters of 3 to 12, are freely

COTONEASTER

trailing,

to a rock

ZONES 4-10

dammeri

fall.

Cowania mexicana by

Native from Caucasus to China, this

fall.

sturdy and makes

an excellent addition

C.

bright red fruits in

in

The round, glossy green

tum

cading over a wall. 3-9

produced along the stems

The

long, slender, arching branches

of this vigorous evergreen, also from

China,

make

it

a graceful addition

leaves are tiny, deeply toothed

evergreen. Ultimate height

6

ft

(about 1.8

spread. Give

it

m) with full

sun, a well-

and no more water than nature provides once it is es-

any garden. The small, white flowers borne in winter are not

drained

much

tablished in the ground.

to

to

speak about, but the clusappearing

ters of bright red berries

is

a similar

soil

S h

(

I'HEA

(

mii

m

flowers

gate from

spi

characteristically acrid smell.

ignea

tiny, silky,

platycentra

(

The

gray-green leaves are

this native ol Central

popular areas

A

in

temperate

petite

cupheas,

ol the

America

is

tine texture ol the

can grow untidily so

sunny

grow

47;

ft

s

to a height

(about

and spread of

each with a white ring

at

the

fall,

mouth

C. scoparius

SCOTCH BROOM

and

lull

to a height

sun conditions. Grows

and spread of 30

native of Europe. Valued for

in

ZONE-

a

0-11

cmsus brightest

and gaudiest

ol

the pea family, this genus of flower-

arching deciduous or evergreen

shrubs

is

its

D. exceha has thick, bamboo-like stems and grows to a height of 1215 ft ubout 3.5-4.5 m). It needs

and

sunny posifrom seed or basal shoot cuttings or by division of tubers. Cut the plants back well-drained

soil

a

tion Propagate in spring

hard in

fall.

cultivars.

which tend

to

few seeds; Burkwoodn'

produce is

a garnet-

DALEA pulchra

red selection. INDIGO BISH BUSH DALEA

native to the Mediterra-

nean area and the islands of the Atlantic. The abundant, pea-like flowers range in color from shades of pink. red. cream and pure yellow to tan. They prefer full sun and well-drained

soil that is

not too

They do not transplant well. Brooms are ideal at the back of mixed borders or as rock plants The species are best propagated rich.

from semi-npe cuttings or from seed in

in

summer

fall.

C. x praecox

This low. shrubby native of south-

WARMINSTER BROOM

This semi-weeping, deciduous

shrub bears pale yellow, pea-like

ern Arizona has tiny, silvery green

DABOECIA cantabrica IRISH

HEATH

This evergreen shrub, a native of Ireland,

grows

to a height

and

spread of 20 in (about 50 cm). It prefers a peaty, well-drained but moist, slightly acid

growing bush,

it

soil.

A

slow-

(lowers throughout

the year except in winter, bearing

pinkish purple, um-shaped flowers.

The

MdMlrl.

This woody, tuberous, bush\- peren-

west this species has become a weed. Select one of the numerous

BROOM

ing,

a

which appear in spring and early summer. C scoparius grows to a height and spread of 4 'A ft (about 1.3 m). In California and the North-

summer annual.

Among the

is

profusion of bright yellow flowers,

(about 7n cm). In colder climates,

grow as

This deciduous, arching shrub

leaves are oval to lance shaped, dark green above, silver-gray below It prefers full sun in cooler areas and semi-shade elsewhere. Propa-

it

a is

in the rockery,

well-drained

in

it

de-

soil in full

quite tolerant of alkaline

and does not require much fertility Propagate from fresh seed in spring or from semi-hardwood cuttings. Ultimate height is around soils

grown for its magnificent fall bloom of single, large, pink, slender How eis with yellow centers, which grow to 4 in (about 10 cm) across.

C. ignea prefers fertile, well-drained soil

sun;

nial is

remove flowered shoots after bloom maintain a compaci habit Tubuorange-red flowers appear in

mands

IRff DAHLIA

to

lar

and bees seek the nectar dr

garden or

DAHLIA

soil.

1

I;

the Rowers. Useful in the

exi elsa

conditions and a well-drained

sub-shrub with bright

it

:.

green. C. Xpraecox prefers

to subtropical

It

green leaves,

tv.

and purplish

terflies

maintain their interest through the

common

leaves

s

tered in dense heads in spring. But-

deciduous, but the shrubs

CIGAR FLOWER

The most

semi-hardwood cuttings

kept under glass.

/)

11

i

5

ft

(about 1.5

spread. J-10

m) with

a similar

— J

80

S h

r u

b

s

DAPHSE

Excessive watering will cause collar rot.

Transplanting

is

not recom-

Asia, these

mended, so choose the site carefully. It is best to grow daphnes in

evergreen, semi-evergreen or de-

raised spot, with the root junction

ciduous shrubs are grown

above

Found

in

Europe and

for their

soil level.

waterings allow the

flowers that appear in winter

and Most thrive in semi-shady conditions and prefer a slightly

All parts of this plant,

spring.

fruits, are

named

soil to

after the

a

dry out.

including the

poisonous. The genus

nymph

in

is

Greek

drained but not too dry. Water lightly and use a small amount of

mythology who, rather than face the unwanted aitections of the pursuing sun god Apollo, turned into a flow-

complete

ering shrub.

acid, fertile, peaty soil that

is

well

fertilizer after flowering.

white-stained, rosy-purple flowers

BLRkWOODS DAPHNE

in

mid-

to late spring.

It

has dark

and stout shoots and a bushy habit, growing to a height and spread of around 3 ft (about 90 cm). leathery leaves

Between summer

delightfully fragrant, tubular

D. x burkwoodii

The dense clusters of fragrant, white and pink flowers of this upright, semi-evergreen shrub appear in spring,

and sometimes

time in

tall. Its

for a

late

second

leaves are pale to

mid-green and lance shaped.

It

sunny spot with welldrained soil and grows to a height and spread of 47; ft (about 1.3 m). prefers a

4-9

spinosa This compact, evergreen native of the

Andes Mountains

superficially

resembles a holly with

cneorum

D.

DESFOSTAISEA

its

spiny.

dark green leaves, but the delightful, showy, orange-scarlet glossy,

GARLAND FLOWER

A

low -growing, evergreen native to

central

and southern Europe,

delightful shrub deserves a place in

the rocker)'.

Its trailing

to

mounding

form and fragrant pink flowers late

spring are appealing.

mands fers

excellent drainage

cool summers; give

afternoon shade where

it

It

in

de-

and prea

little

summers

tubular flowers appearing in mid-

summer cancel

this

are

warm.

It prefers peaty soil, and moderate water during summer.

the illusion. D.

spinosa prefers moist, peaty, prefersoil. In dry conditions it needs some shade and in cold areas does better in shelter. Even in these optimal conditions it will onlygrow

ably acid

slowly, to a height and spread of around 4 'A ft (about 1.3 m). Propagate from semi-npe cuttings in summer.

— D. mezereum

DEUJZIA

FEBRUARY DAPHNE

Though open and

stiff this

decidu-

These deciduous, arching bushes appear fairly nondescript until late

ous shrub looks great when planted in groups, the bare stems offering

spring or early summer,

clusters of fragrant, purplish flowers

white, pink or bicolored depending

in early spring. Simple leaves follow

on

but

it

may be deciduous by late

summer, revealing bright red ries.

Give

it

a

well-drained,

shady situation with

a

woodsy soil.

it

resembles, the

a native of China.

soil

and do best

in full sun,

although they require semi-shade in warmer areas. Give fertilizer in early

WINTER DAPHNE

spring to encourage a

The most popular of the genus, this evergreen, bushy shrub from China grows to a height and spread of 47 2 (about 1.3 m).

It

bears fragrant,

white to purplish pink flowers from mid-winter to early spring and has

dark green, oval leaves. As

cut flower,

it

lasts well indoors.

a

The

form with yellow-margined leaves said to be

is

Japan and the Himalayas. The shrubs prefer fertile, moist but welldrained

D. odova

,

which

genus Dcutzia

ZONE> —

ft

the species. Related to

Philadelphus,

ber-

when a

profusion of flowers appears

more

tolerant of cold.

is

flower

—

D. gracilis SLENDER DEL TZIA

An

erect

shrub with toothed leaves, with pure

this species covers itself

white (or occasionally in late spring.

D. tangutica

full

Prune heavily after flowering remove about to encourage bloom half the old wood. Propagate from softwood cuttings in summer. yield.

background

It

pmk^

flowers

blends into the

for the rest of the year,

except the cultivar 'Nikko' which

green bears clusters of perfumed.

has maroon foliage in the fall. Best in full sun and average garden soil.

Deutzia x rosea

Deutzia z'acilis

Native to western China, this ever-

s h

teighi

I

with

undei 6 ad

h (aboul

m

8

1

Mi (aboul

ol

deciduous, hybrid shrub

?•

ol

uncertain parentage produces

(

I

us

rsol pink flowers from late spring

i,

through

summer

to

has

li

/\

I

spread

oi

around 47

(aboul

li

£k

a

rounded, bushy habit, reaching a 8 m) with a height ol 6 li (aboul I

3

ml does particularly well in puis brought into and will flower earl)

\

i

li

il

greenhouse

a

1

mid-winter.

in

tf\

i-10

This compact, bush) arching shrub produces massed clusters of beautiful, bell-shaped, pale pink flowers .

in

spring and early

summer

i

-

j III

i 9 ys^^> tffary.' ^fl

jfSgss

^H

V

Mt

i

JC "

S

1 V

-

#

^

S2

..v.:

Echium

*<«#

-

-ft.-.-

•

/iistiK'sum

Dryandra

This upright, deciduous shrub bears

dense clusters

ol

pink-tinged while

in spring. Its leaves are

green and oval and height of 9

it

grows

ft

(about 1.3 m).

prefers a moist soil

dark

to a

m) with

(about 2.7

ft

spread of 4'/2

and

a

It

partial

shade.

for its

mounds

saw-toothed leaves are evergreen.

leaves

and short spires

They

purple flowers in spring

winter to spring. Their elongated,

shade and do best in a well-drained, light, sand)' soil without a large amount of nitrates or phosphates. They grow to a height and spread of 6

r

.-l"

prefer lull light or partial

ft

(about

1

.8

m). Water moder-

Propagate from seed

ately

spring

in

ZONES 9-10

DODONAEA

of bold, gray-green

drought tolerant, drained

1

spikes,

and

to

ery

sun. Ultimate is

around o

ft

inV Prune faded flower

(about

.8

blue to \

prefers a well-

it

soil in full

height and spread

ol

tip

prune new growth

encourage branching and more

flowers. Excellent for coastal gar-

good where heal and humidity combine during the dens: not

viscosa

DURANTA

HOPBIMI.HOPSEEDBISH

summer.

repens

9-11

This dense, fast-growing, short-

bush

grown

is

(or the

show

syn. D. erecta, D. plutnieri y

Duranta repens

GOLDEN DEWDROP, SKY FLOWER

clusters of pinkish beige fruits in

summer which

follow

The

cant bloom.

its

insignifi-

sticky, glossy, pale-

green leaves are deciduous Native to Australia. New Zealand. Arizona and South Africa, n succeeds in most warm, dry areas outside the

grows to a height 'about 2.7 m> or more and a

tropics D. viscosa ol L 1

11

spread

ol

4

/

(about

li

1

3

m

I,

with

reddish brown, peeling bark and thick branches

drained hadi in

summer

after flowering

forms

sui

loi ati< in

ha

ipulai in

pi

(

and Brazil, this handsome, weeping shrub makes an ideal windbreak or hedge in warmer climates

in

bears delightful but tiny,

summer. a shower

whic h are followed by yellow

bemes

dark green, oval leaves an i

height

/>

repens

.4

9

It

.

grows

(aboul 2

ah

preadof6fi

>ui

well-drained

I

i

I

ih.

ii.

in

i

itocl

quic kl) to a i

1.8

m

with

m)

soil

and

al

i

the plains

will

.in.l

an be

(

w.ih

when growing Pn iringor from

hich will be

l( IIU

ii

/

PRIDl 01 ill

ello

M

fastuosum s\

in

in

i

p. HI.

ipagati

<

.1

lipp< pi.

candicans MMIIIRV

foi

.1

mis

from

ti

'

onditii

DRYANDRA

a

does

li

shade Prune

full light oi partial

probl ii

he

i

emi-ripi cuti i

use

ol

["hese are poi ion

i

ous, so keep children awa)

Pu

Purpurea alifornia

it

It

violet-blue flowers in

I

pringoi

ripe cuttings in siimniei strike in an)

Native to Florida, Mexico, the West Indies

prefers a well-

eedin

from

mi.

It

and sun or partial o keep its shape, cut bai

soil 1

3reaT

^-

4

#

*

.

5-9

D. scabra

lived

-^^

'

partial shade.

ZONES

^

Its

deciduous and it grows to a height and spread of 30 in (about 76 cm). D. x rosea prefers a moist soil and

blooms

^pHN

dark green, oval and

lea\ es are

ZONES

\

Mi!%l 3^

D. x rosea

I.

I

I

Rosalin'

his

x

m)

2

I

'

P I

is

ipr<

a

I

a

Dodo

nobilis

-J.

:

182

s h r u

b

Enkianthus campanulatus

Eremophila glabra

EDGEWORTHIA

and tough plant

pap\ rifera

garden, serving as a 10-12

PAPERBLSH

3—3.5 m) tall screen or as a multitrunked patio tree. The flowers in

This open, rounded shrub '.ce

is

native

used in Japan

for papermaking. it has toug brous branches so flexible they can be knotted without breaking. In late winter and early spring it bears

sweet-smelling heads of tubular

e insignificant

It

full

sun

or partial shade. The position

low can be messy. This species is any adverse condition. Prune to control size, and watch that seedlings don't appear in neighboring natural areas. tolerant of almost

M

summer or seed

E.

pungens

This

the

is

most

long, pnckly. honzontal branches ellent for hedges,

fall.

height of 9

-

ft

spread of 15 it

These dense, spreading, m; evergreen shrubs are favorites for hedging and as a backdrop. Found all over the northern hemisphere,

leaves

cream

full

soil.

Decidu-

sun; ever-

trimmed in late summer. Propagate from seed in fall or semi-ripe cuttings in summer. They are generally considered deer are best

proof.

growing to a m) and a

(about 2.7 ft

(about 4.5 m). In

flowers.

The

fall

—dark green

is

Maculata" has splashes of

has leaves that are edged

in silver.

itself

It

easily

EREMOPHILA

move

new plants avail-

into bare areas or to

Native to the outback areas of Aus-

share with friends.

tralia, this

named

ENKIANTHUS campanulatus

A native

of southwestern deserts,

mounding shrub covers

deciduous member of the genus has been widely planted as a hedgerow or windbreak throughout the northern states. In some areas it has become a pest by naturalizing along

with bright yellow daisies from winter through spring. Well

a valuable

itself

late

(little

more than 2

ral rainfall

in/5

cm) on natu-

but with irrigation

it

may

.

fall.

E.

does not tolerate pollution well and does best in a it

from semi-ripe

Grow on

tip

for at least

glabra

COMMON EMI

Bl SH

This tenacious shrub bears red.

shade in a moist,

acid, peaty soil. Like all the species

of Enkianthus,

fall.

a year before planting out.

green leaves turn bright E. campanulatus does well

partial

color. Propagate

cuttings in

gaily

sun or

without water.

bear tubular flowers of varying

tufts of dull

in

—they can

for years

Throughout most of the year they

adorned with small, bell-shaped, red-veined, creamy flowers. The shrub is deciduous: is

red in

adapted to the harshness of the desert, it remains low and compact

appropriately

do best in a sunny, open position and require well-drained, slightly alkaline soil. They dislike moist conditions and will thrive when go

where the flowers are gathered in large numbers to celebrate New

this

is

conditions are very dry

from China and Japan

Year. In spring the open, spreading

RUSSIAN OLIVE

genus

"lovers of lonely p..

Evergreen, bun-shaped shrubs, they

originally

Large shrubs or small trees, this

summer or

fall.

around so there are

Related to azaleas and heaths, these

BR1TTLEBRI SH INCIENSO

seed in ES5-

cool-climate, tree-like shrubs are

ESCELIA

semi-ripe cuttings in

new growth

for next season's flowers.

seeds

habit

Still, it is

encourage

leaf:

farinosa

E. angustifolia

streamsides.

to

able to

—

country garden. Propagate from

best to cut the stems to the

above, silvery

gold in the center of each ^.nata'

it

ground

usually plenty of

brown spots beneath are evergreen. Numerous selections have been made with variegated foliage.

become a lank}- 6 ft (.about 1 .8 m> shrub. The silver.- leaves usually drop during the hot summer, when

glossy, oval

w-ith

greens thrive in sun or partial shade. -

it

bears fragrant, tiny, bell-shaped,

ELAEAGNUS

they grow well in poor

common of the

An evergreen bush with

genus.

.

in

Elaeagnus pungens Maculata'

SILVERBERR\

should be chosen carefully as it does not transplant well. It grows to a height and spread of 4'/ : ft (about 1.3 m). Propagate from semi-ripe

ous species prefer

but pleas-

likes moist,

well-drained, leafy soil and

cuttings in

(.about

ft

antly fragrant: the "olives" that fol-

yellow flowers. The oval, dark green leaves are deciduous.

for the low-care

air

yellow or green flowers mostly during spring. It grows to a height of 4'/2

ft

(about 1.3

m) and

a spread

Shrubs

I

«

'»25».

Erica carnea

3-9

of

ft

(about

90-270 cm).

very poorly

Its

there

if

is

lime in the

or water. Avoid animal manure.

lance-shaped, silvery gray leaves are

soil

evergreen.

They bear

ZONES 9-10

varying lengths, and small linear leaves

maculata

E.

tubular,

grouped around

Propagate from seed

SPOTTED EMU BLSH

and sheltered

From winter

taken in

rounded

to spring this

E.

oval or linear, gray-green leaves,

1

i

)-IO

north

in

i

among tiny, narrow, leaves.

This

is

,i

10-20

ft

large

shrub or small hit, m) tall and

(about 3-6

idendrons

it

the bast' ol

at

thi

Flagrant while flowers ap-

iliagi

ill.

southern

Afrii j

thi

>m which

the rav

made

"I

'Alpina has it

i

ontra

its

v

h

winter to

earl)

spring

late

il

rom

bear blooms

id

in

well

,ii

n,i n|.

li

lis

I

i

mid-

inged

omi <

in

dark green leaves w liml w ill with

limi

mdition

ighl of

12

in

/

to

ii

m ;.

al

ilii

ml and

Itgrov

toa

I

attractive cultivars

varying hue

ol

I

h\ hi hi he, ilh

dependable spe< i

alifornia

cm)

tall

1-

une

ol

espe<

ies,

Mound .I'm

and

.'

I

m

(aboui

in

'

"i iM"i'

il

i'

nui

liable

I

the iih'ie in

iall)

(aboui >

ii

'

demand

from 'die

f

acid

10

60 m) d

'

Mil

in a

x darleyensis hi

wid(

10 ci

i

Joes best

li

10

bears

shaped to tubulai flowers in shades ol nil .mil pinl iometitnes lull

W hue

Numerous

soil

has

ll

deep green, needle-like,

arm position with an acid

\\

.

bauera

BRIDAI Ml

to

drj

I

shades

in

pink, while and dark red

mid-

fins evergreen, spreading shi lib

.

do

carnea

makes good ground covet

i

summer through to early compact native ol Europe

early

this

fall

swollen burl"

il

that

From

evergreen leaves

li'

ill

and

(about 90 cm).

nearly as wide, growing from a

/

toil

ft

gray-green

to a height

WINTER HEATH

boa

.

grows

syn. E. herbacea

with the while flov hi idi

It

cinerea

bears bell-shaped flowers E.

(.ml .i

BELL HEATH

ol

li

outhem Afrii pan Mil- a and much o

E,

flowers for most of the year, set

spread of 3

Europe ami northern

g!

tip cuttings

encourage dense

pear in spring A native

MM 1

—or from

or early winter. Prune

clusters of tubular white or pink

arborea

mink

ERICA

III

Erica arborea Alpina'

a stem.

—kept moist

it

grows to a height of 3 ft (about 90 and a spread of 6 ft (about c m 8 m li pre lers dry. sunny conditions

I

flowers of

growth.

spotted throats. Evergreen, with

!

fall

after flowering to

shrub produces tubular, yellow, pink, white or red flowers with

Ml

waxy

pie

pring oils

I

li

han

/

An

mammosa

Numerous

spread.

lar

upright shrub from South Africa,

cultivars are

available with pink, white

and pur-

ple flowers. this species flowers nearly year 5-9

round

in the coastal

gardens of

California with cither pink or or-

ange tubular flowers, Growing to a height of around 4

(about 1.2 m) and spread of 24-36 in (about 60-

90 cm)

It

one ol the most dependable of the South African species, is

it

asking only

well-drained

a

soil, full

sun and moderate water during the

summer.

ERIOGONUM umbellatum SI

HEATH

is

name

countries.

grows

An

to 7

a spread

grown

is

in

cm) and

(about 60 cm).

It

ft

up

to

this attractive

Mediterranean

upright evergreen,

(about 2

to 6

ft

it

m) high with

(about

winter and early spring

it

1

m). In

.8

some

ZONE^

top of the plant, but

it

from the base. Many

attractive,

is

required Propagate

Remove spent flowerheads

prolong flowering.

The mid-green

may damage

shelter

from semi-ripe cuttings in summer or from seed in spring or fall. Perennial root clumps can be divided in to

leaves are shaped

downy

undersides In cooler, wetter areas

pinkish mauve, bell-shaped flowers like a needle. Frost

a spread ol

upright form and the dense

spring.

bears

for its at-

has a pros-

green leaves have white,

As the name suggests, species

\I

III

2 in (about 30

trate to BISCAY

K\\

heads of tiny bright yellow (lowers, borne in summer and turning copper with time. It is a useful rock plant, growing to a height of

24

mediterranea

(

tractive

1

E.

PHI Rid

I

This evergreen

i

the

will recover

ERYTHRMA x bidwillii

most not (about 81 cm) in

fragrant cultivars exist;

more than 32

in

Zl INI -

A bold,

deciduous shrub or small hybrid coral tree has deciduous leaves divided into three trees, this

height or width. 9-10

nearly triangular

CORNISH HEATH

This summer-blooming species

from Ireland, the southwest corner England and southwestern Eu-

ot

rope

is

heaths.

among Its

against the

upright

leaflets.

summer through

E. vflgans

the hardiest of

flowers are purplish pink

deep green

foliage.

mound growing to

3

An

ft

(about 90 cm) in height with a simi-

From

early

produces 24 in (about 60 cm) long racemes of brilliant red flowers. The stems are spiky, so take care in placement and in pruning. Plants reach 8 ft (about 2.4 m) tall and wider, or can be trained into a tree-like shape to 20 ft (about 6 m). As a shrub, the stems can be cut to the ground each winter to maintain a compact habit and to encourage more flowering. Full sun, a well-drained soil and moderate water through the summer are all that is needed for a spectacular

show

fall it

of flowers.

ESCALLONIA Evergreen shrubs from South America, these plants have aromatic foliage

and

clusters of small, fra-

grant flowers over a long season.

Leaves are toothed and dense; the

some degree of more graceful if

plants will tolerate shearing, but are left

unsheared. Generally displaying

an upright and arching habit, they may be used as background shrubs or for screening or

may be

trained

as small trees; smaller forms

make

good informal hedges. They prefer

a

cool coastal situation, being very tolerant of winds,

and accept

a

variety of soils with the exception of

highly alkaline ones. Plant in

lull

sun along the coast, part shade inland. Though drought tolerant, they are best with occasional water

during the

summer months. Prune

after flowering to size.

Erica mediterranea

shape and control

Propagate from softwood

cuttings in

summer.

S

grown

exoniensis

\

/

An uprighi

pink

spe< ies with ros(

flowers nearl)

all

ultimate heighi

is

year round

6

li

-about

he

I

1

8 m),

although plants can be kept lower with judicious pruning grown in any soil, sun oi

I

in cool,

temperate climates

while the evergreens are more suited to

warmei conditions Refor sun and -bade

quirements

with the species, but generally the deciduous ones need lull sun and

asil)

light

shade

and \\nh some summer watei

the evergreens do better with pan shade All like a well-drained soil

Propagate from semi-ripe cuttings in

summer or seed

in

fall.

langleyensis 'Apple Blos-

E. x

/:.

som'

Bl

This

is

the

most

common

cl/ctflis

RNIV,

Bl SH

W

INC,

ID

1

I

ONI Ml

S

cultivar ol

hybrid species, displaying

This slow-growing deciduous shrub

plenty ol apple-blossom pink (low-

from China and Japan is grown for its splendid fall color and display of purple fruits with scarlet

this

from spring through summer Dark e\ ei green leaves appear on shrubs of around 6 li about E ers

mainly

seeds.

It is

of

stiff

1

in

height and spread

from pinching

for a

it

benefits

dense habit

around 10

and open habit 3 nO tall and

to

about

It

wide, with pointed, oval leaves

w hich turn brilliant crimson in fall. It has stems with corky wings and E.

rubra

This

is

a

tin)

parent of the two hybrid

forms above, but by

itsell is

a red or

greenish spring flowers.

Compactus'

onl) 6

•

crimson flowering shrub with typi-

deep green, glossy leaves A large mound around 15 ft (about 4.5 nO tall and wide, it serves very well as a w indbreak near the coast. Compact cultivars C.F. Ball' and William Watson' make attractive ground covers

is

even brighter

color, with wingless stems: ft

in

fall

it

about 1.8 m).

cally

E. El

europaeus ROPrVN SPINDLE TREE

A 20

It

(about 6

shrub or small takes

its

m)

tall

tree, the

name from

deciduous spindle tree

the use ol

its

hard, perfectly straight branches in

weaving

EVONYMUS These evergreen or deciduous shrubs with the occasional tree and climber are prized for their foliage, their odd. spindle-shaped seed pods

and the breathtaking fall color ot deciduous species. Found worldwide, the deciduous shrubs are

in the

chanical loom.

dens

for

days before the meIt is

grown

in gar-

us lavish display of

whose carmine red

fruits,

calyces split to

reveal orange seeds.

The

tiny green-

ish spring flowers are insignificant

and the slender, pointed leaves color in the fall. Red Cascade' is an especially fine cultivar

EscaUonia rubra

Euan) urns europaeus

iniensfs

/l

I

II

/)

s

90 cm) and a spread of 30 in (about 76 cm). It is excellent in rock gardens or in cavities and is often used as a low hedge in coastal areas. Throughout the year and especially

This genus contains over 1000

widely varying species of shrubs, perennials and succulents. Each

Euonymusj. Aureomarginatus'

Euonymus fortunei Emerald

n'

Gold'

species bears a spectacular

in spring

show

of

colored bracts rather than true flow-

Emerald 'n' Gold' with dark green leaves edged in gold. Fruits only develop on adult plants but have pinkish hulls that split open to

soil.

and the milky sap is poisonous. The shrubs do well in sun or partial shade and in moist but well-drained ers,

Propagate from seed in

from basal cuttings

reveal bright orange seeds inside.

spring,

Most forms do best with some

or

degee of shade. Scale insects

spring or early

seem

less of a

problem

summer or by

fall

or

bears tiny, yellowish

bracts whether there are pale green leaves

on

drained ZONES

the branches or not.

soil.

10-11

E.

pulcherrima

POINSETT1A

fall.

The hollow-stemmed poinsettia is the showiest and most popular of

£. fulgens

SCARLET PLUME

this diverse genus.

E.

This evergreen, arching shrub grows

japonicus

to a height of 4'/ 2

JAPANESE EUONYMUS

and

grows naturally (about 3 m).

E. fortunei

leaves

WINTER CREEPER

It

though

to a height of 10

ft

has green, oval

is

more commonly

seen with variegated leaves of

A most important group

of shrubs

or climbers, popular for their ever-

cream, yellow or gold; Aureomarginatus' has leaves deeply

green leaves and for their colorful

margined

fruit.

The shrubby types

are dense,

silver,

in yellow.

The

star-shaped flowers in

a spread of

ft

24

(about 1.3

in (about

m)

60

its long branches bear sprays of flowers, each cluster surrounded by red bracts. It has mid- to deep green, oval to lance-shaped leaves. Propa-

gate from

hardwood

cuttings in

or climb a vertical surface such as a

common

in the South,

wall or tree trunk. Typical foliage

are often

used

dark green, although numerous variegated forms have been

sheared into geometric topiaries.

thorny, semi-succulent shrub

Very tolerant of heat, humidity and poor soils.

native of Madagascar. Deciduous in

ZONES 7-10

and grows

is

introduced; one of the most popular is

the

24

in (about

60 cm) shrub

for

A native

of

does best in well-drained

with plenty of water.

From

late

to spring small, greenish-red

flowers appear surrounded by bright-red, pink or white bracts.

The

oval, green leaves

may be

ever-

green or deciduous. Prune poinsettias

back hard

to

encourage shoot

Grow them

in pots for

although the color will not be as good as when grown outdoors in

E. milii

develop into pretty coral-pink fruits containing orange seeds. Very

color

it

pleasant indoor winter decoration,

but are often irregular in habit; the climbers will serve as ground covers

where they hedging or

soil

growth.

small,

summer

Mexico,

fall

cm). In winter to spring

This dense, upright evergreen

Euphorbia fulgens

It

sunny spot and well-

prefers a

in spring

division in early

in the

shade.

it

flowers enveloped by bright red

subtropical or tropical climates syn. E. splendens

CROWN OF THORNS This slow-growing, ferociously

cooler areas,

it is

is

a

drought resistant

to a height of 3

ft

(about

where it will grow 12 ft (about 3.5 m) tall and wide. Indoor plants need careful attention to a shortened day length in the fall, which encourages the development of the red bracts for the Christmas season. ZONES

10-11

—

2

Fatsiajaponica

EURYOPS

edge. Pinch back to keep from

pcctinatus

ing over, or support

Propagate in

A

native of South Africa, this

winter to spring

From

soil

bears delightful,

it

bright yellow, daisy-like flowers.

It

has a spreading habit, with graygreen leaves.

It

dislikes root distur-

bance so avoid transplanting. It grows to a height of 3 ft (about 90 cm) with a spread of 30 in (.about 76 cm). Propagate from softwood cuttings in

summer.

ZONES 9-10

COMMON PEARLBISH

is

upnght

grown

appear from bare

wood and

shoots after flowering

improve the bloom.

—

this will

summer

It

or seed in

fall

ZONES 4-9

X FATSHEDER.A

clusters of tiny, white flowers appear in fall, followed by small, black berries. It does best in sunny or shaded areas and prefers a well-

u

is

It

prefers shelter

fall

it

or spring.

EORSYTHIA Profuse early spring displays of

yellow flowers are the principal attraction of this genus. Vase shaped

and deciduous, they are easy to grow in rich, well-drained soil. They prefer regions where winters are cold and are hard}' to at least 13°F (minus 25°C). Propagate from semi-hardwood cuttings taken in summer. The genus was named in the eighteenth century in honor of William Forsyth, gardener to King George 111 of England. intermedia

This compact, deciduous, arching or spreading shrub bears yellow

Hibernica' (Irish ivy) Popular int.

fertile soil.

botanical

rarity) is the offspring of Fatsia

I,

under almost any conditions.

Dense

FORSYTHIA (a

japonica 'Moseri' and Hedei is

a

also used extener;

oiherwise

it

flowers in spring

Its

leaves are dark

invars

green and such as

be trained against a wall or

pillar

h prefers partial i!

il

2 7

leaves

F. x

lizei

This bi-genenc hybrid

m)

be cultivated as a spreading bush or trained into a single-stemmed tree It bears splendid, large, rounded. deeply lobed, glossy, dark green

the

needs regular watering. Propagate from softwood

may

JAPANESE ARALU

Japanese aralia is one of the world's most loved house plants. It may also

clusters of white

buds resemble a string of pearls hence the name. E. racemosa has oblong, deep blue-green leaves and grows to a height and spread of 1 ft (about 3.5 m). Plant the shrub in loamy but well-drained, acid soil in a sunny position. Thin out old

cuttings in

FATSIA japonica

ZONES 8-10

for the

bears in late spring. These

it

semi-

H-10

seed in

This deciduous, arching shrub,

flowers

summer from

from cold winds. Cut back hard if gets too leggy. Propagate by seminpe cuttings in summer or from

racemosa

delightful,

-

drained,

EXOCHORDA

native to China,

fall-

with canes.

ripe cuttings.

shrubby evergreen grows well in the mild winter regions of the South and West; elsewhere it does well in containers. Excellent for shrub beds and borders, it likes sun or partial shade in hot conditions and a moist, well-drained, gravelly

it

tall

li

reache

shade and well-drained.

i

compa

w

m) Small

in fall

It

by pruning leaves have a

afti

narrow creamy white /

|1IS\

(III,

I

•

llll,

I

III,

Jill

/

atiht

dt

rail

el

—

2

S

i

ii

b

s

I

from the pieces stem touches the

Easily propagated

suspensa

F.

Wl

/i

when

that root

PING FORSYTHIA

a

ground.

The

graceful, arching

and weeping

branching habit of this species

rom other

forsythias.

sets

The

h over until the) touch the

ground, where they often take root; it is

often used as a

ground cover on cascading

when

effect

in lull

tall,

coarse

a bank,

is

5-9

where

FOTHERGILLA FOTHERcll

the

very attractive

cluded here; i

van

the)' differ

nii,

the

reaches only 3

dw art ft

its

in

leaves.

fothergilla,

6

ft

(about

1

.8

F.

m)

in

major, the to

spread, with leaves twice the size of the former. Both species have 1-2 in

(about 2.5-5 cm) long spikes of Unity white, fragrant flowers; in

fall

the leaves of both turn bright red,

yellow and orange, often

all

does

gate from seed or

Propagate from softwood cuttings in

in

mid-summer. These are among the most beautiful of Native American

spring.

shrubs.

ing occasional

the final location carefully. Propa-

summer

softwood cuttings

or from seed in

The hybrid

or

fall

California

Gory'

the easiest in cultivation, tolerat-

is

FOVQU1ERA

FUCHSL\

splendens

FICHS1A

OCOTILLO

more than height and

grows

It

'Blue Mist' has blue-green leaves.

summer water.

Native to the mountain forests of

(about 90 cm) in

.about 5 cm) long;

allergic reactions.

in-

height and spread, with leaves to 2

large fothergilla,

can cause

not transplant very well, so choose

soil

ZONES 9-10

primarily in

he size of the shrubs and [i

regions'), a rich, well-

and regular \\ ater through the growing season. F.g. drained

native shrubs of

outstanding garden merit are

bloom. Flowers are

remontodendron californu

\

Two deciduous

golden yellow in earl) spring; some flowers will appear in fall as well. /

I

summer

on the

same plant. Both are native to the mountains of southeastern North America and thrive in situations with some protection from hot afternoon sun (especially in hot

One

most of the American of the

distinctive shrubs

Central and South America, these

desert, the ocotillo

exotic evergreen

racemes ot scarlet flowers so popular with hummingbirds. The unbranched stems form a graceful vase shape 1 is

notable for

brilliant

its

ft (about 3.5 m) or more in height, each stem topped by a flower clus-

Tiny leaves line rains have

ter in late spring.

the spiny stems

been

when

plentiful; otherwise the

are leafless, often appearing

stems

dead

except tor a hint of green in the bark.

Most

common in

the lower

deserts of California, Arizona

and

and semi-evergreen shrubs and trees are grown for the splendid, pendulous, tubular flow-

born from early summer to late These hang from leaf axils, most heavily at the ends of arching branches. Each flower consists of four reflexed sepals and four or ers

fall.

more

petals, often in a contrasting

color. Fuchsias prefer a partially

shaded, sheltered position and thrive in almost it

any

soil, as

will

long as

contains plenty of organic matter.

They require plenty

of water (some-

—but

northern Mexico, these are excellent shrubs for the desert garden, requir-

times twice a day in summer)

ing only a well-drained soil and

back drastically to prevent the plant from becoming too woody, and to

sun. Occasional allow

them

summer water will

to retain their leaves for

from cuttings at any time. Cut stems have been lashed together to form ima longer season. Propagate

penetrable fences several

feet high;

avoid watering in

full

sun. Prune

Where not hardy, make superb summer pot

maintain shape. fuchsias

plants for the shaded garden. Bring

indoors for the winter. Propagate

from softwood cuttings

in

any sea-

Red spider mite may cause

often the cut stems will take root,

son.

creating a beautiful living fence.

problems, as will leaf-eating cater-

ZONES 8-10

pillars. In coastal California

the

fuchsia mite, introduced from Bra-

FREMONT ODENDRON

zil,

californicum

COMMON FLANNEL BISH

is

many

tions; there

is

prized for

its

species

through early summer. Its lobed, dark green leaves are white felted underneath. A native of California, it thrives in the and West with full sun and a well-drained, sandy soil; once established it needs no summer water. It grows to a height of 18 ft (about 5.5 ml with a spread of 12 about 3.5 m).

It is

advisable to

and

cultivars have

some

proven

resistant to the mite.

bright yellow flowers from spring

ft

fuchsia collec-

not yet a dependable,

non-toxic control. Fortunately

This sun-loving, evergreen or semievergreen shrub

has become a serious problem,

decimating

'Gartenmeister Bonstedt"

F.

This lax shrub produces large, tubular,

orange to bnck-red flowers if conditions are mild

abundantly,

with plenty of sun.

It is

quite useful

as a garden hedge. Plant at intervals of

30

76 cm), or as a pot The leaves of this dark, bronzed red; it is

in (about

or garden shrub. cultivar are a

wear gloves when handling the plant as it is covered in hairs which

resistant to the fuchsia mite.

Fothergilla major

Forsyihia suspensa

ZONES

10-]

1

,

Fuchsia

ma fare',

'Carnival' or

They

Mrs Victor

are evergreen

best in

fertile,

Prune

in late

and

Reiter".

will thrive

well-drained

soil.

winter for bushiness;

propagate from softwood cuttings.

ZONES

10-11

magellanica var. gracilis

F.

This upright evergreen bears small, red, tubular flowers, with purple

petals

and red sepals Black

fruits

follow. Susceptible to the fuchsia

mite.

magellanica var. gracilis Alba'

F.

Fuchsia procumbens

growth continues unchecked this grow to a considerable size. Prune it back to maintain its his shrub bears attra shape pale pink flowerIf

height ol 4 in (aboul 10 indefinite spread

cultivar can

li

cm] with an

bears ereel

lipped, purple and

flowers

among small,

heart-shaped

I

leaves, followed ries. It is

fuchsia mite.

by

large, red ber-

ground

excellent as a

cover, or in rock gardens and hanging baskets Noi bothered by the

F.

IRII 111

1M\

Distinct I

/

in lisici

I

.ml. in

hybrids

and various other species have been used to di llanica

winter

in

a

mild

from the more

hybrid

fu

its tin)'

purpK

terminal panic

much the

hybrid cultiva populai

fuchsia mite.

panit ulata

like a

common

GARDEN/A ne

les

looking

common

lilac

the most

ol

be found in warm climate gardens worldwide rhi n full sun to

I

w ithout

Ira.

shruli id,

and

will

well drained, acid soil

ai

istal

purple,

i

/

pro(

notably

umbens aphid

I

when planted

in

I.

Km'

Loot

lull

growth

;>.iK in

IRVIIIM.II

(

HSIA

G. augusta

sively for

syn. G. jasminoidcs

catkins,

COMMON GARDENIA This Chinese species has deep green oval leaves that provide a beautiful

background

tor its pure white, usudouble flowers which fade to

ally

fragrant. In-cool areas give

sun

the most common, flowering from spring to mid-summer or later

m)

.8

or

more

in height

ft

and

(about

Native to coastal California,

15

9

ft

ft

may grow to a height of m) with a spread of

(about 4.5

(about 2.7 m).

prefers full sun

It

or part shade and well-drained soil to thrive,

doing particularly well on

the coast or inland.

has leaves that

It

and leather)'. Propagate from semi-hardwood cuttings taken in summer. are dark green

grows to 4'A ft (.about 1.3m) with white flowers from

'Florida'

is

mid-winter to early

re-

quiring tip pruning to shape.

summer through

and may be damaged by

full

tery' is

1

in

spring,

G. elliptica

them

to increase heat build-up. 'Mys-

but with a rangy habit to 6

—

appear frosts.

cream. The flowers are intensely

curtain of gray-green

its

which grow up to 8 in (about 20 cm) in length shorter on female plants which, however, bear decorative bluish berries. These

winter. Radicans'

nearly prostrate, spreading to 3

ft

(about 90 cm) with small flowers in

summer. Veitchn' is a compact form (24-36 in/60-90 cm).

GAULTHERIA These are evergreen shrubs found on the continents bordering the

G. thunbergia

Ocean. They range in size from prostrate ground covers to

TREE GARDENIA

large shrubs, nearly

Pacific

An

all

with white

flowers shaped like inverted urns

exceptionally beautiful and de-

sirable shrub, the tree gardenia

grows

to a height

and spread

of 10

(about 3 m) or more. Though less hardy than G. augusta, it is more ft

tolerant of cool

and

is less

summer conditions

demanding

soil conditions. In

of perfect

and grouped in pendent clusters. Many produce colorful, and sometimes edible, berries. They prefer a rich, well-drained soil and regular water. Propagate from seed or cuttings, or

by separating rooted

prostrate stems.

bears fragrant,

large, white, terminal flowers set

G. procumbens

among glossy, deep

WINTERGREEN. CHECKERBERRY

ZONES

green leaves.

10-11

A native

GARRYA elliptica

COAST SILKTASSEL

This extraordinary, bushy, dense

shrub

is

cultivated almost exclu-

of the woodlands of eastern North America, this prostrate shrub grows only 6 in (about 1 5 cm) tall but spreads widely by trailing stems. The 1 in (about 2.5 cm) evergreen leaves are deep green and nearly round. The white flowers in early summer are followed by scarlet berries which hold their color well into winter.

G. shailon

This species

is

one of the dominant

understorey shrubs in the evergreen forest and coastal mountains of the West Coast of North America. Vary-

ing in height from 3

ft

(about 90 to 180 cm),

to it

over 6

ft

spreads by

underground stems to form broad mounds. Oval leaves are a deep glossy green, flowers are pinkish in

Gaultheria procumbens

spring,

and

fruits are

black and

edible but bland.

KE£33| GENISTA

tm

1

of this genus of de-

ciduous shrubs and trees are grown for the fragrance and beauty of their

E^ksS Gaultheria shailon

The members

blooms. Native to the Mediterranean areas of North Africa, southern

sHEiHHi ftflK*?-*Wfc

Europe and Asia Minor, they make good seaside shrubs. They do well in hot, sunny conditions and are

Gardenia augusta Florida'

quite hardy.

j2^*

Grow

in a not-too-rich,

Genista pilosa 'Vancouver Gold'

Gre\

illea

'Boongala Spinebi

Gordonia

axillaris

spread of several

GREV1LLEA

feet, this selection

has deeper yellow flowers than the

and

GREV1LLEA. SPIDER FLOW 1R

uniform habit of growth. An excellent ground cover in full sun, the stems are graygreen while the leaves are deep species

green.

It

a quick,

G. tinctoria GREENWEED, WOADW WIN

This squat, deciduous, spreading

shrub grows to a height of 30 in (about 76 cm) and a spread of 3 Genista tmctoria

(about

golden yellow flowers.

among

A

dense, low

mound

leafless stems, this

broom

is

^-10

well-drained

BRIDAI VFIl

They

will noi

do ti

hours

first) 01

cuttings in

G

from iemi hard

shrub

Ah

ii

a

in lull

summei

is

name

Spe<

ular in

t. ii

bloom

il

bi ai

and North spring w hen fra

lea-shaped flowers on long,

arching branches

oetnensis

It

I

i

ri pi

i

wiiim

TO A BROOM

Ii

—

to acid

["hey appreciate

but avoid using phospho-

lima.

one or, more commonly, two seeds Propagate from seed in release

in

i

it

native ol

aiwan and Vietnam, it bears ream white, saucer-shaped (lowers with a mass ol yellow stamens from lall through spring Although ever(

I

v

taken

lines a

few

in

m

tip

summer

i

1

uttings

he) can also

earl) .\u^\ tilth

these

insects

il

is

and

leal

ll

,

important not

when

potting on Scale spoi

ma) cause

Ills

Boongala Spinebill'

ol its leath-

shaped leaves lum Hi h ai the same time it ,\

from

in late

be grafted Strong roots develop

t i

\

iih a

well

rat

live

dense heads

ol

t

ultivai beai

deep red flowers ig,

foi

ever-

ilants

shrub/ti \lru

SO

to

ping

i

main (aboul 9 m)

scarlei oi gold

llu.i

well-drained, slightly dry, gravell)

are leathery capsules thai split to

tree size alter

grows to a lOfi (about

Ml

axillaris

\

to Spain

grow

on heads sometimes globular, sometimes elongated and one-sided, like a toothbrush The fruits thai follow

GORDON/A

mild climates Normally, however, is seen as a shrub, growing to 6

BROOM

will

but do best in one that

the occasional addition ol a light

leciduous, broadly bushy

i

encourage a bushy look Propagate in spring from seed (soak for 24

monosperma

Popular

rus Flowers are borne

ma) reach up

monosperma

syn. Re tamu

soils

and neutral

This handsome, glossy-leaved plant

Genista lydia soil.

is

most

fertilizer,

flowers. It makes an excellent ground cover, only 24 in (about 60 cm) tall, and sets little seed

G.

in

covered yellow

genus and

this

species,

with hummingbirds, they

thin,

courage bushiness. ZONES 5-10

of nearl)

and shrubs,

numbers some 400

a long flowering period

dark green leaves It does best in full sun with a welldrained soil Prune the tips to en-

summer « nh golden

in early

transplanted Prune tips

ft

summer golden-

yellow, pea-like flowers appear set

G. lydia

il

cm). In

a delightful explosion of small,

ZONEs 8-10

well

°/0

of the most popular of Aus-

tralian trees

dozens of hybrids and cultivars. Extremely variable in habit, foliage and flowers, most grevilleas are found in the southwestern part ol Western Australia; there are also a few species native to Malaysia. Well sought after as garden plants in California and the Southwest, many are adaptable and easy to grow with

flowers in spring.

ZONES 5-10

DYER'S

One

,i

h prefers lull

moi 9 m) in height and spread

sun and (,

a

il

pilosa

\

n

iold

so

m

wintei

Propagate from

late

ind spie.nl ol

— /

92

S h

r

ii

()

'

s

A Field Trip to the

Du

Toilsklool Pa

/J,

=£

Cape Floral Kingdom

o U T H

s

PaarW

—

Kraaiioin- rfn

*

(

ihc southern tip of the African continent encompasses the "Cape Floral Kingdom," the name botanists have given to the southern Cape Province and its extraordinarily rich flora. This is a diverse region the coastal plains are largely sand and limestone and further inland, the undulating landscape is formed from shales and clays. The Cape Fold Mountains dominate the skyline to the northeast of Cape Town and Table Mountain. They are composed of steeply tilted acid sandstones, which yield a shallow soil that is deficient in the nutrients required for plant growth and hence of no value for agriculture or even the grazing of livestock. On their slopes though, and in many areas of similar soil in the southern Cape, there has developed the famous 'Fynbos" vegetation

CAPE

TOWN F

R

C A

I

Franschhoek

schhi

—

a

low scrub of extraordinary botanical diversity. Of the world's great floral kingdoms, the Cape Floral King-

dom

occupies the smallest area, but for

its

size

it

has a higher

concentration of plant species (about 8500) than anywhere else

A

on

earth.

Fynbos vegetation is the concentration and species of the Proteaceae family. Richest in species are the Protea. Leucadendron and Leucospermum genera. In spring you can travel to any one of the mountainous areas within 160 miles (about 250 km) of Cape Town and find yourself in a world of flowers. feature of the

of genera

Of the many species of Protea, one of the best known and most widely distributed in Cape Province is the wagon tree (Protea nitida), a shrub or smallish tree of varying size and shape. It is typically small and bushy, appearing a distinct grayish white from a distance, usually 15 ft (about 5 m) high with a trunk up to 18 in (about 50 cm) in diameter. The crown of foliage is rounded and irregular. The flowerheads (inflorescences), normally creamy white, may be present all year round but their bloom peaks between May and August. They are typical protea blooms, with globes up to 6 /: in (about 16 cm) wide when open. In early colonial days in South Africa, the attractive, reddish colored wood of the wagon tree was used for furniture, wagon building and wagon brake blocks, hence the common name. The bark was also used for tanning, while the mature leaves produced a tolerably good black writing ink extracted 1

with

a solution of iron salt.

A field

trip to

view the wagon

as the species flowers to visit the

Cape

Floral

all

tree

can be made

year round.

Kingdom

is

However

any time,

in spring to early

(September to December), because there of other flowers to be seen at this time.

Town along the Nl

at

the best time

is

summer

a great profusion

Head out from Cape

national road towards the Transvaal. Ap-

proximately 18 miles (about 30

km)

northeast of Cape

Town

longest-settled agricultural areas in

one of the richest and South Africa. You will

pass orchards and vineyards, for this

is

is

the

town of

Paarl, in the heart of

also the center of the

country's wine production.

From here there are two possible routes. If you proceed on Nl over the Du Toitskloof Pass, within 5 or 10 min-

the old utes

you

will

be in the typically rugged sandstone mountains

As you go up the pass you will have your first glimpse of the Fynbos flora and see Protea nitida almost on the shoulders of the road. There are many places to stop and of the Cape.

stroll

around, but the best

is

yet to come.

1

S

The wagon

tree,

with other Fynbos plants.

down

As you continue over the pass and go slowly

the (P.

repens).

The

Dutch

early

settlers extracted a

the nectar-rich flowers of this plant,

and

syrup from

The

alternative route

is

via the

times

at

it

was

their

R303

district

road after

Berg River. This will take you to the his-

town of Franschhoek (where French Huguenots settled end of the seventeenth century). From here continue on up the Franschhoek Pass where you will find a floral profusion equal to that of the Du Toitskloof Pass. Apart from proteas and other Proteaceae, the Fynbos on these mountain slopes contains many species of Erica (the heath genus), most of which have colorful flowers. This is an amazingly diverse genus with almost 600 species in the southern Cape Province alone. Although Erica is also well known in Europe and the toric

at the

Protea When

eminent Swedish botanist Linnaeus was sysrenaming all known plant and animal species in the mid-eighteenth century, he was so impressed by the range of form in one genus of African shrubs that he named it Protea after the Greek god Proteus, who had the ability to change at will into any of a myriad of forms. Protea later lent its name to a major plant family, the Proteaceae, which includes many genera and species in the

Australia as well as in Africa, with smaller

numbers

in

South America. New Caledonia. New Guinea and Indonesia. It is one of the most clear-cut examples of a plant group that originated in the super-continent Gondvvana, predating its break-up into the present southern hemisphere land masses.

The astoundingly

beautiful, symmetrical

lasting flowerheads of

many

and long-

Proteaceae have contributed

to their popularity as cut flowers, to the extent that they

Mediterranean, that

far larger

region has fewer than one-

now

trade.

a major item of international Foremost are species of Protea

in the

itself,

grown

ily,

Zealand, California and Israel

twentieth the

number

of species. Other colorful wildflowers

Fynbos include some lovely members of the daisy famand spring-flowering bulbs such as watsonias, to name

From Franschhoek it is some 30 miles (about 50 km) back Cape Town. Alter your field trip, it is worthwhile visiting

Kirstenbosch National Botanic C.arden, famous as

much

for

its

magnificent setting on the slope of Table Mountain as for

its

collections of South African native plants. Stroll to the

magnificent Castle Rock and then walk through the Protea

Garden. Here you will again find yourself vegetation, rich in a

are

in Australia.

New

as well as in their native

but a couple.

to

number

of beautiful

in native

S]

I

luding

Another attraction ol this wonderful garden is the view, with the Cape Peninsula laid out helew and, more distantly, the mountains behind Paarl and nbosch where you h.r. nitida of course.

b

tematically

only source of sugar.

Paarl, crossing the

it

the

on your

covered in groups and single specimens of both tree and another Protect species, the sugarbush

wagon

i

Protea nitida

other side, you will find the sunny eastern slopes right are

/i

South Africa. The more striking species of

Proteaceae are

adapted

all

to highl)

nutrient-deficienl soils

and

their

cultivation require-

ments arc frequentl) Most are

spec ialized

onlv suited to milder temper. ih- areas Protea

1

^Ll ^

s

I

9

3

1

I

9 4

S h

r

u b

s

if

w

'

Pi* ^r

w£^J?^i S

W$ T «^r^ »

Bk ^k ^b

—

*

_

'Zrik

Mr

V**! -J

>

Greuia occidentalis G. 'Noellii' This hybrid gre\illea

is

the

most

commonly grown on the West Coast, being somwhat hardier than most species and more tolerant of a variety of soils and of summer waBright green, needle-like leaves

ter.

cover the stems. The flowers are bright pink

and white, appearing

in

small clusters in spring and sum-

mer. Height and spread reach

around 6

ft

(about 1.8 m).

J-10

Robyn Gordon'

G.

A popular and attractive

hybrid

(from G. banksii and G. bipinnatijida) this sprawling, ever,

green shrub bears large, rich red. drooping flowerheads all year round.

It

has dark green, fem-like

leaves with silky undersides.

vulnerable to leaf spot in

It is

damp

conditions. Prune to encourage

dense growth. of 3

It

grows

to a height

(about 90 cm) and a spread

ft

of up to 6 ZONES 9-10

ft

(about

1

.8

m).

G. rosmarinifolia This

24

is

a variable shrub, from

(about 60 cm) to over 6

in

m)

under ft

and spread. The leaves are small and gray or gray-green. The flowers are usually pink and red, in small clusters in late winter and spring. Numerous dwarf selections have become avail(about 1.8

in height

able; they are very useful for the

small garden. ZONES 9-10

GREWIA occidentalis Grevillea rosmarinifolia

Grevillea Uncmdulacea

LAVENDER STAR FLOWER

G. laxandulacca

One

Native to Africa this fast-growing

of the most variable of the

genus, this bushy, compact shrub bears small, crowded, abundant clusters of

crimson

to

pink (some-

evergreen, the most popular of the is widely grown in the South and on the West Coast of the USA. In summer it bears pink and mauve

genus,

times white) flowers over the entire

star-shaped flowers. Shiny, oval,

most of the year. The leaves are short and broad, silvery

light

gray, usually covered in hairs but

well-drained

sometimes smooth. Drought resistant, it grows to a height of 3 ft

water during the dry months. Grows to a height and spread of 9

(about 90 cm) or less with a spread

(about 2.7 m). Pruning will maintain a compact habit. Propagate

bush

for

of 6 for

ft (about 1.8 m). It is suitable hedges in parks and gardens.

ZONES 9-10

green leaves complete the

picture.

It

likes a

well-mulched,

soil,

and prefers some

from seed or cuttings. ZONES

9-1

ft

S

LIMA

GRISl

pincushion 9

littoralis

spread lhis fast-growing tree 01

shrub

is

grows

h

is h (about 2 7

9

ol

5

to

ol

m)

(about 2 7

It

height

.1

>m)witha

New England and

in

the

I

SA

li

1

Ireland

and

alifomia in

has shining, oval, apple-

green, leathery leaves

It

spring Small, black berries

low the

bloom Drought

fol-

resistant.it

likes fertile, well-drained soil

1

seed in spring and

HAKl

1

summer

With

MYRRH)

green leaves this hakea makes an

Though

excellent hedge

will

11

much

as 20 ft (about 6 m) and spread, it can easily be kept to under 10 It (about 3 m) by pruning or shearing The llullv white (lowers are hidden within the

(pre-treated by nicking or

sion in near-boiling water) in

fall

fall.

Give

soil

it

and

sun. a

lull little

water

in

established

HALIMWM lasianthum formosum

syn. H. Sl'NROSE

is

a native

and Portugal. It has graygreen foliage and in spring and of Spain

summer bears open, golden or

flowers,

each petal marked with a central, red blotch Give

only occasional

it

semi-ripe cuttings in summer.

water during a long, dry summer, ensuring it has a well-drained soil

H. laurina

and

PINCISHIOSTREE

30 in (about 76 cm) and a spread of 4 'A ft (about 1.3 m). Propagate

A

weeping smooth-barked shrub bears fragrant, crimson or loose, gangly plant with

branches, this

full

white styles that resemble pins in a

sun.

It

grows

to a height ol

from semi-ripe cuttings

tall,

cherry flowers with protruding,

Zl INI 5

in

summer.

8-10

HAMAMEUS WIK

11

HAZEL

The witch hazels

are often over-

looked since their flowers are not as spectacular as many of our most common garden shrubs, however the flowers appear at a time when little else is in bloom: fall, winter

and very

early spring.

Add

to that

the gently lobed or toothed decidu-

ous leaves which turn bright red, orange or yellow in fall, plus the pleasing scent that comes from the flowers and you have one ol the garden shrubs available. Name North America and Asia, there

best to

and man)

are several species

h\

brids All thine in moderately

moist, Cil iscllllld /l//
//ll/llMMIMI ll/sl(lll(llHIII

a

broad range

ol

llll\/ll

A parent ol H. x intermedia, this somewhat smaller shrub from China flowers on bare stems in

leaves, but are delightfully sweet-

This spreading evergreen

immer-

Asian species oilers

WIK

HINESl

brow

a variable

should be watered moderately in full growth. Propagate from seed

(

I

winter. Flowers are yellow and red-

summer once

plenty of sun. Potted specimens

HA/I

through various shades and blends of red and orange All bloom in w inter i^n bare stems. Some are fragrant, shrubs are vigorous and

HAKEA

or long heads. These plants like

II

flower colors from pale yellow

01

genus of shrubs They do best in dry, gravelly, well-drained soil. The leaves are mostly hard and needle like. The fragrant flowers are usuallysmall and are clustered into spheres

WIK

This group of hybrids between two

fall.

trees

mil

in height

in

5

H. mollis

well-drained

is

9

.

H. x intermedia

scented

This

I

summet named

tattings in earl)

\

8- to

and small

I

b

I

id

sharply pointed, bright

its

reach as

and

sun or partial shade It grows to a height and spread ol 16-36 It (about 4.8-1 m). Propagate from lull

semi-ripe cuttings in

sWH

leaves

ii

selections are usually grafted

bears insig-

nificant tiny, yellow-green flowers in

suaveolens

//.

h

autumn

i

Arnold Promise with clear yellow )iana with red flo and h lena w ith o >p]

where then winter flowers can be enjoyed Propagate from softwi c

in

then

.1

10

popular seaside planl

from the hottest afternoon sun Place them near a walk or window

/]

woods}

sni

I

with protection

ma) reach and wide.

1

5

Fall

ft

(about 4.5

color

is

m)

n.

and decidedly the most genus

fragrant ol the 5

H

-8

vernalis

tall

excellent,

VERNAL WITCH HAZEL

with the red-flowered selections

This extremely hatch' witch hazel

often displaying the most red in

a native ol the

is

woodlands of eastern

I

96

S h

r

ii

b

s

do not do well where summers are hot and dry. Prune after flowering to shape and to remove faded blossoms, or to restrict growth. Propagate from semi-ripe cuttings in summer. There to semi-shade; they

are a great

many cultivated

HELICHRYSVM selago Native to the mountain regions of

New Zealand, cm)

species

in height.

appearance;

and hybrids.

evergreen

this erect

shrub grows up

to 18 in (about

its

45

has a conifer-like

It

stems are cov-

rigid

ered with dense, triangular, scale-

H. x andersonii is

a

(about

1

.8

m).

Terminal clusters

like foliage.

bushy evergreen shrub that grows to a height and spread oi 6 tt This

It

bears dense spikes

downy cream appear ZONES

o)

(lowers sporadically

at the tips of

the branchlets.

t-

lilac flowers in summer. The leaves are dark green. A form with cream variegated leaves is

HELIOTROPIUM

available.

syn. H. peruvianum

of small,

arbor escens

ZONES 9-10

COMMON HELIOTROPE

H. hulkeana

This attractive shrub

much-prized

is

for the clusters of fragrant, purple to

This upright, open, evergreen shrub bears masses of small, pale flowers in spring and early Its

lilac

summer.

attractive, oval, serrated, glossy,

dark green leaves have red margins. It grows to a height and spread of 3 ft

Hebe x andersonii

North America. Its red to yellow tlowers are produced in late winter and are fragrant. Height and spread reach around 10 ft (about 3 m).

HEBE

grown

New

Zealand but some

New

often hidden

among

the yellow

leaves of

This

a large

is

shrub

Guinea. They are

tor the luxurious foliage

dense spikes of

Fragrant flowers are golden yellow,

in

all

and

tiny, four-petaled,

fall.

America,

it

1.8

m)

or

A

bears from late

it

native of South

grow

will

more

in

to 6

Resistance to

salt

and

sea

make them eminently

which can with time become a small tree of 25 ft (about 7.5 m) in height and spread.

coastal areas.

ZONES 3-8

moderately moist

They

winds

suited to

are

good

They require

a well-drained but soil

and

full

(.about re-

gions, or to only half that size as a

summer annual colder regions.

or pot plant in It is

a branching,

wrinkled leaves and needs nch, fertile, well-drained soil and full

SNOWY HEBE

it

is

best

and

raised in a semi-shady position

This desirable species boasts deep

the soil kept moist. Potted speci-

green foliage and purple brushes of

mens should be

flowers that appear in terminal

full

clusters in

spring.

It

summer and

grows

winter to

to a height o) 4

/

colored cultivars

exist,

to pale lilac,

It

with flowers

pink and white. Plant

regularly watered in

growth, but moderately

at

other

Cut back to half in early spring to promote a bushy look. Propagate from seed in spring or times.

ml with a spread of 3 ft (about 90 cm). Numerous, brightly ranging from purple and deep red

as

dense hedges or thick ground cov-

ft

mild winter

evergreen species with dark green,

(about 1.3

purple, white or cerise flowers

ers.

spring to

sun. In very dry areas

Most of these evergreen shrubs are

Chile and

COMMON WITCH HAZEL

sun

H. speciosa

species are to be found naturally in

H. virginiana

full

soil.

HEBE

native to

ZONES 4-8

fall.

(about 90 cm). Plant in

well-drained

lavender flowers

semi-ripe cuttings in early

name comes from

fall.

the unusual

The way

the flowerheads turn towards the

sun.

in full sun.

-

9-10

sun

HETEROMEEES arbutifolia syn. Photinia arbutifolia

TOVON. CALIFORNIA

HOLU CHRISTMAS .

BERRY

This vigorous shrub

is

an important

element of the chaparral shrub community in California, but is

found

in other areas of the

West

as

well. Its glossy, evergreen leaves are

sharply toothed on the margin. The large panicles of tiny white flowers

appear in early summer, followed by bright red berries from fall into winter (these are popular with

Hcimtinie/is

\

n einiana

Hebe hulkeana

A

birds)

large shrub, this will often

be tree like and rea< h liIi.

mm

I

i

nearl) as

6

in

I

20 h and lull sun and i

in lu ighi

1

wide Give

well drained soil

I

u

ireblight

(

an

a

b(

problem Propagate from seed, and plant out in the garden w ben young Excellent .is a hedge plant, a

and important the West INI

B

natural gardens in

in

10

HIBISCUS Heteromeles arbutijolia

These beautifully exotic, flowering, evergreen or deciduous shrubs, perennials and annuals hail from all

H. rosa-sinensis CHINESE HIBISCUS. TROPICAL HIBISCUS

continents, and from temperate as

Native to China, this

well as tropical regions. Popular in

bears coral-red flowers virtually

warm

to tropical

year in a frost-free climate. The wild

large,

showy

which

gardens they bear

many

flowers,

last as little as

form

of

one day, or

longer with cooler temperatures.

The flowering season ever, lasting fall,

from

late

is

long,

spring into

and the range of colors is imThey thrive in full sun in

all

seen in gardens

numerous dazzling

many bred

which come

in

Hawaii,

in single or

double and

height and spread from 3-9 a

ft

(about 90-270 cm) and have ever-

They prefer full sun in tropical or subtropical climates where they are as important green, glossy leaves.

soil.

fertilize

shrub

every color but blue. Plants range in

well-drained, rich, slightly acid,

Water regularly and during flowering. Trim

less often

cultivars,

how-

pressive.

sandy

is

than the

tall

after

gardens as roses are in temperate

flowering to maintain shape. Propa-

in

gate from cuttings taken in spring

climates. In cold climates they can

and summer. Potential pests include aphids, caterpillars, white fly and Japanese and rose beetles. The genus is the floral emblem of Hawaii, where some of the most stunning

be grown in tubs in a greenhouse or as indoor plants. Water freely in

hybrids are grown.

most popular cultivars are 'Agnes Gault' (red), 'Lemon Chiffon' (yellow) and 'Bride' (white/pink).

H. mutabilis CONFEDERATE ROSE

ft

to tree-like proportions of

(about 7.5

spread, but

m)

is

in height

25

and

usually smaller in

cooler climates.

weather

is

cuttings in

in spring after cold

and propagate from summer. Among the

over,

ZONES 9-10

This delightful native of China can

grow

summer, prune

It

bears large, hairy,

shallowly lobed leaves and single,

white flowers that fade to deep rosepink; these appear in

fall.

Prune

regularly to maintain shape.

HeliotTopiutn arboren en$

H. rosa-sinensis 'Cooperi' Ideal for potting

and excellent

as

an indoor decoration, this shrub bears small, light, open, scarlet flowers. It grows to a height of be-

tween 4 7 2 - 12 ft (about 1.3-3.5 m) and has variegated white, cream and pink

foliage.

I

9 8

s h

i

u b

s

Hydrangea macrophy Ua

Hibiscus

H. syriacus

bears single, violet-blue flowers with

ROSE-OF-SHARON

red centers and grows to a height of

6 This colorful, upright, deciduous

shrub

is

the hardiest of the genus.

flowers freely in

shades

ol

summer

in

(about

1

.8

mauve

and violet-blue. The single, semidouble and double flowers are bell shaped. It has glabrous leaves and grows to 12 ft (about 3.5 m) tall with a spread of 3-6 ft (about 90- 180

named selections, 'Blue among the most popular; it

as Aphrodite'

which produce no ZONES

seeds.

This delicate beauty,

grow profusely in the summer months. They need constant water-

the shrub, and larger, white flowers

ing as the\ transpire heavily from

This popular hibiscus bears large

and large, saw-toothed The sun damages their foliage, so always position them in the shade or in full sun only in areas that are frequently cloudy. Hydrangeas are grown for the strikingly attractive, domed, fertile flowers which appear mid-summer. Each head consists of small flowers surrounded by larger petal-like sepals.

-

centers.

An

upright shrub,

to a height of 9

Bird'

ZOXEs 5-9

ft

it

the stems leaves.

flowers with crimson

grows

(about 2.7 m).

Prune immediately after flowerthis encourages strong, vigorous growth for the following season. Propagate from softwood ing

—

cuttings in

Hibiscus

s\

nihil

name

These lush, popular, deciduous and evergreen shrubs are native to China, Japan and North America;

H. syriacus Ardens'

mauve

riacus

syn. H. villoso

they

5-9

sj

H. aspera var. aspera

for

(rose-pink) or 'Diana' (pure white),

cm). Of the is

Watch out

m).

new hybrids such It

varying

white, pink, soft red,

ft

HYDRANGEA

summer.

Hydrangea aspera

var. aspera

to east-

ern Asia, bears broad heads of blue or purple flowers in the center of

towards the periphery. A deciduous upright shrub, it grows to a height

and spread •

of 9

ft

(about 2.7 m).

7-10

H. macrophylla BIGLEAF HYDRANGEA. GARDEN HYDRANGEA

This deciduous, bushy shrub from Japan flowers in mid- to late summer, the color depending on the pH of the

soil.

In acid soils with a

pH

of

5.5 or less, flowers will be blue or

pHs will produce pink or red flowers White cultivars are unaffected by soil pH. There are two types hortensias. with dense, purple; higher

—

domed

heads; and lacecaps, with

I

Shru

Hydrangea macroph)

I

s

9 9

Wa

Blue

lla

open heads with

Hat,

>•

tiny tertile

[lowers in the center In spring, trim

winter-damaged growth back to new growth: in summer, remove spent flowers and use lor dried arrangements. This species has oval,

and grows to and spread of 6 ft (about

serrated, green leaves a height

8 m).

1

ZONES 6-10 H. macrophylla Blue

Wave'

This deciduous, bushy shrub

good example

ol the

a

is

lacecap type ol

it has flat heads of blue pink flowers appearing in sum-

hydrangea; to

mer and It

grows

4/.

ft

oval, green, serrated lea\ es

to a height

and spread

of

(about 1.3 m).

ZONES 6-10 H. paniculata Grandiflora" PEEGEE HYDRANGEA

This deciduous, open, upright

shrub bears large, conical, terminal panicles of white flowers. Greenish to begin with, they gradually turn to

pink as

summer progresses. To

obtain larger panicles prune back in spring. It grows to a height and spread of 9 ft (about 2.7 m). This hydrangea prefers full sun.

hard

5-9

H. quercifolia OAKLEAF HYDRANGEA

The dark green

foliage of this de-

ciduous, bushy shrub turns a liant

red and purple in

bril-

bears

fall. It

white llowerheads from mid-sum-

mer

to mid-fall

and spread

of 6

It

grows

ah

It

»ul

to a height

8

I

m)

Hypericum Rowallanc'

Hyperii urn patulum

Ilex x dlaic larensis 'Wilsonii'

cm

ILEX

holl)

'

cuttings ol

shoots in

non [lowering

summer

aphid Holly was invested urope-

with mystical properties b)

I

»-io

patulum

//

HYPERICUM

In-

I

SI

JOHNS- WORT

evergreen, upright shrub bears

golden yellow

,

erect flow

These popular and well-known

ansduringthe Middle Vgesasil

evergreen shrubs are grown for their

defied the winter, retaining both

green,

-pun leaves and

yellow

oi blai

1

b( tries

and berries

the red.

borne

in /.

These showy perennials, annuals and shrubs are ea~ mild,

from nml summei

temperate climates worldwide

a height

miind

and spread of 3

summer,

i

rtl

in

Is

shrubs beai

<

the

lusters ol i

'ms.

WILSON HOI I

his

II

hybrid

on<

is

hollies

moist, well-

a

ol

gloss) It

shrubb)

.

with

hints heavily

when

mid

m

It

is

|

mulch

" 8

normall

iiow

tall

vii

i

fall

v

minei and

into

iboui " in

mditions

lat<

12

and

relativeh lew teeth

Mm, d

it

the mosi de-

Ii

i

ed

ol

pendable an

it

uttings taken in

larensis 'Wilsonii'

but thesi

Rowallanc

plain i

white orgrei

II

to

aliiii

wintei b) female

nil

ind to

Pi

oi

and female plants musi

fl

and In

annually to preven

lall

plants Male

90 cm).

//

maintain shape

has

vs to

small

sun and wel

maim

It

fertili r

lull

to mid-fall

x

i

iii

f

and wide, but mall toll

rani ol

200

S h

i

u h

s

meservae Blue Angel'

Ilex x

winter areas.

grows

It

to a height of

m) with

12

ft

(about 3.5

5

ft

(about 4.5 m). The leaves are

1

a spread of

rectangular with a spine in each

comer and

at the tip; Burfordii'

and

this species is popular for the masses of tiny red berries that line the leafless stems in fall and winter; the berries are very popular with birds. Vigorous and carefree, it

sunny

a few others lack the spines. Bright

prefers a moist soil in a

red berries appear in

Prune hard to encourage more shoots and thus more fruit. It will

fall.

This too

is

excellent as a Christmas holly.

ZONES 7-10

situa-

tion.

reach 10

(about 3

ft

m)

in height

and spread. I.

crenata

ZONES

3-8

JAPANESE HOLLY I.

Among the most useful

vomitoha

of evergreen

hollies, especially for the smaller

YALPON HOLLY

garden, the Japanese holly has tiny,

This small-leafed, evergreen holly

dark green leaves without spines

native to the southeastern part of

and

North America.

a dense,

growth.

works well

boxwood

compact habit of sheanng and

tolerates

It

as a hedge, replacing

in colder climates.

small, black fruits are not 'Helleri' stays

under 4

m); 'Convexa' but

more

is

is taller

ft

The

showy.

(about 1.2

(6 ft/1.8

m)

tolerant of colder,

snowier winters.

Its

naturally dense

habit lends itself to pruning

shearing.

and

can be trained into a or sheared into a hedge.

It

small tree,

Dwarf selections such as 'Nana' form dense mounds, good for unsheared hedges. In fall the branches are covered with juicy red berries.

More

tolerant of a variety of

conditions, including alkaline

/lex glabra

I.

/lex cornuta

ITEA

aquifolium This evergreen holly

ENGLISH HOLLY

berries

where

and

European species make popular

(about 9

a forest tree reaching

m)

a native of

more

or

in height

more shrubby

30

ft

with

for their

habit. All lend

dense small leaves are dark in broad,

and

green,

its

berries are blue-black.

Upright in habit,

half that in spread, there are a great

many selected forms grown

grows

them-

and bare for

at

it

may be

more dense growth. Good

damp

in

sun or part shade. Ultimately around 8 ft (about 2.4

m)

soils in full

tall

They do best in moist, woodsy soils and light shade, and prefer summers that are not too hot or humid (the Pacific Northwest and

J.

ful

growing /.

/.

rugosa; they

age, purple stems, red berries

dal shape. 'Gold Coast' has leaves

cold hardiness. Most have a dense,

pyramidal shape. 'Blue

Blue

commonly available. ZONES

J.

Girl',

and

Boy' and 'Blue Angel' are the most

ZONES 6-10

5-9

cornuta 1.

CHINESE HOLLY

China

is self-fertile

or spring. This

is

a use-

in a shrubbery.

verticillata

I.

ilicifolia

SWEETSPIRE

This handsome, bushy, evergreen shrub, native to western China, has leaves resembling those of holly,

only narrower.

It

bears long racemes

of small, greenish or in late

summer

cream flowers

to early

fall. It

does

best in moist, deep, rich soil, prefer-

ring a position in partial shade.

This dense, rounded species from Ilex crenaia

aquifolium and

spiny leaves on a compact pyrami-

tall.

fall

plant for a specimen or for

This group of hybrids was derived

from

m)

flow-

semi-shaded position but will from softwood cuttings in summer and plant in

X meservae

are noted for their blue-green foli-

(about 1.8-2.4

fall

and prickly, holly-like leaves They are frost hardy, although in cooler areas they need the protection of a wall. They will thrive in anything but very dry soil and pre-

MESERVE HYBRID HOLLY

Angustifolia' has small, narrow,

ft

fragrant,

tolerate full sun. Propagate

the mid-Atlantic states are ideal).

and reaches 6-8

grown

eastern Asia, are

showy,

fer a

and wide.

ZONES 4-9

selves to shearing to control their

in yellow

Amenca and ers

leggy

the base; try 'Compacta'

size.

edged

These evergreen and deciduous shrubs, native to eastern North for their

traditional Christmas ornaments.

Normally

it

thickets. Its

glossy, spiny, dark green leaves of this

is

wetlands in eastern North Amenca,

The bright red winter

soils.

glabra

INKBERRY I.

and

is

better

suited than other species to mild

is

WINTERBERRY

A

deciduous holly native to the wetlands of eastern North Amenca,

grows

to a height

(about 1.8 m).

It

and spread of 6

ft

Shrubs

201

Kir

SHTS*k^£< ,w

^*%l

i Junipcrus sabiiui

/unipcrus conjcrta I.

is

valuable for

summer flowers and bright

foliage.

It

green

develops an arching habit,

reaching 5

(about

ft

1

.5

m)

or

sun

fall.

Good

a rambling, deciduous, arch

is

ing shrub from China.

for moist

to part shade.

nudiflorum

WINTER JASMINE

This

fragrance. Leaves turn bright scarlet

soils in full

J.

more

and spread. Tiny, white flowers are produced in slightly pendulous clusters with a light in height

to purple in the

ft

(about 2.7 m).

This deciduous shrub its

and spread of around 9

a height

virginica

VIRGINIA SWTETSPIRE

bears

It

masses of bright yellow flowers on slender, leafless, green shoots in winter and early spring. well-drained

soil

and

prefers a

It

full

sun,

It is

native to the eastern United States.

Propagate from softwood cuttings in

growing

more

to

10

ft

(about 3

m)

or

and spread. Propagate from semi-hardwood cuttings

Juniperus x media Pfitzeriana'

Jasminum mesn)

in spring.

(about 30 cm) and a spread of up to

and

in height

ZONES 6-9

6

ft

(about 1.8 m). and makes an

Fers

ground cover —10

excellent

JASMISUM

JUXIPERUS

s

JLN1PER

climbers are native to Asia, Europe

and

Africa.

Grown

for their yellow.

white or pink, star-shaped flowers

Water regularly and prune occasionally to maintain their habit The shrubs can easily be trained as climbers if their heads are not cut

back Propagate from ripe wood cuttings in summer, by layers, or from seed.

15

excellent garden plants.

s\n

/

make

ground

This spreading or trailing juniper

Some

and back-

plants, while the snaller

are

among the

Harbor'

sun and dry. sandy soil. All species and cultivars are best propagated from

and up a

they root easily

some-

times a problem

Native to China, this evergreen,

rambling shrub bears in late

winter and spring

Its

dark green leaves are made up ol three leaflets It does best in warm full

well-drained

soil

/

lose

(about 3

ft

m) wide,

as the plant ages Silvery-blue

WTltonn' (also

known

but up to 10

ft

]1

mesi

sun and

a

fer does quite well environment It has

needle

/

nO wide

x

media

astal s\ n

/

(

i

tilth ars

g shrubs, thi

up

<

ft

(about 4 5

Pfitzeriana'.

is

m) tall by m) wide More

(about 3

--10

J.

sabina

SAVINJl NirtR

m) high

leaves of this vigor-

ously spreading, shrubb) bush, a

Europe and the Caucasus, unpleasant odor when bruised or crushed It has flaking, '•own bark The smaller grow ing named selections are more generally seen in gardens Avoid ramariscifolia due to its susceptibility to junipei blight look for Broadmooi oi Buffalo', both with bright green foliage and growing 2 in (about 10 height and m wide native to

m

1

hybrid junipi

liki

a height ol

him hms

[about

(about 3

(-5

3

di

leaves on spreading •

Rug

softer Foliage

N1PIR

This shrubby, prostrate, dwarf coni-

in

1

The dark green

as Blue

branching, growing only 4

10 cm) tall m) wide. 'Plumosa' has

Most familiar

tall

leases in the center

its

large, semi-

double, golden blooms on arching

canes

to 10

may

and grow- If and 10 ft (about

contain

SHORE

12 in (about 30 cml

hugs the ground with us dense

cultivars can be propagated

PRIMRosf IASM1N1 J.

but

is

ft

i

the toughest of coni-

manageable is Pfitzeriana Compacta'. which grows to onlv 2 ft by 6 ft (about 60 by 180 cm) Blaauw' has blue foliage on a compact, vase-shaped shrub ol 4 u (about 1 .2 m) tall by 3 ft (about 90 cm) wide

bronzy, especially in winter. Bar

hardiest of

conifers; they require full

grafting. Spider mites are

is

mountains and northern parts of North America Foliage may van.- from green to blue to native to the

ground

forms are excellent in a rockery.

by

primulinum

excellent

covers, informal hedges

tip cuttings, as

mesnyi

Though

often over-used as foundation

shrubs, they

horizontalis

CREEPINGJtNlPER

These evergreen conifers make

Some /

J.

among

ultimately

J^MINE

These deciduous, semi-evergreen or evergreen shrubs and woodystemmed, twining or scrambling

are

to 12 in

olten di

I

20 2

Justu

Shi ub'

hi

brandegeana

JUST1C1A

leafless, the

for

They

are

the warm-climate garden.

native to the southwestern corner of

North America and south into Mexico and South America. The

may be

leaves

J.

for a short time after heavy ram. The stems are dense and green, however, creating a

mounding shrub to 5 ft (about 1.5 m) or more in height and spread. In narrow red flowhummingbirds to the garden. Give this shrub sun and heat and a well-drained soil, with no more than natural rainfall. spring, masses of ers attract

evergreen or decidu-

ous (especially in desert species) but are always in pairs, while the flowers are tubular and usually protrude

from colorful

simple paired leaves

appearing only

These subtropical and tropical shrubs provide colorful flowers

ZONES 9-10

bracts. J.

brandegeana

syn. Beleperone guttata, Drejeretta guttata

carnea

syn. J acobinia carnea BRAZILIAN PLUME FLOWER

SHRIMP PLANT

This strikingly handsome, evergreen

The salmon to rose-pink or pale yellow bracts surrounding the white

shrub bears spikes of white, pink or

flowers of this attractive, evergreen

fall

shrub resemble a shrimp hence its name. Native to tropical Mexico it grows best in fertile, well-drained

green leaves. In colder climates

—

soil,

and colors best under

shade.

It

flowers mainly in

when

full

growth,

less at

freely

in

It

grows to a height of 3 ft (about 90 cm) and a spread of 24 in (about 60 cm). Propagate from tip or semi-

hardwood

partial shade.

mens

It

does best in

Water potted

freely in full

growth,

Kalmia

cuttings.

—

speci-

less so at

this will

becoming too tall and straggly. J. carnea grows to a height of 4'/ 2 ft (about 1.3 m) with a spread of 30 in (about 76 cm). Propagate in spring or early

and

snails

among shrub

can

enthusiasts.

has

flowers,

which appear along the

outer reaches oi the long, arching

bears small, purple-rose to rose-red

branches, are single in the species

flowers in late spring and early

but double in 'Pleniflora', the most

summer. K. latifolia grows to a height and spread of 10 It (about

commonly grown

3

m).

It

and prefers sun or semi-

shade. Propagate by layering in

summer, otherwise (with more

summer

from softwood cuttings

or seed in

fall.

named

form; they

make

The leaves are double-toothed and bright green. It likes partial shade and a well-drained soil. Prune back heavily to promote full growth and, every now and then, give it a heavy watering. It grows to a height ol 6 It (about 1.8 m) and a spread ol L It delightful cut tlowers.

thrives in a moist, peaty,

acid soil

cutting-grown

be a problem. ZONES 10-11

It

dark, glossy, laurel-like leaves and

difficulty)

summer by softwood

cuttings. Caterpillars

latifolia

fertile,

at least

encourage blanching and prevent growth from

early spring

when

other times.

it

a frost-tender tropical or sub-

other times. Prune back hard in

the

it

Water potted plants

is

it

glass, as

summer.

needs regular pruning to maintain its shape and encourage new, flowering wood. sprawling plant,

needs to be grown under tropical plant.

A weak,

tops are frozen back.

summer to

has pointed, veined, deep

well-drained soil and needs

can survive temperatures as low as 25°F (about minus 4°C) by belike a perennial

It

partial

It

having

rose-purple flowers in

in

Numerous

selections are

>

(about 2.7 m).

available

*-io

ZONES J.

9-11

KALMIA

californica

syn. Beleperone californica

latifolia

CHUPAROSA

MOUNl UN LAUREL

The golden blossom

This desert shrub from southwest-

The charm and fragrance of this

ern North America

American native make

is

mostly

KOLKWITZIA

KERR1A

amabilis

japonica

it

a favorite

of this species.

BEAUTY BUSH

the only

The only species

up

attractive plant

a

one in its genus, will light garden corner in spring. The

is

in its genus, this

native to China.

—

Lantana camara Its

deciduous, arching branches

bear delightful, bell-shaped, pink flowers with yellow throats in late

spring

has peeling bark and dark

It

K amabdis

green, oval leaves.

well-drained

soil, rich in

likes a

leafmold.

and prefers full sun. It grows to a height and spread of 10 ft (about 2.7 ml After flowering, prune old.

weak or damaged shoots Propagate from soltwood cuttings

summer

in

'Beauty Bush' has white flowers with

yellow throats.

ZONES 5-9

Lavandula angustifolia

LAGERSTROEMIA

habit or allow the plant to

unpruned Native to tropical Asia, north Australia

and the

potted plants freely in

Pacific islands, these

less at other times.

deciduous or evergreen shrubs do best in

warm

situations.

are

grown

for their

profuse creped. crinkly flowers that

appear in colors from soft pink to crimson and purple according to

They prefer

the variety.

drained

soil,

sandy, and

fertile,

to

18

It

1

ZONES 7-10

LANTANA

sun. Prune after

or leave to grow into a small tree. They may be grown as tub plants on patios, where they should be watered well during the full growth at

grows

seed in spring.

flowering to retain a shrubby shape,

period but less

Water growth,

well-

preferably light to

full

It

full

u0 tall with a 5 ft (about 4.5 m) spread. Propagate from hardwood cuttings in winter, semi-ripe cuttings in summer, or (about 5.5

climates in hot. dry

They

grow

into a small tree

other times.

These tender shrubs are grown for their generous displays of flowers throughout the warmer months. Natives of tropical America, some have become weeds in other tropic regions around the world, panicu-

Propagate from seed in spnng, from

larly in

hardwood

fragrant when crushed and often rough to the touch; flowers are produced in dense, flat heads of tiny flowers, each with a distinct "eye". All can be treated as annuals

cuttings in winter or

from semi-ripe cuttings L.

in

summer.

hybrids

Many cultivars are range of colors

available in a

New

hybrids have

ably resistant to

mildew and are damper

growth and to control size. Mildew may be a problem if grown in the

climates such as along the coasts;

shade.

<

rum myrtu

out the year, but particularly in

summer,

bursts into

bloom

in

mid-summer,

camara

spread of 47; fertile,

i

and

full

fertile,

prettily in

well-drained

fall

soil

sun Cut back the pre.

ms to maintain a bu

are dependably

in spring to

keep the habit neat. summer from semi-

Propagate in

ft

(about 1.3

m

it

a

in

position. tip

summer, or seed

syn.

L. officinalis, L.

spica

ENGLISH LAVENDER

Na-

does best well-drained soil and a Americas,

angustifolia

L.

grows to a (about 30 cm) and It

in spring.

This dense, evergreen shrub

is

grown mainly lor the long-stemmed heads of mauve, scented flowers that appear from spnng to fall these are easily dried for lavender sachets, pot pourri

and the

like

It

present problems.

turn green as the plant ages.

is

available in a vari-

and serves as a quick summer bedding plant in cold climates, a year-round shrub in mild

1

Growing as much as 6 .8 m) tall and wide, its

which help spread seedlings tropical areas Man) named tionsai

in

makes an

B-10

spring to maintain the shape.

It

and spread

ol

ft I

It

excellent hedge, trim

grow-, to a height

LAVANDULA

ft

black berries are popular with birds, li

all

ripe cuttings.

To keep the habit prune occasionally. Propagate from semi-ripe cuttings

sunny

not too rich;

drought tolerant. Excellent as hedges, they need a light trimming

bears heads of magenta

height of 12 in tive to the

bloom. They prefer

a well-drained soil that

South America

(about

ciduous and color

sun and

bears small, furry, gra) leaves that

white or purple petals

small,

attractive

full

Whitefly and red spider mite ma)

climates.

Its

and

This showy, flowering shrub from

bearing luxuriant trusses of pink, oval, short-stalked leaves are de-

it

or white posy-like flowers, each

ety of colors

This deciduous, vase-shaped bush

dainty, arched stems of this

mat-forming evergreen shrub make a wonderful ground cover or cascading plant. Through-

in L. indica

LANHN\

is

The

bushy,

.

L.

ZONES 7-10

in

spring to encourage vigorous new-

therefore useful in cooler,

most have Native American names such as 'Hopi', Sioux' and Natchez

Prune permanent plants hard

ily.

montexidensis

TRAILING

with a yellow eye.

quickly and flower early and stead-

These are depend-

L.

trailing or

in cold climates, since they grow-

recently been created using another species. Lfauriei.

Hawaii. Leaves are paired,

Lagcrstroemia indica hvbrid

winder tions, only

24

in

(about 30 cm)

are

Cultivated commercial!) for the

and 'Munstead' (lavender-blu< two examples

perfume industry,

grown

foi thi

ii

the) an foliage

in

3-4

(ah.

These fragrant, flowei -bearing plants come from southern I

it

id<

ig,

tall,

low hedges, or leep purple)

— 204

S h

r

u b

s

Leucadendron salignum

Leptospermum lacvigatum

Leptospermum

Lavatera maritima

petersonii

m) wide with pink flowers. Helene Strybing' is a two-toned pink with large flowers; it reaches 1.8-2.4

12-15

ft

m) tall and many such as

(.about 3.5-4.5

wide. In between are

Red Damask', dense shrubs to 10 ft m) tall and wnde with double red flowers. Best in full sun and (about 3

a well-drained soil.

LEUCADENDRON salignum La\andula dentata

Leucoph\ llumfrutescens

nearly continuous production of

in spring

hollyhock-like, soft lavender flow-

evergreen leaves

ers with purple centers.

shrub,

(about

with a

it

A broad

will quickly reach 6

m) or more in height somewhat greater spread.

The peak of flowering is in spring, although some will always be it

full

sun, a well-

drained, even sandy soil and only

moderate water. Prune back to maintain a dense habit. It may be relatively short lived, but is easily

Leptospermum L.

s

Red Damask'

LEPTOSPERMUM

blue flowers of this bushy, ever-

green shrub appear nearly year round. Its aromatic leaves are serrated and are gray-green in color. It grows to a height and spread of 3 ft (about 90 cm). L dentata is drought resistant and adaptable to most soils.

ZONES 9-10

60 cm). In

late

summer it bears terminal

spring and spikes of

deep purple flowers. The leaves are aromatic and silver-gray. fragrant,

leaves turn from red to green as the

plant matures, giving off a charac-

and shrubs is native to Tasmania and southeastern Australia, as well as New Zealand. Well suited to mild West Coast gardens, where many hybrids and cultivars have been

lemon

crushed.

scent

prefers light to

It

TEXAS RANGER. S1LVERLEAF. CEN1ZO

when bruised or medium,

Of the many

species of these silvery-

leafed shrubs native to the

spread of 6 ZONES 9-10

seen in gardens. Its dense, upright tall form (usually 6-8 ft/1.8-2.4

—appear

in

do well

in coastal

not too exposed and prefer a well-drained soil and full

if

fertile,

well-drained

ft

(about 1.8 m).

m

wind and even salt

sun. Propagate from semi-ripe

summer. History has it that Captain James Cook prepared a brew from a New Zealand species for his crew as a remedy for scurvy hence the common name, cuttings in

lacvigatum

and

scoparium

This species

is

Native to the eastern states of Australia, this tall,

tree

bears attractive, small, white flowers

is

covered with

Very tough and tolerant of heat and drought, nurseries are nowrain.

actually native to

offering selections with flowers of

New Zealand and Australia, though most of the material has come from New Zealand. Much hybridization and selection have both

taken place in California.

from

a bit narrower)

lavender flowers following a good

NEW ZEALAND TEA TREE

It

pink, white or purple on plants that

may be low and compact tall

or

may be

and slender.

varies

shrub to a small, arching tree of 15 ft (about 4.5 m) or more. It has dark green, needlea prostrate

and flowers

summer with masses

Mediterranean region,

bushy shrub or

L.

like leaves

AUSTRALIAN TEA TREE

gray foliage and a

teristic

frutescens

white, pink or red

A vigorous shrub from the western its

stem are surrounded by brightly colored modified leaves called bracts: male and female flowers are borne on different plants. Plants may grow to 6 ft (about 1 .8 m) tall and nearly as wide. Suited to coastal California, it prefers full sun and a well-drained, sandy soil, one that is low in phosphorus. It needs only occasional water during the drysummer months.

developed. Profuse, small flowers

L.

this mallow-

cone-like flowers at the tip of each

Chihuahan Desert of western Texas and northern Mexico, this species is the hardiest and most commonly

LAVATERA bicolor

winter and spring the unshowy.

soil and does best in an open, sunny position. It grows to a height of 12 ft (about 3.5 m) and a

"tea tree".

maritima

native to South Africa.

LEUCOPHYLL UM

garden, this genus of evergreen trees

—

ZONES 8-10

is

narrow, deep green leaves are often tinged yellow or red. During Its

tree, a

summer. The narrow, lance-shaped

areas

This evergreen, dense, bushy shrub grows to a height and spread of 24

the protea,

native of Australia, bears delightful

Ideal for the informal landscape

resistant, they

SPANISH LAVENDER

noted for

L. petersonii

white flowers in spring and early

spring. Drought,

L. stoechas

is

ZONES 9-10

LEMON-SCENTED TEA TREE

The dense spikes of tubular, mauve-

L.

well-drained

and full sun to part shade, it grows to a height of 1 5 ft (about 4.5 m) and a spread of just under 9 ft (about 2.7 m). It is an excellent plant for the seaside. A dwarf selection, Reevesii', grows to only 4-5 ft (about 1.2-1.5 m) tall and wide.

This evergreen shrub or small

FRENCH LAVENDER

syn.

leather)-. Preferring a

syn. L. citratum

propagated from cuttings. ZONES 9-10

dentata

in (about

This evergreen shrub, a relative of

summer. The are small, oval and

early

soil

ft

1 .8

present. Give

and

in spring

and

LEVCOSPERMUM cordifolium syn. L. nutans

of flowers like

tiny roses in white, pink and red, sometimes double. Pink Cascade' prostrate, spreading 6-8 ft (about

PINCLSHION is

This well-branched evergreen shrub, a native to southwest South

1

S

Africa,

grown

is

profuse bloom

arc

c

after

by

s

and

ui

i

they

florists;

ultivated extensively in

oastal

c

a

Mediterranean-type climate (winter

summer drought and

rain,

/>

bears

ii

alifomia and Hawaii. They prefer

c

ii

pinkish orange

hese are long lasting w ben

much sought

i

the delightful

Foi

ol

pincushion-like flowers 1

Ii

jfi

,

sand)

a

>

low phos-

well drained soil with a

phorus level. Us leaves are green and lanceolate It grows to a height of 3 ft (about 90 cm) with a spread of 3-6 ft (about 90-180 cm). Propagate from seed in spring. This pin-

wK^[Jf '1*4

cushion needs little pruning, as it branches naturally to form a denseshrub.

ZONES 9-10

LEVCOTHOE Jontancsiana DROOPING LEUCOTHOE. FETTERBUSH

This close relative of the rhododen-

dron and Pieris bears a strong resemblance to the latter, with its slender, pendulous racemes of white, urn-shaped flowers in spring. The leaves are thick, leathery and evergreen, though turning bronze in

A

winter.

native of southeastern

American woodlands,

woodsy

acid,

prefers an

it

shade and

soil, partial

does not like heat or drought. Best used in masses as a regular water;

it

coarse ground cover, the plants will

grow tall

3-6

to

and

i

species. Various cultivars are avail-

somewhat more compact than

able including 'Rotundifolium',

ther of them. Popular for

which is more compact in habit, and 'Silver Star', with creamy white

yellow leaves, the shrubs have a

its

ei-

solid

natural vase-like shape to nearly 10

leaf margins.

ft

ZONES 8-10

grown

(about 3

m)

in full

in height.

sun

to

It

must be

ensure a good

yellow color, otherwise any condi-

(about 90-180 cm)

ft

L.

obtusifolium var. regelianum

tions will suit

from

as wide. Propagate

\

/.

»

\^

Leucospcimum cordifolium

it.

Shearing often

REGELS BORDER PRIVET

reduces the impact of the yellow

ZONES 4-8

Valuable for northern gardens, this

since the outer leaves are removed,

revealing the shaded inner leaves;

LIGVSTR VM

hardy privet has a distinct horizontal branching pattern. Its deciduous

PRIVET

leaves

seed or cuttings in winter.

These deciduous, semi-evergreen and evergreen shrubs enjoy a mixed

They can be difficult to remove once established, and they spread rapidly and can easily become weeds. Some species, however, are popular as hedge shrubs. popularity.

Leaf size varies

but they

among the

They do

ZONES

duce black berries that last into winter. This very tough plant is commonly used along highways.

Leucothoe fontanesiana

L.

ovalifolium 'Aureum'

GOLDEN PRIVET

This upright, dense shrub, native to (about 3.5 (about 2.7

japonicum

ommonly

i

i

WAX-LEAI PRIVET

mi

leaves thai are thin bui leathery

hi hi aredil

10-15

villn

lost

hi ighl

aboul

i

8

m

rough and 1 1

ondition

ma) m

'i

i"

iti

oi

i

the)

II

ill

take ovei the shrub (

utting!

01

Propa in

il

iinimer.

n used an

w

gate From semi-ripe i

n

i

a

kepi

bi

to

a

L.

x vi<
Ii

iilii

ri

la h

ifti

vhen

iredhedgi

to6fi

i

yellow borders Prune oui gn shoots as soon as they appear

m) and

(about 3-4.5

Ft

di

h

h a hi ighi

ai

he

i

ireas ol the

i

in I

glossy, oval, green leaves have broad

planted, even ovi vai

oil a

turn by spherical, black fruits

evergreen shrub has glossy

Ins

It

These are followed

sickly odoi

mil'

planted

2

1

while flowers which give

l.ii

'

a height of

m) with a spread of 9 ft m). In mid-summer it

bears dense panicles of small, tubu-

summer.

I

It

3-7

Japan, grows to

back in growth Propagate from semi-ripe

IAPANES1 PRIVI

5-9

best in sun

sunny position. Cut mid-spnngto restrict

L.

these inner leaves are naturally greener.

typical white flowers in spring pro-

ZONES

require a fully

cuttings in

The

species,

— variegated forms

or semi-shade

fall.

grow 5-6 ft (about 1.5—1.8 m) tall and somewhat wider. Give it full sun and average soil and water.

white flowers in dense clusters with a strong odor.

turn purplish in

will

have small, creamy

all

may

m

GOLDENVH it

toll

I

di itini

i

i

...

\K\

PRIM

I

i

im luding

rhis hybrid of

common

privei

Iden privet

1

from the

thi

i .

tough

.i.n

parents thou

/

is jusi

h

'SAt

Ligustrum ovalifolium 'Aureu

20 6

Shrubs

Lonicera x purpusii

Lonicera tatarica

heart shaped

and green, and appear

shortly after the flowers: bright red fruits

ripen in

summer and

popular with birds. Prune

are

tendency to

One

leaves are blue-green in color

after

flowering to control size and the plant's

problems in some areas. Shrubs produce man)- arching stems to 10 ft (about 3 m) tall and as wide. Oval of the toughest shrubs for the cold

north and the windswept praine

straggle.

-4-8

states.

L. nitida

Lonicera nitidc

BOXLEAF HONEYSICKLE

LOROPETALUM

This dense, semi-evergreen shrub

chinense

makes an excellent hedging specimen. Growing to a height of 6 ft (about 1 .8 m) and a spread of 9 ft

Lycianthes rantonnetii

(about 2.7 m),

LONICERA

cream flowers

it

flowers

rounded purple

It

evergreen in mild winter regions.

them admirably as a cover sheds and pergolas. Found worldwide in warm and temperate for

climates, they

do best

in a fertile,

well-drained or moist soil in sun or

semi-shade. Prune to remove dead

growth or to restrict their often rampant spread position the shrub where there is plenty of room. Mostly deciduous, the shrubby species of Lonicera should be propagated from cuttings taken in late summer. Aphids may pose a

—

light or

-

x purpusii

This deciduous or semi-evergreen

hybrid bears small clusters of fragrant, creamy white, short-tubed flowers with yellow anthers in win-

and early spring. It is a dense, bushy shrub with a height and spread of up to 6 ft (about 1.8 m). The oval leaves are dark to midter

green.

problem.

fragrantissima

WINTER HONEVSLCKLE

This bushy, spreading shrub, the

most fragrant of the species, is native to China. It grows to a height and spread of around 8 ft (about 2.4 m).

Loropetalum chinense

It

bears paired, creamy, tubular,

in

It

needs

full

semi-shade, and does best

in a well-drained soil that

is

neutral

specimens should be watered freely in full growth, but only moderately at other times. Little pruning is required, except to remove twiggy growth. The shrub grows to a height and spread ol ft (.about 1.3 ml although it can larger if very happy. Propagate to acid. Potted

from semi-ripe cuttings in late sumor by layering in spring. A very attractive purple-leaved form with pink flowers has been introduced under various names, such as Rubrum'. 'Burgundy' and

mer

TATAR1AN HONEYSUCKLE

This hardy, deciduous shrub from

popular for its heavy production of white to pink flowers in spring, followed by bright red berRussia

ries in

is

summer. Many

available,

recommended

and

the Russian aphid

for

is

LYCIASTHES rantonnetii syn. L. rantonnei. Solatium rantonetii PYRAGL AY NIGHTSHADE

cultivars are

although 'Freedom'

sweetly fragrant flowers in winter early spring. Its leaves are oval.

The 2

Razzleberri".

L. tatarica

L.

along

It

can be clipped as a formal hedge.

L

all

and (about 5 cm) oval

leaves are light green.

climbers are grown for the delightthat suit

bears in clusters

has small,

oval, glossy green leaves that are

scented flowers and the foliage

it

the branches during winter spring.

berries.

These shrubs and woody, twining ful

rounded, evergreen shrub is prized for the attractive, creamy white

bears insignificant,

in pairs in late spring.

These are followed in turn by small,

HONEYSICKLE

Native to China, this well-branched,

is

now

resistance to

which causes

This South American relative of the potato is a valuable, long-blooming

shrub or scrambling vine

for

warm-

1

Mahonia lomai

Mahonia aquifolium

iifolia

climate gardens Simple green leaves

MAHONIA

cover the branches and provide

OREGON GRAPE. HOLLY GRAPE

good

the

foil for

a

summer-long pro-

lusion of deep violet-blue flowers.

can be used as a 6-8

m)

It

plantings, these evergreens are also

background shrub or trained on a trellis or arbor where it may reach 2 ft (about 3.5 m) or 1

.8-2.4

Useful as hedges or for background

(.about

ft

tall

grown for their dense panicles of open yellow flowers. These are followed by blue-black fruits that

1

make

more. 'Royal Robe' has deeper purple flowers and nearly year-round

bloom

in

excellent jam. Plant in fertile

well drained but not too

soil that is

them

dry. In cold conditions give

mild winter areas. Best in

sun with a well-drained soil and moderate watering. It propagates easily from cuttings. full

protection from winter sun and

drying winds; in areas of hot summers, give shade during midday.

Propagate from seed in

or from

fall

summer

semi-ripe cuttings in

MAGNOLIA

M. aquifolium

MAGNOLIA

OREGON GR\PE

These evergreen, semi-evergreen and deciduous shrubs and trees hail from Asia and North America.

This evergreen, open shrub, native

Grown

spreads slowly by underground

6-8

for their pleasing, often

sweet-scented, waxy, tulip-shaped

soil. If

the soil

24

sandy, add

is

manure and leafmold before strong winds, and prefer

tive

full light to

and

(about 60 cm) in height and

make

a

good ground bears attrac-

it

yellow flowers, followed by

blue-black, globular berries.

M. lomariifolia

is

Yunnan Province

native to

China.

It

grows

in

9 ft spread of 6 It

to a height of

m) with

(about 2.7

a

'about 1.8 m), bearing bright yellow-

Alternatively, graft in

spikes in terminal clusters in late to winter.

liliiflora

These are

LIU MAGNOLIA

powder appear i

it

ies

rom mid-spring

purple, tulip-like flowers set

dark green oval leaves

i

>

I

to a

mi and

alter (lowers fade.

i

M. repens

among

grows

li

1.5

ml

Black

leaflets.

ZONES 8-10

is

bears handsome,

I

fall

nar-

berries covered with a pale blue

This deciduous, bushy spe<

mid-summer

among

set

row, holly-like, spiny

syn. M. quinquepeia

height ol 12

tall

This evergreen, very upright shrub

winter

M.

m)

.8-2.4

ZONES 6-10

on the same wood for several years. The very old branches with woody spurs may be removed to encourage new growth Propagate from seminpe cuttings in summer or from in (all

1

cover. In early spring

plant-

shady conditions. Little pruning is required, as they continue to flower

seed

in

spread to

Magnolias need shelter from

ing.

(about

ft

stems. 'Compacta' seldom exceeds

flowers, they thrive in a fertile, well-

drained

western North America, grows

to

(

Kl

I

PING HOLLY GRAPE

This native

a i

in

ol

North America's westis a low-growing,

mi iuntains

m).

reen ;hrub thai spreads slowly

'.-10

by underground stems Blue-green leaves are divided into leaflets as in

other spei STAR MAGNOLIA ii

An

shrub 11

ies;

yellow flowi

spring

in

edb

luous the d(

ed

blui

excellent

blai

ground

like llow-

1 1

'.'.ill

thrivi

'Mi tin

in full

had

and

i

i

l"i

thi

in

the i

I

has

i

t

in tall

fruit

I

.1

'

ghi

i

mall clu

in

modi

pari rati i

60-90 cm

'

i. ill

bui "

<-^c

*

20 8

Shi ubs

Malus

Malvaviscus arboreus

sargentii

They do well in coastal areas assume interesting shapes. Many species have a fragrant honey scent from flowers nch in nectar that may attract hummingbirds. soil.

and

will

Potted specimens should be watered

moderately, less so in colder temperatures. Pruning into a hedge

shape will encourage a dense growth. Propagate from seed sown

from semi-hardwood

in spring, or

cuttings any time from

summer

to

mid-winter.

M. ineana GRAY HONEYMYRTLE

This pendulous, evergreen shrub

grown

Melaleuca nesoph) Ha

for

its

is

narrow, gray-green

and spring appearance of creamy yellow, bottlebrush flowers. It grows to a height of 9 ft

leaves

MALUS

dainty,

sargentii

(about 2.7

SARGENT CRABAPPLE

Though most crabapples

eastern Australia

sidered trees, this small-growing species

shrub.

It

much

really best treated as a

is

wall reach

around 6

It

1

are small,

and

fall

color,

are popular

summer and

and

full

in

Good

winter Give

It

can be

a small tree.

M. nesophxlla PINK MELALEUCA

This evergreen, bushy shrub

Melaleuca bears in

summer and

for

green, soft-haired leaves.

well-drained but moist

its It

soil,

bright prefers a

Cut flower stems back hard

MALVAVISCUS

ter to

arboreus TUWCS CAP, WAX MALLOW This evergreen, rounded shrub, a for

nch, red, hibiscus-like flowers

is

na-

Western Australia and in summer bears terminal heads of flowers that are mauve-pink fading

t

luit

MELALEUCA HONEYMYRTLE PAPERBARK

and

thrives in full sun or partial shade.

grown

thrives in

tive to

water.

is

and

ith

fall.

sun, good soil and average

native of Mexico,

broader

native to south-

ZONES 9-10

attractive zigzag

branching visible it

w

a

of California and the low-

pruned into

with fragrant white flowers from pink buds in spring. The red fruits birds in late

is

deserts of the Southwest.

li

m) in height and spread ubout 3 m), covering itself

(about 1.8 to

m) with

spread. M. ineana are con-

in

win-

maintain the shape. Potted

to white to give the plant a

being grown for their showy blossom, the magnilkent

As well

as

shrubs of

this

genus (which also

multicolored

effect. Its leaves are

smooth and gray-green. grows quickly to a height and

oval, broad, It

specimens should be well watered in the growing season, but only moderately at other times. M. arboreus grows to a height and spread of 9 ft (about 2.7 m).

hedging and screening. The) do

ft (about 4.5 m) or more. This species also does well

best in a light, well-drained soil that

California

ZONES 8-10

soil

includes trees) are also useful lor

is

relatively free of nitrogen,

but

they will tolerate a wide range of conditions, even waterlogged

spread of 15

and the low

deserts,

in

and

adapts to drought as well as to copi-

ous water.

S

/>

i

ii

s

/>

MEUANTHVS majoi H0NE1 I

Ml

Bl

bush

his sprawling, evergreen

height and spread ol 6 9 I

&-2

m), n

7

is

Alma Growing

native ol South

is

a

to a

(aboul

Ii

prized for the luxu-

and brownish-red,

riant foliage

tubular flowers on terminal spikes that

appear

in spring.

The leaves

have oval, blue-gray, seriated

leal-

does best in fertile, welldrained soil and will thrive in a sunny position It ean be pruned hard in early spring to keep it compact, although it will then flower less freely. Propagate from seed in lets. It

spring or from greenwood cuttings in

summer. The

leaves have a

when

strong, unpleasant smell

bruised, hence a it

in

common name

for

South Africa of "touch-me-not."

Melianthus major height of 6 in (about

1

5

spread of 6

1

.8

(about

ft

cm) and m) or

more, and makes an excellent ground cover. Grow in an open, sunny position in a light to heavy, well-drained

Clusters of white,

soil.

tubular flowers appear in

MICHEUA

summer,

followed by purple, globular ber-

A pmk-flowered form

ries.

Jigo

is avail-

The semi-succulent leaves are narrow, blunt and thick. Propagate

able.

syn. M. fuscata

BANANA SHRLB

from seed

in spring, or semi-ripe

Native to western China, this ever-

cuttings in late

green shrub bears small, strongly

zones 9-10

summer.

scented, wine-colored flowers set

among glossy,

oval leaves.

The flow-

ers smell strongly of bananas.

does best

in a well-drained,

humus

rich, neutral to acid soil in a pro-

tected spot in

full light

shade. Pruning

is

or partial

not really necess-

Keep potted specimens well when in growth. The shrub grows to a height of 10 ft (about 3 m) or more with a spread of 6-10 ft (about 1 .8-3 m). Propagate from semi-hardwood cuttings taken in ary.

watered

summer or

MYR1CA

It

fall.

BAYBERRY.

WAX MYRTLE

These evergreen or deciduous shrubs serve beautifully as backdrops or hedges for coastal gardens. Their narrow leaves have a pleasing fragrance; although the flowers are insignificant, the

fall fruits

are cov-

waxy substance and are popular with birds. Good drainage, full sun to part shade and ered with a gray,

only occasional water are

that

all

they require for good growth; tolerant of salty coastal

MIMVLVS

sandy

aurantiacus

all

are

winds and

soils

M. calijornica

syn. Diplacus aurantiacus PACIFIC W.AX MYRTLE

STICKY MONKEY FLOWER

An

This evergreen shrub, native to

western North America, for the beautiful

is

yellow to orange

summer,

offset

by coastal winds;

by nar-

(about 7 5

row, glossy, lance-shaped leaves with margins that wards.

It

drained

soil;

and

survives with

it

no summer water but

will

a welllittle

or

Rower

better with occasional irrigation during the dry months It grows to a height and spread ol 111 (about 90

cm) Propagate from seed Prune

in early

in fall

spring to keep

n

ern

wax

lighl

m)

it

myrtle,

will reach

more

or

spread M.

less in roll slightly in-

prefers full sun

tree,

West Coast has dark green leaves and a decidedly upright habit, except where sheared

tubular flowers that appear in spring and

evergreen shrub or small

this native of the

grown

cerifera, the

is

green leaves;

25

fl

in height,

south-

similar but with it is

native to the

coasts of southeastern North

Mimulus aurantiacus

America and is well adapted to gardens throughout the South

does extremely well

.\/\

in the

sand

11 il

Mil

illl/i'l

1

dunes of the East Coasl

I

he leaves give

when c rushed and spread

M. pensylvanica

MYRTVS

BAYBERJO

preferring fertile,

communis Like

il

native bui

is

found along the

northern and mid Atlantii

1

oasi

hrubonl) 10

parvifolium tall

on

its

berries

is

ind

the

'

1

It

OMMONMYRTLI

Populai

fl

l"i

hedges and

reens, the l

esan

1

ol

lull

oil a It

10

strong sceni

grows Ii

to a height

(aboul

sun and

a

;

m),

moderatel)

il is drought once established Pn ipag

tti

from seed s<

cl

well drained soil;

tolerani

ryisa

tl

1

HYOPORVM

I

followed b) purple-blackberries

uttings

ol

from

in late

summei

isad

(

ompacta iboul

idi

:ummi vhiti

'

i

.una.

tiv<

he leaves

whiti

m

ol

irgins

which have

21

Shrubs Lows Peak (4100 m, 13455

fl)

A Ugly

k

A Field Trip to

South Peak A lineal Tun Mu.t.pha;* \

Mount Kinabalu

Sisters

A Donkey's

%

""

Ears

-. Sayat Sayat Hut

^- .,'

.

,

anar Laban J Rock Face^^

PanarLaban

(h)ab Burlington House

New Hut Gua Pakka (P.kaCiv.)

Mount

Kinabalu in Sabah, on the island of Borneo,

hunter's paradise.

is

It

is

bridge for the flora and fauna of

a

s

made

the pilgrimage to climb

Kinabalu, "the botanist's Mecca."

It is

Mount ,

,

Layang Layang

where the vireya rhododendrons can be seen. Many of these are epiphytic, and have unusual sunset coloring. The journey from the closest town, Kota Kinabalu, takes about a day and you will then need to allow two days on the mountain, staying overnight in accommodation near the summit. You need to book an authorized guide at Kinabalu National Park Headquarters. Take warm clothing because, although this is the tropics, the upper parts of the mountain

(2600 m, 8500

ft)

J

typical

lowland

ating a heavy

The

rainforest.

canopy

Radio Sabah Transmitter

TV Complex

Kamborangoh

— Power Station

Treking Path

|

Roads

® Helipad HQ

Park to Sayat Sayat Hut is 9 hours

enormous, creno sunlight through

trees here are

that allows

little

or

Perkhemahan lama)

trj

park headquarters will take you through

to

Shelter

Old Carsons Camp

Ta Kp 3 k £*( (HJ»

can be cold.

The journey

•

~J

It*

one of the places

also

/

Ay H

A

both northern and southern hemispheres, and thousands of plant enthusiasts have

.

*

a plant

Kota Kinabalu

to the forest floor.

Park headquarters, where you altitude of

5000

start

your climb,

is at

(about 1500 m). Here in the lower

ft

an

mon-

common. Kamborangoh

There are more orchids here, but it is the rhododendrons which will take your breath away. The magnificent Rhododendron lowii is everywhere, the shrubs almost obscured by masses of bright yellow flowers. The leaves are thick and long and the waxy, funnel-shaped flowers are 3 in (about 8 cm) wide. The flowers are usually yellow but sometimes pinkish yellow in color. Along the track are located other Rhododendron species. R. brookeanum has smaller leaves and flowers, which are yellowish pink to red with white centers and often lemon-scented. You may see it growing as an epiphyte. R. rugosum and R. fallacinum have pink to apri-

(about 2286 m);

cot flowers. R. stenophyllum has orange to red, bell-shaped

tane zone, the trees, mainly oaks, are smaller than in the low-

land rainforest. Lush ferns grow everywhere. The

common

tree fern (Cyathea contaminans) thrives, its graceful fronds

reaching up to 12 trees

and you

the branches, from

abound

(about 4

ft

m)

in length.

will see bird's nest ferns

which

in this rich

Look up

into the

perched on forks in

tangles of vines hang. Orchids also

environment. The crimson and white

nun's orchid (Phaius tankervillae) and the delicate white and gold angel orchid (Coelogyne venusta) are After about

two hours you

Shelter, situated at

an altitude of 7500

ft

from here to Carsons Camp. The upper montane zone are smaller, up to 18 ft

then take the by-pass trees in this

will reach the

Rhododendron ericoides

trail

(ab
flowers and needle-like foliage.

The carnivorous pitcher plant

(Nepenthes tentaculata) also grows here.

Rhododendron crassifohum

Rhododendron

lowii

Shrubs

The summit of Mount Kinabalu, seen from park headquarters.

Mount Kinabalu

is

home

to

many rhododendrons, some

which are only found here. They are amazingly vigorous and luxuriant; if you take a moment to really study your surroundings you will see why. The soil is light but rich and covered in leaves. The rainfall and humidity are high and the rhododendrons are lightly shaded from the strong sun. Mount Kinabalu is also rich in animal and birdlife, including the leopard, mongoose and Malay bear, but unfortunately these are unlikely to be seen as most keep well away from the tracks. Orang-utans are occasionally spotted near the trails and you may see small monkeys swinging in the trees. Continuing on past Carsons Camp, at an altitude of 8900 ft (about 2713 m), the vegetation on either side of the track is thick with bamboo and more rhododendrons. At times the whole path will be clouded with mist and you will of

notice the temperature getting cooler. After about of

10500

ft

two hours you reach Paka Cave,

the underside of a rock, St

at

an altitude

much more than Hugh Low and Spencer

(about 3200 m). This "cave," not is

where

Sir

John, two of the region's earliest explorers, sheltered for

several icy nights.

forms of the

The

manuka

trees here include twisted, gnarled

warbler.

You

You may see brown mountain bush

or tea tree (Leptospermum)

green mountain blackeyes and the will also see the

.

endemic Rhododendron

an unusual species with needle-like leaves and 1 cm) long flowers. As you climb higher the

ericoides,

scarlet, V2 in

becomes sparse

In 1848 the

renowned botanist Professor Lindley wrote:

"When Mr Hugh Low

returned from his visit to Borneo, he was so obliging as to place in my hands some drawings and dried specimens oi certain species of Rhododendron which occur in that island growing upon trees. They are " found to be distinct from all previously known ... Low's collections from Borneo contained some of the first botanical specimens of what we now call the vireya. or Malesian, rhododendrons, technically members of Rhododendron sect, Vireya. This group has around 280 recognized species (out of a total of around 800 for the genus Rhododendron as a whole), mostly confined to the region between mainland Asia and Australia. By far the largest number, over 150, occur on the island of New Guinea; Borneo has 34, Sumatra has 26, the Philippines has 24, and there are 15 on the Malay Peninsula. Australia

has a single native species.

Many grow on

grow

vireyas cliffs

up

to

mountain bogs about 14 760 ft

(about 4500 m). Both leaves

and flowers range in size from tiny to very large, while yellows, oranges and

soil virtually

disappears and the

against the granite background.

Very few plants can survive the fierce winds, strong sun and abundant rain. Some that do survive have adapted to the extreme conditions by assuming

unusual rhododendron grows

a bonsai-like form.

at this altitude

—

R.

Another

buxijohum.

which has leathery leaves and scarlet flowers. Soon you reach the huts where you will spend the night The best time to climb the rest (if the way to the summit is al dawn; by late morning Lows Peak will be enveloped in mist. The last short leg of your climb is devoid oi any vegetation but the stark granite landscape has a beauty

all its

own.

scarlets,

on

trees,

or rocky mountain summits,

landslips, or in high at altitudes of

R. lochiae.

as epiphytes

flower colors tend towards

(about

vegetation

Rhododendron

although

whites and

>

^

^^B=S

pinks are also frequent In the last 30 to 40 years many ol the New Guinea

species have

been brought into cultivation

and hybridized, and are popular

in

mild humid areas.

while others

on raw

clay

2

I

J

212

Shrubs

Nerium oleander

Nandina domestica

'Algiers'

mer

it

produces large panicles of

tiny white flowers at the top of each

stem, followed in

fall

bright red berries.

It

and winter by

compound

has

leaves with narrow, lance-shaped leaflets,

bnght green during summer

but usually turning purplish red in winter; the

bronze.

new growth

in spring

sunny

prefers a

It

is

situation

fertile, well-drained soil and moderate water. Each spring cut out the oldest stems to the ground to encourage new growth, but do not top the stems as they seldom branch when pruned.

with

ZONES 7-10

N. domestica 'Nana' This dwarf shrub

is

particularly

popular, probably because

it

so strongly in winter.

An

or semi-evergreen,

grows

it

height of 12 in (about 30

colors

evergreen to a

cm\

spreading slowly as a ground cover. It

rarely flowers.

direct

sun

its

turn scarlet in

fall

domestica 'Nana' able for a

Given

sufficient

bright green leaves will

is

to winter. N.

eminently

mixed border or

suit-

rockers'.

ZONEs 7-10

NERIUM oleander

Nandina domestica 'Nana'

NANDINA

handsome, reddish which appears in fall and

cies for the foliage

SACRED BAMBOO. HEAVENLY BAMBOO

winter. Small, yellow-centered

Not

a true

bamboo,

the stems of

these mostly evergreen shrubs from

China and Japan

will

height of nearly 9

ft

grow

to a

(about 2.7

m)

but with a spread of only about 3-4 ft

(about 90-120 cm). This makes

the genus popular with landscape

gardeners,

who

also

grow

the spe-

white flowers appear in summer and fall, followed by glossy red fruits. They prefer a sheltered, sunny position and fertile, well-

drained but not too dry soil. In spring prune untidy stems. Propagate

from seed

in late

division of the roots.

summer, or by

Many

cultivars

from better nurseries. 3-4 ft (about 90-120 cm) tall with excellent fall and winter color. 'Harbour Dwarf is a fastgrowing ground cover under 24 in (about 60 cm) tall. are available

'Compacta'

is

N. domestica SACRED BAMBOO. HEAVENLY BAMBOO

This upright evergreen shrub is a native of Japan and China. In sum-

These evergreen shrubs are grown for their delightful flowers and for

growth under almost any conditions. They have dark, olive-green, spear-shaped leaves. Flowers come in a variety of colors, including red, pink, peach, salmon, white and creamy yellow, and are produced continuously throughout the warmer months. Shrubs will their ease of

S h

Osmanthus heterophyllus Vanegatus' reach 6-12

ft

m) in

(about 1.8-3.5

height and spread, unless pruned in early spring to ing.

A

encourage branch-

native of the Mediterranean,

they prefer

drained

full

soil

sun and

a well-

but will adapt to wet or

dry soils from the tropics to warmtemperate zones; they do not like cool, moist conditions. Propagate

from semi-ripe cuttings in summer or from seed in spring. All parts of the plants are poisonous, and are reliably deer proof. Algiers' is an excellent red cultivar,

1.8-2.4

m)

'Sister

tall.

6-8

ft

(about

Agnes'

a

is

vigorous white form with the potential of reaching 20 ft (about 6 m) tall and suitable for use as a tree. More compact cultivars are also available, such as Petite Salmon", no more than 3-4 ft (about 90-120 cm) tall with minimal pruning required.

ZONES

8-11

Ochna

serrulata

sun or shade. Cut back

either

propagate from semi-ripe cuttings in

summer. The flowers of

Osmanthus species are traditionally used by the Chinese to scent and sweeten their tea. Hybrids between Osmanthus and the closely related Phiilvrea are called Osmarea; they look just like Osmanthus and are grown in the same way. O. delavayi syn. Siphonosmanthus dcla\ayi

One

of the

most popular

OCHNA

this evergreen,

serrulata

shrub

BIRD'S EYE

after

flowering to restrict growth, and

Chinese native.

a

is

species,

rounded, bushy has

It

arching branches, small, glossy,

BISH MICKEY MOUSE PLANT

dark, serrated leaves and clusters of

This evergreen bush

is

southern Africa.

grown

It is

native to

highly scented white tubular flowers

for the

clusters of attractive yellow flowers set

among oval,

leaves

and

glossy, serrated

for the black, glossy

berries set in red calyces that follow

the bloom.

It

prefers full light in an

open, sunny position and sandy, well-drained

soil

a light,

m

crease with light pruning.

ZONES

7- 10

Water

potted plants moderately in th. If

freely produced from mid- to late summer. It reaches a height and spread of around 6-9 ft (about 1.8-2.7 m). A good hedging plant whose flowering potential will in-

O. fragrans

full

necessary, prune shrubs

SWEET

01

l\

I

hmanthus delava)

<

grows to a height and spread of just under 6 It (aboul 8 m). Propagate from semi-ripe spring

It

1

cuttings in

summer, seed

in

spring

'-10

shrub

is

native to the Himalayas,

India and Japan.

of 15

ft

It

grows

m)

(about 4.5

or

to a height

more and

nearly as wide sprays of small, white,

very fragrant flowers appeal

OSMANTHUS

and again

in

fall;

it

in

has gloss)

green leaves. 'Aurantiacus'

SWEET OLIVI

,

is

spring

1

trees in this

n for their

gi

nu

isibli

hedges or

for

growing

in

green

in

the spei

ies,

in

plish in 'Purpureus'

Ri

O. heteroph) llus ii

o

aqulfolium,

variegated with

lllicifollus

t !

HOLIA

II

\l

Nativi i"

OSMANTHI i

liin.i

itundifolius

s

thi

I

(

lulftide

•

is

6fi

pur-

in

has an upright

It

m) ormon

idol

im h

.

and nearly

habit with a height ol

O

containers

Variegatus

round without any teeth

flo

fall. It is

has holly-like leaves that arc deep

It

white margins

rubs

s\ in

flowers in the leaf axils in

an excellent shrub lor screens or

an

an luced

fra

from small, almost

1

small, white, delightfully fragrant

broad.

orange-flowered cultivar ill

i

This erect, branching, evergreen

8-10

It

(about

with ag< and a iboui i

,; i

i

more ompa<

i

in

t

(

hmanthus fragrans

i

u

l>

213

2

1

Shrubs

4

Paeonia lutea moist but very well-drained soil rich with humus and preferably with

greens with a prostrate, decumbent

some

border edgings or for rock gardens.

These peonies are difficult to propagate very slow from seed and tricky from cuttings; it is best to purchase plants from the nursery where most will have been grafted. Avoid botrytis by ensuring

good

lime.

air

—

movement.

making them excellent

habit,

They

are similar to

for

Hebe and Ve-

A native of southeastern

ronica.

is an evergreen shrub grown for the beautiful,

Australia, P. perfoliata

five-petaled

deep blue flowers oc-

curring in long, slender, terminal spikes

P. lutea set

A deciduous, upright shrub native to China. P. lutea bears single, yel-

low flowers in late spring to early summer. Its dark green leaves have saw -toothed edges. It grows to a height and spread of 6 ft (about 1.8 m).

it

bears in spring; these are

among broad, sessile,

leather)",

does best in a well-drained, peaty, sandy soil in a sunny or partially shaded position. Well suited as a rockery plant or for border edging, it grows to a height silver-gray leaves.

It

and spread of 24 in (.about 60 cm). Propagate from semi-ripe cuttings in early summer. -

P. suffniticosa

MOITAN. TREE PEONY

PAXISTIMA

This deciduous, upright shrub, a

grows to a height and spread of 3-6 ft (about 90-180 native of China,

Pachystegia insignis

cml. In spring

it

canbyi syn. Pachistima. Pachyslima

CANBY PAXISTIMA

bears single or

PACHYSTEGIA

PAEOMA

double, cup-shaped, huge, red.

This low. shrubby native from the

insignis

PEONY

pink, white or yellow flowers set

mountains of Virginia is a useful ground cover for east coast gardens. Adaptable throughout the Midwest and Northeast, paxistima will thrive in full sun or part shade as long as the soil is well drained and on the

among large, compound, mid-green

syn. Olearia insignis

This low-growing, spreading, evergreen shrub, native to New Zealand, is

grown

for

its

white, daisy-like

flowers with yellow centers borne in winter.

has

It

leather}*,

dark green,

shiny leaves and likes a well-

drained

position.

cm)

tall

It

grows

with a 6

spread. -

sunny (about 90

soil in a protected,

"-10

ft

to 3

ft

(about 1.8

m)

Native to Tibet, western China and

leaves.

Bhutan, these shrubby

are actually hybrids of this

"tree

peo-

do best where they will get some winter chill. They are woody and deciduous, bearing brightly colored flowers that range from

nies'

white to darkest red, to purple, orange and yellow. They prefer a little

They like

a

and

other species. ;:\z>

=-:;

acid side.

its

Dementia

perfoliata

VERONICA is

Found mainly

grown

in

New

Zealand,

parahebes are dense, shrubby ever-

for

its

narrow,

mounding

flowers and fruit are insig-

reaches around 12 in (about 30 cm) in height while spreading to around 3-5 ft (about nificant.

syn.

It is

evergreen leaves and

PARAHEBE

habit;

hot and dry; in cooler climates they will tolerate full sun.

tree peonies available

perfoliata

shade from the hot afternoon

sun, especially where the climate

Most

It

90-150 cm* wide.

— S h

PENTAS

height and spread of 9

lanceolata

2.7

syn.

P.

m) and

in

si \R

(about

creamy white flowers

of fragrant,

cornea

STAR CLUSTERS, EGYPTIAN

ft

bears terminal clusters

spring and oval leaves that

have hairy veins on the underNative to the tropics o( Alnca and the Arabian peninsula, this erect,

straggling shrub

24 3

in

It

the

grows is

It

grown

for

spring/summer appearance of

clusters of tubular, red, pink, lilac

or white flowers set

among bright

green, hairy leaves.

It

fertile,

does best in

with leafmold

P.

—and an

open, sunny position. Pinch back

compact habit and to encourage bloom Propagate from seed in spnng or from softwood cuttings in summer regularly to maintain a

MOCK ORANGE

Numerous named hybrids have been introduced

in

Europe and

America, derived from

P.

coronarius

Most have been abundant and

species.

selected for their

fragrant flowers, although

some

more compact

habit of growth Most have white flowers in spring.

'Avalanche' has small flowers

(about 1.2

m)

on

a

4

shrub. 'Belle Etoile'

10-11

has larger flowers on a 6 1

PERNETTYA

.8

m)

ft

(about

shrub. 'Lemoinei' has small,

very fragrant flowers on a 4

mucronata

(about

1

.2

m)

Snowflake'

Native to the southern tip of South

with double flowers on an 8

America, this evergreen shrub bears

(about 2.4

white, urn-shaped, heath-like flow-

hardiest. 'Dwarf

ers in late

spnng and

early

among small, pointed

summer

leaves.

Small, bright berries of variable

color appear in

fall

and winter.

It

does best in a moist but well-

extremely floriferous

m)

plant;

it is

ft

among

the

Minnesota Snow-

flake' is similar but on a very' compact shrub of only 3 ft (about 90 cm).

ZONES

5-8

P. lewisii

drained, acid soil and prefers sun or

grows to a height of 3 ft (about 90 cm) and spreads underground to create a broad clump; its spread may need to be controlled. Propagate by division or from seed in summer or spring, or from softwood cuttings m summer to be semi-shade.

is

ft

shrub. Minnesota

syn. Gaullhe r\a mucronata

set

are

actually better garden plants with a

ft

ZONES

hybrids

HYBRID

and other

well-drained, sandy soil

ideally, rich

ZONES 4-9

to a height of

(about 60 cm) and a spread of

(about 90 cm)

surface.

MOCK ORANGE

It

A native

of North America, this deciduous shrub grows to a height of 9 ft (about 2.7 m) with a spread

of 6 ft (about 1.8 m). It has an erect, branching stem, oval green leaves

and white,

sure of the berry color.

tar)-

ZONES 6-10

ZONES

fragrant, 4-petaled, soli-

flowers. 5-11

PHILADELPHUS MOCK ORANGE These suckering, deciduous shrubs come from Europe, Asia and the Americas and are among the most popular of flower-bearing shrubs because of their delightful orange-

blossom fragrance. Unfortunately their presence in the garden after flowering

anything but exciting.

is

The species tend to be more ungainly than the more compact hybrids, which often flower more abundantly. Best to keep them to the background or combine with other shrubs which have more yearround interest Hardiness varies considerably among the species.

They need sun and drained

soil

a fertile, well-

Thin out

after

bloom,

and propagate from softwood cuttings in

summer Keep warm and themproblem

until the n >ots establish

selves /'

Aphids may be

a

coronarius

COMMON MO<

KoRVNi.l svw

I

I

mix

k

ORANGI

l'(iKi/i( !><

per/

Philadelphus lew

isil

i

»

\>

s

2

I

5

216 P.

Shrubs strikingly beautiful yellow flowers

mexicanus

it

bears in whorls, from early to mid-

EVERGREEN MOCK ORANGE

new growth. Propagate by layering,

summer, among oval, wrinkled, Native to Mexico, this evergreen species

is

scrambling vine

really a

bearing single, cream, very fragrant flowers set It

will

among oval green leaves.

grow

(about 4.5-6 to

climb on

15-20 ft has something

to a height of itO

if it

like a tree or trellis.

It

can also be grown as a trailing ground cover on a bank. -

P.

J-U

It does best in sun and a well-drained soil. Drought, frost and salt resistant, it

woolly green leaves.

and

shrub grows to a height and spread of 9 ft (about 2.7 m). From late spring to early

summer it

large, fragrant,

double flowers

among dark green, -

bears set

oval leaves

5-8

PHLOMIS

This hybrid species

of the US for its new growth. Thriving on

it is often over-used by state highway departments. The flowers are typical of the genus, but this one does not produce fruit. It quickly reaches 10-15 ft (.about 3-4.5 m) in height and spread unless pruned regularly; frequent pruning encour-

neglect,

genus of semideciduous shrubs and trees make age, species of this

excellent hedges.

They bear

serrulata

CHINESE PHOTIMA

perennials in

—

some

are native to the

Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. They are grown for the handsome red flowers they bear in summer, rising on tall stems above dark green, oval leaves. They do best in sun or semi-shade and like a fertile. well-drained

soil that is

not too dry.

Excellent in a rock garden, they ft ^about 90 spread of 20 in (.about 50 Propagate from softwood

to a height of 3

a

cuttings in

summer.

P. aequalis,

both red, are the best

P.

capensis

and

flat-

topped clusters of white, acrid-

This species, native to China, has

smelling flowers followed by red or

glossy, oval, serrated, dark green

black berries. The young foliage

leaves. In spring

is

maturing to rich

semi-shade. Prune regularly to keep

spread of 12

dense and to promote

it

known

bears small white

flowers which are followed in turn

This evergreen shrub, a native of

their habit

—

undershrubs

winter conditions

cml P.

rather than Fuch-

these erect, evergreen

cm) and

7-11

JERUSALEM SAGE

for the

sia,

grow

red leaves.

ZONES

by red

grown

widely grown

warmer regions

do best in a fertile, well-drained soil and require sun or is

is

PHOTIMA for their shiny foli-

CAPEFLCHS1A

Related to Penstemon and Antirrhi-

ages continual production of new-

Grown mostly

PHYGEUIS

num (snapdragon)

PHOTIMA

green. Photinias

southern Europe,

slock.

x/raseri

RED-TIP

in

hawthorn

bright red

brilliantly colored,

fruticosa

to

grows to a height of 4 ft (about 1 .2 m) and a spread of slightly more. Prune back to about half in fall to keep its habit neat. Propagate from seed in spring or from cuttings in summer.

'Virginal'

Fully hardy, this vigorous, upright

P.

full

tolerates coastal areas quite well

on

or by grafting

of

up

berries.

to

18

ft

It

grows

ml with

(about 3.5 m).

•mo

ZONES 8-10

to a height

(about 5.5 ft

species; there are several

hybrids available with flowers in red. yellow or orange.

a

PHYSOCARPL'S opulijolius

COMMON MNEBARK Native to eastern North America,

deciduous shrub is grown for showy leaves and spring flowers. They are good plants for the front row of a shrub border, where their this

its

attractive

pendulous form can be

seen to best advantage. Broadly

mid-green leaves yellow in fall, and

oval, lobed.

change

to dull

clusters of tiny white,

sometimes

pink-flushed flowers are borne in

summer. The pale to dark brown bark peels when mature. early

requires a

fertile,

It

moist, well-

drained, preferably acid soil and an

open, sunny position. They grow to

m) and

9

ft

(about 2.7

spread of 15

ft

(about 4.5 m).

a height of

a

Propagate by softwood cuttings in

summer and

thin established plants

occasionally. Luteus'

and Darts

Gold' are yellow-foliaged cultivars. 5-9

PIER'S L1LY-OF-THE-YALLEY BL SH.

These

fairly

ANDROMEDA

dense, bushy, evergreen

shrubs, native to the colder regions of North

America and Asia, are

Ph\ ge/ius aequalis

Phocima

x frasei

Philadelphus Virginal'

Philadelphia mexicanus

S

u lated to the azalea

and

slow growing, they do best mildl)

and

grown

are

watei regularly

a< id soil

thai

is

a sheltered spot in

i

in a

well drained

rich with leafmold.

rhey

pri

l<

I

i

humid

i

w

ultivars

rich

'Variegata has leaves

ire'

watei

ith

reamy while,

it

makesa

edged

in

delightful

at-

—

mosphere this maintains the coloi and freshness of the foliage. Deadhead after flowering as this improves the growth Propagate from semi-ripe or in early P.

solt tip

summer.

formosa

CHINESE

I'll

I

\l\ PINE.

MUGO PINE is

It

cies

a native ol

is

China. In spring

it

cm) long cones two years. Its leaves (about 5 cm) long, dark

green needles arranged in clusters

ol

two.

among slender, oval leaves that are bronze when young and turn dark green when older. It

medium, acid soil and an open, sunny position. It grows to a height and spread of 15 ft (about 4.5 m);

grows

to a height

and spread of 6

prefers a well-drained, light

to

ft

various cultivars are available that

(about 1.8 m).

are

ZONES 7-10

the

P.

It

more compact and dwarf than species. The dwarf forms are

excellent as foundation plants

japonica

in small

JAPANESE

PIERIS,

LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY BLISH

ZONES

ii

ast

i

spring

it

is

a native of Japan. In

In 5

and

Though

many

and hybrids

spring

ing so

It

responds well

makes

a

crassifolium is

native to

New

winds and sandy

ally

12

Australia

their fragrance

drained,

fertile,

organic, acidic

soil;

(about 3.5

ZONES 9-10

Gray-green leaves, woolly underneath, are clustered at the tips

ol

each branch, nearly hiding small

maroon

flowers in

blue-green

late spring,

fruits that

the

follow are

more conspicuous. It will reach 10 (about 3 m) or more in height and

ft

spread.

ZONES 8-10 P.

eugenioides

This species

is

a large

shrub often

attaining tree-like proportions of

and the Pacific. Grown and ornamental

foliage; their fruits usually

for

contain

which can be troublesome with car finishes and patio furniture. They like a moderately sticky seeds

Pitiosporum eugenioides Variegatum'

/'inns

mua

to

prun-

good hedge, screen is

an

more compact, growing only

ft

PtTTOSPORUM

becoming deep green as they mature. P.japomca grows to a height and spread of 6 ft (about 1.8 m). Plant in part sun in well-

yel-

engaging cultivar bearing gray-green leaves with white borders It is usu-

PITTOSPORVM

small, oblong, glossy leaves are pink

or bronze,

Its gli

in

are a great

ultivated species

beds or rock gardens.

buds develop in fall, they do not open until spring. When young, the

flower

height and 20

summer There

3-9

These handsome, evergreen, fragrant shrubs and trees are found in China, Japan, Africa, New Zealand,

lily-of-the-valley.

in

tdth

provide very good, year-

bears dense sprays of pen-

dent, white flowers that resemble

v,

leaves have a slight yellow

This rounded, bushy, dense, ever-

green shrub

in

7

low, sweetly scented flowers appear

the salt) ocean

bears terminal sprays of white flowers set

i

i

i

soils.

bears purple,

that ripen over are 2 in

i>h

in

21

I)

round handsomeness (ream)-

or

Zealand and thrives along the West Coast, even with full exposure to

scaly, 2 in (about 5

MS

species prefer

in fall

(about 6

li

||

spring, or from semi ripe cuttings in

This large shrub

MOl \

Balkans in Europe.

This bush\-, dense, evergreen spe-

Propagate from seed

P.

native from the Pyrenees to the

var. forrestii

some

mi

lo h (about 12

moderate besi in mild

)

or windbreak. 'Variegatum'

P/NUS mugo This shrubby, spreading conifer

syn. P. forrestii

and generally do

sun, others sun or partial shack-

(

s\\ ISS

cuttings

well drained soil,

winter climates

spot ol brightness in a shady garden

shade or semi-

shade. They also like a

["here are selected

even more brilliant young foliage, su< li as 'Mountain

small, urn shaped flowei

foi theii

l\

Pieris japonica

m)

tall.

to

218

S h

u b

i

s

This evergreen tree grows to a

m) with

height of 30

ft

(about 9

spread of 18

ft

(about 5.5 m).

native of

New Zealand,

glossy, oval,

it

a

A

bears

mid-green leaves with

undulating margins, and produces

dark purple, honey-scented flowers in spring.

There are several cultivars

with variegated or purple-toned leaves

much

sought

after

by flower

arrangers.

ZONES 9-10

it

This large shrub from Japan

monly grown on and

is

com-

West Coast South, where its fragrant

in the

flowers

fill

the

the air with the scent of

orange blossoms during early

A

dense mound, it will reach a height and spread of 10 ft (about 3 m) or more. It is tolerant of either full sun or part shade, and makes an spring.

Pittosporum tobira 'Variegata'

Pittosporum tenuijolium

P. tobira

hedge

excellent informal

does

(it

also adapts well to areas of

humidity

in the

delightful form, slightly smaller in

with gray-green leaves edged in white; it does best in light shade. 'Wheeler's

Dwarf

is

a miniature of

ft

or more, depending

upon

cultivar.

it

likes a fertile, well-

soil

situ-

in winter. is

A

preferred,

Many cultivars are

most

relatively

compact

and requiring little or no pruning; they are popular as specimens and for hedges and foundation plantings.

Watch

for spider

1

.8

It is

and

full light

m)

mites

to 12

or semi-

quite suitable as an ft

(about 1.2-

in height, or to disguise

fences and walls, where

the

adapts to dry conditions once

ft

(about 3.5

Water regularly

m)

to get

it

will

climb

or more. it

started;

it

is

quite drought tolerant once established. Whitefly

may

pose prob-

lems. Propagate from semi-ripe cuttings in

Alba' is

is

summer.

said to have

ancient

P.

auriculata

a white cultivar. P. capensis

been used by the

Romans

as a cure for lead

Polygala x dalmaisiana

poisoning.

ripe cuttings in late

ZONES 9-10

from seed

summer, or

in spring.

warm, dry weather.

in

12-24

ZONES 6-9

and only 30-60 cm) tall.

winds

moist, well-drained soil it

m)

some protection from

cold, drying

but

ft

(about 3

Give them a sunny

ation with

the species, very dense in (about

drained

informal hedge of 4-6

(about 90 cm) to 10

available,

size

growing,

sprays

Plants vary in height from 3

established.

a

low

shade.

do other species).

is

Its flat

of scaly foliage are held vertically.

not respond as well to shearing as 'Variegata'

West.

P.

POLYGALA

ZONES 8-10

chamaebuxus

This evergreen shrub, a native of

PLUMBAGO

MILKWORT

PLATYCLADUS

auriculata

orientalis

syn. P. capeiisis

8 in (about 20 cm) with a spread of 16 in (about 40 cm). Racemes of small, pea-like, yellow and white

syn. Thuja orientalis

CAPE PLUMBAGO

These evergreen shrubs are grown mamly for their masses of colorful flowers; though strongly resembling the flowers of the pea family, the milkworts are in a completely separate family. Give them full sun or

summer.

ORIENTAL ARBORV1TAE

One

This evergreen, sprawling shrub,

most common evergreen American gardens, this

of the

shrubs in

native of Asia to the

is

particularly adapted

warmer regions

of

le

South;

originally

from South

Africa, bears

pale blue or white flowers in terminal clusters

from spring

to

fall. It

has oblong, pale green leaves. Fast

shade in moist, well-drained Cut any lanky stems back hard late winter. Propagate from semi-

alpine Europe, grows to a height of

flowers appear in spring and early It

has tiny, oval, dark

green leaves bearing a resemblance

boxwood.

var. grandiflora

partial

to

soil.

rosy-purple and yellow flowers.

in

ZONES 6-9

P.

c.

has

Shrubs

P x daltnaisiana SWEE1

PI \

sHRl B

A

hybrid of two South American spe< ies, this shrub flowers almost

non-stop in mild regions of the South and West Coast. Its pea-like [lowers are a soft magenia. some-

forms a mound around 3-5 ft (about 90- 50 cm) tall and wide, with times difficult to use.

It

become bare

at the

it

base Use

palmately Sow seed in fall or propagate using softwood cuttings

in late

in

summer The

arching shrub

after

flowenng.

Prune faded flowers

Propagate from semi-ripe cuttings

summer, or from seed

in

1

.2

m)

or more.

ZONES 9-10

named

Numerous named

and

new cultivar with

The beauty of the gigantic blooms of these evergreen shrubs make them a popular choice for a sunny spot in a

golden orange flowers. ZONES 2-9

garden with the right

soil

condi-

where bare legs;

PROSTANTHERA

tions

encourage

rotundifola

phosphates and nitrates and preferably acid (though some species

will tolerate shearing to

MINTBtSH

This 9

ft

(about 2.7

m)

ever-

tall,

POTESTILLA

lightful

grown for the declusters of mauve or violet

frulicosa

flowers

it

green shrub

is

bears in spring.

small, fragrant, Bl SH

It

deep green

has

leaves.

CINQl EFOIL

Native to southeastern Australia,

The yellow or white flowers of this

needs a

dense, deciduous shrub appear

full light

from early summer to

.

naroides

fall

amid

flat.

—sandy, well-drained, low on

fertile,

well-drained

to partial

water moderately

soil

after the

is

it

and

shade to thnve;

dunng the warm

coastal California for cut flower

shops. P.

cynaroides

KIM, PROTEA

This species bears large, open

flowerheads with pink, petal-like bracts in winter,

an alkaline soil). Native to South Africa, the genus has relatives in South America. New Zealand and Australia. Often difficult to grow, all species need protection in the winter for a year or two after planting Keep well ventilated if under glass.

The leathery

They

30 cm) wide.

tolerate

ZONES 9-10

(seed

The genus mythical Greek

who could change any shape he desired. The flowers are widely grown in Hawaii

in

more dense growth.

summer

is erratic).

into

PROTEA

the middle of the border

it

cuttings taken in

germination

lower shrubs can hide

its

encour-

god, Proteus,

(about

ft

off to

9

J

age branching. Propagate from

spnng

reaches 24 in (about 60 cm) in height with a spread of 4

Tangerine', a

may it

months Prune

selections are available including

1

slender, light green leaves;

mid-green leaves comprising 5 or 7 narrow elliptical leaflets arranged

2

last

well after fading

—hence

cutting

and

after

their popularity in

both fresh and dried arrangements.

I'ltiiM Iik/uv

orientahs

spnng or summer round and

leaves are

dark green A lovely shrub, it grows to a height and spread of 4 7. It (about 1.3 m). Like size of the

all

shrub bears

proteas, the relation-

little

ship to that of the flowers

—

the

flowerheads grow to 12 in (about It is

of South Africa.

the floral

emblem

220

S h

r

u b

s

Prunus glandulosa 'Sinensis'

PRUNUS Best

known

as a

genus of popular,

fruiting trees, Prunus also contains

some

delightful ornamental plants

mostly from Asia and North America. Grown for the fall color of their foliage, as well as their fruits

and flowers, they seem to tolerate any soil that is not excessively wet. Superficially they resemble the rose,

but as would be expected in a genus

with over

a

hundred species and

cultivars there

is

widespread

vari-

ation. All their leaves are oval to

oblong. Deciduous species prefer full

sun, while the evergreens do

best in sun or shade.

The evergreens

should be propagated from semiripe cuttings in

summer

or

fall,

deciduous species from seed or

hardwood

P.

glandulosa 'Sinensis'

the

in

fall

cuttings in winter.

P. glandulosa Rosea Plena' DWARF FLOWERING ALMOND

syn.

In late spring this dainty, suckering,

deciduous shrub bears handsome, rose-pink flowers set

among green,

grows to a height and spread of 3-47; ft (about 90-130 cm). After flowering, prune young shoots close to the old wood. oval leaves.

It

ZONES 7-10 P.

Protea neriifolia

'Hally Jolivette'

Primus laurocerasus 'Otto Luyken' HALLY JOLIVETTE CHERRY lijolia

This hybrid cherry

The flowerheads

of this species

is

a large

shrub

8-15 ft (about and wide. A dense

or small tree, from

are fragrant, silvery pink, black-

2.4-3.5

tipped and grow to 4 in (about 10

grower with many reddish, upright

cm)

stems,

fall

in diameter.

These appear from

The bracts don't

to early spring.

open very wide, although ers are long lasting neriifolia

when

the flow-

It is

and spread of around 9

(about 2.7 m).

is

completely covered for a

to three

week period

in spring

with double white flowers opening ZONES

5-8

an evergreen,

bushy, upright shrub that grows to a height

it

tall

from pink buds.

cut. P.

has narrow, oblong, olean-

der-like leaves.

two

m)

ft

P.

laurocerasus

CHERRY LAUREL, ENGLISH LAUREL

A dense, bushy shrub ally

that eventu-

becomes spreading and open,

S h

this species bears

i

ii

l>

22

s

1

racemes of small,

white flowers in mid- to

spring

late

These are set among glossy, dark green, oblong to oval leaves. After

bloom

the

period, grape-like clus-

ters of glossy, black, cherry-like

make

fruits

their appearance.

grows

laurocerasus

ubout ubout

P.

to a height of

m) with

a spread o responds we to clipping and makes a spendid tall

18

ft

25

ft

5.5

7.5 m).

It

hedge. Several compact cultivars are available including Zabeliana',

which grows

to

m)in

1.2- 1.8

under 4-6

(about

ft

Pxracantha coccinea 'Lalandei'

height.

ZONES 7-10 P.

grown

against a wall, cut

shoots after flowering.

laurocerasus Otto Luyken'

profusely even in shade and will

under

tolerate a position

grows

to

in height

tall

It

4-6 ft (about 1.2-1.8 m) and will spread even

ZONES 7-10

PUNICA syn.

P.

granatum

var.

nana

DWARF POMEGRANATE

Native to Asia,

among light

it

bears red, funnel-

in

summer set

of 9

ft

(about 2.7 m). In early sum-

\1gorous.

mer

it

bears small, white, open

habit,

Gnome'

an excelcompact selection, under 6 ft fall.

m)

is

tall.

ZONES 7-10

excellent hedge, barrier or espalier

with careful pruning. Deep green

in

dry conditions Prune

end of each winter to compact habit. Propa-

lightly at the

summer, or from seed

on

spring

Lalandei' has orange

fall.

PYRACANTHA

P.

shrubs bear delightful prol'i tiny, while Mowers in spring, they are mostly grown lor the im; display ol berries thai follows.

season and color of the

spe< ies

.

The

your

the

)

m) and

mtitii

Den

dozen wild

local nursery. Cul-

same

species lisied here ft/

half

tardiness will vary, so

i

thi

palii

I

ith

fruit

ting through wintei

-

ben

the hardiest

hybrids have been

produced from the

these arching, evergreen

as foi

tl

Moluvc'

is tall

nai

ofoi

*

v.

i

but with yellov

very

irregular in

'Santa Cruz'

is

dens.

Though it will reach 35 ft m) in the wild it is

(about 10.5 usually

bumed

periodically

narrow i'\

i

a<

anti

and

develops into a thicket of 15-20 ft (about 4.5-6 m), an excellent habi-

forms of native wildlife. Deeply lobed leaves are 3-7 in (about 7.5-17 cm) long, and turn tat for all

sun, well-drained

hybrids

A great many

and spiny, they do

is

more

is

gold and red in the

selection

ZONES 8-10

with

and

a taller plant

also

na-

screen planting in mountain gar-

of red berries.

flowers in spring and the red berries in

It is

on a bank.

leaves set off small clusters of white

gate from semi-ripe cuttings in in

hardy than

one of the best for ground cover, easily kept to under 3 ft (about 90 cm) in height and producing lots

Upright to 8-10

Water well

Though

plant or

or

does best in a

slightly less

responding less well to pruning and shaping. Good as a barrier

P. coccJiinca

a coarse, gravelly, well-drained soil.

It

is

is

lower elevations of the Southern Rockies and makes a good tive to the

the other species listed but

sunny, sheltered position and likes

its

FORMOSA FIRETHORN

SCARLET FIRETHORN

small, orange-red fruits are dry

maintain

GAMBEL OAK ROCKY MOUNTAIN WHITE OAK

This large, deciduous shrub

China, grows to a height and spread

(about 1.8

QUERCUS gambclii

koidsumii

P.

green, oblong leaves.

inedible.

cultivar

fruit.

Coast, this

ft (about 2.4-3 m) more and sometimes erratic in branching, this species makes an

The and

low and compact

This dense shrub, native to western

lent

grows slowly to a height and spread of 12-36 in '(about 30-91 cm).

a

The most commonly grown species in the Southwest and on the West

angustifolia

berries in

This deciduous, rounded shrub

shaped flowers

problems.

flowers set among dark green, oblong leaves followed by orange

granatum Nana'

is

a sheltered,

may cause

fireblight P.

wider.

Elf

with red

position. Propagate

cuttings in

trees

in

sunny from semi-ripe summer. Scab and

fertile soil in

This low. spreading cultivar flowers

back long

Grow

Punica granatum Nana'

fall.

soil.

Give

it

full

222

Shrubs

Raphiolepis x delacourii

r

"»

t

H ^c-

M^m.

k

t

L

t.

v

PffT

\tV

Yj&<& *i4 t^j»

->>

ijtSljKfeta-7'

P-^KSii Rluimnus californicus

Raphiolepis indica

RHAMNUS This genus of deciduous or ever-

green shrubs with us inconspicuous

grown for their fruits They will grow in either semi-shade and prefer a

flowers are

and

foliage.

sun or

Deciduous species should be propagated by seed in fall, and evergreen species by semiripe cuttings in summer.

undipped.

Argenteo-variegatus' has attractive

dark green, oblong leaves. They are tolerant of both coastal

edged in white. Propagate from semi-ripe cuttings in summer.

and interior situations. Propagate from seed or cuttings in summer.

just as beautiful

leatheiy.

leaves

R. x delacourii

A rounded,

COFFEEBERRY

grows

fertile soil.

This evergreen shrub

ITALIAN

BUCKTHORN

This erect, branching, evergreen shrub, native to southern Europe,

grows

to a height of 18

m) with m).

It

a spread of 9

ft

ft

(about 5.5

(about 2.7

bears tiny, greenish flowers in

axillary racemes,

which

are followed

by black, rounded, pea-sized fruits. The leaves are dark green and oval with saw-toothed margins. R. alaternus likes a sunny or partiallyshaded situation, tolerating most

and adapts

generous waterpopular as a screening plant and is used near the soils,

to

ing or to drought.

It is

coast in California.

It

makes an

excellent clipped hedge, but looks

a native of

western North America. It has oblong or oval leaves and grows to a height of 9

R. alaternus

is

ft

(about 2.7

spread of 4V 2

ft

produces red

fruit

m) with

(about 1.3 m).

a

It

which become

countless cultivars, native mainly to

evergreen shrub that

to a height

m),

x delacourii

1

grown

for the rose-pink flowers

R.

summer and

bears in early

the temperate regions of Europe,

and spread of 6

(about

.8

ft

is

Its oval, leather)-

the ends.

R.

purple-black as they mature.

brid between

it

the highlands of tropical Southeast

the blue-

ZONES 7-10

umbellata.

x delacourii

and

is

a hy-

R.

grown

for their fragrant

bloom and

INDIAN

HAWTHORN is

na-

southern China. In spring or

foliage, are native to subtropical

tive to

Southeast Asia. They like plenty of

early

sun but, in hot climates, prefer semi-shade. They do best in a well-

fragrant, star-shaped, white flowers

drained

soil

with regular water, but

adapt to drier conditions once established.

They bear panicles of

five-petaled flowers, followed by

blue-black berries,

among alternate.

set

ft

to a height

It

and spread of 3-5

(about 90-150 cm).

Numerous

cultivars are available with white,

pink or rose-pink flowers. ZONES 7-10

at the

ends of the

them share an intense dislike of lime, but where soils suit they are among the most desirable of all flowering shrubs. As a general rule

bears clusters of

among serrated, oblong leaves.

grows

borne

clusters, mainly in spring although both winter and summer flowers are fairly common. Just about all of

This bushy, evergreen shrub

summer it

lochae) in

previous year's shoots, often in

R. indica

These dense, evergreen shrubs,

(R,

They are admired for their handsome leaves and show)-, bellor funnel-shaped flowers. The flowers are

RHAPHIOLEP1S syn. Raphiolepis

Asia and one species Australia.

leaves are toothed

R. indica

North America and Asia although with important representatives in

black berries that follow in winter.

at

RHODODENDRON. AZALEA

The rhododendrons are an enormous genus of some 600 species (almost all garden worthy) and

ZONES 7-10 R. californicus

RHODODENDRON

they like a shaded to semi-shaded position with a cool root run and acid, perfectly drained soil with

abundant humus; none can be called drought resistant. No regular pruning is required, although they can be cut back quite severely in

22

Shrubs

$

WWvm Rhododendron 'While early spring is

by

if

Gumpo

needed. Propagation

from cuttings, or by most species being fairly

layering,

grafting,

slow to

strike.

Their usually shapely

and compact root systems make them first rate subjects for container growing and they are habit

among

the easiest of

all

shrubs

to

when mature. Red

transplant, even

spider, lace bug, thnps, caterpillars

and

leaf

miners can be troublesome,

usually in dry conditions.

The genus

is

divided into some

forty "series," but horticulturally

there are three

most important

divisions. First there are the azaleas,

formerly given a genus of their (the distinguishing

own

mark being

Rhododendron,

unnamed Knap Hill-Exbury hybrid

that

azaleas usually have 5 stamens, the

genus 10 or more); then rhododendrons proper, which

rest of the

the

from

are very variable in habit

dwarfs growing 10 in (about 25 cm) high or less to small trees and, generally, preferring a cooler

climate than the other two groups

do; and the subtropical species and their hybrids, mostly of the series

Vireya and usually called vireya

rhododendrons or simply

vireyas.

We shall deal with each in merely

illustrating

turn,

R.,

unnamed Knap Hill-Exbury

a representative

or two of each of the main types.

tall (less

with pruning) but spread-

ing around 4'/ 2

AZALEAS

the evergreen kinds

The deciduous on

azaleas bear their flowers either

with the young foliage; they are available in just about every color

but blue, the yellow-to-flame range

being the most distinctive and popular The flowers are usually followed b) brilliant

fall

foliage.

are happiest in a climate with (

late

i

in thi

hard;.

wh< hi

m

il

an

bloomers and

di itinctly

Knap Hill-Exbury

warm

They bear wide, open shades from white, cream

in

and yellow

iofi deli ate pink and orange and red. Mowers

to

mid

n

ti

azaleas

These are the best known of the deciduous azaleas, derived from several species including both Japanese and American species and available in hundreds ol named

rose, to hoi in

may

~-10

flowers

I

their flowers

be damaged by the sun

selections

old winters Th<

azaleas an

m)

have 3 in (about 7.5 cm) flowers in shades from white to red. They are

bare branches before their leaves or

cool to

(about 1.3

cover in mild winter climates and

These divide naturally into two groups, the deciduous azaleas and

They

ft

wide. They are suitable for ground

to

lati

Rhododendion Kurumc azalea

Kurume hybrid

azaleas

Gumpo

1

.2-2.4 m.i

prin

'I

6

from

i

.i

.

[rati

,

shrubs around 20

I

8

hey

m

I

1

i

a

n smallei

than thai

in

; !

through pink

to red

here are verj ultivai

•

i

in'-,

in

/

1

(aboul

or double,

in (abi

in

summei

brilliam

hai

li

in fall;

den smothered

S

and

from white

and purple

many popular tal th ame from i

theprovinci ofjapan

wh

leading variel

|

Intlii

and nearly as

al

ii

l

around

n iss, single

come

frost

n azaleas

azaleas i)

the

tall

mosi

obtusion, these are thi

high and w ide bul (about

arc small,

Mainly derived from the Japanese R

[apan

hearedinto formal

the

in

bloom

in thi

hapi ol Hi,

ilth

bloom

iugh at the cost

ol

some

224

S h

r u

b

s

R. occidentals

Southern Indica azaleas

WISIl.RN U.U.I A

Derived mainly from the southern

A

most deciduous azalea from the mountains along the delightful fragrance

important feature of

is

the

this

West Coast. A variable shrub, it may grow from 6-10 ft in (about 1.8-3 m) in height and as wide. Flowers arc typically white with flushes of

pink or yellow, but it may be suffused with deeper colors. Many selections have been made for size. color and degree of ruffle of the flowers. it

Most

floriferous in lull sun.

needs moderate

R.

summer water.

prunifolium

Chinese R. simsii, these are the most important rhododendrons in warm-

rounded shrubs from 3-9

90-270 cm)

tall,

its

is

distinct for

summer flowering season,

with

ft

(about

according to vari-

with slightly hairy, dull green leaves. There are very many named varieties. Some flower throughout ety,

most are spring blooming. Bloom is most profuse in the white to red and purple range, the flowers usually being around 3 in (about 7.5 cm) wide. These hybrids are larger growing than the Belgian indicas, from which they are derived and which are cultivated unwinter, but

florists'

potted flowering

plants tor Christmas

This deciduous azalea

and spring

tough plant southern gardens although it is

North America, for

hardy ZONES

R.

this is a

as far north as Boston. 5-9

a lew typiillus-

has been the parent of several very choice blue-flowered hybrids.

ZONES 6-10

arboreum

R.

Native to the Himalayas, this species

grows

more

in cultivation

auriculatum

domed

clusters.

They

it is

5

m)

or

although

usually only

bears fragrant, white or pink, fun-

nel-shaped flowers in summer. leaves are large, oblong

and

grows

ft

to a height ol 18

m) with

a spread of 12

ml

notable for

one of the chief parents of the popular Hardy hybrids.

season of flowering.

tinted undersides,

spring.

and bears big

It is

It is

its

ft

Its

hairy.

It

(about 5.5

(about 3.5

very

late

ZONES 6-10

ZONES 7-10 R. ciiiicafyx

R. augustinii

This spreading shrub grows to a

Native to central China, this bushy species can

the

are a

1

Another native of western China, this bushy, wide-branching shrub

clusters of red to pink flowers in

though

large,

(about

about half that. It has long, dull green leaves, often with silvery

(about 2.7

Apart from the deciduous azaleas, all the rhododendrons are evergreen and, typically, bear their flowers in

ft

tree in the wild,

holiday giving.

RHODODENDRONS

50

to a

tall

grow to about 9 ft m) high and wide, al-

it is

gardens.

for July and August. Native to the southeastern corner of

and just

given here to

trate the range.

ZONES 8-10

orange-red flowers produced in

abundance

lot,

cal species are

temperate climates. They make

der glass as

PtUMLEAF AZALEA

very varied

It

usually rather less in

has small leaves, giving

bush an appearance

like

an

height and spread of 6

m). Its

It

ft

(about 1.8

has shiny, dark green leaves.

fragrant white or white-tinged

rose flowers

bloom

in spring. R.

18°F (about -8°C) or lower and grows at altitudes of

ri!tica!yx tolerates

evergreen azalea. The wide open

up

flowers, borne in small clusters,

southern China-Burma-Himalaya

vary in color from blue to violet; in

region.

the best forms they are the purest

ZONES 7-10

blue seen in the genus.

to

9600

ft

(about 3000

m)

in the

R. augustinii

Fragrantissimum'

R. In

spnng

this

rhododendron bears

trusses of fragrant white flowers tinted with pink. Its lax habit of

growth and quick response

to

prun-

makes it suitable for use as an espalier on a wall or trellis. It is easily grown in a large container in colder climates and brought into a ing

greenhouse

for the winter.

ZONES 9-10

Ironclad hybrid rhododendrons This

is

an ever-growing group of

extremely hardy evergreen rhodo-

Rhododendron jasminiflorum

Rhododendron prunifolium

Rhododendron occidcntalc

,

,

Rhododendron arboreum

Rhododendron javanicum

Rhododendron 'Fragrant issimum"

,

,

,

Rhododendron auriculatum

,

Rhododendron augustinii

Rhododendron

ciliicalyx

Shrubs

dendrons, bred t<.i tolerate the below-freezing winters ol the NorthIn- native cast and Midwest I

American species

R.

catawbiense and

R iinohniana have been important

are sweetly scented. Colors

range from white to orange, taking

shades of gold coral and salmon pink on the way. They demand excellent drainage, growing in sunset

well in containers with a fine orchid

breeding program. Most

in this

some

hybrids have relatively large flowers and large leaves on shrubs varying

mix; in the ground, enhance the drainage with the addition of lots of

from 4-10 ft (about 1.2-3 m) tall. There are many named selections

bark chips or

readily available, including the red

'America', pink 'Blue Peter'

and

white 'Gomer Waterer', and such compact, small-leafed hybrids as

They

are

tolerant of

jasminiflorum

R.

This small, evergreen rhododen-

(lavender-pink) and

'P.J.M.'

bark.

fir

sun and dry conditions than other rhododendrons, but benefit from plenty of water.

more

This extremely hardy species from

dron bears fragrant, white flowers any time of the year among midgreen, oval leaves. It grows to a height and spread of 20 in (about 50 cm).

Korea and China

ZONES

'Ramapo'

(violet).

ZONES 5-10

mucronulatum

R.

deciduous ex-

is

cept in mild winter climates. In early spring

it

is

habit to 6

It

Growing

has an upright

(about

ft

javanicum

R.

covered with bright

rosy-purple flowers (pink in 'Cornell Pink').

10-11

1

m)

.8

to a height

dron bears red

tall.

and spread of 3

(about 90 cm), this rhododen-

ft

orange flowers

to

with purple stamens in fall. It has oval, lightly veined green leaves.

yakushimanum

R.

ZONES R.

yakushimanum

mounding native

This dense,

6

ft ft

(about 90 cm) with a spread of

(about 1.8 m).

It

has been the

many hybrids, which

retain

shapely, compact growth

as well as

its

beautiful flowers.

.2

1

produces large trusses of deep yellow flowers that gradually fade to a Popular with

soft yellow.

ZONES

LITTLELEAF SUMAC

5-9

m) found throughout the its most gardenworthy shrubs are native to North America. They are either deciduous is

VIREYAS (Malesian rhododen-

with beautiful

drons)

green with lustrous leathery leaves.

New

prove easy to cultivate and popu-

however, among the most exciting new developments in

They

at least in

warm-temper-

—

and subtropical climates in more than the mildest of frosts they need greenhouse cultivation and hybrids are already being

ate

areas with

—

raised Evergreen, they are mostly

shrubs around 3-4Vj ft (about 90-1 30 cm) tall, with dark green,

which

leathery, often glossy leaves

» when

are apt to bi tinted ru

are popular with

Tough and adaptable within

their range, there

usually a native

is

sumac somewhere nearby. They possess none of the toxins found in their close relatives

and poison oak.

poison ivy

All thrive in full

it

leaves during

its

are popular with wildlife.

by seed, but

erate water. Propagate

sow

in place;

it

prefers

anmd mod-

sun, good drainage

full

summer It

transplants only

with difficulty.

ZONES 8-9 R.

established.

SUGAR BUSH

R.

soil

A

aromatica St

MA(

I

iii

(about

from funnels

to

in

and shape '

w ide

i

i

>pi

i

i

I

mi

his

spreading ll

lergri

(about

i

m

n bells.

(aboul 1.2

red

'.aii'

and

evergreen shrub, this native

large,

sugar-coated

deciduous shrub ol the midwestern and northeastern meadows and prairies grows as a low mound, I

m)

J

mm h

mncl to as

in)

but only 4

The leaves

leaflets,

iwei Size

ovata

of southern California produces a

FRAGRANT

or three (lushes ol hlooni

I

drop

and nothing more than the natural rainfall once

sun, a well-drained

divided into three gently lobed

from

also

will

bright orange-red fruits in

as 10

l

1

li

may

it

and drop them;

may be showy and

hey flower intermittently throughout ill. ,< ,ii often with two

I

leaves

are,

gardening,

young

its

color

still fairly

out which of the species are going

lar.

evergreen, in cold winters

clustered in dense heads; the fruits

birds.

new in cultivation and there is still much work to be done in sorting to

tall

extreme drought, but grow a new crop as soon as rain returns. The white flowers in spring are numerous enough to be showy, and the

color, or ever-

fall

Flowers are usually tiny and are

Native as they mostly are to such inaccessible places as the highlands

8-25 ft (about 2.4-7.5 depending upon the amount of moisture available to it. Normally will reach

it

It is

is

where

native to the dry Southwest,

RHUS

world, but some of

Guinea, the vireyas are

microphylla

R.

10-11

This genus

Borneo and

3-8

grown.

temperate to cool climates.

of Indonesia,

infertile soils in full sun.

ZONES

many

hybridizing programs and easily

perhaps the most desirable of the rhododendrons for small gardens in ZONES

ft

m) or more in height; it has medium green, oval leaves. It (about

Peter'

showy, but are followed in late summer by red berries. Propagate by digging rooted segments from the edge of a clump. It thrives on

This twiggy shrub or small tree

parent of its

Rhododendron 'Blue

laetum

This upright shrub will reach 4

of

Japan bears rounded, terminal clusters of expanding, tubular flowers in late spring. It has deep green leaves with russet beneath; new leaves are covered with a silvery fur. R. yakushimanum grows to a height of 3

10-11

degronianum subsp.

syn. R.

i

whii h

'i. mi!','

they release

vhem

'

'i

tall,

oloi

i

a pli

rushed

I"

purple

I

are

the

fall;

iv ei

i

ol

e

With

citrus likedrink

spread of 10-12 this

makesa

ft

kground

in

l

w

.ii

intei

part shadi it

in

ONI

'. -

.0.

oi

In oval leaves are

very tough and leather)

pmk and

and

a height

(about 3-3.5 m),

gr< at bai

screening plant

tiny

autifully in in

asing fragrant li

ll

provided

fruil that

native Californians with a refreshing

<

rsol

lusti

white flowers appeal (

rive u full

sun

oi

good drainage and

rono

.

itabli

hed

little

22

5

226

Shrubs

A Field Trip to Mountains

the Blue About

KATOOMBA

two-hour drive west of Sydney, Australia, takes Mountains, an area encompassing one of the country's most important national parks, and a haven for a variety of native plants, birds and animals. The Blue Mountains is also home to one of the largest populations of the

you

a

to the Blue

waratah (Telopea speciosissima)

,

a strikingly distinctive native

shrub and the floral emblem of the state of New South Wales. The waratah blooms from October to December (spring to

summer in Australia).

early

Blue Mountains as

down

to

This

is

dense mist. In

eerie,

temperature

is

a

good time

to explore the

sudden change

summer

is

often

the average maxi-

mild 73°F (about 23°C). Even when summer you should be prepared

traveling in the middle of for a

a

can be quite cold in winter, sometimes

24°F (about -4°C), and the whole area

covered in an

mum

it

in the

weather

—

a glorious

Narrow Neck Bluff

warm day can

\

Walking Tracks

S

Roads

suddenly turn quite cold.

A dry winter and spring can turn the whole of the Blue Mountains into a giant tinderbox and bushfires have ravaged the area many times. The waratah is a highly fire-adapted species, sprouting rapidly from a large woody underground stem (lignotuber) which withstands the fiercest bushfires and produces new growths within a month or two. Due to the fires, most wild plants are multi-stemmed with about 1-5 flowerheads per stem.

The best way

to see the

waratah

Scenic Railway at Katoomba.

is

to start

The railway runs

by taking the the length of

\

Scenic Railway to Ruined Castle is 1 hours

\

Ruined Castle^

an almost sheer is

more

like

cliff face to

the valley

below and

an amusement park nde than

is

so steep

a train trip.

It

it

once

served a coal mine and you will pass by openings to old

mines and the remains of a horse-drawn tramway. A walking track at the bottom of the railway leads to a rock formation known as the Ruined Castle. The round tnp on this walk will take you about 6 hours. The first part of the walk is through tall open forest which contains the white-trunked Blue Mountains ash (Eucalyptus oreades) and the smooth-barked apple gum (Angophora costata), easily recognized by its twisted, bumpy trunk. The Australian bush is quite different from the forests and woodlands of Europe and America. The abundant eucalyptus trees give an overall impression of gray rather than the green of a European forest. The trees of the open forest are taller and the soil there is deeper than on the exposed ridgetops and the extra moisture due to runoff causes many of the trees to be covered in moss.

Soon you

will find yourself in a rich, cool rainforest.

lush green vegetation includes the

which bears pinkish once part of the

lilly pilly

(Acmena

were Other plants you will

berries in winter. These berries

local Aborigines' diet.

see include the strap water fern (Blechnum patersonii)

rough

tree fern (Cyathea austraiis)

and

rainforest trees

fragrantly scented leaves,

Sisters

— a famous landmark of

and such

which has and the magnificent coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum). In this area and also in the open forest you may also be lucky enough to see a lyrebird preening its magnificent plumage. The lyrebird has a fanned tail of feathers which opens in similar fashion to that of a peacock. as the yellow sassafrass (Doryphora sassafras),

The Three

The

smithii),

the Blue Mountains.

It is

also a

wonderful mimic.

S h r u

The

New

Wales waratah

Sout/i

—a

b

s

Telopea speciosissima

colorful note in bushland.

you climb a steep track leading to a and the Ruined Castle. The trees here are smaller than those of the open forest and the vegetation more sparse. Walk a little further on and you will come upon the singularly striking red flowers of the waratah, which grows in profusion on the ridgetops and hillsides beneath the shelter of eucalypts such as red bloodwood (Eucalyptus gummijera). The soil is very sandy and covered in leaves and twigs. The understory After the rainforest

ridge

here contains a

man

number

of attractive shrubs including the old

banksia (Banksia serrata), which has leathery leaves and

creamy yellow bottlebrush-like flowers. Like the waratah, it also blooms in spring and summer. Undoubtedly, the most distinctive plant in the area is the waratah. Both its common and botanical names mean "to be seen from afar." In 1793, Sir James Smith, President of the

A

Royal Society, wrote in his book

New

the prolific soil of

New

sent both of Europeans to

Specimen of the Botany of

Holland (Australia): "The most magnificent plant which

about 9V2

ft

(about 3

is, by common conand Natives, the Waratah." It grows

Holland affords

m) with

foliage of leathery, coarsely

The large heads of closely packed flowers, enby bright red bracts and carried on strong stems, are

serrated leaves. circled

an adaptation

to bird pollination.

Large nectar-feeding birds

such as the wattle-bird and noisy miner are frequent their color vision enabling a

long

way

them

visitors,

to spot the flowerheads

from

Telopea The waratahs belong to a remarkable group of trees and shrubs found on both sides of the South Pacific and Indian Oceans the Proteaceae (see A Field Trip to the Cape Floral Kingdom, page 193), a family significant for its strong evolutionary association with Gondwana. The true waratah genus (Telopea) consists of four or

—

(an isolated population in northeastern New South Wales may be a distinct species). T. speciosissima is confined to a small area on the central coast of New South Wales and inland for less than 62 miles (about 100 km). The Braidwood waratah (T. mongaensis) is also found in New South Wales. It has bright red, loosely packed flowerheads. The Gippsland waratah (T. arcades) can be found in the damp ranges of southeastern New South Wales and eastern Victoria. It has small heads of crimson flowers. The Tasmanian five species

w aratah r

(T.

truncata)

waratah but has more

conspicuous flowers. The has proved hardy under sheltered con-

latter

ditions in the British Isles.

off.

Waratahs

Other birds commonly seen here are gray currawongs, striking crimson rosellas and white-eared honeyeaters. Bold currawongs come quite close, particularly if you have some food to share. The area is also home to the ring-tailed possum and another bat-like" possum, the sugar glider. You may also Before you start your return journey, take time to climb to

Ruined Castle and enjoy the panoramic views. The plants and wildlife alone would make this walk worth-

magnih

grown

for

cut flowers in

South Africa, Israel and California as well as in

south-

the top ol the

while but the

are

their native

glimpse shy wallabies.

ry

makes

it

unforgettable.

is

similar to the Gippsland

eastern Australia.

227

7

228

Shrubs RIBES

only natural

CURRANT. GOOSEBERRY

Ultimate height varies from 3-6

These are mostly deciduous shrubs found throughout Europe. North Amenca and Asia and popular for

rainfall in the

West

blue:

(about 90-180 cm).

R odoratum,

the buffalo berry,

similar but

is

colors. Scent

their tasty fruits. Their leaves are

and high Midwest

any exciting

fall

color.

Stems

on many species may be spiny, on those called gooseberries where the fruits are also spiny. Care must be taken to avoid planting some species near white pines as

white pine blister rust; most of the

western American species are ant to the rust. suits

Sun or

light

is

Growing to a height and spread of around 6 ft (about 1 .8 m\ it bears of spicily fragrant.

dainty, rose-pink flowers in winter

shade

them, along with a woodsy

or early spring, followed in turn

by

Names come

and go from the catalogues wTth alarming speed, and we shall simply list here the most important classes accepted by the World Federation of Rose Societies, illustrating a typical variety or

two of each and de-

toothed leaves are also aromatic. Propagate from hardwood cuttings

order to place them roughly in their

fall.

There are several

cultivars, differing in their precise

There are roses adapted to all parts of North America: check with your local rose historical sequence.

society for those species

shade of pink.

and hyThey

This native of the mountains of

brids that thrive in your area.

Europe is grown for its bnght green on dense, twiggy mounds to 5 ft (.about 1.5 m) tall and wide.

soil.

leaves

all

sheared or not,

its

are inconspicuous.

flowers It

and

fruits

does not host

the blister rust.

R.

GOLDEN CURRANT

Native to the mountain states of the

drought tolerant, deciduous shrub produces masses of golden yellow flowers with a this tough,

spicy fragrance in early spring. fruits are black,

The

purplish or orange

summer and are

Adaptable and hardy it will thrive with moderate water, but survives with in

edible.

spring-only

is

native to Central America.

it

bears in spring.

It

has dark green, oval leaves and does fertile, well-drained soil in

best in a

full light

or partial shade. Keep

potted specimens well watered in full

growth. Prune back annually in

early spring, taking flowered shoots

back

to within a

few nodes of the

types'!

caterpillars, scale insects,

diseases

may prove bothersome,

and

important to seek the guid-

it is

ance of an experienced grower as to

which varieties are most resistant your local conditions. Roses are normally propagated by budding

in

summer or

cuttings taken in late

WILD ROSES

summer.

in

summer, although man\ of the strongest varieties grow readily from

from seed

Ribes aureum

mildew,

black spot, rust, and various virus

fall.

in spring or semi-ripe

or in winter (for

"repeat-flowering" types\ Aphids.

previous years growth. Propagate cuttings in

Kibes odoratum

rich, well-drained

shrub

scented flowers

West,

and

This erect, branching, evergreen

RONDELEIIA

Growing to a height of 9 ft (about 2.7 m) and spread of 6 ft (about 1 .8 m), it is grown for the dense, rounded clusters of pink, tubular,

an r cum

prefer sun

Pruning consists of removing weak or elderly branches and shortening the rest, and is carried out either immediately after bloom (for

Excellent for hedging, either

Ribcs sanguineum

long-limbed

are always treated in

parting from strict alphabetical

taken in

ALPINE CURRANT

to giant,

blue-black berries. The dark green, soil

alpinum

up

which

chapter on climbers.

native to

the west coast ot North America.

resist-

and moderate amounts of water R.

This deciduous shrub

handsome sprays

some

gardens as climbing plants and so are included in this book in the

FLOWERING CURRANT

especially

they are an alternate host for the

tall

plants

sanguineum

R.

variable,

range from under 12 in (.about 30

cm>

usually 3 to 5 lobed and seldom give

is

others virtually none. The plants

:-9

-

feature blends

cultivars offenng intense fragrance,

is

native to the prairies

plains of the

many cultivars

and variegations of two or more

ft

There are between one and two

:o-ii

hundred species of Rosa, distributed very widely throughout the north-

ROSA

em hemisphere. All tend to be variable

The all

rose

is

flowers,

perhaps the best loved of

and

it is

prosaic to de-

one of late spring- or summer-flowering deciduous shrubs with pnckly scribe the genus as

branches, pinnate leaves and terminal inflorescences: the flowers being

un wild roses) almost always

hence number. They

to interbreed freely,

are mostly arching shrubs,

some

climbers, and probably about half are garden worthy.

Only a few are

described here to give an idea of the range. R. foetida

5

petaled. usually pale pink or white,

sometimes

and

the uncertainty in the

red. purple or yellow;

At STR1AN BRIAR

This deciduous, rather rang}-, 4

m)

: ft

by no means always, fragrant: and followed by red or orange fruits called "hips". Such a

shrub from Iran is of great historical importance as the

description does not account for the

garden roses. It comes in two forms: R/. lutea, the Austrian Yellow, with brilliant deep yellow flowers around 3 in (about 7.5 cm) across: and RJ. bicolor, the Austrian Copper, identical except for its brilliant orange-red petals with yellow reverses. Both flower in late spring and have a strong, sharp scent which many dislike hence the name foetida meaning "smelly". The name Austrian briar comes from the rose having been introduced in northern

often, although

charm

which has led

of the flowers,

gardeners to develop

many thou-

sands of hybrids and garden cultivars. often flowering intermit-

spring or early sumMost have many more petals than 5, which are arranged in a variety of flower forms and in a much wider variety of colors: even.' shade of red and pink, white, yellow, orange, mauve, purple, coral, tently

from

mer until

late

fall.

in fact everything that

is

but true

(about 1.3

tall

chief ancestor of the

—

modem yellow-

V

Rosa pimpinellifolia

Europe from Austria in the sixteenth is a double yellow

century. There

version

known as

'Persian Yellow',

introduced from Iran in 1837. All

forms are susceptible to black spot. ZONES 4-10 R.

glauca

high.

syn. R. rubrifolia

This 6-9

ft

and

m)

(about 1.8-2.7

grown mainly

gray foliage.

plum

young and when in full sun;

the plant

much

is

it

when

tinted is

grown

sought after

by flower arrangers. The small pink, late

spring flowers are rather fleeting

and

of less account, but the red-

brown hips

prickles

resem-

bumet

gives rise to

2 in (about 5

fragrant,

cm) wide flowers

are

3-9

ple.

Black hips follow in

assume muted

fall,

when

tints.

ing of extremely frost-resistant gar-

moyesii

R.

This

China rid

i

den

deciduous shrub from grown both for ihe deep

tall, is

old

roses.

around 4

and may be white, pink or violet. They are scented of cloves, and are followed by in (about 2 cm) long globular hips The foliage colors clear yellow in fall. In the wild it grows within sight of the sea, and is invaluable for seaside gardens and sandy soil It is the best forms

perhaps the best of all roses hedging. There are

a

It

ilii

gawky grower to around m) while several more [i

whi< h

is

i

ted

the 6

fi

mil

l" si

thi Ft

I

,

aboul

I

nol

S

m

tall

/

6fi (aboul

.

.ill

I

t

5

l

1

I

\

irginiana

8m)tall,

thii eting and r) th from [apan, Korea and northiiin.i isone ol est ol

fl

have been

rv rw

ol

ZONES

(about 2 7

introdui ed

for

number

R\M\NVSROSE

in fall I

a

garden varieties with single and double flowers The species has entered into the breeding lines ol

R. is

10 cm) across in

ease and cold

rugosa

R.

(he spectacular display of large,

bottle-shaped scarlet hips

in (about

modern shrub roses and climbers. giving them great resistance to dis-

ns spring flowers and

<>l

Rosa gallica 'Cardinal Richelieu'

1

borne in spring and are very vanable in color, from white through pale yellow, and pale pink to pur-

Double-flowered varieties have been cultivated since the eighteenth century, and in recent years the species has been used in the breed-

are

thornless or mostly so.

ZONES

many straight

common name). The

the leaves

borne

are generously

and decorative Most forms

has

blance to salad its

for its decorative

It is

It

fern-like leaves (their

tall,

arching shrub from central Europe is

Native from the British Isles through Europe and Asia to China and Korea, this densely thicketing shrub grows around 3 ft (about 90 cm)

VIRGINIA

ROM

This 4

2

Iti

\

furnished with brighi

gi

and widi

densel [uilted

i

lump ing

ft

(about 1.3

foi

.'.

lati

m)

pring-bloom-

hrub from ea tern

\mri

h

.i

r

i

mi ol

tall

1

orth

>'

ipring

t'

i

fall

1

1

i

(about 7

in

borne

and

darl

fhi

bright

pii

cm)

of orange-red hips.

ZONE-

OLD GARDEN ROSES These are the groups which were developed before the rather arbitral^

when 'La France', bud eas large-flow-

date 1867, ol the h)

first

I

I

ered bush roses), was introduced fall into two mam groups the uropean roses, mainl) di ived from the Mediterranean spec ies R gallica and spring oi earl) summerflowei ing only, and including the Gallicas, Alba--, Damasks and Moss roses; and those which were bud hum rosses ol these w ith repeal flowering roses from ( hina, bred then from the spe< hese in< lude th hina roses, the and I

he)

old

I

i

it

I

[reel

5

in small clusters.

The leaves color brilliantly in fall. and there is usually a lavish displaj

(

I

irabl

n( wild in 'in

across, are

(

i

flow ring hrub

Rosa virginiana white Rowers. 3

lybrid

Pi

rpi

230

Shrubs Damask

Alba roses

syn. R. x

These derive from the hybrid species R. x alba.

They

m)

These are thought to have originated as hybrids between R. gallica

are strong,

prickly bushes, usually about 6

ft

and the otherwise insignificant R. phoenecia. They are rather lax growing shrubs from 3'/2 -6 ft (about

and wide with gray-green leaves and flowers in (about 1.8

roses

damascena

tall

refined shades of white or pink,

m)

with matt-tex-

around 3 in (about cm) wide, earned erect, and are mainly very fragrant The double vaneties open flat and often "quarers are usually

is

7.5

The flowers range from white through pink to crimson and purple, and most varieties are very large in flower to 6 in (about 1 5 cm) or slightly more and fragrant.

tered", a style of flower all

common

in

European old roses. They are summer flowenng only Mil-

the

early

dew may be

a

problem.

1-1.8

need only very

ZONES 5-10

ZONES 4-10

and flowers in shades of pink or white Most are very fragrant. The majority flower in

Bourbon roses

summer only, although

Denved

small group called Fall

Damasks

which repeat sparingly

in

These are derived from crosses of all the old types, and were the leading garden roses from about 1840 until World War 1; few of the many thousands of vaneties then raised are available now. They are mostly tall shrubs to 6 ft (about 1 .8 m), with long, lax branches that may be bent

in height,

tured, light green leaves

from crosses between China roses and Damasks, these are mainly arching shrubs around 47: ft (about 1.3 m) tall; a originally

there

is

a

fall.

--10

R. gallica

and

varieties

few are best treated as climbers.

Flowers are mainly double, opening

cupped or flat, and very fragrant. They are available in shades from white to red and purple. Most varieties are repeat flowering,

some

although

are not very generous about

smooth, and the stems only lightly armed with pnckles. Foliage

•

is

5-10

Rosa Coupe d'Hebe' (Bour

it.

GALLICA ROSES

Denved

from R. gallica, these varieties are mainly upnght bushes growing to around 3V2 ft directly

m) high and

down

short stakes to create a great

to

textured leaves and flowers in

shades of pink, crimson and purple,

sting}'

1

a bit less

wide, with small prickled, rough-

often striped or blended.

Monsieur

Tillier'

The flow-

(Tea)

unless very generously

manured, and the term "perpetual"

Rosa chinensis

roses

These arose mainly as sports of Centifolia vaneties, although some are forms of the Damask roses. They resemble their parents except for the strongly developed, resinous

glands on the sepals, which resemble fragrant moss.

They are

available

in shades of white through crimson,

and

a few are spanngly repeat flowenng. They were great favontes in

Victorian times.

mass of

summer flowers. Whether there will be a comparable fall show depends on the variety; many are distinctly

(about

—

-

syn. R. x centifolia Moscosa'

Hybrid Perpetual roses

over horizontally and tied

—

Moss

almost always very fragrant. They light pruning.

nurserypersoris salesmanship.

5-10

Portland roses Derived from crosses between the Gallica types

and China

roses, the

Portlands are mostlv erect shrubs

Rosa x

centifolia Bullata'

7

ml tall with h (aboul smooth leaves and 4-5 in (about 10-12 cm) wide flowers, usually lull\' double and quartered around JVj

I

luxuriant,

in

shades of white, pink, red or They are repeat blooming,

full range of colors, but long Iragrance is exceptional The

able in the si

best varieties are disease resistant.

purple.

ZONES 5-10

although the amount of fall bloom depends on how generously the

Ground cover

bushes are

fertilized

and watered.

Tea roses

can be used as ground cover,

syn. R. x odorata

The Teas, so

though very few

called because of a

sufficiently

fancied resemblance between their

tea leaves, are

thought

to

have been

derived in China from crosses be-

and the climbing They are mainly bushes growing to around 4V2 ft (about 1.3 m) high and wide (taller in mild climates) although some are climbers. Leaves are smooth and R. chinensis

rose R. gigantea.

often glossy. Flowers are large, to

and

bome

almost

all

stalks

year in mild

climates or from late spring to

elsewhere.

They

in delicate

fall

shades

of pink, white, apricot or yellow.

Prized by Victorian gardeners, they are outstanding in subtropical

climates.

MODERN GARDEN ROSES These include the types developed since the 1870s, and represent the

bulk of roses grown today. They are classed as Bush roses (either large or cluster flowered) pact, upright

(about 90 cm)

more

rather

which make com-

bushes around 3

in

which are

fall;

taller, less

and more informal cluster roses. Most varieties are repeat flowering

Few have much

Large-flowered bush roses syn. Hybrid

roses, but also incorporating the

blood of

R. foetida

available. Fragrance

Shrub

upright

is

ering bushes growing only around

zones 5-10

and flowers reduced in proand Climbers, which may

portion;

or

may

not be repeat flowering.

variable,

vigor and resistance to disease,

sought

or less, with

is

being very richly scented, others almost scentless. So varieties

Miniatures, which are repeat-flow-

leaves

and one or two

most important of all classes of roses. They are mainly upright bushes, displaying large, 5-7 V2 in (about 12-18 cm) flowers singly on strong stems from late spring or early summer to fall, and are preeminent for cutting. Growth varies from 3 ft (about 90 cm) to twice that, depending on climate and conditions. Most are hardy, although some winter protection will be needed in extreme winter climates such as those of the Midwest and mountain states. The range of colors is enormous; just about everything but blue and bnght green is

and

tall

Tea roses

Derived originally from crosses

growers, mostly repeat flowering;

12 in (about 30 cm)

fragrance.

zones 5-10

some

mild climates) and

flower from late spring to roses,

ft

(although often

tall

dense or evergreen

smother weeds. They

other species, these are perhaps the

are of elegant form,

and come mainly

to

between Hybrid Perpetuals and Tea

5 in (about 12 cm), usually carried

on rather weak flower

enough

al-

(as yet) are really

have flowers resembling the smaller

scent and that of freshly prepared

singly

roses

These are a very recent development, and are best thought of as prostrate or trailing shrub roses that

ZONES 5-10

tween

Most are They are avail-

the large-flowered roses. excellent for cutting.

local

knowledge should be

in selecting varieties.

Miniature roses syn. Fairy roses

Derived originally from exception-

dwarf China roses crossed with Bush roses, the Miniatures are scaled down bush roses usually growing to around 14 in (about 35 cm) with flowers around 1 2 in (about 3 cm) wide. The bushes are smaller if propagated from cuttings; budded plants tend to grow larger, to around 20 in (about 50 cm). ally

Cluster-flowered bush roses syn. Floribunda roses, Hybrid

Polyantha roses

Originated in the

1

920s from

crosses between large-flowered

Bush roses and Polyanthas, the Cluster roses rival the large-flow-

ered roses in popularity, and inter-

breeding between the two has led to

becoming

the division

they can be mingled freely in

tinct;

heds

rather indis-

if

one so chooses. The Cluster

types are generally a

little

shorter in

growth, and bear smaller blooms clusters of

summer

"3

to

in

20 or so from early

The individual (low ers range from 2'A-4 in (about 6-10 cm), and can be single to lully doubli

high

<

to

fall

mfi inn, illy

shaped

01 in die

entered form traditional lor

Rosa Jaques Carrier' (Portland)

Perpetual)

Bushes grown from cuttings are growing in containers and rockeries; the larger, budded excellent for

plants are useful for giving touches of low. bright color in the garden. All the

usual Bush rose colors are

available, but few varieties

much

in the

way

of seen]

have I

hey arc

usually very free and continuous in bl<

10m, and delightful

llower

foi

small

ai

Rosa '

10

Rosa 'General Jacqueminot' (Hybrid

(

ei ile

BrOnner'

(

Polyantha)

232

Shrubs

Salix purpurea

Rosa Rise n Shine' (Miniature)

nas are mainly compact shrubs from

center of leaf-like structures that are

20-42

actually flattened stems, each end-

in (about

50-100 cm)

tall,

with distinctively pointed leaves.

ing in a sharp point. Useful for dry.

They flower very continuously from spnng to fall; many will flower all year in frost-free climates. The flowers are usually around 2 in (about 5 cm) wide and are carried in clusters. They come in shades of true red or pink, with the flowers becoming deeper in color as they age; most are only mildly fragrant. They are pruned in winter.

shady sites, it does well in sun or shade and prefers a heavy, moist, alkaline soil. It grows to a height of 30 in (about 76 cm) and a spread of 3 ft (about 90 cm). Propagate by division in spring. In days gone by butchers made a brush from the spiky stems to clean their chopping blocks.

ZONES 7-10

RUSSELIA

Centifolia roses syn. R. x ce ntifolia, R. proxincialis

equisetiformis syn. R.juncea

CABBAGE ROSES

These are of garden origin and make floppy bushes, usually from 4V; -6 ft (about 1.3-1.8 m) 'tall with coarsely toothed leaves,

many sharp

pnckles and nodding, very double flowers in white or pink; a few

CORAL PLANT. CORAL FOUNTAIN. CRACKER PLANT

This trailing shrub

is

FIRE-

a native of

grown for the clusters of handsome, red. tubular flowers it bears all year round set among tiny, Mexico.

It is

T

show deeper tones. The term cabbage roses comes from the globular flower shape. They are intensely

Russeha equisetiformis

Modern shrub

around 14

These are something of a mixed bag, with several sub-groups, but most are too tall and robust for growing in beds in the usual way; they are placed in the garden as other deciduous flowering shrubs are and can be used to great effect in

mixed borders.

Among the recog-

nized groups are the Hybrid Musks, large, arching bushes with sprays of very fragrant flowers resembling

They bear

in (about

from

They

35 cm)

tall.

late

spring to

are available in shades

Mildew may be

a

fall.

from

white through pink and salmon red.

to

problem. The

only variety to have retained general favor

is

the lovely pale pink 'Cecile

new group, mostly resembling the Cluster roses in habit but claimed

by

their origina-

grow and needing no pruning; "English roses", raised by the English grower David Austin who has sought to unite the grace and full petaled, scented flowers of the old European tors to be exceptionally easy to

A rough,

erect,

shrub,

aculeatus

R.

branching, evergreen is

native to the

Mediterranean region. In spring it bears tiny, star-shaped, green flow-

flowered bush roses, usually around

front of a

They are useful for the mixed rose bed, for small

spaces or for growing in pots, but

stems are rarely long enough

roses with the repeat flowering habit

their

and brighter colours of the Bush

for cutting.

roses. Hardiness varies tremendously. ZONES 5-10

Polyantha roses

but other-

wise resemble the taller-flowered varieties.

ZONES 5-10 R. chinensis

and

varieties

CHINA ROSES

Mainly of historical importance

Introduced from China

now, these dwarf bushes grow

of the eighteenth century, the Chi-

to

It

grows

to a height

at the

ft

and

(about 90

or by division in spring. ZONES 9-11

BUTCHERS BROOM

a recognized class,

tall,

sunny

cm). Propagate from stem cuttings

but are becoming very popular. They are short-growing, cluster-

50 cm)

a

well suited

aculeatus

Dwarf Floribunda roses

in (about

it is

RUSCUS

Patio roses

20

and prefers

to spilling over a wall or as a seaside

cluster-flowered roses; "landscape roses", a fairly

soil

spot. Fast growing,

specimen.

by bright red berries. The flowers and fruit appear in the

These are not

does

ZONES 5-10

ers followed

BrUnner'.

syn.

drained

spread of just under 3

small, scentless flowers in

large clusters

R. equisetiformis

best in a light, humus-rich, well-

fragrant.

Ruscus aculeatus

roses

green leaves.

end Rosa 'Buff Beauty' (Modern shrub)

SALIX purpurea PURPLE OSIER WILLOW

Native to Europe, to Siberia and Japan, south to North Africa and

S h

urkey, this deciduous, bushy spe-

I

CieS has a

10

5

1

mi

(about 4 5

It

spread

It

sexes: the

ple.

and

in height

Great plants for softening ihe

harshness of

garden, toler-

a desert

shade and only occasional watering to extend the

bears catkins of both

ating

male ones have yellow

sun

full

to part

flowering season.

anthers, while the female ones are

both are borne on

insignificant;

blue and reddish pur-

fluffy balls ol

spreading habit and grows

ZONES 8-10

slender purplish shoots in spring

oblong, deep green leaves are often

borne

in opposite pairs,

species distinctive.

dwarf form with

making

the

S. p. 'Gracilis' is

compact

a

greggii

S.

The narrow,

prior to the leaves.

a

habit.

ZONES 3-8

FALL SAGE, CHERRY SAGE

These shrubs are native from Texas into Mexico, and are long-flowering additions to dryish gardens in the Southwest and California. Leaves

and aromatic; the plants under 3 ft (about 90 cm) but are

are small

SALVIA

are

wider.

Above the

foliage rise slender

stems with broad-lipped sage blos-

The shrubby sages are an increasingly important group of garden plants for mild winter areas, or as

summer "annuals"

Many

elsewhere.

originate in Mexico and Central America, a few from California and

the Southwest. All have paired

soms

salmon, pink,

in red, orange,

and blends; flowers are produced from spring through fall in coastal areas, and in fall and winter in the desert. Cut to the ground when flowering ceases

Many branching stems rise from the ground, each usually topped in spring by a flat, 8 in (about 20 cm) wide cluster of tiny, creamy white flowers. These are followed by blue-black berries, popular with birds. There are many selections with colored leaves, such as 'Aurea' (yellow), 'Purpurea' (deep maroon-black) and Argentea' (variegated with white). They rich,

well-drained

all

prefer a

and plenty a height and

soil

of

grow to spread of around 18 ft (about 5.5 m), somewhat less if they are cut back every year or two to encourage

sun and

will

young, vigorous growth. Propagate from suckers in late fall. ZONES 5-9

pale yellow, white

SANTOLINA chamaecyparissus LAVENDER COTTON

This low-spreading, evergreen

ers in short or long spikes; flower

available.

of the Mediterranean,

colors represent the entire rainbow,

ZONES 9-10

height of 24 in (about 60 cm) and a

to

and two-lipped, tubular flow-

shrub, native to mild, coastal areas

including green, black and white.

grown in a sunny situation with good soil and moderate water, Easily

they reward with abundant flowers,

end

usually toward the

of the sea-

son when few other plants are blooming. Hummingbirds adore most of them. Easily propagated from cuttings at nearly any time.

S.

more.

A native

of South Amenca, this shrubby perennial is a dependable bloomer for the back of the border. Dark blue-violet flowers are produced on loose spikes from mid-

summer until round

em Africa and

native to south-

is

bears

brown

or red-

orange flowers in dense clusters nearly year round. soft, light

The

foliage is

gray and aromatic.

best in a

sunny position with

drained,

fertile soil.

ZONES 5.

almost year

late fall,

in mild winter regions. Large,

bold texture This dense shrub

spread of 3

guaranitica

bright green, paired leaves give a

africana-lutea

S.

does

It

a well-

to the plants,

will easily reach 6

which

(about 1.8

ft

m)

and spread. 'Argentina Skies' was selected for its pale blue flowers. Sun or light shade in the hottest areas, a rich soil and moderin height

It

ft

grows

to a

(about 90 cm) or

bears bright yellow,

rounded flowerheads on long

stalks

summer set among oblong,

gray-

in

ish green leaves.

Cotton lavender

does best in a sunny spot in soil that is well drained but not too nch.

Water from time to time and deadhead continually. Straggly old plants should be pruned to a neat rounded habit in early spring. 5. rosmannifohus

(S.

virens) is very

similar but with green leaves

and

cream-green flowers. Propagate

from semi-ripe cuttings

in

summer.

ZONES 7-10

ate water will ensure the best per-

formance

9-11

u b

lets.

encourage new growth. Many hybrids and named selections are

leaves

I

in the garden.

testing in colder zones

Worth

by mulching

deeply over winter.

clevelandii

ZONES 8-10 CLEVELAND SAGE

This shrubby sage

is

a characteristic

S.

leucantha

and scrublands of California, where its aromatic foliage and flowers add a

MEXICAN BUSH SAGE

distinct fragrance to the air. Usually

grown

plant of the dry chaparral

gray-green

a

mound no more

(about 90 cm)

ft

1.5

m) wide,

tall

its soft

and 5

ft

than 3

(about

lavender-blue

flowers are produced

12-24

rising

above the

in

on stems (about 30-60 cm)

foliage

Winifred Gilman'

more compact, with deeper blue flowers. Sun and heat are preferred, along with good drainage and little or no summer water once estabis

lished.

This Mexican native

woody peranmal

don

really a

seemingly endless

its

display of woolly purple and white flowers on long, aching spikes. Soft,

gray-green foliage

is

attractive

all

year round. Plants will reach 3-4

ft

(about 90-120 cm) in height and spread,

making

it

suitable for the

middle of the border;

often

is

it

used as a flowering hedge in mild winter regions. Sun, good drainage and occasional water suit this dependable sage.

i-10 5.

for

is

(or sub-shrub),

H-10

ii

SAMBUCUS

OORRISAGI DFSFRTSAGF

nigra I

his

Southwest native is a low only 24-36 in (aboul K)-90

mound <

mi

tall,

wiih attractive silvery pi

ol

III

It I

winters Spring and early

flowers are produced

foli

in

ROPFANIIDIR

Fl

must common! many elderberries, ihisspe-

mm- hi the

1

of the

summer

dense,

igntons shrub with leases 1 1

ided

>

|

1

1

1

1

1

.

1

1 '

1 .

1

1

1

• 1

>

1

1

Salvia

i

/rwlcitii/ii

SdinliiK us nigra 'Aurea'

s

2

i

J

234

Shrubs

SARCOCOCCA

of sparsely petaled, small, yellow

flowers in mid-winter.

hookeriana var. humilis syn.

5.

handsome and

humilis

sun

SWEET BOX

shrub

is

superb for deep shade. The

shiny green leaves usually hide the

from mid-winter to spring, but their

clusters of tiny white flowers

presence

is

known by

the intense,

makes an

is

prefers full

It

well-drained

and a

shrub. Prune annually to keep habit compact.

It

grows

its

box needs shade except where summers are cool. Give it a woodsy soil and regular watenng. Propagate by dividing clumps or by separating rooted suckers.

S. ruscijolia is

similar

but is larger and less hardy (zones 9-10).

This erect, branching, evergreen

shrub bears

large, terminal panicles

for

fragrant flowers Usually with

10-30

with a spread of

native to the cooler parts of Asia,

3 m).

and so is a town gardens and it

bears clus-

white flowers.

If

male

it

at least

fragrance.

A tough plant,

together, bright red berries will

it is

last

into winter.

leaves are aromatic,

dark green and glossy.

S.

mid-

to

(about

it

needs

soil in full sun:

—poor

soil

and

SPANISH BROOM

adaptable to regular or infre-

This sparse, twiggy, almost

leafless,

deciduous shrub is native to southem Europe. In spnng it bears long. showy spikes of bnght yellow, peashaped flowers. The leaves are very small and sparse. S. junceum does best in a

sunny spot

in soil that

is

well-drained but not too rich. Prune in early spring to maintain a

pact habit.

It

grows

spread of 6-10

Too

easily

ft

com-

to a height

and

(about 1.8-3 m).

grown from

seed,

it

has

quent watering.

naturalized in most of the areas

ZONE?

where

7-1

it is

well adapted, especially

along the West Coast.

japonica

prefers a well-drained, acid soil

shade or semi-shade

ft

vrded into many rounded leaflets The purple flowers resemble those of wistena and have a sweet, fruity only a well-drained

and

10

leaves are pinnately di-

Its

and female plants have been grown fall

grow to m) in height

will

(about 3-9

ft

This dense, round, evergreen shrub, resistant to air pollution

a native of Texas

evergreen foliage

its

multiple trunks,

is

is

junceum

valuable throughout the

is

japonica

The VELVET GROUNDSEL

This large shrub

and

follow in

petasitis

SPARTIUM

MESCAL BEAN TEXAS MOUNTAIN LAI REL

SKIMMIA

ters of tiny,

SESECIO

sedundiflora

Southwest

parks. In early spring

The genus is named after Dr Andes Sparmann, a Swedish naturalist

ZONES 10-U

SOPHOR.A

and

for

ft (about 3 m). Propagate from cuttings in spring.

to a height

and spread of 4V 2 ft (about 1.3 m). Propagate from semi-npe cuttings in summer.

good choice

spread of around 10

aboard Captain Cook's historic second voyage.

?-]

soil. It

these are followed by small black

sweet

It

excellent coastal garden

honey-like fragrance they release; berries. Generally carefree,

much sun will cause chlorosis. grows to a height and spread of 4V2 ft (about 1.3 m). Propagate from cuttings in summer. too

foliage

in a protected position

rich, moist,

This low, spreading, evergreen

lobed.

The

It is

best not

where it may escape natural plant community. to use

SPARMAWJA

or

ajhcana

it

into a

ZONES 8-10

AFRICAN LINDEN AFRICAN HEMP

This erect, spreading, evergreen

shrub or small

tree, native to

south-

em Africa, bears clusters of delightful,

white flowers

amid

green leaves. singleIt

It is

year round

available in

Water

growth,

fertile,

freely

less so at

well-drained

when

in full

S.

size.

grows to a height of (about 3-6 m) and a

ajricana

10-20

ft

WREATH

Native to the northern hemisphere these thick, often arching, decidu-

grown

for their beautiful spring or

summer displays

of pink, white or

crimson flowers. They do best in fertile,

other times. Prune

hard even- few years to control

SP1REA. BRIDAL

ous or semi-evergreen shrubs are

both

and double-flowered types

does best in

soil.

all

large, heart-shaped, light

SPIR.MA

a

moist, well-drained soil in

A layering of manure in

full

sun.

and

early spring will bring out the

fall

best quality bloom. Cut back spent

heads to the old wood. Propagate from softwood cuttings in summer. S.

cantoniensis

syn.

5.

reevesiana

REEVES SPIREA

This deciduous shrub, with arching, slender stems, is native to China and Japan. It grows to a height and spread of 6 ft (about 1.8 m) and is

prized for its showy clusters of white flowers that appear in spring. These are set among narrow, dia-

mond-shaped

leaves with saw-

toothed margins. Sarcococca hookeriana var. humilis

>

petasms

Shimmia japonica

iwwergix

Spiral S.

japonica

syn. S. x bumalda JAPANESE SPIREA

This low, mounding, deciduous

shrub bears rose-pink

to red flowers

from late spring to mid-summer grows to a height and spread of around 3 ft (about 90 cm). The cream and pink variegated new

It

leaves turn green as they mature. is the most commonly cultivated selection. 'Goldflame' has become popular for its bronze new growth which turns

'Anthony Waterer'

golden as

more compact at only 18 45 cm). All are good additions to a shrub or mixed border, or when used as a low hedge. It has the best foliage of any in the genus. ('Nana')

is

in (about

(about 1.8 m). Propa-

ft

gate from softwood or semi-ripe

cuttings in

ZONES

summer.

9-11

SNOWBERRY, CORALBERRY

thunbergii

These showy, cold-climate shrubs

thunbergii is a dense, deciduous shrub that bears clusters of single white flowers along the arching S.

branches

spread of 6

SYMPHORICARPOS

ZONES 3-10 S.

Streptosolen jamesonii

matures. 'Alpina'

it

grown

are

for the clusters of long-

white

lasting, pink-tinted or puffy

m early spring. The leaves

berries that follow their

summer

are

bloom

ange in

Native to China and North America,

ZONES 4-8

their arching habit bends almost double under the weight of flowers

narrow and long and turn orfall. It grows to a height and spread of around 5 ft (about 1.5 m).

S.

and and

x vanhouttei

fruit.

They

prefer filtered sun

division in

This deciduous shrub bears dense clusters of white flowers

amid dark

diamond-shaped leaves in spring. It grows to a height of 6-8 green,

from

a rich, acid soil. Propagate

softwood cuttings

WREATH

BRIDAL

of small, bell-shaped flowers.

in

summer

or by

fall.

x chenaultii

5.

CHENAULT CORALBERRY ft

an arching, decidu-

(about 1.8-2.7 m).

This hybrid

ZONES 4-9

ous shrub with pinkish flowers in

is

spring followed by white pink.

STREPTOSOLEN

3-6

of

jamesonii MARMALADE

It

(about 90-180 cm).

ft

'Hancock' BL SH

This rather

1

terminal clusters of orange to yel-

is

2 in (about

dwarf selection only 30 cm) tall; it is good

a

ground covering

for

branching ever-

lax,

green, a native of Colombia, bears

ZONES

fruit tinted

reaches a height and spread

in a

shaded

area.

5-9

orbiculatus

S.

low, phlox-like flowers from spring

through

'year

fall

round

It

leaves. Full

sun suits

will thrive in a niii

prun

i.

ii

elopits ihapi

Idi

ii

bai

I

l>l< h

1

a

it

it

S

(ami

ihool

grows

i"

.i

-

i

icmii

i

while or pink flowers mi

i

to help

plani

afti

slender, deciduous shrub

the

height and

among

dark green

i

arii gat'

d

foi

m

n

i

hi

toahi

grov '

ighi

aboui 90

ii

I

i

i

I

here

Round, purple

and l

al

lall

red beiiics follow the bio im

i

i

lei

bens sum-

in late

leaves thai turn bronze in

rip

ng

ihrub bordi

flov ered

mi

Native to North America, this erect,

and

in full

times

'i

i

d<

i

best

well-drained, hu-

less ai othei

i

it

Water well

rich soil

.

in frOSt-

has narrow, oval

free areas)

growth

CORALBERRY. INDIAN CURRANT

pn ad

it

ol

i

Id m Spiraea

>

\

anhouttei

i

lii

minim

2 3 6

Shrub s

rose-pink in small, dense clusters

and

are delightfully fragrant;

it

occa-

sionally flowers twice in a season.

It

6-8 ft (about 1.8-2.4 m) height and spread.

will reach in

ZONES 4-8

patula 'Miss Kim'

5.

MISS KIM LILAC

This

is

a

excellent

compact lilac

season flowering. large leaves

Syringa patula Miss

Kim

and

It

its late

has relatively

fragrant flowers

6-8 and spread, but is slow growing and will remain only 3-4 ft (about 90-120 cm) tall for many years. that are pale

Syringa vulgaris

ft

rivularis

S.

selection of an

notable for

syn. S. albus var. laevigatus

SNOWBERRY

lilac. It

(about 1.8-2.4

m)

will reach

in height

ZONES 4-9 This deciduous, thicketing shrub

from western North America bears pink or white flowers in summer appearing among dark green, rounded leaves. Large, white fruits follow.

It

grows

to a height

and

5.

x persica

PERSIAN LILAC

Long

and

cultivated in western Asia

Asia Minor, this hybrid species

is

a

spread of 4'A ft (about 1.3 m). There is a form with variegated

deciduous, compact shrub. In

leaves.

small, delightfully fragrant flowers

spring

it

bears profuse sprays of

amid narrow, pointed, dark It grows to a height of just under 6 ft (about 1.8 m) with a set

green leaves.

SYRINGA

similar spread.

LILAC

ZONES

These vigorous, open, deciduous bushes, native to Europe and northeastern Asia, are are

grown

much

loved.

They

for the delightful fra-

grance of their flowers, which form in

dense panicles in any shade of mauve, purple or

red, pink, white,

even yellow, most being cultivars of the Turkish

S. vulgaris.

The

leaves

and small to medium in Most lilacs prefer a cold winter

are oval size.

bloom well the following spring. They do best in a deep, rest to

fertile,

well-drained, preferably

alkaline soil in full sun.

Prune

after

flowering to maintain the shape.

Dead-head for the first few years. Propagate by grafting or from softwood cuttings in summer. Grafted plants should be set with the graft union well

below the

soil

surface. S.

S.

5-9

vulgaris

COMMON

LILAC

Commonly found around

old farmhouses throughout eastern North

America, these are the best lilacs. Tall

m)

or

shrubs

to

12

ft

known

(about 3.5

more and with many stems

from the ground, they are topped in spring by wonderfully rising

fragrant panicles of small flowers, typically pale lavender but with

deep purple, and white. Somewhat more prone to mildew and other problems than the smaller species, they are nevertheless popular for their flowers and fragrance. They flower poorly without a winter chill; select from the Descano hycultivars available in

blue, pink, reddish

brids in a mild winter region.

ZONES 4-9

meyeri 'Palibin'

DWARF MEYER

TAMAR1X

LILAC

parviflora This compact

lilac

has relatively

small leaves, slightly hairy on the

This graceful, arching, deciduous

undersides. The flowers are violet to

shrub grows to a height and spread

1

i

Shrubs

ol

L2

tt

(about

m) Native

3 5

Mediterranean Europe,

to

ol tin) pink flowHue-green, sessile leaves Being wind and salt resistant, it does particularly well in exposed,

terminal racemes ers set

amid

will also thrive

It

in hoi interior situations, particu-

where soils are hea\y with salts. The shrub needs full sun and good drainage, but adapts to any watering regime. Prune back about larly

halfway immediately after flowering to maintain dense growth and maximum flowering. Propagate from

semi-hardwood cuttings

cuttings

fall

TECOMA stans syn. Bignonia stans, Stenolobium stans

YELLOW BELLS Native to Central America, this

branching, evergreen shrub

erect,

grows

15

to a height of

ml with

a spread

(.about 4.5

ft

under 10

ft

it

will

6

m)

become

colder regions. Their needle-like

deep green, flat and softly pointed; branching is usually graceful and dense. They all adapt to shearing and are often used for hedges and topianes. Their seeds are borne in red, fleshy fruits. They are perfectly happy in a lightly shaded situation, but will take full sun if protected from drying winds leaves are

in cold winters. Give

them

a tree of It

and regular watenng.

20

ft

(about

once established little

it

needs

occasional watering

growth. Prune

blooming

to

in full

annually after

maintain us habit

Propagate from soft-tip or semi-

hardwood

cuttings in

summer.

TECOMAR1A capensis syn.

Tecoma capensis

It

bears tubular, fiery orfall

through

among saw-toothed,

dark green

leaflets.

gracefully arching branches are

ml.

drought and

green, needle-like leaves.

eventually reach

60-90 cm)

24-36

in height

needs

little

It

it

Resistant to

does well in

growing to a height and spread of 6-9 ft (about 1.8-2.7

will

in (about

and several

salt

coastal areas,

two ranks of large, deep

lined with

Tccomana

ZONES 8-11

winter, set

feet

pruning.

It

does best in

fertile,

well-

dramed soil and likes an open. sunny position. It will climb if not pruned hard annually. Crowded stems should be thinned out in spnng. Propagate from semi-ripe

m summer or from seed in

cuttings spring.

cuspidata

ZONES

9-1

JAPANESE YEW

Though

TELOPEA

right

speciosissima

this species is a large, upshrub or small tree, many selections have been made that are

compact and very useful

WARATAH

for the

average garden. Columnaris'

is

narrow and is excellent for hedges. Nana is low and mounded and is good for smaller hedges Greenwave' is low wiih arching branches All are easily sheared to control size. 4-9

This tree-like shrub striking flowerhead.

It

is

popular

ZONES

9-

II

•

ml Mk

upright.

k si

'Brown n and

I

vcrlow are low

grown

for

its

which consists

rounded by common bracts An upright, bushy evergreen, it grows to a height and spread of 9 ft (about it needs a damp, sandy. neutral to acid loam and dappled rangements.

These hybrids between the English and Japant inge ol sizes and shapes lor the gar

is

of multiple, curved florets sur-

shade x media

while

r

set

The English yew is a large shrub becoming tree like with age; this selection is low and spreading, making an outstanding ground cover for a shaded situation. The

T.

>'

relatively

when

T. stans

ange-red flowers from

fr-10

•

water. Potted plants require an

climber.

SPREADING ENGLISH YEW

T.

>.'

pinnately divided leaves

This evergreen, shrubby climber can be grown either as a shrub or as a

baccata Repandens'

ZONES

1.8 m).

bears gorgeous,

CAPE HONEYSUCKLE

a rich

summer

(about

with narrow leaflets. It thrives in a rich, well-dramed soil in full sun;

These conifers are among the most useful of evergreen shrubs for

It

softly fragrant

den within the foliage; they are followed by red-orange berries in fall. Slow growing, this is an excellent shrub to mix with camellias and rhododendrons since it also prefers an acidic, woodsy soil and regular watenng. The ultimate height and spread are around 6 ft (about

;

or more.

through the warmer months

TAXUS

wide.

The

3 m); in completely frost-free areas

among

T.

ter.

take

golden yellow, tubular flowers right

ZONES 5-10

soil

may

flowers are small and yellow, hid-

in late

summer or from hardwood

deep green but on purplish tints in v.

leathery leaves are

tiny,

coastal positions.

in late

rounded, eventually reaching B (about 2.4 m) tall and wide, it is easily kept smaller by pruning.

Ii

bears

it

TERNSTROEM1A gymnanthera

surprising!) un

in floral ar-

capensis

>

237

Vgni molinae

Tibouchma urvilleana

softwood or semi-ripe cuttings any

golden foliage with

time in summer.

ZONES 8-10

tints of copper and bronze. Woodwardii' has a rounded form and a height and spread of around 8 ft (about 2.4 m)

but

THEVETL4

may lose

ZONES

peruviana syn. T. neriifolia

color in winter.

its

3-9

JIBOVCHINA

YELLOW OLEANDER

urvilleana Native to tropical America this up-

spreading evergreen bears

right,

set

summer though

fall,

among spider)', short-stemmed,

lance-shaped leaves.

does best in well-watered, well-drained, sandy It

Potted plants should

soil in full sun.

This upnght, branching native of

South America

grown

is

for the

delightful clusters of purple flowers it

summer to early winamong prominently veined,

bears from

ter set

hairy, oval leaves.

needs

well-drained, acid soil and

young stems

In very hot areas

in winter to

times called the of

its

bush" be-

"be-still

cause of the distinctive

movement

The plant is and should not might pose a

leaves in a breeze.

intensely poisonous

be planted where Tctrapanax papyriferus

semidecandra

be watered moderately in full growth, less at other times. Tip

promote branching. Propagate from seminpe cuttings in summer, or from seed in spring. T. peruviana is some-

Tuecrium fruticans

T.

PRINCESS FLOWER. PLEROMA

funnel-shaped

fragrant, yellow,

flowers from

syn.

it

ably well in

It

a rich, full

promote bushiness, pinch out growing tips regularly. Keep the soil moist during spring and summer. T urvilleana grows to a height of 10-18 ft (about 3-5.5 m) with a spread of 6-10

ft

(about 1.8-3 m).

Propagate from greenwood or semi-

spnng

sum-

or

danger to children.

ripe cuttings in late

ZONES

mer. There are several cultivars

10-11

sun.

do reasondappled shade. To will

it

available with flowers in varying

or partial shade.

It

tolerates salt-

laden winds and so coastal gardens. it is

is

Too

excellent for

large for pots,

suitable for courtyards.

to a height of 12

ft

It

(about 3.5

grows

m)

with a spread of 15 ft (about 4.5 m). Propagate from suckers or from seed in early spring, and prune as

and when

it is

needed

to control the

plant's size.

ZONES

shades of purple or strong pink.

THUJA

ZONES

AMERICAN ARBORV1TAE. EASTERN WHITE CEDAR

UGNI molinae

A tall conifer native

to northeastern

this is most commonly seen in gardens in one of its compact forms. Flat sprays of scaly

North America,

leaves have a pleasing fragrance

9-11

10-11

occidentalis

when

crushed.

Woody cones are

each. Arborvitae

Thuja occidentalis Rheingold'

fruticans

the cooler,

is

best adapted to

more moist regions

the country

—not

CHILEAN GUAVA

This handsome, upright, densely

branched shrub In spring

it

of

the South or the

set

TETRAPANAX

Native to southern Europe, this

except dry, sandy ones,

syn. Aralia papyrifera, Fatsia papyrijera

upright evergreen grows to a height

sunny situation and regular watering. The cultivars seldom need shearing but may need protection from excessive snow in winter; tie stems together to keep them from

soil

splitting apart. Spider mites are a

VACCIMUM

RICE PAPER PLANT

1.2-2.4 m).

This upright, evergreen, branching

shrub felted,

is

grown mainly

for its large,

deeply lobed leaves, but the

creamy white flowers it bears in late summer and fall and the small black berries that follow are added attractions. T. papyriferus is the

cies in the genus.

and spread of around 4-8

It

only spe-

prefers a

humus-rich, moist but well-drained soil and does well in either full sun

It is

ft

(about

mostly enjoyed for

the attractive, blue, tubular, double-

lipped flowers

it

bears in

summer

and occasionally throughout the year, set

among aromatic,

silvery gray leaves.

It

oval,

needs a well-

and full sun. Tnm old flowerheads to promote new growth. T. fruticans makes a good, low, neat hedge and does well in seaside gardens. Propagate from drained

soil

most it

soils

prefers a

problem

in dry weather. 'Techny'

keeps

good green color through it has a broad, pyramid around 10-15 ft (about

its

the winter;

shape to 3-4.5 m)

under 5 and has

tall.

ft

a

Rheingold' stays

(about 1.5

m)

in height

pyramidal shape and

among small,

deep green leaves. The fragrant, dark red fruits are edible. It grows slowly to a height and spread of 6 ft (about 1.8 m). Give it full sun

papyriferus

to

native to Chile.

glossy,

BUSH GERMANDER

and West. Adapted

is

bears cup-shaped, pale

pink flowers

small with only 10 to 12 scales

TEUCRIUM

syn. Myrtus ugni

except in the hottest areas, a

fertile

and moderate water. Propagate from seed or from semi-ripe cuttings in late summer. ZONES 9-10

macrocarpon syn. Oxycoccus macrocarpon

AMERICAN CRANBERRRY

Native to eastern North America, this

evergreen

grown

is

commercially

in that country

and several

cultivars are

known

bears pink,

ll

nodding flowers in summer followed by relatively large red fruit Prostrate in habit, it forms mats ol

mui lacing

spreading to

leaves,

(about 90

Grow

wiry stems with alternate

around

cm) when

3

ZONES V. x

J-9

This eastern North American native

carleccphahtm

are pink

when

It

ripe. Plant in fall to spring.

is

fragrant,

one

of the

most serviceable and

adaptable species. spring-flowering hy-

brid with large, rounded heads of

permanently moist soil in full sun, and propagate by layers in spring or from seed in acid, peaty,

V. dentatum ARROWWOOD

ft

1

A deciduous,

It

mature.

fully

2.4-3 m) and a spread of 6-8 8-2.4 m).

(about

creamy white flowers that in bud. The dark

when

green foliage often turns red in

fall.

has a rounded, bushy habit and

ZONES 4-10

grows to a height and spread of around 9 ft (about 2.7 m).

fall. The flowers arccreamy white in flat-topped clusters and are followed by blue-black fruits in fall. Shade tolerant, coast tolerant and tolerant of heavy alkaline soils. Height and spread reach 6-1 5 ft (about 1 .8-4.5 m) depend-

VIBURNUM

ZONES

V. carlesii

These deciduous or evergreen shrubs and trees are grown for their

KOREAN SPICE VIBURNUM

V. Jarreri

This upright, deciduous shrub

syn. V. fragrans

and The hundredodd species and many more varieties grow best in sun or semi-shade

grows

fragrant flowers, colorful fruits fall

foliage.

in a rich, moist, well-drained soil.

Remove spent flowerheads on those do not produce fruit, and prune after flowering to improve shape (some fruit may be lost); old plants can be rejuvenated by pruning to the ground in late winter. Propagate from cuttings in summer or from seed in fall. Mildew and that

may cause

spider mite

problems.

V. acerifolium MAPLE-LEAF VIBURNUM

One

known viburnums

of the lesser

ft

3-9

ing

to a height

and spread of 4-8

flowers from

pmk buds,

by round, black

followed

berries. Its dull

fall.

'Cayuga' has smaller leaves flowers.

somewhat wider.

it.

Viburnum

carlesii

It

an 8-12 ft (about 2.4-3.5 m) tall deciduous shrub whose leaves turn red in the

fall. Its

its

mam

feature

is

the

clustered pale pink late fall

An excellent

It

needs a rich

season, turning subtle shades of

and water; it does best shaded position.

pmk

ZONES 7-10

Yellowash

x carlecephalu

of the great

discovered

flowers are unscented but are followed by metallic blue bernes, more plentifully produced where there

ground. Maple-shaped leaves are a

fall.

name

superb dark green, deeply veined, elliptical leaves. The creamy white

shrub for the front or middle of a shaded border, its height is under 3 ft (about 90 cm) and it spreads

purple in the

who

mounding shrub has

are several plants.

to

plant explorer

DAVID VIBURNUM

woodland garden. Slender stems rise 4-6 ft (about 1 .2-1 .8 m) tall from a clump that spreads undergreen through the growing

China, bearing the

flowers produced from through early spnng. ZONES 6-9

but one of the most appealing for a

soft

Viburnum

burkwoodii

FRAGRANT VIBURNUM

fragrance of

V. davidii

This low,

x

is

green, woolly, oval leaves turn red

and similar

Viburnum

3-8

A deciduous shrub from western

it

bears intensely fragrant, snow-white

in

upon conditions

ZONES

(about 1.2-2.4 m). In spring

deciduous,

color in the

ARROWWOOD

beautiful

Its

deeply toothed leaves give good

soil

in a lightly-

flowers appear in small clusters in

Viburnum jarreri

summer, followed by black

early

fruits in

fall.

Very tolerant of shade,

forming natural colonies in the eastern American forests

where

it is

native.

ZONES

3-8

bodnantense

V. x

A deciduous is

hybrid, this

one of the best

viburnum

frost-resistant,

winter-flowenng shrubs

bears

It

clusters of fragrant, white-flushed

rose-pink flowers from

through

to winter.

It

late fall right

has an upright,

habit and reaches a and spread of 9-12 ft (about 2.7—3.5 m) The leaves, which arctoothed and dull green, are bronze tinged when young There are several forms grown. Dawn' being the most commonly cultivated

rather

stiff

Viburnum

height

burkwoodii

V. X Rl

RKWOODVIBl

M

RSI

bushy, open, semi-evergreen ihrub bi at wide, globulai

i

lii

•

ol

but

io nil I.

id'

'I

flov

i

towhiti

i

open

that

lii

'..il

leaves turn red in

grows

to

.i

height of 8

pmk

dark

fall

It

lOfl (about

Viburnum

/

bodnantense

davidii

Viburnum dentatum

240

S

)i

i

ub

s

and spread of 12 ft (about 3.5 ml In spring and early summer it bears spherical heads ("snowballs") of

white flowers aging to pink. ZONES 3-9

plicatum

V.

tomentosum

f.

Mariesii' MARIES DOl BLEFIRE VIBl R\l M is perhaps the most popular of viburnums, with us distinct horizontal branches providing interest even in winter. In spring a double row of pure white, flat-topped clus-

This all

ters of sterile

somewhat

and

fertile flowers,

hydranabove the branches.

like the lacecap

geas, floats just

mid-sumweeks until the birds eat them. The foliage turns purplish red in the fall. It grows to a Bright red fruits color by

mer and

last for

height of 10

ft

(about 3

m)

or more.

ZONES 6-10 V.

prunifoha

BLACKHAW VIBURNUM

A multi-stemmed shrub

Viburnum

Viburnum opulus 'Nanum'

ti?u<s

V. lantana

WAYFARING TREE

turning purplish in

One

viburnums (10-15

of the larger

ft/3-3.5

m

tall),

cm) long ovate

with 5 in (about 12 shrub is

leaves, this

useful for background, screening

and hedging. Flowers are creamy white in flat-topped clusters and are followed by fruits that turn from yellow to red to black as

the)'

mature.

opulus

fall.

Creamy

flowers develop into edible fruits that are

pink ripening

to blue-black.

Tolerant of both sun and shade and

making a good screen, hedge or background plant. ZONES

3-9

V. tinus

LAURUSTTNUS

ZONES 4-8 V.

or small,

round-headed tree, this viburnum will grow 12-15 ft (about 35-45 m) tall and wide with a fairly stiff, branching character. The deciduous leaves are smooth and deep green,

This bushy, evergreen shrub bears

Nanum'

clusters of honeysuckle-fragrant,

DWARF EUROPEAN CRANBERRY BLSH This form

is

very different from the

snowball bush in nearly

all

respects.

seldom flowers or fruits and its size is under 24 in (about 60 cm) tall and around Its

leaves are smaller,

24-36

in (about

it

60-90 cm) wide.

ZONEs 3-9

pinkish white flowers in winter

set

amid oval, dark green, glossy leaves. It grows to a height and spread of 9 ft

(about 2.7 m).

Recommended

as a

hedge plant. The leaves tend to mildew in coastal areas, though Lucidum' and Robustum' seem resistant to the

problem.

ZONES 7-10 V.

opulus Roseum'

syn. V.

o. "Sterile'

EUROPEAN SNOWBALL

This vigorous, bushy, deciduous

Viburnum

Viburnum prunifoha

V. trilobum HIGHBL SH CRANBERRY. AMERICAN CRANBERRY BL SH

shrub, native to Europe, Asia and

One

northern Africa, grows to a height

shrubs, this species

Viburnum opulus Roseum'

of America's

most useful native is

showy

in

S

masses

trumpel flowers

screening plant White flowers ap-

carK

peal in spring in flat-topped

ing the branches bare formosi

1

1

ii

ters

Bright red fruits in

[us

<

fall last

INI

ol

in thi

months Howevei

,

their leaves

his cultivai bears an

I.

I

m

a

cuttings in

agnus-castus

among green

the

summer.

O

bears dense, upright spikes of small,

rated, mid-green, small

dark blue or white flowers in

grows

summer. The to a height

ZONES 5-10

full

sun and well-drained

ft

leaves are ser-

and oval and spread of

(about 2.4-3 m).

soil.

WEIGELA WEIGELA

These deciduous, fountain-shaped shrubs bear brilliant though short-

Westringia jtmu osa

grown

delightful,

8-10

Weigela

flo)

ishgi

leavi is.

li

ol

!

6

i

Ida Varii

its

It

lor the delicate,

J

el

osi

;

arranged

in

whorls

fast-growing, rounded fl

(about

90-180 cm)

and spread, although n he short lived ll docs best

sunny

situation; u prefers a

well-drained

lished. Propagate

deep rose-pink, trumpetshaped flowers in late spring and

24

s

soil

and needs

only minimal water once estab-

W. rosmariniformis

deciduous, arching shrub bears

prefers

shrub

fertile,

grows to a height and spread of 10-15 ft (about 3-3.5 m). This open, deciduous, spreading shrub

It

hi

in a

Native to Europe and Asia, V. agnus-

leaves are aromatic.

-

fruticosa

This evergreen Australian shrub

/>

I

mm seed

in

spring or from semt-npe cuttings

native of China and Korea, this

pound

1

tends in

A

summer. The gray-green, com-

.

WESTRINGIA

COAS1 ROslMun

late

1

in height

W. Jlorida

early

1

ES 5-10

syn.

ii

bears in ipring

light, gra]

el foui

leaves

nl

hey do best in a sunny rich, well-draim d soil

rsit

I

ol 1

sel

CHASTE TREE, PEPPERBl SH

castus

wi

II'

i

funnel-shaped, deep rose-pink

growing season. Propagate from softwood

VITEX

abundance

ill

flowers the winter

tnau

among 1

without coloring, leav-

in fall

Water well during

i

florida 'Variegata'

wai "I

position

through wintei :i

lived

U

pink, white oi red

viii and fall foliage A tall flower, shrub (8-12 ft/2.4-3 5mtalland is useful as a hedge or w ide),

li

is

white to pale

late

summer. 9-10

in

« *>,

*>

*

&>*

:

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5£ vx:

gaawifc

-'

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jgjasgk

.a* 1

K9I %*£ 3v

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...

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&A> .-•»:

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4 *

I*

CHAPTER

4

C^l,

^a^—'^gffipj

afl

irees &&**

.

-

V.

s§

-

-f'/-

v^^

-. •

* • 2S *:'

r-V .•* '*>

2-M

T

r t e s

The backbone of a garden, trees arc fundamental to the landscape.

Whatever

their size, these

plants form the basis of the type of

garden being aimed for, be

it

a lush

to

add

grow

to their initial attractiveness as

they mature. Trees planted to provide

shade may well provide a horizontal branch to support a swing, or branches to form a climbing frame for adventurous children. Birds will soon inhabit

rainforest atmosphere, a cold

suitable trees for nesting or food gather-

country woodland or a single

ing

specimen highlight for a small

keeping a sharp eye on the insect population in the garden below.

among blossom and

fruits

while

broad leafed or coniferous, with a single, woody stem reaching to a height of

at least

12

ft

(about 3.5

m) when mature. Palms and

tree ferns,

although they do not have the

same type

of

woody

stem, are generally

included for horticultural purposes

because their growth habit and landscape uses are similar to that of trees.

Excvgreen or Deciduous? their

shade value. Consider then the

Trees can form windbreaks in larger

is

necessary to get the selection right

Take time before you go to much as you can about a tree's growing habits such as its estimated mature height and spread, as first

time.

the nursery, read as

provide privacy from overlooking houses or unit buildings and soften the skvline in the urban environment.

will

growing structures in gardens, chosen for a particular purpose, though many will provide bonus points

first

its

seasonal displays.

What

where year-round sun protection over a patio is needed. A deciduous tree will provide summer shade and winter sun. There is an ever-changing display each season, ranging from the fine tracer)' of bare branches in winter to soft green

new spnng growth, a welcoming dense summer then a wonderful fall

cover in

display, often with flowers

The to the

Consider the

their foliage color.

blue-gray foliage of

Climate and

Shape and height are two important considerations when selecting

trees.

colorful

colorful contribution trees

spot in the garden. soil requirements also be considered. It is preferable

and

to

make

landscape often comes because of

of possible contenders for a particular

to

what's needed

fruit as well.

at

appears to be a bewildering choice soon be whittled down to a couple

need

is

in a screening situation or in the tropics

Never buy a tree on impulse. It is a permanent part of the garden structure, afterall trees can take around 20 years to arrive at any semblance of maturity, so it

well as

tors,

Perhaps an evergreen

Choosing the Right Tree

gardens, are invaluable as noise inhibi-

are

to a

choice of evergreen or deciduous.

tree is a plant, either

They

new

Trees are most often sought after for

courtyard.

A

your neighbourhood, walk through the parks and look over garden fences to see which trees are growing well. a tree climatically suited to

area. If you're

some

soft

of the conifers

and eucalypt species or Pxnts salkifolia which meld so well with the white and

frees

pastel blues

2

45

and pinks favored by ["hen there's the

cottage gardeners

variegated foliaged trees which provide a

welcome accent landscape, but

an otherwise green

in

it's

the intensity "I yellow/

orange/red tones that really capture

a

gardener's heart.

Cold country gardeners have any ol trees in all sizes and shapes

number

from which

make

to

a rich display ol

color before winter sets

Temperate

in.

gardeners are not so fortunate. However, beautiful displays can be assured with

Nyssa sylvatica, Ginkgo biloba or in larger gardens the majestic Liquidambar styracijlua.

Getting the Proportions Right home

For the

gardener, perhaps the

most important consideration in choosing a particular tree is its mature height

and spread. Proportion is the catchword here for both aesthetic and practical reasons. A large, dense tree planted too close to a house may shade it too well, making rooms very dark and cutting off any perspective view through the windows. It may also rob the surrounding garden of light and root room. In such

a situation

may be

it

tree

trees provide a delightful display of fall color

new surrounding. Do

their

digging a shallow (just a

by

this

a smaller,

the container) yet wide hole, at least

composed

of about half the existing soil

humus mix.

Carefully remove

and

example Cassia

the plant from the container, taking

Icptophxlla. Bctula pendula,

a rich

damage

special care not to

Pistacia chinensis or Zelkova serrata.

Trees need to be staked to ensure the leader, the

allows ample light into a room, for

together with

Planting become

self-sufficient

even though

when

it

may

planted out.

be

New

roots

need time to establish to forage for nutrients and to anchor the plant. Consequently,

to three stakes. At this

but

all trees,

in particular

wound round

tangled or

tree will not

that

underground pipes

will not

be

invaded by vigorous root systems

Good

drainage

is

essential as few

plants will thrive with wet

Wide

feet

planting holes, ample surrounding soil

ng the bed are

cultivation and \

ays ol overcoming

problem, but the addition

i

if

the soil

il

:•;.

p

is

a

drainage

;um or ci mi * sand As soil in the

ontainei and the lurro

i

i

it

>il

s

.in

often quite different in

ti

to

allow

new roots

deep as

was

it

only as

tree is planted

in the container.

it

Deciduous trees are usually planted dormant state; evergreens, in

Once

it

any remaining ing

soil

mix can be used

around the

cir< le

serve moisture,

to

form

Then,

plant.

a

to

(

layer oi organic

a

'll.ii

II

i

'I

planting

mi

,n

I

diami

the newl

.i

li

or other root in a lav* n,

i

I

h

n

I

|

v

till

Keep

tree

ih"

ol

th

ut

awa) i

in

mulch

a circle i

Vt

ill

frost

,

in

not have to

lawn

il

planted

Pruning except after storm

the lender roots ol

d

ilanti

i

(about 90

avoid

Trees rarely need pruning

fungus

rot

damage

will

soil is still

raised

his

I

growth

while the

on-

mulch, weeds and low -growing ground covers should be kepi well away from the trunk to dis-

can be added

warm. In colder new lender

fall

is

pockets The remain-

air

areas, evergreens with

out in late spring.

firmly in position water well to get rid of

tturi

into

Continue

to wither.

mix firming and around the trunk by hand, but

te

to vent

can cut into

it

the trunk.

If

the hole with the soil

till

irden

importai

buffeted by strong

temperate areas, are best planted out in

causing the plant

very heavy

[uired as well

when

continue in this circular fashion eventually

ensuring that the

check the

with

figure of eight to ensure the trunk

remains steady

winds. Don't use wire as

in circles.

to these

in the

be given great care in their early years. lore planting,

then attach the plant

out and straightened, otherwise they will

in

I'm

main trunk, is not damaged young and tender. Place the

stakes in position at the time of plant-

they are they need to be gently teased

those planted as specimen trees, need to

be hindered above by overhead wires or

still

tree ties or a length of old rag tied in a

point check that the roots are not

takes a few years for a tree to

quite large

up

while

ing,

main

the

trunk, and place the root ball in position,

It

as possible

ing for the available nutrients.

the base with a friable mixture

fill

mulched to retain as much moisture and to deter weeds compet-

well

deeper than

little

twice the diameter of the root ball, and

better to

more openly branched which both frames the view and

choose

Deciduous

removal

young

ol

in

damage

maturit)

or for the

diseased brandies, however

trees often benefit

from being

given a helping hand to balance their

shape or

develop

a higher branching w here the) overhang a path II noti< ed eat K enough, unwanted new shoots can be rubbed oil \ei\ easil) b) hand, a technique which s)

stem

to

in situations

ni leave unsightl)

doi

often beautiful trunks li

ii

plants

si

ol

ars

on the

these maji

I

i<

24

Trees

6

Afcieso

Acacia baileyana

ABIES

readily available in nurseries, since

FIR

it is

Acer

more adaptable

to hotter, drier

gardens than other native

These 50 diverse species of conical conifers are cold-climate evergreens.

Prized for their aromatic

wood and

sap, their usefulness to the timber

and pharmaceutical industries has

many species with exTheir name comes from

threatened tinction.

some attain 200 ft (about 61 m) or more, growing 3 ft (about 90 cm) a year. In fall the horizontal the Latin abeo

Faster

growing than most firs, it eventually reaches 100 ft (about 30 m) or more in height and 30-40 ft (about 9-12

m) wide. Needles

are bluish green

and around 2 in (about 5 cm) long, curving upward.

branches display upright, seedbearing cones, in contrast to the

pendent cones of similar conifers like the spruces.

The

shaped leaves are

soft,

spindle-

and round edged, often bearing two parallel silver lines on the underside. Most flat

species are too large for the average

garden, being better suited to a

country property. They prefer a moderately moist soil, full sun and a

summer climate. Tip prune

only minimally to enhance the shape. Propagate from seed from

ripened cones.

Many species are

used as Christmas

Untreated seeds have been to last

NOBLE

FIR

The attractive bluish green foliage and smooth, silvers- bark identify this upright conifer. It grows to 95 ft (about 29 m) high. Its cylindrical cones are 6-8 in (about 15-20 cm) long and purplish brown. The leaves are particularly glaucous in

the cultivar 'Glauca'. of moisture its

and

is

It

needs plenty

best adapted near

natural range in the Cascade

5-9

ability to survive

grow

(about 29 cal

crown.

4-o

m) Its

high,

and has

a coni-

cylindrical cones are

This extremely diverse genus contains over

1000

short-lived, ever-

green, semi-evergreen

and

Australia

and Africa. Growing

15-65

(about 4.5-20

they are valued for their beautiful,

ZONES

deciduous species, mostly native ft

m)

high,

growth, usually after flowering to reduce seed production and limit

Acer ginnala

unwanted

with the

used acacias to build wattle-and-daub huts; hence the common name. in Australia

one of the most

2-4

soft

pink seed pods, which

in (about

5-10 cm)

long.

ZONES 9-10

ACER

A. baileyana BAILEY ACACIA

Native to Australia, this elegant ft

(about

5.5 m). In late winter to early spring

golden blossoms appear on drooping branches. The foliage is

soft,

silver-blue pinnate leaves, rather

cm)

long; Purpurea' has attractive

Originating in the cool-temperate zones of the northern hemisphere. these deciduous trees and shrubs are prized for their decorative bark

and magnificent van,"

foliage. Species

considerably in size and shape,

from shrubby mountain forms 15 ft (about 4.5 m) tall to 100 ft (about 30 m) tall trees dominating moist forests of eastern North America. The hand-shaped leaves of some species color dramatically in the

A. dealbata

especially

fall,

on those from Asia and

This evergreen produces beautiful

North America. Some species produce little flowers followed by winged fruit, called samaras or keys,

lemon-colored flower

that "fly" long distances

WATTLE

clusters.

on

the

well-drained but moist soil and

sometimes known

average water; they will not thrive in

fruit is a long,

is

are

growth. Most species have flattened

ern montains

FIR

seedlings. British settlers

dense, golden blossoms and rapid

This native of North America's west-

COLORADO

The

results

Though tending to produce lots of weedy seedlings, it is popular and is

leaf

FIR

sun.

to

stems instead of conventional leaves; some have very finely divided leaves with tiny leaflets. The

WHITE

full

growth of many acacias

SILVER

undersides. 5-9

climates with

syn. A. decurrens dealbata

dark green leaves have white-green

A. concolor

warm

well-drained soil and fast

for their

drought, acacias

purple new foliage in spring. ZONES 9-10

ubout 10-15 cm) long and brown when mature. The glossy, in

best in

known

Renowned

than phyllodes, around 2 in (about

WATTLE. ACACIA ft

years.

evergreen grows to 18

Mountains of western Washington, Oregon and northern California. If the tree dries out cracks will appear in the wood and bark.

ACACIA

This upright conifer grows to 95

50

in short-lived trees

syn. A. nobilis

ZONES

FIR

way

propagation, mimicking the

seeds are released in bushfires.

5 GRECIAN

buagaiamtm

ior

brittle

A. protera

trees.

A. cephalonica

may be used

with weak and wood, easily damaged in a wind storm. Thin regularly to keep them open and prune to slow their

ZONES 4-8

"I rise":

majestic heights of

cool

firs.

treated seeds

bean-like pod. Heat-

mimosa. It will reach 30-50 ft (about 9-15 m) in height. Silvery-green and feathery. the

compound

as

leaves are 5 in

(about 12 cm) long, contrasting

wind. Most maples prefer a rich,

hot desert or tropical climates. Profull sun or partial shade; shelter from the wind to avoid leaf bum. A neutral to acid soil encourages opti-

vide

Frees

mum

leal

quire

little

summei

pruning; do so

n

roph) //inn

ititii

\

mid

aftei

BIG]

I

M

MM'I

is

the largesl "I

I

to avoid excessive

bleeding

sap Propagate

01 loss "I

from seed

bud grafting meaning sharp

in fall 01 b)

summei

in

Mosi mapli

olors

i

\ctr,

This

West

to the

nativi

m

thi

Coasi

ipl

n

'about 2l-27iii'

i0 h

hing

ai

in

.

has been used since the days

Romans; the name

ol th<

thoughl

is

wood

derive from the use ol the

favored sites along streams In ,m

open

to

for

situation

tall

spears

and neaiK

round 5-18 m)

will be

ii

headed, 50-60

fl

.is

(aboul

wide

1

1

leaves

fie

woodlands ol the Northwest where they reach 12 in (about 30 em) or more hough adaptable to drier ac oss are often huge, epeciall) in

ianum

A. buergei

IRIDIM MAPLI

i

This medium-sized maple

uh

\\

three-lobed (trident) leaves has

proven

among

to be

drought tolerant

the

I

conditions, this species pr<

moist

more

and w

soil

ill

fi

a

i

some

tolerate

shade

the species,

ol

surviving well in most areas ol California with only

moderate water.

has attractive bark thai flakes

It

in

palmatum

A.

IAPANES1 MAPI

I

small patches and a rounded habit,

25-30

(about 7 5-9 m) high and

tt

nearly as wide. Fall color varies

from gold

deep

to

red. Plant in lull

There are many cultivars ol this popular species, both trees and shrubs, and

have striking

all

A deciduous

or part sun

foliage.

tree with a shapely

ZONES 4-10

head of horizontal branches, it van horn 15 it to 25 ft (about

A. ginnala

4.5-7.5 m)

syn. A. tataricum subsp. ginnala

spread The 5-pointed leaves are

IMUR MAPLE

deeply lobed. They turn horn pink

This

a tough,

is

useful for

summer yellow

climate of the northern plains and

it

20

ft

ml

(about 6

many

stems.

no more than and wide, with

usually

It is

It is

tall

chosen

orange or selections are

lor size of tree,

wind.

tolerant ol wind.

and drought ginnala can be used as a specimen

undemanding

in a lawn, or as an

Named

fall color and so on. Prune only to enhance the natural branching habit and provide protection from the

5-10

cold, poor soils, heat A.

fall.

size ol leaf, color of leaf, degree ol

has

three-lobed leaves that color nicely in the fall

to bright red.

in

available,

the mountains of North America

Native to northeastern Asia,

a similar

or bronze in spring to mid-green in

shrubby maple

ability to survive the

its

with

in height

will

A. platanoidcs

NORW

\1

\I\P1I

but colorful screen, hedge or

massed planting.

This European native

ZONES 3-8

with bold leaves that turn yellow late fall

A. griscum

maples

choicest of the smaller

this species

popular

is

cinnamon and brown

for its

bark, which

showy The

three distinct is

red.

the

leaflets,

Though

made

leaves are

difficult to

and thus not common,

of

color

fall

in

planted

weed in some areas. Dense shade and shallow roots prevent gardening beneath. Maroon-leafed

peels like a birch Red fruits are fairly

a large tree

throughout eastern North America, especially in one of its cultivars, it has actually become a noxious

PAPERBARK\I\PII

Among the

Commonly

is

propagate

culth ars, such as 'Crimson King

,

are distinctive in the landscape It

grows anywhere with

little

attention.

this

excellent iree for use as a featured

specimen

A pseudoplatanus sic

A. japonic urn

H

1

I

\KM)\ MAPI

n

7.5

spread

m) (

and

easil)

grown shade ii

h

with

in height

reach

a s

(about 18

ii

m

'

in

'

""1

hill)

60 i

will

i

.

1.

the tips in

1

!

mspi

i

fall.

i

in

pring

blunt teeth

.u\i\

\

Pi

rubrum a MAPLI

i

foi

olor

vhili

its

are broadei than

its

and i

the vill

swamps where reach ovei 100

tall

is

ii

native

it

fi

in

availabl

13m micum

n fall

ountry

with

It

the Missi

small leaves, brilliani

Ii

Long-clu tersol yellowish flow

i at

greatesi height ol

It

25

'rigina

that turn red

fast

I

i

lar

VMOR1

This

i'i

bi

t

togrov

adaptabilit) to youi sin

plenty ol tverag

want although onditioi

l

[i

:

ii

he shallow

divided n

fall

thlli.

uh \,

i

i

\a\

247

AESCULUS

taining two dark

BUCKEYE, HORSE CHESTNUT

Deep, moist, well-drained loams are best.

These deciduous

trees are distinc-

palmately comand the floral panicles top each stem in late spring.

tive for their large,

pound that

leaves

a

It is

brown

handsome

ZONES

3-8

hemisphere, the most commonly

COMMON OR

from Europe and

North America. The larger species and large gardens. Plant in full sun in water

Propagate from the large seeds, which resemble chestnuts but are actually poisonous.

A. calijornica CALIFORNIA BUCKEYE

The

California buckeye is a broad, round-headed tree usually under 30 ft (about 9 m) tall and as wide, found throughout the coastal mountains of California. It leafs out in late winter, producing its creamy

often dropping

late

spring then

due

leaves

its

to

summer drought by August. From fall

through mid-winter

its

ROPEAN HORSECHESTNUT

to North American and European parks, this deciduous tree is

valued for

spring

its

spectacular, late

floral display.

heights of 50-75

regularly to avoid leaf scorch.

white flowers in

EL

Common

are suitable for lawns, parks

a rich, well-drained soil;

silvery

and

municipal landscapes.

A. hippocastanum

are those

species well

suited to parks, golf courses

Native throughout the northern

grown

seeds.

Reaching

(about

ft

1

5-23

m) with a spread of 40 ft (about 2 m) or more, it makes a stnking 1

specimen tree for very large properties. The dark green, palmately compound leaves are comprised of 7 leaflets and can reach 12 in (about 30 cm) across at maturity. Numerous creamy white flowers are borne on upright panicles up to 12 in (about 30 cm) long in late spring. The spiny fruit capsules open to reveal smooth, chocolate brown seeds within, providing food for squirrels

and ammunition

for chil-

dren playing "conkers". The best growth occurs in moisture-rich, well-drained

soils.

Leaf blotch and

bark and attractive branching create

powder)' mildew disfigure the

a beautiful sculptural effect in the

age, limiting the tree's use. Easily

Hummingbirds

garden.

love the

nectar of its flowers. Leaves fall if

given

last

foli-

propagated from ripe seed. into

ZONES

3-7

summer water.

AGONIS A. X carnca

flexuosa

RED HORSE CHESTNUT

PEPPERMINT TREE, AUSTRALIAN WILLOW MYRTLE

This deciduous hybrid between a

shrubby American species and the much larger European horse chestnut is valued for its beautiful foliage and well-rounded shape. It grows slowly to 30-65

(about 9-20 m).

ft

The dark green, divided

leaves are

prone to leaf spot than its European parent. Large, upright clusters of rich pink blossoms appear in late spring to early summer, followed by less

the

fruit.

This species prefers a cold

winter to a cool-temperate climate. Suitable for parks or large gardens,

needs soil and it

a rich, moist, well-drained full

sun or

partial shade.

Leaves burn

easily. Propagate from by grafting in late winPruning is generally unneces-

seed in ter.

Aesculus hippocastaman

Aesculus flava

fall;

sary. 'Briottii' has larger,

redder

Native to Western Australia, this tree

is

grown

SUGAR MAPLE

One

!

^

iilanthus altissima

North America's best-loved trees, both for the beauty of its fall color on the hills of the Northeast and for the flavor of the syrup made from us sap. An upright oval in shape and reaching over 100 ft (about 30 m) tall. The 5-lobed leaves appear on the Canadian flag. Unfortunately now suffering from acid rain, road salt, soil compaction and of

3°C).

It

weep-

has rough, dark gray bark

white, 5-petaled flowers appear in late spring and early summer. Fibrous, globular fruit ripen from green to red and carry small black seeds from which the plant self-propagates. The species

profusion in

prefers sandy, well-drained soils

and

tolerates dry conditions

The crushed

once

leaves give

out a peppermint smell, which A. flava

explains the

syn. A. octandra

ZONES 9-10

common name.

YELLOW BUCKEYE

A native this

of eastern

North America,

slow-growing, deciduous tree

develops a large, oval head to a height of 75

ft

(about 23 m). Dark

green, palmately

with 5

compound leaves pumpkin

leaflets turn a rich

orange in the

fall.

Panicles of yellow

flowers are produced abundantly in

periodic drought.

early spring

ZONES

smooth, pear-shaped capsules con-

3-8

gracefully

and shiny, evergreen, narrow leaves 2-6 in (about 5-15 cm) long. Tiny,

established.

saccharum

its

weeping willow. Normally growing to a height of 35 ft (about 10 m), it will sometimes remain shrub like in extremely windy coastal situations or when frozen back periodically by temperatures below 27°F (about -

flowers.

A.

for

ing branches, very reminiscent of a

and are followed by

AILANTHUS altissima syn. A. glandulosa TREE OF HEAVEN

Native to China, this broad, decidu-

ous shade tree reaches 18-60 ft (about 5.5-18 m). It is valued for attractive,

unusual

foliage:

green, fern-like leaves,

60 cm) long, with 15

its

deep

24 in (about 30 oval

to

Trees

Inconspicuous groups

leaflets tin)

"I

green (lowers, with an unfortu-

bloom

nate odor,

mid-summer;

in

these are followed by reddish or-

winged seed pods. Able

ange,

to

withstand the worst city smog, this

many world

tree graces

capitals

It

does best in subtropical areas but w ill survive in most climates, preferring

sun or

lull

deep, rich

soil.

partial

shade and

Prune severely

in

spring to create a shrub. Propagate

and suckers or from the female tree winter Because of its tendency to sucker and seed itself around it is from seed

in

fall,

root cuttings

weed

usually considered a in

some

inner-city regions

in

tree, yet it

may be

the only garden tree around. -4-11

ALBIZIA julibrissin SILK TREE.

MIMOSA

Though

the genus comprises over

100 species of deciduous trees and is the only one com-

shrubs, this

monly of

cultivated in the milder parts

North America. Found from Iran

to Japan, this tree

broad, flat-topped form and usually

grows 9 m)

to

no more than 30

tall. It

ft

(about

has large, doubly pin-

nate leaves with very tiny leaflets,

they fold

up

An abundance downy blos-

at night.

of translucent pink,

soms appear in early summer, often covering the crown of the tree. They prefer full sun with some protection from the wind. Plant m a good, light garden soil and propagate from seed in late fall to early spnng. Beware of the shallow roots and the litter from flowers and seed pods. Popular at the northerly edge of adaptability for

Agonis flexuosa

has a short but

its

its

range of

^PP£Pr?$%&!$ W7

A. cordata ITALIAN ALDER

This species

and

leaves

dry

popular

is

its

for its glossy-

greater tolerance of

Native to southern Eu-

soils.

.

rope,

it is

an upright-growing

reaching 40

ft

m)

(about 12

eventually spreading to 25

tree

tall

ft

and

(about

rz

5-9

Amelanchier arborea EUROPEAN ALDER. BLACK ALDER

30-60

tiny upright ones (female!) are

spnng. followed

in early

relatives are slender,

borne

in

mid-spring by shiny, heart-shaped leaves with slim stalks. The species

upright, usually deciduous trees.

bears round

Reaching heights of 80-95 ft (about 24-29 m>. they have attractive,

cones in water

slightly

fruit like tiny

fall. It

pine

grows best by the

valued for their ability to survive in strong root system, they are often

found by

rivers, in

AMELANCHIER SERVTCEBERRY SH\DBl

catkins of male

with the

downy

spnng and

fruit in

m)

in spread,

to partial

by sweet,

mid-summer.

Reaching heights of 25 7.5 m) in height by 15 4 5

emerge

leaves in early

are followed

dark purple

it

(about

ft ft

(about

tolerates full

sun

shade and requires a

moist, w-ell-drained, acidic soil for best growth. Ideally suited to the

A <-H Jl

NEBERRY

moist gullies or

swamps Pendulous

Attractive white flowers

natural garden, it also works well around ponds and on stream banks and as a member of the forest edge

arching branches. Highly

extremely wet locations due to their

*

A. glutinosa

ft (about 9-18 m). Hanging yellow catkins (male) and

These birch

r-'-f-;-

-V

Coast.

ZONES

rapidly to

ALDER

-

m) in width. Adaptable to the drier West Coast as well as the East

This conical, deciduous tree grows

ALNUS

-

*~'2^$3Sf^'

7.5

tropical-looking

foliage.

m

large array of cultivars

is

available Wiius glutinosa

from nurseries

This genus of deciduous trees are

flowers appear in earl

native to the temperate regions of

male flowers mature into v. es". The leaves are long stemmed and shiny. The genus

the northern hemisphere, with a

they can be harvested

as well i

wed

survive in a range of climates, from

varm-temperate to sub-

The the

bud cultivars in late spring and hardwood cuttings in early winter The timber is extremely water rente prized by shipbuilders,

White flowers

\

in

Ol the

s]

by small, edible

bun

foliage turns a bnlliani

mam

noi severe ones

native through this

has the widest natural distribu

naturalistic

edge

fall

insec

|l

Nl IIIRR1

ally reai

This multi-stemmed

height

tl

fall

I

tree,

it

will

eventu-

earl)

m)in

soil

and dis though

he besi use

ol v

is

ts

garden especiall) I

spring flowers

Venice for hundred

rted the city "I

at

for the

preferred, along with

lull

I

in u

red

in a

at the

'•

shape Propagati from seed piles th.c

is

Mien used

the back

shrub or small S(R\I( FR|RR\.

Numerous

eases can caus

species

uiborea

DOWN!

he

appealing Vllll.HWl srR\l( IBFRR>

will

I

coloring foliage can be brilliani and

A. [aevis

I

sun

stretched branches which arc shed

trunk Adaptable to

often u>cd a- a living Christmas tree

from the

periodically radiate out

in small

but cold

all

apartments.

10-11

climates, araucarias will grow in

and

poor

soil

only

when

like lull sun.

Water

ARBUTUS

the root surface apjx

dry. Propagate

from seed

in spring.

cies ol evergreen trees and shrubs. Valued for their attractive, oblong lea\ es and decorative bark, the) are

A. araucaria

syn A imbricata MONKEY PIZZLL CHILE PINE

native to the Mediterranean, west-

Brought to Europe from South America by the Spanish in the sev-

ern North America and Mexico

enteenth century and popular in

clusters, usually in spring, these are

Victorian England, this slow-grow

Urn-shaped Rowers are produced -

ing conifer has a very distinctive

and can eventually reach a height of 95 ft (about 29 m). The lower branches often fall, exposing habit

the thick gray bark.

branchlets

Its

arc covered with overlapping, dark

green, Lin

1

l-\

flat,

in

(about 1-2.5

needles lipped with spines. The

male and female (lowers do not grow on the same tree, and cones can take up to three years to mature. This is a good tree for a windy,

TREE

This deciduous Southeast Asian native

is

valued lor

its

lush, tropical

foliage

and curious flowers. A small

tree or tall shrub,

it

varies in height

from 9 to 30 ft (about 2.7-9 m) Its enormous, shiny, deep green leaves. 3 ft (about 90 cm) long and 25 in

63 cm) wide, divide twice The spiny leaf

(.about

into serrated leaflets. stalks,

in

fall.

covered in

fine hair, turn red

Small white or pink flowers

cluster together forming large,

globe-shaped heads in to early

dency

-.

/•

Araucaria heteroph) Ua

late

summer

The species has a

fall

ten-

sending out stocky, sharp, thorny shoots, and in smaller gardens is best grown in pots. It requires full sun or partial shade and protection from the

wind soil.

to sucker,

Plant in a rich, well-drained

Propagate from seed in

fall;

sucker and root cutting in winter \

ancgata

lar,

is

creamy

a selection with irregu-

leal

margins.

5-10

Found

The 18 conifers

apex. The

still,

shiny

ends ot the radial branches are lance shaped and stalkless. This is a large tree, easily reaching more than 100 ft (about 30 m) in height with age.

in this

genus are

native to the South Pacific

the showiest of the genus.

is

Tough and it is

a large

relatively quick growing, shrub that can easily be

trained into a small tree of

nO

(about 6

backdrop

well-drained

ZONE-

soils.

-

A. heterophylla syn. A. excelsa

NORFOLK IM.\NDHN1 M\RPINE Native to Norfolk Island and northeastern Australia, this attractive

60-95 ft (about 18-29 m) on average; some grow as high as 190 ft (about 58 m) The whorled, slightly upright

ft

pink

tor soft

flowers in large clusters in are followed

A

by

fruits like

fall;

these

those on

men^iesii but are larger -

9-10

30-50

fertile,

20

in height.

Evergreen leaves similar to A. unedo serve as

Moderately

land areas, growing best in

more

or

The tree flourishes in coastal districts and reasonably moist in-

cacy.

MADRONE \UDRON\ This native of the west coast from

Canada

to

Mexico

valued for

is

and

bark, flowers, foliage

ft

fast

it

reaches

(about 9-15 m) on average

may grow

but

growing,

its

fruit.

to

95

ft

(about 29 m),

making it the tallest ot us genus The knotted branches are reddish, while the smooth bark a lighter red that peels away in large sheets. Smooth-edged leaves are deep-green on top and blue-gray underneath White flowers form in triangular clusters, followed by

orange or red

fruit.

-

species rapidly reaches

Deep green,

scale-like

triangular leaves overlap to form

up

to 12 in

(about 30 cm) long. The species

originate.

does best

trees

soil; a

These upright, slender grow 95-160 ft (.about 29-49 m) tall and make popular indoor plants when immature. Stiff, out-

hybrid

seed, a traditional Aboriginal deli-

cylindrical branchlets rarely

as a chance seedling in a San

A. menziesii

I

used to make and Spain.

It is

in Italy

Francisco garden, this presumed

Heavy cones, 12 in (about 30 cm) long and 8 in (about 20 cm wide, appear at the top of the tree c\ en two years. These scaly, pineapplelike lout npen from green to brown. each scale contains an edible red

gular shape.

where coniferous species

Aralia data 'Variegai

at the

i>

Marina"

A.

\

branches are spaced widely apart in tiers, giving the tree a narrow, trian-

ARAICARIA

or spring Arbutus

fall

Latin tor "strawberry", but the raw

BIMA-BLM

green leaves that whorl around the \

layering in

A. bidwillii

out

JAPANESE ANGELIC

1

wine and jam

Queensland, Australia, this slow-growing species is valued lor its shapely appearance and timber. Its upright, scaly trunk supports drooping branches which umbrella

data

.'.

fruit is tasteless.

ests of

ARALIA

in (about cm) in diamwhich may take up to a year to mature Arbutus do well in both cool and warm-temperate climates. They are attractive planted in tubs. where root constriction causes earlier blooming and fruiting. Plant in a well-drained soil in full sun to light shade. Propagate from seed in spring, cuttings in summer and fruit,

eter,

ZONES

-

in

followed by orange-red spherical

coastal position.

Native to the southeastern rainfor-

Arbutus unedo

This genus contains some 20 spe-

in well-watered,

waxy

layer

on

from

salt air

successfully

grown

tects

it

its It

sandy

foliage pro-

can also be

in pots;

it

is

A unedo STRAW BERRY TREE

A

native of Ireland and southern

Europe,

24

ft

this small tree

grows up

ml

valued for

(about 7

attractive foliage tor

It is

and

its

to its

bark, used

tanning Pink or white flowers

form in clusters of 30 to 50 in fall and early winter A species with a shrubby habit, it is suitable for hedges and backdrops. ZONE-

-

BANKS]

BETVLA

t

integrifolia

IHIU

0AS1 BANKSIA

I

gnarled evergreen nee

liis

I

is

Wesi Coast The

spikes are up to 6 lone, in late

srow with a 20 will

Give

winter and spring.

50

to li

(about

It

leaves that turn gold in

cm) tall

colored gray, red-brown, white or yellowish black bark peels attrac-

m) spread.

(about 6

Birches will grow

tively.

a position in full sun, a

it

and

Pendent

fall.

contains winged seeds. Brightly

fruit

It

m)

5

1

(about

li

l8-2s) m), they have broad, sen

(about 15

in

Growing to 60-95

foliage

lime-yellow flower

lie

I

re

and elegant, these deciduous trees an valued foi theii slender weeping brain hes and shimmering

[eaves are gra) green above, white

below

55 species,

mi >phi

h<

all

I

able to both coastal and mild inland ol the

genus contains over

native to the northern

a

native ol eastern Australia, adapt-

regions

II

his

I

any

in

provided they receive plentiful water and full sun.

sandy soil and occasional water during dry seasons.

well-drained

ZONES 9-10

Pruning is unnecessary. Propagate from seed, by grafting in late winter or from softwood cuttings in early

BAl/HIMA \

summer. Once used

allegata

limber This graceful, elegant

tree, originat-

ing in India and China, quickly

up

reaches heights

make school

to

canes and domestic brooms, birch

RPLE ORCHID TREE

PI

soil,

20

to

ft

highly prized by Scandin-

is

avia's furniture industry. Native

Americans traditionally used the waterproof bark to make canoes.

(about

6 m) with a similar spread. Distincof

which drop from the

tree in

mid-

RISER BIRCH

winter before the flowering season.

The most popular of the many

or-

chid trees planted in southern California,

has very showy, perfumed,

it

nigra

B.

twin-lobed leaves, most

tive for its

Native to eastern North America, this is

one of the most carefree of 50 ft

birches. Upright in habit to

m)

(about 15

more

or

in height,

it

orchid-like flowers; light pink to

often grows naturally with multiple

purple, they have

trunks. The bark is pinkish when young but ultimately an attractive cinnamon brown and black, peeling in small strips. The bright, shiny

five

overlapping

splashed with pink

petals, the fifth

haw

or purple. This species ma)'

shrubby habit and benefits from regular pruning to shape. Flower buds are considered a delicacy in native land. Give

it

full

a

leaves turn gold in the its

sun, a well-

generous water during spring flowering and moderate thereafter. Prune off seed pods for neatness; propagate from seeds drained

sown

soil,

in spring. 'Candida'

white flowers.

prefers

with plenty of water;

adapted

the others. Heritage' for

better

it is

humid

to hot,

climates than

was selected

us lighter bark.

ZONES 4-9

has pure

x blakeana

B.

fall. It

a richer soil than other species along

is

papyrifera

B.

a

hybrid with deeper pink flowers.

PAPER BIRCH. CANOE BIRCH

Definitely a tree of the cold north, this species

BEAVCARNEA

lor

recurvata

which

PONY-TAIL PALM, ELEPHANT'S FOOT

can destroy us

that

palm but

ZONES

related to yuccas, adapt-

B.

smooth palm-like trunk with 6 H mi long thin is

li

sparsely branched and live plant

ii

ipi

ii

mild vi

II

w

h ti

i

-li

warm mi- d,

limates and

i

.mi

but

paringly at othei

pecim

.'

.ii'

veil

i

I

Potted

lull fight

ind iui

is

ii

native to

fi

m-tip

utting

in

ummi

i

II

Europe and Asia

be

m)

(aboul 20

I

li

he spe

talked

haped leaves

nM'ii'l

2.5-7 5 cm) long "in

I'

;reen

"ii

ip]

kept moist I

Inn.

thi ii'

incoldi

lia

i

in

I

(al

and

I

in (al

I

pring,

trei

"iln

1

ieed be;

iii"n

lii

iti

verrucosa BIR(

has silvery white bark turning

mod

from

iti

1

in bl, ii k ,iikI thinl)

in

when growing

full

i

1

widely conical and rapidly grows

up to 65 in

oil, prefi rring

fertili

tree

li.

W Will

populai ornamental garden

his

is

fi

iutdoors

ill

B. alba,

ROPl

I

I

I

recurving leaves sprouting from the top

pendula

syn. I

(about

Best in

relative

the northern states of California.

ing to the arid tropics in a similar

manner. The swollen base stores waler in times ol drought and tapers

is

bronze birch borer

resistant to the

it

h

in its native

and less pendulous than the European white birch, it

A slow-growing tree from southern USA and Mexico, is not in fact a

to a

popular

is

range. Larger

syn. Nolina recurvata, N. tuberculata

is

has brilliant white bark

it

ui

'.ill

i

.in

I

1

1

.

1

'

1 1

ho

In

i i

I

II

in

tropics

'iin

liiii't'

Bi tula

nigra

pcndula Dalecarlica'

B.

matunty. Attractive, bell-shaped

svn. B. pcndula Laciniaia EL ROPE.AN

A slim and attractive tree, culnvar

rs bloom erratically in spri and summer, usually after the le .

WHITE BIRCH this

a slightly smaller

is

.

s

have been shed. Leathery brown

shaped

like

b

I

5g

-

|>

.

It has distinctive white bark and its branches are gently arching. The saie deeply lobed. Prune in winter to shi i its rm or thin for

These trees prefer full sun or shade and rich, well-drainc.

partial -

-

..

prune

nece -

if

-

fie

better light penetration.

B. acerijolius AL ^TRALLAN FLAME TREE

One

BH\CHYCH1T0S BOTTLE TREE

FUME

of Austral

.

native to the

r

"

-

-

warm-temperate and tropical zones lia and New Guinea. They .ire

_

V

extremely variable

about 8

m) in

.

map'..

-

.

.

.

semble the

Bright green

5.

.

iwhen

underr.c. ;

coast.

-\.rdy trunks are

rrownbark :ten swollen e

taine d is

:

.

from

survival during

..." C5

-

have 3 to 7

a

dry, inland

red flowe

18-

to

sists

a

.

us spec

brilliant

Ls

rhis genus <

.

... TREE

iis.l

tree earns

its

::

•

.

.

3

;

Hie foliage is tov cnand

(

aterreg

m youth to _

popuhuus

B.

svn. Slcrculia tkversifolia

BOTTLE TREE

....

-

f

hade Its

ate

c

-."..

^leaves _--

.

>-10< rimen. Bell-

•

b red.

summer dowers an ieles.

The leathery pods < hairs and red seeds. The .

is

.

ful as

sufficient

spec

warmth.

as

.

It is

s

v

use-

-

CALOCEDRUS dtxuTTens syn.

VI

Ubocedrus de cur rem

W CEDAR

sshapt

.

.

$8-7 .

.

3—21

S

:

.

in flat clusters. usui

The

scales

.

a well-dr.

sa

-

-

-

ideal

wind"". ieep .

-

I

...

rity.

.-

WOOl M)KI

(

\l

cd/VMsC \n

i

i

HESTNI

CASSIA

whorls

leptophylla

rough, arching brai rig th< trees an open, pme like appearance

DAII10N 1RII

1,011) Ml

I

the extremities ol

.u

thi

The needle-like bram hli are surrounded b) a variable numbei ol tiny leal scales, depending on tin i

warm

his

1

climate evergreen

native to South Africa

is

Decorative

This showy tree from Brazil ble lor us nearly evergn n

is

nota-

i

and dome shaped, grows to 24 '0 (aboul 7-15 m) lis shin) oval leaves, 4-6 in (about 10-15 it

li

cm) long, are similar to (hose ol the lemon tree hey arc marked with 1

dots, onl) discernible

when

held to

Clusters ol lighi pink to

the light

compound

pinnately

leaves

bright golden yellow flowi

growing 9 m) in

reaches JO

tree, u

in heighl

species small, red flowei

among the

i

in

during the

soil

and

lull

climates but not dry

sun This species

stand pruning

if

will

necessary lo keep

us shape. Propagate from seed in

0-]

Some

With smooth bark and attractiye foliage, these deciduous trees and shrubs of the northern hemisphere valuable garden plants in spite

C.

and from

leak -bracted clusters, interesting

but not showy. Generally woodland

shade or

woodsy soil and They seldom need a

and

disease free Propagate from seed

Growing

to

95

cunninghamiana

than eter.

It

preventing ZONES

has long, lanceolate, mid-

summer and

catkins appear in

particularly useful in

erosion along rivers.

F.lROPIAMIORNBrAM

MOUNTAIN SHE-OAK. COAST BEEFWOOD are-

is a smaller tree than C cunninghamiana (only 35 ft/lOm talD from southeastern Australia with dark green, jointed branchlets re-

This

sembling horsetail or scouring rush and 1 in (about 2.5 cm) diameter fruits.

wood

is

often used for

fence palings as

it

can withstand

It is

very tolerant of coastal

conditions.

its final site.

ZONES

8-11

Castanea sativa

CASUAR1NA

This upright-growing species makes

BEEFWOOD, SHE-OAK

street tree

smooth gray bark, horizon-

Originating in Australia and the

South

Pacific, the

70 species

branching pattern even in winter and its general lack of litter. Most

evergreen trees (and shrubs)

commonly grown

genus are valued

tal

ol

in this

shade and

.

which is only narrow in us youth, becoming broader and vase shaped is

for their

extremely tough timber. Conical, with a domed crown, they grow up to

dense

enough to provide good, effective ningeven in winter can be doesn mind prun-

90

It

(about 27

m)

or

more

I

me.

spindly branchlets develop in

li

ii

ing or

t

naming .-10

C. caroliniana WIIKK VNIIOKNBI Wl

Bll

I

BIN

II

«&*&£

torj tree in

Vmeri

i

foi

lightl)

imooth <>ll

edlea whi< h turn orange-red

Carpinus caroliniana

8-11

C. verticillata

followed by green, spiny husks which enclose the edible nuts, which are traditionally used for roasting and stuffings. It should be grown in a sunny position in welldrained, fertile soil. Propagate from seed in fall and grow on for up to 5

Chestnut

is

soil

C. betulus

with age Branching

It

syn. C. stricta

nent veinmg. The long yellow-

most weather conditions

Fastigiata

90

1 in (about 2.5 cm) in diamFlowers are reddish brow n

This species

was

probably introduced to Britain by the Romans from its native southern

furniture.

is

to

branchlets with globular cones less

(about 29 m), this

ft

statuesque, deciduous tree

years before planting in

its

of Florida

the tallest of its genus. It has drooping, dark green, needle-like

sown in fall outdoors, or by cuttings in mid-summer The wood is very hard and is valuable for making fine

with

spring

is

Europe.

superb small shade or

in

become noxious

Reaching heights of up

green, toothed leaves with promi-

a

pre-

RIVER SHE-OAK

summer.

cuttings in late

and gracefully arching branches cany flat sprays of usually toothed leaves. The fruits are nutlets held in

virtually pest

which

hard pruning alter flowering Propa-

of the insignificant flowers. Upright

regular water.

species have

weeds in the wetlands and the Gulf states.

benefits from

SWEET CHESTNTT. SPANISH CHESTNll EUROPEAN CHESTNI 1

pruning and are

arid

marshes.

(about 27 m), this Australian native

HORNBEAM

with

from seed

ate

li

CASTANEA

plants, they thrive in light

saltv, ater

vents other plants growing nearby.

9-1]

1

in full sun,

in late

conditions, from pool

swampy

are prone to SUckering,

summer

CARP1NUS

make

li

gate from seed in spring,

spring or, more effectively, from semi-ripe cuttings in

summer

twigs, appearing

The) are excellent sand binders but

watering. Plant in rich, well-drained

warm

prefers

This tree

•vv^-lV

s

hese trees adapt to a w ide

I

ol

soil to

large clusters ol bowl-

exposed areas and requires regular

summer

spring anel early

m

range

mid-sum-

shaped yellow [lowers the fruits that follow are brown, bean-like pods to 16 in (about 40 cm Hong requires a sunny sue with welldrained soil and moderate water

pale lavender flowers appear

spring

(aboul

fi

and nearly as much

spread Flowering

mer with

and

in kill (

(isii./i

mil

vi

nil

ill, ii,

i

Cedrus deodara

Celtis sinensis

soil. Prune in winter to encourage shape; cutting to the

drained

-

a

^iSR *

ground each year results in a shrubby form with plenty of pink leaves in spring. Beware of the many root sprouts, which may invade

'

neighboring plantings. Propagate

from seed in In

some

cuttings in winter.

fall,

areas locals eat the

onion-scented young leaves.

>**#?

-

CEDRVS

|9|

Ste^ag^fi

JW^

%

Cedrela sinensis

=

,;v

This genus of conifers contains four cast.

species of

tall,

conical trees greatly

valued for their timber. Native from Africa to India,

up

_

^"^ p

? '

:

"*'

^!^#^^^^^

145

ft

some

and

^*v

grow The bunches

species

(about 44

m)

needle-like leaves are in

^''^^fe

,;

to

tall.

are dark green to gray- or blue-

green.

on

the central spike

Ife"

These

fclJ^A^N^^

the branch.

trees prefer cool

temperatures, well-drained

full

soil.

sun and

(about 18-30 cm) tall, later replaced by pendent, tubular seed pods to 15 in (about 38 cm) long; these can be a mess to clean up fall.

This tree likes

sun, shelter from the

well-drained

full

wind and rich, best grown

soil. It is

gate from seed;

Too

large for the

SOI

THLR\

C. atlantica

this

deciduous

large foliage

up

to

50

ft

tree is

Originating in North Africa, this slow-growing species reaches

CEDRELA

The

and

flowers.

(about

broadly in later

1

life.

It

its

grows

5 m). spreading

heart-shaped leaves are 7

1

/?

-10

in

(about 18-25 cm) long, grouped in threes. Bell

red timber

is

shaped and perfumed,

the flowers are white, pink or lemon, variegated with purple and yellow. They appear in summer in

is

called cedar.

Reaching heights of up to 70 (about 21 m), it is valued for like leaves, later

50

ft

(about 15

in (about 2.5

cm)

ft

its

ml

long.

erect, flowering in

taking two years to

mature. While young this tree

large foliage: beautiful pink,

Pale green,

1

summer but

not a cedar, although in the timber its

to

Female cones are

Toona sinensis

trade

up

may

be grown in a tub. Most popular

is

Glauca". with distinctly blue-gray

poor

soils are

not a problem for

are native in

many of which North America. Gener-

ally

deep rooted, they are excellent

as a street tree.

The

leaves resemble

those of elms, to which they are related.

Flowers are insignificant.

but the

fruits are like a

hard, round

C. laevigata SI

GARBERRY

This large, broad-headed tree

is

a

throughout the South, both for its cooling shade and for its ease of growth, even in poorly drained clay soils. With a height and spread favorite

ZONES 6-10

leaves are a soft green, lighter be-

C. deodara

of

The

nificent

its genus, this magHimalayan native reaches a towering 95 ft (about 29 m). Tiered branches droop slightly at the tips where the new leaves have a silvery

largest of

is

low, long and with few teeth, and

on gracefully penduThe red-orange fruits ripen in fall and are juicier than most but are beloved by wildlife.

are presented

DEODAR

2-24 in (about 30-60 cm) long. Perfumed white flowers appear in drooping clusters in spring. This species likes full sun and rich, well-

showy but

60-80 ft (about 18-24 m), this not one for the small garden The

appear in early spring and grow 1

are not

are valuable for their ability to thrive

foliage.

fem-

changing to green,

CEETIS

Avoid those species that are plagued by "witches' broom ". congested, twiggy growths caused by a virus

pale green or blue-gray needles

are only

This deciduous native of China

valued for

receives.

berry, usually popular with wildlife.

summer.

BEAN

Native to the southeastern states,

determined by soil quality and also by the amount of water the tree

these tough trees,

Romans.

ATLAS CEDAR

from seed in fall, by budding and cuttings in

by

Cedars have an ancient lineage; their timber was used for Solomon's temple and it was greatly valued by the Greeks and by the

cultivars

CHINESE CEDAR

C ITALPA, INDIAN

cultivars

alone. Propagate

s\ n.

bignonioides

some

syn. C. libanii subsp. atlantica

sinensis

CATALPA

to

is

in difficult situations: heat, drought,

grafting.

heights of

Catalpa bignonioides

in

and inland

cooler mountain areas. Height

The hackbernes

rich,

suited to country properties. Propa-

thick upright clusters, 7'A— 12 in

they

various climates, from

HACKBERRY

summer

average garden, they are better

Cedrus atlantica

when

flat

?-]

'

'

are

They have wood}',

egg-shaped cones that fall apart as the seeds become npe, leaving only

m^^wrillfi^i^

The upnght cones

topped. This species will grow

lous branches.

Sugarberry

is

native to the south-

western quarter of North America. ZONES

5-9

1

*

Sift*

'
!

T

"di

'

LilMcii/rnsis

C. sinensis C

HIMSEHACkBlRRl

The

gloss)

set this

,

scallop-toothed leaves

species apart from other

hackberries This native of China and Japan has a height and spread under 60 ft (about 18 m). It is par-

popular

ticularly

em

in the

southwest-

states.

6-10

CERC1DIPHYLLUM japonicum en

(

is

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana

occidentalis

KATSl RA TREE

With the

CERCIS delicate pattern of leaves

redbud.

like those of

REDBLD

this tall, de-

from Japan makes a beautiful specimen in the garden ciduous

This genus consists of 7 small or-

tree

Usually grown with multiple trunks it

will

be a wide spreading

60-100

ft

(about 18-30

tree,

m)

and

tall

wide, as a single-trunked tree

ous species reach 30-35 ft (about 9-10 m) tall, with multiple trunks

it

remains slender and columnar. Foliage turns bright red or yellow

namental trees and shrubs, native to North America, southern Europe and Asia They are grown for their beautiful, pea-like flowers. Decidu-

in

and

delicate branching.

It is

straight '

fall;

young growth always has

tints

of pink or red. Flowers are insignifi-

round

cant. Small,

fruits

remain on

the branches through winter.

and sumand

mer. Give

good, rich

it

soil

regular water Little pruning

is

appear

re-

quired. Propagate from seed in

flat

the

at

fall.

4-9

I

r-UOURDI

distinctive for

its

tiny leaves

is

which

bark

\\ ith

their chlorophyll-rich

multiple trunks and habit, this

R\ RIDBl

5-

streamsides

in eastern

tree

10m

tall

up

to

35

tt

(aboul

grows and

rhi oun n ddish purple, wide flower buds turn light pink when open Seed pod /

en idiph) limn

jc

North

America, this spreading

in

tough

shrub has multiple trunks and

ins are available

very show) on the bare branches late

wintei 'ill

Ms

erthe

wall

deep

«

ill.

I

in

its

quality timber and impressh e

appearance

It

ha

a

i

onii

(

note lied

,11

the tips

It

no summer

height

covei

I

in)

ihi

hum Ins.

i

(aboul

!

i

i

5m)talland here wintei

h

line

.

deep green

lendei

it

hill

il

giving the

trei

il

Woody cone

globulai and plated around I

.mil

-

CHAMAEi YPARIS

damp

soil

he -il-

1

I

n.ii

;olden

law sunniMii

occidentalis

rich,

in

I

i

nons and

<

scales

lightl)

temperatures drop below freezing •

shape.

al

oming more open rowned andcolumnai and reaching up to

he leaves are heart

the heal and need

12-18H

fl

be-

comes tree like with age Flowers are more magenta than pink, bui are

[ovi

with while or clearei pinl

',<

WC:-.

1)

dol 1

*

.,'-,?•

.--..

canadensis

Wl

nearly as wide, with heart-shaped

drop quickly, leaving the blue branches and trunk to cai

making with

«.

"St?'

summer

C

tree for desert gar-

dens, tins native ol the Southwesi

§.'

v

>*&

Native to moist woodlands and

A popular small

*,

i

'>

'

long, follow the blooms and endure until the following winter These trees prefer rich, porous soils and full sun They do not like being moved, so transplant when young Propagate from seed in fall and bud

c

floridum 1

Numer-

ol winter.

;.••

•""->-*t*'-*'

'

seed pods. 4 in (about 10

cultivars in

CERCID1UM Bll

end

'••'•"

cm)

prefers a cold winter climate

protection from dry heat in

'•*»«

white or purple, stalkless flowers

ous

It

•'ii*.

out of these limbs that the pink,

ularl)

ttlsn RN

m

dbi o

I

alifoi

IWSONI

W'RI ss ruin

ORFORDi

I

DAR

1

CHILOPSIS

C/WAMOML'M

linearis

camphora

DESERT WILLOW

CAMPHORA TREE

Characteristic of the desert washes

Originating in China, Japan and Taiwan, this evergreen is highlyvalued for its oil and scented timber

throughout the southwestern states and northern Mexico, this deciduous tree often has the multi-trunked habit of a large shrub, with branches to the ground and forming dense mounds. In garden situations,

30 ft (about 9 m) tall and wide. The slender leaves are it

a tree to

is

willow

while the flowers are

like,

showy trumpets

in white,

pink or

lavender; they are produced nearly all

summer in

pods

the garden.

The seed

that follow are typical of the

catalpa family filled

—

with milk\' seeds. Give

heat, a well-drained soil

sional

and

long, slender

it

sun.

and occa-

deep soakings through the

summer to extend

the flowering

season. Excellent for shading a patio in a desert garden. •

--10

and foliage. It grows slowly to around 50 ft (.about 15 m) tall with a rounded crown and tough gray

New foliage is rust colored with a grayish blue underside, mabark

The

turing to a shiny yellow green.

oval-shaped leaves are 5 in (about 12 cm) long, tapering to a point.

These leaves release

when

fragrance

camphor

a

crushed. Incon-

spicuous flowers appear in spring, followed by black berries. This tree requires a well-drained sional

soil,

deep waterings and

a

occa-

warm

climate with winter temperatures

above 20°F (about -7°C). Shallow roots can be a problem for pavement plantings. Pruning is tolerated. Propagate from cuttings in summer, seeds in

fall.

Fragrant carved chests

CHIONANTHUS

are

virginicus

the ability to protect their contents

made with

the

wood, which has

from moths.

FRINGE TREE. OLD MAN'S BEARD

Native to southeastern North

America, this deciduous species slowly grows to 9-30 ft (about tall,

as a slender small tree

or large shrub.

and

is

CLADR.\STIS lutca

2.7—9 m)

It

valued for

has an open crown its

attractive flow-

The flowers are dainty and white, and appear in late spring in drooping terminal clusters 8 in hence the ^about 20 cm) long ers.

—

common name The

"old man's beard".

large, oval leaves

appear in

late

spring and are shiny and dark green, turning gold in the fruits ripen in fall

fall.

on female

Blue

trees;

they are popular with birds. This

syn. C. kentukea

YELLOW

WOOD

Native to North Carolina. Kentucky

and Tennessee,

this

deciduous

foliage.

grows

It

m)

to

around 50

in height,

to 9 deep-green, ovate leaflets

are 4 in (about 10

cm)

turns from deep green to vivid yel-

Magnificent, white, wis-

low in

teria-like flower clusters

full

sun. Despite

and

long. Foliage

and moist

with

ft

with a broad, dome-shaped crown. The attractive compound leaves have 7 (about 15

species prefers cool temperatures soil

tree

has very fragrant flowers and thick

fall.

appear in

summer, but not every year

slow growth, it needs no special care once established.

early

ZONES 5-10

flower. It likes cool weather and will grow in average soil provided there is good drainage. Propagate from seed in fall. The common name comes from the bright yellow color of its freshly cut timber, which is

its

CHOR1SIA speciosa FLOSS SILK TREE. BRAZILIAN KAPOK TREE

This tree

is

native to the subtropical

zones of Brazil and Argentina. An erect species with a lofty crown, it grows to 50 ft (about 15 m). Its tapenng trunk is covered with vicious spikes and

its

long and uplifted.

branches are

Compound

leaves are shaped like hands,

up

made

of saw-toothed leaflets 5 in

This species takes 10 years to

used to make dye ZONES

3-9

CORDYUNE australis syn. Dracaena australis

CABBAGE TREE DRACAENA PALM

A

palm-like tree from

New Zealand, genus but

(about 12 cm) long. Resembling the

this is the hardiest of the

hibiscus, the variegated flowers

is

have 5 petals and range in color from light pink to purple with white or yellow throats, marked with red or brown. The species needs full

stem has a rosette of slender, strap-like leaves growing to 3

sun, a

warm

drained

soil.

in flower, in

climate and well-

Water fall.

seed in spring. ZONES 10—1

liberally

when

Propagate from

slow growing. The

tall,

(about 90 cm) in length. spring to

summer large

tiny, scented,

central

ft

From

spra\

s

white flowers appear.

This tree grows well in almost conditions but prefers to part shade.

It

all

fertile,

soil and full makes an ex-

well-drained but moist

sun

late

of

/

needs mod-

celleni potted planl thai

erate watering, less in winter

Propagate From seed spring

Among was

stem

oi

01

names,

New Zealand

Amei

B-l

deciduous species

a, this

11

(about 6-12

ft

used

tall

with gracefully spreading

abundant white spring flowers and deep branches.

It is

valued for

its

around 5-4 in

These 50 species of deciduous and evergreen shrubs and trees original e

North America and Europe

Tree species vary up to 60

m)

ft

foliage, flowers,

fall

color

requires a deep, rich,

fall. It

woodsy

kousa

(about

and

KOUSA DOGWOOD

This native of Japan and China

fruit.

flowers later than C. florida, with

The blooms develop

into

clusters of vivid red, white or pink that last until

adapted

fall.

Dogwoods

to regions

with

has multiple trunks and

pink.

It

holds

its

tal

flowers above the horizon-

branches. Better adapted to

Coast gardens than C.

cold winters, preferring sun to part

florida,

is

C.

mas

CORNELIAN CHERRY

needed. C. capitata

DOGWOOD

EVERGREEN

clusters of tiny yel-

Distinct for

its

low flowers

in late winter, this

wood

lacks the

showy

This Himalayan evergreen or semi-

deciduous shrub with

evergreen has wide, spreading

habit,

branches and grows up to 40 ft (about 12 m) high and wide. Pen-

red and gold in the to

it

have

It

attractive shape.

2'/ 2 -3 in

(about

a

dog-

A

rounded

fall

and

many suckers from

(about 7.5-10 cm) long. The bracts

creamy yellow,

bracts.

has glossy leaves that turn

dent, greenish gray leaves are 3-4 in

are

West

it still

needs regular irrigation. ZONES 5-10

shade. Soil should be rich, porous

and generally acidic; regular water essential. Minimal pruning is

needs pruning

to

is

likely

the base.

maintain an

ZONES 4-8

6-7.5 cm) wide. The plump, dark

pink

fruit

resembles strawberries.

C. nuttallii

DOGWOOD

This tree does best in cool coastal

PACIFIC

climates and acid soils; once estab-

This dramatic, conical, deciduous

lished,

it

is

ant in cool

relatively

drought

toler-

summer areas.

tree

grows

to a height of

(about 18 m).

B-10

Its

60

ft

flowers resemble

those of C. florida but with

more and

larger bracts appearing in spring;

C. controversa

red or orange berries follow in Originally from China and Japan, this

deciduous species with layered to 50 ft (about

branches can grow

15m)

Its

ovate, alternate, bright

green leaves turn purple in the

2-3

in

fall,

along with excellent colors of red

used

and

gold.

in areas near

in the

fall

its

fall,

foliage

It is

best

natural range

mountains of the West Coast.

and

(about 5-7.5 cm) clusters

Rowers are borne in summer There is a variegated form, 'Variegata', which is propagated by

CRATAEGUS

grafting in winter.

This large, diverse genus of orna-

of white

HAWTHORN

mental deciduous trees and shrubs

(

ornus kousa

in fall;

ultivars

1

summer.

I

by budding

he genus

Ireek kratos, "strength

c

then durable

in late

name from th refi

rs

to

wood

Ii

sometimes shallowly lobed ragrant flowers appear in late spring, usually white but sometimes in shades ol pink, lollowed by longlasting ornamental fruit, white,

<

minis

ol

varying

size.

They

will sur-

most soils provided they are not too damp. Propagate from seed

white, pointed bracts that age to

are best

How

leaves,

vive in

spring surrounded by a rosette of

hemes

petaled

spreading, develop finely toothed

and

Small, green blossoms appear in

bracts.

i

1

pink, orange, yellow or bright red

soil.

5-10

C.

they are valued for their

tall;

(about 7.5-10 cm)

in

long, that turn vivid, reddish purple

DOGWOOD

8

autiful,

and cruel horns. Height varies (about 4 5-14 between 5 and 45 in The spiky branches, usually

I

J

green, oval, heavily veined leaves,

1

the rose family,

C. coccinea 'Plena'

)

m)

CORNUS

in Asia,

In

ol

I

20-40

slowly reaches

the leaves instead of cabbage. ONI

Members

ers

it

called "cabbage nee" because

early sealers in

ii'

they have

Originating in eastern Ninth

summer

mam common

us

spln

LOWl RING DOGWOOD

I

suckers in

uttings in

(

originates in the northern hemi-

C. florida

257

(CIS

1111/s

S(

I

AR1

I

I

HAW HORN I

from North America 12-21 ft (about 3.5-6.5

his species,

glows

m)

10

in height.

It

has roundish, fine-

toothed leaves that turn

a rich red in

and bright pink flowers. These are lollowed by long-lasting red berries. Plant in full sun in wellfall

drained /< INI

soil.

S4-10

258

Trees

well into winter.

Paul's Scarlet'

C. laevigata

The white flowers

svn C. oxyacaniha

appear

PAUSsCARlll HAWTHORN

spring, while the orange-red fruit

in erect clusters in late

summer or early

ripen in late

This decorative, deciduous tree

fall.

--10

reaches 25

ft

(about 7.5 m).

much admired

It is

for its flowers, orna-

mental fruit and dense foliage. Eggshaped leaves with deeply cut lobes are 2 in (about 5 cm) long on spiky, broadly spreading branches Strongly scented, double red or deep pink flowers bloom in late spring to early summer. Red fruit endures through fall. This tree prefers a cool climate, full sun and well-drained soil. Propagate by

budding in

late

summer. Suscepti-

phaenopyrum

C.

not to lean

Vk

4SHTNGTON thorn

round shape and grows up to 30 ft Its shiny, deep green foliage is heart shaped and deeply

LEYLAND CYPRESS

(about 9 m).

by shiny, orange-red. spherical

fruit

tough, resistant to

may attack other

hawthorns and adaptable over most

--10

vigorous grower

—

to

20

ft

is

a

(about

6 m) high with a greater spread, up to 30 ft (about 9 m). It has glossy, oval, dark green leaves which in late fall turn red and often endure on the almost thomless branches until

~io

Crataegus x lavallei

is

an excellent selection of a

southeastern native with silvery bark, good, red

red fruits that It

fall

color and bright

well into winter.

last

has a vase shape to 25

7.5

m)

tively

nootkatensis.

ft

tall,

ft

(about

glossy leaves and rela-

m)

tall

in five years tulti-

m or more\

It

when young,

Often used as a quick-growing screen, it may only serve for 5 to 10 years before opening up and allowing views through. Flattened sprays of scaly leaves

may be

gray-green or

blue -green; the cones are tiny prefers cool

few thorns.

It

summer areas and good

drainage but regular water. Propa-

ZONES 4-9

gate

by

cuttings.

ZONES O-10

japonica Elegans"

CUPRESSUS

FLUME CEDAK

CYPRESS

Native to Europe, Asia, the

Central America, this diverse genus

highly valued for

its

tall, is

fascinating

needle-like foliage that develops in soft feather)

-

whorls and drapes to

the ground. Leaves turn from deep

Crataegus laevigata Paul's Scarlet'

USA and

This erect, conical, Asian conifer,

m)

green in

summer to

in

prefers cool conditions but

fall. It

Crataegus

viridis

rich golden rust

Winter King

of evergreen coniferous trees

may be

and

and slender or open and squat, ranging from 3 to 145 ft (about 90 cm to 44 m) high. They make symmetrical shade trees or hedges. Dark green, golden green shrubs

shear regu-

trees, or

formal hedges. Propagate

winter or

in

to late winter.

The

end of

trees are

and canker.

C. arizonica ARIZONA CYPRESS

This native of the Southwest and

northern Mexico fer for desert

is

a valuable coni-

landscaping. Tolerant

of heat and drought,

it

varies in

its

form but most commonly has a broad, conical shape, reaching

30-40

ft

(about 9-12

m)

tall.

Foli-

age will van,' in color as well; best

forms have a silvery-blue color. 1 in (about

Globular cones are

cml

The peeling and smooth on young trees, it becomes thick, fibrousy and shredding on 2.5

bark

is

in diameter.

a feature; usually red

and red

40-60

(about 12-18

some

regions. Prune mini-

mature specimens. On C. arizonica var. glabra the bark remains smooth

CRVPTOMERL4

ft

and

beetles, weevils

conifer is popular for its growth, sometimes reaching 20

vabout 6

warm-

two West Coast na-

tives, this fast

the branches for

susceptible to leaf tier caterpillars,

macrocarpa and Chamaecyparis

becoming more open and rounded in age or where summers are hot.

Winter King'

C. viridis

This

fall

Cupressus

matu-

temperate regions and are ideal for

from cuttings

has a conical habit

syn. C. x carrierei

This deciduous garden hybrid

may hang on

years. The)' prefer cool to

cold-treated seed from the

maiely to 40 ft/12

of the continent. •

cones

larly for

ley landii

A hybrid between

lobed. Clusters of white flowers

appear in early summer, followed

C. x lavallei

to scale-like leaves in

Their globose, scale-covered

rity

mally to shape

X CVPRESSOCYPARIS

is

change

thrive in

This small, attractive species has a

This species

or bluish gray needle-like leaves

coastal locations in full sun;

syn. C. cordata

foliar diseases that

ble to fireblight.

with regular watenng. Plant in cool, damp soil and shelter from cold winds; it will withstand transplanting up to a reasonable size. Propagate from cuttings. It is rare for a mature tree will survive in the heat

tall

to purple Rich soil with generous water will encourage faster growth but may shorten the life of

the trees

ZONE-

1

C. macrocarpa MONTEREY CYPRESS

This stately tree from California

noted for Cuprcssus

its

s.

handsome

is

habit, coni-

Swane's Golden'

Trees

cal

when young and developing

and thick crown

pic

turesque, spreading brani he

bipinnate foliage

with maturity (I.

"golden" leaved lar

he wild form has

I

green needles, bui

ul.

not

is

It

climates

winds and

very resistant to

much

is

tree and, as

used as

10

cold

a tree foi bitterly is

It

a shelter

takes clipping very

it

hedges Propagate from cuttings or seed. It is prone to cywell, for tall

press canker. A>NI

8-10

s

cm)

across,

with white

salt

C. sempervirens ITALIAN CYPRESS

I

one

petal variegated

he species will not

survive temperatures below freezing and needs a rich, well-drained, loamy soil with plenty ol moisture, and warm temperatures in summer to flower well. Prune when immature to prevent the development ol multiple trunks. Propagate from seed in summer and fall.

ZONES

and purple

angi

Insignifii ant

pi

i

immons

I

lp to

slender

tall,

may

branches. Ultimate height

30-40

ft

(about 9-12

spread of only 5-6

m)

I

propagated by grafting, though seed may be used A rclaltivc ol the ebon)', lis prec urns

make make

umber

oriental cabinets goll

"woods".

ZONES 8-10

10-11

JAPANESE PERSIMMON a

(about 1.5—1

ft

.8

m); some may need tying together to maintain the narrow shape. Foliage

usually dark, dull green but in

is

some

selections

may be golden

Cones

silvery-blue.

are

(about 3 cm) in diameter and ovoid.

These trees are like California

ft

m) but m)

(about 9

is

more usually

tall.

In fall the

most

striking colors: scarlet, yellow, or-

dry climates

for hot,

and the Southwest.

the narrowest of

'Stricta' is

(about 12

leathery, oval leaves turn the

'A in

1

Valued for its fruit, timber and stunning fall foliage, this graceful, slowgrowing, deciduous tree is native to China and Japan. It may reach 40 ft 30

or

all,

'Swane's Golden' has golden yellow foliage.

ZONES 8-10

DAVID/A involucrata DOVE TREE. HANDKERCHIEF TREE

This native of China, the only species of

genus,

its

valued for

is

its

unusual white bracts. Growing to

50 ft (about 1 5 m) or more, this deciduous ornamental develops a

rounded appearance. Its broad, egg-shaped leaves up to 6 in (about 1 5 cm) long are succeeded in late spring by small, deep-set, brownish red flowers.

Two

monly mistaken

white bracts (comfor petals) of

un-

equal lengths surround the flower.

The longer

resembles a bird or

leaf

common

handkerchief; hence the

names. Purplish green, pear-shaped seed pods follow, each encasing a single nut tial

lull sun or parporous soil and

Plant in

shade

in rich,

protect the bracts from harsh winds.

Propagate (with some difficulty)

from cuttings seed

/•

INI

;,

spring, or from is

named

David, the French mis

aftei Pi re 5ii 'ii.i!

in

The genus

in fall

who

discovered

it.

'

DELON/X regia ROYAI POIN< IAV\

icuthi in

i

lot

ti

it

is

quii

up

i-i.i

and popularflo only grow up

\)

IRII

Mada .|»

i'. i

i

iscar tai

1

1

1

.

eringtree while i

10

often threi timi I

\M

IMBOV

II

rhis tropical native of

ft

a

is i

it

about 9 m broad and

develop labuttn

edt

(about

i

be

with

tall

in

i

kaki

columns with narrowly ascending

i

cm) in diameti thi se are the size ami shape ol a tomato his nee njoys warm summers, rich, fertile soil and frequent watering It is best 7.5

DIOSPYROS

has a variable form, but trees in

I

into deli< ious, golden red fruit, or

This classic Mediterranean conifer cultivation are usually

i

;

lowish white female flowers develop

I

popu

ultivars are

i

light

extremely long,

composed ol 40 green "leathers" with numer-

ous lealleis hese are topped by laming red blooms, 4 in (about

ral

vi

si

lis is

(

uprt sslls

ill

l

(Mil

,l

is

and

used

to

also to

260

1

I

(

c

s

A Field Trip to Norfolk Island lhe

stately

splendor of Norfolk Island pmes (Araucaria

heterophylla) can't be fully appreciated until

growing

in their

own home

— Norfolk

you see them

Island.

Norfolk Island is a tiny island in the Pacific Ocean, about 1050 miles (about 1700 km) northeast of Sydney, Australia. You can fly to Norfolk Island from Sydney or from Auckland, New Zealand. As your aircraft approaches the island, you can see the steep basalt cliffs and gently rolling hills, and catch your first glimpse of its most dominant feature great stands of Norfolk Island pines They can be seen both in the open and in the densely wooded areas where they are to be found

NORFO-LK ISLAND

—

towering over the canopy. Walking Tracks

Norfolk Island has with an average yearly

a pleasant, mild, subtropical climate rainfall of

Roads

52 in (about 1326 mm). The

is in summer, when the mean temperature is 77°F (about 25°C); in winter it is 65°F (about 18°C). the best place to see the islands most interesting and beautiful flora is Norfolk Island National Park. There are up

best time to visit

170 native plant species, about 40 of which are found only on Norfolk Island. It is a good idea to visit the Botanic Garden on Mission Road before you explore the National Park. Here you can familiarize yourself with some of the flora so you can more easily identify it when you are in the park. The National Park contains some 5 miles (about 8 km) of walking tracks. A good place to start exploring these is from the summit of Mount Pitt, the highest point of the island. You can to

walk or drive to this area from Burnt Pine. As you wind your way up the mountain the towering pines and palms create a canopy that, in places, obscures the sky.

The rich soil here is home to many fern species, including the smooth tree fern (Cyathea brownii), which is considered to be the world's tallest. The view from the summit is magnificent; you can see the whole of Norfolk Island and neighboring Nepean and Phillip Islands, and all around an endless expanse of

sea.

From Mount Pitt take the Summit Track to Mount Bates, winding your way through some thick forest. The trees here include the Norfolk Island hibiscus, also known as the white oak (Lagunaria

patersonii),

which produces splendid pink

flowers in spring (September to November). The pepper tree

(Macropiper excelsum), too,

grows up

to 9

ft

is

fairly

abundant. This shrub

(about 3 m), producing yellow flower spikes

fruit which was used by the early settlers. Follow the Red Road Track from Mount Bates through more hardwood forest and large stands of Norfolk Island pines and you may see the epiphytic orchid Taeniophyllum muellerii, commonly known as the minute orchid, growing on

followed by spikes of yellow to orange

in preserves

the trunks

Looking south

ft

om Anson

Bay, Norfolk Island.

and branches.

On

the forest floor

is

Oplismcnus, a

creeping native grass which has tiny reddish flowers.

/

Lichen covers the limbs of some pines

Araucaria heterophy

the island's northeast.

in

The Palm Glen Track leads you through one of the island's attractive areas where you will see great stands of the Norfolk Island palm (Rhopalostylis baueri), a magnificent tree reaching heights of 30 ft (about 10m). The West Palm Glen Track leads through more stands of palms and a lush tree fern forest. Here you will see the smooth tree fern again, also the smaller rough tree fern (Cyathea australis) and the rare king most

fern

Ma rattia

salicina).

Wildlife in the area includes the scarlet robin, a delightful

but endangered endemic bird which

is

black with a bright red

I

,

r

s

lla

Araucaria The unique conifer genus Araucaria consists of 19 distributed in a remarkable geographical pattern.

species,

On one

Ocean there are two species in eastern one of which occurs in New Guinea which also has an endemic species: Norfolk Island has just one species but nearby New Caledonia has 13 species. Across the Pacific in South America there are just two species, the spectacular "monkey puzzle in Chile and southern Argentina, and the Parana pine in south-central Brazil. This sort of distribution suggests the genus originated and side of the Pacific Australia,

'

breast.

The Norfolk Island morepork

(a

small owl) makes

its

do many of the

nest in a hollow of the Norfolk Island pine, as island's native birds.

Another threatened species, the Norfolk Island green parrot, an attractive bird with jewel green plumage, makes its home among the branches. The white tern, a

diversified before

and the island's emblem, also nests here. Alter you have walked back to Mount Pitt the round trip miles (.about 4 km) take the track to Hollow Pine. Here stands a magnificent Norfolk Island pine which is hollow at the base An escaped convict is said to have lived for

beautiful ornamental trees

sea bird

—

—

seven years in a similar pine before he was finally captured.

The area surrounding Hollow Pine is rich in native flora. parts of the island have been affected by the encroachment of weeds but here volunteers have assisted in the battle against unwanted introduced species. Before European settlement, the island was almost covered

Many

in rainforest

Island pines

When came

Captain

right

down

Cook

first

landed, the Norfolk

to the water's edge. Clearing of

and nowless than 1 per cent remains as it was when Cook saw it Planting of the pines is now being done on a large scale. These may take up to HO years or more to reach their lull height of up to 22(^ (about 70 m), but eventually the island ma the land started within days ol settlement in 1788,

It

be almost covered by these magnificent the Pitcairri

Folk Island sa)

them grow, our children

will

If

The araucarias make where space the climate

The most

is

is

sufficient

suitable.

cold-

hardv is the Chilean monkey puzzle (Araucai \a araucana which '.

actually requires i

ool climates such

as that of southern

England. The next

most hard)

the

is

Australian bunya pine

Some

bidw

illn

i,

the spe<

ies,

su< h as

\

the Norfolk Island

pine and the New Caledonian pine \

.\\e

i

olumnaris

noted

foi

then

tolerant e ol salt-

tr<

we do

Gondwana. the southern supercontinent. began splitting apart over 100 million years ago.

not

live

laden W

lllds

ol

Araucaria

and

heterophy Ua

261

8-18 m) and

usually have twisted,

thorny trunks. Leaves are pinnately compound, with heart-shaped or oval leaflets; they appear

weak branches ting split

and

on

light,

often prone to split-

falling.

Tubular flowers,

beneath, bloom in a mass of

scarlet,

crimson or orange

times of the year;

some

at

various

species in

mid-winter, their flowers in striking contrast to

denuded

limbs. Coral

trees will survive in diverse condi-

tions provided temperatures remain above 40°F (about 5°C). Many spelics tolerate exposed coastal locations. Provide rich, porous soil and

water sparingly, especially

if

grow-

ing in pots. Propagate from seed in spring, cuttings in

summer. Prone

by red spider mite.

to attack

have distinctively capped flower buds with densely packed stamens, blooming in shades ol white, pink,

m

red or yellow. Trees differ greatly

and shape from low, multi-trunked and shrubby to extremely tall and high canopied. Their native habitat varies from coastal dunes and swamps to desert plains to mountain tops; most grown in North America are remarkably drought tolerant but tolerate little frost and are generally size

useful only in the mildest climates.

Plant eucalypts as small as possible;

growth may lead

their rapid root

encircling roots

if

to

kept too long in

nursery containers, and to poorly

anchored

trees in the garden. Give

them

sun, a well-drained soil

full

and moderate watering once established. Propagate from seed in late

E. caffra svn. E. constantiana, E. insignis

winter.

KAFF1RBOOM CORAL TREE E. citriodora

This semi-evergreen African native

with

LEMON-SCENTED GUM

spreading crown grows

its

quickly to 35-60

m). The

(about 10-18

ft

compound

This species grows to 100

30 m) or more

foliage. 7 in

in height

(about

ft

and

is

(about 17 cm) wide, comprises

valued for

three sharp, oval leaflets. Orange-

lemon-scented leaves. The attractive trunk is covered with smooth, pinkish gray bark that peels in patches. The deep green foliage is rough and downy when young, becoming

red flowers appear in late winter

and er)-

early spring, followed

by

leath-

seed pods containing scarlet

seeds. This species

blem ZONES

is

the floral

em-

of Los Angeles.

its

and smooth when ma-

lanceolate

10-11

slender beauty and

Flowers bloom in thick, termi-

ture.

nal clusters

1

in (about 2.5

cm)

E. crista-galli

across.

COCKSPL R CORAL TREE

ZONES

Originating in Brazil, this deciduous species rapidly reaches

(about 3.5-9 broadly.

develop Erythrina crista- ealli

EMBOTHRWM CHILEAN FIRE TREE, CHILEAN FIREBLSH

Native to Chile and Argentina, this small, evergreen tree or large, nar-

row shrub may reach 30 ft (about 9 m). It has shin)-, dark green, leathleaves growing

up

to 4 in (about

ft

SCARLET-FLOWERING GUM

prickly, trifoliate leaves

at the

E. jicijolia

ends of thorny stems.

bloom in sum-

Regarded

bloom

impressive display from to early

late

summer. The plant

in

an

The woody seed pods are 15 in (about 38 cm) long. This species requires full sun and moist

spring and summer.

soil.

fall.

Prune in winter; an

attractive

gnarled trunk will develop without

pruning but then the crown full of dead branches. ZONES

will

be

it

E. lysistemon

It

30 ft and a spreading crown of lanceshaped foliage. The pitcher-shaped nuts contain brown, winged seeds. This tree does best in

a mild, coastal

location with full sun

and well-

soil.

produce

Seeds from cultivars a variety of colors.

closely related to

KAFFIRBOOM

ZONE-

This semi-deciduous South African native grows to 30 ft (about 9 m)

will

E.

enjoys a

tall.

E.

It is

calophylhh

10-11

Terminal clusters of cylindrical bloom from the

eucalypts in California, this

new season's ZONES

coastal areas, creating

EUCALYPT.

GUM

TREE

(about 61

This diverse genus of Australian

These deciduous and semi-evergreen trees and shrubs originate in cool tropical and warm-temperate

natives contains over

planted tall,

in

hazards

fire

and out-competing the native vegetation. A fast grower and weak wooded, it may exceed 200 ft

EUCALYPTUS CORAL TREE

of the most

narrow species has naturalized

foliage.

10-11

s-io

ERYTHRINA

commonly

One

tips of the branchlets prior to the

suckers in spring or seed in

fall.

globulus

TASMANIAN BLUE GUM

red flowers often

damp, cool location with acid soil and good drainage. Propagate from -

late

grows up to (about 9 m) with rough bark

drained

8-11

clusters of

orange flowers in

scarlet to

to

all

spring

produce flowers from an early age provided it is well watered. A cool-temperate species,

most beautiful of

enormous terminal

bears

will

10 cm) long. Terminal clusters of scarlet, tubular flowers

as the

the flowering eucalypts, this species

loose terminal clusters from

mer

coccineum

2-30

m) and spreads

Rich, crimson flowers

Eucalyptus globulus

er)-

Its

1

10-11

600 species of

m)

in height, the

its

smooth,

tall,

shedding

straight trunk continually

The and oval,

light gray bark.

evergreen trees and shrubs prized

young

for their attractive flowers, leaves

maturing

12 in (about 30 cm) long and very

gions as ornamentals. They vary in

and bark. Foliage varies from linear to heart shaped; young and adult leaves differ markedly, making

height between 27 and 60

identification difficult. All species

areas

around the world. They

usually

grown

in

are

warm winter reft

(about

leaf is silvery-blue

aromatic.

to a green sickle

Creamy

shape

to

flowers develop

from blue buds. Much over-planted in the West, this is nevertheless a

Eucalyptus

Ic

beautiful species

when grown

as a

specimen but is too large for most gardens and contributes too much fuel in areas prone to fire. ZONES 9-10 E. leucoxylon

WHITE IRONBARK

With smooth, bluish white bark marked with yellow patches, this erect evergreen reaches 1 5-30 ft (about 4.5-9 m). Its rounded crown is

covered with grayish green, lan-

ceolate leaves of varying widths.

White or pink flowers (.according variety) appear in long-stemmed, triple clusters during winter and spring. The seed pods are 1 in

Eucalyptus pauciflora

Euccihptus nicholii

to

(about 2.5 cm) long with pointed

35

(about 10

ft

m)

open habit

tion, its

of

eludes some of the world's most

in cultiva-

tall

growth pro-

vides dappled shade for garden or

popular deciduous trees. They are valued for their fall foliage and their

make

interior regions.

terrace. Its flowers and fruit are not showy, and it sheds very little bark. Extremely hardy for a eucalypt. it also tolerates heat and drought but

crowns. Foliage varies in shape, size

ZONES 9-11

may be

and

ends. This species adapts to mild coastal conditions as well as hot

E.

mannifera subsp. maculosa

SILVER DOLLAR

30-50 ft (about 9-15 m). Its powdery white bark is pinkish red when new The blue-green, lanceolate foliage is 3-6 in (about 7.5-15 cm) long Creamy white flowers to

in terminal clusters of 3 to 7

mer, or

in

in late spring

and sum-

winter in some climates.

-*-ii

E. nicholii

NICHOl

GUM

This

is

a

popular

leaves

w hich are

round

in shape.

r

less silver)'

tree for its juvenile

and nearly Mature leaves are silver)'

and more

oval, but are

by the pyramid-shaped nuts pnckly oval seed pods. Although edible, beechnuts are not particularly tasty but are popular with wildlife. The purple-leaved trees like full sun; the yellow-leaved

prefer partial shade. All species

pendulous branches. Tiny, creamy ilowers are produced in large, pendent panicles in early summer. The light brown bark sometimes looks like cats have used it as a scratching post. Foliage is good for cutting.

enjoy a well-drained but moist,

ZONES 8-11

graze the ground, avoiding the need

sideroxylon

loamy

narrow and gray-green, becoming slender blue-green in maturity, crushed leaves smell of peppermint Densely foliaged, this is an excellent shade tree for the larger garden, reaching 40 ft (about 12 m) in height and nearly as wide Flowers and fruits are small and are very

insignificant.

plants to

attractive

is

noted for

its

pink or red flowers The

blue-green foliage

is

a perfect

for the winter flowers

sizes the

40

foil

and empha-

darkness of the bark Gen-

upnghi

erally

in habit to

around

(about 12 m), occasionally

ft

more, us branches ma) be upright or gracefully pendent It does well 1

i

Propagate from

fall.

WIFRK VN BEECH

li

ilikes

One

of the grandest of native North American trees, this beech is similar in most aspects to the more commonly planted European beech Reaching well over 100 It (about 10

m

i

tall in

tree

with

it is

a

bold

dense foliage canopy and is

it

less

likeU to have the symmetrical shape

of

its

European cousin Branch

FAGVS

al

Lzontal,

leaves

mum

II

maun

holding slendei

.

.

ellipti-

the maxi-

fla

sunlighl ill

i

HIM

ideal situations, a

striking silvery-gray bark,

i

le-

it is

i l.i

iflora

of thi

other

a beech;

best to leave lower branches to

In n

I

difficult for

tough, black, furrowed bark and

M

white bark and bin

it

grow beneath

F. grandifolia

wet,

This medium-sized eucalypt

preferably neutral to

Shallow roots and dense

shade make

seed in

This showy eucalypt

near

(,1

soil,

alkaline.

RED IRONBARK, PINK IRONBARK

has brown, fibrousy bark and weeping branches The juvenile leaves

(.MUSI

to

in late spring, followed in

for underplanting.

This fine-textured, upright eucalypt

1'iiiit

from yellow

very attractive on gracefully

still

E.

/

color, ranging

in their

WILLOW-LEAFED PEPPERMINT

S

to

late fall

an open, spreading crown, this evergreen grows quickly

blossoms

furniture.

95 ft (about 29 m), they are well rounded with dense

bloom

polyanthemos

Erect, with

appear

Reaching up

purple. Inconspicuous flowers

ZONES 7-10 E.

GEM

RED-SPOTTED

difficult to find in nurseries.

timber, used to

li

is

found growing maples in

with variou

oughoui the

:

N\!\[i(icd

purpun

f.

deep South. Native to the tropics, where it becomes a mammoth tree. under more temperate conditions its

Jom more

/-

than 25—30

ft

and wide.

W&J8B^&-\^SS&S

Leaves are smooth, dark green and

pointed oval: the trees produce very little litter

tiny,

»l

hard

The papery fruit has 5 and the seeds develop along ;.ns of the pods. Th prefers a warm-temperate climate with full sun. It likes damp, welldrained soil. Prune if it becomes thin stems. bracts

y; propagate

fruits.

and dense

?^t

from either leaves or the Upright, branching

Yellowy green flowers appear in spring, clustered along the

foliage

make

suitable for shearing

and prunir

from mature

seed in spring.

the tree

-i(

s

control size. F. microcarpa differs in

FRANKUN1A

.eping branches. 10-11

rubiginosa

F.

ered unlucky to plant a copper

F. sylvatica

—

EUROPEAN BEECH

Broadly conical in shape with gracefully spreading branches, this rela-

beech near the house the tree is thought to attract lightning. It stands clipping and can be used for

oval,

Young

foliage is

downy and light green, matur-

FRANKLIN TREE

PORT JACKSON FIG

:

tall, its .

-

pendent branches drop moist coastal gardens

all. It

adapts

American be urban and mild winter climates. better than the

.

Many named selections are

avail-

that

become

auxiliary trunks.

deep purlish Tricolor' has leaves with pink, white and green mar

or purp..

-

Asplendifolia' has finely cut lea

and "Penduh ing branches.

genus consists of about 6C. green or deciduous tropical trees, shrubs and root climbers. The trees :heir foliage or for

some

grown The spring or fall flowers are insignificant. They prefer a fertile, well-drained soil and sun or partial shade. Propagate from shade:

f.

purp

This form has pur"

bottomlands of Georgia, but has garden worthy and re.. propagated duous. its le .

rk green

-

is

:

ant species

along the coast, though ate

some

of California's

it

is

best

brown bark, this m) tall and half as wide. Not common, but trunks of reddish tree reaches

FIRM1ANA

FRA.YIMS

for red spider mite.

simplex

;

:

F.

nitidfl

sun or pan

svn. F. vlatanifolia. Sterculia platanijolia

Native to the northern hemisphere,

well-known genus contains about 60 deciduous timbc and shrubs. They are extremely vanable in sire, ranging from 50 to this

retusa

CHINESE PARASOL TREE

This sturdy

_

from India makes an outstanding street and shade tree in warm climates of the West and This evergreen

(about 6

cu ttings or

ig

microcarpa var.

svn

ft

in full

inte-

by layering in summer V

seed in spr

20

seeking for a moist, rich.

will toler-

warm

and shiny, turning

crimson before dropping in fall. Fragrant, pure white flowers with a mass of golden stamens resembling small magnolias appear in late sum- ...illy growing with multiple

shade.

INDIAN LAVREL FIG

copper in fall. It requi full sun. True color can be achieved from seed. In Ger" nsidthat turn

flapped tubes in spring and summer, followed by pairs of globular yellow fruit covered with bumps.

is

natural range in the moist

rior vallevs.

F.

COPPER BEECH PI RPLE BEECH

deep green on top.

neath. Inconspicuous flowers form

species are also

for their fruit.

.

F. sylvatica

The

This large and extremely d

able, varying in habit or in leaf color

or shape: Atropunicea", the copper

its

aerial roots in

F1CUS

foliage is shiny .

This small, showy tree

-50 ft ubout 9-15 crown spreading air. The main trunk is but-

tralia. ;:

.

less.

FIG.

This large evergreen, native to Aus-

m)

hedges.

tall

RLSTYLEAF

r^und 130 ft (about though usually

alatamaha

Firmiana simplex

sylvatica

fig

tree, originating in Ja-

pan and China, grows up tc v.about 15 m\ Valued for its shade, it

has large leaves with 3 to 5 lobes.

m\ Dense which are insignifi-

about 15-49 .

usters

Fraxinu

oxycarpa 'Raywood'

cant in most species appear in early

F.

spnng, followed by distinctive,

syn. F. angustifolia

compound

pinnately

leaves

up

to

15 in (about 38 cm) long, divided into 3 to 13 leaflets. Decorative

drooping clusters of small, winged seeds de\ elop from the flowers. These trees will endure a broad range of temperatures provided they -

are planted in deep, fertile soil with sufficient moisture

and

sun.

full

Propagate from heat-treated seed in fall,

budding

or by

in the

summer

This evergreen, native to Australia

This robust and fast-growing

tree, a

cultivar of Australian origin,

val-

ued

and

for its fall leaves

is

attractive

shape. The tree grows to 30-50

(about 9-15 m), developing

to claret red

GREEN ASH

Another eastern American native,

fast-growing native of eastern

North America,

this species has a

and an upright oval shape, reaching 50-80 ft (about 1 5-24 m) in height but much narrower Dark green leaves may be 15m (about 38 cm) long; fall color will be gold and purple. Easil) grown in average soils with straight trunk

regular water. Several cultivars are available, selected for

more compact

fall

habit

color

KIM, \SH

\I\NW

more

tolerant of the heat, drought

and

in

Though naturally weedy liecause of its many seeds, the green ash.

ash

is

now available

shape and

color Look for

fall

Marshall's Seedless' fall

and 'Summit'

the foliage turns a lovely

pn ading

I

lii

.

\sll

tough

which nun ll"

in earl i

>

to9l

afli

ei

in

is

iisa

tiati

i

il

[tsglo did wintei

I

i

well adapti d to the

ales

vhen

decid

li

reddish purpli i

ies

si

Ml Will ASH

ipecii

hkI

ompri

appeal

in

sun

Ginkgos are widely cultivated in China, where their edible seeds are considered

a delicac)

ZONES 4-10

dry areas.

in

triacanihos var. inermis

biloba

deciduous North American grows up to 50 It (about m) and develops a broad c row n his

1

GINKGO. MAIDENHAIR TREE

spec ies

The

sole

member

of

its

genus, this

important deciduous conifer has been lound in fossils that are over

200 million years

old. Native appar-

ent!) to Europe, Asia. Australia and America, n is thought to be extinct

now

in the

30

1

It

lies

wild

Fortunately,

it

is

m) he angular develop bright green,

(about 59

1

fan shaped leaves, similar to the maidenhaii fem but much I

whii

bui are

thi

vinter tempera

on

li

I

i

turn de< p golden yellow in yellow flowers sprinkle

ittle

im

iii.uiih

femali

liuiis

luring

full

fall.

THORNLESS HONEY LOCUST

fall

ll

I

Gleditsia triacanihos var. inc

GLEDITSIA

to

uhdn

EVERGREEN

i

in

widely cultivated Valued for its rich (all foliage and timber, il grows up

i

Western

w hue

as clonally

propagated male trees incapable ol producing seeds and with a reliable

F.

southern Eui

this

i

from seed

GINKGO

brant

Originating

Glossy black seeds

winds of the plains than the white

In the

\MI

clusters

ZONES 9-11

this tall, fast-growing tree is

yellow

FLOW

Open

of creamy white flowers cover the

and grows well

WHITE ASH

or a

(about 15 cm) long.

follow. Propagate

pennsylvanica

F.

It

thick, lanceo-

gray-green leaves are up to 6 in

late,

fall.

A

now

Its

This citrus relative enjoys

americana

tall,

quickly reaches 9-30

it

(about 2.7-6 m).

tree in spring.

ZONE--

F.

is valued for us shape and aromatic hardwood. Small and slender, with pendent branches and a spreading

crown,

The deeply lobed foliage is made up of 7 to 9 narrow leaflets which turn from shinv deep green

New Caledonia,

and

attractive

It

a

trunk and rounded crown.

stock}-

in

months.

Raywood'

WOOD ASH

RAY

trei

in

pi ing,

iby orangi

about the

followed y<

How

size ol a small

is

valued

il

9

m)

then

I"

rowth to

appear

tand

i

deep iastal

and

intei

urban pollution fertil

oiland

It

to ^2 leaf-

in

downy

green,

clusters

In

the species, these are followed In red oc hre seed pods,

large, shin)

curved and around 18 in (about 45 cm) long, the pods are filled \\ ith a sweet pulp he pods

slight!)

I

in

w

i

j

pecies are

li-

and the thorns on

mess)

icious

\

:

whi(

Sunburst

is

li

is

It

plani onl) th< thornless

best to

ultivars,

<

are also seedless

populai

foi

its

golden

yellow new foliage, best used against dat

green

1

plum

and weti limates and with

arid

up

ot

Insignificant, pea-like flowers

lets

foliagi

SI

vlim

Moraine and Impi

both

abu

It

for its attractive fern-like

composed

foliage,

5

1

i

turns

I

In

need

,

li.

in

gn

i

Irought n

ii

li

i

i.

afed selet

mi

ell-drained

m

lull

.im

-

trei

Propagati b) budding

oil

first

creamy white then golden-

yellow, and are followed by odd.

star-shaped capsules

with

filled

paper)' seeds. This evergreen prefers a

warm

fertile,

climate with

Propagate from seed in

fall,

soil.

cuttings

summer.

in late

ZONES

sun and

full

well-drained, acidic

10-11

ILEA'

opaca AMERICAN HOLLY

This native of deciduous woodlands of the eastern est

with

berries.

its It

US

gives winter inter-

evergreen foliage and red

has a conical shape and

grows slowly

to a height of

(about 15m). usually

less

50

ft

m gar-

dens. The leaves are sharply spined

and dull green; fruits are less plentiaquijolium. Excellent ful than on for use in shade gardens where the foliage can be protected from the sun and drying winds of winter. It I.

Hex opaca cies

grown

is

for

its

bell-like,

white

The simple

flowers in early spnng.

leaves barely change before drop-

ping in

fall,

but the flaking bark and

seed pods provide interest during the winter. Ultimately a tree of

30-50

ft

(about 9-15

m)

in height,

slow growing and is usually multi-stemmed. Excellent along the margin of a woodland, it favors a rich, woodsy soil, some shade and it is

fairly

prefers a moist, slightly acidic,

woodsy

soil

and regular water.

Various cultivars are available, both

shrubby and tree like; look for Merry Christmas' and 'Christmas Carol' for dependable fruiting. 'Canary' has yellow fruit.

ZONES 5-10

JACAMSDA mimosi/olia

regular water.

syn. J. acutifolia,]. oxalifolia

JACARANDA

HOHERIA

Native to the high plains of Brazil, this fast

populnea

grower

is

valued for

its

and timber. It develops a broad, rounded crown and grows up to 40 ft (about 12 m) tall and wide, \i\id green, beautiful flowers, foliage

NEW ZEALAND LACEBARK

New Zealand this slender,

Native to

fast-growing evergreen reaches

24-50

ft

(.about

of only five in

valued for

7-15 m) and is one genus. The tree is

its

decorative flowers,

its

and bark, which is papery. pale brown and white, shedding in patches. Its glossy, deep green leaves are elliptical and deeply toothed. Thick white clusters of foliage

lightly scented, star-shaped flowers

appear in

late

summer to

early

fall.

Plant in rich, porous soil with full

shade and water reguPropagate from cuttings in

sun or larly.

partial

summer, seed Jacaranda mimosifolia

Gre\illea robusta

GREVILLEA

followed by small,

robusta

filled

OAK

Native to Australia, this cone-

shaped, evergreen tree of its large genus.

50-60

ft

It

is

the tallest

quickly reaches

(about 15-18 m).

is

spnng to

early

It

likes full

shade and can be

of

its

is

valued for

summer the

ablaze with brilliant orange,

toothbrush-like flowers which are

17

m)

tall, it

genus, this its

Up to

55 ft (about has an erect, columnar

shape, spreading to triangular in maturity.

The

elliptical foliage is

glossy deep green

on sparse limbs

A delightful, deciduous tree, native

with irregular, dow-nturned branches. Fragrant, long-tubed

to the southeastern states, this spe-

flowers appear in early

tree

Depending on

may be shed

in

winter or early spring before the flowers appear. These are very attractive,

mauve -blue terminal clus-

ters of tubular

blossoms.

Flat,

leather)-

seed pods follow. Prefer-

ring dry

and temperate

climates, the

juvenile tree needs protection from

porous soil with sun and do not over-water; prune potted specimens in late winter. Propagate from seed in frosts. Plant in rich, full

9-11

nigra

SWEETSHADE

attractive flowers.

syn. H. tctraptera

bipinnate. with

JUGLAXS

flawim

Australian native

CAROLINA SILVER-BELL

climate, the leaves

ZONES

The only species

Carolina

is

leaflets.

HYMESOSPORUM

ZONES 9-10

HALESIA

12 or more

spring.

propagated very easily from seed. Young specimens are used as indoor container plants.

It is

admired for its attractive flowers, foliage and timber. The pointed, bipinnately lobed leaves are dark green on top and silver)- beneath. In late

partial

fall.

woody capsules

with winged seeds.

sun or SILK OAK, SILKY

in

ZONES 8-10

fem-like foliage

summer.

BLACK WALNLT

This species from eastern North America is valued for its foliage, timber and edible nuts. It grows to some 95 ft (about 29 m) with an open crown and shiny green foliage comprising 15 to 25 leaflets each 4 in i^about 10 cm) long. These are followed by greenish yellow male catkins, inconspicuous female flow-

Tree

ers and, Finally, edible nuts

Plant in

deep, rich, porous

lull

sun

In

aim

soil

Propagate from seed

means

Juglans

in fall

I

Romans

value the

ones beat three seeds

I

he species

adaptable to moist oi dry sites, but has pool wintei COloi Skyis

i

ton

ZONl

the walnut.

ol

(

rocker

"Jupiter's acorn", so

highly dul the

huu

with

\\

is

a

ith a

S 2

LABURNUM x watereri 'Vossii

GOLDEN

good blue-green selec very narrow form

MAIN

(

Rl

I

-

Native to Europe and parts of Asia

Minor, this deciduous hybrid

10

valued for

ZONl S4-9

is

beautiful golden

it grows 9-30 ft (about 2.7-9 m) tall and takes on a spreading shape in maturity. The compound foliage has

paniculata

JUNIPER

GOLDEN-RAIN TREE

This northern hemisphere genus

This deciduous Asian native has broad convex crown and grows quickly to 30-50

its

chains of flowers. Elegant and erect,

KOELREUTER1A

JUMPERUS

contains over 50 species of slow-

I

1

(about 9-15

a

three oval leaflets, shiny dark green

on top and

m)

soft

and downy under-

neath. Pendent, pea-like flowers

growing conifers of extremely diverse color and habit, ranging in height from 27 to 80 ft (about 8-24 m). Adult foliage comprises short,

grows up to 18 in (about 45 cm) long and turns from green to deep

stems in

scale-like leaves. Species are hardy,

golden yellow

the highly poisonous seeds. This

drought

resistant, tolerant of

most

well-drained soils and either low or

pH and

high

are able to survive

extremes in temperature. They also prefer full sun and dry, sandy soil. Trees should be pruned regularly; as

new growth from brown wood.

with most conifers, not sprout

will

leafrollers.

used

is

Watch for aphids and The blue, berry-like fruit

grafting.

feathery, bipinnate foliage

in

fall,

particularly in

like

late spring.

A

pods follow, some containing sun and regular moismost soil types

tree likes full

ture

develop in summer, followed by pinkish brown seed pods swollen

but will not survive in hot climates

with black seeds. This species sur-

trained as an espalier or over an

and inland conditions and

and

will tolerate

or waterlogged

soil. It is easily

arbor. Propagate

by budding

sun and strong alkaline Propagate from seed in spring;

summer; species

are propagated

The flowers

animals graze, as

enjoys

full

root cuttings in winter.

are used in Chinese medicine.

gmiana

few legume-

clusters of golden yellow flowers

vives

I us \n

develop in golden clusters on long

cooler climates. Large, decorative

soil.

Propagate from seed or cuttings, or

by

tall. Its

ft

seed in

fall.

Do

in

by

not plant where all

parts of this

species are toxic.

ZONES 6-9

to flavor gin.

communis

J.

COMMONJUNIPER This shrub or tree reaches a height

37

of 9 to

ft

(about 2.7-10.5

slim or cone shaped.

is

brownish red bark and

m) and

has

It

fragrant,

yellowish green, needle-like foliage

borne

groups of

in

globular

fruit are

The

three.

blue-black, turn-

ing bluish green before finally maturing to black. These fruit are used for flavoring in

cooking. The most

dependably narrow cultivar

is

Laburnum

commonly

'Stricta'

('Hibemica'),

known

as the Irish juniper.

ZONES 2-10

scopulomm

J.

ROCKY MOl MAIN ]1\1PER

A shrub

or small tree, this species

a characteristic conifer of the

tains of

is

moun-

western North America,

often seen in association with

pinyon trees. Broadly conical form to 40 ft (about 12 m) in

in

shaped by the

height, they are often

wind, various cultivars are available

more ompai

with

i

ni. in<

.

t

Aro-

habits.

blue-green needles hold their

color well during the winter. Best in

mountainous range with excelsun and no more

their

lent drainage, lull

water than nature provides 4-9

virginiana

/.

EASTERN RED ( ll)\R 'riginating

|

Ami

hade

il

fii

.mil

iii<

i

hi

i

prick!

he

gi i"

60

to

10

i;

n< edli i

oung

alued

i

limhei

pread

trei

and grow

nth

i i

this conifer

rica

I

in Ft

t<

iiangiilai

matui about

liki

Blui

n at

il

I

folia

blacl

fuglan

nigi a

funipi

x watereri 'Vossii'

267

268

/

I

1

,

s

mer followed by

large, inedible

This tree prefers

fruit.

mates and tolerant.

is

It is

warm

soil in full

moderately drought also salt resistant

and

enjoys coastal locations with sandy

propagates simply Irom seed

1

1

and tolerates pruning The genus was named after the sixteenth-century botanist Andres Laguna. 9-11

in spring. This tree survives hot weather with regular watering. Select

seedling trees in

LIRIODESDROS Tl LIP TREE TL LIP POPLAR

native

is

ROPEAN LARCH

Native to northern Europe, this

grow

enduring, deciduous conifer has an

of

attractive symmetrical, conical

shape, opening out in later years.

It

50-100 ft (about 15-30 m), in a symmetrical pyramid: branches otien

do not

like flowers at the tips of

green, needle-like foliage in spring,

branch. These aie followed by coni-

brown

in

tree bears

become

when

all

visible in winter,

is

It is

soil

and

prized by shipbuilders and

also a valuable source of turpen-

up

MACLURA

lucidum

pomifera

GLOSSY

OSAGE ORANGE

PRI\ ET

makes

a sturdy tree in

gions of the US.

produced on

Its

warmer

re-

glossy leaves are

round-headed tree. (about 9 nO tall and as wide.

ft

a

Large panicles of tiny white flowers

appear

in

mid-summer,

their dis-

considered offensive by some. Deep blue-black berries follow and remain on the tinctive fragrance

through fall or until the birds them. Tolerant of heat and full

sun

to

summer.

crown and arching branches. tical,

in tall

deep green leaves tum Small clusters

ol

Ellip-

yellow-

yellow-

summer

for

(about 10 cm) diamater, lumpy, yellow-green, inedible

full

and

LIQllDAMBAR

to

sty

fruits. Suit-

able for hedges, the species requires

sun and tolerates heat, drought neglect. Easily rooted from

cuttings, fence posts

durable

wood

into trees

made

often root

of the

and grow

The wood was once used

make bows

raciflua

SWEET GUM

MAGNOLIA

patersonii

This deciduous native of North and ITCH TREE

Name

to Australia's

Island

and Norfolk

attractive evergreen

Lord

Central America has an erect, coni-

Howe

Island, this is

the only

genus. Growing to

(about 15 m),

it is

valued for

attractive, regular, triangular

timber and flow-

ers. Its leather}', elliptical leaves are

gray with a whitish underside. Hi1

much

Onginating in south-central North America, this tree is valued for its tough constitution and vigorous growth in difficult situations, though many trees are far more attractive It grows quickly to 65 ft (about 20 nO with an open, uneven

pavements and lor other plants growing beneath them. ^10 -

biscus-like.

is

followed on female trees by 4 in

Shallow roots create problems

its

is

eat

sional soaking during the

its

and

green flowers appear in

flower well, and appreciate an occa-

shape and for

size

tree

drought, these trees want

its

good

though not very durable, used in the US.

UGVSTRUM

This evergreen privet from Japan

ft

to a

propagated from seed in fall, budding in summer. The timber, al-

4-8

-

30

each

It

planted

full

tine.

50

green and orange tulip-

heads containing winged enjoys full sun and a neutral to acid soil, and does best with generous watering. It may be transseeds.

the limbs are bare. This

well-drained

have a

cal seed

fall.

upright cones with round

scales

sun.

species of

halfway up

start until

branches. These are covered in pale

rainfall,

COW

tree

to heights

Distinctive, four-lobed leaves

cold-climate tree requires good

PRIMROSE TREE

The

foliage

squarish shape. In late spring the

Little

LAGUNAMA

fall

moderate speed

s at

can reach enormous heights (but can be much less in cultivation), and develops tiered, drooping

turning to golden

raciflua

Mil OU POPLAR

valued lor us flowers and

rich yellow

sf\

is

This deciduous North American

decidua

Liquidambai

as color

fall

very variable.

tulipifera

L4RJA EL

sun or part shade. Propafall or from buds

gate Irom seed in

cli-

'A in (about 3

cm)

wide, pink flowers appear in sum-

cal

shape that may spread in matuIt grows quickly: up to 122 ft

rity.

(about 37 m). depending on conditions.

The lustrous foliage, with 5 or is 4-6 in (about 10-15 cm)

7 lobes,

wide.

Young leaves

are pale green,

maturing to deep green and turning vivid red-purple and orange-yellow in fall. The branches develop corky ridges or "wings.' most visible in winter. Plant in rich, deep, porous

MAGNOLIA

This genus comprises two groups:

deciduous species, mostly native to China and Japan, and evergreen species found predominantly in eastern North America and Central America All are valued for their beautiful, often large and Iragrant flowers. The leaves vary Irom glossy green to fuzzy on top, and Irom smooth to brown and turn, beneath The perfumed flowers with waxy

Trees

Magnolia

x

soulangiana

and densely packed stamens bloom on deciduous trees in spring, often before the leaves appear, and petals

on evergreen species

in late

summer. Cone-like

or

spring

fruits follow,

bearing brightly colored seeds They prefer

full

sun or

partial

rich, slightly acid,

Only M.

shade and

well-drained

soil.

grandijlara can be consid-

ered drought tolerant; others de-

mand

regular watering. Transplant

with care: the roots are extremely

Propagate from cuttings in

fragile.

summer

or seed in

cultivars in winter.

named

after

and graft The genus was

fall,

eighteenth-century

botanist Pierre Magnol.

Magnolia denudata

Magnolia campbcllii

shaped white blooms with a strong appear from mid-summer to early fall, followed by red-

either

citrus scent

M. campbcllii

brown cones. This

This deciduous Chinese native has

climates with

an erect appearance when immature, broadening out later. It grows quickly to around 18-50 ft (about 5.5-15 m) tall. Scattered branches

though native

up to powdery

soils,

it is

species prefers

warm summers;

cm)

long,

underneath. This species takes 15 to

20 years

to flower.

The

big, scented

pink inside and darker pink outside, appear from the end of winter to mid-spring It blooms,

light

prefers a cool-temperate climate

and open space. s-10

M. denudata M. heplapeta

s\ n.

H

1

\N

spreading tree or tall shrub grows up to 30 li (aboul 9 m) li has dark bark and egg-shaped leaves with a underside Naked branches

hair)

Mowers

ZONES 5-10

genus contains 25 deciduous shrubs and trees valued for this diverse

This deciduous tree develops

9-24

spring buds are crimson red.

and wide lobed

ear and neat, while the spring blos-

blooming into light pink blossoms The variable foliage is egg shaped to

som

rectangular,

I

M

M

lin-

from deep

varies in color

in.

i

he plani

apples appear

to purely

the decorative crabapples, this tree

apples.

They

ornamental crablull sun and a cold

like

winter climate to flower well; they tolerate

Prune

any

in .

compai mil

1

1.

ma;

iigh.il

'

propagate by budding

in

or grafting in winter.

for

aphids and

cultivars

fireblight.

recommended

i

here

si

ab,

powder)

usl

mi--,

i

ni' .J

h

lii

thicl

u

luii

Ill'

l'

"Mill

Mill'

I

and an

.ind In

'up

tolerant "I wei

I

I,

li

''.'. I

|

n

will

oil

>

than

medium

i

edi rabapple has

;i

followed b)

diametei red i

I'.'ln

n

many

ol

M. 'Gorgeous' Bred

New Zealand,

in

this cultivai

im

fruit

and rounded

al

in

lis

e

cm)

I

habil

li

foi its

decorative

(aboul 1.8

5.5 i

opening

into

Between

tall

brant

hi

abundam w

liu

h

in

m),

it

(about

I

v

client

iti

ol

the

bi

(

fruit,

has elliptical 2

1

cm)

in spi ing,

snow white blossoms and w inter the

ome

laden with m\

e ol little

i

rabapples

mature from green red

deep red

n

height

mi

abundam

ioui

is

which is also used to make jellies And preserves A small tree ol only b-12

valued

long Pink buds appear

i

summei More

ing throughout the

brown

60

ol

Japan and hybrids

to originate in

green leaves

reddish pink flowers

in

ngland to evergreen trees

bi

Ins

thought

the parent

oldest ol

not too wet

soil that is

M. 'Adams I

is

is

The

in tall

winter to encourage sym-

mildew and

from

var)

hrub

leciduou l

•

il\

cooked

eases sikh as apple

I

types with hea\

Small, reddish yellow, scented crab-

The

iM

some

early

Its

edible kinds that can be eaten

aregenerall) resistant toothei dis-

i<

(about 9 m).

ft

acidic fruit also varies widely, from

Watch

nil woodland ol eastern \oiih Amei a has mon) thai have an intense

30

to

saw-toothed edges and 3 to 5 lobes.

metr)

.-10

deep green,

This expansive, thick-crowned tree

rosy-purple to pure white. The

summer

lihj

to

li

'

RABAPPLE

(

grows

ii

(about 5.5

RING

Foliage ranges from bronze, hairy

lt\l

I

[

their flowers, foliage

and a rounded crown blooms precede the foliage in early spring, even on young plants. The flower's interior varies from snow white to light pink, the exterior is a deeper pink. The dull green foliage is up to 6 in (.about 5 cm) long This species prefers a warm climate and requires shelter here are several from hot winds cultivars, blooms ranging in color from pure while lo deep red. This hybrid was bred in Pans in 1820 by

native

and habil

11 0\\

Tulip-like

(about

SWEE1 isu

in' M'll

JAPANESE

ple trunks

ft

2.7-7 m), frequently growing multi-

grandijlora I

M. floribunda

and fruit. They grow 10-40 ft (about 3-12 m) tall with spreading, round crowns

slowly, reaching

M. virginiana

I

in (about 2.5

1

diameter and are reddish

in

Native to the northern hemisphere, SAL CER MAGNOLIA

Etienne Soulange-Bodin from

III

a

purple. Excellent disease resistance

CRABAPPLE. APPLE

heptapeta and

RN MAGNOLIA

cm)

M. x soulangiana

taining orange seeds M prefers tem-

sol nil

25 ft (about 7.5 m) high with rounded form. Flowers are pure

white, appearing relatively late in

MAWS

ZONES 7-10

Followed by rectangulai cones con-

M

a superb cultivar of the crab-

is

spring. Fruits are

ant once established.

nted, snow-white, tulip-like

limati

This

apple for the deep South, growing to

to extremely moist

m

early spring These are

M. 'Calloway'

in

sun or shade. Select nursery plants that have been propagated from local wild forms to be sure of

surprisingly drought toler-

1

Native to China, this deciduous,

grow

nolias, this species will

adaptability.

bear pointed, elliptical leaves 12 in (about 30

Melius Gorgeous'

I

his selei

won

is

d to the mild winter

Wesi

t

to

well t

limates

1

270

I

r

ee

s

Michtlia dohsopa tall, is

valued for

its

foliage, flowers,

and timber. Deep green, bipinnate leaves have numerous fruit

Scented, star-shaped flow-

leaflets.

ers

bloom

clusters,

green in

fall.

in spring in bluish purple

resembling

fruit

lilacs.

The

matures to yellow-orange

This species flourishes in

warm coastal

areas, tolerates

conditions and

may be

and

planted in

any reasonable soil if given full sun. Propagate from seed in fall. Check for white cedar

moth

summer to

caterpillars

fine timber used to make furniture and its fruit, although poisonous to both animals and humans, is used to

in late

fall. Its

is

make medicines.

METROSIDEROS exceha SEW ZEALAND CHRISTMAS TREE This tough

\la\tenus boaria

Metrosideros exceha

Melia azedarach

M. hupehensis

suckers

syn. M. thcifcra

cultivation.

if

they are

damaged through

New Zealand evergreen

grows to 18-50 ft (about 5 5-15 m). Slow growing and compact when immature, it becomes fast growing and spreading in adult life, occasionally dropping aerial roots. The elliptical leaves are a lustrous deep green with a white, downy underside. In early

HI PEH CR*B

summer the

appear with erect whorls of dense, win', deep red stamens. This species will grow in attractive flowers

A

native of China and Japan, this vigorous tree can grow to 30 ft

(about 9 m).

Its large,

dark green,

oval leaves are sharply toothed, in spring single

The

red.

fruit, yel-

appear in early

Native to Australia.

and

New Guinea,

New Caledonia vigorous

this

evergreen reaches 30-50

fall.

ZONES

\a

CAJEPITTREE

pink buds open to

large white flowers.

low tinged with

and

MELALEUCA quinquenen

9-15

--

tive

ml

It is

valued for

ft

(about

its

attrac-

orange-brown, tan and white

bark. Small, white to pink,

MAYTENUS

bottlebrush-like flower clusters

boaria

appear in

summer and

MAYTEN

species

able to survive in satu-

Originating in Chile, this hand-

rated

some, willow-like evergreen grows 20-50 ft (about 6-1 5 ml tall and nearly as wide. Lustrous, deep green

growing on slender stalks is lance shaped and slightly lobed. Inconspicuous starry flowers bloom in late spring. A slow grower, this is foliage

perfect for small to

dens. Plant in

full

medium gar-

is

soil.

fall.

Plant in full sun

cies,

M

summer. A

Icucadendron,

a dreadful

pest in the Flonda Everglades.

ZONES 9-1

In

its

around Christmas time, explaining its common name.

MICHELIA dohsopa Originating in Tibet and West

China, this upright evergreen grows rapidly

The

MELIA azedarach

up

to

50

ft

(about 15m).

attractive oval leaves are

deep

green, lighter underneath and

6 in (about 15 cm) long In

up

to

late

winter to early spring, white to

sun. Propagate

from cuttings in summer, suckers in fall and spring. Mayten roots are shallow and may produce many

summer

native country this tree flowers

and

related spe-

is

spring, cuttings in

This

propagate from seed in spring, cuttings in

full sun or light shade, and makes an excellent hedge or windbreak, especially along the western and Florida sea coasts No pruning is necessary to produce a dense crown. Propagate from seed in

CHINABERM

This expansive Asian native, growing 18-37 ft (about 5.5-10.5 m)

yellowish flowers appear in the leaf

Resembling the magnolia (to which this genus is related\ they axils.

Sothofagus salami)

i

have 12 petals and a strong, cloying perfume. Plant in well-drained

soil

full

sun or

Propagate from seed

partial shade.

in

moist but

fertile,

with

or spring or from cuttings in

fall

summer. ZONES 9-10

MORUS alba WHITE MULBERRY

This tough, deciduous tree

known

is

best

as the food source for the

silkworms of China. In North America it is used primarily as a shade tree and as a source of tasty fruits, though many other trees are more attractive and less messy in

This graceful, deciduous, Chilean

the landscape. In hot areas of the

native grows fast to 65

West and South, however,

20 m).

N. obliqua ROBLE BEECH

this

species can be useful as a shade tree

grows in almost any soil even gravel) and tolerates drought.

since I

Its

it

large leaves barely turn color

fall, and its rapid growth results in weak branches. For tough situations it is a serviceable tree. Fruitless cultivars, such as Fruitless' and 'Stribling'. avoid the mess of fallen fruit on pavements. Ultimately 40-50 ft (about 12-15

m)

tall

and 30-40

ft

(about 9-12

m)

wide.

green to orange-red in

needs

fall. It

sun and well-dramed

soil.

Oxydendrum arboreum

ZONES 8-10

New

N. solandri

This rapidly growing species native to

New Zealand and

is

is

valued

appearance and timber. Up to 80 ft (about 24 m) tall, it has an erect habit with a rounded crown. The rectangular to oval leaves have for its

blooms

vidual

Green indiby typi-

are followed

acid

soil. It

resents transplanting.

ZONES 4-10

OLNEYA tesota DESERT IRONWOOD

cal fruit.

SOI THERN BEECH

England coast and along swamps in the Midwest; it also does well in drier sites in California and the deep South. It prefers full sun and a moist, slightly streams and

BUCK BEECH

slightly furled margins.

NOTHOFAGVS

(about

crown, pendent branches and serrated leaves that turn from deep full

before falling in

ft

has a wide, spreading

It

A tough evergreen from Native to the southern hemisphere,

genus has over 25 deciduous and evergreen species, including some extremely valuable this diverse

timber

trees.

Dome

and columnar, reaching up

SOI

to

tall

220

ft

about 67 m). The leaves, resem-

bling those of their close relative the

northern beech, are egg shaped to rectangular with distinctly

develop

Insignifii ant

pring

in lati i

RG1

M, II

PELO BLAC KGl M

fi

I

iwed by

»ll<

Native to eastern North

containing three triangu-

Amu

i

a

pound

leaves,

lar

beechnut

I

grow

rhe * tree

rate

tosubtropi

ike lull

sun

in

quickly replat ed w nh

green, turning vivid red and yellow

during the summei in a sunn) ation « nh well di. mud soil

I

1

cm) pea flowers Old

though sometime onl) yel low when planted away from its natural range

.

i

fruits in

Jim

i

propa

m

fall

in

(about

leaves

drop

n

adapt

i

fall

and

new crop with occasional deep watering a

situ-

i

harm

rhis

in

boreum

sol

RWOOD

iturally

and

a ,u

scarlet in

i

h

drooping pank

lall

a brilliant

les

more

(about

to

SO

ft

im)

in lull

in width sun or light

(

live

shai

the edge "I a woodland, plus

deep

ai ul

ot

(about

height but to onl)

in t

orange

An upright nee

ub grow ing

position

watet ring

its

flowers

like

The attractively w horled, gloss)

rich,

on the

in

green leaves turn

I

trei

"I the valle)

summer

ot

OXYDENDRUM

sourwood produces

the tips ol nearl) ever) branch

at

large sht

to

a

horizontal bram hin

alba

white, hl\ in late

shortl) aftet flowering, but are

i

I"

ii->

nee--, the

clusters "I flow

ittle

bile

|

di

!

I

m< onspii uous o intribute hi mi omi "i Mm fim in the i

Moi

with pinkish

lavender blossoms like 7

Best

in fall

j

in utral

best in early

m) high arge shiny leaves are almost diamond shaped and deep

\

ilcli

in

is at its

summer when covered

I

cold-tempi

it

deciduous species is alued for its fall foliage, its timber and honey lis shape is a widebased pyramid, around 55 It (about this striking

17

v

toothed margins ami

ung

ironweed gets its name from Us very heavy heartwood Reaching 25-30 ft (about 7.5-9 m) tall with a rounded anopy, dense branching and com-

sylvatica

t

range from short and shrubby to

i

NYSSA

shaped, they

the deserts

of southwestern North America, the

loam and

Muli hit well

n

i

it

272

Trees

PARKINSOMA

some 30

aculeata

has pendent limbs. Upright flower

|l

Rl s

ULM THORN MEXICAN

PALO

\

ERDE

Native to tropical America, this small, spreading tree has a

dome-

(about 9 m), and often

ft

crimson stamens appear on leafless branches in early spring, followed by glossy, eggshaped foliage. The leaves have

clusters of wiry

cm) long and almost as wide, paired and somtimes divided into three lobes. The elegant flowers, similar to foxgloves,

develop

clusters at the

stem

in dense, erect

tips before the

leaves appear in early spring; the

shaped crown and grows 1 5-30 ft (about 4.5-9 ml tall and wide. Its long, narrow, bipinnate leaves have tiny oval leaflets and produce a filtered shade. In spring, pendent

undulating margins and turn vivid

flowers are

and orange in fall. The tree is full)- hardy, though frosts may damage buds, and it prefers a

scented. Plant in nch, porous soil

cool climate Plant in a protected

clusters of scented, yellow flowers

location in deep, rich

with 5 petals appear, followed by slender seed pods. This tree prefers

stands lime but shows the best leaf colors in a neutral to acid

encourage larger leaves. The tree can be cut to the ground annually to develop branches around 10 ft (.about 3 m) tall with huge leaves,

subtropical or desert climates, a

Propagate from seed in

porous

rich,

soil, full

sun and

little

red. yellow

in

It

soil.

fall,

cuttings

5-10

propagates easily from seed

in spring;

it

can become weedy in a

watered garden. •

with-

summer

water once established. Prune minimally.

soil; it

PAULOWMA

full

and

are strongly

sun. Prune hard in spring

after flowering to control size

and

syn.

P.

imperialis

Originating in Iran, this compact,

deciduous species fall

its

beautiful flowers

is

valued for

foliage.

It

grows

its

to

ZONES 4-8

These

litter.

tall,

quickly reaches

40-50

ft

it

(about

12-15 m). The roughly heartshaped leaves are 1 2 in (about 30

AMUR CORK TREE This deciduous Asian native grows to

37

ft

widely

(about 10.5 m), spreading Its

stately conifers are trees

and the mountains Europe. They

of the cold north

is

and

large leaves. Pyramidal in shape,

common name describes

the older tree's corky bark.

plenty of

PHELLODENDROK

This deciduous Chinese species

valued for

cork, the

PICEA

amurense

PERSIAN PARROTIA

than referring to the production of

of Asia.

EMPRESS TREE

persica

root cuttings in late winter Rather

such quick growth the wood of this tree will always be brittle; unfortunately leaves and flowers create

tomentosa

PARROTIA

Small green flowers appear,

fall.

male and female on separate trees, followed by small, black, spherical fruit This tough tree likes a cold winter and a hot summer. Plant in full sun in rich, porous soil. Water regularly and apply a mulch dunng hot weather Propagate from cuttings in summer, seed in fall and

but flowers will be sacrificed. With

ZONES 5-10

9-10

decorative

and

lilac

in

shiny, dark green foliage

has a spicy aroma and turns yellow

Amenca and

usually have a very symmetrical

shape, with horizontal to drooping branches Their needles are roughly square in cross-section and are sharply pointed. Cones are pendent

and do not shatter when ripe like the true firs (Abies;. These trees do well across the northern states and in the mountains, but not in the

Phcllodcmh on amurense

heat and humidity of the Southeast or the heat and drought of the

Southwest. Propagate from seed in fall,

or by grafting selected forms.

pruning is necessary. All want sun and a well-drained, neutral to acidic soil. They may be bothered by aphids and mites. Little full

P. abies

NORWAY

SPRL CE

Commonly

planted in the North-

east, this tall,

dark green conifer has

gracefully pendent branchlets

festooned in season with long, slen-

makes a narrow cone up to 100 ft about 30 m) or more in height but only 30-40 ft (about 9-12 m) wide at the base. Dense shade makes gardening difficult beneath. Makes a good windbreak, but is too large for der cones.

It

in the landscape, ^

small gardens. Plant in

well-drained

soil.

full

sun

in

A number of

dwart culuvars are available.

P.

omorika

SIBERIAN SPRL CE

Considered the

finest of the

spruces, this has a

tall

but very nar-

row cone shape, sometimes only 15 ft (about 4.5 m) wide on a 60 (about 18 m" tree; the ultimate height may be 90 ft (about 27 m

ft

1

Mam

I

branches arch upward, with

gracefully pendent branchlets.

It is

one of the few spruces to have

flat

on the underbranches as

needles; white stnpes sides give the)

blow

life

to the

in the

wind. Cones are

only 2 in (about 5 cm) long. This

more

likely to tolerate the heat

humidity of the South than other spruces.

is

and

Pinus canariensis

high altitudes to subtropical coasts, some hardy species growing in cliffs. All

enjoy

lull

This slow-growing conifer has dark

sun.

Prune young trees' candle-like newgrowth if necessary to control shape; propagate from seed or by grafting. Prone to leafroller caterpillars.

Pines are

softwood,

oil

grown for and resin.

green needles in bundles of two, each 4-6 in (about 10-15 cm) long Cones are small. Very hardy and well adapted to the cold northern

40-60

is

bungeana

One

Pimis bungeana

LONGLEAP PINE

of the few pines

bark, this species

is

grown

for us

This

usually seen

with multiple trunks and branches

with silvery blue needles aging to

like flaking bark.

dark green; growth

(about 15-21

sometimes irregular. Some cultivars have been selected lor compact habit such as is

Fat Albert', with blue leaves but

reaching only 10 in ten

years

ZONES

2-7

(about

It

3

m)

tall

expose the sycamore-

to

ml

Generally 50-70 in

ft

height with a

that. The needles are 2-3 in (about 5—7.5 cm) long in bundles of three and are bright green. Cones are only 27; in (about 6 cm) long. Cold tolerant, yet well adapted to the drought of the West-

spread of half

I

P.

P.

his

OlORUlllSPRI

80 variable evergreen between Hand NO It

(

Mam

I

North American evergreen

ol

the

he

I

theii

in

I

leavi fn

i

I

pointi d

and

<

rowns expanding

he leaves

i

18 in (about

lindrit al

\

m

two

in

to the

needles up to

15cm ilui

i

.'i

five

l

15-2

i

m) and has

in.

ill

1

in

more

in

height in

bul u i

nil

l

bi

hi

battel

aring

i

develop into oni

i

tan

<

P1NI

Mexican native has

his elegani

a

It

a pale

spiraled

green

l

he

mild wintei regions

ft

(aboui

>-20 m)

I

yellowish green, 12 in (aboui JO

hing

brown, up

i

cm) long needles hanging dies

d with long, matun from

that

6

foliage consists ol lustrous,

Its

olored bark

branc hi

borni

Com-

lire

patula

tall

I

Vr<

wood

wild by

in

rapid!) to iO

a-

with black grooves

bluish green to

Iprighi f(

C

foi its bat

three

ol

shaped ali

<

(

I

fruit

lusters ol

ones

mg h

he

'.'

i

two

in

to five

Adaptable to

estO

iasi

bun

develops

t

m

egg

Inmates

and the

Southeast

to 10 in /'

the wild I

name

valued

shade m\A pyramidal appearance.

needli i|

in the

expanding suburban de\ el opments m the Southeast C ones are nearly 10 in (aboul 2 5 cm) long

flowei n

H

is

dominant

a

broad, p) ramidal shape, sometimes with pendent branc hes li grows

WM'IM

aboui

in latei life

nnl

I

spe

>m silvery blue i" deep pirated bran< hes support

lOi

ISI

when Immature,

al

maki

foliage

canariensis

\N\RV

nary Islands,

I

high his

I

mon

1

This elegant tree,

es

conifers, (

(

northern hemisphere genus

pungens

spurred

1IIK Oil

pini

is

North America, distinctive for its 12 in (.about 30 cm) long needles m bundles ol three Eventually SO h (about 24 ml in height, us growth is

P.

ern states.

PINUS funis puttihi

slender pine

tall,

tree of pine forests ol southeastern

improved or enhanced foliage color. 'Koster' is the most readily available

pruned up

4-8

P. palustris

LACEBARKPINE

Pinus pinea

and Canada. Ultimate height ft (about 12-18 m).

states

their

ZONEP.

BUCK PINI

such as wind-

difficult positions

swept

nigra

P.

AISTRIAN

pinea

ol the

little

watei

n

\i

us

si,

\M

piNl

hed

i

I

foi

ild

II

I

he paired,

rigid

needles are deep green, or

blue-green

brown and produce

nut-like seeds

long

)

i

in clusters

1

Cones are 6-8 in (about 5-20 cm long, slender and penI

dent Mature trees have an irregular.

leafroller caterpillars.

flat-topped shape. 4-8

-<-io

P.

cm

1

ol five

edible,

prone to

is

It

bluish green needle

about 5-

cones mature to

large, globular

ustrous

its soft,

when immature. The

ponderosa

P. svlvesti is

PONDEROSA Pl\r WESTERN YELI OW PINE

suns

Native to the mountains of western

One

of the most popular of Christ-

North America,

mas

trees, this species also

150

(to

ft/45

m

this

is

a

tall

pine

natural range. Needles are

with

its

4-10

in

(about 10-25 cm) long in bundle?. ol three,

2-4

its

in

isted.

Cones

Ultimate height

(about 7.5-12 cm) long and light

(about 24 m). but

new growth

ZONES

if

necessary to control shape. Propagate from seed.

and usually and brown around 80 ft

stiff

are small

green color. Cones are 3-5 in the

is

is

variable.

3-9

thunbeigiana

P.

syn. P. thunbergii

ZONES 6-10

HP VNEsE BLACK PISE

US

Popular throughout the

irregular, picturesque habit. stiff,

The

fastest

cies

is

growing pine,

commonly grown

timber as well as shade.

It

a

orangish bark. Needles are about 5-10 cm) long in

bundles of two, i\\

usually with a yellowish

brown Prune

makes

picturesque landscape specimen

in the wildl best

suited to large gardens within

pine

its

grows 80

this spe-

for

its

ft

it I

us

The

dark green needles are 3-4

in

.about 7.5-10 cm) long in bundles of

and (about 24 m

shelter

for

two

Easily sheared in

will naturally

its

youth,

develop a leaning

trunk and horizontal branching.

or more. Silky green needles,

grouped

in threes,

grow up

(about 15 cm) long.

Its

to

6

in

long-lasting

PISTACIA

cones are 4-6 in (about 10-15 cm) long and lopsided, held tightly on

chinensis

the branch. Plant in a position in

CHINESE PISEACHE

full

sun.

This deciduous species, prized its fall foliage, is

fast

grower,

it

native to Asia.

averages

1

5-37

for

A ft

(about 4.5-10.5 m), sometimes

An

attractive pine native to north-

eastern North America

known

for

reaching 80 ft (about 24 ml Low and spreading or erect and dome shaped, it has narrow, fem-hke

5

1

more green

prising 10 01

hese turn vivid h

I

red. yellow

Tiny red

and purple

in the fall

Dwed by

(lov

seed pods thai ripen to blue

red

will

li

most soil types given full sun Propagate from seed in fall and flourish in

winter, cuttings in

throughout North America and elsewhere.

PLl'MERIA rubra FRANGIPANI

summer

MERM

I'll

This shrubby native of Central

America grows

m>

7.5

P1TTOSPORUM

ily

tall

to

It is

25

(about

ft

valued for

its

heav-

come

scented flowers which

in

This genus contains about 100 ever-

many colors and have

green trees and shrubs that are val-

ping

blooms and decorative leaves. They have an upright habit of growth with a rounded crown, growing 20-40 It ubout 6-12 m) tall Flowers have a strong citrus scent and the attractive seed pods contain their seeds in a

leaves are pointed ovals with promi-

ued

for their scented

modSome like

leaving a boldly branched, stocky

shrub until new leaves appear Flowers appear in the warmest months. Popular in southern CaliIt

and throughout the

does not

dryish, well-drained soil, others

They

leathery-

nent mid-ribs; they usually drop

fornia

locations.

overlap-

briefly in winter or early spring,

sticky resin. All species prefer

damp

Deep green,

petals.

erate to tropical climates.

prefer

five

like cool,

tropics.

damp

soils.

10-11

are

simple to propagate, from seed in

and spring, mature cuttings in several species from semi-npe cuttings in summer.

PODOCARPIS

fall

summer and

P.

FERNPINE1EW

PINE

This diverse, ornamental genus of green conifers for cool to

eugenioides

temperate climates This strongly upright growing, ever-

green tree eventually reaches 40

ft

m) in height, with a spread of 25-30 ft (about 7.5-9 m). (about

1

2

Its elliptical

leaves are yellow-green

and have wavy

in color, glossy,

margins. Small, yellow, star-like fruits are

produced

is

warm-

tralia. New Zealand. South America and South Africa. Species vary from low and spreading to slender and erect, from 50 to 160 ft (about 1 5-49 m) tall. The dense foliage consists of very narrow leaves, long

or short according to species. Vivid,

and sun to

in clusters

have a sweet fragrance. Full pan shade is preferred, along with moderate watering. Light gray bark is attractive on mature trees

spherical

fruit,

more

on short stems. These partial shade.

the willows, are valued for their

rapid growth and

fall

Reaching 40-100

ft

m)

trees like full

Propagate from

undulatum

syn.

reaches 18—37

with

tall,

a

ft

I

wide,

The dense, green

domed

shape.

leaves are lance

shaped with scalloped edges. Clusters of intensely fragrant, creamy

low in fall. These trees tolerate heat and cold, but prefer a steady supply of moisture. Plant in moisture-

from cuttings

Some

in

summer or by

species have a strong

able for small gardens. Cultivated

from East Africa tidy habit

is

is

popular where

over 2000 years, they lined Ro-

for

man

billowy form, this evergreen tree

roads and were called arbor

populi. the tree of the people. its

important. The short,

slender leaves have a slight gray cast

and

in

tendency to sucker; they are unsuit-

elongatus

Notable for their clean foliage and

about 5 5-10.5

columnar

leaf axils in late winter to early-

grafting.

FERN PINE

This popular Australian native

m)

P.

to conical or

shape. Furry catkins appear in the

retentive soil with full sun. Propa-

seed or cuttings. P. gracilior

P.

they vary from round

tall,

headed

gate

VICTORIAN BOX

foliage colors.

(about 12-30

spring; leaves often turn vivid yel-

like berries

than cones, are borne individually

sun or

Podocarpu

native to Aus-

alba

P.

MIWRPOPUR.

WH1TFPOPI.KR

are densely held: habit will vary

from upright to gracefully pendent

This central European species grows

profusely in spring, followed by

Trees grow slowly, eventually reach-

decorative, yellow-brown

ing 60

extremely quickly to 50 ft (about m or more, with a broad conical

white, bell-shaped flowers

bloom

fruit.

9-1

PLATAMS

ft

(about 18

warmest

locations.

P.

macrophy

m)

tall

in the

shape and silky gray bark, especially on young branches. The leaves have 3 to 5 deeply cut lobes with wavy

litis

edges.

x acciijolia

LONDON

PI

Long, slender leaves and a narrow,

This popular hybrid, from Asia's

li

ntu/is, is

robust an

filing

up

80

to

ft

>

about

upright habit

set this

species apart

from the fern pine. Good for screening and hedging It is tolerant of heat It has very slow growth but

Shins,

with

pali

1

5

m)

in

height and no 1

d

the

they

fall

P deltoides UTERN COTTONWOOD

(about

more than

fi

f

his L

-tern

im'm width

Dowers app 1

pherical fruit

with an exp

by

around

able to withstand

tem|>

ft

top.

downy underneath,

turn a beautiful golden yellow in

I

ntually reach 50

with a wide, spreading n

Deep green on

white and

KM mil

and idem

in

I

n,

popi mi i

'llu-

ispen

<

oi tan

1

I

J

76

A Field Trip to the

South Pacific O

c e a n

Coromandel Peninsula Ha u rak

New

Gulf Zealand's pohutukav.

dews

—

excelsa)

i

6 ,

has the

grow where no other tree can along the coastal and beaches of northern New Zealand. The spreading roots of this tree allow it to grow on rock faces and other precipitous sites, totally out of the reach of any competition. To the people of northern New Zealand, a beach without a pohutukawa is considered no beach at all such is the character that these trees add to the coastal landscape. The pohutukawa's Latin name is Metrosideros excelsa ironwood of excellence" a reference to the density of the pohutukawa's hard, reddish brown wood. Also known as the New Zealand Christmas tree, the pohutukawa flowers from December to early January, at the height of the summer holiday season. The display of crimson-red flowers brightens the headlands, cliffs and bays with splashes of color that are visible for many miles. The summer climate here is mild and pleasant, rarely getting too hot or too cold about 77 F ability to

cliffs

W Coromandel"^

of the hills, bays

»-(V

—

COROMANDEL

—

PENINSULA

—

—

U

hangamata

(about 25°C) during the day. This, with bright sunshine, provides perfect conditions both for trees and holiday makers.

km) east Auckland, lies the Coromandel Peninsula, home to some the greatest pohutukawa groves. Short heavy downpours Across the wide Hauraki Gulf, 25 miles (about 40

of of

5

10 '

i

15

=5

km

Pohutukawa flowers add color

to coastal

areas

in

summertime.

Tret

s

regularly throughout the year, creating lush and almosi perfect conditions for these trees. rom nine to time harsh storms lash the coast with salt-lad< n aii Winds buffet the trees, crashing the odd tree on its side, where generally they regrow with a new crop oi branches. The old miners road between Thames and Coromandel rain occui

oi

giou

ill

I

twists and bends along the coast at the foot ol the steep hills and cliffs, only a lew yards above the high-tide mark. It runs around many rocky bays with oyster-encrusted rocks and 400- to 800-year old shady pohutukawas at every point. Once you reach Coromandel a distance of 34 miles

—

—

km) from Thames continue up the coast to the base of Mount Moehau. Here, and right along the coastal cliffs and bays, are some of the largest pohutukawas to be found anywhere. At times they grow into huge spreading trees with (about 54

great branches that

bend and

twist to the

ground, where they

many

encouraging even more growth. In

re-root,

places the

road passes under their spreading branches.

Near the base of Mount Moehau is the small hamlet oi Bay just to the north, is one of the best places to view the pohutukawa. Standing slightly out to sea on the granite quarry wharves at Paritu, you can look back at the stony beaches and rocky bays, along which the pohutukawas go right down to the water's edge. Granite rocks covered in lichen add to the beauty of the coastline. At Christmas, you will see bright red carpets on the ground under the trees, where the stamens have fallen. The crimson flowers drip with nectar, attracting songbirds such as the tui and bellbird. The introduced starlings also enjoy the nectar; the pollen from the flowers often turns

Metrosideros excelsa

Paritu which, together with Fantail

their chests yellow, creating great

confusion as to their ident-

The road continues on until you reach Fantail Bay, where you look out to sea through the pohutukawas' contorted trunks. Fantails flit and dart about, in and under the canopy, ity.

eating insects attracted to the rich nectar in the flowers. Bees

swarm

to the trees, creating a persistent buzzing sound. Other animals, plants and insects find a haven in these trees. Epiphytes festoon old pohutukawas, with great clumps of Collospermum hastatum, a lily-like plant, growing in the crown along the branches. Pyrrosia serpens, a climbing fern,

scrambles up the trunks. After dark, Australian brush-tailed

possums come out killing

many

devour the fresh pohutukawa shoots, large tree-climbing the process. Wetas

to

trees in

insects of the cricket family leaves,

—

—

also

making loud scraping

come out

at

night to eat the

you leave the coast road and travel inland, you will see a cousin oi the pohutukawa, the northern rata (Metrosideros is

a tree ol the inland forests, often

on the crown pohutukawa and rata meet most country ol oromandi Pi tlinsula as an epiphyte high

—

(

s ol

both

germinating

Where

of old trees.

the

often in the steep, hilly

— hybrids

I

sharing chanu tcrisin

The genus Metrosideros consists of 20 or more species of trees and shrubs, some creeping over rocks or up trees with clinging roots. About half the species are found only in New Zealand while most of the others occur on other Pacific Islands, as far east as Hawaii.

arc

produced.

pohutukawa has been esteemed lii 'in timi immemi n ial Al ape Reinga, the furthest prom ontor) "I land at the north m up oi New Zealand lies he mo ta< red pohutul aw a tree of all Aco irding to the Mai n In the Maori people, the

i

l

g<

II-

from

1

ii

thi

i

.

h

Mm

this point thai

vorld into the

life

ill-

hereaftei

"ill

.

"I

i

lii

i

leai

I

di pari

the

"New

Although the twisted, contorted shape of the stout is too irregular to be of any great commercial value, the pohutukawa Metrosideros MAiiiU.. is most highly prized for seatrunk and branches

shore planting. In South

and California it has been found to be one of the most resistant of all Africa, Australia

,.

/jja sJjJB

«j

small trees to con-

tinued exposure to salt spray.

Popular for

beachfront parks and espls nades,

it

will

grow

at a

low tree with a dense,

rounded canopy, even in quite poor soils such dune sands, as long as the is not prone to waterlogging. Main- new \.u ieties are being produced; these their I

growth and

for

vigor.

low ever, planted trees

i

I

apart from the

Zealand Christmas tree" in other countries, even in the northern hemisphere where it flowers from about May to July. It is only suited to milder temperate climates.

have been selected

trees.

Few

pohutukawa have become widely cultivated. The beautiful pohutukawa is generally called

reasonable speed into

noises.

II

robusta). This

Metrosideros

seldom

1

1\

al

those on the

New Zealand seashores in the abundant e ol Mow ers and i

u hncss ol

c

nidi

277

278

I

P nigra italica' lOMlURD POPLAR 1

!

provides needed shade for patios and garden hods Seldom more than JO li about 9 m tall and nearly as

scenled, single or double, rose-like

usually has a shrubby, multi-

How cis with

stemmed form, reaching 30 ft (about 9 m) at maturity Easily

wide, us deciduous leaves are com-

widel) grown, thriving in rich, well-

pound w uh main

drained

I

I

grows 95 ft (29 m) Its rhomboidoblong leaves mature from bronze I

his slender, statel) cultivar

up

to

tinted in spring to lustrous green

golden

mga

in fall.

1

1

appeal on mal

requires deep,

damp

with soil.

P.

tremuloides

i

In spring, trees

c

are covered

It loves full sun on occasional deep waterings It has become a problem in si mho regions where it develops

thrives

impenetrable thickets.

about 20 m), fast-growing, his tree from cold winter regions of North America the fai north and high in the mountains It

A 65

ft

grown within those regions lor its graceful habit and the way the dark i

soils

pruned

and often

to a smaller size

sheared for hedging. Tiny, w hue

How ers

are heavily scented in early

spring; small, black fruits are popu-

and propagate from cuttings in summer and fall. Deciduous types, usually grow n for their spring flow ers, prefer full sun; prune after flowering and propagate from seed in tail or cuttings in winter, bud or gralt cultivars in spring and fall

lar

with birds.

It

can be weedy;

i

he-

leaves are often disfigured in in-

sects. 'Bright n' Tight

very

is

com-

pact with sturdy, glossy loliage Best in lull

sun and

to acidic;

it

soils that are neutral

tolerates coastal eondi-

tions as well as the heat of deserts.

I

is

gn

Most speciescanbe

to scarlei

excellent hedges, prune in spring

spikes ol yellow flowers,

fluffy

from

The evergreens tolersome degree ol shade and make

ate lose

popular with bees.

and

Ql IKING VSP1 N

-

fine texture to the foliage

mass. Spin\' stems discourage u

ins

gh

tiny leaflets

white

petals ranging

5

n leaves flutter in

the slightest

PRIWI/S

glows up

CII1KK1 I'LUII.PLUM

der, arching

This large genus contains over 200 trees

and thousands of culttvars.

They

are

grown

PROSOPIS

either tor their fruit

flowers and bark Reaching

(about 4.5—18

HONE) MESQUITE

varies from tree

m and

n

\

tall

m)

tall,

their

15-60

ft

P. It

Members

the rose family, they bear sweetly

in

tall. Its

cerasifera Atropurpurea'

PL RPLE-LEAF

PI

M

t

This cultivar

branches and red-

golden brown

is

commonly

planted

and flowers. It has an irregular dome shape to 25-30 ft (about 7 5-9 ml tall and for its impressive loliage

red-

wide.

ing in early spring, are fragrant and

becoming bronze-green in summer. In early spring an abundance white How ers bloom, followed by

very attractive

Its

leaves are reddish purple,

i

ZONl

shape

ovals to broadl)

ase-shaped specimens

Pi'iiims x blireiana

(.about 3.5 m).

pink, semi-double flowers, bloom-

P.

S

5-10

the edible cherry-plum

campanulata

of I

whcie us low, spreading canopy

ft

purple, elliptical leaves that change to

or for then ornamental loliage,

glandulosa

to 12

has a squat appearance with slen-

evergreen or deciduous shrubs and

breeze.

An important

P. x blireiana

This popular deciduous hybrid

\\

\l\\

t III

This deciduous species grows up to

24

It

late

cherry needs

full

foliage color;

it

RK^

(about 7

winter

it

m) high and wide

It

bears pendent clusters

of deep rose, bell-shaped flowers These are followed by deep green leaves, sharply elliptical with

heavib

and little, spherired seed pods. The best cherry

and

is

among

sun

This

fruit.

for the best

accepts most

soils.

the most drought

tolerant of plums.

ma) have

'I

Other cultivars and

richer purple loliage

may fruit less; look for Nigra New port' or Thundercloud'.

.

ZONES 4-10

serrated margins, cal,

lor

mild winter regions -10

P. ilicijolia

HOLLY-LEAF CHERRY

This small, evergreen tree

is

native

mountains ol California and Baja. It grows in a broad mound to 20-30 ft (about 6-9 ml to the coastal

tall,

with small, glossy leaves resem-

bling those of holly. White flowers

Populus tremuloides

/

id

i

ing on slendei spil

.('i

followed b) round I

cm)

more

oi

in

/

bark

i

(aboul

is

deep

a

ripe

like

moisl

raits are

I

mahogany,

h

i<

i

wliii h turn yell iw in

partic ularl) effec tive in wintei

diameter and deep

in

when

red purple

fruil

sun and

full

I

his

his tree

I

make- an

petals appeal

followed by red

serrulata

/'

lent

reenoi

-i

dge bui dev< lops

hi

fruil

more

a

anopj onl) w ith age and areful pruning li tolerates lull sun or hghi shade, and mosi tolerani one

soils;

it

is

droughi

established

<

(

the parent ol

is

grows quickly, up

(about 9 m), with a

and spreading habit tin isa

P.

a

|K

II

nail,

UHKHERRY

CUT-LI

RICi

III

deciduous

(about 9

in

1

toothed leaves are red

30

dome shape lis

scab bark

reddish brown The

deep green

tree originating It

oval, sharply

Its

to

finely

when young, summer and

Long-stemmed terminal

tail

clus-

unscented flowers spring, followed by

his Japanese h) bncl

(about 7 It

almond fragrance open spring, preceding the foliage

and

buds, opening to white or pale

named

forms,

pink, appear in early spring before

Sato-zakura group. These are

The pink

the leaves. The form 'Praecox'

Row-

mume

This small, deciduous tree from

China. Korea and Japan grows to

around 18 It (about 5.5 ml It bears abundant flowers in late winter or early spring before the leaves ap-

The species

is

white or pink,

but double-flowered cultivars in

white or

light or

popular. This

som,

is

deep pink are the "plum blossubject with Chi-

a favorite

nese and Japanese painters because it

flower^

ground.

v.

It

hile

snow

is last

best flowering ing:

it

is still

on the

growing, but for

esque, gnarled trunk.

to

in

I

tall

and

is 1

upright, 30

2

ft

It

(about 3.5

(about

m)

wide, with the palest pink, semi-

double, scented flowers and reddish

orange foliage in ('KanzanT has

fall.

fully

pink flowers on

a

Kwanzan'

double, deep

broadly wise-

shaped tree. 'Mt Fuji' is pure white and sweetly scented on a broad, dome-shaped tree to 20 ft (about 6 m) tall and wide; fall color is orange-red.

Many

other cultivars are

available. 6-10 P.

subhirtella

Pendula'

0-9

P. sargentii

valuable tree, both for

round appeal us

(about 6-10

line

in the

year-

its

lumber, popular in

its

Japan. With an upright habit,

reaches 7t

It

(about 23

It

(aboul 9

native it

m) tall and m) wide It is

covered with deep pink, single flowers in early spring. foliage begins a

becoming

Its

lustrous

bronzy green,

vivid red in the

/'miuiis siilWiiMffla

Pihuus

x

yedoensis

This tree

in early

a well-drained soil.

It is

.

much

DC

Akcbano is particularly popular on West Coast, has slightly softer

the

it

pink flowers i-10

PSEUDOTSVGA

fall.

'Pendula

The

menziesii

Pseudotsuga menziesii

syn. P. laxifolia

DOUGLAS

FIR

This majestic species, one of North

America's most impressi\ in

T

e conifers,

(about 20-67

mt

an attractive pyramid shape.

Its

grows 65-220

ft

deeply groo\*ed, gray-brown bark set off

by the bluish green

which comprises needles 'A in (about 3 cm) long. The woody brown cones hang down and are 3-4 in (about 7.5-10 cmt long. Mountain forms will be hardier than those from coastal regions. It grows quickly in fertile soil. Plant in open 1

spaces in

full

sun or

partial shade;

propagate from cold-treated seed.

wide crown and arching branches. It grows 18-37 ft (about 5.5-10.5 m) tall and develops sharply elliptical, serrated, deep green leaves

The Douglas

Prunus

sei

rulata

Amanogawa'

is

foliage,

This deciduous, spreading tree has a

garden and for

around 30

con-

deep green prefers full sun

planted in Washington

WEEPING HIGAN CHERRY

SYRGFM CHERRY

A

ft

and variable from upright

Amanogawa 9

needs annual prun-

with age n develops a pictur-

j

tall

20-35

as the

a

yellow to orange to reddish.

JAPANESE FLOWERING YPRICOT

pear.

I

now known

wide spreading. Flowers may be white or pink, fruit is seldom produced and fall color varies from

7-10 P.

smaller trees,

m

m early winter.

ers

m) wide, with

appear seen in

in

tall

ters of white, in

an elegant,

It

vex crown and pendent limbs. White or light pink flowers with an

Most commonly gardens as one of its main

fall.

m)

is

grows up to 24 ft and spreads up to

tree

(about 9

spherical fruit

darkening to green then orange-red in

Ml KRY

deciduous JO

orange and yellow in

to

x yedoensis

YOSHINOI I

is

toothed. gloss\ leaves turn from

Japan, this species can reach JO

in

glossy

P.

many

ous species cultivars ft

brown-

Fallalis" is

.10

Jriginating in east Asia, this decidu-

It

he cultivar

I

hese are

I

spherical,

little,

reliably winter flowering

FLOWERING! MERRY

IAPANES1

(

i

im w intei to early

fri

spring before the foliage

excel

pink

ighl

I

2 7 9

Mowers, predominantly single with

a rich,

soil

edible bui contain large pits; birds love th( in

I. ill

rea

Christmas

known

as

6-10

America's leading

fir is

tree

Its

valuable timber

Oregon pine

is

280

•

I

i

I

i

s

oak vary

cies ol ni.it

in their eli-

little

a preferences, but generally

Some

a deep, well-drained soil

and

alkaline soils

lull

like

like

sun, others

prefer semi-shade. Propagate from

seed in

fall

—

guard

also a time to

The heavily grained timber, moisture and salt against oak-leal miner.

resistant,

is

prized by boatbuilders

and carpenters Q. agrifolia COAST

LIVE

OAK

Perhaps the most characteristic ol California's evergreen oaks, this species

and

is

found in the coastal hills from north to south. A

valleys

wide-spreading, picturesque tree the open, reaching

24-30 m)

across,

80-100

be narrow

will

it

in

(about

ft

and upright to 80 ft (about 24 m) tall in dense groves. Sturdy, hollylike leaves are around 1-3 in (about 2.5-7.5 cm) long; acorns have a

shallow cap. Very drought tolerant.

succumb

they ate likely to root fungus

if

summer. A mature

oak

to

during the

irrigated tree

worth

is

cherishing, though gardening opP\

i

us

i

alia

\

ana

Pyi us salicifolia 'Pendula'

Quercus

from ovate and hairy to linear and smooth, and in many species assumes brilliant color

The

fall. White flowers are followed by plump fruit in various shades of brown, yellow and green. Species

buds. Flat-topped clusters of small

tolerant natives.

white flowers appear in abundance

ZONES 9-10

Foliage

is

diverse,

in

vary in their hardiness, but

all

enjoy

kellogii

portunities beneath are limited.

tasseled, lanceolate loliage,

similar to the willow's but silvergray,

emerges soon

in spring,

lowish

after the flower

followed by small, yel-

brown

cultivars in

Some

summer,

CALLERY PEAR

This tough Asian native grows up to

50

This rapidly developing deciduous tree, native to the

Iran,

is

with

a

up

to

1

10

to

It

(.about 33.5

m)

compound

Its

foliage consists

20 lance-shaped

male and female catkins summer. These are followed by drooping clusters of in

winged nuts with red mark-

ings. This species prefers

'Bradford'

ZONES

warm

brown

cultivars

green and deciduous species native

Europe, Asia and All

iea

I

he\ are

evergreen tree to 25

ft

(about 7.5 m) tall and wide, with somewhat pendulous branches, this a native of Japan.

produced

White flowers

This

and

fall

is is

valuable for

its

in quantity in late

flowers

color where other species

ZONES

CALIFORNIA BLACK OAK

This deciduous oak

OAK

This extremely diverse genus contains

some 45

species trees

ol

evergreen

and shrubs,

sphere. Ranging from small and

shrubby

but susceptible to

grow

the Caucasus, this tree

m) with

grows

to

and some

and gracefully arching branches.

a

30

domed shape

It

about 9

and

erect, they

slowly. Foliage varies from

lustrous, thin

PING WILLOW-LEAFED PEAR

Native to southeastern Europe and

I

to very tall

wide, multi-lobed and leathery

salicifolia 'Pendula' I

found

is

any native

hard Easily trained as an espalier,

I

1-7

QUERCUS

green leaves. Fruits are tiny and

\\

and

shelter.

throughout the mountains of California and Oregon, where it pro-

mostly native to the northern hemi-

fireblight.

serves

cannot be grown. ZONES 4-9

and deciduous

8- 10

it

Q. kellogii

the hardiest ot the

winter, attractive against the glossy

valued for their foliage and flowers, for their edible fruit.

of wildlife as a source of food

fruit.

tree

many forms

the mountains,

and yellow in fall. The tree is powdered with small, pink-budded, white flowers in spring, followed by insignificant

\

P.

This genus contains small, ever-

(about 5-10 cm)

EVERGREEN PEAR

ZONES

PYRVS

in

vivid red, orange

and

4-9

2-4

across and shiny green, turning to

pears,

'Chanticleer'.

fall.

ZONES 5-10

to

and

A graceful,

are

Prune suckers frequently and propagate horn cuttings or suckers in

little

kawakamii

P.

climates and waterside locations.

summer; seed

followed by

A number of selected

are available, including 'Aristocrat',

is

in

leaves are

has shiny,

turn from deep

leaflets.

attractive

green,

It

green to red in fall. An abundance of white blossoms appear in mid- to fruit.

Pendent, yellowish green chains of

appear

(about 15 m).

late spring, It

spreading, convex crown.

fern-like,

of

Caucasus and

a relative ol the walnut.

grows up

ft

an important

1

deciduous species has a pyramidal crown and spreading habit. It grows 50-65 ft (about 5-20 m) tall and has rigid lower limbs. The roundish 1

elliptical leaves that

is

mountain regions of the West Normally 5-30 ft (about 4.5-9 m) tall and growing in a thicket, it can be pruned up into a small tree form. Its deciduous leaves have deeply cut, rounded lobes. Very adaptable to the dry climate of lor the

Originating in Asia, this tough,

calleryana

Quercus agrifolia

fraxinifolia

Q. gambelii

of the Rockies

USSURIAN PEAR

are quite susceptible to

PTEROCARYA CAUCASIAN W1NGNUT

and

the trunk,

underplant with other drought-

This shrubby oak from the foothills

P. ussuriensis

graft in winter.

fireblight.

P.

away from

GAMBELOAK

bud

fall;

turl

grass

fruit.

a well-drained soil with full sun.

Propagate from seed in

Keep

and papery

ides

some

of the best

color

ol

Leaves

resemble those of the eastern deciduous oaks, with pointed lobes. grows to 90 ft (about 27 m) tall in the wild, less in cultivation. fers a

very well-drained

site

It

It

pre-

with

plenty of sun.

ZONES 7-10 Q.

macrocarpa

to

All spe-

BUR OAK

cies bear nut-like fruits called

One

acorns, partially enclosed with a

this is native

cup-like cap. The acorns differ from

New England and

species to species: slender and sharp

Canada. Though large

and flat; sleek shelled or downy and rough The many spe-

tall

or stubby

fall

tree in the region

of the largest of American oaks,

and 100

from the

ft/30

small garden,

it

is

prairies to

northeastern (to

80

m wide) one

ol

It/24 in

for a

the

most

-

2H\

adaptable

prairie landscapes,

foi

and persisteaves are up to LO in

tolerating the droughl eni

winds

(aboul 2

5

1

cm)

long, with irregular,

rounded lobes Acorns have

a dis-

acornsareom their up and develop

some in

c

bunt

small

18-27

on slendei stems Most

ties

valuable selection

columnar

is

ill

I.

are valued

foliage

'Fastigiata

I

he)

(about 5.5-8

ft

wide, spreading

the nearly

n 'in

cap with curled scales.

tinctive

which

"I ni

pinnatel)

foi theii

gi

m)

uowns

tall I

with

I

simple ovals to

compound

leaves with

on each leaflet. Small flowers appear in dense to open terminal clusters, followed by pendent bunches ol fruit on the serrated margins

Q.

o

palustris

PIN OAK,

SW IMP OAK

ubra

i

DOAK NOR1HIRN

Rl

Among the

most

Rl

DOAK

attractive of trees

Originating in eastern North

native to eastern North

America, this popular deciduous tree is valued lor us branching

this

habit, shade,

transplanting.

reaches T^

ft

with a spread

A

grower, u

fasi

2^>

(about ol

40

It

m)

in

notable tor

is

female tree only.

Amenta,

its tall

trunk

and sturdy branching, fall color and relatively last growth It reaches 75- 00 It about 2 3—30 m) tall and

color and ease ol

lall

oak

1

height

(about 12 m),

hall as

lobed leaves turning red in

hear glossy green, deeply lobed

soils,

leaves thai turn scarlet in

zosr

turn

the tree

means transplanting is

quite easy

ZONF-

—

Q. phellos

WILLOW OAK

they transplant readily.

—

Valued for its soft, deeply ridged bark uhe original source ol cork),

40-60 30-40

ft

ft

cm

(.5

in/ 12

are

can cause a

ing

crown up to 50 ft (about 1 5 m) The glossy deep green leaves egg shaped and serrated with a

litter

problem.

It

prefers

sun, tolerates drought and

fleecy underside. Single, oval acorns

full

are half covered by their cup. Best

virtually pest free.

LIVE OAK. SOL

THERN

LIN

is

J-10

Rhus lancea

EOAK

Native from the southeastern

US

south to Mexico, this evergreen

ing shade or street tree.

grows rapidly

bright

green leaves turn yellow to russet fall. It is

The tree reaches 25 ft (about 7 iml tall and as wide, often with multiple

high.

evergreen has a broad, spread-

serves well as a relatively fast-grow-

the

VN SUMAC

Q. virginiana

1

Its

irginiana

cm

wide). Reaching

2-18 m) high and (about 10-12 m) wide, it (about

\

lancea

trunks. Well adapted to the desert and to drier regions of the West, it makes a delightful patio tree although the fruits of the female tree

this

ZONES 7-10

in/2.5

us

gloss) careen, creating a fine texture

CORKCHk

species in having long, slender

1

Quen

genus

three slender leaflets per leaf, each a

Q. subcr

adapted to drier regions of the West. Southwest and South.

long,

in a related

This small, evergreen tree has only-

southeastern US, differs from most

This large oak. popular in the

leaves like a willow

R.

\IR1(

through much of the winter. Small, globe-shaped acorns are half covered by their cup. This tree's dense root system

a thick,

oaks, the leaves

brown but remain on

poison ivy and sumac

now placed

called Toxicodendron

fall.

Acorns are usually oval with

like

or root cuttings in winter. .ik.

are

wide, with large, deeply

saucer-like cap. Best in well-drained

many deciduous

summer

I

though often larger in its native swamplands. Slender branchlets (all;

Sumacs require

sun and a porous soil. Propagate from seed in fall, cuttings in full

in

easily transplanted,

more

or

to

60

in height

over 100

ft

ft

(about 18

m)

with a spread of

(about 30 m). Rigid,

preferring an acid soil but tolerating

spreading branches bear deep green

poorly drained sues.

leaves with a fleecy white underside.

These are predominantly oval with erratically serrated margins. Ellipti-

Q. lobur

cal

ENGLISH 0\K

acorns are a quarter covered by

their cup. In

humid

This species, like others native to

trees are usually

Europe. Asia or North Africa,

ish

is

less

frequently planted in North America due to its lack of good fall color It grows quickly, ranging widely in height between 30 and 10 ft (about 9-33 5 m), with an expansive crown and large, heavy branches The leaves are shallowly lobed vvuh a very short petiole. Egg-shaped

coastal areas

draped with Span-

moss, a type of bromeliad.

RHUS

1

Queri us mat locarpa

si

MU

genus contains over 150 spenail, deciduous and evergreen trees, shrubs and climbers 1

his

;

Qui

i

i

us ii>hui

Quel

c

us rubra

2

82

grow

and

excepi

in all

require

lull

soils

and

sun. or partial shade in

hot regions Prune in spring to control their size,

or to encourage

plenty ol new shoots which often are attractively colored the follow-

ing winter; propagate from cuttings in

summer and

winter The long, young shoots are used

fast-grow ing lor

S.

making wicker

furniture.

alba

WHITE WILLOW R/ius

n (Wiiiiii

This last-growing though rather

Salix baby lonica

short-lived upright willow from R.

pseudoacacia

Europe reaches (about 23

BLACK LOCI ST

This erect tree grows to 75

m

It

(about

and has a lough, grooved trunk and thorny branches. Its fernlike leaves, composed of up to 23 2^>

turn yellow in

fall.

Pendent clusters of scented, wisteria-like Rowers appear in spring, followed by sleek seed pods that endure until the following spring habit, avoid planting near

R.

STAGHORNSl MAC VELVE1 SUMAC

This North American species has a

broad crown, grow ing quickly to a height and spread of 1 5-23 ft (about 4.5-7 in). Its long, pinnately

compound light tilul

green

leaves have

up

to 31

which turn beaured and orange in

leaflets

shades

ol

Dense clusters ol tiny, greenish flow crs appear at the top of each stem, followed by woolly red fruits. fall.

.i

strong

houette in winter, although

dency

sucker can be

to

sil-

its

rounded shape and spreading habit. The scented flowers and fruit are typical of the legume family, the pods resembling

soil;

it

a

those ol the locust tree (.hence the

common

name'. The species

survive in

and

tures

will

broad range of tempera-

a

soils

but dislikes saturated

sun and protect the fragile limbs from strong winds. Propagate from seed and suckers in fall, cultivars by grafting. The genus was named alter seventeenth-cenPlant in full

soil

tury herbalist Jean Robin,

who

first

cultivated

tolerates heat

and

furthei divided into ;

a lacy

pattern.

ROBINIA

R. x

I

51

This deciduous genus contains 20 species of trees and shrubs, native

North America but now common worldwide They grow up to 80 ft to

pseudoacacia

This expansive deciduous cultivar

popular tree

for

ing riverbanks and the like, but

alba var.

30 fD wide. Its leather-like foliage has rounded leaflets and changes from gold in spring to yellowish orange in fall. Plant this fully haul,

viscosa

w

pseudoacacia and

as selected for its

R

deep

full

fristis

S.

and spread of 60

is

equally tolerant of

diffi-

and drought, and by suckers. It is a good, tough tree for mid-western and drier mountain regions

5.

Niobe'

ft

up

a

to a height

(about 18

m)

or

more. zh\e5.

:

babylonica

WEEPING WILLOW, BABYLON « WILLOW

1

1

PING

is

China and grows up to about 5 m> It has a broad

ft

(,

1

dome and

van

ing from dwarl Arctic

shrublets to large trees with rough,

erect trunks that support

weeping branches The

tw asied trunks

and weeping

make bold

and ma) be slender and

light green, lanceolate leaves,

soli or

cult soils, heat

trees

also spreads

thick and leathery. Most willows prefer waterside locations, where

eroded banks benefit from their strong suckermg habit They w ill

brush-

ing the ground, are slender and thinly lobed. Like other species, this tree

is

when

best

tcrw ays or

shade trees, their slender-leaved, pendent branches draping to the ground. Pendent male and female catkins usually develop on different

It

its

not very

tree.

hybrid, grows rapidly

50

SALIX

Other features are similar to R. pseudoacacia, though its height is usually no more than 40 ft (about >.

a

native to

branches. The latter

m

is

This very attractive, popular tree

J-10

reddish purple, fragrant flowers

2

is

sun.

sphere, R.

it

babylonica aurea, and others syn.

distinctively

IDAHO LOCUST

This

wet ground, hold-

This French cultivar. possibly

There are approximately 300 species of willow in the northern hemi-

ambigua Idahoensis'

and turn

fitfully in fall.

is

thomless and grows up to 1 5 m about 50 ID high and 10 m (about

with

yellow rather

GOLDEN WEEPING WILLOW

Frisia'

tree in well-drained soil

leaves are lance shaped

S. s

it.

This hybrid of

1

BLACK LO(

pathwaj

problem

a

drought once established. Laciniata' iflets

R.

ft

is

shoots for basket making. The

ten-

Plant in lull or part sun in average

garden

about 24 m) with

i

as 75 Europe it

often pollarded to gain long, flexible

popular as a garden

umondii

typhina

much

roots are greedy so

This species has a strong suckermg

Ji

as

tall; in

l

elliptical leaflets,

Sapindus

m)

m

planted near wa-

heavily irrigated areas.

The name comes from

the unlikely

story that these were the trees grow-

ing in Babylon under which the

Hebrews

sat

and wept

ZONES 6-10 5.

caprca

GOAl

wuiow

iri\( nri sst willow

This species grows well in

marshlands but

its

damp

very strong

1

s

suckenng habit can cause problems

A

dense shrub or grows 9-30 ft (about 2.7-

tree,

it

9 m)

tall.

leaves are

The rounded, deep green 2-4 in (about 5-10 cm)

long with

a fleecy gray

underside.

SAPIUM sebiferum CHINESE TALLOW TREE

This variable deciduous tree, native

China and Japan, grows 18-40 m) tall. Its dense

to

male catkins with yellow stamens appear in spring

(about 5.5-12

before the loliage.

leaves, oval to

Decorative, gra)

.

crown a

*-8

composed

is

matsudana Tortuosa'

(ORKM REW WILLOW LW ISTLD

H

fall.

Slender, yellow

WILLOW

with wax. Plant this species

porous

resembles

sun;

S.

waxy

three seeds held together

fruit, their

This popular northern Asian tree babylonica, but

smaller growing to only 30

is

(about

it

9 m tall and wide. Its branchlets and shiny green leaves are tortuous and twisted (as the cultivar name implies' Calkins appear at the same I

time as he lanceolate, serrated i

age

of pointed

calkins are followed by white,

WKOW

A curiosity for the garden

It

diamond, which turn beautiful lustrous crimson or

orange-red in S.

soil in a

color

fall

m

position with

is

more

rich,

SCH1NUS

lull

vivid in hotter

Prune if necessary and propagate from seed in spring, semi-ripe areas.

summer. This

cuttings in

tree is

sebiferum

fruit ol S

its

soap and candles.

is

used to make

grown for their and as shade trees. They prefer a sunny position with some protection from winds. Plant in

shrubs, usually

moist, well-drained, well-

composted

"-10

branches are popular with flower

This genus consists of about 28 species of evergreen trees and

loliage

sometimes cursed lor its invasion of pastures and forests. Wax from the

loli-

S. t

SASSAFRAS

deciduous,

his erect,

KR'i

an native

h I

a is a

deciduous

mpound

reac

m

c

,

in

matui

abi

iOfi

>ul

ii

>

It

Mi

ii

;omi 50

Ii

Ii

i

with

in

pecii

ii

hadi i

I'l

I

Rl

\

I

\N

I'l'l

I'l

adarl

iw

leaflets

in tail

In.

in

i

full

liki

and

i i

I

;lo

ing up to 40

in

im) with

R

s|i

ndi

compri shaped lam i

i

Littleyellow lloweisappe.u

bram hed

rai

emi

s

from

i

la.

i

,

.1

mall

I

tree i

.in

is

name

bet

ome

[lowers

ipei

lull

iii.

ii

llus

Inn onl)

it

to

;i

i

.i' barl

America; u

iomi

l<

gr< al

an i

n

l«

and

i

lusti

i

spread

ol

a

Ii

al

bi

ars

round

ol iln

bloom,

male and femali plants tog< ihei

I

Ins

and

fiadi 1

.

deep

follow

rown i.

bush) small al

in:

Di n

reddish

dition !

L0R1DA HOLLA

a pesl in

Ion each

I

panic les ol hin

I

to tropii

has oval, mid

]

An II

ITI R IRII

I'l

his stout, evergreen,

la

nuiiei, follov

unorpartial

terebinthifoliu

BRAZILIAN

foli

rreen

;

S,

broai

a

Pendulous, pinnate

agi

iii

in

Rl

row n and elegant, arching

turn from deep lob deep green to trikingred

oi

yellow-green flowers bloom

i

t

lies

Ii

mi

1

vergreen grows quickly to

aboul

rounded

oi three

i

PEPP1 R

\

Native to South America, this hand

a

iped

two

OR\l

II

branc

leavi

10

<

Ins up to 18

wideningto

ioul

(aboul 90

tree with

Al

or

IRII

drumondii I

summer

sprmg

uwllc

albidum

Amerii

m

seed

SASSAFRAS

SOAPBI

Propagate from

soil

semi-ripe cuttings in

arrangers.

SAPINDL/S

m-

limns terebinthifolius

Si

in the garden.

na^ mas**?-

im

284

l

SCIADOPITYS vertu illatu I

MBRl

\P1\I

1

I

IAPANES1

MISKI

I

LA PINI

I

Native to Japan, this evergreen conifer is

valued

us perfect pyramid

For

shape and unusual foliage

It

grows

m)

very slowly up to 40 h (about 12

and up

in cultivation,

(about 39 m)

open

zontal,

to

130

ft

in the wild, lis hori-

dark green

spirals of

umwoody cones with

needles look like the ribs of an brella.

Ovate,

numerous wide, curved

scales matwo years before dispersing

ture for

their seeds. This tree prefers cold

mountain locations with damp, acid soil and will not tolerate lime or urban smog Plant

protected

in a

and from yearly mulching with composted lea\ es Propagate Irom seed and transplant when young. The genus name comes Irom two Greek words shade," and pitys "fir tree." sfeias, site in lull

water

(but not hot) sun

liberally.

will benefit

It

4-9

SEQUOIA sempervirens COAST REDWOOD

This tough, evergreen conifer, na-

mountains of and southern Oregon,

tive to the coastal

California

prized lor us timber.

LOO

(about 30

It

m)

in the wild.

ft

(about 91

long, given that

either pyramidal

is

It

Sequoiadendron giganteum

in cultivation,

reaching well over 300

m)

is

averages

It

or columnar in shape, with grace-

some

trees are

3000

urban conditions. Regent'

cli-

best cultivar. selected lor

years old. These trees like cool

mates,

sun and

lull

damp

SOPHORA

5.

This diverse and widespread genus

KOWHAI. YELLOW KOWHAI

tree prefers a cool, moist climate

belongs to the pea family and con-

Propagate from seed.

are lined with

Sciadopit)

s

verticillata

have medicinal qualities.

tains semi-evergreen

peratures in winter. Root suckers

species.

may be pruned

shape, leaves and flowers. They van

young

trees

can be sheared into

362

ft

(about

1

and deciduous

are valued for their

from 1 5 to 80 It (about 4.5-24 m), and have fern-like foliin height,

Redwoods are extremely long living, with some specimens estimated to be about 3500 years old The genus boasts the world's hedges.

tallest tree, at

They

10 m).

The pea-like (lowers hang

in thick,

terminal clusters during

summer, generally in shades of white and yellow Plant in rich,

B-10

about 4.5-9 m),

soil

with

full

sun. Pruning

SEQUOIADENDRON

tolerated Propagate deciduous

giganteum

species from seed or cuttings in

syn. Sequoia giganlca,

semi-evergreens from softwood

Wellingtonia gigantea

cuttings in

BIG TREE.

is

native to California's Sierra

Nevada

Mountains, has an attractive pyramidal shape and an extremely massive trunk. This vigorous tree averages tall

and, like

grows

Sophorajaponica

65-160 its

ft

(about 20-4"-)

Native to Japan, China and Korea.

m

coastal relative,

taller in the wild.

The

SCHOLAR TREE

deciduous species grow s 50-75 m) tall and 50 It (about 1 5 m) wide. Its round crown is composed of deep green foliage with up to 16 oval leaflets. Older this ft

seal)

i

(about 15-23

needles are bluish green. Lower

trees bear big,

ties drape to the ground in its youth but eventually fall off, leaving a bare lower trunk. Cylindrical endure for 20 years not \ er\

yellowish white, pea-like flowers

-

—

late

open

clusters of

little

summer, followed by green,

elliptical

seed pods. This species

enjoys hot

has

up 40 leaflets Golden-yellow, peashaped flowers 2 in (about 5 cm) long appear in spring, lollowed by winged seed pods. It prefers a moist situation and tolerates light shade. S.

New

This

japonica TREE,

It

slender, deep green foliage with

is

the national flower ol

Zealand.

SORBVS

summer.

This long-living, evergreen conifer.

PAGODA

1 5 and 30 ft compact shrub

fall;

GIANT SEQLOIA. SIERRAN REDW OOD S.

a

or broad, pyramidal tree.

tetraptera

porous

New Zealand

species vanes between

to

age with differing numbers ol oval leaflets.

tetraptera

This semi-evergreen

i

neatness;

uni-

ZHNES4-9

without prolonged freezing temoil lor

the

form growth and earlier flowering The leaves of 5. japonica are said to

soil.

drooping branches. Branchlets two rows of small green needles which are narrow and flattened, with two frosty bands underneath. The oblong cones seem too small lor such a large tree. This fully

is

more

summers and

tolerates

in

member of the

rose family has

deciduous and semi-evergreen species native to Europe. North America and temperate Asia Shrubs or trees, growing 27-85 ft (about

8-26 m)

tall,

are valued for their

foliage, flowers

may be

and

fruit.

Leaves

either pinnate or simple

ovals; color

wines Irom green

purplish, with

good

tail

to

color on the

deciduous species. Little, white. 5petaled flowers appear in spring, lollowed in summer by enduring, pendent bunches of bernes. These

/

n,i

iihrivi

.uiiinii

ring

regions with cool

in

and "lil \\ int< sun and a moistun

i

i

i

lull

S.

prefei

-

from seed

oi

ceptible to fireblight

edible fruit

l

in

maturit)

ROP1 US MOI

M

UN

\MI

ROW

cider.

in

i

grows

li

height

iduous native

I

bin spreads with

;

tulip hi

theii

flowers

Europe and Asia, this erect, broad-crowned tree grows L8-37 ft (about 5.5-10.5 m) tall and is valued for us flowers, foliage and edible fruit The green, pinnate leases comprise up to 5 leaflets and change to yellowish red in fall, in

in

I

he lustrous, mid-

in

panicles 4 in (about 10

fruit.

i-8

(

SI

ROW

soil

Plan!

with

il

in

summer, seed

in

spring

m)

much

elliptical, sparsel)

among

small

trees are suitable for

fli

summer

17 slightly serrated

blossoms are followed by berries, turning

The

a profu-

I

golden

used to make rowan jelly. This deeiduous species is suited to northern cliyellow

in fall.

mates, where ized

it

fruit is

has

become

reddish orange in

natural-

many insect Numerous cultivarsare

Subject to

problems.

Leaflets,

fall

turns

Open

sprays

color, camellia-like

excitement

in

all

shade though flowering better

and winter. 'Coral the most commonly

Cascade'

is

brilliant fruit

and

fall

its

when

shades

purple

fall.

where afternoon shade can be provided. Propagate Stewartid from seed in fall, or from cuttings in soils

prefers

A

native ol Kashmir, this spreading,

deciduous

27

ft

tree

can attain a height

(about 8 m), though

smaller.

Its

made up

it

is

often

mid-green leaves are

of 17 to 19 elliptical leaf-

and are gray-green underneath. The pendent clusters of white to pale pink flowers appear in early summer and are followed by /_ in lets,

(about fruits,

cm) wide, globular, white which endure into winter. 1

\pathodi

moderate temperatures and

'i

ampanulata

southeastern North America .URIC

WTILIPTREE large

This handsome flowering ,

green, native to to

55

right,

ft

West

(about 17

<

Africa,

>

grows

m) with an up-

spreading habit. The pinnate

foliage

comprises 10 to 20 dark

tall

Provide partial

shrub to 15

ft

The oval

hina

(about 4.5

is

North America

too It

little

has a tidy habit

less horizontal

branches, leaves seem to

float above each branch, revealing the bell-

m)

shaped, white flowers hanging from

leaves are dark

green above, grayish green below,

the underside Leaves turn red or

yellow in

fall.

Flowers appear

long, turning orange or scarlet in

tree w ill reach 30 ft (about 9 m) tall and 20 ft (about 6 m) or more wide.

fall. In summer the plants are dotted with 3-4 in (about 7.5-10 cm) wide

soil

and around

5 in (about 12

cm)

unfurl to reveal stunning, long-

resembling big, single camellias.

ZONE-

1

3

in late

spring and are slightly fragrant. This

white flowers with purple stamens,

in (about

Ja-

planted

a

is

that can easily be trained into a

small tree

i

and regular water growth and flowering

around 5'A

winds.

JAPANESE SNOWBELL

up to cm) long. Vivid green, downy spring buds green, lanceolate leaflets

stiff

STYRAX

with more or

This native of the mountains of

campanulata

ol

white.

japonica

o\ata var. grandifloia

MOUNTAIN STEWARTtA

SPATHODEA

snow

shade and protect from

in

cashmiriana

yellow, red and

yellow stamens appear in summer, followed by down)- seed pods. It

pan and 5.

ol

Large,

This delightful small tree from

;-:

S.

in

in

small in rich, moist

summer

color.

attrac tive

toothed and turn

forest dwellers, tolerant of

sun; plant

fruits in lall

Leaves are

less in cultivation

rich, acidic soil.

They

of spring blossom are replaced by

pink

fall

attractive

interest.

(about 18

camellia-like flowers with dense

blossoms add

summer,

bark provides winter are

-

any season

leciduous leaves offer beautiful

big clusters ol egg-shaped, white to

available cultivar, selected for

available.

I

iw

even

ft

height but usually remains

in

syn. Stuartia

These aristoc rats

1

can reach 60

it

STEWART1A

\N

Compactor

decorative, scaly bark.

open,

sion ol elliptical, orange-red, late

white spring

deciduous Japanese native is its foliage, flowers and

valued for

o-n

the) arc attractive at

ol

inn lid pseudocatnellia

Si

Ihis

reaches up to 50 It (about 5 m) tall and 40 ft (about 12 m) wide It is good for small gardens lie bluish green deciduous foliage, with up to

dense sprays

pseudocatnellia

IAPANESI STEW \RII\

sun

lull

small gardens, particularly since

Big.

s

s\ n

in rich,

This small, elegant. Chinese species

1

al

Propagate from semi-ripe cuttin

hupehensis

HIM

ea breezes

damp, sand)

and are

in spring,

followed by bright scarlet

S.

tropii

th irm fro t-free climates of southern alifornia and southern Florida, but w ill not tolei

lirsol

h

wide appear

in

immonly

isho plan used but should be.

iran

i

an

c

to 50 h (about

oblong leaflets and lake on brighl red and orange hues in fall. White

\N

and

i

y edgi

lai

5

tree prefi rs

tfl

green leaves

C

Originating

m

L>

spec ies

aucuparia

S. I

used to

is

when young

habil

Sus-

in kill

Some make

i

red

Japan, this species has an

in

from buds and cuttings

inter,

summei

ing, dec

iting flowi

i

i)|

w

l.i

A strong-grow

i

Propagate In grafting

oil

tivi

onunwla

<

28

I

It is

Give

il

a position in lull sun. a rich

lor best

The

largest of the lilacs, this Asian

species develops into a broad, cano-

pied tree-like form 30 tall

and 25

ft

(about 7.5

ft

(about 9

ml

m)

wide.

Large, ovate leaves clothe the stems,

each one topped by a large, branched panicle of tiny white flowers. Fragrance is musk like, difterent from the typical shrubby lilacs.

Among the

mm paniculatum

toughest of lilacs, toler-

ating winter cold

Give soil

and summer heat

sun. any well-drained

lull

it

and moderate water

Tabcbuni imp*

S\ ringa reticulata

pinkish white flow ers bloom pro-

summer

heat to flower well and

suffering in temperatures

svn. Eugenia m\ nijolia, E. paniculata At

much

its

dunng summer and fall This warm regions but is

tusely

species prefers

below treezing Well-drained soils in full sun suit them best; they are drought tolerant once established Propagate from cuttings or seed.

paniculatum

branchlets Racemes ol

around

est regions of the country,

ing

SYZYGIUM

warmdemand-

seeds. These are trees for the

STRAL1AN BRISH CHERRY

extremely

resilient,

sea breezes

and

optimum growth, in a rich,

porous

cient drainage

This Australian native, one of hun-

dreds of species of evergreen shrubs and trees from the southern hemi-

T. chrysotricha

surviving

arid

it

sandy

plant in

soil; is

stiff

For sun

soil. full

with insuffi-

prone

to borer.

Propagate from hardwood cuttings

GOLDEN TRUMPET TREE

in winter,

semi-npe cuttings

in late

spring.

are bronzy.

The bright yellow flowers of this species are produced in mass during mid-spring, and occasionally during summer. Pods are brown and furry. The leaves have golden-brown hairs on their margins. Trees reach 25 ft ubout 7.5 m) tall and wide. It is

ers are

very showy.

Originating in the southern USA,

sphere,

30-60

is

ft

a

quick-growing

(about 9-18

cally with

m)

tree

tall,

typi-

an erect habit. Branches

are densely covered with shiny

green, elliptical leaves;

new leaves

The creamy white flowfollowed by deep crimson,

ZONES

B-

JAXODIUM distichum BALD CYPRESS. SWAMP CYPRESS

deciduous conifer quickly or more ft (about 30 m

globular fruits that are lightly

this

scented and edible but with

reaches 100

taste.

little

Adaptable to sun or shade

they are also tolerant of shearing,

and are often used hedges. Give

it

as

tall,

narrow

a well-drained soil

and moderate water. Propagate from semi-ripe cuttings in summer. Psyllids have become a serious pest in California; researchers are working on biological controls for the insect.

T.

impctiginosa

erect to broadly py-

ramidal in shape but eventually

PINK TRIMPET TREE

with a

A more

upright tree than

tricha, this

T.

species reaches 50

crown

flat

Soft green sprays

of slender needle leaves turn or-

chr

ange-brown

ft

in

fall

Purplish

brown

are covered with flowers in early to

cones are fragrant. "Cypress knees" are the cone-shaped growths that rise 12 in (about 30 cm or more

mid-spring; (low ers vary from rose

from the roots to help them breathe

(about 15

m)

very striking

more

or

when

in height.

It is

bare branches

its

deep purple, with

fading to purple.

a yellow throat

The

leaves are

smooth and dark green

1

when submerged in

their native

swamplands. This species loves sun and water, but grows well even

when soil

9-11

TABEBVIA

1

it is

svn. T. ipc

to 10-11

in height;

is

not saturated Propa-

from seed and cuttings; prune young trees to encourage symmetry gate

These showy members of the catalpa family are deciduous trees from the dry tropics of Central and South America. Leaves are palmately compound, and drop for

TAMASIX

The valuable timber and termites.

aph\ Ua

.

This short, tough evergreen origi-

produced. Flowers are trumpet shaped in short racemes and are very showy. Fruits are fuzzy, bean-

nates in Africa

pods

as

much

cm) long and

12 in (about 30

are filled with silky

moisture

5_10

ATHEL TREE

a short period just as the flowers are

like

resists

svn. T. articulala

18-30

ft

and

Asia.

(about 5.5-9

It

reaches

m) with an and

is an Minute grayish green leaves form in whorls

upright, slender habit excellent

hedge

tree

TAXIS baccata ENGLISH YEW

This long-living evergreen conifer originates in Europe. North Africa

Lv:^ >TJ&

«"* ..

•V Ik/^^Bfeji

S™4

ik? ^

«S* \.

•jt i &^^5I^^

'

«Ui

1

grows slow ly to 40 It or more, us irregular, conical shape becoming flat topped and Asia (about

in

1

li

m)

2

maturit)

Its

slender needles are Ti/ui

50-95 to 220

separate trees. Unusually, this coni-

ish red. seal}'

fer

has no cones; the female flower

develops instead into an individual seed parti) enclosed in a case. This tree likes full

tolerates pruning;

it is

red

flesh}-

sun and

greath

favored for hedging and topiary. .

simply from seed and

ites

cuttings

It

m spring and

scale insects.

The

Irish

is

prone

yew

is

narrowly upright cultivar of

ft

(about 15-29 m), and

ft

(about 67 m)

Conical to columnar,

w

in the

it

up ild

has brown-

bark and upstretched

limbs. Sprays oi shin) green scales

backed with

silver,

hang from

their

extremities Itsver) small, erect

cones open

like flowers to disperse

their seeds

Its

wood

is

used

for

shingles and other construction

elements, but

to

Redmond

americana

deep green w ith a greenish yellow underside Small, pollen-rich bunches of male flowers and green, globular, female Rowers develop on

specimen

it is

also a beautiful

tree, particularly in

us

natural range

a

Irish

Both it and the regular type prefer moist climates origin.

THUJOPSIS

lar

dolabrata F

some

USE VRBORN 1TAE. H1BA CEDAR

THUJA This handsome Japanese evergreen

ARBORUTAE This small genus comprises 5 spe-

grows slowly to 18-45 It (about 5.5-14 m). Pyramidal or low and

cies of evergreen conifers, native to

spreading, this conifer

North America or Asia They grow to 220 ft (about 67 m) in the wild, with a pyramidal shape. They have heavily grooved trunks and

up

flat,

compound

foliage

Woody,

green, seed-bearing cones size

mature

to

ol

brown before

ing

and w

grow

ill

us thick foliage: large,

is

valued lor

frosted white undersides.

rounded cones

are bluish gray

1

uttings

and damp

releas-

Prune to encourage shape oi restrici mzc Propagate from cuttings or

1

5everal ol the species are

among the

soil

cold-treated seed.

I

I

is

made up

of ovei 25

I

North Ameri

tall

—

-

1

m

I

in a

tall, is

wood

too large for the

worth keeping lot.

fast i"

il

'Redmond

is

ith a

onical shape

<

to Asia,

ca

rh<

cordata

/

low In

BASSWOOD

woodland

tree from eastern North America has the biggest 4—6 in (about ol the genus L0— 15 tin long and heart shaped The (lowers are yellowish white and fragrant in earl) summer At 120 It

This

ll)\R

l

americana

WIERIC \\

more dense and compact, w

IMI

deciduous species native uropi and orth Vi

UMERK \N \KROR\ll U EASTERN WHIT1

ments, clogs and blinds.

proem nus

(

carvings, musical instru-

aboui 36 5

LINDEN

occidentalis

/

—

wood

small garden, u

TILIA

world's most valuable

nber trees

fall;

and

prefer moist climates

i

partial

species

—

for

T.

prefers cool climates

most soils but and full sun. mi seed or simply from

sun or

and cultivars are propagated by grafting and layering in late summer. The versatile timis used ber a pale honey color

Its little

consist of fleshy scales. This tree

in

lull

fans ol

flat

shiny needles, dark green with

varying

ing their seeds Trees tolerate prun-

water and

shade. Propagate from seed in

I

I

II

III II

\l

aches

LINDEN

olumnar

rail)

upright with

in

(

)ne ol the

ii

streel trees in

elsewhi n

thi

Petiolaris

I

s\

rian-

:

m

tomentosa 'Petiolai

/

is

WEI PING SILVER LINDEN

North America and Europi

ii

inted

native

1

his

weep

south ,i i

reacb

Small, heart shapi d ndersidi

i

I

II:,

ii

row. j'luaUl

WESTERN RED! H>\K GIAN1 kRBORVIl

\l

ii

i I

li

has

a nai n

tpands wuli

i

pointed

pring

/

l

i]

i

(

hnus amei icana

Tiputma tipu

crown and deep green foliage, lanceolate and woody. Little cream flowers with dense, prominent stamens bloom in spring. It is adapted only to mild winter regions without significant frost. Plant in rich,

well-drained

prune saplings

in

soil

with

full

sun;

winter to encour-

age shape. Propagate from seed in spring, cuttings in a

handsome

summer. There

is

cultivar with variegated

leaves. 10-11

TIPL TREE.

South America, this predominantly evergreen genus is valued for us shade, flowers and timber. The tree grows quickly to around 25 ft (about 7.5 m), eventually reaching 1

m' or more

5

1

is

The dense crown

composed

of

up

to

^

rounded leaflets. In summer an abundance of pea-like, yellowish orange blooms appear on short. slender stalks. These are Followed

by leathery, brown pods up in

sun with

Plant in

full

drained

soil.

bloom

to

diameter.

a rich, well-

This tree prefers a

subtropical climate;

it

refuses to

Prune immature

in a tub.

the east coast of Australia, this

small, erect evergreen ft

(about 4.5— 15

grows 15-50

m) and has sleek,

brown bark. Its dense, rounded crown bears lance-shaped foliage up to 4 in ubout 10 cm) light

is

propa-

responds very well to pruning and can be easily shaped into a

gated.

It

dense hedge The "hemlock' in the

common name apparently trom the

derives

resemblance to those of the poisonous plant leaves'

deep green

and propagate from The timber is mar

sionally turning reddish in cooler

weather. During ol small, tragrant

summer,

clusters

appear in the leaf axils. It adapts to full sun or part shade, and though it prefers a rich, moist but welldrained soil it tolerates drought once established Prune when required and propagate from seed. Suitable for small gardens

hedges, the flowers

make

and for fine

honey. ZONES

keted as Brazilian rosewood.

ULMUS Tsuga canadensis

yellow flowers

10-11

plants in winter

seed in spring.

winged

little

with a pale green underside, occa-

covered with attractive, feather-

like foliage,

From

long. Leaves are shiny

in

height, with a broad, spreading.

flat-topped habit.

shaped cones contain

seeds from which the tree

Native to subtropical and tropical

about

underneath. Pale brown, egg-

Tristemia laurina

WATER GUM

YELLOW JAC ARANDA

JSVGA

This genus contains over

KN \DIAN

and shrubs native to Asia. Europe and North America. The majestic, roundcrowned trees have attained heights of up to 160 ft (about 49 mV The elliptical foliage varies: trom slender, deep green and shiny to broad, mid-green and roughly textured;

is

native to

northeastern North America.

somewhat

K

It is

flat,

roundish, winged

seeds. These trees like a rich, well-

drained

soil

with

full

sun. Propagate

from seed or cuttings or

b) crafting

numerous suckers. The Dutch elm disease has wiped out much of

conical shape, often with multiple

once lined

upstretched trunks. The bark

eastern half of the continent. Re-

44 m) in its only 50-95

dark and heavily grooved and the foliage is deep green, comprising two ranks of flat, narrow leaves These are lightly serrated and often

the is

rainforest habitat, but

(about 15-29

nO in average garden. The brown bark

shed in

strips

It

has a

domed

is

among native

trees

North America, the 100 ft 30 m) tall, vase-like shape of

(.about

this species lined

many city

streets,

The Dutch elm disease has nearly wiped

creating cathedral-like spaces.

expensive and not always success-

This evergreen Australian species is a fast grower, reaching 145 ft (about

BRISBANE BOX

old favorite

in eastern

out the species, since treatment

ribs.

the

variable in color

An

heavily or finel) serrated; with or

and shape, but generally grows to 80 ft (about 24 m) or more in a broad,

syn. Lophostemon con/ei tus

U. amcricana AMERICAN ELM

without prominent parallel

Inconspicuous flowers appear in fall, followed by dense

HEMLOCK EASTERN HEMLOC

This elegant conifer

TRISTAMA confertus

5 species

of deciduous trees

clusters of l

1

spring or

canadensis

lo-n

ft

parvifolia

twist to reveal silvery white stripes

laurina >\ n

tipu

Ulmus

Tristemia confertus

TRISTANIOPSiS

the beautiful

American elms

streets

searchers are

still

looking for dis-

check local which may prohibit the

ease-resistant forms;

regulations,

that

throughout the

planting of some elms.

ful.

Naturally a

tree

adapted

swamp

is

dweller, this

easily to the drier ur-

ban conditions, though its shallow roots often caused problems with pavements and water lines New selections and hybrids are continually

being tested for resistance to the

disease.

ZONES

3-0

U. glabra

'Campcrdow mi

CAMPERDOWN ElM This distinctive weeping elm is selected from the Wych or Scotch elms.

It is

usually grafted to the top

an ereci elm sapling; the weeping lulm creates a dense curtain ol foliage, making a set rei hideawaj

ol

beneath the

tree

men

is

tree,

il

A dramatic

speci-

best in a park 01 large

From late nuts ol

glossy, dark green leaflets

wmli'i lo mid sprint;

i.u

small, red, up shaped lowers appear in profusion. This species prefers lull sun and porous soil. <

I

and

gardens.

Propagate from seed in

/ONUS 5-10

spring, or semi-ripe cuttings in

fall

summer, (

parvifolia

r,

Z< )N

S

I

9-10

CHINESE ELM

YVCCA

Native to China, Japan, Korea and

Taiwan,

grows

this speeies

btevijolia

fast to

30-50 ft (about 9-1 5 m). Its trunk and pendent branches are covered with an attractive gray, white and yellow-brown bark. Small, glossy, elliptical leaves are serrated.

reliably evergreen in

JOSHUA TREE

Native to the deserts from southern California to southwestern Utah, this is the tallest of the yuccas;

It is

climates, deciduous elsewhere. This

adaptable tree

much

useful throughout

is

ZONES

in

in the higher deserts,

extreme drought and the frosty

5- to

nights of winter. Reaching

(about 7.5-10

SIBERIAN ELM

tall, it

25-30

ft

creates a

in desert gardens. Short,

clusters of

or

more

in just a

ZONES

7-9

serrata

Tiny leaves offer no fall color; seedlings need constant weeding. It conditions, heat,

soil

flowers ap-

ZELKOVA

few

years.

most

waxy white

pear in spring.

in the windswept prairie states where few trees are really happy. Very fast growing and as a result weak wooded, it will reach 50 ft

m)

dense

tree,

this species is nevertheless valuable

(about 15

m)

distinct silhouette, best suited to use

weed

Generally considered a

tolerates

it

well adapted to intense heat,

is

fall.

pumila

U.

has

with a dense rosette of the typical stiff, narrow, sharply pointed leaves.

Found only

of the continent. Propagate

from seed or root cuttings

it

only a few branches, each ending

mild winter

JAPANESE ELM

Native to Japan, this broad-spreading,

drought and cold.

deciduous

37-60

ft

tree rapidly reaches

(about 10.5-18 m). Erect,

it is valued for shade and timber. The slender,

with sculpted limbs, its

UMBELLULARIA

elliptical leaves, similar to

californica

other elms', are fine pointed and

CALIFORNIA BAY. OREGON MYRTLE,

gently serrated;

PEPPERWOOD

from

This single-species North American

reds. Little,

genus

reaches

up

to

80

and shrubby areas, or

tall

(about 24 m).

ft

Variable in habit,

may be compact

it

in exposed coastal and slender in damp

forests. Its glossy, bright

when

crushed.

green

and aromatic

leaves are lanceolate

Little clusters of

insignificant yellow

fall

color varies

golds and oranges to dull

inconspicuous green

flowers, the males in clusters, ap-

valuable shade tree that

a

is

soft

those of

pear in spring and are followed by enduring leathery fruit. This attractive tree is widely adapted across North America. Plant in deep, damp, well-drained soil and allow full sun. Propagate from seed in fall. The timber is highly regarded in Japan.

blossoms are

followed by small, inedible purple is found in cool, from California Washington, yet adapts

This species

fruit.

coastal regions

north to

gardens

to

in hotter interior areas

and will take full sun to full shade on well-drained soils The spicy leaves ol U. californica are similar

bay leaves, but stronger, and

to in

be substituted lor

i

them

in

cooking />

H-10

IN!

VIII !u<

\

ens

NIWZEALANDI HAST1

IRII

ngupto 60 iii

land

i

ergreen

roundi d

divided

li

(aboul IK

mi

thisatl

h< ighl

i

di

rown w

lea

i

;

elop itri

abroad

palm

composed of up

to

/ i

1

\staniopsis

law

i"'i

i

|mu

CHAPTER

5

c^V,

Bulbs,

Corms

& Tubers

a /

*?//

p'\

292

a

/

h

s

C

,

(i

i

in s

history of bulbs

The

they

tame

to

&

T

u b

e

i

s

and how

western Europe

be hybridized into the plants

color.

to

can be traced bath habitat

miuh

to

further east

Corms A corm

has a swollen base of solid

Once flowering is over a new corm develops on top and the original one dies, often producing new storage tissue.

Europe

to their

horticulturally

and tubers.

we

grow today makes fascinating reading. Most of the bulbs we think of as being indigenous

The term bulb,

speaking, includes true bulbs, corms

Bulbs True bulbs, of which the onion easily identified

native

is

an

example, are made up of

a series of scales joined at the base

in the

\\

mountainous regions oj Asia Minor, while others were gathered initially

from southern Africa.

hich enclose and protect a central bud.

corms or pips around the perimeter before

it

withers completely. Gladiolus

and freesiasare good examples of

a

corm.

The- e scales collect and store food for the following year's growth

ing and

and flower-

for this reason that

it's

it

Tubers

is

Again

for the following season, well after the

a food storage system, a tuber can be formed from stems or roots. "Eyes" are produced from these swollen areas and form new plants. Dahlias are easily

form the basis of modern strains of the

flower has finished. This process also

identified as being this type of bulb as

bulbs marketed today. Narcissus tor

makes

the

necessary to allow the leaves of true In the centuries of

European worldwide

exploration bulbs, as well as other exotic plants,

were prized by naturalists and

instance were

grown by the ancient came from Turkestan

bulbs to die

down

naturally as they

continue to manufacture and store food

it

possible for true bulbs such as

hyacinths, narcissus and tulips to flower

common

sitting in

Egyptians, tulips

successfully in pots or jars as they use

while gladiolus and nerines originated in

this stored

mountains of the southwestern Cape of South Africa. As bulbs have differing flowering times, there is no limit to the type and number which can be included in the

current season's flowers. True bulbs

removed when bulbs are lifted. even though they may take several years

long, dry,

garden to provide

to flower.

quick time

the

The elegant flowei

>>/

for

almost year-round

the tulip Ims

made u one

oj the

energy to produce the

reproduce by forming bulbils around the base of the plant

and these can be

easily

most popular bulbs

in the world.

is

which has been the vegetable drawer too long. potato,

Creating Effects with Bulbs Basically bulbs have evolved in the

above ways because of environmental factors.

They are able to store food for dormant periods then, in very

when the

climate

is

right.

Bulbs

Mown

shoot,

o

in

i

2<J

u (

I

i

i

then gathei enough Food

for the following year

Some northern

hemisphere bulbs

crocus and

like

wait lor the watering they

fritillaria

snow melts

receive as the

upon

burst

<

to

die scene. These

suddenly and many

other bulbs are very particular regarding their

environment

as

many temperate when

climate gardeners have realized

they have omitted to "refrigerate" then-

them before planting. more accommodating and will often naturalize in the most unlikely places because the soil, comtulip bulbs to chill

Other bulbs are

far

bined with the surrounding ecosystem,

is

to their likmg.

Even

in small gardens a natural effect

can be created, especially under lightly foliaged deciduous trees as the roots of

the trees ensure adequate drainage

and

competition from grass.

there's less

These woodland companions need

chosen with consideration

to

be

to their

dormant period. Choose bulbs like miliums and scillas and many of the narcissus species which are early to shoot and bloom; as their dormancy approaches, the overhead canopy is beginning

with

The informality

spring

display relies to a great extent on the

way

which the bulbs

in

ideal for indoor decoration.

dainty, green-tipped, white

good indication

is

that

among shrubs usually consideration because we

are

random

needs careful

can very easily lose track of where they

dormant, and gar-

are while they are

of growing prized, delicate bulbs rather

than opting for a general garden display,

may well

these beds

almost here.

Planting bulbs

woodland bulb

of a

its

bells gives us a

active growth.

its

naturalistic

The sunny narcissus flowers are

be the answer.

Alternatively these raised beds can be filled

with free-draining sand and pots of

bulbs plunged into them to ensure that they don't dry out, then

when

the

deners everywhere always have the

flowers appear each individual pot can

whereby they are grow where they land when thrown by the handful, is the best method of ensuring this. Size of the drift is governed by available space, of course, yet it is the very randomness of the

tendency to fill any vacant space with something new which takes their fancy. As discussed earlier, competition from overhanging shrubs also has to be taken

be taken indoors or placed

display rather than

overpowered by surrounding plants and are ideally suited to rock gardens where

Generally bulbs prefer well-drained,

in cold areas relies

individual pockets can be given over to

slightly acidic soil.

a

one particular species. Rockeries

areas with prolonged dry periods

planted. Planting in drifts, scatterings of the bulbs left to

its

size that is the

eye-catching element. Often a gardener

on bulb drifts to give welcome color display in early spring and is tempted to mix different species and colors. However, a more pleasing effect is achieved by having drifts of different color or species flowering

from one

drift to the

on

next rather than a

"hundreds and thousands" look. Bluebells look good in such a design with the

more open and the white flowering ones grouped closer to, say, the dark green background ol evergreen shrubs (here are many hardy bulbs which

Many

of the

surpi

us each year with their colorful

isi

lo

thru

lid

these tall

M

-

\mai

old

own devn

they

the shrubbery

bulbs can be placed

.lh\

belladonna

ingle terns holding clustei

pink trumpi imei

tall

i

<

ol pali

th cu p of tin ieason hile th no it

really

in a

brick or stone

paved outdoor area where they can pop up in unpaved pockets from under a Provided drainage has

fine gravel scree.

dwarl

Growing Conditions

other lost

c

roc us. freesias, bcias,

delii ate bull)

in

and

w hu h would be

the general sin ubbt

;oil

providing th ii

-

bulbs

petition

'in

need

rhi

in ah

d log

are a sure

i

I

\\

tth

wa)

can

1

leepei

ai

ol

freedom

the

and drains

railwa

in

growing season by

in the

I

to

withstand prolonged

periods of waterlogged

but there are

soil,

always exceptions to the rule and the

arum

thrives in moist sites as

lily

Japanese and Hag

do the

iris

Similarly there are \ei\ lew bulbs

which can be grown areas and

siill

m

really

shady

Again.

flower well

luckily for die gardener looking to

i

l<

th using

there

is

(

livia

miniata,

which produces

brighi orange flowers eac h spring, or the

more delicate lily ol the valle) and snow Hakes, providing thai wonderful llowei ing highlight ol

again 1

1)

flak

Most have evolved

highlight a shady spot with yearly color

i

Raised beds hlled with good quality,

draining

followed

these pockets are ideal

for,

tulips,

sparaxis, babianas, lachenalias

frei

Somi "I ml up

delicate bulbs are

most are unable

gardens.

es,

more

signed into the garden, otherwise dwari

for

with

where the blooms can be

melting snow or good rams. The re ore,

been catered

i.ite

the patio

appreciated.

need to be placed on an existing slope or where a change of level is being de-

areas

assot

promi-

into account.

blue species in the lighter,

we often Long lefl

in a

nent position in the garden or even on

;i

gr<

i

w

hile

professional lands< ape

good

i

ffe<

i

blooms

n foliage so often

employed I

i

i

Allium giganteum

broad leaves are glaucous bluegreen above and hair)- beneath. The sturdy stem bears a rounded umbel of flowers

Amaryllis belladonna

ALLIUM and onions belong to this large genus of over 700 species, native to Asia, Africa and America. There are many very attractive ornamental species as well as edible

Many

onion or

to 12 in (about

30 cm)

but this

usually only noticeable

when

is

parts

of the plant are bruised or crushed.

ZONES 2-9

in spring are star shaped.

planted in

fall

in well-drained soil

2-6 in (about 5-15 cm) deep, depending on the size of the bulb. Flowering time varies from spring to fall. Propagation can be from offsets, which multiply freely, or from seed sown in fall: seedlings may take several years to reach flowering size.

A. christophii s\ n,

A albopilosum

STAR OF PERSIA

This attractive species grows up to 24 in (about 60 cm) high. The

if

they discovered

in their gardens.

A. narcissiflorum

This delightful species grows up to

cm

6 in (about 1 5 deep in well-drained soil. A. christophii

fall,

grows best

1 )

in full sun.

ZONEs 4-10

summer 7.5

tallest

of flowering on-

ions, this species has

.2-1.8

The bright pink

ding flowers appear

GIANT ALLIUM

1

bearing an umbel of up to 12 flowers.

A. gigantcum

Among the

12 in (about 30 cm) high. Slender, gray-green leaves surround a stem

4-6

ft

(about

to purple,

nod-

in early

Plant bulbs 3 in (about

cm) deep

in

fall

in full sun.

ZONES 8-10 A. neopolitanum

m) stems topped with

45 cm) long and usually fade by flowering time. The flowers dry

should be

The Span-

arrangements. Bulbs should be

(about 90 cm). Smaller species are ideal in a rocker)-. Bulbs

soil.

this plant as a

They turn silvery as the seeds ripen and are very useful for dried flower

some are so vigorous they can become difficult to control. They vary greatly in size: from 2 in (about 5 cm) high to 3 ft are easy to grow;

sign of prosperity

borne

dense, 4-6 in (about 10-15

Most

in

once regarded

it

species have a pungent

garlic scent

well-drained

fall

ish

wide. The individual violet flowers

planted in

Garlic

ones.

up

planted 2 in (about 5 cm) deep in

cm)

diameter umbels of violet to deep purple flowers in

mid-summer

Leaves are gray-green, 18 in (about

well for later use indoors. Plant

bulbs 4 in (about 10 cm) deep. n-10

NAPLES ONION. DAFFODIL ONION

This easily grown flowering onion

produces fragrant white flowers in loose heads in early spring. Flowering stems are 12 in (about 30 cm) tall. This species spreads by seed where it is happy. Plant 3 in (about 7.5 cm) deep in fall. It can also be potted up and forced for indoor bloom.

A. moly

GOLDEN GARLIC Native to Spain, A. moly grows up to

35 cm). Broad, graygreen basal leaves surround stems which each bear an umbel of up to 14

in (.about

40 flowers. The bright yellow, shaped flowers appear in late spring.

It

can be planted in

star-

full

AMARYLLIS belladonna

NAKEDHDl BELLADONNA

er's

sun

or partial shade Bulbs should be

1

IL\

This outstanding plant

is a gardendream: easy to grow and, as the

name

belladonna ("beautiful lady")

implies, very beautiful. Native to

7

Bulbs, (hi

^^^.

>_

""

\

Arum

A. blanda

grows

it

to

is

8 in

which appear

in spring

can be

cm) wide.

in (about 3

'/:

shaded conditions, should

slightly

flowers.

ZONES

sum-

flowers in late

it

A

fall.

sturdy, fast-

following summer. Plant large bulbs

summer at

in late

or just

soil level

below, in well-drained

A fairly

soil.

sunny position is best in cool areas, but they may need light shade in very warm areas. Cut down flower once flowering

stalks

ensure the plant

is

finished but

is

well watered

it

The

often self-sows freely.

from this Mediterranean species, the most commonly planted anemone. It grows up to 10 in (about 25 cm). The poppy-like flowers are up to 4 in (about 10 cm) wide and can range in color from red to purple to blue. A. coronaria

usually treated

is

an annual. 'De Caen' is a single and 'St Bngid' is a popular semidouble, with colors ranging from pink to purple to scarlet to blue. ZONES 8-10 as

many species, including hippeastrums. Now, A. belladonna is considered to be the only true Ama-

deeply divided, while the delicate

1

WINDFLOWER

gered to provide

a

successu

m ol

well in n< h, well-drained soil in llghlb

.1

.h.idi

after planting

seed planted ti

hot sun 5

(

protei

i

nei

i

I

Hi'

partial shade.

They

m

i

i

deep and

I

]

il

i

an

i

al

sun or

thrive in a moist

but do well in average garden

which

woodsy

'

grows 6- Hi

i, ill

from I

I

(aboul

in

m

tppeai planti

'I

white flowers,

pi

in;

!

It

resents

ITALIAN

ARUM

Although many plants are commonly called arums, only a few truly belong to this genus A. italicum

soil

'

ii

drained oil

haded

"i partiall

tl

less

icm) wide, houldbe

in fall in well

situ

i

hould be

lifted

and

di

I

foi

stalks.

Tubers

They need protection in They can be divided from big clumps once the foliage

season.

cold areas.

has died, or propagated from seed in the

fall.

ZONES 6-10

ASPHODELINE lutea

YELLOW ASPHODEL,

A

KING'S SPEAR

native of the Mediterranean, this

neat,

fragrant plant that

in, Mii'ih

in

some

(about 3 cm) long. Plant in

full sun in well-drained soil and keep moist before the flowering period in spring. Can be propagated

I

oi

the

yellow, star-shaped flowers,

with narrow, sword-

salmon, red

summer;

established.

or spring.

fall

transplanting or dividing once

(aboui 12-15

in

last until late

ZONES 9-10

in the

FREES1A

\RI [T

than

in

clusters of orange-red berries

pro-

conditions. Propagate from seed

i

from

dling

!

fall. The flower is a hooded spathe with a yellow spadix which appears in early spring and is followed by stout

light green,

clump-forming perennial is a grows to 3 ft (about 90 cm) or more. Furrowed, gray-green leaves appear below spear-like stems bearing racemes of

soil

ihapi 'I 'ii' basal leaves, and produces one-sided spikes bearing he stai shaped up "12 flowers

,i

b<

'

Plan! tubei

ml"

down

in

Irovi

I

S(

Africa

lowers usually appeal about 4

5-7

in well-drained soil in full

syn. Lapeirousia laxa

'in

.iln.ilh hi

'I

is

many are

duced. Rhizomes should be planted

This freesia-like native of South

blooms Mosi species do

glorious

eat h

each flower

laxa

Europe and the and flower color do flowering times;

the planting of tubers can be stag-

.mini

foliage;

short lived, although

East. Size

vary greatly, as

months

above the

ANOMATHECA mainly

is

native to southern

f

in moist,

12 in (about 30 cm).

green. Flattened flowers stems rise

5-10

This highly varied genus

Clumps up to 24 in

(about 60 cm) long and are ever-

in spring. Plant in a lightly

shaded spot

ANEMONE

i

cm) wide; they

in (about 3

2

appear

ZONES 8-10

nun

blue flowers in late

(about 15 cm). The green leaves are

white flowers are star shaped and

and other species have been

reclassified.

Middle

ecfelonii

italicum

This spreading species grows to 6 in

95

should be planted in fall in rich, moist soil in partial shade, with plenty of water during the growing

ARUM

WOOD ANEMONE

2

s

leaves appear in

1 Ji

A. nemorosa

to

ground on short

ARISTEA

of sword-like leaves are

hybrids have been developed

i

berries are held just above the

spring and early summer.

genus Amaryllis once contained

ryllis

much

ZONES 7-10

(about 2.5 cm)

A. coronaria

c

Broad, arrow-shaped, marbled

x

through winter. Grown easily from seed,

a

second year.

iris relative from South Africa produces loose panicles of 1 in

5-9

Many

better display in the

This

POPPY-FLOWERED ANEMONE

growing stem up to 20 in (about 50 cm) high is topped with a glorious display of white, pale pink or rosy pink, lily-like flowers. The strap-like basal leaves appear after the flowers fade; leaves die by the

turbed, it should self-seed freely. It can be propagated from offsets or from seed sown in late summer,

A. blanda

spread into a beautiful display of

or early

undis-

which may flower the next spring

self-seeds freely and, given moist,

South Africa,

grows

or no

If left

but will usually produce

1

mer

little

divided leaves. The daisy-like flowwhite, pink or blue and are around

Anomatheca laxa

needs

(about 20 cm) with green, deeply ers

/)

Asphodelinc lutea

water during summer.

This delicate-looking species native to Greece;

It

ii

^

iKSw

the winter.

GRE( IAN WINDFLOWER

I

'^^B

Anenome nemorosa

italicum

c*

^mL^

'

Y

*

in s

,

oronai

Id

by dividing the roots carefully in late winter, or from seed in lall oi in spring.

ZONES 7-10

296

Bulbs, C

o

r

m

s

& Tubers

BABIANA sii

summer blooms and

beautiful

gonias are usually called BABOON FLOWER

tuberhybrida.

edible bulbs, these South African

grow to 2 in (about 30 The hairy, slender leaves are

plants

1

<

and spikes bearing 10 cup-shaped flowers appear

strongl) ribbed

up

to

above the

foliage

flowers,

Inch appear

v,

I

he Ireesia-like in spring, are

blue to violet but there are palet

olored tonus

some

ol

\\

hite or

cream;

corms sunny pos-

are fragrant. Plant the

sandy sod in a ion They look best planted in large clumps- Provide plenty of water during the winter growing season, little or none during the summer. Propagate from offsets or in fall in ii

seed in the

They are

B.

x

available with

tall

as singles or doubles, with

bow,

many I

hey

and

warm

ruffles.

condi-

The tubers should be planted

To have

the biggest flowers

they should be disbudded, sacrificing the small female flowers that

grow on either side of the central male. There are ties in

ALL

many named

varie-

an ever-changing selection

Zl

spring in partial shade in a rich,

moist

soil.

planted in

trills

temperate to

like

tions

m

variations of

mous. 10 in (about 25 cm) or more, double flowers in every color but blue.

flowers in even' color of the rain-

Popular with baboons for their

tall

foli-

age. Large-flowered, tuberous be-

Icta

in

Sometimes they

B. x

are

pots and started indoors

winter and transferred outside

when the weather is warmer. They may need to be staked as the large flowers are heavy. Water should be

decreased after dowering, and

when

the leaves have started to yellow the

tuber should be

lifted

and dried

tuberhybrida multiflora

Usually single flowered, these are

grown not so much They

benefit

from seed or from stem or

ALLZOl

gate

leaf

pendula

BASKET BEGOMA

BEGOMA

Camellia' and Rose' flowered types

BEGONIA

Tl'BEROl'S

These immense!} popular plants are grown worldwide for their exotic

The most popular of the tuberous

hanging baskets. The flowers are

begonias, these bear large to enor-

single or double,

BEGOMA

tion in very cold winters. Propagate

by division or from seed.

BRIMEURA amethystina syn. Hyacinthus amethyslinus

This hyacinth-like native of Spain to 10 in (about

The basket begonias carry

their

flowers in pendent sprays, which

look very good cascading from

and usually

25 cm). Slensurrounds

der, strap-like foliage

B. x tuberhybrida

tuberhybrida

level in rich, well-drained soil in full

sun or partial shade Water well in summer. They need some protec-

grows

from staking.

cuttings. B. x

produces clusters of black, shiny name, "blackberry lily." Tubers should be planted in spnngjust below the soil

seeds, hence the other

massed

are available in the

same range of colors as the others and are grown in the same w ay, except that they need no disbudding. Plants can be floppy and will

very carefully before storage. Propa-

appear in summer, giving it the name leopard lily." The flower

ers

for the indi-

vidual flowers as for the effect.

spikes of orange-red, spotted flow-

stems which bear up to eight delicate, V; in (about 1 cm), bellshaped flowers ranging in color from white to blue. Plant bulbs in fall

in nch, well-drained soil in full

sun or

partial shade.

Propagate by

division or from seed in

fall.

ZONES 5-10

smaller than the large-flowered types.

They come

grown

in the

same range and are

in the

of colors as the others

same way.

ALL ZONES

This

little

and Japan

known native of China is a member of the iris

family. Growing to 3 ft (about 90 cm) or more, the foliage is sword

shaped

Babiana

stricta

Begonia

k

tuberhybrida multiflora

like that of

an

Brimeura amethystina

iris.

Branched

BRUNSVIGIA Members

of this South African genus are similar in character to the belladonna lily. However, the}' are far more tender and can be quite difficult to grow. Tall stems bear a dazzling mass of flowers in fall. The scented flowers radiate from the top of the stem like a candelabra. The

bulbs are huge, up to 10 in (about 25 cm). They should be planted in rich,

sandy

soil in full sun.

Water

well in the growing season but keep

dry

when dormant. Propagation

Belamcanda chinensis

is

It

slow

Seedlings

c

an take up

K large before division and may

tan

i

niiM

s

5

(

.

ii

i

in

&

s

in

spring

INES

josephinae

B

l>

(

fiizomes before plaining

take years to flower

|OSI

/

rive plent) ol water through the growing season Divide

over wintei

to 4

Offsets musl be

years to flowei

II

CALOCHORWS

in

i

MARIPOSA LILY, FAIR! LANTERN

The beautiful Josephine's lib grows he up to JO in (about 76 cm) stoul stem bears a mass ol bright

Mariposa

is

Spanish for butterfly,

I

red,

funnel-shaped flowers

summer The

in late

(about 5 em'

2 in

wide flowers are scented and radiate out from the top like leaves

ol the

appear

stem. Strap-

alter flowering

large bulbs should be planted with the top half exposed above the

The

soil line

which aptly describes this richly varied genus with its beautifully colored and patterned flowers. Name to the West Coast ol North America and Mexico, they produce goblet-shaped Cowers above grasslike foliage in spring and summer They are best adapted to the summer-dry climates of the West, where they should be planted in full sun to light shade. Plant

B. orientalis

gritty,

The sturdy stem grows up to around 18 in (.about 45 cm) and bears a flowerhead which can be up to 16 in (.about 40 cm) wide. The small crimson flowers appear in late

summer before age often

The folion the ground.

the leaves.

lies flat

ZONES 9-10

bulbs in

well-drained

soil.

A

fall

in a

raised

good drainage is Water through the growing season but allow them to dry out for the summer. They can be propagated by division or from bed

is

ideal as

essential.

seed.

C. albus FAIRY LANTERN

A delightful spnng-flowenng spe-

BULBINELLA

cies

growing up

to

20

in (about

50

floribunda

cm). White or pink, nodding, bell-

CATS-TAIL

shaped flowers around 1 in (about 2.5 cm) wide can sometimes have a brownish blotch.

This native of South Africa produces

24

m (.about 60 cm) flower stalks in

late is

winter to early spring. The stalk

topped with

spike

4 in (about 10 cm) with tiny yellow to

a

crammed

ZONES 7-10 C. venustus MARIPOSA LILY

orange flowers. Long, narrow basal leaves appear in fall. The plant disappears completely in summer. Bulbs should be planted in welldrained soil with the top of the bulb at soil level.

It

likes a

sunny

the

growing season, but can be allowed to

dry out in summer. Propagate

from seed or by

summer

flower-

The win', branched flower stem grows to 20 in (about 50 cm) and bears up to 4 poppythree-petaled flowers, usually

white, cream or yellow with a

roon blotch

ma-

in the center

ZONES 7-10

division. Excellent

CAMASSIA

as a long-lasting cut flower. -

late spring/early

ing species.

like,

situ-

dunng

ation and plenty of water

A

quamash

s-io

syn. C. esculenta

CALADWM

CAMASS, QUAMASH

bicolor

This North American native grows

syn. C. x hortulanum

to

FANCY-LEAVED CALAD11M

duces a denselv covered flower

24

in (about

60 cm) and pro-

These tropical plants from South America can be grown as summer bulbs throughout North America Ideal for moist,

shaded portions of

the garden, they will tolerate

sun

in

very

humid

full

climates. Their

arrowhead-shaped leaves vary from plain green to intricate combinations ol green, white, pink

and red ind in-

ili

tch 12 igh,

with

spread In tropical

<

the

foli

15 in a sir

limati

nil.

and

hli

Bruns\ igta orientalis

Hi

iiiis\

igia

/i

/

ii

be

I

s

297

Cardiocrinum giganteum

Chionodoxa

luciliae

to 6 in (about 15 cm), flowering in

Narrow, basal leaves stem which six, V : in (about 1 cm),

early spring.

surround

a slender

up to mauve to blue star-shaped

bears

flowers

with white centers. Bulbs should be planted in well-drained

with

Carina x generalis

will

a layer of

mulch,

dressed

soil,

in

own

spread well of their

They

fall.

accord

and can be propagated from seeds or offsets in the

ZONES

fall.

3-8

CLIVIA

Chasmanthe aethiopica

miniata

and trumpet shaped at the top. The cream flowers are striped with maroon-red blotches at the throat and are heavily scented. The the base

nth. acid ter

and

soil in partial

shade.

Wa-

appear. The main bulb dies after

flowering but propagation ible

from

offsets

is

a glorious spring display of funnel-

red flowers, paler clusters of

well once shoots

fertilize

This South African native produces

shaped, 3 in (about 7.5 cm) orange-

should be planted in

large bulbs

CLIVIA. KAFFIR LILY

poss-

(which flower in 3

A good plan buy three sizes of bulbs, to ensure some flowers each vear. or 4 years) and seed.

is

at the throat, in

to 12. This species

grows to 18 in (about 45 cm) tall and as wide. The foliage is glossy, thick and strap like. Plant in a sheltered position in rich, well-drained soil.

to

up

The

foliage

burns

in direct

sunlight. Give regular water year

round. Propagate by division after flowering; seed can also be used but this

CHASMANTHE aethiopica

characteristics with gladiolus.

very popular.

out from the base, and the stems

ZONES

Clivia miniata it

has

slender basal leaves. The blue, star-

shaped flowers which appear in spring have 6 petals and measure 1 in (about 2.5 cm). Bulbs should be planted in late fall in loamy, rich, moist soil. Position in partial shade or full sun if the soil is very moist. It does well in cool temperatures. Propagate by division or from seed;

may

ft

take

up

to five years

produce flowers. North American Indians once ate the large bulbs of quamash. to

salmon pink, yellow to white, and appearing from early summer to fall. These hybrids grow to a height of 2-6 ft (about 24-180 cm). Plant in full or part sun in good soil with steady moisture. red, orange,

ZONES

8-11

Cannas are amongst the

up

to 12

ft

(about

in height. Unfortunately, the

lily is not for the gardener who needs to see overnight results. A small bulb planted today is unlikely

easiest of

perennial bulbs to grow, with flower color varying from bnght

in

9-11

sun or

offsets or

COLCHICUM AUTUMN CROCL S. MEADOW SAFFRON

late

partial

from seed sown in

fall.

This genus of flowering corms

and

native mainly to Europe

to flower for 5 years.

The

tall,

sturdy

stem bears up to twenty 10 in (about 25 cm) Rowers, tubular

at

luciliae syn. C. gigantca

GLORY-OFTHESNOW

These delicate-looking flowers are seen emerging from the melting snow in Europe and parts of Asia, giving the name Chionodoxa, Greek for snow glory. Ideal for a rock garden in a cool climate, they grow

is

Asia.

Masses of crocus-like flowers appear in fall, followed by the straplike basal foliage.

to

They

are very easy

grow. Plant the corms in

summer in

well-drained

or partial shade.

Corms

late

soil in

sun

will also soil,

so

they can be kept inside for display

and planted

giant

CANNA

fall

bound

pot

usually flower without any

magnificent, summer-flowering

m)

stem in

CHIONODOXA

GIANT LILY

3.5

side of the

ZONES 9-10

syn. Lilium giganteuin

plant reaching

X generalis

on one

shade in well-drained soil. Keep moist during the growing season and allow to dry out after flowering. Propagate the

the

giganteum

A

in

winter and spring. Plant corms in

from

CARDIOCRINUM

1

(about 2.5 cm) long, are borne fan like

in pots;

when

(about Urn"). Yellow

to red, slender, tubular flowers,

spike above an erect stem;

the latter

4V;

grown

Yellow and cream varieties are also available, and hybrids are becoming

Ribbed, sword-shaped leaves fan rise to

to flower. In cooler

they flower better

This South African native shares

some

can be slow

areas they can be

after flowering.

Propa-

gate from seed or by division in

summer. The plants

are poisonous,

although their active ingredient colchicine is used in the treatment of certain forms of cancer. C.

one of the most striking crocuses, producing beautiful mauve-purple, gobletshaped flowers. speciosum of the

is

autumn

-

.

The best known of the species, this grows to 6 in (about 1 5 cm) and has rosy pink to white, goblet-shaped

up

flowers

to

4 in (about 10 cm)

Each corm produces masses of flowers and multiplies freely. There long.

is

also a double-flowered form.

ZONE-

-

C. Lilac

Wonder'

As the name suggests,

this hardy produces large, up to 8 in (.about 20 cm) long, lilac flowers The tulip-like flowers appear in fall and are followed by the strap-like

cultivar

Crinum moorei

and the which they grow. Up to 20 scented flowers are borne on a their large, lily-like flowers

ease with foliage.

ZONE;

—

to early

fall.

The

be planted in This very attractive species has red-

level

fall

ahead of the

foliage.

rich,

shade

Partial

moist

should with

soil

ground

best, particu-

is

very hot areas. Propagation

larly in

best from seed as dividing the

is

(about 30 cm) high, appearing in

large bulbs

the neck of the bulb above

dish purple flowers, usually with a

white throat Flowers can be 4 in (about 10 cm) wide and reach 12 in

summer

thick stem, usually in

tall,

C. speciosum

plants

Flowers usually

is difficult.

take a few seasons to develop with

method They

either

to caterpillars, slugs

are susceptible

and

snails.

Crinum

COSVALLAR1A C.

majalis

3 for us glorious

perfume,

this beautiful plant is native to the

northern hemisphere and does best in cool climates. It is low growing,

up

to

8

in

(about 20 cm), with

thick, oval to oblong, leaves.

The

dark green

dainty, white, bell-

shaped flowers appear in spring The rhizomes, or "pips " as they are commonly known, should be planted in fall in a partially shaded position Soil should be rich and moist, and a dressing of mulch w ill give good results Water well during the growing period Given the right conditions

and

This species reaches

LILY-OF-THEA ALLEY

Renowned

bulbispamum

C. ma/a/is

spreads

freely,

sometimes becoming overcrowded it will need to be divided

ft

up

to

around

(about 90 cm). Glossy, oblong

on a thick leaf The sturdy scape rises beside stem and is topped with a clus-

leaves are borne stalk.

the

ter of large,

10 in (about 25 cm),

tunnel-shaped flowers

Crot osmia x crocosmiijlora

x powellii

C. moorei

grows up

to 3

C. x crocosmiijlora

It

(about 90 cm). Strap-like foliage

MONTBRET1A

is

produced on a thick stalk and the bare scape is crowned with up to 10 scented, pink Rowers There ia white form Plant in sun or shade in

average garden

1

soil.

white to

in

pink, sometimes striped with dark pink.

does well

It

in

damp

-oil

--io

CROCOSMIA

.

MONTBRTTIA

C. moorei

-10 I

This popular species crows up to

30 in (about 76 cm The stem bears a cluster of 4 in (about 10 cm), funnel-shaped flowers ["he semi-pendent blooms are pale pink

hese South African nativ<

C.

attractive displays ol flowers in

summer

sj

at

the throal

and strap

like

I

he foliage

pleated leaves iorm a

(

RIM M

-ii-

atop the

ittle

or no

the world,

summei

watei

i-

ennums

are valued fur

well-known

hshrid

;

an.:

in

2

m

m) wide bayonet-shaped li

i-

useful as a

(

1

foliage ui

ol

he 6-petaled

1

flowers are quite large, a

he) will mul hed should noi he divided ild be unless oven rowdi

done

1

vermilion flowers

tall

stem Plani the corms in spring in with adequate drainage in

•

(his

It

topped with .m arched displa)

--pike ol brightly

flowers

up

to

J

in

he narrow, is

pleated

flowei

Re<

i

ntl)

flowered hybrids in a widei low to red have

I

round

growing up to 4 m) The branched stem is

species,

A branched

1

powellii

/

tall

(aboul

il

(

A

fan ol foliage, similar to a gladiolus.

I

with white

Kill

position thai receives plent) ol sun

i

masonorum

1

when

(filMM

Growing to 30 in (about 7o cm), the stem bears a branching spike ol up to 40 orange-red. gladiolus-like (lowers ol around in (aboul 2 5 cm) Bayonet-shaped foliage lormsa Ian from the base of the plant. This species need- a protected situation in cold climates. Plant in lull sun in ordinar) well-drained garden soil

I

I

gland l

hese hybrids havi

names

like

300

&

Bulbs, C o rms

T

u b c

r s

Cyclamen coum subsp. coum

Crocus, Dutch hybrids

seed usually will not flower for

purple and pink.

three years.

early-flowering yellow species. C.

tomasinianus

C, Dutch hybrids

purple

The Dutch hybrids

white throat.

are vigorous

plants with large flowers

up

to 6 in

ZONES

is

C. flavus is

an

typically lavender to

m color, sometimes with a

to

should be planted in fall in welldrained soil at a depth of around 4 in (about 10 cm).

the species.

Some

ZONES 6-10

crocus are those that flower in

C. species,

autumn blooming

of the most delicate of the

summer or during the

their effect in the

garden

All

the snow, the cheerful displays a

mer

sign that winter

tion. C. speciosus is

cies flower in late

Other spe-

summer or

fall.

The goblet-shaped flowers vary greatly in color. The foliage is grass with a silver-white stripe along leaf. In warmer corms may flower in

the center of the

climates the the

first

All are

around the Mediterranean. Springing directly from the ground with no foliage present,

Heralding the beginning of spring in Europe, crocuses pop up through

like,

fall.

late

native to regions

CROCUS

year but

may not

to

need in a

is

magical.

to be planted in late

sum-

sunny, well-dramed situa-

one of the

easiest

grow, producing lavender-blue

flowers in September.

colored C. sativus

is

cyclamen (C. persicum) is usually bought already in flower for an indoor display. Keep the pot in good light but out of direct sun in an unheated room. It is less hardy than the other species. Tubers should be planted in

Mauve-

the source of

late

summer or

soil rich in

fall

in light, fibrous

Water regularly during growth but allow to dry out dunng summer. The tubers are best left undisturbed and should grow larger each year, flowering more abundantly each season. Propagate from seed in fall.

C.

ZONES 7-10

coum

This popular, Middle Eastern spe-

blooming

cies

SPRING-BLOOMING CROCIS

grows

to 4 in (about 10

cm)

These Mediterranean natives begin

shaped, dark green and

should be planted in early

fall

in

the season in late winter, various

moist, well-drained soil in

full

sun

species offering flowers into mid-

marbled with light green or silver. The abundant flowers vary from pale mauve to deep pink, often

until the foliage begins to die.

do not spread very

fast

They

but clumps

can be divided if they are overcrowded. Seed can be planted in fall, although plants grown from

with leaves that are round to heart

spring. Generally of easy

and

tolerating the

growth

summer shade

of

stained

enmson

at

ing

ply readily, creating enchanting

coum subsp. coum has to crimson flowers.

garden. Colors vary

from white and yellow

to blue,

is

from January

ZONES 6-10

may be

the base. Flower-

a deciduous tree, they often multi-

drifts in the

are white to rose-pink,

the base;

some

strains are

perfumed. ZONES 6-10 C.

repandum

is the latest flowenng species, producing pink, crimson or white,

This

fragrant flowers in spring.

The

broad, heart-shaped leaves are usually

patterned with bands of dark

green, light green and silver)' gray.

grows

to

around 4

in (about 10

It

cm)

in height.

ZONES 7-10

DICHELOSTEMMA svn. Brodiaca

These native West Coast bulbs are quite adaptable to garden cultivation. Needing only the normal winter rains of their natural range,

stems with the warming days of spring. Flowers are produced in

They can be grown in pots in warmer areas, in a cool spot. Corms

or partial shade. Keep well watered

at

they quickly develop leaves and

Plants should flower in a year.

flower

again.

has dark

organic matter with

excellent drainage, in partial shade.

the flavoring saffron.

C. species, spring

it

region are often cultivated in pots the garden. Florist's

AUTUMN-BLOOMING CROCUS

over.

The flower of the cyclamen must be one of the most elegant of all plants.

indoors but can also be grown in

and 'Solfatarre' (golden-apricot with bronzy leaves). They may be a bit hardier than are

is

darker

These natives of the Mediterranean

Crocus tomasinianus 'Lucifer' (flame red)

4 in (about 10 cm),

The flowers

Many of these

hybrids derive from C. vernus. They

to

green, marbled, ivy-shaped foliage.

purple to blue. There are also some striped varieties.

up

6 in (about 15 cm) wide. Growing

CYCLAMEN

varied, with white to yellow to

This later summer- or fall-flowering species can produce corms

5-9

(about 15 cm) long. The color range is

C. hederijolium syn. C. neapolitanum

to

March.

C

elegant, pink

mid-

to late spring, after

foliage withers; the

dormant

which the

bulbs remain

until the next winter's

rains. Best

adapted to the wild gar-

den, they can also be used in a dry

border but will be enhanced by the placement of plants with evergreen

around them. They prefer sun and a well-drained soil. Propagate from seed sown in fall, or by separating the young bulbs from foliage full

their parent bulb.

/i

D. ida-maia syn. Brodiaea maid

FIRECRACKER FLOWER

This Califomian native for its

distinct

is

gentle twining habit, looping

its

way up through

sturdier perenni-

and small shrubs. Topping each stem in late spring is a loose cluster of pale green and bright red tubular flowers. Stems may reach 3 ft (about 90 cm) in height. als

ZONES 7-10 D. pulchellum syn. Brodiaea pulchclla

C\ clamen hederifolium

BLLE DICKS. WILD HYACINTH

late

This easily grown bulb has flowers

yellow, goblet-shaped flowers

resembling a blue-purple Allium, with loose umbels of star-shaped

around l'A in (about 3 cml wide are perched on a ruff of green, di-

flowers in spring.

vided leaves. Plant the tubers in

easily in a dry

but

is

It

naturalizes

garden or meadow, (about

in

early

fall

in rich, slightly

damp

soil.

The species likes full sun to partial shade and does best in cooler areas, naturalized under a deciduous tree or in a rock garden where it will spread quite rapidly. Propagate by

also useful in the border.

Flower stems reach 18 45 crrO or more.

winter to early spring. Sunny

ZONES 5-10

division in

DRACUNCULUS

the

vulgaris

summer

or from seed in

fall.

Arum dracunculus

syn.

DRAGON

LILY.

STINK LILY

This relative of the plant

ERYTHROMVM

arum

is

not a

DOGTOOTH VIOLET. TROl'T

you would want to grow bedoor It emits a pofoul odor which attracts flies

side your front tent,

A

for pollinating.

ft

it

grows

to

large leaves are red veined late

ers in spring. is

(about 90 cm) The

deeply divided. In

America, these

Plant the tubers in

up

matter.

more large, (about 40 cm) spathes.

like that of the

arum, green on the

outside and red to purple to black

on the

inside with a purple to black

spadix Plant the large tubers in winter in well-drained soil in partial shade Water well through the season bui allow

!

out after flowering ->.

i

nli

,i

In

t < »

dry

foliage

to full

in cooler areas. fall

in well-

soil that is rich in

organic

Keep plants moist in partial shade They multiply easily

and should be left undisturbed until overcrowding occurs Propagate from offsets in summer or from seed in fall

E.

amcricanum run \DDrRsioNc,i

iroi

i

told areas

dressing ol mult h

winter Propagate From seed oi l,

The dark green

do best

Erythremia

and

spring a

drained

16 in

plants bear

often attractively mottled.

thick stem bears one or to

little

delicate, reflexed. star-shaped flow-

native of the

Mediterranean region,

around 3

LILY

Native to Asia, Europe and North

ill

native

\

in

woodlandei from eastern

North Ameri( in. ittl ii,

-I

leave

imcs, ike

>

a, this I

lik<

spec its

ha

ie

aq

and pentlenl. pale

ERANTHIS i

hyemalis

• a< h

lump in

WINIIR

\<

lightful, tt.it

-

i

i

h

OMII

ground-hugging Europe fli

i

uigai

in

ii

I

/)

s

.

(

ii

i

in

\

('•

/

ii

b

i

10

/

E. dens-ranis

goblet-shaped, highly scented flow-

DOG-TOOTH VIOLET

ers are 2 in (about 5

on

are borne

The most widely grown species, reaching to 8 in (about 20 cm), it

cm) long and

a spike Slender, bayo-

net-shaped leaves surround wiry

has beautiful, oval, marbled foliage.

stems up to 12

30 cm) long.

in (about

9-10

The

reflexed, star-shaped flowers

are white to

lilac,

around 2

(about 5 cm) wide. The

name

refers to the

There are many named strains of hybrid freesias available; they come in shades of white, pink, blue, red or yellow and grow from 6-14 in

shape of the

corm. ZONES

3-8

E. revolution

This

have semi-double flowers whose weight makes the plant top heavy

West Coast native. It grows to 16 (about 40 cm) and has marbled green foliage. The creamy yellow

in

enough

need staking. None

to

need glasshouse culture climates or

in (about

is

grow, although they

difficult to

flowers are star shaped, reflexed

and nodding, around 2 5 cm) across.

Some

(about 15-35 cm) in height

Pagoda'

an excellent selection of a

is

hybrids

F., Florist's

in

common

if

in frosty

blooms outside

of

their natural spring season are de-

Some

sired.

strains are well scented,

others almost scentless.

ZONES 9-10

EUCOMIS FRITILLARIA \m

PINl

i

Liu

This native of South Africa has a spike of flowers which looks very it is even lopped with a tuft of pineapple-like leaves. It grows to 28 in (about 71 cm). Dark green, crinkly, strap-like leaves surround the tall, purple spotted scapes. The hundreds of star-shaped flowers, white to green and sometimes spotted with purple, are borne on a spike in fall. Plant bulbs in spring in full sun in welldrained soil. Water well through the growing season. Propagate by division in winter or from seed in

similar to a pineapple;

spring, but flower.

It

it

takes a long time to

may need

to

be

These

and tulip Europe and

relatives of the lily

are native to Asia,

North America. They are not easy

in spring are

worth the trouble.

Plant bulbs in early

shade

fall

in partial

in well-drained soil rich in

organic matter. Water well through

growing season but allow

the

dry

to

out after flowering. In areas which

have high

summer

may need

to

them out

rainfall the

of the

ground

for as short

a time as possible. Propagate offsets in

are best lent, long-lasting cut flower.

bulbs

be lifted. Handle the bulbs gently, and keep

rather soft

lifted in

very cold winters. Makes an excel-

to

grow, but their nodding, bell- to goblet-shaped flowers which appear

from

summer, although clumps undisturbed for a few

left

Seed can be sown in fall but take 4 or 5 years to bloom.

years.

ZONES 8-10 will

FREESIA

F. affinis

syn.

lanceolata

F.

CHECKER

LILY

These South African natives are extensively

grown

for their brightly

grow

colored and deliciously scented

is

spring flowers. Slender, sword-

shaped leaves surround wiry stems which bear spikes of goblet-shaped flowers. The weight of the flowers can be too much for the stems so they may need to be supported by twigs or wire. Plant the corms in in full

sun

This

fall

in well-drained soil.

They look best in a massed display. Water well through the growing

a

one of the easier species

is

of the

West Coast

charmer

as well.

to

and Stems reach natives,

30 in (about 76 cm) tall, carrying whorls of leaves topped by bowlshaped flowers of a curious purple

brown mottled with yellow Give

spots.

particularly well-drained soil

it

in light shade.

ZONES 6-10 F. imperialis

CROWN

IMPERIAL

season but allow to dry out once flowering are best

is

left

finished.

The clumps

undisturbed

for three

years; they can then be divided in

This

is

and also The stems reach (about 90 cm) or more

the tallest species

the easiest to grow.

up

to 3

ft

summer. In cold climates they grow

are borne in whorls along the stem. The flowers are also

very well in pots in a cool green-

arranged in a whorl or crown

house.

top of the scape, and above the

fall.

Seed should be sown

in late

and the leaves

flowers F.

alba

is

a

at the

bunch of leaves. The

bell-shaped flowers are

1

7; in

syn. F. rejraclci alba

(about 3 cm) long and can be yel-

This widely grown species flowers

low to orange to red. ZONES 4-9

in early spring.

The creamy white,

B

sow ing ^tiow drops do well in a rockery and arc an excellent cut

meleagris

/

i

MRIDlin ^s\M

Hit

U)U1A

Mil

flowei

Avoid buj ing the rarer spe-

51ender stems reach to 14 in (about 35 cm each hearing one to two

cies,

nodding, goblet-shaped blooms. The maroon, green or white flowers

pleted natural populations.

,

are

1

in (about 2.5

cm) long and

blotched or checkered.

A

are

few slen-

der leaves are found along the stem

Doe* well naturalized under deciduous trees or in a rock garden, provided

it

has plenty of moisture

while growing ---

F.

persica

1

many

of

which

are

dug up

G. ikariae

grown

Fine stems reaching to 4 in (about 1

It

5 cm), nodding, bell-

shaped flower. The outer petals are pure white, the inner petals are green at the throat The blue-green foliage is narrow and strap like. It does well in a rock garden.

flowers that appear in

spnng are

dark purple to brown to blackish purple. Dozens of narrow, green leaves appear along the stem.

GALANTHUS

G.

?iivalis

coming of spnng. They do best in cold areas. Delightful nodding flowers appear above dafherald the

fodil-like foliage. Plant

bulbs in

in nch. moist soil in partial

Nodding. 1 shaped flowers appear on 9 in (about 22 cm) stems above slender, star-shaped, blue-green leaves.

The

outer petals are white and the tubu-

GLADIOLUS Europe They van-

Gladioli are native to Africa,

and the Middle

East.

greatly in size, color, flowering time

The hybrids

are divided into several groups,

Pnmulinus and

Butterfly.

The

Large-flowered types are those that are usually seen in florist's arrange-

long stem. The Pnmulinus group

may

5UMMEX HYACINTH

delightful, bell-shaped flowers for

ers

which

are arranged alternately

either side of the 6

ft

(about

1

.8

spring: in

ing, before the leaves start to die off.

green

succession of blooms. The

They can be grown from seed, which will bloom a few vears after

strap-shaped leaves surround stems

»lf

(i\ad\o\u\ b\ zanlinus

/

at

the tips. Broad, blue-green,

which can reach up

to 6

ft

v

about

•,

Tubers

&

Corms

tion. In cold climates, plant in

warm winter climates,

plant in late

fall

will

30

need

to

3

be

cold areas: Large-flowered

gladioli are best lifted in

all

areas,

especially those that have a high

Make

winter rainfall

sure they are

perfectly dry before storing. Gladi-

olus can be propagated from offsets,

may take

although these

a few years

bloom.

hybrids

to early spring for a tall

They same range of colors grown in the same way.

trasting blotches in the throat.

come and

in the

are

ALLZ^

G. byzantinus syn. G.

communis byzantinus

BYZANTINE GLADIOLI'S

Mediterranean species reaching to

around 3 ft ubout 90 cm). The slender stem bears up to 15 pink to magenta blooms. Plant in a position in full sun in average garden soil; water regularly

ml

and arranged irregularly on a 3 ft (about 90 cm) stem. The Butterfly group has blotched, ruffled flowers on 40 in (about 1 m) stems. Corms should be planted around 5 in (about 12 cm) deep in very welldrained, sandy soil in a sunny posi-

6 weeks in the middle of summer. The flower spike bears up to 20 white blooms that are sometimes

full

in

lifted in

A

including Large-flowered.

ble-flowered one.

This South African native produces

i

G., Butterfly

ments, sometimes with ruffled flow-

candicans

•

These resemble the Large-flowered hybrids but have slightly smaller, ruffled flowers, usually with con-

lar inner petals are green and white. There are many cultivars derived from this species, including a dou-

GALTOSIA

i

ZONES 5-10

nate in South Africa. in (about 2.5 en

(

to

snails.

sun Divide or transplant immediately after flower-

shade. In very cold areas they

I'

soil in a

has smaller flowers, often blotched

flower in late winter and

be planted in

in

the widely cultivated hybrids origi-

These natives of Europe and west-

autumn

cm) deep

in three years.

and

s

flower stems.

late fall

and even the arrangement of the blooms on the flower spike. Most of

SNOWDROP

em Asia

5

in

warmer

areas than most grows to around 3 ft (about 90 cm) and bears up to 25 nodding, bell-shaped flowers on a spike. The 1 in (about 2 5 cm in

bloom

Protect from slugs

10 cm), each bear one delicate,

1

well-drained, compost-rich

will usually

syn. G. \alifo\ius

This Mediterranean species can be other species

in (about

lb

sunny position Water well through the growing season and allow to dry out after flowering. Propagate from offsets in fall or from seed which

from the wild, leaving behind de-

ubout 2

8 m). Plant bulbs in

around 6

u

stems

may need staking. Water well through summer and cut off spent

Galanthi

3

G. callianthus •>\

on the ends of the leaves and needs support. Plant the tubers in drils

Acidanthera bicolor

n

SWORD

ABYSSINIAN

LILY.

FRAGRANT GLAD

spring, laying

under 24-36

This scented species grows to 3 ft (about 90 cm). The mainly white flowers often have a crimson blotch at their base and grow to 4 in (about 10 cm) in

around

length; they appear in late

or early

fall.

summer

Protect from thnps,

and

G. rothschi/diana

soil.

is

very simi-

and some authorities consider

lar

it

merely a variety of G. superba ZONES 9-1

HABRANTHUS This beautiful plant

is

a relative of

and comes from the Argentine pampas. A trumpetshaped flower around 4 in (about 10 cm) long appears on each 12 in (about 30 cm) stem. The flowers, which appear in summer, are rosepink, often fading to white. The the Hippeastrum

G. carncus syn. G. blandus

PAINTED LADY

spring-flowering plant

with arching spikes of white, fun-

nel-shaped flowers stained with purple or yellow blotches It is easily

of

them horizontally 60-90 cm)

in (about

robustus

water lavishly while in growth. ZONEs

A lovely,

1

grown, multiplying vigorously.

ZONEs 8-10

glossy, green basal foliage like.

easily

It is

grown

in

is

strap

warm

to

temperate areas Plant the bulbs in a

sunny position

G. x cohillci

drained

BABY GLADIOLL'S

in

fall

soil rich in

in well-

organic matter.

Water well through the growing

Up

10 elegant, 3 in (about 7.5

to

cm) dark pink, yellow or white blooms on an 18 in (about 45 cm)

offsets

Can be propagated from when dormant or from seed,

which

will usually flower in the

spike. This species usually flowers

third year.

in late spring.

ZONES

season.

9-11

B-10

HAEMANTHUS

G., Large-flowered hybrids

These are the familiar

gladioli of the

flower shops. They grow up to 6

(about

1

m)

.8

tall

with one-sided

up to 24 wide open flowers. The individual flowers are normally around 4 in (about 10 cml wide, although they may be as large as 5 'A in (about 1 flower spikes that can carry

-

cm). Even, color but blue able.

Herbertia drummondii

Habranthus robustus Gladiolus

trisris

Gladiolus carneus

and

They

is

avail-

are best planted in spring

lifted in late fall to

be stored

cocclneus

ft

for

and vigilant protection from thnps are needed. Propagate by growing on offsets, which take 3 years to flower. the winter. Rich soil, sun

ALL ZONES

The Hacmanthus genus, with

its

brightly colored flowers, originates

and prefers mild

in Africa

to

warm

conditions. This fall-flowering species

grows

to 14 in (about

35 cm).

The two broadly oval, dark green leaves are hair)- on the underside, and they lie on the soil. A sturdy, purple-spotted stem bears a cluster of slender, bright red flowers en-

closed by scarlet to pink bracts; these are followed by red berries. Plant bulbs in

fall

or spring in par-

shade in a compost-rich, welldrained soil. Water and feed well during the growing season, but tial

G.

tristis

In late winter or early spring each

24

60 cm), slender stem carries up to 6 white, cream or pale yellow 3 in (about 7.5 cm) wide in (about

flowers; their strong fragrance

only released

at night. It

rich soil, but adapts to

its

it

to get completely dry

summer dormancy. The

are best

years

left

when

undisturbed for a few they can then be propa-

situ-

when happy it self-sows Many spnng-flowenng hybrids

gated from offsets, or from seed,

which takes a few years to flower. The common name has no sinister

ations; freely.

derive from ZONES 7-10

this

popular species.

merely refers to the

9-11

drummondii LILY,

GLORY

LILY.

CLIMBING LILY

from Africa, only suitable for the garden where there is no chance whatever of frost. However, it does grow very well as a pot plant while greenhouse grown flowers are popular with florists. They resemble tiger lilies but are brilliant in red and gold. The plants climb by means of tenis

it

red spots on the bulb.

HERBERTIA

superba

This

connotations;

ZONES

GLORIOSA GLORIOSA

during

plants

is

prefers a

most

allow

a tropical species

BLL E TIGER

FLOWER

This spring-flowering South American native is a relative of the Tigndia

The foliage is like that sword shaped and pleated The stems reach to 12 in (about 30 cm) and bear short-lived, triangular flowers around 2 in (about 5 cm) wide. The outer petals are violet-blue and the smaller inner and the of an

iris.

iris,

Hippcastrum Apple Blossom petals are often spotted.

temperate to

in

the

conns in shaded

warm

fall

in a

It

areas. Plant

sunny to parThe soil

position.

tially

Hyacinthus orientalis

Hyacinthoides non-scripta

does best

Named selections

dener.

are avail-

able in red, pink, orange, soft yel-

low, white and combinations.

'Apple Blossom'

the

is

most popular

of the Dutch-bred hippeastrums.

A

should be light and well drained but enriched with compost. Water well through the growing season but

sturdy stem reaching to 18 in (about

allow to dry out after flowering.

stunning, pale pink and white blos-

Propagate by dividing corms in

soms. Trumpet-shaped flowers up to 8 in (about 20 cm) wide appear

winter or from seed in

ZONES

fall.

45 cm) bears

up

clusters of

to

ZONES 9-10

6

in winter indoors or in spring out-

9-11

The stems are 18 in (about 45 cm) tall, the flowers 2 in (about 5 cm) across. Plant in fall, giving it full sun, a well-drained soil and little or no summer water. It spreads quickly by seed. ers fade.

HYACINTHOIDES syn. Endymion, Scilla BLUEBELLS

doors, followed by slender, strap-

HERMODACTYWS

shaped

tuberosus

6 blood-red, trumpet-shaped flow-

syn. Iris tuberosa

SNAKES HEAD

appearing

ers

mon names

gets

iris

com-

its

from the appearance

and unusual colors (often black and flowers. Native to the

its

Middle East and Mediterranean it

early spring Plant the tubers in

sunny

a

turbed

very well-drained

in

fall

spot. Leave

in a glasshouse or inside as a

Outdoors

soil in

clumps undis-

winter climates,

be

fall.

Use

organic

in full

sun or

partial shade. Water and feed well through the growing season and allow the bulb to dry out alter the

foliage dies left

A

I

down Clumps

arc best

their attractive, scented flowers are popular with gardeners all over the world. Equally at home in a rock garden, naturalized under decidu-

in

should be planted

ditions. Bulbs

moist

in rich,

fall

soil.

until the flowers start

should multiply left undisturbed then divided

shaded position /ONI

1)1

l( II

Mi-

ii

svn IIS

he most popular and most easily

grows to around (about 45 cm) and flowers in

grown 8

1

winch from the Middle

in

species,

spring

he

I

il

(about

in

I

2

5

<

ranean region

magnifii enl

pi,

mis with

umpei ihaped

i

l

tropical

Im'

.

h.r

i

In

i

th

theii

Flowei

ii

it

.ii. ill

is thi f

u

'

n

si

bulbs for

' I .

i

il

he bright

I

strap like

Ii

gum

multiplies

K

;,

warm winter cli preseni

thisspecii

a

s\

n wider)

hybi hii

grown by thi

i

idi Ii

Ii

ed

are

wlm

pi. iv

haped

cup bulb

ii

i

in

ii

hi'

ill

yellow to salmon,

flov i '

i

in

pring

'ill

ii

|

h quickl

di

ippeai

ii

si

>

Ipta,

w

hite, pale

purple

ISII

III

I

III

I

I

Each leal

ifter

flow

lii

I

1

1

1

ii'

1

ii

nglj

i

.

1

li

bluebell flowi

1 1

I hi

1

i

ii

ii

rs in eat

w fragrant haped fli iw ei in 1

1

<

1

|

is

a

with the newei (soft

salmon orange),

yellow

In

l

gloi

\

,

pink, red ot imi

i

n foliagi

I

strap like

rrov

the Blues'

Ipta

'

glori

V.I

ol

Queen'

lipsj

..

but in.im others are a\ ailable in

ndymion non nun

flowers

ol

I

I

color 'King

ripta

si

comes

and Mediter

spike .i

I

(

nun

\

is

foli frei

ol //

originally East

over the

varieties

massed on top ol in (about he sweetly perfumed \0( in stem spi nil', flowers \ .u\ enormousl) in

m),

favorite, alone,

South

thi

Si Ilia

nMi>

ca

cultivars

:

and

is

//

the easii

I

Hi

to blue

lilac

all

named

hyacinth are cultivars

orientalis,

breyniana

//

Among

soil

Favorites with gardeners

o

\VI\RM

moist

in

5-10

world, the popular SPANISH BLUEBELL

collina

uliivars

s

HYA< 1NTM

Endymion hispanica, Scilla campanulata syn.

age

HIPPEASTRVM

stems

orientalis

nodding, bell-shaped flowers are

c

line

(about 45

in

HYACINTHUS

summer

H. hispanica

spring Protect from snails

HOMl.RIA

cm) long on

1

glossy green. Plant in a partially

is

lew years,

lor a

(about

cm). The slender, strap-like foliage

in

Water well to die. They

freely but arc best

in late

in

reaching to around 18

ol

/i INI

I

lavender-blue, pink or white arc /j

trees or in the flower border,

they thrive in partially shaded con-

I

grown horn seed

also be

Hermodactylus tuberosus

l

ous

undisturbed for a lew years they tan then be divided

.nun

dilln uli lo obtain

soil rich in

exposed, and plant

They can

Alternatively,

may

warm

in

matter, with |ust the tip ol the bulb

summer

this

single

well-drained

a

when

grow from seed, but

A

bulb in a pot will produce a display that any florist would be hard pressed to match. pot plant.

few years, then divide

lor a

spring or

in

through spring.

all

bulbs should be planted in

grows to 16 in (about 40 cm). The tall, blue-green foliage is slender and squarish. The perfumed, iris-like flowers, yellowgreen and purple-black, appear in early

to

Hippeastrums are most commonly

grown

region,

up

IRIS

This relative of the

green) of

'Red Lion' has

foliage.

The hardy, European bluebells with

l\

in

I.

lull

do

ill

Plant the bulbs in

in rich,

sun beSI

'

i

H

i

lumps

well drained soil in

shade

oi partial in

<

'Ii

i

i

l

lya< inths

Inn. lies. Ol in pOtS

306

Bulbs, C

anywhere

It

is

besi to

o r

m

s

6-

Tubers

buy new

bulbs each year, as the (lowers are nevei so magnificent as in that

first

spring; but. planted in a congenial spot, they will continue to

bloom

each spring for years. ZONES

4-o

native to the Andes, but

gardens of the South. Flowers appear in early summer. A pale

24

in (about

60 cm) and has

The

ciously scented flowers.

green foliage like.

is

deli-

glossy

Each stem bears up

SPIDER LILY, SEA DAFFODIL

the spider

lily

except for the delicate, spider-like petals surrounding the inner bloom.

South America they are not too fussy about conditions, but usually do best in temperate or warm areas. Bulbs should be planted in spring, around 6 in (about 5 cm) deep in well-drained soil. A partially shaded position is best. Water very well during growth Mainly native

to

indoors over winter.

IRIS

named

for

the Greek goddess of the rainbow,

valued

all

beautiful

IPHEION

over the world for

is

its

and distinctive flowers. and growing conditions

Size, color

inner trumpet-shaped cup of petals

uniflorum

vary greatly but the unusual flowers

surrounded by 6 slender, spiderHke petals.

syn. Trislagma uniflora, Tritcleia

are easily recognized.

uniflora

has 6 petals: 3 outer petals, called

is

SPRING STAR FLOWER

This relative of the ins gets

Pure white, trumpet-shaped flowers

mon names

surrounded by 6 thread-like petals are

borne on 30

is

in (about

The almost

stems.

76 cm)

strap-like foliage

PERUVIAN DAFFODIL. BASKET FLOWER

the most widely

cies, often

bulb

green) of

its

flowers. Native to the

Middle East and Mediterranean it grows to around 16 in

planted as a

tall,

blue-green

foliage is slender and squarish. The perfumed, iris-like flowers, yellowgreen and purple-black, appear in

syn. Ismene calathina

is

from the appearance and unusual colors (often black and

(about 40 cm). The

10-11

H. narcissiflora

This

com-

region,

bright green.

ZONES

its

early spring. Plant the tubers in

grown spe-

summer

like gladiolus in the

North.

early a

Its

fall

sunny

in very well-drained soil in

spot. Leave

clumps undis-

turbed for a few years, then divide

broad, deep white flowers are very

in spring or

showy, with wide petals reflexed behind the green-tinged cup. It is

grow from

summer.

Alternatively,

seed.

and

Each flower

droop away from the center

"falls,"

H. littoralis

1

and never allow to dry out completely. Offsets form quickly and should be divided in spring before growth begins. In cold climates, they can be lifted in fall and stored

IRIS

This wide-ranging genus,

exists,

to five 4 in

beautiful flowers of

resemble daffodils

yellow form •j-ii

B-10

The unusually

is at

in

slender and strap

(about 10 cm) white flowers. The

HYMENOCALL1S

home

H. xfestalis

This hybrid species grows to around

alternate with the inner petals,

called "standards." Inses are divided

two main groups, rhizomatous (which we have included in the into

chapter on annuals and perennials)

and bulbous The bulbous

following two are the most impor-

Xiphium, which includes Dutch inses of florist shops as

tant: the

the

well as their parent species

/.

xiphium, latijoha, lusitama and tingitana (they are

mostly native

to

Spain, Portugal and North Africa);

and the

Reticulatas,

which bear

small winter and spring flowers and

Middle

are mainly native to the

ZONES 6-10

irises

include several groups, of which the

East Both groups are of easy cultivation,

demanding only

sunny

a

position with ample moisture dur-

ing growth but very their

little

during

summer dormancy. A

third

group is the Juno irises also from the Middle East and central Asia, noteworthy for their handsome foliage and spectacular flowers; these are generally difficult in culti-

vation and are not

grown.

-iiVlti

=

J.

commonly

All are planted in

fall.

bucharica

syn.

/.

orchiodes

This species of Juno ins grows to H\ menocallis xfestalis

ns reticulata

around 18

27 2

45 cm). The cm) scented flowers

in (about

in (about 6

can be varied in color. Standards

and

falls

can be both white or yel-

low, or standards can be white and falls

yellow.

and

is

slow

It

requires a rich soil

to increase.

not to

damage

when

transplanting.

Take care

the thick lateral roots

ZONES 6-10 /.,

Dutch hybrids

These are the best known of the bulbous irises; florists keep them in bloom just about all year by chilling

\^<

Iris

'Professor Blauw" (Dutch hybrid)

%^l

/ns bucharica

V :>/ ? Hymenocallis

liitoralis

B

the bulbs

houses

and planting

mid- to around

late

ing mainly in the precise color ol

green

in

garden the) flowei

in the

in

llu\ grow to

spring

W in (about

76 cm)

the flowers, Foliage

flower, with rather straggly, gray-

bloom

green leaves, and bear one or two flowers on long stems. Easy to grow,

drained

they like rich, well-drained soil and

Water freely while they are in growth and keep them dry in summer. Propagate by division in autumn. Handle the bulbs gently as sun.

they bruise easily. There are

named

varieties, in

many

shades of white,

The blue 'Professor Blauw' and yellow and white Symphony' are typical. The blue and white "Wedgwood" is a blue, violet or yellow.

hybrid with

tingitana.

/.

J.

I.

longei aftei

soil

i

will

make

a delighilul pot plant.

/.

xiphium

The Spanish iris is similar to the English and to its hybrid offspring, the Dutch ins. Flowers may be blue to mauve, white or yellow; the falls have a yellow or orange blotch and are not winged like the English is

in late spring.

AFRICAN CORN LILY

30

in

flowers

iris-like

in

to

summer

are pur-

24

lily

species grows to around

planted in early

falls

a

are

golden

in (about

drained

reticulata

mixed

soil.

fall

will

the best

known

species in

central Asia.

It

grows

to

10 cm) high in flower,

4 in (about

its

flowers in

The slender stems grow to around 24 in (about 60 cm) and are topped with spikes of yellow

The 2

to

pink blooms.

cm) flowers, which star shaped and tubular at the in (about 5

8-10

viridiflora IXIA

strap-like foliage.

and

at

petals

is

popular species. The 2 in (about 5 cm) flowers are borne on a

stem.

The star-shaped flowers

into the soil before planting

help produce good blooms.

A

cm) are a

center.

ZONES 9-10

LACHENALIA

sunny position is ideal except in warm areas, where they will need protection from hot sun. Water well through winter and spring but allow to dry out after flower-

named

ing.

Propagate from offsets in

fall.

Massed

in

clumps or planted

in

win-

dow

boxes, these South African na-

tives

make

a striking display. Spikes

of pendulous, tubular flowers stand erect

above narrow, sometimes mar-

bled, strap-like foliage. Plant bulbs in fall

in well-drained soil

enriched with

organic matter. They like a sunny

Mi txia

mai

iiliiin

In In

I

in In miliu
tips,

and

the lips The base of the sometimes red to orange. Plant in full sun or partial shade. There are various forms and manyhybrids derived from this species.

green

this a

spike atop the 24 in (about 60

2 in

The nodding,

are usually golden yellow

exquisite, jewel-like flowers

make

1

tubular flowers flare out at the

CAPE COWSLIP

Blood and bone

various shades of blue: several varieties are available, differ-

307

s

(about 30 cm). Flowers appear on a spike in winter to spring above

in well-

IRIS

the Reticulata group, a native of

i

L. tricolor

pale turquoise with a purple-black

blotch.

The

"winged" and often have

c

This species grows to around

paniculata

The

ZONES 6-10

ple-blue or white.

/>

fall.

ZONES 9-10

pro-

60 cm). The leaves are usually long and slender. They are easy to grow in mild winter climates. The bulbs should be

is

f.

GREEN

tallest

which appear

grows

divided in

syn.

/.

10 cm), Dutch

It

u

rainfall. They are sensitive to frost and can be planted in pots or window boxes in cool areas. They spread quite freely and can be

ZONES 8-10

base, appear in late spring

(about 76 cm), and the 4 in (about

from Spain.

I

summer They need to be kept dry when dormant and may need to be lifted in areas with a high summer

L. aloides

are

duces masses of delightful, starshaped flowers on wiry stems in spring. These flowers close in the evening and on cloudy days. The

England) are derived from this spe-

commonly grown

yellow, pink, orange or red.

ZONES

irises

Corms &

.

sides.

popularity in eighteenth-century

This

the most

sometimes with pinkish red underGarden forms come in white,

>-10

s

position and lots of water until the

cm) flowers clustered along the top; these have brown centers and orange to yellow petals,

The South African corn

NETTED

This

is

/>

foliage begins to die off, usually in

1XIA

2 in (about 5

from seed or by division. It does besl in cold wmiei limates and

(so called because of their great

J.

metadata

The wiry stems grow to around 18 in (about 45 cm), with

KM

xiphioides

Most of the bulbous English

cies

/.

YELLOW

species.

sun and perfectly and is propagated

likes

Flowering ZONES 6-10

latifolia

syn.

becoming

It

iris.

ZONES 6-10

short during

/

the late winter/early spring flowei

ing time,

in

is

ii

l\ui panii ulata

flowers should be removed but

and stems should not be cut back until fall. Clumps are best left undisturbed for a few years; they can then be lifted and divided. In leaves

recent years

many

hybrids, easier to

grow than many of the species, have been created and have become very popular. The most important groups are the Asiatic or Mid-Century hybrids, the Trumpet hybrids, the Aurelians which have trumpet or bowl-shaped tlowers, and the spectacular Oriental hybrids. They need lime-free soil, although L candidum prefers an alkaline soil and L regale and L lancifolium will put up with a little lime. L.,

American hybrids

As the name suggests, these hybrids are all derived from lilies native to North America, including L panyi and L pardalinum. They are characterized by whorled leaves, pendent flowers with reflexed petals, good garden tolerance and resistance to viruses. The best known group is the Bellingham hybrids, available in

Lilmm. Asiatic hvbrid

Liliiun Bright Star (Aurelian

hybnd)

Lachenalia bulbifcra

soft

pinks and buff oranges, usually

spotted.

The

fragrant flowers are white with

a green spot near the tip of each

and

petal

are

bome

in clusters atop

50 cm) stems. The blue-green leaves are long and slen-

20

They flower

ers with as

many as 9

per stem.

L..

Asiatic hybrids

L lancifolium, L L croccum and other

Raised from bulbijerum,

Asiatic species.

ft (about 90 cm) tall Most have upward-facing, flat flowers in shades from white through yellow

around 3

Far more delicate in appearance

than the

summer snowflake,

bulbifera

This species grows to around 10 in (about 25 cm), with a spike of flow-

Lilium Royal Gold' (Trumpet hybrid)

water in winter and spring and

a single flower usually lacking the

allow to dry out over summer.

typical green spot but often flushed

Propagate from seed in

with pale pink. They very narrow

ZONES

fall.

foliage

rushes.

is

strap like,

fall.

is

a bit of a

gamble for the gardener. One year you may get a magnificent display of blooms and the next spring it

may

Flowers are borne in clusters on wiry stems up to 18 in (about 45 cm) tall. The refuse to flower at

2 in (about 5

grown

cml

sweetly scented

shaped, white in the center and graduating to blue at the tips with

prominent yellow anthers The foliage is long and slender. Plant bulbs in fall in full sun in light, soil

Their white, bell-like flowers petal.

Leaves

may

where the shade of a be preferred; in the wild they.are often found near hottest areas

tree will

streams. Their faint tragrance

with plenty of

appealing. Plant bulbs in the

is fall;

many named

varieties: the yel-

typical.

propagate from seed or offsets in

lilies

plants are

but the

commonly called

"true'" lilies

are the

and hybrids of the magnificent genus Lilium. The elspecies

egant flowers possess a breathtaking

beauty often accompanied by a The flowers have

fall

Clumps perform best if allowed to grow undisturbed for several years

aestivum

These dainty, spring-flowering bulbs are native to Europe and Asia.

may be

glorious perfume.

except the flowers

6 petals arranged in a variety ol ways, and 6 stamens. The scaly bulbs should be planted in fall, but

bowl shaped. Some

planted in spring. The

like a cool root

mulch

run

A

A

partially

or

-

Oriental hybrids

should

dressing of

keep the shaded position is best as the flowers need protection from hot altemoon sun. Tall species may need staking. Dead in spring helps

flat

cultivars are

well scented, others scentless.

L., soil

be rich with excellent drainage and the bulbs planted fairly deep as they

roots cool

SIMMER SNOWFLAKE

Aurelian hybrids

The name comes from the Latin name for Orleans in France where the earliest varieties were bred. They derive from crosses between the Chinese L henryi and trumpet lilies and resemble the Trumpet hybrids,

in very cold areas they are best

or spring.

L.

in green-

low Connecticut King' and orange Enchantment' are popular and

L..

many

narrowly strap shaped or reed like. need a rich, well-drained but moist soil and full sun, except in the

deciduous

much grown

houses by florists for out-of-season bloom. Propagate by division. There are

fall

LILY

Many

be

all.

flowers are reflexed and star

well-drained

are easily

All

This native of Chile

cut flowers,

ZONES --10

end of each

GLORY-OF-THE-SUN

and pink to orange and russet-red. They have no scent and do best in a sunny position. They are first-rate

LILIUM

are usually tipped with green at the

Lxioides

excellent bulb for the

SNOWFLAKE

bulbs flowering either in spring or

LEICOCORYSE

An

rock garden. ZONES 6-10

LEUCOJUM The snowflakes

—to

fall. Its

leaves resemble those of reeds or

-

ers appearing in winter to spring

The pendulous, tubular flowers are pink to red to yellow and the flared tips are violet to purple The green

this

9 in (about 22 cm) stems are topped by

species flowers in

syn. L. pendula

These are summer

flowering and mostly grow to

autumnale

AUTUMN SNOWFLAKE

L.

ft

-

ZONES 4-10

Leucocorync Lxioides

7

in (about

der. Gravetye Giant' has larger flow-

L.

sumubout

in early

mer on stems reaching 2 m) tall.

Most glamorous of all lilies, the grow to 6 ft (about 1 .8 m) tall and bear many bowlshaped flowers as much as 10 cm (about 25 cml wide in shades from white to crimson They are powerfully scented and very desirable Oriental hybrids

(and expensive"* cut flowers. De-

i

/!

from

rived

a

t

rosses ol

iosum and

spei

mild climate,

pei

lii tly

subjet

i

light

to virus

are

main i

.

I

shade and

drained acid

taken to obtain

auratum,

/

rubellum, they like

I

soil

lean stock

I

to be

here

ultivars

candidum

MADONNA

I

II

V

thought to be the oldest

/

regale, the

well-drained

soil

is

vation It grows to 7 ft (about 2 m) and bears up to 20 trumpet-shaped blooms in early summer The pure

white (lowers can be 6 in (about 15 cm) wide and slightly reflexed.

Unlike most,

this lily

planted in early

f

nil

it,

rosette of leaves will develop

1

in

a

and

remain through the winter, producing a flowering stem in spring Belter adapted to warm, dry climates than most lilies. ZONES 4-10

formosanum

auratum an elegant lily which grows to 6 ft (about 1.8 m). The flowers that appear in late summer are trumpet shaped and reflexed. The This

GOLDEN-GAND LILY

This magnificent species grows up

6

ft

(about 1.8 m). Each stem

(about 20 cm) wide. The flowers are white, sometimes red spotted,

have a yellow or red stripe

and

down

the

center of each peta

ZONES 5-10

canadense

MEADOW LILY This eastern North American

lily

and moist

soi

prefers light shade

stems rise up to 5 ft (about 15 m) tall with whorled leaves. Gracefully drooping flowers in early sum mer are bell shaped with widely spreading petals. Flower color Its

Lilium auratum

is

petals are pure white

bears 8 open-faced blooms, 8 in

L.

is

easily

brown on the grown from

o

(

i

m

r s

i

Tubers

-

usually pendeni

I

he tiger

k and

ill

viruses so they should be replaced

grown away from other

every lew years.

Zl INI S

INES5

L.

',()')

lil)

an

i

harboi viruses without showing any

seed Mature bulbs are prone to

ill.

(

reason

lor this

is

best

lilies.

4-10

I"

henry

Umgiflorum

EASTER LILY

on the

lily from Central China grows around 6 ft (about .8 m), with each stem bearing as many as 40 reflexed flowers in pale apricot The bulbs can be 8 in (about 20 cm) in

This

to

1

diameter, an indication of the great

should be

with only

(about 2.5 cm) of soil over

L.

to

to purple It

b

lily in culti-

SPECIES L.

outside

Zi

This beautifully scented species

Trumpet hybrids Flower in late summer. They can reach 6 Ii (about 1.8 m) and carry as many as 30 outward-facing trumpets in shades from white through pink to yellow, usually with purple shadings on the outside. They are usually fragrant and are easily grown in light shade and Deriving From

free,

L.

and pink

/

L. i

,-10

L, Trumpet hybrids

lime

oi red,

ONES 4-9

hey are

I

and care needs <

ranges from yellow to orange

usually spotted with darker colors

ii

inside

vigor

and

ol

is

the species.

It

tolerates lime

resistant to viruses.

A

lovely, pure white

grows

to

4

ft

(about

lily 1

.2

which m).

Up

to

8

slender, trumpet-shaped flowers are

borne on each stem. The fragrant blooms, 8 in (about 20 cm) long, appear in summer; they are forced in greenhouses for Easter bloom. ZONES 7-10

ZONES 4-10 L. L.

lancifolium

syn.

L.

martagon

TURKS-CAP

LILY

tigrinum

Native to Europe, this species flowTIGER LILY ers in

One

most popular species and also one of the oldest in cultivation, the tiger lily grows to around 4'A ft (about 1.3 m). It produces masses of bright orange, trumpetof the

summer and

reflexed flowers in

bears

many

mauve-pink or

white, with a strong fragrance.

shaped, sharply reflexed flowers.

Flower stems can reach 6 ft (about 1.8 m) tall. It does best in cool climates and thrives in the dappled shade of an open woodland. Toler-

The 7'A

ant of alkaline

in

(about 18 cm) blooms

are spotted with purple

and

are

soils.

ZONES 4-10 Lilium jormosanum (white form)

J

Bulb

J

S

Darling

--J

•

A

F/'e/ii Tn'/)

to

Malmesbury

Darling 10

5

and Malmesbury

km

15

'

1

.

10

5

mis

Atlantic

—

due

to the acid

olus

is

SOUTH

Ocean

Southwestern Cape Province, in the southern tip of Africa, is known to botanists worldwide as the "Cape Floral Kingdom." Unlike the rest of sub-Saharan Africa this region has a Medicold, wet winters and hot, dry summers. terranean climate a coastal It is also geologically and topographically diverse plain of largely sand or limestone and, further inland, a gently undulating landscape made up of shale and clay. Rising abruptly from this are the rugged parallel ranks of the Cape Fold Mountains, whose jagged and forbidding slopes dominate the skyline. The soil here is deficient in nutnents

n •

AFRICA

—

sandstone formation of the mountains. Gladi-

False Bay

one of many genera of plants that have adapted and

thrive in this region of contrast.

Gladiolus species are bewildering in their variety

settlement.

A number

of species

and have

days of European

also sharing the

common

in the vicinity of

colored in greens and browns and

Cape Town have acquired picturesque names, and one of the best loved of these alatus).

is

the kalkoentjie or

This delightful

little

common name

earliest

been beloved by colonists from the

little

turkey (Gladiolus

plant derives us

appearance of the flowers, which resemble

name from

a brilliantly

the

dominantly bright reddish orange, but the lower two petals are yellowish green with orange tips. Other similar species.

all

but none has quite the impact of G.

colony

of these plants

have a delightful scent,

alatus.

without feeling a

You cannot

little

see a

cheerier for the

experience.

hued

turkey head, resplendent with wattles. The flowers are pre-

of kalkoentjie, are variously

G. alatus

a small plant, usually

is

6-10

in (about

15-25 cm)

with four strap-shaped leaves. The spike bears up to six flowers 1-2 in (about 3-5 cm) in diameter. The dorsal petal

tall,

is

the largest

while broad

and forms

a

lateral petals

shallow hood arching forward,

curve back like wings. The three

stamens, arched together in front of the flower, are pollinated

by long-tongued bees of the Anthophoridae family. Although it is widespread in the southwestern Cape, one of the best places for a field trip to see the kalkoentjie

is

only

from Cape Town. And the best time to bloom is spring, particularly September. As the number of showy plants, particularly the annual

half an hour's drive

see

them

in

flowers of a

and the bulbs Oxahs and Romulea, close in the late warmth and light of mid-moming, you need not rush off early in the morning to start your trip. With your back to the splendid massif of Table Mountain, which guards Table Bay and Cape Town harbor, drive towards Malmesbury on the N7 national road. Soon you will see the narrow flats of the west coast and, inland, the gently daisies

afternoon and only open again in the

rolling country of the Swartland. In winter

much

of this

flat,

inundated with water. Snowy white arums (Zantedeschia aeihiopica), thrusting their heads out of clumps of dark, arrow-shaped leaves, are a common

sandy land near the coast

and roadside ditches. on the rising ground in this area supports a natural vegetation dominated by a gray, small-leaved shrublet which is covered by a confetti of small white flowers in winter, followed by a similar scattering of fluffy white seeds. This is known as the renosterbos or rhinoceros bush (Elytropappus rhinocerotis), and as the name suggests, it was once a favorite food of the (now rare) rhinoceros. During spring, annuals sight along drainage lines

Clay

In

springtime the

meadows near Cape Town are a

beautiful sight.

is

soil

Bulbs

The

little

turkey, or kalkoentjie

and bulbous plants emerge

in

Gladiolus priorii

Gladiolus dalcnii

abundance, and along the road

verges and in patches of undisturbed veld a haze of color

your eyes. Some introduced Australian mimosas, the Sydney golden wattle (Acacia longifolia) and the golden wattle

greets

cyclopis), create a

(A.

magnificent sea of fragrant, yellow

blossom in spring but, unfortunately, also form impenetrable woodlands, almost suffocating all other plant growth. Continue along the N7 towards Malmesbury for 22 miles (about 35 km), and when you reach the tumoff to Atlantis and Mamre stop the car and breathe in the beauty around

On

you.

either side of the road, bordering a small stream, are

meadows

as resplendent with flowers as

orange bugle

lilies

(Watsonia meriana) stand at attention in

serried ranks along the road.

Beyond them

Gladiolus alatus forms orange patches

of bobbejaantjie or

cistijlora

among

meadows.

the velvet blue

baboon (Babiana angustifolia) and the large sundew (Drosera cistijlora).

miles (about 35

form of D.

in the

little

the glistening pink of

Some 22

an oriental rug. Tall

,

km)

to the northwest, a

grows near the

blood red

village of Darling,

holds a justifiably famous wildflower

show each

which

spring.

A

host of smaller species are scattered about with profligate generosity, including various sorrels (Oxahs) of different

form of the small iris (Moraea tricolor), formed orchids, Holothrix villosa and Satyrium this odorum, and the heavenly scented Gladiolus tenellus colors, the brick red

the quaintly

one

is a

—

favorite with the local children,

who

gather

it

for their

posies.

known

for its

spectacular displays of spring flowers, you will see another

orange-flowered kalkoentjie (Gladiolus equitans). This species

common

not nearly as

with

much broader

as G. alatus,

and

is

a larger plant

leaves. Also, the green kalkoentjie (G.

and more slender species with lovel) marked with maroon, is common here.

orJudiflorus), a taller

dove-g

The genus Gladiolus, which includes many popular commercially cultivated plants,

boasts

some 220 While

species.

some

Gladiolus

species are native to west-

ern Asia and

southern Europe, the great majority are African, with an

overwhelming concentration of species in

South Africa, where also all the largest and

are found

brightest flowered species, with

turkey (G. alatus) a example. They belong to the "Cape bulbs," a tremendously diverse and colorful assortment of bulbs from the the

little

fine

southern up of Africa. These

have contributed more to the gene pool of garden and florists' bulbs than the plants ol an) other region Man) (including Gladiolus) are

Further north in Namaqualand, also well

is

Gladiolus

i

5

Seeing the kalkoentjie or

little

turkey

in

its

natural en-

vironment, surrounded by other equally colorful pleasure you are unlikely to forget.

flora,

is

a

members

of the

iris

famil)

[ridaceae,

which are conns

not irue bulbs but. (or the most part, are

Gladiolus flowers arc often regarded as too large

and gaud)

II

you share

this view ol

the traditional large hybrid varieties, you

ma) be surprised ai the graceful forms ol main ol the wild species and some ol (he old fashioned" hybrids, which have flowers thai are more deli< atel) colored and loosel) arranged

)

J

I

312

Bulbs. C orms & Tubers

20 in (about 50 cm) flower stems appear before the foliage. Each scape carries 4 or 5 blooms. The flowers are trumpet shaped but the petals are very slender reflexed.

It

and sharply

has slender, strap-like

leaves. Plant the bulbs in a

sunny

position in rich, well-drained

soil.

They like plenty of water during growth but need warm, dry con-

when dormant. Clumps are

ditions

best

undisturbed for a few years;

left

when

they can then be divided

dormant at the end of summer. This genus is named for Marc Antony's actress mistress. L.

aurea

syn.

africana

L.

GOLDEN SPIDER

LILY

grows to 16 in (about 40 cm) and bears a cluster of 4 or 5 tea-rose yellow flowers. The 3 in (about 7.5 cm) flowers have narrow, sharply recurved petals and prominent stamens. The slender This

lily

leaves are strap like.

ZONEL. radiata

Lilium speciosum

RED SPIDER LILY L.

pardalinum This

LEOPARD

LILY

the most

is

This Califomian native gets

its

name

from the maroon dots against the gold to orange background color of

On 4-8

common

species

40 cm) stems bear clusters of 4 or 5 red blooms. The 4 in (about 10 cm) flowers have The 16

in (about

slender, sharply reflexed petals,

(about 1.2-

with prominent red stamens. Well

summer

flowers are beautifully pendent,

adapted to the Southeast, where it has occasionally naturalized. Pro-

with petals strongly reflexed.

vide lots of water.

the flowers. 2 4

ml stems

ft

the early

It

spreads quickly underground by

rhizomes, soon forming a large colony.

It

tolerates moist

and alka-

L.

squamigera

line soils.

MAGIC

ZONES 5-10

The hardiest of the spider

LILY

this

lilies,

species has pink flowers resembling

L. regale

The ubout 60 cm) flower stems

those of Amaryllis belladonna. REGAL

LILY

24

Growing up to 7 ft (about 2 m), grown lily lrom western

this

in

appear before the leaves

summer. The

at the

of

China bears from 3 to 20 fragrant blooms on each stem. The trumpetshaped flowers, up to 6 in vabout 5 c m long, appear in summer. The inside of the petals is white, the

the following spring, but

outside carmine. There

MUSCAR1

1

is

also a

pure white form.

tattered at the in full

sun

may look

end of winter.

ZONES

GRAPE HYACINTH

The popular grape hyacinths speciosum

A short

up to 4 'A ft (about 1.3 m). The flat, nodding flowers with reflexed petals may be 4-6 in (about 10-15 cm) wide. There are many forms, wining from white to crimson, some

ters of bright

spotted.

It

flowers late

are

natives of the Mediterranean region.

This popular, fragrant species grows

early

Plant

in rich, well-drained soil.

4-10

-

L.

end

leaves last until late

easily

summer to

fall.

spike bears grape-like clus-

blue or white flowers

They thrive in cool They look best planted in clumps and need a rich, wellin early spring.

climates.

drained

soil.

Plant the bulbs in

fall

sunny position, but protect from hot sun in warm areas. The

in a

slender, strap-like leaves appear

soon

LYCORIS SPIDER LILY

The

spider-like flowers of these

China and Japan appear summer to earlv fall The

natives of in late

after planting, as the

summer

dormancy period is very short. The clumps should spread freely and are best

left

undisturbed for a few years.

Divide the bulbs

if

they

become

overcrowded. They can also be grown from seed.

1

1

Growing

to

cm), this

is

around 6 in (about 15 one of the best loved of

spring bulbs. The flowers

may be

blue or while, and there are several named cultivars of which 'Heavenly Blue'

is

known,

the best

ZONES 4-10

M. armeniacum 'Blue Spike'

new cultivar grows to 8 20 cm). The flower spikes bear clusters of rounded, bellshaped double blooms. The flowers are blue, sometimes rimmed with white The foliage is slender and This

fairly

in (about

strap like.

ZONES 4-10

M. comosum TASSEL HYACINTH

This unusual plant grows to 12 in (about 30 cm).

has strap-shaped

It

and curious flowers whose

leaves

petals are so elongated that the

plume

inflorescence looks like a

lavender feathers.

It is

of

as easily

as other Muscan species. ZONES 4-10

grown

new hynd which

NARCISSUS DAFFODIL. JONQl

divisions. Color ranges

NARC

IL

ISSI

to yellow,

s

the daffodil are popular

over the

all

ply freely

Native to

and bloom year after year the northern hemisphere

the genus all

all

white, or white with

first

of the big daffodils to flower. all-gold

ing to colors. Most are adapted to

name has been very loosely applied and some authorities consider the original variety may be extinct

howdo very well in the South and on the West Coast. Bulbs are usually planted in fall, 4-6 in (about 10-1 5 cm) deep in rich, well-drained soil

round a cup or corona They are grouped into II divisions" or classes, the most important of whii hare the Trumpet daffodils whii h have trumpets as Div

which

cultivars,

yellow, white with yellow

The

white, yellow, red,

ever,

flowers have 6 petals which sur-

all

pale pink trumpets. The)- are the

areas with cold winters; some,

extremely varied, but

is

be

trumpets,

although individual var-

may have

of

world. They are easy to grow, multi-

from while

may

orange or pink trumpets and each group is lurther subdivided accord-

ieties

The sunny yellow spring flowers

merable named

forms, the split-coronas,

are not included in the other

Full

sun

warmer

some shade in Water well during

areas

ONI

King

Alfred', raised in

the classic cultivar, but

is

its

10

1

Nan .v.,

Ptolemy' (Div.

issus

1

Large-cupped daffodils cultivars

(Div. 2)

fine in cool areas, but

is

the) will need

1890,

lowt ringa week the trumpets, this I

oi is

two

lati

lu-\

Dh

flower at the

I

time as the than

i

.

same

2 types

io

a large class

i

I

I

ill

:

tet

with trumpet li

mg

.is

petals or pen.mil

upped

the Large-c

growth and allow

daffodils

I

Div. 2),

Small-cupp

less in

l),v ith

'i

I

than one third th

'

ers

i.il

ii.

.

thi

I

Doubl

Mi |(

I

eitheroi

I

ol

'

pet

undisturl iedf

a

u

nn but

I

ill

and divide th

m

in

various

there are

man)

others, in

i

ombim

n

o!

>

hit

i

<

hese

l.ii

i. in

il. ",s

gi

have eithei

a solitarj

eroi several smallei on<

in. either th whole flowei an bt double, wilh extra petals w uh seg i

I

i

1

the

jonquil

and

loosi

applii

i

nami

daffodil,

yellow pen. nulls with

narci

i

ups

in

white.

I .

ello

d.usa

ii.

tem

videl

from

pla

ments of th o irona intermixed; oi the coronal di iul iled, like a pom pon .1 ag nn ill' ""i. i" rianth i

\

N

.

I

rumpel daffodils

i

Dh

.

Small

<

upped

ll.lltOllllx ill

id I

I

i

to bi

(Di\

ha

important

(Div. 4)

white perianths mostly belong

i

iubli

iridsol

.

left

Double-flowered daffodils

x,.

l

and should be fall

ngth

their

I

trumpets It

with man) named varieties Unpopular pink-cupped cultivars with

down Remove spent (lumps will multipl) free!

i

daffodil

once

the leaves die flo

thirds

at least ora

the petals; the

to dr) out

i

not

uff

i

lati

flowt hi

drought w

hi n thi

|

i|

pot

tii

u

i

'i

will nol

.ill

10 i

i

hold

'in

hi

ii..

_k

3

I

4

Bulbs. C

i>

i

mi s

& Tubers

\ui issus tazetta (Div. 8)

Narcissus poeticus (Div. 9)

c

bloomer

that naturalizes well

and

a long, primrose-yellow trumpet;

good

and Tete-a-Tete', one of the most popular with golden flowers on 12 in (about 30 cm) stems.

winter to mid-spring

petals.

The type species N. triandrus is native to Spain, however it is not

40 cm), while

several

height from 6-18 in (about 15-45

cm). Hawera' grows to 8 in (about

20 cm) and thrives its

light

With makes a

in the sun.

yellow flowers

it

good pot plant. Silver Chimes' is creamy white and delicately scented. The popular 'Thalia' has pale yellow petals and a white cup with 3 or more blooms per stem. ZONES 4-10

stem that grow

These hybrids grow to 1 5 in (about 38 cm). Their trumpet-shaped cups are longer than those of N. triandrus,

narrow and strongly reflexed. They flower in early to mid-spnng. Good examples

and

are:

their petals are

'February Gold', an early

to

Spring

best

grown indoors;

the leaves are dark

and has 2 or more fragrant blooms on its sturdy stem, the flowers having golden petals and a deep orange cup Stratosphere' has 3 blooms with a cup of a deeper golden yellow than its petals. 'Trevithian' flowers early in spring and produces up to 3 large, rounded blooms of a pnmrose yellow color. ZONES 4-10

in

produces 10

more strongly scented blooms

fragrant flowers per stem; the cups

lemon yellow and the petals growing to 7 in

a

lighter yellow;

it is

often planted in

ZONES 4-10

N. poeticus hybrids (Div. 9) POETS NARC1SSL S

This

NCH-FLOWERED NARCISSI

These daffodils have many-flowered stems and grow up to 16 in (about 40 cm). The cup is small and straight sided, with broad, often

The sweetly scented

blooms appear from late fall to spnng. The leaves are dark green. This class can be further subdivided into those similar to N. tazetta and which are generally too frost tender to be grown outdoors but often flourish in indoor pots, and those resulting from a cross between N.

is

a late-spring to early-sum-

mer flowering division. The plants grow to 16 in (about 40 cm) and produce one, occasionally two, blooms per stem. The petals are white and the small cup often has a frilled red or orange rim. Actaea' produces fragrant flowers in late spring with a flat yellow cup rimmed with orange. 'Cantabile' is completely white. 'Pheasant's Eye .

also

N. tazetta hybrids (Div. 8) BL

it

blooms

16 in (about

green. 'Suzy' flowers in mid-spring

frilled petals.

N. cyclamineus hybrids (Div. 6)

Nari issus bulbocodium (Div. 10)

flat

on

The blooms appear and there are usually per stem. The forms vary* in

is

(about 17 cm),

Africa, this

flowering, there are often 2

reflexed petals.

White' or

a

is

variety for cutting. Paper

a rockery.

a

Soleil

to early spring-

(about 35 cm), the petals are a rich

and northern

ANGELS TEARS

in spring,

fall-

wild jonquil of southern Europe

N. triandrus hybrids (Div. 5)

straight-edged cup and slightly

a late

flowering bulb. Growing to 14 in

are

shorter than the

have pendent, nodding flowers, a

is

with white petals per stem. 'Minnow' is a mid-sprmg bloomer with 4

group of daffodils are scented, with the cups

is

Grand

yellow and the cup orange; this

Possessing the characteristics of the

represented by garden forms which

and referred

d'Or'

N.jonquilla hybrids (Div. 7)

usually cultivated. This division

N. poeticus

low petals and slightly darker yellow trumpets; 'Dove Wings', a mid-spring bloomer with small flowers comprising white petals and

JONQUIL

Narcissus cyclamineus (Div. 6j

and

to as poetaz daffodils.

ZONES 4-10

Narcissus Tete-a-Tete (Div. 6)

tazetta

has single, lasting flowers with yel-

known

as N. poeticus var

recurvus, has a red

cup and reflexed

white petals.

ZONES 4-10 N.,

miscellaneous species (Div.

10) This division covers the miscellane-

ous species, which flower any time from early fall to early summer.

They usually bear single flowers; some are trumpet shaped, others funnel shaped. A well-known example of the funnel-shaped daffodils

V bulbocodium, the hoop-petticoat daffodil. 4-10

is

B u

I

h

s

.

Corms &

Nerine sarniensis N., Split-corona daffodils (Div.

good plants

11)

brought mside when

This group of recent introductions are a break

from the typical form

in

having the cup, or trumpet, split into several segments that lie flat against the petals. Colors are white,

yellow or orange, with the cup often different from the petals.

They generally flower mid-

to late

season. 'Baccarat', 'Cassata'

and

and can be in flower.

N. bowdenii

A

sturdy stem of 24 in (about 60 cm) bears up to 12 pink blooms. The flowers are trumpet shaped but the narrow petals are split and reflexed. They have a cnmson nb running along their center and the

edges are

Pink Pageant' are good, very de-

for pots,

frilled.

There

is

also a

white form.

ZONES 8-10

pendable selections. ZONES 4-10

N./i!i/o!ia

This plant grows to 10 in (about 25

NECTAROSCORDUM

cm) and bears

siculum subsp. bulgaricum

cm) The

a 3 in (about 7.5

cluster of rosy pink blooms.

syn. Allium bulgaricum

flowers are trumpet shaped with

The genus name means "nectarbearing onion," and this is a relative

slender, reflexed petals.

of the Allium (onion). In spring

it

bears elegant, pendent, bell-shaped

is

The foliage and almost evergreen.

grass like

ZONES 9-10 T

i\

sarniensis

.

flowers, pale pink tinged with pur-

and green. The upright foliage dies off quickly. It likes most soils and semi-shade. Keep drier in summer Propagate from offsets in summer It makes a lovely cut

GtERNSEYLILY

ple

flower

ZONES 6-10

NERINE These South African bulbs bear a strong resemblance to the spider the genus Lycons.

lilies in

The

top of

tall

ered growing wild on the

stems,

fall The foliage is strap The bulbs should be planted in sandy soil with good drainage in well during a sunny posin id

had washed up following the wreck of a ship from South Africa. Sturdy, 24 in ubout 60 cm") stems bear up to 20 bright red, 3 in ubout 7.5 cm) blooms. The trumpetshaped flowers have sharply reflexed petals and prominent stamens. The strap-shaped leaves usuappear

after flowering Recently,

North America and Europe have begun introducing

breeders

in

hybrids

like.

from pink ZONES 9-10

iti

of

it

usually in

.'.

Isle

Guernsey, south of England, where

ally

colorful flowers are borne in spiderlike clusters at the

This delightful species was discov-

in

an array of electru to

^

olors

orange

i

growth but allow to dry out over the summi'i di >rmani /period

ORX IT HOG Al. I'M

I

with high

are not

uitabli

summer

rainfall or severe

or offset li

.

for areas

hut the plani

plants

fl

di

nol like

may

take a

[lower

They

turbed and

are

.in,

i

'are

tar- to i>.

is rial

al

Plani bulbs In

fal

llfolia

l

i<

be rs

(about 5 cm) wide, top 24 in (about

O. purpurea

60 cm) stems in spring on this species from the Mediterranean. Adapted to climates with dry summers, the long, narrow leaves disappear soon after flowering as the bulbs begin their dormancy. Flowering is best where summer heat is

syn. O. \ariabilis

available.

One

of the showiest species, this has

been improved in the Grand Duchess series with larger flowers in

pink, rose, solt

lilac or white; all have yellow centers. Clover-like

leaves

grow

in a

(about 10 cm)

mound

tall;

only 4 in

the bluish-green

9-10

good background which appear from

leaves provide a

O. thyrsoides

for the flowers

CHINCHER1NCHE1

late fall until early spring.

Spreads

slowly by bulbs and rhizomes, but

This species from South Africa

grows

to 18 in (about

is

45 cm). A

not invasive.

ZONES 9-10

up to 20 star- to cupshaped white flowers is borne on cluster of

a

The basal leaves are strap shaped. The cut flowers last for weeks, even out of water. The flowers absorb dye and bunches of

POLIANTHES

spike.

chincherinchees are sold in a

myriad of

a

O. umbcllatum

A double

This, the hardiest species, can beif it

spike bearing clusters of tubular,

star-shaped, creamy white flowers.

STAR OF BETHLEHEM

a pest

This native of Mexico produces a

mass of sweetly scented blooms in summer or early fall. A tall stem up to 3 ft (about 90 cm) is topped with

colors.

ZONES 8-10

come

tuberosa

naturalizes.

White

flowers are produced in broad ra-

cemes atop 12

in (about 30 cm) stems in spring; a green stripe marks the outside of each petal. likes plenty of water during the

growing season. Excellent

variety, The Pearl', is more widely available than the single. The slender leaves are strap shaped. The tubers should be planted in spring when there is no

chance of It

as a cut

flower.

frost, in a sheltered,

sunny position with rich soil and good drainage. Water well once leaves appear and allow to dry out when the leaves start to die off. The

ZONES 5-10

tubers only bloom once, so they should be lifted in fall and the off-

OXALIS

sets stored for planting in spring. In

SORREL.

SHAMROCK

Though found around the world, the greatest number of Oxalis are native to South Africa

America.

and South

zones 9 and 10, tubers can be left in the ground all year, although {lowering may not always be as good as the first year with fresh tubers.

Tuberoses are

first-rate cut flowers.

Many have become garden

and greenhouse weeds which, though pretty in flower, have given a bad name to the genus. The two

PUSCHKIMA

more restrained in growth and make choice additions to the garden. The leaves

These

are always divided into three or

Chionodoxa, with pale blue to white

more ment

spikes. Native to southwest Asia,

scilloides

species listed here are

palmate arrange-

leaflets in a

(like clover).

Simple, star-

shaped flowers are usually pink,

Many

white or yellow

will

soil.

need

They

partial

like full

shade in

sun but

flowers on

thrives

4-8

where winters

a position in full

and moderate water.

it

and

soil.

It is

for spring color in

fall and give it sun to very light shade. Propagate by division of the

the rockery. Plant in

Propagate from division of the bulbs

bulbs in early

or from seed in

ZONES

fall.

are cold

prefers a very well-drained

most, along with a woodsy but well-

and

(about 10-20 cm)

in

an excellent bulb

soil

Scilla

fall.

3-^

warm

Keep the plants moist until the leaves begin to die off. They need to be kept dry when dormant. areas.

Frost-tender species should be lifted in

grow

spring bulbs bear a

from bulbs, which multiply readily A position in sun or part shade suits drained drained

species

little

strong resemblance to

winter They multiply quite freeh-

and clumps should be divided every one to two years to prevent over-

O.

A

adenophyUa

RANl/NCl/Ll/S

choice selection for the rock gar-

den, this species

is

Chilean Andes, and hence more cold tolerant than most. Gray-green leaves are divided into lets,

4

O. arabicum

ers rise

in (about 10

cm)

above the

concern,

full

high. Pink (low-

foliage in spring

Excellent drainage STAR OF BETHLEHEM

many leaf-

folded in a fan shape and only

crowding.

asiaticus

native to the

is

the prime

sun and moderate

PERSIAN BL TTERCL P

This native of the Mediterranean region

and

is

parent to

many hybrids

cultivars popular

all

over the

world. Masses of single or double flowers are borne on 14 in (about

35 cm) stems in spring. The gorgeous blooms are available in many

Dense racemes of black-centered,

water are best.

colors, yellow, orange, red, pink,

pure white, fragrant (lowers, 2 in

ZONES 6-10

white and more. The corms should

i

1

II

peruviana

Scilla

be planted in

fall

and strange, yellow, arum-

foliage

posi-

tion in well-drained soil enriched

like flower; the purple-spotted, 12

with organic matter. Water well

in

through the growing season and allow to dry out after flowering. The

a foul

rhizomes are usually lifted after flowering and should be stored in cool, dry place. In cold winter cli-

plant, a

mates, start in pots in early spring for planting out after the

danger of

severe frost has passed; flowering will

be quick but will end with hot

weather. Propagation or from seed

sown

is

by division

(about 30 cm)

odor

flower releases

tall

for a short time after

opening. Usually grown as

bulbs should be planted just below

on top of

ZONES

sibcrica

SIBERIAN SQUILL

produced

from the mountains of South Africa and appreciates a warm spot in cold areas It produces masses of starshaped flowers in late spring to

These bulbous plants from Europe, Asia and Africa are dependable for their blue flowers in spring. Varying

seed.

small stems around 4 in (about 10 cm) and each bears one 6-petaled, red, pink or white flower The hair) foilage is grass like. The bulb-like tubers should be planted in early

spring

to

noon sunlight Propagate by

I

(about 15-30 cm)

in

on racemes above strap-shaped leaves. Most are adaptable to cold winter climates and naturalize with ease in lawns and ers arc clustered

gardens

It

in

does not do well where

sun

lumps

i

shade Divide be< miii'

c

in

Fall

when

VI\NS(

PI Rl

II

I

I

Ills

wesi

>i

s

i

(0

in

I

his

Drcu

1

1

i

ol

(aboul JO

t

up to lunnel to he star-shaped blooms in spring in aboul icm) flowers are red to spike

a

ol

I

oi

orange

I

i

.

lose

he

I

he

<

entei

i

.ii

is

outlined in bla< ai

siill

night

in

l

2

m

I

he

and on dull

leaves are

lame

fall

in a

Watei well dining the grow ing

when

uld be

ii.

i

w

U

n

\

sometimi

curious bulb n

um ulum

in its

h

whiteor]

ill

blu(

in.

Pro| iag

["hi

I

•all

i

ind strap like. Pla

ill

in

ii'

offsei

II

hii

Ii

The

few years, then divided

Vl\< KO( is \iii

felt

in fall

MNDAFFODI1

nean region crocus

l

e

In

lil)

ol

to the Meditei ra

buttercup yellow

like flowers are 2

m

.

(about

long and are borne singl) on 5 m) stems he slen dei leaves are strap shaped Bulbs i

6

in

(about

<

1

I

should be planted in late summet Ol oi K kill m ik h, well drained soil in lull sun Ii likes to be warm and div

when dormant in summer so is best grown in pots in areas with wet summers lumps should be left <

ummei w hen

i" 'in the freel)

eed

nath

is

mull turbed and onl)

have wei

or from

delightlul fall-flowering

the-field

guttatum ii

being

like

c

poi in well drained soil

lifted in area

1

usu-

I-

season. Inn allow to div out

ummeron

does not

It

lutca

e tO iOUth-

i

i

voonoo

1

.

hap

tai

in

n

growing season but keep dry when dormant It is sensitive to severe frosts and should be grown in pots

I

m

,n in. ilk

shaded.

ol

m warm

grown

A

urope, has

I

up to '" arebomi

venosum syn

plant

lightly

should be rich with good drainage Water well during the soil

STERNBERGIA

South Africa is easily areas he 12 m m' wiry, drooping stems

This native

l.i

divi

if

sun

last

ZONl S9-1I

HARLEQUIN FLOWER

flowers

peruviana

in

tricolor

iw

s

The

SPARAXIS

pink

rowded

fall

or light shade; the flowers will

for a

'

to lighl

shaped. Plant the bulbs in

in cold areas

sion oi Irom seed in spring

SAVROMATUM

spreads

I

soil in full

outwards. The green leaves are strap

disturbed, so clumps should be

bear

should he plained

All

average garden

in

fall

afti

12m

height, their tiny, star-shaped flow-

ll

but protect Irom direct hot

It

winters are mild.

from 6

well-drained

in rich, acidic,

needs plenty of water during the growing season bill should be kepi dry in winter Plant in lull sun. soil

in (about

rapidly by division of bulbs and by

SQUILL

to

on 6

15 cm) stems. Foliage dies soon

SCILLA

This beautiful Mexican native grows

longer in hot areas

blue. Flowers appear in

after flowering finishes.

baurii

summer The

such quantity from

early to mid-spring

This charming dwarf plant comes

early

in

established patches as to color the

ground

10-11

ST JAMES LILY

it

Rich blue flowers on loose racemes

mother bulb.

LILV

18 in (about 45 cm). In summer produces bright red, 5 in (about 12 cm) long flowers. The lower 3 petals form an open tube and the upper petals curve upwards and

ZONES 9-10

are

Propagate from the

JACOBEAN

LILY.

to

fall.

S.

AZTEC

in pots.

the surface in rich soil kept moist

RHODOHYPOXIS

grow

grow

while in growth. Foliage appears

the

\

111

formosissima

warmest parts of the South and

tiny bulbs that develop

in spring

9-10

I

SPREKELIA

soil. Water well during growing season. Clumps are best left undisturbed for a few years.

in

it

Southwest. The 5 in (about 12 cm)

after flowering.

I)

the

Propagate by division or from seed

pot

a

adaptation for garden cultivation in the

(

/)

well-drained

In colder climates,

origin in India suggests

its

I

Sparaxis tricolor

Sternbergia lutca

sunny

in a

II

in

i

n in

ivi

ded Mai

a rod gan

Ii

an

i

n

di\ ided

I

in

an ovet

the)

I

i

x<

ellenl planl

3

18

Bulbs, C

o

r

m

& Tubers

s

dunng the summer dormancy

Tigridia pavonia

JIGRIDIA

mer to fall. The 12-36 in (about 30-90 cm) tall, gently arching stems

pavonia TIGER FLOWER, MEXICAN SHELL FLOWER

This brightly colored Mexican native

blooms

in

summer. The

trian-

gular flowers are short lived, often lasting for only a day, but a succes-

new blooms

sion of

will

keep ap-

pearing for weeks. The 5 in (about

cm) flowers may be red, orange, pink, yellow, cream or lilac, usually 1

2

have hain,', stem-clasping leaves; the 1-2 in (about 2.5-5 cm) flowers,

borne

at

the axils of the

upper

spring in rich, moist

in

soil in a par-

shaded spot. It can be propagated from offsets in spring or from tially

seed

sown

ZONES

in

fall.

5-10

with a heavily spotted center, borne

on 24

in (about

foliage

is

60 cm) stems. The sword shaped and

ins like,

pleated. Plant bulbs in spring in a

TRITELEIA laxa syn. Brodiaea laxa

sunny position in rich, well-dramed soil. Water well during the growing

GRASS NL IT, ITHL'RIEL

season. In areas of colder winters,

This native of California and Oregon grows to 24 in (about 60 cm).

lift

bulbs

in fall

and store dry

until

spring. Propagate from freely

In late spring

formed

up

ZONES 7-10

to

light

SPEAR

produces

it

30 purple 'Queen Fabiola'

from seed.

offsets or

S

in the

fall.

round on 24

ZONES

-10

to blue flowers; is

a selection with

lavender flowers. The 2 in

shaped; the leaves are slender and

hirta

grass like. Plant the L1L1

sunny position

Native to cool, mountainous areas of Asia, the toad

lily

produces curi-

ous star-shaped flowers in

late

sum-

In very

warm

corms

in a

TR1TONIA crocata

This freesia-like plant

is

native to

South Africa. The wiry stems grow to 20 in (about 50 cm) and bear a spike of pretty, cup-shaped blooms.

The 2 in (about 5 cm) flowers which appear in late spring to summer are bright orange to red with yellow throats and purple anthers. The erect green leaves are sword shaped. Plant the corms in fall in a sunny position in light, welldramed soil. Water well during the growing season but allow after flowering.

It

to

dry out

year

60 cm)

mounds of slender,

multiplies quite

fleshy roots can be divided any time and planted in average soil in either a sunny or a partially shaded situation. They appreciate regular water but are drought tolerant once established. Society garlic is good in a

border, as an edging or in a rockery; it is

also a pretty

tainers.

The

little

leaves

plant for con-

and

flow-ers are

both edible.

TULIPA TILIP

The elegant flower of the tulip has, with good reason, made it one of the most popular bulbs in the

and can be divided in fall, or grown from seed. It make a good

world. Tulips originated in the

cut flower.

cultivated for

ZONES 9-10

Middle East and Asia and have been hundreds of years. The genus contains about 100 species,

WLBAGHIA

should be This easily grown South African

during the growing season,

native

is

but the most

delightful to look at but

commonly grown

developed grouped under T. gtsneriana which vary in color, shape and flowering time. There are very many cultivars which were formerly grouped into a large tulips are the highly

cultivars

violacca

planted in partial shade. Water well less

in (about

freely

SOCIETY GARLIC it

mauve

all

grassy or onion-like leaves. The

in well-drained soil.

areas

flowers appear nearly

stems above the

(about 5 cm) flowers are funnel

TRICYRJIS HAIRY TOAD

a scape of

smells strongly of garlic. Spherical clusters of star-shaped,

It

FLAME FREESIA

leaves, are white, heavily spotted

with purple. Plant the rhizomes

pe-

should be grown in pots in cold areas. Propagate from offsets riod.

B

been simplified, arly, Midthe main groups being season, Late and Species tulips with

on stems around 16 in about 40 cm) tall hey ate the besl varieties for forcing lor early bloom in a greenhouse and come in the lull

subdivisions in each group Tulips

range of colors.

numbei

ol classes

Recently the

ers

classification has

I

do

I

I

best in cold winter regions, but

can be grown

pots in

in

warmei

DOUBLE EARLY TULIPS

The bulbs should be planted in laic fall, around 6 in about 5 cm) deep, in a sunny

These have mostly arisen as sports ol single varieties and flower at the

position in rich, well-drained soil

same

climates

1

i

time.

The range

Water well during the growing

wide, but

season Spent flowers can be

whether you

re-

it

is

a

65 cm), than the early varieties and are divided as follows

are taller, to 2(> in (about

more

around 24

graceful effect. Most are

in

(about 60

cm)

tall.

tulips

the leaves to die

petaled flowers.

usually preferable

lasting cut flowers

with flowers almost rectangular in

ZONES

profile

to

lift

the bulbs in areas with a wet

summer and

5-9

to leaving in place

As the name suggests, these hybrids

and

will

division in

height between the Early and Late

begin.

midway

are generally

GARDEN TULIPS These are of complex hybrid origin

ZONE-

grouped into a number of classes, which follow. They are very popular and delightful for cutting,

a

range

Ml

I

<•'-

s

Earlies, the

many

24

Danvins and tulips

are best treated as annuals,

by

chill-

rather limited color range

vegetable drawer of the refrigerator

yellow and orange

before planting in late

come

fall.

They

in a vast range of colors,

tulips,

sub-group with

late. All

illegal to

now

tall,

import and as a result

less

popular than they used to be.

They

are

more

first

tulips to flower,

I'.ir

rol tulip

I

of the garden

and bear

their flow-

5

laming Pan

tulips, these are

the usual colors.

The flowers can tulips.

reliable in mild-

ZONES 5-10

These are the most widely grown

ulipa

gesm [ana '

is

grown for their and ruffled flowers. They grow to around 20 in (about 50 cm) and are available in

winter areas.

I

and flowering

ol a

5-9

red,

tulips flowering in late spring.

all

PARROT TULIPS

SINGLE EARLY TULIPS These are the

stems.

Sports of Darwin and Cottage

DOUBLE LATE TULIPS

<;

ing two-tones

rival their par-

long lasting as the Darwin

tall

cutting.

These have their admirers, but they are less desirable than the Double

;

colors are available, includ-

these

—

j

with long, slender petals

be very large, though they are not as

everything but true blue; the virusinfected striped varieties are

ents in popularity.

—

s

LILY-FLOWERED TULIPS

grow to around 24 in (about 60 cm) in height, and despite their

ing the bulbs for 6 weeks in the

I

These are the most graceful of

tulips

T. fostericma,

('

are essentially cut flov

Derived from crosses between the

climates. In mild winter areas they

I)

petaled flowers

(about 60 cm)

in

5-9

but are best adapted to cold winter

II

often proving too heavy for the

are

Darwin hybrid

/

fringed petals. All are excellent for

in

around 20-24 in (about 50-60 cm) on average.

tulips,

and

They

(I

fantastically fringed

about 10 days before the Late tulips

fall.

is

in the full

flowers after the Early tulips but

bloom well and increase in numbers each year. Propagate by usually

and coming

of colors. There

MID-SEASON TULIPS

and

species hybrids are often better

adapted

are long-

store in a dry. well-

ventilated spot; the species

(

1

The most popular group, growing around 24 in ubout 60 cm) tall

moved but allow

They

.

45-60 cm"

ol taste

like these multi-

off naturally.

It is

S

curved outwards in the fashion lily Stems are 18-24 in (about

>-9

Darwin

b

They

Cottage tulips

give a

ol colors is

matter

/

These are more egg shaped and open wider than the Darwins, to

5-9

S

II

They

ttage tulips

long, narrow petals in colors of red

and yellow

T.

clusiana

LADY Tl UP

This tulip has 10 in (about 25 cm) stems which bear one or two cup-

shaped blooms which eventually open out almost flat. The flowers are white, the outside petals and inside base stained dark pink. It flowers in mid-spnng. ZONES 5-10 T.

fostcriana

This low-growing, mid-season tulip

from Central Asia but

rarely

is

number

has a

it

grown.

of garden var-

much admired for their enormous, 10 in (about 25 cm) wide flowers. They are almost all red. ieties

-

5-9

T- greigii

This early to mid-season species has given nse to a popular group of hybrids, which mostly

12 in (about 30 cm)

wide-open flowers

grow around

tall. It

has

in the usual tulip

colors, often with contrasting edges to the petals.

The

foliage

is

vari-

egated with red-brown or purple on

background. ZONES 5-10 a green

T.

kaujmanniana

WATER

LILY Tl LIP

This early-flowenng species

mired

for the elegant

is

ad-

form of us

pale yellow- flowers, strongly

marked with red on

the outside

There are several named varieties shades of red. pink and yellow.

They mostly grow around 10 (.about 25 cm) tall.

in

in

ZONES 5-10 r. saxatilis

A species originating in

Crete,

it

does well in warmer climates. The 12-18 in (about 30-45 cm) stems bear up to 3 goblet-shaped flowers which eventually open out almost flat. The purple-pink flowers have bright yellow centers.

flowers in

It

early spring.

ZONES 6-10 T.

Tuhpa tarda

Tuhpa

saxat

REMBRANDT TULIPS

Many newer cultivars are

Though the great Dutch master is not known to have painted tulips, his name is attached to all the

available

ken flowers were indeed very popular in Holland in his time, so much so that speculation in tulip bulbs

white flowers with yellow centers.

are safe to plant with other tulips.

The pointed

An

a red or greenish tinge.

evenly broken flower in red or

pink and white can be very pretty -

economy ."

to step in to stop the "tulipomania

discovering that the stripes are

caused by a virus, they have become less popular and are no longer permittee' to be imported into the US.

T.

5 cm).

Each stem bears up petals

to 6

sometimes have It

flowers in

early spring.

OR BOTANICAL TULIPS

acuminata

A most

1

ZONES 5-10

SPECIES

and the government of the day had

This small tulip grows to 6 in (.about

with stripes and "feathering that has been genetically induced; they "

striped tulips. These stnped or bro-

nearly upset the Dutch

tarda

syn. T. dasxstemon

Tulipa acuminata

VALLOTA speciosa

curious tulip, thought not to

be a true species but an ancient cultivar of Turkish origin. It grows around 16 in (about 40 cm 1 tall and is distinguished by its curious

syn. Cyrtanthus purpureus

SCARBOROl GH

LILY

This beautiful plant, with red flowers,

is

originally

its

showy

from South

A

Aim

.1

he stout, 12

I

(.tboiil

III

trumpel shaped blooms,

summer

ers appeal in

around I

>0

bi .H'.

bears up in 5 orange red,

m) stem

t

in

I

to

(aboul 10

1

ide

common in nurseries under name, is the Hue wild species, which is now correctly known as pillansii. Hybrids of this and

he thick, green leaves .ue slrap

shaped. Plani the bulbs well-drained

ter in rich,

shade

partial

very

in

Water well through

the

and

soil,

warm

plant,

win-

in late

this

in

W

areas.

growing

other species are available with flower colors ranging from white to

season but allow to dry out over

Remove spent

winter.

It

makes

coral.

ZONES 8-10

offsets

out in late winter.

and

pale pink to red

flowcrheads.

can be removed from the parent bulb and planted

The small

thai are

he green

I

foliage is sword shaped. There is some doubt aboul whether this

and are

I. ill

m) w

lung,

shaped flowers

u

orange to orange-red

flow-

["he

si,

,

em)

(about 7.5

in

I

tubulai

W. borbonica

a glori-

W. pyramidata

syn.

ous display as an indoor pot plant ZONES 4-1

This delightful species grows to

1

4'/ 2

(about 1.3 m). The stem bears

ft

spike of

a

VELTHEIMIA

pink, 2 in (about

lilac to

The

5 cm), funnel-shaped flowers.

These unusual natives of South Africa produce a dense spike of pendent, tubular flowers in winter or spring. Bulbs should be planted in fall in moist, nch, well-dramed shade. Reduce water-

soil in partial

when

ing

flowering

is

shaped and deciduous.

flowers

It

in spring.

ZONES 9-10

ZEPHYRANTHES

finished.

They should be grown

ZEPHYR FLOWER, FAIRY

in pots in

cold areas. Propagate from offsets in the

slender green leaves are sword

fall.

RAIN LILY

LILY.

These charming natives of the Americas often appear quite sud-

summer rain. The widely trumpet-shaped flowers are borne denly after

V. bracteata

syn. V. \iridiflora

Found in the wild in the eastern Cape area of South Africa, V.

on short stems. They are easy grow and should be planted in late fall to early winter in a sunny

bracteata has wavy, glossy green

position. Soil should be rich with

singly

leaves

growing

in a rosette.

to

Rocket-

on strong, erect stems are produced in spring and early summer. The drooping, tubulike inflorescences

flowers are pink, red or pale

lar

yellow.

It

excellent drainage. Give plenty of

water during the growing season but reduce this after flowering. They can be grown in pots in very cold

Clumps

climates.

thrives in semi-shade

turbed

are best

beneath trees or shrubs. Plant in

from

offsets in fall or

and water

sown

in spring.

rich, well-drained soil

occasionally.

ZONES

left

undis-

few years. Propagate

for a

They

from seed are excellent

in rockeries or borders.

9-11

Z. V. capensis

atamasco

ATAMASCO

LILY

syn. V. glauca

A

Among the strong stem growing up to 18 in

cm) bears

a

of pendent, tubular,

1

(about 45

dense spike in

(about

southeastern to

purple-tinged fragrant flowers.

cm) blooms. The rosy pink to red flowers are sometimes tipped with green. The glossy, dark green leaves have wavy edges. 9-11

WAT SON

hardiest of the zephyr

this native of

North America has pure white

2.5

ZONES

lilies,

Flowers appear

leaves.

and

Z.

in late spring

summer.

early

ZONES I

Its

stems are up to 12 in (about 30 cm) tall, amidst grassy, dark green

8-11

Candida

syn. Argyropsis Candida I

hese beautiful natives of South

produce fragrant Mowers in summer hey appear quite similar to the gladiolus and have lane e-shaped leaves and a tall flowering spike [Tie orms should Alru

a

spring or

This vigorous species grows to b (about

em) The

5

1

starry,

in

cup-

I

shaped, white flowers are 2

em) wide and

(about 5 singly

in

are borne

on he slender slems. The I

(

be planted

drained like

soil in a

plenty

sunny spot

9

hey Z.

lumps an N SI undisturbed and they should

spread freely

I

(

hey

<

an be propa isii

his

I

ergreen /

m

i

;

l

he flowei

to

populai

m) flowers ill

l

evergreen

grandiflora

4

ft

ii

mil

i

grows

.pei ies

(about 25 cm)

>n

i

rhisi

is

I

syn. 2 carlnata

beatricis

(aboul

I

I

gated from seed oi by dr.

W

I

watei dining the

ol

growing season left

grass-like foliage

in fall in light, well-

an-

I

hi

I

in

he dusky pink itrap shaped l

[eaves an

Mm form 9-11

to 10

havi

smalli

it

(aboul lo

i

fli

"3**c3£e*».

^

ST

?>*;

»*->*

^'•'J* .x>f.:'

*^

am^s, •--.

'^»

;

\

# JV«:-

*

!

i

— 32 4

L j «

The with

n

v G

r

o u m d

mother of the den. and a gardener treats

soil

all

is

rnamental Grasses

Covers &

Looking After a Lawn

the

does not.

rams and dust when it makes a most unsuitable it

floor for a garden.

We

can,

oj

course, lay paving or gravel, but

they are hard, expensive reflective oj heat

and

and

glare.

The

universal favorite for flooring the

main part soft

and

oj a

garden

is

quiet underfoot,

lawn. it

It is

doesn't

and its greenness is the most flattering backdrop imaginable for plants and flowers. reflect glare,

No one

ple

it

due respect; but bare earth,

mud when

Nonetheless the

—

the finest lawns are the

meadow

grasses can

become an acceptable lawn if they are regularly shorn, and that brings us to the least

loved of

all

gardening tasks

mowing. No one enjoys it, and many shortcuts are devised by the lazy in the hope of having to take the mower out less frequently. Most common is cutting too short or leaving it to grow too long. Mas. none works. All weaken the grass and encourage the weeds, and so the time saved is spent (with interest) on weeding. A weedy lawn actually needs mowing more frequently than a clean one the weeds grow faster than the

best to encourage a good, dense

growing

turf

by watering as needed, least once a year (in spring)

and cutting short enough

they are more trouble to establish than the faster grasses.

A

growing meadow and pasture

consuming and

frustrating.

choose a rotary

mower

is

up

to you; the reel

velvety finish (.and

is

it

wriggly

time

Whether you

or a reel-cut type a more way to get

does give the only

that smart striped effect,

way

is

caused by the

"lays" the grass like the pile of a

it is more trouble to mainUntidy edges will spoil the effect of the most immaculate mowing; allow time for trimming them, either with shears or

carpet) but tain.

a

powered edging

clipper.

careless about safety.

And

don't be

Turn the mower

usher small children safely out of harm's

It's

lawn grass species, and these are the ones you should choose. We do suggest that if you choose the finest, slow-growing types you'll have less work to do in the long run, even if favorite

mower around

sets in sooner.

fertilizing at

its

getting the

grass so that unacceptable shagginess

result of careful blending. Ever)' area

has

—

edges and island flowerbeds

whenever you leave it unattended, for a minute; keep your hands and feet well away from the blades; and

—

species will give a perfect, year-

round sward

having kept the lines of the lawn sim-

for neatness

off

even

way. It

can be tempting

clippings to

lie.

to allow the

to rot

down and

but not so short as to scalp the grass.

doesn't really work. They'll just

With most fine grasses, 1 in (about 2.5 cm) is short enough, and it is desirable not to let the grass get more than about

half-rooted "thatch" and clog

twice as long as that so

it

won't be

unduly shocked when it is cut. When you come to mow you'll be grateful for

well-manicured lawn can pro\ ide a flattering backdrop

to flowers

and foliage

plants.

return

the nourishment they contain, but this

up

make the

crowns of the grass plants. Off to the compost heap with them! In nature, grass tends to grow in the spring and then brown off with summer's heat, to return green with the

— (<

spring; htowevei

spring green

a

s

s

c

s

gardens we want

in

.

i

year. Except in the

all

moistest of climates, this It is

amazingly easy to do

fully

—

means watering. this waste-

lawn

just sprinkle lightly until the

when

looks refreshed and repeat

looks

it

This will be pretty soon; light

tired again.

watering encourages the grass roots to linger near the surface.

water infrequently

to

It is

—even

much

better

in the

means no more than every ten days or so but do hottest, driest climates, this

—

it

thoroughly so the water penetrates

right into the soil

and the roots go down

deep after it. The constant removal of the grass strips

ought

to

it

made up

be

to

by an occa-

it

sional dose of fertilizer. This

buy a ready-made lawn kle

from and these

foliage

of nutrients,

is

easy: just

fertilizer,

sprin-

on, and water heavily at once to

it

—

wash it into the soil if you don't it can burn the leaves. You can apply it at the manufacturer's suggested rate in one go, but

it is

more

effective to divide the

quantity in half and give two doses a fortnight apart. If

you

and

started out with clean soil

keep the grass flourishing, weeds should cause little headache. If any get

them out (an old kitchen implement here) or spot treat them with glyphosate. The lawn should soon grow over the resulting bare patch, especially if you assist it with water and fertilizer. in,

just dig

knife

is

a useful

is,

however, one currently fashionlawn to which all these rules

don't apply,

and

that

the flowering

is

woodland. Here, the grass inter planted with "weed"

is

deliberately

— primroses,

Californian poppies, daisies and the

—

the

aim being

to create

like the carpets of flowers

an

you

see in old it

can be too. Here, you don't want the grass to flourish so flowers, so soil,

apply

you

much

start

fertilizer

it

probably

mow

again

when

thi

a

dense

a carpet

way

of

h

is

all

year; to

need

little

trimming or spraying; and propagate to ut down on <

possible to weave patterns

with several specie

but the strongei

tend to crowd oui the weaker

— and

anywa) walked on

simplicity usually looks bettei

II

i

ive the

setting ol >hori

.nun!'

Prepari

innoi

In'

plant

plant

ind muli

li

ai

the

.11

one

a]

T

.h

as u

lawn: but you will need to place them

with care as

•wing

many

are quite

can be placed anywhere

you want

that

tall.

They

the garden

their air) grace,

and

is

it

in

more orthodox annuals and perennials. The important thing is plantings with

to

choose species

that sta) in sedate

lumps, those that run about will turn themselves into weeds as soon as your

i

ba< k

turned Most retain then

is

they die

ature

but

like.

in

currently fashionable to include them

oil for

if

ol

the

I.

foi

m

as

the w inter, .\n^ then

ill

tints

can be

a

lovel)

and winter garden be

th in

you

and flowers rather

foliage

than their ability to stand cropping into

fi

lin in

the flowers in your

with grasses chosen for their

golden and brown

out bed as thoroughl; i

ha

and died down, and pi fall Always keep the mi will v^>

guide you

in late v a

in the

will

when depends on your

chosen (lowers, but as

make

more impor-

—

cosi

only a few times a year.

spring flowers

the ability to

far

enough to smother weeds without growing too tall ankle height is about right. Then a good ground cover needs

to be easy to

mow

Ornamental Grasses You can supplement ornamental

many, but

with rather poor sparing

are

dense, low-growing shrubs. Flowers are

is

to

care!

meadow

a feature of

remind you

fertilize.

spreading, evergreen perennials or

with

a

are excel-

ground covers

the best

will

Ground covers may be low, low maintenance when they are established, but when young they need

temporary

as

— nasturtiums

to be presentable

smothers the

hand, water very judiciously, and Precisely

—but

—and they

water and

ground covers.

You can use annuals

tant

effect

Very pretty and romantic

tapestries.

a short step

ground cover lent

small bulbs, cornflowers, Flanders and

like

plants

from the flowering woodland to leaving out the grass and carpeting the ground entirely with lowIt is

naturally enough, as

able style of

garden

inter

annuals between your permanent

Ground Covers

growing, easy-care plants known,

Woodland Gardens There

The golden hues of pampas grass can brighten a n

a fire

ha :ard

b)

them dow n w hen the) dr) them in dried flowei

all

ofl

32 6

Lawns, Ground Covers & Or n amental Grasses

Asarum eaudatun grasses, this

needs

more

less care.

(about 17 cm) above ground and

erect species

Propagate from seed

hide the brownish purple blooms.

in spring.

Plant in organic rich,

ZONES 3-10

shady

areas.

ZONES

6-9

humusy soil

in

ASARUM

BOUTEWUA This genus consists of over 70

rhizomatous perennials, both evergreen and deciduous, which are

commonly called wild

ginger. Origi-

nating in temperate areas of the

Agrostis tenuis

make very good ground cov-

plants

GROUND COVERS

The leaves are either kidney shaped or cordate, and the small ers.

tubular flowers that arise to 2 in

AEGOPODWM

(about 5 cm) are often hidden be-

podagraria 'Variegatum' VARIEGATED GOL TWEED, VARIEGATED BISHOP'S

An

WEED

aggressive spreader, this coarse-

textured, herbaceous perennial

ground cover can become weedy if not controlled. The variegated green and white, compound foliage reaches 12 in (about 30 cm) in height and lightens up a dark, shady site. Tiny white flowers are borne on umbels, which rise above the foliage to 18 in (about 45 cm) in mid-summer. Easy to grow in sun or shade in ordinary

soil,

embankment

suited for

it is

best

Divide and replant in early spnng.

ZONES

low the leaves. These plants prefer a shady site in moist, well-drained soil and can be planted out any time between fall and spring. They spread rapidly; divide the clumps every few years in spring. They can also be propagated from seed.

3-9

(about 20 cm) in height. Incon-

hidden beneath the 2-7

in

(about 5-7 cm) wide heart-shaped

Grow

sites

as a

ground cover

in

with moisture-holding,

soils.

It is

ideal in the

land garden or as an edging plant

although

Regarded highly

for

shady

areas. it

is

its

tolerance of

slugs and snails.

the cold, this attractive

and durable

ision in spring.

states

and

widely grown in

the cooler Australian

in parts of

It is

New Zealand

this

grows

6 in (about 40

to

height

1

native

cm)

in

A recommended mowing is V 4 in (about 2 cm). A pro-

digious spreader,

it

has a creeping

stem with bright green, narrow leaves.

It

prefers moist soil that

drains well in a sunny, open location, although

shade.

it

will

Compared with

grow

in light

3-8

other bent

COLUMBIA WILD GINGER

Native to the coastal mountains

from California to British Columbia, ground-hugging, evergreen perennial grows in relatively deep shade on the forest floor. Spreading by rhizomes, it forms colonies of irregular, open patches. Flowering in late spring through summer, the this

large,

6 in (about 15 cm) long,

heart-shaped leaves

lawn grass

for dry climates.

ZONES

3-9

native of the short-grass prairies

from North Dakota to Texas, this stolomzing grass forms dense stands of turf which perform well in lowwater sites. Tolerant of heat and cold,

its

gray-green leaves provide a

nice contrast to other grasses

with

it

ZONES

mixed

for lawns.

1-9

EESTUCA FESCUE

A

and temperate genus provides good grassed areas requiring little maintenance and are ideal for playing fields, street-side plantings and parks in cold through to moderate climates. They grow deep roots and native of Asia

Europe,

North

resistant to frost. Left

unmown,

sively as a water-saving

a

to attack

caudatum

BRITISH

America.

height.

ZONES A.

hardy species from Propagate by div-

It is

prone

little

has been used exten-

it

wood-

tenuis

is

irrigation,

BL'FFALOGRASS

organic

New Zealand,

flower clusters which resemble dust brushes. Able to succeed with

A

COLONIAL BENT, BROWN TOP, BENT GRASS. NEW ZEALAND BENT

annual grass

gray-green foliage and terminate in

woodlands of eastern North America forms tufted mats of coarse-textured leaves reaching 8 in

Plains.

withstands

drought and extreme cold. 24 in (about 60 cm) above the narrow,

dactyloides

the

it

Delicate, wiry stems rise to

This deciduous perennial native to

ers are

is

heat,

BUCHLOE

shady

for

American Great

CANADIAN SNAKEROOT. WILD GINGER

leaves.

ACROSTIS

the North

An eye-catching grass,

A. canadense

spicuous brown, bell-shaped flow-

cover.

BLLE GRAMA GRASS

This densely tufted perennial

native to the short-grass prairies of

northern hemisphere, these tufted

LAWNS AND

gracilis

rise to 7 in

forms

this

tufts,

with short rhizomes

and bright green leaves 'A in (about 6 mm) wide. The turfs have a loose texture, wear well and tolerate semishade. They also withstand drought and frost well. A mowing height of 2 in (about 5

cm)

is

recommended

for these lawns. Disease

rarelv affect the fescues.

and pests

E

i

Lawns,

l/

& o

(

i

ii

ii

111

c m

/

ii

G r as

/

elatioi

I

I

M

(

u

FESCUI

I

This

is

with a tendenc v to

a spec ics

clump, making u more suited to coarsei lawns such as those grown For

playing fields

is

li

controlling erosion

also

good

For

leaves are

lis

tough and it will grow in compacted soil As it does not send out runners, turf.

sow

thickly to ensure a close

month

Lightly fertilize each

through summer, only once or twice in in

and

fall

Sow seeds

sprint;

fall.

ZONES 4-10

rubra

F.

CREIPINGREDFESCLE

A meadow

grass native to the

Mountains,

Rocky

this species is easily

by the red or purplish

identified

sheath circling the base of the stem. Win.', slender, green leaves rise to cm"), overtopped by narrow panicles of purple-tinged flowers. Rhizomatous, it is suited for use as a lawn grass where low maintenance and drought tolerance

6 in (about 15

are required.

ZONES 3-6

rubra Commutata'

F.

NEW ZEALAND FESCl E. CHEWINGS FESCl

A

tuft-forming grass, this species

often

sown with bent

which

it

is

grasses, with

common

needs and on steep ungroomed it makes

shares

preferences. Established

slopes and

left

an appealing cover. Propagate from seed. for

ZONES 3-10

FRAGARIA chiloensis

Lohum perenne

BEACH STRAWBERRY

cm)

The low, bushy plants of this West Coast North American native form

stems that tend to

japonicus

the

\IONDO GRASS

dense carpets

ft

(about 2.7

thrive in full

garden

slightly acidic

soils.

compound

glossy green, silky, bluish

9

to

and

in spread

The

leaves with

foil for

the bright

white flowers which appear

An

spring.

sunny

excellent

from seed It is a coarse grass needing frequent mowing and is best for rough areas. cations. Propagate

Not

a true grass, this

member of the to Japan

at

the

end

among

pea-sized

requienii

ision in spring.

.-io

native

green species of mint

mid-sum-

fruit

Propagate by div-

s-ll

ORSK \n\iini

und-hugging. semi-ever-

r

the leaves in

MENTHA (

is

and Korea. The narrow,

mer. Followi d b) bright blue.

replant the young.

rooted plantlets that are

evergreen

Family

lush mats. Pale purple Flowers ap-

in

of the runners

lily

dark green foliage arises From rhizomes, spreading to Form dense, peal

ground cover

chiloensis

OPHIOPOGON

This fast-sproutmg species

5-8

birds and other wildlife

Remove and

Fragana

has smooth, whippy

from Europe thrives in most welldrained soils in open, sunny lo-

in

locations, the edible pink

fruit attract

It

lie down under lawnmower, spnnging back up

later.

u0

sun and

white undersides pro-

vide the perfect

long.

nam

PACHYSANDRA III llllllll/lS

Mediterranean grow

WLWM

(about

perenne

to 12

1

i

m) and forms dense mats

m

liameter

I

RH GRVss

to

20

in

s

strongly ol pep]

in

(about 50

,n

cm) Foliage

lowy

greei

drained

I

lill

gi

Midsummer spike-like bloc

l

the ends ol

wlnie Flowers appeal in

smooth and dark

h

leaves with saw tooth tips clustered \

clumps up

K(,i

his evergreen perennial, native to

l.ip.in

PERENNIAI

sn

\|'\ni si

I

irowing

well-

ited to

in

well

thi

I

I', i,

In sandy

.1

h

i

nniidlis

',2 7

328

/iiuiis.

Thymus

Ground Covers & Ornamental Grasses

Hum

serp)

Carcx data Aurca

Poa pratensis

POA

i

pseudolamtginosus

equate moisture. Propagate from cuttings or from seed.

pratensis

ZONES

4-11

KENUCkY BLUE GRASS, MEADOW GRASS

Although producing an appealing

THYMVS

blue-green lawn, this native of cen-

THYME

Europe will not take the heavy of playgrounds or playing fields and does not survive dry conditions It does well in cooler

evergreen species of herbaceous

climates but

This perennial has smooth, erect

from prostrate plants 20 cm) high. Chosen

stems and small,

matic leaves, these natives of south-

tral

traffic

leaves.

grow

If left

to

is

slightly frost tender.

flat,

pointed

ungroomed,

perennials and sub-shrubs, ranging

em

will

it

This genus consists of over 300

for their aro-

Europe and Asia are frequently

featured in rockeries,

6 in (about 15 cm") in

to 8 in (about

grown be-

Butomus umbellatus

light, sandy soil that drains well. Although it tolerates shade, a sunny, open location is best. It needs ample watering. Propagate from seed or by division. It is vulnerable to attack by rust and other diseases brought on by a hot summer.

tween stepping stones, or for a display on banks. Some species are also used in cooking. The flowers are often tubular and vary from white through pink to mauve. For thick, dense plants, the flowerheads should be removed after flowering. Plant out from early fall through to early spring in a sunny site with well-drained soil. Propagate by

ZONES 3-10

division in spring or late

RUBUS

syn. T. lanuginosus

calycinoides

woolly nmiE

brown in winter and the last to green up in spnng. Propagate by

This carpet-forming, evergreen sub-

This extremely low-growing thyme

division.

shrub roots along the stems where they touch the ground, spreading to

accentuates the contour of the

heignt and spread. In spring and

mid-summer

it

bears spikelets in

spreading panicles. Establish in

T.

3

ft

(about 90 cm) and only 2 in

(about 5 cm) in height. The shiny,

dark green leaves are deeply veined above and silky white beneath. Small, white, strawberry-like flowers

appear in mid-summer. Requir-

ing good drainage,

it

thrives

rft

summer.

ZOYSIA japonica 'Meyeri' MEYER ZOYSIA

This very drought-tolerant,

rhizomatous perennial grass from is extensively used for lawns

Japan

in the arid zones of southern and southwestern states where frosts are

of short duration. Resembling

bluegrass, the wide blades are dark

green to 5 in (about 12 cm) in

pseudolamtginosus

length. Meyer's

ground below as it spreads to form broad, oval mats of densely hairy, gray-green foliage. It grows best in full sun and well-drained, relatively

is

the

zoysia to

ORNAMENTAL GRASSES

infertile soils. Excellent as a filler

between paving stones, propagated by division

full

it is

easily

AXDROPOGON gerardii

3-9

i

sun or partial shade. Propagate from stem tip cuttings or by division.

T.

ZONES 3-10

WILD THYME CREEPING THYME

BIG BLL'ESTEM

serpyllum

A

American prairies, clump-forming grass is extremely drought and heat tolerant. Easily identified by the blue color at native of the

this

A smaller plant than garden

THUNBERGIA

thyme,

Europe grows to a height and spread of 4 in (about 10 cm), to form a useful ground cover. Its creeping stem is woody and branching, and the scented, bright

erect foliage reaches

Performing as a perennial in mild climates and as an annual in harsher ones, this twining vine climbs to 6 ft (about 1 .8 m) or sprawls as a ground cover to 6 ft (about 1 .8 m) in diameter. The ver) showy, bril-

green leaves are

in the

liant orange,

intensifies the

this native of

gregorii syn. T. gibsonii

ORANGE CLOCKVlNE

rsare

ti

borne nea:' climat

tit,

o

as a

:

first

i

late.

elliptical to

lanceo-

The bluish purple flowers

small and tubular with two

are

lips,

and

borne in spring and summer in dense terminal whorls. This species prefers alkaline soil, while full sun are

aroma

of the leaves

nd where

Propagate from cuttings or by root

m summer

division.

il.

Easy

to

ildb .anted in a full sun and given ad-

It

will take

moderate foot

but needs replanting every years to maintain a dense cover

the base of the stems, the narrow,

1.2

m)

in height

Turning

a rich

fall, it is

and

4 is

ft

(about

tinged red.

orange wheat color usetul in native

plantscapes or where low-water

input

is

ZONES

3-8

essential.

ARISDO donax GIANl REED is one of most striking of summer foliage plants Growing to a height of 18 ft

traffic,

This giant perennial grass

few-

the

S

3-9

Arundo donax

Lawns, (about

i

mi and spread

i

(about 90 cm),

ol

5

rtique focal point

It

an excellent ornamental plant for large gardens In mild areas it can grow very vigorit

is

ously and will need confining.

Floppy, blue-green leaves are borne

on thick stems, and dense panicles summer. It prefers a sunny situation and of creamy spikelets appear in

moist

soil. In

winter,

when

becomes untidy,

foliage

This large genus contains over

leaves.

make

and catkin-type flowers. Male and female blooms may appear on the same head or on the same stem. Plant in full sun or partial shade and only water when surface roots seem dry. Propagate by division in spring.

media QIAKING GRASS tuft-forming,

rhizomatous, perennial grass that

12-24

to a height of

in

(about 30-60 cm), with a spread of

3-4 in (about 7.5-10 cm). It has mid-green leaves and in summer bears open branched flower clusters of about 30 hanging, brownish purple spikelets. They make verygood dried flower decorations and are excellent for dyeing Plant in a

sun in well-drained, poor soil. Propagate from seed in spring or fall, or by division any time in spnng. Fungus diseases mayposition in

full

cause problems. 5-11

lilies,

it is

genus. Re-

a rush-like,

stalks of rose-pink

summer.

grows to a height of 3 ft (about 90 cm) and spread of 18 in (about 45 cm). Plant in a warm, sunny area in a shallowpool or boggy soil. Propagate from seed in spring or late summer, or by division in spring. The plant's name flowers in

:

CORTADERIA selloana

stately-

grows to a height of 9 ft (about 2.7 m) and spread of 4V 2 ft (about 1 3 m). Its stems are tall and reed like and the leaves are long and slender, growing outwards from the base. In summer, erect, silvery, plume-like panicles appear above grass

the leaves. Pink varieties are also

from seed or by can be invasive, and in

available Propagate division.

some

It

areas

is

considered a noxious

weed. ZONES 8-11

DESCHAMPSIA

syn. C. stricta Aurea'

This mound-forming, evergreen

GOLDEN SEDGE

24-36 in (about 60-90 cm) in height with a 24 in (about 60 cm) spread. The flowers are borne in open panicles which perennial reaches

This evergreen, tuft-forming perennial

sedge

damp

Cortaderi

useful for growing in

is

and beside ponds.

places

It

has golden-yellow leaves, and blackish brown flower spikes that

summer.

It

reaches a

cm) and

in a

It

sunny situation

in

above the coarse, arching foliFlower colors range from pale

rise

age.

greenish yellow to gold (in the cultivar

Goldgehaenge),

to silver

and bronze (Bronzeschleier). Best grown in partial shade, it tolerates a wide range of soil conditions pro-

soil.

able. Plant

C. morrowii Variegata'

it

delicate, airy

in

groups

is

avail-

to achieve a

mass of blooms

Deschampsia caespitosa

in the

garden.

VARIEGATED JAPANESE SEDGE

This striking, mound-forming sedge native to the moist woodlands of Japan forms a tidy. low. evergreen

EESJVCA

It

translates as "a plant that cuts the

of

s

ZONES 5-10

caespitosa

is

deciduous perennial with razorsharp, narrow, twisted, mid-green tall

a

Aureo- variegata' has bright yellow and green stnped leaves

vided adequate moisture

member of its

r

1 5 in (about 38 cm) apart to ensure each clump remains distinct

TUFTED HAIR GRASS

grows best fertile, wet

This elegant, marginal water plant

and

Covers & Ornamental C

C. elata Aurea'

spread of 6 in (about 15 cm).

FLOWERING RISH

lated to the

d

native to that country

height of 16 in (about 40

umbellatus

mouth

These sedges are a characteristic feature of the New Zealand landscape, with more than 70 species

are borne in

BUTOMUS

leaves

resil-

Many-

species have sharp, pendent leaves

BR1ZA

the only

500

1

temperate perennials with grass-like foliage. Predominately clump formient decorative potted plants

grows

u n

perennial, clump-forming,

ing and evergreen, they

An evergreen,

>

Native to Argentina and Brazil, this

SEDGE

ous new spring and summer growth. A. donax Versicolor' is a popular variegated cultivar with .

<

PAMPAS GRASS

CAREX

cut to the ground, creating luxuri-

broad cream)' white-striped

i

.

syn. C. argentea

the

should be

it

Drought tolerant, it grows well in any soil and full sun Well suited to stream and pond edges, it provides a strong, vertical element in the garden. Divide the clumps in spring after removing the previous year's foliage and flowers.

(

tuft of bright

is a genus of evergreen, tuftforming perennial grasses with rounded flower stems and basal,

This

Becoming 12 in (about 30 cm) tall and 18 in (about 45 cm) wide at maturity, it is ideally

alternate, long,

suited as an edging to a border or

bear panicles with flowerheads

stnped

leaves.

pond, or

in a

damp

spot in the rock

garden. Fertile, moist loam and

sun or

oxen when grazing

green and white

partial

for best

full

shade are required

growth. Plant the divisions

narrow

leaves.

They

comprised of spikelets with one or more florets. These grasses are fully hardy and will do best in full sun in any well-drained soil.

CALAMAGROST1S »«^**A»

acutiflora Stricta' FEATHER REED GRASS

A strong-growing, clump-forming perennial from Europe, this specie;

makes

a

dense,

stiffly

of arching,

medium

4

1

ft

(about

2

upright mass

green leaves

m) The

delicate flowers appear in

summer from

to

pale white.

mid-

the center of the

clump, rising well above the fohagt Changing from white to purple. th< flowers turn to gold by

should be

left

on over

fall

and

winti

imii

inn N Vai

(

alamagrostis acutiflo

a

Strii la

I

/

JO

I

a m

ns

G

,

I

O u n J

i

o

\

I

>

-

& O

i

n a

m

e n

a

t

t.

I

i

a

s

s

<

Propagate by division or from

amethystina

A native of the

uthem akes us name

Sea

I

renin'

have silver-blue

and

'Elijah's Blue'

to LO in

high with a similar en, itsslen-

and rough edged It will thrive in full sun in well-dr.. looks good planted on a hank

ovina var. glauca

HAKOSECHLOA

dump-forming perennial

grass

decorative edging or massed,

it

|apan provides a striking accent

garden The narrow, 8 in Cabout 20 cm) long, bright yellow leaves are lined with tine green to the

ensure a solid cover Drought toler-

n thrives

in lull

make

it

a great

candidate

specimen or ground cover in light shade Reaching heights of 24 in (about 60 cm), it grows best in organic, rich, welldrained -

sun and average

sempen

irera

soil.

was

a very influential English gar-

dener of the Edwardian period. He was particularly fond of plants with unusual leaves

IMPER.ATA cylindrica Red Baron'

MISCASTHUS

HPVNE-EBlOODoRASS

sinensis 'Variegatus'

soil in partial

shade.

The deep red

leaves of this Japanese

import grow to 12

in

^about 30 cm)

and provide a striking contrast

tall

garden At least 4 to p hours sun and moisture-holding, loam soil make ideal growing conditions. in the ot

The ot

best effect

is

mass a number and allow them to

slowly colonize the sue Propagate in spring.

grows

grass

sempen

overall plant

its

The (lowers of this species are bome on lone, slender stems that stand Festuca ovina var ^/uued

form and is good water gar-

dens, naturalized areas, screens and

has linear leaves with

silver.'

white

and margins. Long-lasting

MILIUM

beige, red-tinged flowerheads are

ejfusum Aureum'

bome

BOW

drying and dyeing.

An

I

E-

GOLDEN GRASS. MILLET GRASS

evergreen, tutt-forming peren-

nial grass

grown

age and flowers in

for us

yellow

Good

tor

foli-

growing

perennial borders, water gardens

or as a ground cover,

when

and

effective

Its flat

sunny moist to

fall

—they

situation

are

good

for

requires a

It

and well-drained,

Divide even 5 to 7 years

soil.

keep the plants growing vigor-

ously Propagate by division any

time in spring

leaves are

golden-yellow in spring and fade to yellowish green in summer. Panicles ot

in

planted under white vari-

egated shrubs

greenish yellow spikelets are

produced in summer: these can be cut and used for dried arrangements. It grows to a height ot 3 ft (about 90 cm) and spread of 12 in (.about 30 cm). It grows best in the shade in a well-drained, nch. moist soil. Propagate from seed in spring or fall, or by division in spring It

MfflllW

(about

for perennial borders,

it

irens

LOU GRASS

ft

specimen planting Clump forming,

--li

HEUCTOTRICHOS

to a height of 6

m> with a spread of 18 in (.about 45 cm). One of the most popular ornamental grasses, it is grown for 1.8

to

plants together

by division

IAPANESE SILVER GRASS

This large, herbaceous perennial

stripes

is

best planted at very elose spacing to

It

perennial grass from the mountains ot

Ell

Helictoti ichon

HUH

This slowly spreading, deciduous,

from blue-green to silver-blue.

The flowers are of little value and should be removed to encourage Foliage growth Very useful as a

tall

a well-

The Bowles

common name

macra Aureola'

tor use as a

grow s to a height and spread ol around 8-12 in (about 20-30 cm). The narrow, rolled leaves range in

sun and

in full

->-u

GOLDEN VARIEGATED HAKONE(

stripes that

BLUE SHEEP'S FESCUI

ant,

in question in the

they appear in spring, they

grows well

..

This

also sell seeds readil)

when

drained

spring

F.

well above the leaves Inuialk blue

turn a deep, golden yellow by

lea\ es

from the deep purple pani<

ws

S

MOLINIA caendea

A

native of acid heathlands in Eu-

and southwest and northern

rope,

Asia, this tuft-forming, deciduous,

perennial grass forms large tussocks

growing up

when

to 18 in (.about

in flower.

It

45 cm)

has broad,

mid-green leaves and

in

flat,

summer

bears panicles of purplish spikelets.

grows best in acid soils in full It has swollen stem bases which at times have been used as It

Peiutisetum aloptcuroides

Molinia caendea 'Variegata'

PA

Festuca amcthystina

sun.

pipe cleaners and toothpicks.

one of the most jes,

attractive

especially in

It is

garden

its linest

vari-

Yanegata' has yellow-

egated forms

stnped. mid-green leaves. Propagate

by division •

spnng.

in

--11

PENNISETUM This genus of tutt-tornung. her-

baceous, perennial grasses has species

with narrow, green basal leaves

and rounded flower stems. Dead foliage may be cut back on herbaceous perennials when dormant. Propagate species from seed in

spnng or

fall

or by division in

spnng. P.

alopecuwides

FOl STAIN C.R\s-

This hardy perennial grass from

oduces broad clumps of gracefully arching foliage that

reaches 3-4 in height

in full

ft

(.about

Of easy

sun or

well-drained

it grows well shade and most Flowers emerge

partial soils.

90-120 cm)

care,

/

SASA

summei produt ing (1 in 5 m) long pink to magi

in late

,

(about

.ill

1

pink to

foliage colors ol

winter appeal

/

\

grasses. The)' are

ery useful as a

found

Asia, especially [apan

specimen in the perennial border, in water gardens or massed for ground provides wide-ranging cover, garden appeal. Space plants widely to accommodate the' mature growth

,

it

n

ii

i

ii

in\

is

1/

ash

am

1

&

overs

(

will

I

"1

11

(i

in

<•

11

/

(i

/

(•

1

(i

s

s

c

s

i

J

I

need

>0

l

usuall) not very

seed

in fall

eastern

in

Propagati

tall

SESLERIA

hey an

I

or by division

5-10

INI S

woody

spec ies ol rhizomatous,

gold and almond for

nisi l.uK' to

howevei

genus consists ofovei

Ins

I

heads

(i

ii

regulai division

nta

c

1

n

(i

in

autumnalis

ft

spring.

\l

11

MNMOORGRASS

11

Divide clumps every 5 to LO years

in

grows

m) with an

1.8

GRASS

\l\

and contrast

spikes

brush-like flower clusters to 4 (.about 1.2

24

in

Frost-free zones,

annual

perennial

grown

Grow

in full

sun or

partial shade;

it

useful massed, in rockeries or as a

border. in

sun or shade. Its hollow stems are streaked with purple and bear one branch at each node.

syn.

SINARVNDINARIA

This medium-height

albomarginata

S.

China

bamboo grows

This 5

ft

mid-summer and

to a height ol

m) and spreads in10 in (about 25 cm)

(about 1.5

definitely. Its

long leaves turn white Its

bristly

at the

edges.

stems, which branch from each

node, are generally purple with a whitish powder beneath the node.

textured stems and leaves are rusty

Atropurpureum' has purple foliage and 'Cupreum' has bronze-red. Drought tolerant, it should be grown in well-drained soil in full sun. Propagate by divgreen, whereas

ision in spring or

he-

5. veitchii

in

as an

The

1

fall,

nitida

well into winter, creating addi-

tional seasonal interest.

among

to early

syn. Arundinaria nitida

(about 22-30 cm) long

flowers appear in

summer

in a

It

harsher climates. The

in

in

it is

inflorescences are borne -

and rock

to borders

2 in

1

in

(about 7.5 cm) long, silvery-whin

an

foliage in late

sheltered, not too dry situation

m) above narrow, arch(.about 60 cm) long

A herbaceous

leaves.

to

bearded blooms form

ol

it

is

to purple-red

pink

grasses. Arching,

last

indefinite spread.

gardens S palmata does best

mound-forming species belongs the same genus as many cereal

9-12

(about 30 cm). The narrow, 3

flowers are insignificant but the

make

liis

age vvuh a slight yellow cast to

(about

ft

excellent foliage plant, adding grai

Native to tropical Africa, this

ing,

6

wide, rich green leaves

sctaceum

FOUNl

to a height of

bamboo

11

•

Its

P.

I

This spreading, evergreen

early spring 1

perennial, clump-forming grass produces bright green, narrow foli-

palmata

.S.

from seed.

Grow

in a position

drained

soil in full

with well-

sun

is

grown

for

bamboo from

m

us purplish gray

stems and deep purple sheaths. Reaching heights of 4-6 ft (about 1.2-1.8 m), the canes emerge erect

and eventually arch gracefully to off the abundance of small,

Phalaris arundinacea var. picta

show

greenish leaves. Best

grown

in full

sun and well-drained, fertile soils, needs to be rejuvenated when the crowns begin to push themselves above the soil. Propagate by div-

it

ision.

SCHIZACHYRWM

ZONES 5-10

scoparium

S-ll

ST1PA

LITTLE BLUE-STEM

A

PHALARIS

native of eastern North America

across to Arizona, this tufted peren-

arundinacea var. picta

bunchgrass produces

nial

GARDENER'S GARTERS. REEDY GRASS

upright, slender, purplish stems to

This clump-forming perennial grass is

easily

stiffly

grown, bearing reed-like

(about 1.5 m).

5

ft

/

iNES 1-10

ol

plish or pale green spikelets

pur-

SCIRPUS

upstanding stems. Indigenous to North America and Europe, it can

grow

1

to 4

/..

ft

(about 1.3

m) but

generally kept lower in a garden "I

and semi-shade,

it

can prove

is

an evergreen sedge with leafless stems In

1

.-11

grows

to 4

and northern ft

(about

above the leaves, creating golden yellow

summer, it carries brown spikelets. 3 m) high, Growing 4V2 ft (about

clumps

Iberian peninsula

airy effect in the garden.

white-banded,

invasive Propagate by division ol the

tabcrnacmontani

Zebrinus'

This

his evergreen likes well-drained

soil

lacustris subsp.

syn. S. tabernaemonlani Zebrinus'

is

This densely tufted native of the

1

.2

m)

Stipa gigantea

and forms a lovely mound of gently arching, narrow foliage. The large, open, many-branched panicles rise

on

stout,

FEATHERGRASS

Africa

leaves with while stripes and, in

summer, terminal panicles

gigantea

this perennial

spreads widely.

likes full sun,

wet

soil

and

is

It

not

fruit

a light,

Deep

with long,

awns are produced m midsummer, making ideal as

twisted to late

11

an eye-catching spec imen in the middle or back ol a bonier. Best grown m lull sun m light, welldrained, moderately

fertile soil

Propagate by division.

deterred even by brackish

i-ll

PLEIOBLASTVS pygmaeus \rundinaria pygmaea,

sv m Siisd

im

pygmaea

\Rl

BAMBOO

pn ading

nn itou

rhizi

mbi used tohelpi ion

1

eft

uncut

arii gati

immi

»nl

.1

'I

thi in

ailabli

darl

mo

i

bam-

<>ntrol

1

green

ol thi

trains) ol tins il

iOi im

iprin

,,

.in

pread indefinite! ilmost to thi ;roundinearl lush crop of fri and

1

1

ui

I

I'll

ii

>Mii

.111

.

p

Srsli

1

in

.mini

SdSil

\i il. 1111

_

f

I

/ t

3

34

V

.

:

g

There's

e

I

hies

ii

nothing

the flavor oj

&

tl

cibs

to quite

match

home-grown

vegetables or herbs. They can be

picked at the

moment

oj perfection

and eaten or preserved within hours to the benefit oj

and peas, grow well in temperatures of between 53 and 64°F (about 12-18°C) and are not as susceptible to frost. Then there are the cabbages, cauliflowers and Brussels sprouts,

same

and budget. What's more, vegetables like spinach and rhubarb, or herbs are always bunched for sale and we often have to buy is

for a meal.

immediately needed

Home grown,

these are

readily available by the sprig or

leaves can be cut as required.

need

to

do

successfully, vegetables

be chosen with consideration to

climate. Vegetables

such as beans,

tomatoes and the ground vine crops

like

cucumbers and squash are frost sensitive and therefore need to be planted out when the prospect of frost is over. They like temperatures of around 68°F (about

On

the other hand,

20°C)

to set fruit.

many

of the root crops (those with the

edible parts underground), like spinach The herb garden

of the

revel in cool tem-

All vegetables

must have ample

sunlight and this factor,

more than any

a bed complete their cycle. The perennial plants such as rhubarb

the

whole season

interfered with

garden

vegetable garden. Other points to

season's crop.

consider include competition from tree or shrub roots, prevailing

winds and

drainage, although this last factor

is

to

and asparagus, as well as many of the herbs which occupy the same space for many years, need a bed of their own or to be grouped at one end of a highly cultivated bed so that they are not

other, can dictate the positioning of a

is

when

the rest of the

being prepared for the

new

Consider too the choice of vegetables to grow. Yield per plant is a

you plan

very important factor

when

space

is

usually able to be rectified by raising the

limited. For instance beans take

beds or by underground piping. careful thought.

and their yield is tremendous over a season. Salad vegetables and the leaf crops too are worth

available

considering before, say, a plot given

The

To be grown

which

members

peratures and are quite frost hardy.

both the family's

health

more than

family,

all

garden space and need the use of

size of the

relatively little space

garden also needs

Depending on space and the time you are prepared

spend in the garden, any number of beds can be made, but it's a good idea to begin small. Beds are easily extended or new ones made. A bed of up to V/i ft (about 1 m) wide is easily cultivated from both sides. Length can be determined by available space, but 6 ft (about 1 .8 m) gives ample room for the compact and quick growers. Others, to

like the vine crops, take

— a source ojheahh and wonderful fragrance.

up

a lot

up

more

over to potatoes, which don't really spoil

when left on the greengrocer's shelf. One very practical way to overcome limited space

is

to build a trellis

towards

the back of a garden to hold climbing

beans, peas, even cucumbers. Sited correctly, this trellis will not shade the

lower growing vegetables and as a

windbreak

tomatoes.

to a

row

it

can act

of corn or

some

i

Pots too can be used.

a b

f

I

s

f-

Herbs

3

35

They need not

be restricted to growing herbs: they are al>o ideal for such long-cropping vegetables as capsicums, tomatoes,

eggplant or the "bush" varieties

ol

cucumbers or pumpkins. Placed on a sunny patio they can be easily observed and given immediate attention if this is

required.

Planting Some

seeds, like the quick

growing

radish or beans, melons and carrots, can

be sown directly into their permanent

garden positions. Finer seeds are better planted into seedbeds or frames where germination and early growth can be closely monitored.

have

A

seedbed needs

to

soil of a fine consistency, perfect

drainage and to be placed where

it

and warmth and is well protected from any drying winds. The surface should be flat so that fine seeds are not washed away. Shallow receives adequate sunlight

grooves can be

made with

a length of

dowel or similar, then the seeds carefully dropped into these miniature farrows and covered with a light soil layer. Water with a fine mist or spray, ensuring the surface is neither too wet nor allowed to dry out.

Gardeners in colder areas can sowseeds in frames in protected areas while it is still

too early to plant outdoors.

These plants are then transplanted into their

permanent positions when

possibility of frost

over.

is

weather warms up then

it

the

may be

sow another batch

possible to

or two in

outdoor seedbed in the successive weeks. By making these regular small sowings the household won't be inundated by a glut of vegall

Many

maturing

at

some

benefit from being given

and

protection in the form of a leafy branch, cut

down milk

they have time to

new

to their

become accustomed

times.

soil,

not good

is

this rapid,

neces-

it is

It

follows then that sandy

dries out more rapidly than heavy needs to be watered more fre-

quently.

Many

of the vine crops

and

tomatoes are prone to

family are often prone to similar diseases and this only accentuates the problem. And, although chemicals can be used, one of the benefits of growing vegetables is that you can decide which, and

leaves are subject to continued mois-

if

any, chemicals to use. Plants

same family also take up similar it was for this reason that crop rotation was first introduced. Today these nutrients can be replaced by commercial fertilizers. of the

Different crops require different

types of

fertilizers;

the green plants

for their leaves

need

a high

beds where these types of grown a trickle hose

vegetables are to be

or a depression running the length of the bed and filled with water each morning could be used instead of sprinklers, which spray moisture indiscriminately over foliage and ground alike.

Close planting and mulching arc two

ways

to ensure moisture

is

conserved.

Close planting

may produce

ous plants or

a

marginally less prolific

crop, but the

home

less vigor-

gardener can pro-

and so thin out. rows as plants mature. Mulching saves the gardener time and energy in other ways

nitrogen content, while plants grown

need

ture, so in

leaf diseases if

gressively use,

more balanced

seedlings at the nursery. Transplanting

for their fruit

should be done in the cool of the

diet.

evening. Using a garden knife or small

used as

and holding the plants by their leaves, loosen them gently from the seedbed or punnet and place a bunch of them on a board covering them with a

pays to supplement the use of chemical

control at both extremes and stops

with organic material to encontinued good health Organic fertilizers such as compost can be dug

heavy

trowel,

—

cloth or

damp

kitchen paper towel will

prevent them drying out. Use a piece of

dowel ciently

to

make

a

row

deep so the

of holes suffi-

bent or broken, then gently prise the seedlings apart and place single plants in the

prepared holes, pushing the

soil

around them with two fing Water ea< h plant to ensure any ail firmly

pockets are

filled

with

soil

I

he seedlings

When

a

a

garden

is

as intensively

for vegetable

it is

growing

as well.

it

fertilizers

sure

its

into the soil

at

the

i

hangeover

ol the

seasons. Straw or similar material used as a

tiny roots will not be

all

soil,

garden practice as the plants of the same

grown

the one time.

gardeners prefer to buy their

To ensure

which

surroundings.

Planting the same vegetables in the

same position each year

fruiting types.

uninterrupted development

sary to keep soil adequately moist at

carton or similar until

nutrients and

a well-prepared,

etables

do

indeed

all

When

Solhing can beat the fla\or oj home-grown vegetables.

mulch during

the

dug into summer.

the garden You'll be

diffen

»il

at

promoti

at

the

texture and general n this

tables

is

to be

need

to he

maximum

helps the

soil

temperature

rain washing away soil from around the fibroid roots, which are often very near the surface ol main ol the annual vegetables Mulching also limits weed growth Many gardeners today rely solely on mulched or "no dig' beds for successful vegetable growing

the end ol

amazed

health of th

in

growing reason

decomposed

usually sufficiently

It

is d<

grown quickly

quality in both leal

Do

try

gardening with vegetables and

herbs as

ii

really

is

the mosi satisfying ol

the stress reducing hobbies

clou with pleasure

in

at

leisure!

and

you'll

the bountiful

5

summer when

VEGETABLES

gun

ALLIUM This

is

a large

genus consisting of

more than 700 species of perennials and biennials that grow in temperate climates around the world and range in size from 4-60 in (about 1

0-1 50 cm). Some species are ed-

and

including the onions, garlic

The most ornamental which are brightly colored

who lion

regarded

with beautiful flowers, are found in the northern hemisphere. to the

genus

Common

the oniony smell

is

when

emitted

the leaves are bruised

The onion species may need the protection of a cold frame if the soil is cold. Both the onion and ornamental species have the same pest and disease enemies. The name derives from the Celtic, all, or pinched.

has not yet

made

The

scal-

a bulb.

It

likes the

as the other on-

Sow seed any warm climates.

time of the year

ions

ALLZON A. cepa var. aggregatum TREE ONION

Otherwise known as golden shallots or the Egyptian onion, these have a

more delicate taste than scallions and can be used instead of chives. Propagate from the small bulbs that grow among the flowers or by division.

ALL ZONES

A.

A. ascalonicum

LEEK

porrum

grow than

Easier to

bed of shallots self-perpetuate by dropping

carefully thinned

seeds or generating bulbs. Like

all

light, fertile,

of

onions, shallots like a

weed-free

soil.

more

They

by dividing

clumps of bulbs.

leek likes a

and

a moist

seeds in spring or

plant seedlings 8 in

(about 20 cm) apart with 12 in (about 30 cm) between rows, filling each hole gently with water. Keep

weeds and, once the base of

the leek

cm)

A. cepa

sunny spot and

Sow

summer or

clear of

ALL ZONE

the onion

suited to cold climates, the

light soil.

new clusters

are usually propagated

the

as sacred.

same conditions

meaning hot.

will

it

an immature onion which

is

chives.

species,

A

The

onion was a popular vegetable among the Greeks and Romans but was never eaten by the Egyptians,

in ible,

the leaves have be-

to turn a yellow color.

is at

least

1

in (about 2.5

thick, harvest as needed.

ALL ZONES

ONION, SCALLION

Onions need a cool climate and

a

APIUM

sunny, open position in a welldrained bed of

soil.

Sow

the seeds

or immature onions in mid-spring in holes

and 12

cm) deep (about 30 cm) apart, and

72

in

in (about

1

water moderately. Harvest

| i

Allium cepa

in late

CELERY

Native to the Mediterranean, this leafy vegetable

is

a

boon

to

any

salad, but a challenge for the

gardener to grow well.

It

home

needs a

pan d loam)

well pr<

drain watei bui

amount

li

also

soil thai

hold the

still

ommands

(

space and regulai doses

<

an

di

ASPARAGUS ii//k inalis

a loi

<

il

ISPARAGI

S

ol liquid

Prior to some hard work (ertilizi pui in In Italian gardeners some .:"" celer wa 1-00 m more than a bitti ta ting weed, and now its stalks need to be His blanched to remove bitterness is done b) shoring the soil up around them to exc lude the light

pi

\

ii

membei

niii.il

''I

the

lily

fam-

i

i

.11

i

seems to have bi ultivated and eaten all over the world as far back as the ancient ih

.

i

i

ii

his vegetable i

i

I

when 12

m

(about

10

t

in

I

You can in

also

I

I

I

foi

(about 2t cm' deep trenches

sunn) pan a

ol the

good 12

in

.is

(about 30 cm)

between each plant so

wander

in a

garden. Give that

its

fleshy

adding

stop

celer) by

plenty ol compost or animal

spring or set

in

ma-

R1

Prepare the bed

seed

plants in winter in 10 in

The soil should be well drained and rich w ith compost or manure Do not harvest the young shoots (spears) until the third spring, and always

black plastic

A. graveolens var. dulce (

Sow

gyptians

paragus

the) reach a height "I

bundle the plant up

I

young

tools can

in

freely.

time to allow sufficient

nure. Spate plants 12-16 in (about

shoots to mature to keep the plants

30-40 cm)

going The red berries should be

apart.

It is

a shallow-

rooted plant that needs regular

watering

weather

—every day or so It

prefers a mild to cool

BETA

climate.

ALLZc

BEET

A. graveolens var.

rapaceum

CELER1AC

Easier to a

A

relatively easy vegetable to

grow than

mg

celery

and with

season, this

is

similar to the turnip (.often called

turnip-rooted celery) but with a celery flavor.

Keep well watered

even when cool, and harvest the

when around

grow,

growing and should be given space and an open position. needs a deep, fertile soil that has been previously cultivated. It is adaptable to most climates, although plants may run to seed. beet

longer grow

roots

picked before they go to seed.

in hot

is fast

B. vulgaris

.Asparagus ojjicinalis

4 in (about

10 cm) across. The leaves are edible but inferior to regular celery

BEET.

GARDEN BEET

Sow

seeds in the

It

fall

in

1

Apium graveolens

var. dulce

in (about

2.5 citO holes 8 in (about 20

cm)

I

338

Vegetables &

Hobs apart.

When the

first

leases appear

weed out the weaker seedlings. Keep the soil moisi and pull oui heel by hand. In

warm

the hi

c

can be harvested almost

round, but

limates u

need to be picked and then stored overwinter It is susceptible to boron deficiency and white fly. It was once valued by the Romans and Greeks lor us leaves rather than the \i

i

cooking, oilseed

year

bulbs

itself.

this

annual

some grown and mustard,

biennial vegetable,

lot all

in cold climates

will

root

BRASSICA There are 30 species of

others lor animal fodder.

native

is

It

Mediterranean and pan-

to the

Asia Most of the Brassi<

ol

spec ies

ii

love a lime-rich, moist, well-drained soil.

Seedlings should be raised

in

and then carefully replanted 6 to 8 weeks later in a sheltered spot in soil that has been Hats or pots

/< '-.i

prepared previously lor an

earlier

more prone

B. vulgaris var. cicla

crop. Brassicas are

LEAF BEET. SWISS CHARD

and diseases than other vegetables so ensure all soil is weed free and not wet. Crop rotation should

Similar to spinach, but better in

warm

climates,

it

has the same

quirements as beet.

It is

re-

be practised

easy to

campesti

var. rutabaga

grow and

B.

Sow

RUTABAGA. SWEDE

in

will tolerate shade or sun. mid-spring and summer

and slugs are the only real problem. Harvest the leaves, a few at a time, as needed. Propagate Snails

rom seed sown from early

fall.

ALL ZONES

to

pests

is

Similar to turnips but larger and

sweeter, rutabagas prefer a

fertile

Sow seeds in late spring to early summer in 1 in (about 2.5 cm) soil.

spring to

deep holes 18

in (about

45 cm)

apart. Harvest in mid-fall.

ALL ZONES

gonglyoidcs

B. oleracea

KOHLRABI, CABBAGE TL

With

RMP

characteristics of both the

turnip and cabbage, this tile

is

a versa-

vegetable with a slightly nutty

flavor that can be eaten raw or

cooked.

Sow

seeds in holes '/> in

cm) deep and spaced 8 in (about 20 cm) by 30 in (about 76 cm) apart. Weed very lightly as root (about

1

disturbance will slow growth. ALL ZONES B.

oleracea var. acephala

KALE

A variety

of flat-leafed or curly-

leafed, headless prolific in

of

its

cabbage that

tolerance to cold. Plant out the

seedlings in

1

in (about 2.5

holes 18 in (about 45

Sow

is

northern Europe because

cm)

cm)

apart.

the flat-leafed variety from

seed as they do not tolerate transplanting. All

ZONES

B. oleracea var. botrytis

WHITE CAULIFLOWER

Mark Twain scathingly

labeled the

cauliflower "a cabbage with a college education," but time has

proved

this to

be a very popular

vegetable with a long history.

It

humus-rich soil for large compact head production. Plant seedlings 24 in (about 60 cm) apart and across with care as they hate being transplanted. Ensure the right amounts of boron, magnesium and prefers a

potassium. ALL ZONES B. oleracea var. bullata

SAVOY CABBAGE

This variety frost

and

is

extremely tolerant to

will thrive in very cold

-• I

conditions

m

largei

is

li

than

flavoi

and strongei

uropi

I

B

olerai ea vai

I1K1

SSELSSPROI

gemmifera

is

Brussels sprouts need to mature in

B oleracea var. (l

>

apitata

the coldesi

ROPl INI IBBAGI

Water

tl

mulch

well,

n gularly

keeping the

and well

soil

drained Space seedlings between

12-20

in

(about

depending on with

its

pan

ol

the yeai in order

form compact hearts In warm climates sow or plant in summei In cold climates sow or plant in midto

J0-50cm)

variety

purple leaves,

apart,

a

slow-

maturing cabbage thai need growing season However it is the best of all the cabbage species for pickling and trying

lall

low ing leaves and stays firm

Red is

spring In the

remove any

make

around the stem

var.

B. (

Z'

pekinsensis

HINESEC IBBAGE

WOMBUK

seeds in

late spring. Plant

summer 20

seed-

in (about

24 in (about 50 cm grown in raise d beds. Keep clear of weeds and do 50 cm) apart

rows.

It

is

in

ideally

not allow to flower as

it

thai

and was only introEurope in the nineteenth century. Sow seeds 4 in (about 10 cm) apart with 16 in (about 40 cm) between rows. This species is easy to grow as long as it is kept moist. native to China

duced

lings in late

will slop

to

Tie the leaves together after they

begin to form their heart shape.

growing. Harvest 10 or 11 weeks

Harvest the whole plant as you

after planting.

would

ALLZONE^

ALLZI

Brassica oleracea var.

c\

mosa

soil

the

bage, this fast-growing spec

cymosa

BROCCOLI

Sow

ol

plant.

ALL

Resembling lettuce more

B oleracea

yel-

sure the

il

a regular cabbage.

340

\

eg

t

tables & Hei bs

Capsicum annuum

>

Bell

pepper

B. sinensis

BOK CHOI CHINESE

HITE

\\

CABBAGE

This species looks like silver beet also known as Chinese musThe plants run to seed quickly so sow them in small groups every

and

is

tard.

10 days. Harvest the entire plant or take a few leaves as needed after 6 to 8

weeks.

CAPSICUM Closely related to the tomato, and like

native to Central America

it

a lover of hot.

and

humid summers. The

genus contains both ornamental species,

grown

colored

fruit

to eat

—and

for their brightly

—they

are tar too hot

edible types,

which

divide into the sweet or bell pep-

They can be cooked as a vegand eaten raw in salads. The

pers.

etable

peppers are used fresh or dry a sharp flavor to cooking.

chilli

to

add

GROSSUM GROUP C.

annuum

SWEET BELL

CAPSICUM

PEPPER.

Extremely high

C and

vitamin

in

available in lots of different hybrids.

Sow

the seeds in containers in a

compost-rich

soil

and then leave in weeks until late

a greenhouse for 8 spring. This plant frost

is

quite tender to

and, once planted outside,

may need to be covered with a cold frame to keep warm. Keep plants well watered Bell pepseedlings

pers contain more vitamin

vitamin

A if they

Brassica sinensis

to

C and mature

color, but

they are good eating

when

Red spider mites

common pests.

ALL ZC B.

left

deep red

until they turn a

rapa

are

are

green

'

rapa

TIRMP

LONGUM GROUP

The turnip was a staple food of the northern European working classes

CHILLI PEPPER. CAPSICUM

until the potato

suited

more

upstaged

it. It

is

to the cooler regions of

the world. In order to

produce a

quick crop, grow turnips in

fertile

rows approximately 15m tabout 38 cm) apart. Keep the

soil in

young plants moist

at all

times dur-

ing the growing period Harvest the

turnips

when

ALL ZONES

they are golfball

size.

C.

annuum

A much bell

smaller fruit than the sweet

pepper and

a

more profuse

grower, this plant needs the same conditions as the green bell pepper

and can be sun dried and stored in Wash your hands after hand-

jars.

ling, as the "hot"

capsicain the plant.

ALLZOl

is

substance

present in

all

parts of

UOUU

/(

(

\l

i

i

gi

lii

i

mis

ool

hici

i

Mediterranean and the Middle

t

Innate,

ory

liu

perennials from the

ol

<<\

!->

a

m warm

root

used

is

asl

1

feine-free coffee is 1

distantl) related to the lettuce

he two species

evei

have

.

gardens, how

in

little in

common

their famil) relation

grown and used

in

— the)

make

caf-

and can also be

eaten raw or grated

It

is

a

common

weed along highways with us

bright

to be

keep the

named on a warm

trellis in

away from summer, removing the small cucumbers to

areas, to

I

fruit

larvesi in

i

age further production Apple

cucumber cultivars are compact and can be grown hydropomcally. how-

blue flowers are

ALLZONl

ever they are quite vulnerable to

COLOCASIA

mildew. English cucumbers are more resistant to mildew; pick them when they are a deep green color Both vimngand compact (bush

cm ulenta

n«n

he vines have

the soil

the kitchen quite

C. endivia ndivi

to

I

frame or outdooi

except

differently

i

winter areas

gourmet luxur)

i\m\i 1

IRO

I

1

his

is

a relative ol

lor us leaves

vegetables, soil

which

it

is

chicory,

grown

As with most salad needs a humus-rich kept moist so that

it

won't run to seed Sow the seeds

12-14 in (about 30-35 cm) apart in a shaded position in late summer. Use liquid fertilizer every now and then as the plants are growing. The leaves are usually eaten green as a bitter salad;

they rather resemble

lettuce but are

more sharply

\\

kick grown throughout the tropi-

cal

regions for the edible tubers, ge,

it

heart-shaped, mid- to

dark green leaves often with prominent wins. It likes a well-drained acid soil

and

cal, hot.

wet conditions;

will flourish in tropi-

areas in can be

grown

house. Keep the

soil

in cold

in a

green-

around the

base of the plant firm to support the slender stem. Propagate from young

suckers or sections of tuber. Harvest

flavored

8 months after planting.

ALL ZONES

ALL ZOl

C. intybus

CUCUMIS

CHICORY

The plants

are usually

grown from

spring-sown seed, allowed to grow through the summer and then lifted a lew at a time during winter to be replanted in boxes of moist earth in

warm

The

sativus cultivars APPLE CI 'CUMBER. ENGLISH CUCUMBER

The cucumber is a native of India. In cold areas sow seeds in containers and then transfer the seedlings

(about 25 cm) long, about 3 or 4

greenhouse or cold frame In areas sow into high-compost soil in the garden in late spring and cover with a light layer ol soil Ensure seedlings are free of weeds and

weeks from transplanting. The whole procedure succeeds best

as this will destrov

a

dark

place.

shoots (chicons w 1

ill

resulting

be almost pure

white and sweet

in flavor,

read\- to harvest

when

Cichorium intxbus

they are

they are 10 in

to a

warm

that the in a

ground

is

moist and not hot

cucumber

vines.

cultivars are available.

ALLZi'

Vegetables & Herb

34 2

Summer squash

C\nara scoh mus

enough space

for sunlight to filter

through otherwise blossoms may drop. Winter squash are allowed to

mature on the vine and eaten

in

winter.

CYNARA ARTICHOKE

The artichoke is a thistle-like plant that grows to a height of 3 ft (about 90 cm or more. They take up a lot 1

of space, but once planted they will

Pumpkin

prefer mild winters with

CUCURBITA

C. pepo,

but some authorities loudly

The issue has been sidestepped by simply listing them under the common names used in gardens. However, the common disagree.

an ancient vegetable genus that dates back to 7000 bc in Central America and 1000 bc in North America. So hybridized are the species that applying Latin names can be quite arbitrary. There are squashes, pumpkins, marrowzucchini, trombones, butternuts and many others. Most species of this genus are easy to raise and have the same need of a warm, rich soil. In warm areas sow from early spring

This

is

to late

summer.

In cold areas

sow

name may also van.'.

Marrow used

when

and about the size of a large cucumber; but in recent years the fashion has been to eat them when

when

they are called

pare the garden for seedlings dig

varieties selected to

36

90 cm) apart for bush and 372 ft (about 1.3 n0

in (about

apart for the trailing varieties of

pumpkin.

Fill

with a good

fertilizer

mix. Plant out seedlings in spring,

watering well beforehand. Watch for slugs

and keep well

irrigated as

when immature

be

(i.e.

at their best

as zucchini)

and others that are best when mature; but you can in fact eat all of them at either stage. They need fertile soil, sun and lots of moisture. Plant seedlings 20 in (about 50 cm) apart and feed with liquid manure as the

first fruit

forms.

The genus has been grown and

botany

is

rather confused; most

types are usually given as forms of

all

winter

Food

for pigs in

much

of

Europe

but a delicious vegetable for the

frost

and cool summers. C. cardunculus

if

fore harvesting, but they can be taken earlier as soon as they are

There are

Resembling

many varieties rang-

warmth and

its

relative the arti-

choke, cardoon produces broad.

water.

flesh\',

edible stems in a similar

manner to celery. Cardoon is most often grown from offsets, though seed

may be

started indoors

planted out after

Summer squash

all

This

is

a trailing vine that likes rich,

well-drained

Grown summer

soil in full sun.

1.5

m)

and

danger of

has passed. Space plants 5

ft

frost

(about

apart in rows in well-

drained, organic-rich

soil.

Harvest

during the warm weather, squash are eaten while young.

the stems by slicing under the

ALL ZONES

move

crown through the roots and all

re-

of the bitter leaves.

ALL ZONES

Vegetable spaghetti This delightful

marrow

cultivar

C. scolymus is

easy to grow and features bright

yellow

fruit

whose

like spaghetti

flesh looks

when

much

boiled.

Winter squash

Pumpkin

interbred in gardens for so long that its

keep

ALL ZONES

they are water hungry. Harvest in fall.

will

fully

ripe

very small

They

a

is

its fruit

no

until cold withers the vine be-

like rich soil,

be eaten

to

The pumpkin

ing greatly in size and weight. They

zucchini or courgettes. There are

varieties

fall.

left

ripe.

Zucchini, courgette, vegetable marrow

indoors in early summer. To preholes 12 in (about 30 cm) square,

table elsewhere.

sprawling vine which ripens in

They

flourish for a couple of years.

Zucchini

More hardy than summer squash, this vegetable needs rich soil and plenty of sunlight. Make sure it has

GLOBE ARTICHOKE

Native to the Mediterranean, the

globe artichoke

is

one of many

vegetables once considered to be an aphrodisiac.

It

has delicate, gray-

is easy to grow in and positions. Make sure it has enough space (one or two plants are enough in a small garden)

green leaves and

most

soils

Vegetables & and

a

90

Remo\ stems

e

Plant suckers

h soil

ri(

in

i

in

1

J

an) yellow ing leaves

in lall

c ui

plump

the

buds From the plants

summei

li

apari in earl) spi ing

in

and

HIBISCUS

white-fleshed or,

est iilcn/lis

orange-fleshed variety Plant

OkKV

cuttings in rows 3

MBO

(.1

spring and

I

open

his attractive plant with pale yel-

low Mowers with l.ii

to the

red heart

a

simi-

the

is

starchy seed pod which

CARROl

This famous root \'egetable

is

native

is

curries

and Cajun cooking

used

for

best in

warm

aerated, fertilized soil

Ensure there

Afghanistan and was introduced

are 16 in (about

Europe p00 years ago Sow

each clump

soil that is

are

in rows 10 in (about 25 cm) making sure the earth is firmly compacted around the seeds Keep the earth moist around the seedlings and thin the rows out when they are in (about 2.5 cm) high. The carrot gives a high \ ield

does or 4

Sow 3 summer

climates.

to

deep, warm, aerated

It

seeds together in early

to

in

28

ol

in

40 cm) between

seeds and that rows

cm) apart. Thin out and weed soil through-

loamy,

seedlings

out the year. Pick the pods after the flowers have opened or are 4 in (about 10

cm)

when

they

long.

NES

1

allzi

any time, but u

is

IPOMOEA

the Pacific islands

E

From

the Latin,

lac,

comes

in

hoth

a

It

like rice in

flooded

fields,

as a vegetable in

many Asian dishes. ALL ZONES

HEUANTHUS tuberosus JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE relative of the sunflower, this

plant has nothing whatsoever to

with Jerusalem, and

is

North America.

do

in fact a naIt

is

grown

for its pleasant-flavored tubers is

a vers' enthusiastic plant

This

which

in

some conditions may need controlling. It will grow in any soil as long as

it

is

well watered

and should be

placed in a sunny corner. Plant divisions of the tuber 6 in (about i

in

deep and 12

in

apart in late winter

1

5

(about 30 cm)

Hoe when necand harvest

essary during the year

when

the tops have died

ALLZI

Dune

Ipomoea batatas

rich

iis

i

arota //(lidMiluis tuberi

i

in flats for later

of lettuce to suit differ-

The

seedlings gradually until they are 1

2 in (about 30

cm)

is

ft

Hibi

chestnut are harvested and eaten

tive of

to 3

H

soil must be humus and evenly moist. Thin the

ent areas.

meaning milk,

grows up

s

right (or the climate as there are

a salad plant with a very delicate

the tubers of the Chinese water

A

is

many kinds

its

root system.

h

transplanting Ensure that the seed

sativa

HINESEWATERCHESTMT

cooked

open ground or sow

LACTUCA LETTLC

i

Sow lettuce summer in the

ALL ZONES

dulcis

fresh or

recommended

sleep-inducing properties, lettuce

This native of Central America and

Grown

not

at

Keep the young plants clear ol weeds until the vines are big enough to cover the ground. Keep the soil moist while the tubers grow Harvesting depends on the variety of sweet potato and ranges from 16 to 40 weeks after planting

ELEOCHARIS C

In a frost-free

spring or

milky white sap, this biennial originated in the Middle East and the Mediterranean. Praised through history for its healthy or

sum roruo

tween layers of sand.

and dug thoroughly

area sweet potato can be planted

referring to

batatas

stored easily in bins or boxes be-

(about M0 cm)

in

in (about 71

apart,

even in a small garden and can be

seeds

lor planting in cool climates.

general flavoring as well as in Indian

(iidiii

i

is

ornamental hibiscus. The

edible part ol the plain

DAUCVS

ft

<•

(about 90 cm) high

recentl)

apart in soil that has been fertilized

flowei

before the Flowers begin to

more

II

sculentus

apart.

Sudden

S

34 4

Vegetables & Herbs changes in temperature can leave the lettuce open to disease. Ensure they do not flower. Water regularly will

need little water. Watch for slugs and mold. Popular types include the

common iceberg with globular

A hardy

root vegetable that

lated to the carrot, parsnip

re-

is is

nutri-

and sweet and able to be grown year round in warm areas and Irom mid-spring in cold areas. It needs a sunny position and deep, fertile soil. Water well in dry weather and thin out the weak seedlings. Hoe or mulch to keep weeds tious

heads like pale green cabbages, romaine lettuce with more open darker heads, and mignonette with ruffled pink-tinted leaves. All

sativa s\ n Peucadeneum officinale, P. sath

um

over summer, avoiding excessive

water on leaves. Winter growers

PASTINACA

come

in an array of cultivars.

ALL ZONES

when the leaves Watch for slugs.

Harvest

off.

LYCOPERSICOS

yellow.

start to

esculentum

This native of South America was

PHASEOLUS

regarded with suspicion for centuries because of tive,

its

infamous

the deadly nightshade.

rela-

Its

basic

This genus, native to the warm-

temperate to tropical regions of the

needs are sunshine, moist, welldrained soil and an area free from frost. In cold areas use a cold frame

Americas, contains more than 20

keep the soil warm. In open ground plant seedlings in rows 3 ft (about 90 cm) apart and keep 12-24 in (about 30-60 cm) between each plant. Seedlings can be grown in pots and then gently planted out when 5 in (about 12 cm) high. It is essential that tomatoes are supported by stakes as they grow and are sheltered from strong winds. Prune secondary shoots and keep soil moist, mulching if necessary.

pods and seeds. Tender

to

species of mostly twining climbers.

Beans are grown for their edible to frost,

they grow best in enriched, well-

drained

They

soil.

are also suitable

for planting in tubs P.

and flowerbeds.

coccineus

SCARLET RLNNER BEANS

This vigorous climber can grow up to 10

'.

ft

needs a

ubout

rich,

3.1

m)

in a sheltered position. late

high.

It

deep, slightly acid

Sow

soil

seeds in

spring in double rows 2 in

in ubout Water well in dry weather. Pick the bean pods when they reach 5-7 in ubout 12-17 cm)

(about 5 cm) deep and 12

30 cm)

NASTURTIUM officinale

apart.

long.

WATERCRESS

An aquatic

ALL ZONE plant, watercress will

flourish in a

damp, shaded comer

of the garden as well as in a pond. Plant from cuttings 4 square in

(about 10 square cm) apart in early fall.

Make

sure the soil has been

thoroughly and deeply fertilized. Water thoroughly and constantly and prune the shoots to keep growth thick. Cut back any flowers that appear.

ALL ZONES

Lima beans come in both climbing and bush varieties. They require a well-drained loam soil and full sun location and a long growing season. Sow seed 2-3 in (about 5—7.5 cm apart and 1-1 'A in (about 2.5—3 cm) deep after the danger of spring frost has passed Water frequently in dry weather and apply nitrogen 1

fertilizers

PACHYRHIZUS

sparingly for best fruit

production.

tuberosus

around 3-4

J1CAMA

Native to the

Amazon

Basin, jicama

used root vegetable American Southwest where Mexican food is popular. A twining, is

a frequently

in the

herbaceous vine, in the garden. soil in a

to

requires staking

it

Sow seed

sunny, dry

Remove

promote

site,

in

sandy

thinning

30 cm) between

to 12 in (about plants.

all

flowers clusters

a large tuber size.

Har-

sum um

ALL ZONES P.

vulgaris

FRENCH BE^NS

The annual French beans, known

as

kidney beans, string beans or haricot beans, come in dwart or climbing varieties that need staking They prefer a warm, rich soil in a sunny.

duces only one tuber. The seeds are poisonous.

sowing, picking every 2

ALL ZONES

ALLZONl

8 to 10 months

after

seed emergence. Each plant pro-

Pisttm

in (about 7.5-.

long

Mulch with straw to weeds and to keep the soil moist. Harvest 10 to 12 weeks after

vest the tubers

Phaseolus coccineus

Watch for bean beetles when they are

Harvest the beans

sheltered spot

keep

off

S

to 3 days.

Vegetables & Herb: PISUM

RHEUM

soil

rhabarbm um

mounds

I

or

Ix-si

for

shoots from 1

here

hum

an enormous range

is

ol

bush type which is good climates, tall climbing plants which need trellisingto the newer snap pea thai tan be eaten w hen immature or fully developed, Teas need a sunn) well-drained, rich, previously manured soil bed that contains some lime and dolothe

humid

for

mite for \l

good

a

Grow rhubarb from

roots in

a fer-

weeks.) Harvest in dry conditions

and plant the roots (about 90 cm) between each row and each plant. i

I

e

,i\

it

ft

to get established in the

first

and start harvesting in the second and third years, making sure \

ear

ALLZl

many

sticks.

The

INI

RVMEX

cm) ubout 10 cm)

Plant seedlings 2 in (about 5

apart in rows 4 in

When

apart.

the seedlings are 3 in

low-growing perennial

(about 7.5 cm) high stake them

This

with short twigs. The

with pale green, oval-shaped leaves

will

need wire or

tall

varieties

is

a

and yellow-red flowers.

plastic netting to

flavor

ALL ZONES

or in soups.

sativum var. macrocarpum

SNOW ?l\ MANGETOUTPEA This variety prefers a temperate climate and a moist sandy

2 in (about 5 cm) deep

garden

likely to

is

be

climbing

a trellis for

soil.

when

Sow

Sow

in spring or plant

from divisions, leaving 12 in (about 30 cm) between each plant. Remove flowers to encourage new growth Sorrel contains oxalic acid, which is toxic in large amounts. ALL ZONES

the

frost free.

is

Sorrel's tart

suitable for sauces, salads

support them as they grow.

P.

Use

SOLANUM

varieties.

ALL zone s

Solarium includes the eggplant

(aubergine) and the potato and used

PSALLIOTA

to include the

campestris

the latter

syn. Agaricus campestris

genus of its own: Lycopersicon. There are several ornamental species and many tropical weeds, but they should be approached with

MUSHROOM

common fungus is happy to grow indoors or outdoors, under

This

mushroom spawn

constant Plant

lumps 10

in

I

1

humid I

this

it is

too,

though

usually given a

the exception rather

than the rule for them to be edible. in

5.

melongcna

cm) deep and apart. Keep

at this

stage After

weeks cover the compost with

layer of soil

tomato

now

2.5

about 25 cirO

moist and 2

ubout

in

is

caution as

houses or in sheds, as long as it is dark, dry and the temperature is

is

to

avoid the lethal fungus diseases that

prey on mushrooms.

Do

not firm

fruit. It is

a relative

and tomato, and needs warm conditions and low level humidity. Cold frames should be used in cold areas to protect young of the potato

called casing)

which must be pre-stenlized

This tropical vegetable native to Asia

has large, purple

a

it

down: keep it moist but not soakushrooms will appear 3 weeks after casing Pick them by

plants. Plant seedlings in spring in

well-drained

soil that is free

from

l

twisting out, not pulling

ALLZOl

The rows should be 3 (about 90 cm) apart with 24 in (about 60 cm) between each seedeed \oung plants with liquid ling frost.

It

I

fertilizer.

RAPHANVS

ALL ZONES

sativus S

I

hi

iiNid,

and i

a

summer \j

radish

Town

in a

is rii

easily h

moi :

rows 12

tuberosum

d radish has a win-

li

ty

id

and I

oil

into

..;

thi

eatenvi

tables to the

i""

tpi nato

:

Pn

i

[]

Inho

soil

firmly with 3

leaves are poisonous.

PEA BUSH IND CLIMBING VARIETIES

with straw or

not expose potatoes to the light

a cool position

Choose

soil.

sativum

P.

frost

loped

Protect

and toxic They can be restored by putting them in the dark lor a couple of

phosphorous-rich

tile,

not to pull off too

yield

:ones

i

Do

peas,

results plain in

good drainage

rottedma

as they will turn green t

when \l

I

Zi

foliage turns yellow H

i

34

V egei

6

.1

&

b les

II

ribs

Taraxacum

SPINACIA

but

oleracea

L'S

it

became more popular

Tetragonia tetragonioides

officinale

in the

and Europe Unlike true spinit prefers warm summers and a humus-rich soil. Soften the seeds overnight and sow them in groups ach,

Native to the Middle East and parto cool climates,

tial

a

spinach can be

challenge to grow well.

well-drained

soil

and

It

prefers

a cool posi-

shade and dig

amounts

in

generous

Sow

of manure.

in spring in cool climates,

in

fall

soil free

ft

making sure

out and keep weeds away from the

and harvest the leaves

regularly

spacing

cm) apart. of weeds and well

needed.

ALL ZONEs

TRAGOPOGON SALSIFY

Keep the

ily

known as

and

is

tap roots.

officinale

the vegetable oyster,

belongs to the daisy famvalued for its edible, white It

from stones.

prefers a light soil free It

grows best

DANDELION perate climates. 11

plants feature toothed leaves, large

yellow flowers and round seed are

all

The

roots, flowers

edible.

Grow

and leaves

scattered in the

lawn or any corner of the garden. For a good, juicy plant ensure the soil is rich and moist. Sow in early summer 12 in (about 30 cm) apart. Cut off the flowers when plants have matured and harvest the roots in

fall.

Sow

tetragonioides

NEW ZEALAND SPINACH

Joseph Banks brought this plant back 10 England from New Zealand, Sir

tem-

Keep 8 in (about 20 cm) between each group and 2 in (about 30 cm) between each row. Mulch with compost to keep weeds down and water to 1

soil

moist and harvest the

leaves as they are needed.

Watch

for

There are two types, not always labeled distinctly by seedsmen: one forms loose hearts slugs.

like a small lettuce, the

makes clumps AU.

other just

of loose leaves.

from

fall

onwards.

roasted, boiled or It is

fairly pest

It

can be baked,

made

into soup.

and disease

free.

ALL ZONE-

locusta

Rampant

in

corn

(

I

fields in

cool to

cold climates and a hardy grower,

good substitute

for lettuce

Sow the seeds summer and early fall in in winter.

in late

a

sunny

spot in the garden. Place seeds 10 in

(about 25 cm) apart.

Make

sure the

months

Do

after planting.

wan

not

pods are too large or they be tough and unappetizing.

until the will

Fava beans are vulnerable to aphids. ALLZ'

I]

2£A mays CORN MAIZE

VJCIA

Originating in ancient Mexico,

FAVA BEAN, BROAD BEAN

A good

well-drained

soil,

preferably

where no beans were previously grown. Ensure good bean production by digging in organic fertilizer some weeks before sowing. Sow seeds in mid-fall in double rows 8 in (about 20 cm) apart and leave 4 in (about 10 cm) between each plant. In cold areas sowing can be until early spring Shelter seed-

lings

Make

from the wind with sure that the soil

a

more

source of protein, the fava

bean is native to the Mediterranean and Far East. It prefers a temperate climate and a sunny position in

left

com

most popular vegetable Although it has sometimes been seen is

faba

rich,

VALER1ANELLA

wet as this may encourage root rot. Beans are ready to be picked 2 or 3

Z< INI S

maintain moisture Harvest the root

this is a

syn. T. expansa

in

the large seeds

in lots of 3 in spring.

CORN SALAD, LAMB'S LETTl

TETRAGONIA

raked and forked.

Ideally it should be situated where another crop was previously grown.

this plant

TARAXACUM

Tragopogon porrifolius

Viciafaba soil is lightly

porrifolius

Also

Regarded highly in Europe where is cultivated or grows wild, these

as

they are needed.

watered so that the plant will not run to seed. Harvest the first leaves 8 weeks after sowing and then as

heads.

to leave

(about 90 cm) between each

remaining young plants. Water or

plants 4 in (about 10

Keep the

3

group. Thin the weaker seedlings

tion in the garden, so find a spot in part

of 3 in spring,

is

as fodder than as

human

fare,

every part of the corn plant can be put to use. Corn needs an open,

spacious position and addition to the

is

a dramatic

home garden

It

and lime-rich soil and needs hot weather to grow well. Sow in early summer in short rows likes a nitrogen-

24

(about 60 cm) apart.

in

\\

eed

gently and water thoroughly in really

dry weather. Tie the stems to

stakes as they

grow

taller

and be

hrm around Harvest when the

sure to keep the soil the plant base.

com

kernels arc yellow by twisting

stakes.

the cobs firmly from the stem.

not too

ALL ZONES

HERBS

well-drained,

Fers a

and

Fertile soil

watering in summer Propa-

n gular

gate From soli tip cuttings in spring

Mill

\!

sec genus entrj under Vegetables,

semi-hardwood cuttings in summer Lemon verbena is commer-

page 536

cially cultivated lor its fragrant oil

or

used

sativum

\

l,\KII(

\1.1

There are two main types

The mauve-flowered very

is

much

known

variety

larger

and

common

garlk (A sativum),

which has dainty white (about 5 cm) deep

in fall in

warmer is

ft

(about 1.8 m).

tropics,

it

does best

w-here

when and

the leaves have turned yellow

Handle gently

fallen over.

ing to 6

to

From

warm

in

avoid

bruising and allow to dry off and

harden thoroughly before storage. For at least 5000 years garlic has been used for culinary, medicinal and strength-giving purposes as well as a plague preventative and charm against vampires and witchcraft.

it

will multiply readily

and

A

rich

quickly form large clumps.

good drainage,

soil,

the

areas

a

drainage, a rich,

requirements. Harvest

its

citratus

This aromatic, grass-like plant has

organic soil and a sunny position are

Cymhopogon

LEMON GRASS

very long, gray-green leaves reach-

where there

Good

risk of frost.

Hindus

flowers.

Individual cloves are planted 2 in

areas or in spring

3

ANDROPOGON syn.

milder than the more potent, small or

/. INI

ol garlic.

as "Giant Russian (A giganteum) or

Jumbo

The

the cosmetics industry

in

leaves arc also used to flavor tea

plenty of water are

sun and

full

requirements

its

Propagate by division. The fleshy

white part

the base of the plant

at

is

used in Southeast Asian cooking

and

is

when

best

The

fresh

herbal

leaves

make

are used fresh or dried to

a

tea. 0-]

i

ANETHVM graxeolens

A.

schocnoprasum This deliciously aromatic annual

CHINES

grows Chives are grown for their narrow, cylindrical leaves which are used for

and garnishing savory a perennial plant which grows up to 10 in (about 25 cm)

1.3

to

4'/ 2

around

ft

(about

m) high with pretty,

summer

flavoring

are borne

dishes.

followed by the pungent

It is

high in small, neat clumps.

numerous late

spring and

edible

mauve

balls of

summer that

and can be added

Chives do best in a drained

soil in full

bears

It

flowers in are

well-

drained

soil

The seed

it is

and

and seeds

ANGELICA

quickly multiply and develop

attractive

2 or 3 years to invig-

edging

make an

for the

are used as

ANGELICA

A

and divide the

orate the tufts Chives

in spring

archangelica

(about 10 cm) apart because they

clumps every

sunny position

a

sown

flavorings.

division of small bulbs Bulbs

into clumps. Lift

seeds.

grow, as seedlings are transplant. Both the

ALL ZONES

will

dill

to

and should be kept well watered. They are easily grown by seed or should be spaced around 4 in

in

humus-rich, well-

best

is

difficult to

leaves

sun or part shade

on umbels

Dill requires a

where

to salads.

fertile,

feathery,

thread-like leaves. Yellow flowers

fast-growing, robust biennial.

angelica grows to 6

high and will

herb garden

and can be grown in window boxes, troughs and flower pots.

live

ft

(about

longer

il

1

.8

m)

emerging

Flowerheads are removed before the It has handsome

seed develops

deeply divided, bright green leaves and umbels ol small, green oi white flowers in late summer soil should preferably be rich, moist and well

ALOYS1A

'liaii

triphylla

'I

!

in

I.

Hi

iummei he roots leaves, stalks used in and seeds ol ingelica in and liqueurs such as charI

s\ n

ippia

/

i

iti

iodora

.'II

LEMON VERBENA

I

i

vonderfull

hi

hrub fi

n

ii

fragrant

pi

rennial

treuse

Bi

ii.

dii tiro

and

i

;di

I

ed

mi

parti

1.

1

in well

partial

seedlings to 6

u

ui i

summei

late

..i

rmouth, lull

ii

m) and

pi in..

ui'.'.

di

i

iduou

in

2.7

ANTHRJSCl/S

apan

hi

1

(

HERVll

ioI thi

i

Ri

.

mbling

pai

in

rown

iboui foi

(aboul

in

soil in

shade thinning

lighi

dleavi

cen folium <

nd

I

planting

drained

I

Miu

larvestei

tnd '

i

l

ti

I

.ii

French

ibove th o .i

i

Allium

warm

s
um

.

Vegetables & Herbs

34 8

ARTEMISIA

spring.

dracunculus

times offered

The tarragon seed someis

dracunculordes,

the flavorle

known as

tarragon. Tarragon loses .ial

in

French cuisine, tarragon

grown for its narrow, aromatic leaves which have a delicate, peppen- aniseed flavor. It grows up to 3 ft (about 90 cm) high in the warmer months then dies back to a is

perennial rootstock over winter.

It

sun and a fertile, welldrained soil. As it produces no seed, propagate by division in early needs

down

Russian

most of its

varieties are

7; in

leaves are used in salads.

make

gather the leaves and

tarragon

vinegar and butter. 3-11

fall. Non-flowering used in chamomile lawns. It grows best in full sun in a moist, but well-drained fertile soil. It creeps along the ground by run-

ners which take root as they spread. Propagate by division or from seed

for a winter's rest

chamomile flowers

CAPPARIS

in spring. Dried

spinosa

can be used in pot pourri. sleep pillows, hair rinses

CAPERS

BOR.AGO

full

Coriandrum sativum

summer and

ubout 3 cm) long pods which house the smooth brown seeds. Occasionally the young 1

flavor during drying. Before the

plant dies

Bright yellow flowers mature to

Renowned

Capers are the unopened flower buds of a small shrub native to the Mediterranean. Most successfully

ojfjficinafis

BORAGE

This decorative, annual herb

grown

as a container plant overwintered in cold climates,

is

flower;

it can be grown as a perennial in fro? zones. Requiring full sun and well-

(.about

drained

grown

for

leaves

and

its

cucumber-flavored

pretty, lilac, star-shaped

round 30 in 76 cm) high and bears clusters of nodding flowers in spring and summer. It requires full sun to part shade, good drainage and a light, porous soil. Propagate from seed in spring. Protect from snails. The fresh young leaves are used raw in salads and cool drinks or cooked with vegetables. The edible, blue flowers have been used to decorate salads from the early seventeenth century. Flowers tallized for

may also be

cake decoration.

soil,

capers are best staned

m cuttings from

new growth.

used

to be said that eating borage flowers

all z^

chamo-

mile has been credited with the

power to

treat

dyspepsia, flatulent

stomach cramps, wounds, swelling and also calluses. colic, fever,

-

CORJAXDRiM sativum CORIANDER

grown mainly

show any color. Often pickled in wine \1negar. capergarnish and in sauces and butters

This herb

ALLZ.

coriander plant, including the roots.

is

for

its

seed and aromatic leaves, although in

Thai cuisine the whole of the

is used. Coriander is a fast-growing " annual reaching to 30 in (aboul 1 cm high with parsley-like leaves and umbels of tiny, white flowers in

CARUM carvi

C\R\U\> Since ancient Egyptian times, cara-

way has been

cultivated for

its

con-

diment and medicinal properties It is an attractive biennial plant growing to 24 in (about 60 cm) high

gave you courage.

facials.

Harvest the flower buds before they

.

It

and

as a herbal tea,

with finely cut. lacy leaves rather

summer. The flowers are followed by small, round, aromatic seeds. It requires a light, well-drained soil

and

full

sun. Propagate from seed in

early spring.

The dried seeds

are

used in curry powders, chutneys. confectionery, cakes and sauces

like its relative, the parsley In its

second year small, white flowers are produced in umbels, followed in late summer by a crop of seeds. It This Eurasian native

is

cultivated for will

us pungent seeds used to flavor

An annual

many

dishes.

to 3

(about 90 cm),

ft

it

that

grows

requires

sun and ordinary, well-drained

full

soil.

grow

well in a light, moist, but

well-drained

soil in full sun.

gate from seed in early

fall

c\

minum

CIMIN

Propa-

in mild

winter areas or in spnng. The small black seeds are used to flavor

,.

breads, sauces and pickles. Their flavor is best

CTMiMM Cumin

is

grown commercially in Japan and the Middle

India. China.

East for seeds.

its

It is

powerfully flavored a small annual

which

when dned. Caraw ay

has also been used as an ingredient

with finely divided leaves and small.

of love potions.

white flowers in summer, followed

ALL

by aromatic seeds.

Z.

warm climates.

CHAMAEMELIM

Propagate from seed

spring in a

CHAMOMILE

This

is

a delightfully aromatic, mat-

forming perennial which grows to 12 in (about 30 cm 1 tall and has fine, bright green leaves and rru of small, white daisies in spring. Borago

officinalis

grows best

in

light,

well-drained soil in a sunny position.

nobilc

It

Grow- in a

warm

sown The

in

situation.

dned seed is an important cum- powders. Both the Dutch and Germans flavor with it. and it is used in many Mexient in

.

can and Middle Eastern dishes.

Capparis spinosa

CURCUMA d

(/(>mc'sfii s\

ii

\onga

(

II

KM1KK

A

tropica]

famil)

member of

the ginger

grown for its orange, underground stems turmeric

.

bright

or rhizomes.

hot areas

his perennial

I

can grow to

is

(about

Ii

5

lorms clumps

Ii

herb

cm)

L)

in

lancc-

ol

shapcd leaves And dense clusters pale yellow flowers in prefers the

warmth

summer

ol

li

of tropical re-

gions but can be successfully grown

Foenii ulum vulgare var. dult

e

warm-temperate areas In coolei reareas, grow in a glasshouse in

It

quires soil

moist, well-drained

a rich,

and

sun Propagate by Turmeric has been used

lots ol

division.

in

The dried root provides color and pungent fragrance to chutneys, pickles and curry powders It is used as a substithe East since antiquity.

tute for saffron (Crocus salivas), the

world's most expensive spice and

one very

grown

rarely

in

home

gardens. S

6-11

Foeniculum vulgare

ELETTAMA has large, mid-green leaves and

cardamomum

bears pea-like, bluish purple and \RDA\IO\l

(

white flowers on short upright

An important and pungent oriental spice, cardamom seeds come from a perennial shrub which originated in

southern India.

ml

(about 2.7

It

tall

summer.

It

grows

height and spread of 3

ft

(about 90

spikes in late

cm).

grows to 9 ft and has large,

and

It

requires a

sunny position

a deep, rich, moist but well-

drained

dark green, lance-shaped leaves.

soil.

-i

The flowering stems spread horizontally near the ground and bear

to a

i

HYSSOPUS

small, yellow flowers during spring.

officinalis

These are followed by gray-green, oblong pods which contain dark

brown

reddish

seeds.

Cardamom

H\ SSOP is

and warm regions only

for tropical

where it requires a rich, moist soil and a shaded position. In cooler areas, grow in a glasshouse. The seed pods are gathered before they ripen and are then dried before storage Propagate

damom

used

is

by division. Car-

in curry

officinalis

Florence fennel

EOENICULUM

common

vulgare

SMI is

perennial

whu

grows

(about

on

ma

i

ereci

to

6

from leed

II

d

villdii

l

bi

In

cri

p

01

i

t

/

h

ORH

ometim the

>

l

Inn. lies

ba

mdi ihade

eai h yeai

to

glabra III

i

:,;

evergreen

for the winter.

It

it

in

dies

prefers a

well-drained, alkaline

the

pi |

'i

fish .-ii

H

GLYCYRRH1ZA

mi

down

is

in cool areas

the

i-ii

ummei

but has rich brori

I

summer Hyssop

mild climates;

and

fennel in having a pro-

white bulb, with the texture of eel

bi

I

late

soil

small quantities with fatty meats

from

ill

e

attractive to

and

rhe slightly bitter leaves are used i

-How flowers

tem d

neh blue flowers,

bees and butterflies, are borne in

HI0

wedby arc ir

abotll

(

distin<

an annual and needs

t:

ol

rheflo matii

INO< is

"I featl

•->

clustei

llai

tall

h

a

8 m) with thick, glossy

1

stem-,

and

I

nounced swelling at the base oi leaves where the stems overlap fennel

pointed, dark green leaves. Spikes ol

sun Propagate from seed, cuttings or In division in spring

vulgare var. dulce

F.

Common

2-1 in ,

lull

HORI NCEFENNEl

1

(about 60 cm) and has narrow

light,

fruit

salads

1

This bushy perennial grows to

and regular watering during dry periods. Propagate from seed in mid- to late spring. Both the leaves and seeds ha\ e a pleasant aniseed flavor and are used for flavoring fish and other savory dishes The seeds are also used in breads and biscuits. soil

powders,

baked apples and

pastries,

Hyssopus

d in

is

(

mi uma domestic

a

in

Mentha

Mentha Citraia

piperita

x

cm) high, is grown for its fresh, lemony scented and flavored leaves. Small, white flowers that appear in

summer attract pollinating bees Lemon balm will

late

^ik.6£j ^

into the garden.

thrive in a rich, moist soil in full sun

,

or part shade.

*"

will die

spreads rapidly

It

down

in

It

winter but shoot

again in spring. Propagate from cuttings or by root division.

The

lemon-scented leaves are valued as a calming herbal tea. They will give a light,

lemon

flavor to fruit salads.

and summer dnnks. and can be used as an emergency substitute for lemon in cooking. iced tea

jellies,

Lr\ isticum officinale

JIMPERUS communis JLMPER

An

MENTHA

evergreen, bushy shrub or small

tree,

lumper grows

to 9

MINT

(.about

ft

This

There are a number of orna2 mental forms In varying shapes. ..nd foliage color. It has

is

a large

genus of herbs, some

/

evergreen and some deciduous,

from just about

small, yellow flowers fleshy,

and bears

green berries that take up to

To ensure grow both male

3 years to ripen to black.

berry production

and female

plants. Juniper requires

excellent drainage position. In

and

a

sunny

warm climates

provide

a cool, moist root run. Propagate

may be used they lose

fall.

The

LEYISTICIM

of moisture (poor drainage matters

not

From southern Europe,

LAVANDULA

make an

angustifolia

this robust,

ries

and

excellent addition to stews

stuffings for poultry.

coarse-growing perennial reaches

6

.

-

its

ripen in late is

perfumed, lavender

and aromatic gray-green

This medium-sized, evergreen tree

foliage.

which reaches 21 ft (about 6.5 m" is slow growing and can be kept in a

areas in a light, rather alkaline, well-

number of years.

It

with-

can be grown a tub and brought indoors where

lent topiary subject. in

winters are frosty. In

It

:n a

warm

areas

humus-rich, well-drained,

sunny position. Protect from both dry winds and scorching sun in hot areas. Propagate from cuttings. Watch for scale insects. Bay leaves are best used fresh in cooking to flavor marinades, soups, sauces,

stews and meat dishes. Dried leaves

and looks and It

drained

It

thrives in cool-temperate

soil.

Grow

in

an open,

sunny position

to avoid fungal dis-

ease. Propagate

from cuttings in

or spring. oil is

The

fall

best quality essential

extracted from this plant, but

many other species and varieties of lavender can be grown for their

summer or early

fall. It

and does best in full sun or part shade in a rich, moist soil. Propagate by root division in spring or from seed in late summer. The stems are cooked and eaten and tender young leaves can be added to salads and savory dishes. Levisticum americanum and prefers a fairly cool climate

Ligusticum scoticum are also called

are invasive growers,

keep them from taking over, try growing them in large pots, watering them regularly and then repotting annually.

M. Citrata" EAUDE COLOGNE MINT

Of garden

origin

a variety of

and thought

peppermint,

this

to be

mint

is

too strong and bitter to use in cooking.

It is

grown

fragrance of

its

for the delicious

dark green leases.

perhaps the sweetest and most flower like of any scented-leafed plant. It has purplish stems and

mauve

flowers in early

summer

rampant spreader by underground runners. Like

lovage.

ZONES

and

has

umbels of small, yellow flowers in summer and brown seeds which

BAY

pot for a

tall

deeply lobed. dark green leaves,

valued for

stands clipping and makes an excel-

m)

LAVENDER

shrub, native to southern Europe,

1

1 .8

syn. L. officinalis

This beautiful, small, rounded

nobihs

(about

tastes like a large celery.

4-

LAURUS

ft

at alD

spreading rapidly by runners. To

^-li

ber-

have a resinous flavor and are used to flavor gin. A few berries

the continents.

officinale LOS AGE

•

summer or early

though flavor quickly; they add in cooking,

scent to pot pourri.

from semi-hardwood cuttings in late

Juniperus communis

Lauras nobilis

all

They van.- in size from tiny creeping ground covers to bushy plants around 16 in (about 40 cm) high, and in flavor from refreshing to so strong they must be used with circumspection As a rule they like sunshine and rich soil and need lots

sharply pointed, needle-like leaves,

all

the tribe

it

is

a

5-11

3-11

M. x piperita

fragrant flowers. Dried lavender

flowers are used in pot pourri mix-

bags and moth repellent sachets. The herb can be tures, lavender

used sparingly in cooking, but an acquired taste.

MELISSA officinalis

PEPPERMINT

This spreading perennial, grown for its

LEMON BALM

aromatic foliage and culinary

and spread 60 cm). Spreading by means of underground stems, it

uses,

it is

A

native of southern Europe, this

hardy perennial, 24 in (about 60

grows

to a height

of 24 in (about

e

1

V eg

only

a carpel ol oval, toothed,

forms

in

mid gn en and reddish green leaves

plains

Purple flowers appeal Planl iliis herb in sim

est

spring

in

shade

hi

Its

tea

in flowei thi

in

.

.

lose inter-

s.ud to be rela: ing

is

1

Propagate

moist, well-drained soil In ih\ ision in

the spring growth, once the

si, hi

spring 01

OC1MVM

fall

basilic hoi

spicata

\i SIM

VKVIIM

A

his fast-grow ing perennial, reach-

I

ing 24 in (about

frO

cm),

most

the

is

popular mini used in cooking. It has crinkly, dark given leaves and as

tendency

u has a all

grow n

in a

tainer

It

tially

down

to put

over the garden

roots

separate bed or con-

thrives in a sunn)- or par-

shaded position

cooks, basil

iih

one

is

Mediterranean cooking It is a tengrow ing to 2 in (about 30 cm) with light green, oval

der, annual plant

I

warm,

leaves that have a delicious,

in a moist,

but

are tarried in whorls towards the ends of the stems in late summer. Full sun and a moderately rich,

well-drained soil Plants should be

moist, but well-drained soil are

cut back regularly to encourage

requirements

fresh growth. Propagate

protected position There are a

division. This

by root

number

the mint used in

is

mint sauce and to flavor new potatoes, green peas and ice-creams. Fresh sprigs are used as a garnish in fruit

ol

spicy fragrance. Small white flowers

often best

is

w

favorite

the most widely used herbs in

its

warm,

in a

of varieties of basil includ-

ing a compact small-leaf type, crinkled, lettuce

a

and the

variety

leal

beautiful 'Dark Opal' with rich pur-

and

ple stems

drinks or desserts

Grow

leaves.

There are

perennial varieties also, but their

MONARDA didyma BERGAMOT

BEE

BALM

Native to North America, this herb was used by the American Indians and early colonists as a tea. With us spiden" flowers

snails.

white, pink or

in

red borne in late

flavor is inferior Regularly pinch back all basil plants to encourage bushy growth and to prevent them going to seed quickly. Propagate from seed sown when there is no frost. Watch for chewing insects or

summer, bergamot

one of the showiest ol the culinary herbs. The showiest variety is 'Cambridge Scarlet' It is a hardy perennial growing to 3 ft (about 90 cm) tall with dark green, slightly toothed leaves that when crushed or brushed against emit an exotic, is

ORIGANUM Native to the Mediterranean region

and parts

shade and a

It

rich,

Europe and

regularly

and propagate from seed

spring or by root division

prefers part

moist

soil

with a

0. hortensis

cool root run in hot climates. Cut

syn.

plants back periodically to keep

SWEEl MARJORAM

compact. Propagate by division

The young

spring.

used

in salads,

may

leaves

but mainly

as a soothing tea

Add

China or Indian Grey flavor. to

India, these

grown as annuals in cooler climates. They like sun and rich, well-drained soil. Trim in

citrus-like scent.

of

perennials are often

a

used

is

it

in

be

few leaves

tea for

A

Majorana hortensis

highly aromatic plant up to 24 in

(about 60 cm) high, marjoram

grown

tor its

gray-green leaves

an Earl

is

sweet and spicy, small. I

he flowers con-

white, knot-like clusters

sist ol tiny,

from which the plant gets another knotted marjoram.

4-11

common name,

savory foods and are said

talcum (

\ISIP

ALLZOl

eof Europi n

ivi

i

atnip

is

branching, upright

ing

up

to

'•

It

gi

i)

pan \><

.i

.i

hadi

green

A

lose relative ol

<

fall

ii

un

lighi

O. vulgare

OREGANO WILD MARJORAM

'about

i

l'm\ ide

hardy

a

nh

h has aromatii

,i

foi

to aid

digestion VTMINl

(

used fresh or dried

ire

NEPEJA

i

I

i

.

marjoram,

I'll

01

oi r foi

i

n

ii

ii

oval

to

the plant fron

:

man) '

oi fron

ted to this plani and will n hi

p

1.

1

in n

md

lie in

lig

it

I ]

tables

\

Herbs

3

52

Vegetables & Herbs

Jk

PETROSEUNUM 1

1

is

one of the most decorative

also

herbs with us very pretty, gray-

ispum

green, lacy leaves.

P^RMEY

It is

a

hardy per-

ennial growing 24 in labout

Cultivated for thousands of years

us flavor and health-giving

for

green flowers in summer.

one of the most popular herbs grown. It is a biennial plant which grows to 12 in (about 30 cm) high. The most commonly used are the curly-leaved form and the stronger, flat-leaved Italian variety. Parsley does best in full sun or light shads in warm properties, parsley

climates.

is still

likes a moist, well-

It

drained position and regular feeding.

For best

60 cm)

high with clusters of small, yellow-

flavor, harvest the

Grow

in a

slightly alkaline, well-drained soil in

sun. Protect from strong winds and severe frost in cold cliir Trim after flowering. Propagate by division in spring or from stem cuttings in late summer The leaves and flowers are used in small posies. Rue has been used in the past for medicinal purposes, but can be dangerous if taken in large doses and during pregnancy full

leaves before the plant flower?

i-ll

Propagate from seed. To speed up germination soak the seeds in warm water overnight before planting.

SALVIA This mainly northern hemisphere

genus includes an enormous number of species. Almost all are

POLYGONUM

many

aromatic and

odoratum

are

grown

for their brightly colored \

ILTN AME^C MINT

A native

kitchen species. 5.

leaves with a distinct hot, spicy

Pink flowers

& Perennials"). The

following are the most important

of Indochina, this fast-

growing perennial. 24 in (about 60 cm) high, has long, dark green taste.

"Annuals

(see

in slender spikes

clegans

syn.

rutilans

S.

PINEAPPLE SAGE

appear in late summer and fall. Vietnamese mint prefers partial

This shrub reaches 3

shade, a rich soil and plenty of

cm and

moisture. frosts

It

can die back

in

winter

but will reshoot in spring.

Propagate from cuttings or by divi-

The

sion.

nish in

leaves are used as a gar-

many Vietnamese

dishes

ft (about 90 grown for its light green foliage, which has a distinct pineapple scent and flavor. Its whorls of red flowers are borne in late summer and fall. It likes full sun and a

is

moist, well-drained

including salads and soups. -

just

Qowers

soil.

Propagate

from cuttings. Leaves are used in

^-li

fruit salads,

summer drinks and

tea.

ROSMARINUS S. officinalis

officinalis SAGE

ROSEMARY

Sage

A beautiful,

aromatic shrub, rose-

man' has been

cultivated for cen-

turies for flavoring food

medicine.

90

It

will

grow

and

to 3

It

for

leaves

about

and small flowers in shades of mauve-blue, off and on all year. Rosemary can be grown needle-like leaves

warm

climates, but

should be taken in for winter where temperatures fall much below freezing. In the

garden

it

will flourish in

a light, well-drained soil in a shel-

tered position with plenty of sun. will

withstand salt-laden

air

a decorative perennial plant

24

to

in (.about

60 cm)

high, with down\-. gray-green, oval

citO high, has resinous, narrow.

outdoors in

is

which grows

and mauve-blue flowers on summer. There

spikes during

tall

are several forms of sage, those with

plum-red

and golden variegated leaves. All are attractive and edible Grow in an open, sunny, well-drained position In hot areas plants are best in light

shade.

Tnm frequently, but never wood,

into hard It

Propa-

by layering. Rosemary leaves can be used fresh or dried to flavor meat dishes, chicken, fish and vegetables. Dried

gate from cuttings or

leaves, greenish-purple

variegated leaves, tricolored leaves

to

keep shapely

Propagate from cuttings. Sage

is

highly valued for us medicinal quali-

and has been used

ties

for

cunng all manner

and

is

for centuries

of ailments

reputed to give longevity

branches can be used in wreath-

making and -

leaves in pot pourri.

B-n

SATVREJA Native to the Mediterranean, savory

RITA

was much loved by the Ancient Greeks and Romans for the refresh-

graveolens

ing flavor RLE

One

savory of the bitter herbs used for

warding

off insects

and

disease, rue

is

Among many of its

added

uses

to dishes featuring

mildly flavored meats like chicken

and pork.

S

/li >/

si

\i\iik

possible

fill sis

It

trimmed 1

bush) annual grows

his

(about 40

!(>

in ,

dark green leaves and pale lavender [lowers

summei

in late

i

Irow

in a

humus-ru h, well drained soil in sun and provide plenty ol water Propagate from seed

where a

is

il

to

spring

in

grow The

for

t

oi layer

stems Historical!) thyme hasbeen associated with courage, strength,

happiness and well being

lull

T.

x citriodorus

UNION

SI

Nil

I

tllVMI

I)

leaves have

This delightful, rounded shrub

su eel spicy flavor with a hint

ol

,

divine and are traditionally used as a

protec-

Keep well compac growth

Propagate by division

m) high and has narrow

1

may need wintei

tion in very cold areas

sworn

flavoring for bean dishes.

Use also

grow

in

.1

1

:

about JO uii) high

(

and has tiny, oval, lemon-scented leaves and pale lilac flowers caves I

to flavor vinegar, salad dressings

are used fresh or dry in poultry

and butler

add lemon flavor to meat and vegetables.

stuffings or to 6

I

I

fish,

montana

S.

WIN

A

II

4-11

RSVVORV

T. vulgaris

low, spreading perennial

grows ter

which

(about 30 cm), win-

to 12 in

savory has dark green, pointed

and tiny while flowers with pink markings in summer. Winter leaves

savory prefers a alkaline soil

light,

and

summer savor)

less

-

It

.

well-drained,

moisture than

may need

winter

protection in cold climates.

It benfrom regular cutting back to stimulate fresh growth and prevent

efits

COMMON This

rtlVMF

the most popular culinary

is

thyme, producing the strongest aromatic leaves.

It

grows

to

1

2 in

(about 30 cm) high. The tiny, mid-

green leaves arc used butters

and

in vinegars,

to flavor a variety ol

meat or vegetable dishes. Thyme

tea

used to aid digestion, sore throats and coughs. ZONES 4-1 is

1

by division or from cuttings. It makes a good edging or border plant. The leaves, sharper and more peppery than legginess. Propagate

summer savory,

are used to flavor

meat casseroles and

ZINGIBER officinale GINGER

roasts.

Originating in southern Asia, this tender, perennial plant

SYMPHYTUM officinale

in hot areas,

C0MFRE1

leaves

reach

up

to

6

ft

(about

grown

is

spicy, tuberous roots.

its

1

for

can

It

m) high

.8

has long, lance-shaped

and bears spikes of white sum-

flowers with purple streaks in

This robust, clump-forming perennial

grows

to 3

(about 90 cm)

ft

mer. Ginger prefers the warmth of tropical regions but can

with large, lance-shaped leaves and

mauve, pendent flowers in late spring and summer. Grow in part shade and a humus-

fully

grown outdoors

clusters of pretty,

rich, well-drained soil.

down

It

may

die

to the roots in cold areas.

Propagate by root division. excellent

companion plant

garden, where

rounding

it

It is

in the

and moist

Wilted leaves are used as a mulch

and when added to the compost heap will help activate decomposition. In the Middle Ages, comfrey's chief claim to fame was its ability to aid in knitting hat lured and broken bones It is mildly poisonous if eaten in sufficient quantities '

-n

7//VM1/S

uld be without ,n

lea

it

if

i

an man)

ipecii

thymi

and

rher

:

imali iil

appear

at the

well drain

'I

end of thi oil

and

full

es thai

tern

sun

dut

if

light

be success-

warm,

A hu-

temperate areas.

mus-rich, well-drained

shade are

its

soil

and

requirements.

Propagate from small pieces of root cuttings.

an

keeps the sur-

soil rich

frost-free,

in

and

The fresh root is peeled chopped or grated and

finely

used to flavor

many Asian

dishes,

and chutneys Dried and powdered ginger is used in sweet dishes and cakes It is often recomcurries

mended for colds

as a therapeutic infusion

and

travel sickness.

'

**

p

w

*

CHAPTER

•

8

c^V,

Fruit Trees,

Nut Trees

& Other Fruits IT-

^ 1

'

"PJW^

«%

^

Fruit

3 5 6

Scholars

T

e e s

r

N

,

it

t

I

e t

i

&

s

have been arguingjor

(

/i

e r

F

r u

i

i

s

ing'' varieties,

centuries over the identity oj the

most famous

fruit tree oj all, the

They can be classed

into

groups: the tropical

fruits,

two broad

members

of

one that caused so much trouble for

several plant families, mainly evergreen,

Adam and

and often rather

stately growers;

temperate

deciduous and almost

Eve. Tradition says

it

was an apple: some learned people say no,

it

was an

apricot;

others point out that

it

all

still

was called

rarelx met with now.

Let us leave

them

to

it

and content

about

when he

a tree

pleasure

frivolities.

is

you planted yourself the all the greater. The delight

won't be just

at

trees tend to be

harvest time either:

comely

in habit

often beautiful in flower. large, so they take

Malus domestica 'Red

up

fruit

and

And few

little

space.

pining after mangoes if

you

if

is

you

are

need. Then, there

is

no point

in

not popular with orchardists; but

grow-

The named varieties are almost always and you may be offered the same one on several different grafted,

understocks. Usually this choice

more or

of a

less

soils. If in

for advice,

mind

arily better

—you may

improved by gardeners for centuries, and come in a bewildering number of

two smaller

Some

(citrus too)

because by

doubt ask your supplier bearing in

varieties.

is

vigorous stock

than another in different

types of fruit have been bred and

ing just any sort of variety. Just about

why

grow an ordinary pear that you can buy at the greengrocer's when you could have the incomparable 'Buerre Bosc?

you can tailor the final size of the tree, but sometimes one stock will be better

can't

provide them with the cold winters they

Garden of Eden as its with no mention ol lawns,

There are few things so delightful as picking your own fruit, and if it comes

from

in

suffer frost or cherries

described the chief

flowers or other

cousins of the rose. The citrus are a

kind of link between the two, evergreen

no joy

knew what he was

attraction of the fruit trees,

and the

take your climate into account. There

ourselves with the thought that the

author of Genesis

fruits,

and with members that like hot climates and others that don't mind it coolish. Which to choose ? Your own favorite, that goes without saying, but you need to

the Tree oj Knowledge, a species

come

in "dessert" and "cookand so do mangoes, cherries and bananas.) It sometimes happens that the very choicest varieties are rather weak growers and therefore

instance,

Choosing a Fruit Tree

all

of the tropical types

can be easily grown from

one. That dessert

that bigger isn't necess-

prefer to have

trees instead of

one large

way you might have both

and

a

a

cooking apple, or have an

early-ripening variety and one that

seed, but seedling trees almost always

ripens later to spread your crop. (You

turn out inferior. Insist on a top-quality

can even buy ultra-dwarf strains of such

named

fruit as

apples and peaches, which are

great

your gardening

cultivar,

and check

that

it is

suited to your purpose. (Apples, for

if

is

confined to

Delicious', an excellent dessert apple.

i

'*A

/

ii

i

i

(

lii,'.

\ u

i

/mis

v

th

-

e

i

I

i

ii

\

1

1

containers on an apartment balcony,

unfortunately then crop

proportion-

is

ately tiny to

With some

ol the

temperate

fruits,

notably apples, pears and sweet cherries,

you need two

any case, as they

trees in

are not "self-fertile"

—

the flowers must

receive the pollen of a different variety

no

or there will be

fruit.

Not

that

pollinating insects respect fences; the

spouse tree could be

in the

a

branch of a compatible variety on

graft a to

garden of

Or you might

co-operative neighbor

mam

your

being careful not to

tree,

accidentally prune

off later.

it

Then, betore you make your

final

choice, check with your local horticultural expert

about whether your

favorites are subject to pests or diseases

that

you

are required

against. Alas, the

by law

number

to spray

of enemies of

legion undeed. in different

fruit is

countries there are different enemies).

and neglected backyard

fruit trees

can

be a potent source of infestation not only to the neighbors' trees but to

—

commercial orchards which is why the law takes an interest. The hoticulturist can give you all the details, but take heart

—

that,

and there

burdensome

the job isn't as will

be some

you can grow that doesn't from problems.

as

all

fruit that

suffer

unduly

"Valencia'

Growing Fruit Almost

trees

all fruit

and

fertile soil,

Trees need sun and

are best

if

Careful and regular pruning will control

and increase its you only have to come

the size of the tree

across

some ancient apple

touched by the shears groaning with fruit, to

tree,

the best

known

variety of Citrus sinensis, the sweet

grown and mangoes and

eating fresh or tor

have very marked likes and dislikes

Choose

a tree grafted

rootstock or All the

it

will

on

I

be too vigorous.

above applies

control, but

to nut trees too:

after all they are just fruit trees

eat a different part of the fruit

where we

—

perhaps because an occasional luxury, but they are well worth growing and the crop keeps without having to be to regard nuts as

for years yet

subject to pests

realize that

generally.

and need

others being the kiwifruit or Chil

i

is flat

against a

all fruit

md

The idea was originally that the warmth reflected from the masonry wall

encourages the a lot of

fruit to

ripen earlier

the passionfruit,

times called the granadilla and It

is

favorite in

warm

work, as you nit

will need to prune worth doing if you

handsome

yourclimai

for

tally

like

They can on space cool climates) and

fruit trees

you

ii

(although most

are short

fruit tends to be soft and easily damaged on the way to market. Grow your own. and you can have the very best. This is

one s favorite them, lor this be tucked

When

is

table

the plant

a

creeping perennial to

any con-

is

a fruit not a fruit?

The tomato

is

When

a fruit,

it

but

an annual to be grown in

the vegetable patch rather than the

.

and

is

in at the front of

venient bed or even in contain!

all

plants However, selection

orchard; and the

mam

fruit a

savory one

for

course dishes rather than dessert

ime

iportant as lerline ol hardii

there are the bush fruits, fruit

they are well worth growing, as their

some-

a great

climates All are ind pergolas,

are

Then

— and everyone can grow

the tree espalier, that

Not

optional.

need

particularly true of strawberries, every-

less care

grows on trees There are for instance those that grow on vines, ol which the grape is the supreme example,

is

fruit

them under

no more than any other

be the answer

aren't so popular,

we tend

raisins, they

vigorous climber does.

shrubs rather than

the

seeds rather than the fleshy covering.

They

about climate. All the vine regular pruning to keep

a "dwarfing

Most warm climate fruits need little pruning in any c a specialised form of pruning is raining pruning

making

instance, are almost always

preserved. As a group, they are less

un-

orange

against walls in Britain,

loquats are trained similarly elsewhere

they don't

undue drought while the fruit is ripening. They benefit too from some fertilizer in spring, but there is no need to grow them in mulched beds like vegetables: they can be grown in association with flowers and shrubs, in any way that suits your garden design. suffer

fruitfulness. but

is

is

true of zucchini, bell pep-

with grapes not onl) are I)

designed

lot

wine, for

calls

them

vegetables, ami so shall we.

is

358

& Other Fruits

bruit Trees, Nut Trees

the pecan tree's large size it

may make

impractical for the average gar-

den. The nuts have a smooth,

brown

shell

and

a large kernel.

Moderately hardy to frost, these trees prefer dry summers and because of their large taproot need deep, well-drained will

early

fall

if

soil.

there

is

The

fruit

insufficient

water or nutrition. Prune the young it to grow to upnght stem. Selected

encourage

tree to single,

cultivars have fruit that

larger

and with thinner

are easier to crack.

is

a

much

shells that

Once they

are collected, nuts should be al-

Annona squamosa and have

lowed

a custard-like texture.

It

requires moisture-holding organic soils for best culture. Easily

CASTANEA

CARICA

SPANISH CHESTNUT. SWEET CHESTNUT

papaya

This deciduous Mediterranean na-

PAWPAW

tive is

an evergreen, frost-tender tree, native to South and Central America, which grows to 24 ft (about 7 m) high and is topped with a cluster of large, deep-lobed leaves that drop away as the soft stem grows up. Plant in a position where it will receive lots of warmth and This

sati\c

organic

^rftj^

soil.

The

large fruit,

which

weigh up

*^ vfa

will

to 4'A lb (about 2 kg), reduce in size after 4 years of

jSp^wj«5J

mildew,

der)'

fruit rot (especially

if

warm-temperate climate and exposed position) and the tree

fruit

is

in a

bugs.

ZONES Ceratonia siliqua

A native

when

from the same family as the walnut,

deciduous

tree

growing

a semi-

to

1

5

ZONES

Carya

il/inoinensis

ft

grafting.

10-11

ASM1NA triloba

FRUIT TREES AND NUT TREES

CUSTARD APPLE. PAPAW

Native from

New York to Florida,

west to Nebraska,

ANNONA squamosa CUSTARD APPLE. SUGAR APPLE

There are many varieties of the custard apple, a popular fruit that originated in the tropical regions of

stemmed

this multi-

small tree with a dense,

rounded head will grow to 30 ft (about 9 m). Deep purple flowers are borne in the spring, followed by 2-5 in (about 5-12 cm) long edible berries, brownish black at maturity. The fruit taste similar to a banana

mid-spring. In spring, glossy

summers and

late

in early to

summer to

early

brown chestnuts

warm

a rich, well-drained,

acid soil, otherwise

it

can be prone

mainly from prone to chestnut blight and has a tendency to sucker. The tree is very long lived and some English specimens were reputedly planted by the Romans. to root rot. Propagate

seed in

fall. It is

ZONES 6-10

CAROB of the United States, and

tree itself is frost ten-

by

Creamy golden, mal-

odorous flowers bloom

siliqua

may be damaged by low temperaand the

underside.

illinoinensis

(about 4.5 m). Plant in a warm,

der. Propagate

which turn brown in fall, are egg shaped and heavily serrated, 5-8 m (about 12-20 cm) long, with a hairy

PECAN

sheltered position as the fruit yield

tures

foli-

age and an open crown. The leaves,

CERATONIA

CARYA

and the Americas. Its flowers are pale green and pleasantly scented. The large fruit has a custard-like texture and is delicious is

(about 15 m), with dark green

10-11

Africa, Asia

eaten fresh. This

It

timber, shade

pods. This species enjoys

on the branch. Propagate from seed and plant the seedlings in summer, watering regularly. Watch for powripen as long as possible

it

roasted.

its

which is delicious grows slowly to 50 ft fruit

develop inside spiny, spherical

harvesting. Before picking the fruit let

valued for

and edible

is

shelter in a well-drained, moist,

LT^

ZONES 5-8

propa-

gated by seed. ZONES 4-9

PAPAYA.

Castanea

dry out for several weeks

to

before they are stored.

Carica papaya

Native to the eastern Mediterranean, this evergreen tree or

shrub can

& Othei

Fruit Trees, Nut Trees

grow to40 ft (about 12 m) but can be pruned to a more suitable garden size li has glossy, given leaves and

brown, bean-like pods 10

long,

(about 2

cm) long H

5

prefers

in

tolerate light

shade

requires hot

summers

perform

well Fertilizing sary

and the

of

its

tree

remarkably

is

re-

tolerance to heat and drought

does well as a low-maintenance, durable hedge. The carob pods are ready to be picked in fall when they it

brown When eaten

are dark

fresh

they are sweet and chewy. Roasting and powdering them for use as a chocolate substitute can be arduous but rewarding, and the branches can be used as emergency fodder for stock in times of

drought.

Do

house

many people

as

find the

odor

seed.

Native to Pakistan and India, this

shrub is an attractive evergreen that grows to 12 ft (about 3 5 m) high and 9 ft (about 2.7 m) wide. The most common cultivar is tree or

Eureka', a

smooth-stemmed

with a year-round display of

and flowers climates;

it

it is

grown

and because of

its

flavor,

and

is

and

fertilize

is less

by budding. The prone to disease than

it is

warm, humid

white flowers in spnng

drained

make them

a

A nurogen-nch, welland

soil

sunny position Water and They are prone to a

are their requirements. fertilize well.

by a number of pests. Although citrus are more reliable when grown from seed than most attack

they are almost always

fruit trees,

budded

to ensure the perpetuation

of the desired variety. Understocks

vary with type; the most Poncirus

trifoliata,

greater resistance

common is

which gives to cold and to

certain viruses.

C. aurantifolia LIME

Known

as the

lime, this

is

West Indian or key

a small, slender, thorny-

evergreen which reaches 9

m) high and wide

2.7

ft

(about

Native to

Malaysia this tree can only be grown

and subtropical areas

in tropical it

is

frost tender. In

grow

as

cooler areas

in a glasshouse.

perfect tub tree

It

makes

when put

a

in a shel-

sunny spot and will produce The fruit is best in cool dnnks and is acidic and strongly flavored Propagate by grafting or tered,

lots of fruit

buddn '-li

aurantium

( fill

IIRUKWM

SI \

II

I

I

I.R\N(,I

These small trees originated (

in

lima and arc grown as ornamental

shrubs nr

mar-

.1 i

malad

I

smaller

regularly with ni-

climate with mild winters. The

winter

is

rather hardier than

rope in the time of the Romans.

tree.

ability to ripen in

other lemons. Plant in well-drained

thought citrus fruit trees were introduced to the Middle East and Eu-

valued

in frost-free

cool summers. 'Meyer'

other citrus trees.

fruit in

fruit

an excellent choice

ZONES 9-11

and

have

a

he heav) fn I

urns aurantifolia

purplish

by budding

Native to the West Indies where

was

it

called forbidden fruit, grape-

fruit is relatively large for a citrus

tree at fruit is

ft (about 4.5 m) high The prominently displayed on

15

produces very little juice, an excellent choice for use as marmalade or as candied peel. The tree is about as hardy as a sour orange. Grow in a nitrogen-

the tree's outer section, hanging in

rich, well-drained soil in a position

in full sun.

months to budding

ZONE

ZONE

Because C.

it

medica

is

tree

because of its culinary versatility

lemon

attractive

foliage has a purplish

tinge as well. Propagate

trogen. Propagate

best in a

a lemon, but has

tinge; the flowers

soil

They do

grapehuii fruit is like

The young C. Union

zones g-n

Native to Southeast Asia,

C. paradisi

a rougher, highly fragrant skin.

-'-li

of the flowers objectionable

CITRUS

medial

The

than most lemons with a less acidic

not plant the tree too close to the

.

border grower Propagate Irom

usually not neces-

is

(

excellent in containers or as a

li

summer drought. Because

sistant to

is

lull

sun but can

to

green leaves and small growth habit

Fruits

10-11

golden yellow clusters that should be

left

until fully ripe before

picked.

If it is

mate the

9-11

fruit

being

grown in a cool takes up to 18

ripen. Propagate

by

cli-

360 (

.

Fruit T

i

e e

s

\

ii

i

reticulata

MWIURIN This

is

I

it

the largest citrus group

and

ance among its varieties: the hardiest can take an occasional light

grows to 9 ft (aboul high and is a good fruit tree for the suburban garden. The fruit is similar to oranges, but smaller and looser skinned. It is slow growing with heavily perfumed flowers Prune to remove dead wood. PropaIt

.

(

'

h <

(

f

/

i

u

i

i

s

greater resistance to certain virus

budding.

Valencia'

is

of sweet orange,

known variety and is much grown

This small, slow-growing tree grow best

away from hot summer

watering

when

is

all

sheltered from

s

its

seedless

fruit,

the tree

is

fruiting

fertilizer

Apply

from early spring

It is

commercially in subtropical climates It can be grown in cooler

An evergreen

climates

il

(about 2.7

trijoliata

rootstock,

a

10-11

C. x tangelo

TANGELO

12

ft

from

tree

(about 3.5

m) wide,

a cross

grapefruit.

growing up

to

m) high and 9 it

is

ft

derived

between mandarin and

Tangelo

is

it is

eaten as a dessert

and much used in the making of sweets and chocolates. S

-t-9

CYDONIA oblonga

10-11

Native to the Middle East, this

CORYLUS avellana

renowned

for

A

tree

up

to

1

2

ft

(about 3.5

grow

m) high and

wide range of climates, but prefers mild summers. The tree should be placed in full light where it is sheltered from strong winds. It produces the best crop of nuts, which grow in clusters and ripen in fall, in fertile, welldrained soil. Propagate by layering or from cuttings. The hazelnut has long been steeped in mystic lore: parts of the plant were supposedly It

will

a

(about 2.7

m) wide.

green

Its soft

leaves turn an attractive golden

small deciduous tree that grows

wide.

is

growing 9-1 2 ft (about 2.7-3.5 m) high and 9 ft

deciduous

yellow before falling and

which

mutation of the sweet orange.

days

QLJNCE

HAZELNUT, FILBERT

superior in mildness to Valencia'.

rituals in ancient times. In

modem

essential, especially

it.

has a distinctive, button-like

used for

citrus trees, regular

mid-summer. Propagate by

ZONES

coastal

The sweet orange traveled the trade routes as far back as the mid-fifteenth century and was introduced to the Western world by Arab traders A large evergreen, it is grown

which helps it and also gives

yet

budding.

Washington Navel'

many consider

tolerate cold winters

As with

frost.

nitrogen

and sweetness

grafted Poncirus

its tart

NAVEL ORANGI

It

is

with

warm spot

soil in a

until

C. sinensis

fruit

sweel flavor. Plant in well-drained

commercially.

growth on

SWLErORANGL

juicing properties and as a su-

perb dessert

the best

areas as this climate does not suit

C. sinensis

it

its

by budding. Humidity encourages fungal diseases. Orange blossom is traditionally worn by brides in their hair. diseases. Propagate

W.IRIM.

de range of climate toler-

frost.

Trees &

in a

making

it

is

not

fussy about

soil,

ornamental

for potting or for bor-

it

an ideal

ders. Its highly aromatic fruit

can be

on the tree for a few weeks after it npens without harm Pick with care as it bruises easily. Prune minor branches or shoots which have produced fruit. Propagate from left

cuttings Quinces cannot be eaten

raw and are best cooked for jellies or sauces. Quinces are thought to be the "golden apples" that feature in

Greek mythology ZONES

5-11

CYPHOMANDRA bctacea TAMARILLO. TREE TOMATO is an evergreen shrub or small, shrubby tree from South America

This

with large, green leaves and, de-

pending on the yellow-orange

variety,

fruit.

dark red or

Train

it

against a wire fence or stake

protect from the wind, as

up to

it

it is

very

inclined to top heaviness. This

is

a

shallow-rooted plant which prefers

Cydonia oblonga

Citrus x tangelo

Citrus sinensis

1

temperate

a siilniopk.il 01

<

limat<

oi

and moisi but not wet soil li grows to 9 It (about 2 7 m) in height. Prune lightl) aftei fruiting and take cuttings

at

5

cm) high

(about 90

It

the) arc short lived

I

to

;

i

d to

while hulling

cially

make

a ta

well watered, espeI

he

fruil is

mk\ pale green, with a similar to pineapple, and should not

large

be stored for too long before eonin pairs ol different

years or so as

varieties to ensure pollination

he

'Unique

fruit will

mature throughout the year and can be used for jam or on icc-e ream o

Keep

sumption Plant

i

5

prum

.in b(

taste

encourage mote shoots Propagate from uttings and plan to re to

place the trees aftei

i

dgi

In

a

is

good

eultivar for the

domestic garden, being ;

self-fertile.

8-1

i

FICVS

DIOSPYROS

carica

kill;

eig

i

JAPANESE PERSIMMON

Originally from the Mediterranean

This attractive, deciduous tree

common

in

and

is

grows to 5 ft (about 4.5 m) high and wide. The leaves are dark green and glossy, changing color in fall to a handsome russet and gold. The tree can be kept in a large container and even if pruned will continue to fruit happily. The fruit is golden orange and is either astringent (in which case it should be eaten when quite ripe), or non-astnngent (eat while still firm and crunchy or dry for future use, as is done in Japan). Plant in well-drained soil; no pruning is needed beyond the removal of dead or awkwardly placed branches. Take care not to plant this 1

tree

near sidewalks as the

when

be messy

ZONES

it

can

fruit

drops.

8-11

ERIOBOTRYA japonica LOQl'AT

In

its

natural state this tree will

to

20

ft

(about 6

m) high

grow

but in

domesticity can be kept quite small

by regular post-harvest pruning. Large, dark green leaves have a silver-gray underside and the scented, creamy colored flowers form in multiple clusters. It prefers a

temperate to subtropical climate;

will survive cold spells

there

may be some

fruit are

it

although

fruit

damage.

Its

pear shaped, small and

sweet. Prune the

more

fragile

shoots

after the first fruiting, this will

im-

prove future harvests and make the

more compact Birds can be a problem Remove the bitter seeds and stew lor jam or eat the Iruit rawin salads. The tree can be propagated easily from seed, bin grafted tree

named

varieties give superior fruil

FEIJOA scf/on II l|()\

1(111(1

IMNI M'I'll

to Bra

(,l

W

\

and Argentina

i!

attractive r li

in.

ii

i

i

breal

m).

deciduous tree varies from 9-27 ft (about 2.7-8

Asia, this

in height

Japan and China and

It

soils

flourishes in deep, lime-rich

and

a mild, dry climate and should bear fruit twice a

ideally year.

A distinguishing feature

plant

is

the

way

the flower

and held within the

is

of this

formed

fruit itself.

May

be trained as a wall plant. The yield is

greater

when

limited or

it

is

its

root range

is

containerized. Propa-

gate from cuttings. Figs have few

natural enemies although wasps

and

birds might find the near-ripe fruit

very tempting. There are severa

named

varieties,

varying in their

tolerance of cold and whether their fruit are best

eaten fresh or dried.

Little

pruning

ZONES

8-11

is

needed.

& O

Fruit Trees. Nut Trees

3 62

t

h e

i

Fruits

Juglans regia

FORTVNELLA japonica KUMQUAT This small, evergreen, ornamental

shrub made the journey from the

Onent

to the

century.

and

its

It is

West

in the nineteenth

excellent in a large tub

glossy, green foliage

and

small, golden fruit can also be a

highlight in a flower border. There is

a pretty variety with variegated

leaves also.

It

will survive fairly

open spaces on patios and courtyards. Propagate from seed. Kumquats are used in marmalades and liqueurs.

ZONES

9-11

JUGLANS regia

WALNUT

A

forest tree, this species

30-80 65

ft

ft

(about 9-24

(about 20

m)

grows

m) high and

wide.

It

can take

several years before the tree starts to

bear any nuts so patience quired.

is re-

A silver-gray trunk ends in a

canopy of arching branches, making this a good source of shade in a spacious garden. Prune early to form a central branch and a wellspaced system of boughs.

It is

Ensure that the

soil is

full light,

deep,

loamy and well drained. Water well to increase nut production and pick the nuts from the ground after they have fallen. Large birds can be a problem. ZONES 7-10

areas

toler-

and

fall

in

warmer

ones. Prun-

branches to allow plenty of air and light around the fruit, though the fruiting apples are subjected to

various detailed systems. established,

it is

Once

rarely necessary to

do more than shorten un summer) the current season's over-long

their

A member of the

is

ing consists basically of thinning out

shoots.

MALL'S

although shade

ated. Plant in early spring in colder

cold

and wind hardy, although young trees may be damaged bv harsh frost.

Malus Bramleys Seedling'

Apple

own

trees are not fertile to

pollen, so

it is

necessary

grow two or more varieties to have a crop. The size of the tree depends on the understock. to

rose family, this

genus contains the crabapple and the garden apple <\l. domestica); there are many species and varieties of both. The genus is extremely

M. Bramleys Seedling" This well-known cooking apple

hardy, tolerating subtropical to

bears

subarctic conditions, though they

ally flushed red,

do

.ind

best in temperate climates with

cold winters. Well-drained soil essential for growth.

is

They prefer

deep, humus-rich, sandy loams in

its

large green fruit, occasion-

between October which appear in early spring, can be damaged by frost. March.

ZONES 3-8

Its

flowers,

Fortunella japonica

/

M.

'Dis< o\ erj

This tasty dessert apple appears late

summer

tree thai

It

grows

(about 1.8-3.5

in

small, dec iduous

Is

.1

to

.i

height ol

6-12

fi

m)

M. x Dolgo' DOLGO CRABAPPLE

Introduced in 1917 by the South Dakota Agricultural Experimental Station, this extremely hardy crabapple produces a spreading head around 20 ft (about 6 ml high and 25 ft (about 7.5 m) across. The pure white flowers are succeeded by glossy, red. teardrop-shaped fruit 1 V2 in (about 3 cm) in diameter The crabapples are used extensively for making jellies and wine. ZONES 2-6

M. domestica Delicious' Golden Delicious' with juicy golden

is

a prolific tree

fruit,

while Red

an excellent dessert apple. Neither keeps very well after Delicious'

is

being picked. ZONES 3-8

Slalus Discovery

M. domestica 'Granny Smith'

the

lucky seedling in the garden of a

woman called Granny Smith. The

self-fertile,

has a mate. ZONES 3-9

M. domestica Jonathan'

zones 3-10

This American-raised cultivar

M. domestica 'Gravenstein'

native to

garden. Partly

the best choice

if it

pale green fruit is excellent for cooking or for eating fresh.

A medium to

home

where only one apple tree is grown, though lruit production will be more abundant it is

This Australian-bred apple was a

large aromatic apple

Germany which

red and yellow. This

is

is

striped

a large tree

which should be placed with care

Mo/in domeslU a [onaihan

is

very

popular in that country and elsewhere for its sweet bland flavor and

in

bnght red color. It is sometimes rather weak-growing tree.

a

ZONES 3-9

\lnln*. d

i

ii

i

I

s

3

64

Fruit Trees. S

u

t

Trees & O

t

h e

i

F

r

u

i

I

has dropped. Plant

after the foliage

sun

in full

in

well-drained

fed to silkworms. either species

soil

fall

Do

not plant

where the

on paving,

as

it

fruit

will stain

can it.

M. "James Grieve' This tasty eating apple

available in

is

summer. Yellow and red. it is prone to disease and easily bruised. Its blossom appears in spring.

late

ZONE-

(about 4.5 m).

crop of red

It

yields

1

5

It

an abundant

The spring

fruit in fall

flowers are white.

V8

warm

place indoors.

ZONES

10—11

tal,

the

is

native to

its

ornamen-

heart-shaped leaves and black

\lusa paradisiaca fruit.

This tree

commands

a lot of

in

Its

grow

to

1

5

ft

oval leaves are

it has been pruned and shaped from early growth. It loves a temperate climate and the fruit will

ripen in early

summer, becoming

mid-green, and in spring it is covered with single white flowers

easy prey for passing birds. Propa-

around 1 in (about 2.5 cm") wide The bright yellow fruit which follow remain on the tree well into fall.

berry

(\l.

warm

winter climates, however

gate from seedlings.

is

M. paradisiaca Cavendish'

fruit reliably Plant in sun or partial shade in a position protected from wind and in humus-rich, well-

alba)

is

The white mul-

more

not quite as good.

Its

suitable for fruit

leaves are

soil.

10-11

tubs or trained espalier as

long as

labout 4.5 m).

soil

away from

This small banana tree, growing to 6-9 ft (about 1.8-2.7 m) high, bears

drained

space in the garden but can be

grown

habit, this species can

production. Plant in loamy

From

slow-growing species Iran and is valued for

an open

fruit

BLACK Ml LBERRY

same family as the fig tree, the deciduous mulberry has a 15-30 ft (about 4.5-9 n0 tall trunk and wide-spreading branches. This

attractive erect tree with

has exotic, orange-yellow or red

flowers and needs a lot of water for

wind Give regular doses of nitrogenous fertilizer. Propagate from suckers or by a bud from part of the tuber. Cut down the fruit when semi-npe and allow to npen in a

nigra

An

It

frost-

or subtropical climates.

in a spacious position

MORI'S

FLOWERING CRAB

tree is really a her-

free tropical

This large crabapple grows to

M. 'Golden Hornet'

BANANA

baceous perennial that needs

M. John Downie'

Musa paradisiaca Cavendish'

paradisiaca

The banana

-

S

MUSA

M. paradisiaca Lady Finger' This tree grows up to 15 4.5

m)

in height

and

is

ft

(about

particularly

well suited for domestic gardens:

ate

it

more temperweather than other species. The

also tolerates cooler,

fruit is

very sweet. .0-11

I

OLEA

out, the nuts

i

out

europaea subsp. europaea

at

I

from seed

gati

i

an be shaken

them raw or roasted Pn oi cuttin

Ins isa hard)

grows

20

i"

m) high

(aboui 6

fi

li

originates in the eastern Meditei

ranean where n us

bui also

oil

grown mostl)

is

yellow-white flowers and

spreading branches

warm summers and

prefers

w

inters

grown

greenhouse

in a

tion in colder climates

most

cool

soils as

tolerates

long as they are well

Water thoroughly in sumensure good fruiting Fruit

the

P.

right,

for at least

ornamental

is

8 years in its

own

developing an interestingly

gnarled trunk as

named

several

it

There are some being

ages.

varieties,

better for eating while others are better for

"Virgin" olive oil

oil.

is

(about 5.5

this tree

is

val-

as an ornamental garden tree as

gold leaves in

It

features red-

and red male and

fall,

white female flowers on separate

one of each

trees; at least

for a

crop

is

needed

nuts although bisexual,

ol

grafted trees are sometimes available

known

It

trees of

prefers hot, dry

ganic

soil

is

of the tree.

summers and

best for quick

The

growth

pistachio's long,

deep roots make

it

drought tolerant

should be well watered to ensure a good crop. Pistarid but

it

ZONES

colors,

PERSEA

sex are

mild to cold winters. Loamy, or-

chinensis, the

8-11

grown

Chinese pistachio,

solely for its fruit

worth

eating.

ZONES

9-11

dazzling

its

is

fall

being too small to be

americana

PRUNUS

syn. P. gratissima

AVOCADO

This genus contains over 400 species of

Native to Central America and

7

m) and 18

this large,

ft

(about 5.5

ft

deciduous and evergreen

(about

m) wide

evergreen tree has glossy,

dark green leaves and tiny spring flowers.

It

prefers

warmth and

shel-

garden (young trei frost tender) and may be grown indoors providing it Is exposed to ter in the

4 hours of sunlight each day Water regularly and ensure the soil is salt free and aerated. Avocados are not self-pollinating and it is best to

more than one. Pollinate the hand if only one tree is growing. The best-known varieties plant

flowers by

are 'Fuerte', with large, greenfruit in summer and early and Hass which hears darkskinned fruit in winter and spring Gardeners with room lor both can have avocados virtual!) all round

skinned fall;

.

>-n

J'J\I S

pined PIM

V

ind

on

I

ITALIAN STONI I'lM

o of

thi

01

mango and cashew

from the first pressing of the fruit, and is the best quality that

reaching a height of 24

n gularly.

armeniaca

This deciduous tree grows to

always to be preferred to seedlings.

appear

warm summer areas

well drained soil

Belonging to the same lannh as the

Ital

mosl populai nui

mm h I

I

(

id

,i.in open

>i

lub

[

eu

4 5

u

i

i

s

hah may

budding Pruni

and grafted

but the tree

w

i

J

be grown

mean first

a

with well-

A wet

-.oil

spring

smaller crop Prune lor

4 years to

a

vase shape with

6 or 7 main branches

In areas

spring

best given a

frost,

the tree

is

position with the shelter ol a 1

8

ft

m) high and 15 ft (about m) wide Dwarl varieties are

65

pots Apricot trees flourish in

vera

mer

will not

in

PISTAC1A

drained. to

lilable

I

I

i

will

well as a nut bearer.

It

for protec-

and

a

e

from cuttings, or b) grafting or

ued

should be potted and

li

i

runs Most

then

th

drained, alkaline

\I'RI(

li

has glossy, narrow, green leaves, attractive

foi

foi

green or ripe bui always pickled

-.mall

grown

/iris 6

Nut

Frees,

Propagate from seed in summer,

eaten

its fruit,

foi

t

i

hi trees

species preff

!

evergreen tree thai

.

a

ind as ornamentals

ipa

OLIVI

I

shrubs

i

with

warm

wall. Early spring flowers are a pale

pink

in color.

4-9

Fruit Trees, Nut Trees

366 avium

P. s\\

[

i

r

This tree grows to 30 ft (about 9 m) tall and has white blossoms. Dwarf hybrids that grow to only a few yards high are available and these

is

and

fruit

happily in tubs.

It

suited to fan training against a

high wall or fence. Otherwise, prune gradually to an open vase shape with 10 or so main branches.

Do not prune in winter or during wet weather as cherry wood is prone to fungus. While cherries are ripening, cover the tree with plastic

netting to keep birds away. Cherries

two be necessary. They need a

are generally not self-fertile so trees will

cold winter to

or preserved. Like the sweet cherry,

types; these species prefer a potash-

needs cold winters. ZONES 4-9

rich mixture

fruit.

P.

domestica and

P. salicifolia

and pick ripe. Use netting from birds.

come

is

suitable for the do-

more

compact and naturally self-fertilizing. The fruit ripens in late summer, but is acidic and needs to be cooked

to protect the trees

P.

or drying for prunes. are

European plums with

when

Plum blossoms are quite lovely and some species of trees are grown purely for ripe.

their display of beautiful red leaves.

Plum trees are generally very easy to grow and will tolerate different soil

PEACH

fruit

Asia that grows to 18

m) high and 15

Most

fruit.

is

feature pink-tinged

is

varieties are perfect for placing in

which

shrubberies. Peach trees must be

a stone fruit

while the kernel

is

is

is

drained, salt-free

planted in well-drained soil as

waterlogging can be

and

6.

soil.

where the

tree,

fatal.

Plant

including the in-

terior branches, will receive the

most

light

and

in a well-

new

Young trees

will overbear

As with other stone fruit, weed the base area well and feed the young tree nitrogen. Prune to an open vase shape encouraging

are frost tender.

among flower beds and

How-

should be grown in

summer climate

tubs or

inedible

sweet. Pink blos-

in clusters of 5

Ideally, this tree

and should be grown in a Cultivated dwarf

(about (about 4.5 ml

ft

ft

ever, the flesh of the fruit

a dry

ft

warm climate.

Southeast

closely related to the peach.

soms grow

5

1

m) high and wide, and most commonly grown of the

blossoms, yellowish red-skinned

wide. This

etc.")

P. persica

stone

amygdalus

ALMOND

5.5

that

ZONES 7-10

the

pean plums include varieties best suited to cooking (jam making,

varieties,

and two varieties blossom at the same time are needed to produce fruit self-fertile

(about 4.5

P. dulcis

syn.

mam branches. Almonds are

3 or 4

not

This deciduous tree grows to

ZONES 5-10

A deciduous tree from

many named

yellow even

mestic garden, being smaller,

summer to slow growth the plums only when fully

but whereas just about all the Japanese plums are dessert fruit, the Euroin

rather small but very sweet fruit; greengages are similar but green-

SOUR CHERRY

well watered.

temperate climate with dry summers and should be planted in a sunny sheltered position. Prune

The plums are of mixed origin but the European varieties are usually assigned to P. domestica and the Japanese (many of which were bred in the US) to P. salicifolia. The main distinction is that the European plums are lovers of cooler climates than the Japanese. Both types

is

like a

regularly in

pies,

cerasus

This species

They

which

PLIM

Damsons P.

Fruits

it

CHERRY

will live

& Other

shelter

from

frosts

If

shoots aren't pruned the tree

and the

fruit will

be

small and of poor quality. Pick the

peaches

when

they just

soften. Propagate

start to

from seed. They

are officially self- fertile, but crops

be better if two varieties are grown. The trees are not long lived, 25 years or so. will

ZONES 5-10 P.

persica var. nectarina

NECTARINE

The nectarine

is

almost identical to and flowers but

the peach in habit

needs more attention as it is less hardy than the peach. Its fruit is usually smaller and

smooth

skinned. There are several

named

varieties; seedlings often give rise to

normal peaches. ZONES 5-10

PSIDIUM cattleianum CHERRY GL IA\ A STRAWBERRY GUAVA

Native to tropical Central and South America, this medium-sized ever-

green fast

is

related to the feijoa.

It is

growing with a smooth trunk

and large, white flowers. Its pearshaped fruit has dark red flesh which is high in vitamin C. It prefers a warm, frost-free climate, plenty of water for good fruit production and some shelter from the wind when it is young. The tree should be pruned to encourage flowering. Guavas are excellent for juicing, or for jams and jellies. ZONES

10-11

PUNICA granatum POMEGRANATE

This very attractive, compact but

from the Middle named vaneties, varying in flavor from acid to vers' sweet, are grown. It is valued not only for its sweet fruit but for its very thorny tree

is

East where about 20

Prunus persica

var. nectarina

Ptunus persica

Prunus dulcis

/

blooms which appear

large, red

summer

spring and early

late

in

It

(aboul 4.5 m) and its showy scarlet flowers popular as and orange fruil make

grows

to

1

ti

5

glossy leaves,

it

an ornamental, long-living shrub. Pomegranates require hot summer conditions to produce good crops. Prune lightly in winter to encourage

new growth. Pomegranates bear

6 years; the

fruit after 5 to

when

should be harvested

fruit

be-

it

comes an orange-brown color. Do not leave it too long on the tree as it tends to

u

i

1

Nut

(

>

i

h e

i

w nli green or brow n skin, and the Chinese Asian pear, which is more traditionally pear shaped The Asian pear is easier to grow than the Euro-

pean pear

in

mild winter areas, and

more suited to domestic use. Grow on a trellis and prune excess shoots. It is more disease hardy than the European pear, and not so dependent on cross-pollination for

start to

r

fruit,

although crops will be better li the tree does have a mate; a European pear will be perfectly adequate. ZONES 6-10

Propagate from

split.

Watch

cuttings or rooted suckers.

out for fungal

Use the

rot.

SAMBVCVS

fruit

canadensis

kernels in salads or desserts and eat the pulp fresh.

needed

A warm summer

AMERICAN ELDERBERRY is

and

for the fruit to ripen,

This dense, multi-stemmed, decidu-

the double-flowered varieties (red,

pink or white) are mostly

ous shrub native to the eastern seaboard across to Texas and Manitoba grows to a height of 12 ft (about 3.5 m). It produces broad trusses of creamy white flowers which cover

sterile

ZONES 8-11

PYRVS

mid-summer. Lustrous,

the plant in

Thousands of years of cultivation have produced many different shapes, sizes and fruit of pear trees, some more suitable for the domestic garden than others. Usually a large tree, it is thought to have originated Mediterranean.

in the

flourishes

It

mild climate. Plant

in a moist,

warm, protected spot where receive

maximum

good

home

for

gardens.

stand a reasonable

amount

and responds well

to

ZONES

3-9

is

grows quickly up to 50 ft m) and ranges in habit from compact and shrubby to open and spreading. The leaves are rectangular to elliptical with angled

soil

creamy flowers develop succeeded by

teeth. Little

in clusters in spring,

nation

needed

Cross-polli-

productive

the lush, reddish orange

fruiting.

ible

is

popular worldwide for

large, soft,

its

sweet pears that are ideal

for baking. i-10 P.

communis

Bon Chretien'

William's

fruit.

and sweet, they ripen

Ed-

in winter.

Plant this frost-tender tree in light,

communis Beurre Bosc"

This

etch-

It

fertilizers.

P.

stt

(about 15

gen-rich

for

in fertile,

native to an area

with the occasional boost of nitro-

is

sun

ZIZWHUS

China.

of water

loamy

a position in

soil.

ing from southeastern Europe to

a

can

It

needs

in late

CHINESE DATE

pear trees grafted on to quince stock are

It

moist

This tree

or wire frame. Alternatively,

lattice

are often used for pies.

jujuba

will

it

grow on

to

it

fruit

summer and

in a

sunlight. In a

small garden, train

mature

purple-black

porous soil with full sun or partial shade and water frequently. Prune to encourage dense growth and propagate from seed or stem cuttings. Chinese dates are a delicacy in Middle Eastern countries and are delicious cooked or uncooked.

BARTLFTT PEAR

This

is

a sweet, musky-flavored,

medium-sized pear which bears the

name

of an English schoolteacher

but

thought by some to have been

is

Romans

cultivated by the Ancient is

the most widely

peai

-

ultivar for

<

grown

It

Bartletl

anning

P. pynfi'lui

UUNPI

\R

ItivetOl Inn

I

bul tin

Irnl

i

Ompai

hull

I

I'l"

.'>m

i

hich

BUll

gli

.'

.

in,

i

nil

1' 1

i

toad

i

li

is at

i

I

and

mm

•"

tl

in

ihrubs

M

white

.

m

appli

it

ihaped

/'.i.

/nun

i

attltlanum

Punic

ii

granatum

Fruits

\

368

F

r u

i

(

Trees.

\

i<

(

OTHER FRUITS

Trees & Other F iu

available.

1

Prune annually

1

after the

leaves have fallen to control growth 8-11

-

ACTINIDIA

ARACHIS

chinensis svn.

\

KIW1IRI

deliciosa II

hypogaea

CHINESE GOOSEBERRY

This deciduous vine

is

native to the

China and is now grown in warm areas around the world It should be planted on a sturdy trellis or pergola (as it grows quickly and quite wildly) in deep soil which is high in nitrogen. It prefers a sheltered spot away from the winds, early frosts and hot sun that can damage the fruit. Prune regularly in summer and winter to ensure large, good quality fruit. Water abundantly in summer. The first fruit will appear after 4 to 5 years. Both male and female vines Yangtze Valley

in

(named varieties are superior) are needed to produce fruit: grafted plants earning both sexes are often

n wt This

i

is

an herbaceous annual with

bright green, clover-like leaves and small, pea-shaped, yellow flowers

blossom in summer. Native to it grows to a height of 12 in (about 30 cm) with a spread of 16 in (about 40 cm). It can be planted to good effect in flower borders or that

Brazil,

in containers, but is frost tender so

grow only where it will enjoy a long, hot summer. They need a long growing season with consistently

Actinidia chinensis

sunny grows ram-

in rich, well-drained soil in a

position. (.Mostly

it

and without much encouragement, from compost heaps in the back garden The rind can be pickled and of course the sugary,

mild summer areas not npen. The peanuts

soil, as in

the nuts will

themselves are actually seeds that

grow underground, so make sure thai the soil

(which should be

slightly acid)

is

loose

enough

ready to pull

up when

turns yellow in

red-pink flesh inside

The longer and

This small perennial grows no more

than 8 in (about 20 cm) high and

is

16 in (about 40 cm) wide. These plants are capable of growing

delicious.

hotter the

over the world in

summer

fall.

up

CUCUMIS

a large, heat-loving vine with

crinkled leaves similar to rather large ivy leaves.

Sow

seeds in spring

some

warm

will

made ro-

in a

most melons grow on vines and are grouped according to the characteristics of their fruit. They need a long, hot growing season to produce sweet fruit, and in a cooler

pots, garden

over concrete or rocks.

if

bear

grown propfruit

year round

climate. Plant in tubs,

Native to Africa where there are 40

to grow-

Modem, more

6 months

truit for

aged is

itself is a false fruit

of tiny pips.

erly;

climate the vines should be encour-

This

all

sorts of cli-

bust strawberry plants can produce

species,

ALL ZONES

hem"

straw

'

for the

the foliage

all

mates, including the Arctic. The

the better the crop will be.

ALLZi

peanut to grow productively. Keep the soil well drained and well composted. Peanut plants should be

STRAWBERRY

pantly,

">

warm

FRAG ARIA

beds or even boxes have been lined with straw. potting mix and fertilizer. Ensure that

the soil is free draining and acidic. The plants need sun and protection irom wind, and in cold climates

should be grow-n in

slits

in sheets of

Propagate from runners and

or trained over black plastic in order

plastic.

for heat to circulate

around the humus-rich soil and water generously but not too much.

replant with fresh, virus-free stock

plant. Plant in

ever) few years. Snails

Humid

conditions can affect the

quality of the fruit

plant

more prone

anthracnose.

pollinate

growing melons on a small Propagate from seed.

and birds are

There are many named varieties of the garden strawberry. varying in their preferred climates

and make the

and

to the fungus

Hand

-

a nuisance.

especially in flavor

if

F.

alpina

scale.

ALPINE STRAWBERRY

The fruit from this variety is small and hardy and tastes very tang)-. Alpine strawberries make a good ground cover under trees or near walls and are less susceptible to attack by birds The fruit can be red or yellow, and plants usually don't make runners. They are propagated

CANTALUPENSIS GROUP C. mclo CANTALOUPE is a compact plant with ovalshaped or round fruit with netted nnds and orange flesh.

This

from seed. ZONES 4-10

INDORUS GROUP

F.

C. mclo

A small, bushy

The name means "pineapple

plant with a harder

flavored," a curious description for

nnd than most melons, making it suitable for long storage.

usually

ananassac

GARDEN STRAW BERRY

HONEYDEW MELON

smooth and

The skin

the flesh

is

which arose from crossing American species.

the garden strawberry is

pale

-

green or yellow. F.

RETICULATUS GROUP

WOODLAND STRAWBERRY

vesca

Native to Europe, this was originally

C. mclo NETTED MELON

Citrulhts lanatus

4-10

ALL ZONES

a wild

woodland

which

is

berry, the fruit ol

larger than that

This melon has net markings on the nnd. orange flesh and is widely

alpine strawberry.

grown

in height.

ALLZOl

in the

United

States.

It is

on the

a spreading

perennial to 12 in (about 30

ZONE-

--

cm)

Fruit

Nut

Frees,

Trees & Othet

Fruits

1

69

Humulus lupulus 'Aureus depending on the

prune into shape to prevent tanwhich encourages insect in-

species. Plant in

rich, well-drained soil in full

sun

gling,

and provide support. Propagate from seed or cuttings. Most species are frost tender. P. edulis

festation

PASSIONFRUIT is still

This species of passionfruit vine

common

is

This perennial, twining vine from

used as

flavoring in beer making. Very fast ol

i

a trellis to facilitate 3- to

5-lobed, bright green leaves clothe the bristly stems, creatinga dense

nearly impenetrable

SC recti

1

lops

produce male and female flowers on separate plants the fruil being -I mi the female he cultivai l

\

:

readil

i

.

ailabl

i

-10

PASS1FWRA nusi "Hi. mi lovei cii

ergreenoi

ol

tendril-climbing

though

in

i

1

rown

1

foi thi

from purpl

i

native to

I)

kmeri

tropical

land

10

i

n

fruit

ii

pali

pu

.

pinl

from

ti

grafting a selected,

named

variety

The Spanish conquistadors

re-

as a

lupulus

the fruit harvesting Large,

smooth. This species is selfPropagate from seed or by

garded the flower of the passionfruit

HUMULUS

supported by

fertile.

white flowers and flavorsome Train on a pergola or

growing, easily attaining heights is It about 5 5 m), it should be

valued lor us

likes a well-drained,

i

pali

Passiflora

i

dull

trellis

fruit.

and

mollissima

BANANA PASSION!

Rtll

soil

glossy, bright green leaves, purple-

Fragaria ananassae

fruit

a

sight in gardens in tem-

perate climates and

Eurasia produces

is

It

and occasional doses of nitrogen fertilizer. The fruit will grow quickly and should be picked when its skin has turned purple and sandy

P.

syn. Tacsonia mollissima

symbol of the crucifixion 1

0-11

This attractive, fast-growing vine

does well in cool climates and

fea-

tures pink flowers and long, golden

yellow

fruit.

Train against a

trellis

fence, or over a supporting tree

where the

fruit

and flowers can be

seen to advantage. Drought hard)

and generous

huus

m

the

in

first

us crop, year.

it

The

often fruit is

not as sweet as the ordinary

or

370

F

ru

i

rrees,

(

Nul r r e e s &

thei

Fruits

Rubus Boysen

Phj sails peruviana

Ribes nigrum

sativum

R.

REDCTRRANT

This

is

rant

and prefers the same condi-

very similar to the blackcur-

tions. Its beautiful, glossy, red

berries ripen earlier likely to

and

are less

prematurely. They are

fall

usually used in cooking. White

currants are a form of the red, and are

grown

in exactly the

same way.

RUBUS This genus includes a large

number

of the berry fruits, including rasp-

reaches

and blackberries. The plants produce long, trailing shoots known as canes which bear fruit in their second season and then die. These plants need supporting frames to keep the fruit away from the ground, and to keep the plants under control any shoot that lies on the ground will take root In a small garden the plants can be trained against a wall or trellis. Cool climates are best and an acidic,

sweet, black fruit high in vitamin C.

well.

berries

Ribes grossularui

passionfruit but can

cakes and

ZONES

still

be used for

height of 3-6

(about

and spread of 3-4 '/ 2

fruit salads.

90-130 cm).

10-11

unsuited to

PHYSAUS peruviana CAPE GOOSEBERRY

This edible species of Physalis

ft

is

an

bush with gray-green and gold berries. It is frost

ft

90-180 cm)

Propagate from cuttings. Botrytis,

(about

birds, caterpillars

Frost hardy, they are

warm winter climates.

Most species prefer deep, rich, welldramed, slightly acidic soil. Plant in sun or partial shade, and water well during summer. Prune annually to shape as required by the species. Diseases, insects and birds can be a

grown in the shelter of another bush or tree. Hot weather usually means that the fruit tender so

it is

best

be sweet, while a cooler, temperate climate can lead to sourtasting berries. Propagate from cuttings. Use for chutney or jam or

will

in fruit salads.

ZONES

10-11

RIBES

A member of the family, this

Grossulariaceae

genus contains about

150 species of deciduous, fruitbearing shrubs. They grow to a

are

should be grown. ZONES 4-10 varieties

R.

—

nigrum

BLACKCURRANT

This very popular garden shrub

up to 6 ft (about 1 .8 m) and produces green-white flowers and

attractive

leaves

and mildew

problems; only mildew-resistant

problem. R. grossularia

Frost hardy, GOOSEBERRY

it

prefers a rich,

loamy

which can hold water. Plant it deep in the soil and enrich wood growth with potash and nitrogensoil

The thorny-stemmed gooseberry bush grows to 3 ft (about 90 cm) high. It can tolerate quite poor soil as long as it is salt free and grows best in cool, moist positions in sun or partial shade. The thorny stems should be kept in mind when placing it in a small garden. Shape as a short-stemmed bush or tie the shoots against a fan-shaped wire support. Pick the still

hard

wait until

ll

it

fruit

while

it is

using for cooking, but is

soft

if

eating

it

fresh.

rich fertilizer. Put full

sun or

it

Weeds

must be controlled and preferably blackcurrant bush. Prune old shoots

encourage new growth. The fruit should be picked when the upper berries are starting to fall from the to

Watch

Propagate from cuttings.

for spider mites

ZONES 4-10

Make

soil that

holds water

sure that the ground

well clear of

is

weeds before planting

Propagate from pieces of root or root suckers.

R.

Boysen'

in a position in

partial shade.

eradicated before planting the

cluster.

well-drained

and

leaf spot.

BOYSENBERRY all bramble berries this is a rampant grower with long canes that are either thorny or smooth, the

Like

thornless variety being

much

easier

warm-temperate climate and depending on to

manage.

It

prefers a

the fertility of the soil

it

may need

vigorous pruning. The large, purple-red berries take 6

weeks

to

I

when

ripen,

the) can be quid- black

he besi variet)

l

merits

which

ol

is

l

hornless', the

arc indicated b)

its

with white sauce

companiment

with plenty

pie,

mon,

name

rivals

V

a pleasing ac-

is

and hayote sugai and inna-

to meat, ol

(

K

Ol

(

This British native rambler

is

(about 2.7

m) with

spread

a similar

need support. The prickly, arching stems bear deep green leaves with 3 to 5 leaflets which arcfelt like on the undersides The will

white or pink flowers, up to 2 in (about 5 cm across, appear during 1

)

summer and

by the

are followed

purple blackberries. The canes that bear

should be pruned im-

fruit

his spec ies

it

'

i

<•

/i

is

native to

I

has given use to a multitude

ol varieties

hite

with either black or

pale green or yellow) fruit,

some being designed fast-growing, deciduous shrub

handsome

colors

fall

It

for

wine, oth-

ers for eating fresh or dried.

with lovely, small white flowers and

when

<

-

inifera

vine,

ltl/»()St(»)l

w

A

•

urope and and has been cultivated since remote antiquity. A vigorous, frost-hardy, deciduous

found

growing wild in woods, hedgerows and also as a weed in the garden The species consists ol an aggregate ol over 2000 micro-species, all differing minutely. The cultivated blackberry's stems will grow to ^ ft and

\

Frees

(.KM'l

I

VACCINIUM

U kBIRm

HI

I

Trees, Nut

the Mediterranean

frutu osus Willi

i

i

apple pie

'-ii

UK

\

hi

i

best

grown where summers

It is

are dry

looks best

hedge so Rowers and berries form a mass of white or blue, depending on the season It does well in cold climates and prefers a well-drained planted as

thick

a

that the

but constantly moist, loamy, soil

It

acidic-

Clear away

is self-ferule.

weak branches in winter and shape so that light and air can reach the inner bush. The cooler the climate the tastier the fruit will be. Propa-

The blueberry

gate from cuttings.

mediately after harvesting.

quite difficult to reproduce.

ZONES 4-10

ZONES 4-10

is

idaeus

R.

vrris from Europe (especially it from Mt Ida in Greece where Zeus was bom) is the mam parent of the garden raspberries, though most modern cultivars have various

Vids Icihiusai

\

ins

\

inife ra

R. idaeus is

said

American species

in their

ground. All make

tall

with delicious red for

jam but

are

both

lax

fruit,

bushes

much used

also eaten fresh.

summer and

fall

be sure to buy

varieties;

back-

virus-free stocks

There

fruiting

certified

and control

The grapes need cool winters and low summer humidity or mildew will be a major worry, in humid

summer, coastal climates hybrid American varieties like Isabella or Concord' are the most reliable. Train on a pergola or fence where it is sunny, and in deep soil so that the vine can dig its roots down. Pruning depends on grape type and the way the vine is being grown. For pergola vines, train on a

upon

aphids, which spread virus diseases.

single trunk until

reaches the

it

horizontal beams, then allow

Logan'

R.

syn. R. logan baccus

LOGANBERRY

This

is

between

a black-

have originated in the garden of Judge Logan in California in 1881 to

has a crimson,

tart

(run highly

The plant growth

suitable for cooking.

raspberry like

to

put paper bags around the grape

a hybrid

berry and a garden raspberry, said

It

it

spread out. Birds are a problem, so cover the vines with bird netting or

in

is

Cut the grapes with sharp fully ripe Grapes need annual pruning after the leaves have fallen to control the vine's growth and encourage heavy Iruil-

clusters.

scissors

ing.

when

They

Vaccinium corymbosum

are traditionally propa-

gated by cuttings. V.

labrusca

SECHIVM The parent

edule

grapes

most of the cultivated

ol

in the

United States,

this

native of the eastern seaboard proh America and from in and same famil cucumber, this is strictly a p fruit thai grows on a strong, bright green vine It requires sun and

hoots

duces long, wi nire trellising

the

lowl) are

5

lobed leaves

deep green above and while

woolly beneath

I

nil

sun

loi

alions

and well dnls

will grip

on

to

and climb

al-

the produi

purple-black

fruit,

ti

which

climate

linn

monly grown when- .

ii

<

ulti

:

will be

Kll/'lls '

i

ll/ill

m

Rubus

I

ogan

i

/

i

u

1

1

s

^, -X

w>>

^aSs CHAPTER

9

Indoor Plants

4

/

;

/

You'd (/it//

m


ii

ii

i

Plants

among the

few natural environments where decorative plants grow in gloom comparable to the interior of a building. Hardiness zones have not been

be forgiven for thinking 1/1

an art as ancient as

gardening, there was nothing new;

house plants are quite a recent

yet

idea.

I

rue, the

fuchsias on their ferns

in

allied oj

torians

will

in

lis

interior design

to

— had

to wait for

We humans

major

— and

adequate

room

increase the size of our

for

that

often

plants to flourish. Then, electric light

had

light.

kill off just

in

and parlor palms. Even now, if you cook with gas you may well find

aspidistras

plants don't flourish in your kitchen. Finally, central heating

had

to

make our

warm enough

for

tropical plants, for tropical forests are It's

very important to pi oxide adequate light

joi

indoo

We almost always place not,

own comfort

means fit

and the first rule in house is to give

in the

rooms first

of

are designed all

that the corners

—but

that

where

the decor best are the darkest

the room. The brightest place

is

i

all

You can overcome

the forces of

plants

it

will

have

to

be

fitted

a

with

a

special bulb (a "grow-light" or fluores-

cent bulb, to be bought at most plant nurseries) that maximizes the frequencies of light that plants use lights are of

little

—ordinary

use. Alternatively, have

two plants and rotate them weekly or fortnightly between the garden or greenhouse.

in

front of or just next to a window, but if you habitually keep your curtains draw n during the day for privacy your room can be dim no matter how large your windows. There are plants that can take very low levels of light, but the range is limited and pretty well confined to plants

about anything except

houses consistently

our

photo-

in the best-lit places in the

— and why

plants

to supersede gas, whose fumes will

isn't.

no

an asset to a room; a weak, pale and drawn, is

lamp, but

our furniture

windows, so rooms would be bright enough for

plain,

then we don't need

growing any plant

architecture had to

that a flourishing plant,

how

struggling one,

can adjust our eyes to an

light to

of

cloth according to your measure, but

darkness by placing the plant under

it

modern

lot

energy which the plant can only derive from light.) It is a matter of cutting your

extraordinary range of brightness, but

synthesize. Plants do;

several things

happen.

First,

considered these plants

The Importance oj Light

growing a large range oj species too

is

chlorophyll, and flowering takes a

matter

eases; but the idea

using growing plants

it

always be grown indoors.

leaves are almost always short on

remember

miniature greenhouses

Wardian

features

included, as

grew window-sills and

Vu

with plain green leaves (Variegated

Humidity The next requirement is adequate humidity, and here there can be real conflict between our ideas of comfort and those of our plants, many of which would be happier in a Turkish bath than

—

—

375

IndoOl Plants

II you have a li\ ing room bathroom or kitchen the) can be good places for plants, but you can assist they b) growing several plants together

average

tlu'

well-lit

—

help humidify the

will

air for

each

— and by standing your poison

other

saucers

w

filled

ith

pebbles which you

keep constantly moist (on, not in; you don't want die roots standing in water V Air-conditioning and central heating

can dry the It is

air

out to desert-like levels.

often said that house plants dislike

air-conditioning, but this true

isn't strictly

they are standing on wet pebbles

II

they should be fine

—and

more

you'll be

comfortable too, and the piano will stay in better tune, for their presence. But

you must keep your rooms at a reasonably even temperature. It you save

come

energy by setting your system to

on and adjust the temperature by 18°F (about 10°C) in the half-hour before you come home, your plants will resent it. o Happily, the (54-70 F (about 18-2 1°C) that suit

most people find comfortable will most plants too. and if it tails by a

couple of degrees during the night appreciate

they'll

it.

The peace

ltl\

really aren't

Watering More house thirst

drown than

plants

—water with

care. Just

between waterings:

die of

about

all

looks better too.

method

rings, the plant

needs water; it

if

if

you one

which

allow the plants to draw ]ust the water

they need from a reservoir in the

bottom Or

try

among the

very few house plants that like constant

damp

still last

feet'

very well to say that happiness

you would be you were not to

plants, but

human for

one

if

less tall

Sooner or question arise.

and root

later, if a plant flourishes

of fertilizing

The advent

made

ot

the

or repotting will

slow-release

fertiliz-

buy one formulated tor indoor plants, and apply it in spring as growth begin astonishing how. even indoors, plants ers has

fertilizing easy. Just

ol

the seasons' according 1

on the packet As always, don't overdo the dosage. Fertilizer will usually allow you to at least to the directions

than

sometimes

flowering types like cyclamen, gloxinias

just dillu ult,

you

ooler

v

ring

— but

I

is

sometimes follow house The worst are mildew

leel

the plant's shoes really are

do

rot (almost always a result of

over watering), red spider and mealy bug. All can be controlled by spraying

with insecticides and fungicides, but

who would

be crazy enough to spray

such poisons indoors, quite apart from the mess?

you

If

which

insecticide

Fungi are more really

is

Wash A

i

won

t

be

tiful,

damp

a plant

soil

and

all.

you

— dust

This settles

Wipe

it

oil

.mo\ robs the

regularly with

cloth and. better yet, stand youi

plants out

m

the

summer ram

ever) so

you can bear to forgo then company, a lew weeks outside in the often

II

shadiest place

bin

m

the garden each

do them a bring them back m

summei which

it.

on house plants

leaves ol light.

to put youi plant in a

ot

it

might be wise

it.)

word

final

more than a size bigger than the old one II you like, you can tease oil some ol the old soil from the roots to allow more fresh soil, which should be the best, premium grade potting mix

a

and it

the pot out with bleach and

can re-use

die job in spring,

stirred into the soil

disposing

to consider i

is

difficult,

severely infested

invisibl)

tempted

can't take the plant

outside to spray, you can use a systemic

handle the plant gently, and don't go up

Hie) aren't impossible

needing

conditions than usual, high humidity

and gn

if

to a pot

thi

of the difficult but spe< tat ular

or poinsetlias

for the

which the plant

plants indoors.

and Repotting

getting too tight,

corner from concentrating on

in

Pests Alas, pests

hut

Temporary Plants is all

mask

purely as a decorative

longer than a

of cut flowers.

put off the decision about repotting

It

put some pebbles in the bottom, and use it

actually growing.

remain aware

concentrating on

spathiphyllums. which are

average room.

greenhouse or

most popular 'indoor plants

oj the

garden to use as a convalescent home,

Fertilizing

the

doesn't. This doesn't

of the various self-watering pots,

one

to

It

plastic' Alternatively, try

,

holey-bottomed one

bunch

of testing: tap the pot and

hear a dull thud,

work with

You can then use

in the

Loa'

sheltered, totally frost-free place in the

delights. They'll

if

over water than impervious plastic.

a

Hum "Mauna

resign yourself to their being temporary

little

you can't be so hard hearted, pot them in terracotta pots, whose porosity makes it harder

it

happy

Unless you have

should be allowed to dry out a

best

Spathiph)

i

tall

will

m

the air

pov.

the instani

.

n

/

d o 01

I'

I

a n

i

bj

It

3

90 cm

(about

b)

90 cm and

Preferring cool temperatures

high humidity, they also require high

light levels to

ensure

prolific

blooming and fruil production Keep the soil evenly moist during acme growth and fertilize regularl) Fragrant white or pink, star-shaped flowers are followed b) berries that

turn bright red

at

Christmastime.

ASPIDISTRA elatior

Aphelandi

squat

ii

osa 'Louisae

i

VsI-lRON PLANT

I

heart-shaped leaves and long-last-

This

bright red or

nials

ing, graceful, gloss)

.

pink spathes with yellow or red spadices Indoors, they need bright

is

a species ol evergreen peren-

from Japan, China and the Himalayas, and was one ol the most famous house plants ol the Victo-

The tough, long, narrow dark green leaves are pointed at the

light, high humidity and constant warmth and moisture to flower. A. scherzerianum has red flowers and

rian era.

curled orange to yellow spadices.

of 6 in (about

Plant outdoors

m

in well-drained,

a

humid

peaty

tips

position

soil in full

or

shade out ol the wind Water well, keeping the soil moist but not part

The temperature must not below 59°F (about 15°C).

and arch elegantly on

length I

here

24

ol is

handsome

bell-shaped flowers grow

and

to a

variegated

at soil

are screened from view

level

fall

the leaves;

it

is

seldom flower. good reason as

It is

known

A.

the

cast-iron plant."

larger

lor us ability to

withstand neglect

makes

the toughest

it

one

ol

with

and

most adaptable house plants

Native to South America, this popu-

common

indoor plain takes us

tain the gloss

green leaves, heavily striped by

Aspidistra elatior

W.'i cisid

AESCHYNANTHl/S

carry the broad, arrowhead-shaped, glossy green leaves

radicans

3

LIPSTICK PLANT

Grown

macroi rhizo

It

(about 90 cm)

which grow in length.

yellowish-green spathe.

held by a deep purple, tubular ca-

leal-like,

lyx, this trailing plant

can be grown outdoors only

ideal for

name

hanging baskets. An epiphyte

warmer climates

as n

is

grows to 3 ft (about 90 cm) It is sometimes called "Saffron spike" due to the bright yellow flower bracts \\ hich surround the tiny white flowers and which appear in spring Needs bright light, but not direct sunlight, and warm.

blight but filtered light, high hu-

midity and regular fertilizing during

peaty mixture Outdoors,

Indonesian jungles, u requires

flowering.

Water

allowing the

well-drained

regularly while

soil to dr\

between

waterings Propagate b) taking4in

about 10

I

em

I

cuttings alter

How

er-

soil in a

reasonably It

in

Irost tender,

and does best indoors mates II potted, grow

to

to

pro-

duces insignificant but fragrant flowers on a spadix enclosed in a

for us bright red flowers

is

It

in cool cliin a rich,

grow

shady position

with high humidity. Water heavily and feed regularly with diluted fertilizer.

May

be propagated from

ing Regular pinching will produce

suckers which root easily or by

bushier plants.

di\ ision of

rhizomes or stem

GIANT ELEPHANTS EAR, CUNJEVOl GIAN1

scherzerianum

TARO

This

a

member

plants from Sri

genus ot Lanka and tropical ol a

Southeast Asia which are grown for i

heir spectacular foliage of large

on

leaves with highlighted veins talks.

This species has 3

ft

about 90 cm) long stalks which

1

i.

VMINGOFLOWl

row n

less in winter,

ball

shoots that have roots. Leaf

to early spring.

BEGONIA Begonias are native to

all

tropical

and there 500 know n species. They

are o\ er

1

are prized lor then beautifully

colored foliage and attractive flowers,

making an

number

a\ ailable

ideal

indoor plant

of varieties readily

This diverse group in-

cludes rhizomatous, fibrous-rooted

and tuberous plants Ihe\ all have waxy leaves and a succulent form. They do well in indoor potting mix with either peal moss, leafmold or

decomposed cow manure added to increase acidity Grow in bright to

This shrub native to the subtropical

moderate light with fresh air. above erage humidity and temperatures of60-85°F(aboui L5-30 Humidity can be maintained b) standing the pot on a tray ol pebbles and water Keep soil moist but not SOggy Fertilize in the spring growing season Pinch back young plants to stop them becoming gangly and to encourage flowers Most begonias can be propagated from stem and

regions of Asia grows to around

leaf

or

brown

leal

spots

may

a\

I

be

caused by low humidit)

indoors, but given the right conditii

let soil

fertilize regularly.

and

foliage, this tn pical plant from Columbia grows to 24-32 in (about 60-81 cm', often in a greenhouse or

ms will grow outdoors. Anthuriums have long-stalked,

but never

As it tends to become leggy, prune back alter flowering, leaving one or two dry out. and

comes very crowded, divide the root crown and repot in late winter

with a

drop can be caused by dry roots. low or sudden drops in temperature, or by direct sun. Browning ol

K

lor its attractive flowers

prefers

be slightly pot bound Keep well w atered in the warmer months and

leal lips I

is

it

to

oil side

ALOCASIA

ANTHURWM

when flowering. For high humidity stand the pot on a tray ol pebbles and water II is best in a rich, porous soil and can be grown small pots as

damp cloth to mainWhen the plant be-

regions except Australia

t

pairs of leaves. Propagate b) cutting

cuttings planted in spring.

mat rorrhizo

conditions,

cially

in relatively

in

It

humid

Water lightly when soil is dry and do not stand the pot in water. Feed occasionally and regularly wipeleaves with a

us large, glossy, dark

white veins.

can

light,

but direct sunlight burns the leaves.

squarrosa Louisae' ZEBRA PLANT

name from

It

be kept in bright to very low

APHEL4NDRA

lar

by

something of an

event to see them, as indoor plants

in earl)

spring. Potted plants need dividing

and repotting ever)' lew years. andraenum and us hybrids are and warmer growing.

clump

a

cm) stems

(about h0 cm).

in

also a

5

form. The cream to dark purple.

soggy.

Propagate from rhizomes

1

ARDISIA (

rispa

CORALBERRY.SP1CEBERR1

3

It

I

cuttings in spring, b) division ol

/

from seed Begonias are

nit's 01

susceptible to gra) mold, powder)

mildew and botrj spring

earl)

ii'

from

tis

ill

I.

he plant

I

Brow n

;ated b) division

Icaws may be due

mu< h sun

to too

leptopoda

B.

auriculata I

CATHEDRAI WINDOWS

he sinking gray-green leaves are

powdered

heavily

rhizomatous begonia growsto 12-15 in (about $0-38 cm) high and the spreading trunk to a width ol 16 in (aboul 40 cm) The green and red leaves are thick and eai shaped It has tall spikes of pink I

ooi

damp

too B.

d

multiplies quickl) and can be

late

conditions are

il

sitting in a pot ol stones

ii

his evergreen

\\

nh

silver

and

framed by small spines or teeth Park blue flowers enclosed in

salmon-pink bracts appear tei

A

reached This

is

in

win-

height ol 12 in (about JO is

of similar species,

one

cm)

number

ol a

spectacular

all

flowers B.

B. x

cheimantha 'Gloire de

nutans

\M

Ql EEN'STI \Rs FMENDSHIPP1

Lorraine' (

HRISTMAS BEGONIA, LORRA1NI BEGONIA

The ers

white to pale pink flow-

single,

appear

green and

winter on this roundThe leaves are brighi grows to a height of

in

leafed plant. it

12 in (about 30

cm

the occasional light frost

is

a

popular, easy-to-grow

cm) wide,

plant with 2 in (about 5

Indoors u

mix and good light. The leaves are long and narrow, plain olive green, and the pen-

They

of flow ers

appear

in

unique combination ol pale green and navy blue, but it is the pink bracts that grow spring.

This

Begonia Cleopatra

likes a rich potting

dent clusters

Cleopatra'

B.

Almost hardy, this species can be grown out of doors in shady places where it will only have to endure

are a

star-shaped leaves. The yellow-

along the flower stems that catch

green leaves have brown markings

the eye.

with a reddish underside. Clusters of pale pink flowers

bloom

in early

spring. B.

B.

A

shaped, rose-red and purple-tipped

masoniana

IRON CROSS

flowers appears from

BEGOMA

to

This plant's

pyramidalis var. coiuolor show)-, erect spike ol pyramid-

name

is

derived from

the bold, brown, iron cross

mark on

the bright green, puckered leaves.

leaves form rosettes,

with silver banding. 1

late

summer

mid-winter. Broad, apple-gn en

2-20

in (about

sometimes grows to

It

30-50 cm).

This evergreen, rhizomatous plant

grows

18-24

to a height of

in

45-60 cm) and a spread of 12-18 in (about 30-45 cm). The

(about

single, pinkish

white (lowers are

insignificant B. rex

Merry Christmas'

syn. B. ruhrtal

Rex are the most

common

foliage

begonias and are available

in

many

cultivars. This evergreen, creeping,

rhizomatous variety has a band of

emerald green with a rose-red center and silver highlights on the

The leaves are 6-8 in (about 5-20 cm) long with the plant growing to 10-12 in about 2 5—30 leaf 1

I

rail high.

B1LLBERG1A This genus, comprising about 50 species and

many garden

rican tropic m rocks or

thin,

s

varieties,

when

suspended

in

still lea

with small teeth, and

make

ers, th

an ideal indooi plain

form

a

cup and

p thai the plani

mix

is

required bui

c

I

is by filling should be

it

Billbergla pyramidalis vai

toni

iloi

Bcgoniaau

Billbi

i

gia

l<

pi

/'

/

(i

ii

i

s

.377

frequently or standing the pot on a

and water Do not dry out completely and

tray oi pebbles

allow to

Iced with hali-strength fertilizer

when

every 4 to 5 weeks,

warm and growth

arc

is

conditions

active.

A

standard potting mix, with sand

added

to the

mix

lor

good drainage,

tndooi plant liantly

is

come

leather)' leaves

new leaves in green. The small How ers are insignificant. It reaches a height of 3-6 ft (about 90-180 cm).

minimum

mates in

only

in

warm

cli-

shade with a temperature of 50-55°F

half- to full

about 10-13°C). it

makoyana

in red.

the

be overcrowded. Propagate by div-

C.

in a range of

yellow, pink and orange, with only

Grow outdoors

ision in early spring

lor its bril-

shapes and are variegated

needed. Repot annually as they exhaust the soil and do not like to is

grown

colored foliage. The glossy,

If

grown indoors

requires bright light, a moist at-

This dwarf species has oval, pale

mosphere and rich, well-drained soil Water w ell dunng the warm season but allow to dry out between

yellow-green leaves with

waterings

PEACOCK PLANT

design

ol

a feathery

darker green markings.

The underside has the same markings in purple.

when the temperature is low To encourage branching, remove tips from very young plants. Repot in spring in a peaty compost. Propagate from stem cuttings

zebrina

(

in

spring or summer.

ZEBRA PLANT

The

on marked

large, velvet}', floppy leaves

short stems are deep green,

COLIMXEA

by parallel stripes or bars of pale The undersides are pur-

GOLDFISH

plish red. In winter the leaves turn

Similar to

removed to reveal clusters of chocolate brown bracts which are the spring How ers

plant, this Central

\NT

PL

chartreuse.

yellow and can be

relative the lipstick

its

American native

produces an abundance

ol erect,

yellow to red tubular flowers along the leaf axils.

brilliant

CALLISIA

CORDYLINE

na\ icularis syn. Tradescantia navicularis

terminalis Imperialis'

Grown

Tl

lor

its

decorative foliage,

low-growing perennial reaches 2-3 in Ubout 5—7.5 cm") high and has creeping shoots which root where they touch the soil Two rows ol oval, keeled, reddish green this

leaves enclose the stem. In to

fall

summer

clusters of small, stalkless,

TREE. TI PLANT HAPP1 PLANT

Most plants ol this species are started from "logs, which are small sections of mature branches imported from Hawaii. It resembles a palm with lance-shaped leaves on cane-like stems. The ti tree needs plenty of

3-petaled. pink to purple flowers its lull

appear

in the leaf axils.

well-drained, moist,

Grow

in

1.8-3.5 m).

fertile soil in

light full light

but not direct sunlight.

Propagate from into light

tip cuttings inserted

compost

in

mid-sprmg or

summer.

room indoors to grow 6-12 ft (about

to

height of It

prefers filtered sun-

and needs higher temperatures

and humidity than others

ol the

To increase humidity, stand plant on a tray of pebbles and

genus. the

water.

It

can be allowed to dry out

but keep moist during the growing season Irom spring to fall. in winter,

CLERODEXDRUX1 thomsoniae

Fluoride in the water or perlite in

BLEEDING HEART VINE. BLEEDING GLOR1

the potting

BOWER

of the leaves.

mix can cause browning

A climbing, woody shrub from w estem tropical Africa, the popularity

of this species derives from the

clusters of

ing from white, bell-shaped calyces

This genus of clump-forming peren-

contrasted by large, oval, deep

nials

*K*

Indies, this large

genus of

grown for their decorative The long-stalked, mostly

plants are foliage.

upright leaves are usually large with

ft

ubout

and ma-

roon, with contrasting markings.

Many

leaves have purple under-

moderate to sun. and high humidity achieved by misting sides. Calatheas require

bright light, but never

full

1

50 species

scat-

full

though indirect

particularly Asia and South America. They have attractive flow-

Keep the

soil

evenly moist

ers carried in

ml

sun.

in height,

it

requires high

during active growth and prune stems back after blooming has subsided. Propagate from stem cuttings

beautiful colorings in shades of

green, white, pink, purple

comprises

tered throughout the tropics,

humidity and

3

Native to South America and the

SPIRAL FLAG. SPIRAL GINGER

flowers emerg-

green leaves. Reaching 10

PEACOCK PLANT

West

enmson

COSTIS

heads whose bracts

are arranged rather like a pine cone.

Preferring temperatures above 65°F

about 18°C), they are suitable for planting outdoors only in tropical

or subtropical regions, but they

CODIAEUM

make

variegatum

in

CROTON

tion,

Originally from Malaysia and Polynesia, this tropical,

well-known

a

showy indoor

humus-rich

plant Grow-

soil in a well-lit posi-

but not direct sunlight, and a

humid atmosphere. abundance

ol water.

It

requires an

Propagate by

division 01 from seed in '•punt;

grown indoors ma) be both-

Plants

ered b) red spidei unit-

spe< iosus

(

sometimes pinkish,

beai w hite,

Flowers with yellow centers

CRVPTANTHl/S "dmi/lls ZEBRA

PI

\M

\Rlllsl \R

I

name

Cryptanthus have earned the

"earth star' because ol the unusual

shape c

low-growing

the

ol

zonatus

is

rosettes.

a native ol Brazil.

growing to 4-6 in (about 10-13 cm) high. The attractive foliage resembles a zebra skin with sepiagreen leaves that are wavy edged and banded crosswise with ivory

and tannish brown markings. In summer, a cluster ol tubular, white flowers appears in each rosette.

Grow

standard potting mix

in a

sphagnum moss

with some

or peat

added. Propagate from offsets w Inch are liberally produced in

late

spring to summer.

CTENANTHE lubbersiana

BAMBIRAM

\

Originally from Brazil, this splen-

didly marked, foliage plant erect, leafy perennial.

It

is an produces

insignificant flowers. This vari-

egated species grows to 30 in (about

76

The lance-shaped,

citO or more.

green leaves are patterned in irregu-

fall

in potting

green with pale green undersides.

and bone: resume watering.

attractive leaves

grow on

CYPERVS

tall,

involucratus

branching stems. Small, white flowers on one-sided spikes are pro-

syn. C. flabelliformis

duced intermittently. Grow in a standard potting mix; add coarse

Grass-like plants, Cyperus

sand

A humid

to aid drainage.

mosphere

is

at-

important, so mist

foliage occasionally.

Propagate by

division or from basal offsets in spring, but as

it

mix

shaded bands of pale yellow-

larly

The

water. Repot in

with a sprinkling of lime and blood

do not repot too olten be crowded.

likes to

come

Cyclamen persU

urn

from tropical and subtropical areas C. involucratus grows to around 3 ft (about 90 cm) and sends up triangular, hollow stalks

whorl of

crowned by a The green

leal-like bracts.

summer

flower spikes appear in

Grow

in rich

compost and water

well by standing the pot in a dish

CYCLAMEN

ol

FLORIST

From

the

woodlands is

the mosi

ol

From

the

Middle

common

\n indoors and available

is

the

fills

D1EEEENBACMA

spe-

ryptanthus zonatus

(

is

readily

the heart-shaped

fti n marbled and dark green with silver markiu ol while and pink

light

i

toler-

container.

slid \ML\

East, this

water Pucct sunlight

ated Repot w hen the plant

persicum

I

hese decorative foliage plants from

tropical

height

America

rea<

when mature

h I

but be careful to wash youi hands

eiling

i

he large.

I

he

common name mis

Popular indooi plants th

edged with

tamed by mi

i

main

ind ex-

I

dui to the

ind tongue to swell

in

humidit;

is

sap which causes the

ipe<

/)

\inoen.i

s\ M

/>

i

li

rendei

impossible.

ing

id in

from windows

nmir (lowering

it

m

in

winti

i

Vmoi na

seguim

o6ft sword

Bright to \

the

(about

I

8

m

I

has

largi

like,

with

H

lateral

veins

li

ha

h

he pot but

di

i

tl

riiiiil/n

hihl'i

i

leads to rotting. Pinch back stems after flowering to

encourage

branching, and repot every year in spring. Propagate in

summer by

laying runners in compost, from

stem cuttings or by division. Lick flowers may be due to poor light. E.

This evergreen root climber

is

some-

times mistaken for a philodendron. It is

a fast-growing plant

which can

be kept in water for months or

D. seguine

Rudolph Roehrs'

spider mite and mealy bug.

syn. D. seguine Roehrsii'

grown outdoors

growing to 3 ft (about 90 cm) or more, this plant

Slightly smaller,

climates,

(about 5.5

has sword-like, chartreuse leaves

elegantissima s\n. Aralia elegantissima VLSI

An

ARUIA FINGER \RAL1A

elegant, erect plant

New

tree

with coarse adult

ft (about 1.8 m) indoors. When young, the leaves are bronze-green

6

of

1

cm

5

secrete fluid.

thin, finger-like leaflets with saw

are digested

Grow

which In

I

It

by enzyme

there are

and

many

Frost tender

should be planted in a pot, preferably in a greenhouse, in a mixture

dry

—

the top soil

is

extremely sensitive to the moisture in the soil, devel-

it is

level of

oping

when

leaf

drop

if it is

Difficult to propagate,

too high. it

prefers to

be pot bound; repot every 2 to 3

and

delicate to

grow

it

sphagnum moss, standpot on a saucer of water. If

of peat and ing the

grown outdoors

plant in the sun in

a similar mixture;

do not

let

the soil

dry out. Water only with rainwater as

it is

very sensitive to the

impun-

but not

freely.

FERNS Their love of shady places makes

indoor culture, and do very well. For recommendations check the chapter "Ferns. Palms & Cycads

fems

eligible for

many

light

species

The

EICUS

the jungles of tropical

attractive,

A genus

Indies, this

makes

down

ol great variety,

with some

of the most reliable and adaptable

house plants, grown for their foliage and tropical effect. Their leathery leaves allow them to tolerate a dry atmosphere They need bright light, but will tolerate low lighl and an average room temperature and a

hanging baskets ornamental leaves

for

the

sides of the pot or basket with.

with no direct sun. Water well during growing period, and at other times only

summer

EPISCIA

cascade from runners

small.

Pink Brocade'

The runners bear deep, coppergreen leaves variegated in silver and pink. Small pink flowers appear in

cause a lack of variegation.

an ideal plant

all-purpose soil mix in bright, indirect light

have rooted. Poor

relative of the African violet

secretions.

bronze leaves

This plant inter-

less in

America and the West

attracts insects

get stuck to the leaves

summer

mer,

From

in sensi-

purple flowers on leafless stems.

in an

humid

location.

with small rosettes

glandular hairs which

changing to a lustrous, dark green with maturity. Between 7 and 10 toothed edges grow from slender,

a

Water regularly during spring and sum-

and draught-free

may

narrow leaves covered

tive, red,

-

and

needs

tips to

looks indoors.

in (about

to

bright, indirect light

It

until they

from the way

This insect-eating plant grows to 6

from the

with cream\- white or gold

capensis

different

CAPE SUNDEW

Hebrides which can grow

mottled green stems.

it

silver veins.

flowers with yellow centers.

DROSERA

it

DIZYGOTHECA

m)

—very

can be

attractive, felted,

have

£.

winter Pinch out shoot encourage branching Propagate in late spring from leaf bud or stem cuttings, which are kept in barely moist soil in a dark position

foliage

with mid-rib and edges in green.

I

where

It

warm, frost-free grows to an 18 ft

in

The

The apple-green,

heart-shaped leaves are marbled

years in spring. Susceptible to red

cupreata IMI VIOLET

mittently produces tubular, scarlet

planted in good. rich, moistureretentive soil.

Epipremnum aureum

11

ol

given the right conditions, longlasting, colorful flowers. Plant in

African violet mix or porous, peaty,

winter temperature

indoor plant mix in bright

(about 13°C). Water moderately,

direct sun).

lighl

I

no

They require constant

warmth and humidity,

so are well

bathroom or Keep moist at all times,

suited to a sunny

glassed area.

but take care not to over-water as

it

ol at least

55 F

keeping moist in the warmer months, and very little when the temperature is low. Over-watering

may

lead to leaf drop.

with

a

damp

Sponge

cloth. Propagate

leaves

from

A I

leal

w Ken roots

bud

uttings

(

and repol

i

like to

be slightl)

(

rhi

genu

i

"

islands ol the ideal for

the mosl popular ol the

indoor

R\( KIR

(

figs

.

beause

ol its graceful,

weeping habit. he 2-4 in (aboul 5-10 cm) long gloss) green leaves taper to a long point and are quite leathery The leaves ol Variegata are edged with white. Bush) young plants are often 2-3 ft (aboul ^0-^0 cm) and at maturity 5-18 ft (about 4 5-3 5 will reach slightl)

1

1

native to the

neriai c !ai

ibbean and are

growing

in

terrariums

dark green leases base

light

and can iboul

i !

I

green

in

less ai othei limes,

spring from leaf

One

ol

Decora"

the most foolproof ol

indoor plants,

this

encased

I

long.

in rosy

New

in (about

leases are

pink sheaths that

C

ARK

KTV RE

vases hlled with water

in spring or summer from suckers on the parent stem; the

Propagate

original plant usually dies after

G

flowering

common

/mguliitaisthemost

ol the

genus, svith basal

rosettes ol broadly strap-shaped,

apple-green leaves growing to a height of 12-18 in(about 30-45

much showier

This es'ergreen shrub grosvs to over 3 ft (about 90 cm) in height and leaves have yellow sanegation in the center. In spring

They can grow to 9 ft (about 2.7 m) or more and tolerate less light than most plants of this size.

purple tubular flowers appear on well-drained,

and summer red It

mates. Gis-e plenty of water

There are

se\ r eral species of ivy, but

the most famous

and the only one

to

cli-

grossing in the svarmer

trous, dark green leaves

temperatures above 60°F (about

The leaves are 12 in (about 30 cm) or more long and are prominently veined It may grow to 9 ft (about 2.7 m) indoors and will tolerate low light. a fiddle.

lingulata

It comes in a wide shapes and colors. Use an

of support ol leal

all-purpose potting in a cool,

some

soil

bnghi spot

direct

it

and

pi. ice

will tolerate

weak sun. and

likes

extra humidity by misting or

placing on a tray water.

of

pebbles and

Keep moist, but not

and do not

let

the soil dry out

completely. In spring, prune to

encourage bushy growth, Propagate Irom stem cuttings or rooted runners.

H. helix Cripsii' VARIEGATED

marbhngs

when

A handsome indoor plant, particularly when young, it has huge, luslike

nailing plant it makes an excelhanging basket, but it can also be trained to climb almost an) kind a

lent

ISA

variegated leases, suitable for gross-

likes a position in

grosvn outdoors in subtropical

shaped

which

helix

man

bular, svhite to yellow dossers

fertile soil in part

less in cooler sveather.

H

j«y

\

I

bracts surround the clusters of tu-

shade. Graptophyllum pictum can be

lyrata

FIDDLE LEAF FIG

indoors is

a n

There are many cultivars of

has oval, pointed, green leaves; the

terminal spikes.

I

orange-red

COMMON ENGLISH IVY

PLANT

leaves having a pinkish bronze hue.

.ii -1111111111

leal

but always keep

/'

ivy with

ing indoors. Cnpsh' has attractive

wither and drop, the emerging

F.

Water modgrowing season,

HEDERA

pictum

Ftcus has broad, leathers', glossy,

20-30 cm

pot ol open.

GRAPTOPHYLWM all

strong-growing

deep green leaves 8-12

the

cm). The

runners. INDIA Rl BBER TREE Rl BBER PL SN1

in a

erately during the

bloom depends on tempi They like a well-drained, lealrich soil, bright light and high humidity. Keep well watered and cuttings or by dis-ision of rooted

F. clastica

irow

(

of the

propagate

attractive

rubble-filled compost.

from leal axils are the size ol small Chinese crackers They bloom mostly in summer and the duration

changes.

smooth flowers The

yellow surround a spike ol white flowers

orange, tubular flowers appearing

ture.

It

and

bright

grows well in medium to bright light and temperatures above 50°F (about 10°C). Avoid drafty locations and sudden temperature m).

tu

gross to a length

cm) The

n for their

ol rosettes ol

lasting bracts in red, green or

undersides, are spoon shaped and serrated,

leases

hi

(I (i

triable in ol

As IIRI

formation

WEEPING FIG ol

mis

ramp* A IIORU

One

to thrive

I

uneijolia

benjamina

F.

GUZMAN

GESNERIA

the pot, bui

lill

n

months and It

requires

15°C). To promote branching, tip prune young plants and cut back hard after flowering. Propagate from

semi-ripe cuttings in spring or

summer

I

MS,

of dark gray-green svith

cream; Glacier' and Gloire de Marengo' are similar in color. Goldheart'

is

perhaps the best of the

green-and-gold cultivars.

— 382

I

II

d

1

V

I

(1

M

(

S

A Field Trip

to

Gulf

of

Mexico

Fortin de las Flores ihe

little

town

of Fortin

dc

las Flores is

about

a

one-day drive

from Mexico City. Set in lush tropical jungle, Fortin is a mecca for bromeliad lovers in general, and more particularly east

a

major native habitat for the epiphytic bromeliad, Tillandsia

ionantha. This

is

one of the

"air plants," so-called

because they

and appear to survive on nothing but air. The trip to Fortin takes you comfortably along the toll roads that radiate from Mexico City to outlying areas. You will pass through a wide variety of landscapes green valleys, desert vegetation, mountain country, tropical in abrupt and striking succession. jungle and pine forests The toll road following highway F190 and then F150 takes you through the states of Puebla and Veracruz in the heart of Mexico, a region rich in churches and pyramids as well as orchids and bromeliads. On the way you will have the rewarding experience of seeing four of the country's most famous mountains (Popocatepetl, Ixtaccihuatl, Malmche and Orizaba"), all snow-capped and in stark contrast to the surrounding jungle. This route also takes you through the city of Puebla, one of Mexico's oldest and yet most progressive centers. Continuing on past the Tehuacan turn-off. the road climbs the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range, at an altitude of 7200 ft (about 2200 m), and there are spectacular views of the valley of Acultzmgo. At the peak you can find broad leaf air plants of the genus Tillandsia thriving in the moist and cloudy do not use roots

to obtain nutrients

U

V

E

L

B

A

Tehuacan

'^

—

Roads Kid

50

atmosphere. Soon however, you

oak

forest

which

home

is

coral-beads (Scdum If

will

km

quickly descend to an

nuda and

to the succulents Echeveria

stahlii).

you have time,

a side trip to the

Tehuacan Valley pro-

vides an ideal opportunity for cactus lovers. In areas uncleared by farming

you can

many huge

find

cacti colonics of

and Mammillaria, and also various Agave species. It is also home to some of the drier-growing air plants, including the ball moss (Tillandsia recurvata) and several related species. On the road to Fortin is the home of Dr Alfred Lau, an evangelist and leading world cacti expert whose interests the genera Opuntia. Stenocereus, Ferocactus

extend to the conservation of orchids, bromeliads, passion flower vines and other tropical plants.

A visit

garden

to his

is

There you can wander through 3 acres (1.2 ha) of landscaped garden, featuring epiphytes landscaped on to cita must.

rus and other trees.

A

nearby motel, the Posada Loma,

usual stopping point for bromeliad enthusiasts, as

it

is

the

too has

an excellent garden.

The town of Fortin de

las Flores is a

beehive of people,

and even a resort hotel. The town is surrounded by jungle, and trails run into it from the edges of town. It is possible to walk these trails, starting at

bars, open-style shops, livestock,

the edge of the tropical fruit orchards or roadsides, to study the rich variety of flora, bird

life

and, occasionally, animals.

It

and watch the humming birds feeding from the flowers and you may even catch sight of the elusive toucan or bands of spider monkeys. In the jungle around Fortin the blushing bride (Tillandsia ionantha) can be found growing on the trees both above and

is a

delight to

sit

quietly

in front of you. Fallen branches

cently fallen branches will

still

make

the best studies as re-

have plants intact and

Usually no more than 2 in (about 5 cm) across,

grows either singly or

in

T.

alive.

ionantha

clumps, forming a rosette of fleshy Its common name,

pointed leaves frosted with silver scales.

blushing bride, refers to the way the leaves turn red Mexican

ndscapes vary from desert

to jungle to

mountainsides

plant

is

in

bloom,

when

in contrast to the blue of its flowers.

the

/

m

Tillandsias growing on tree trunks

moss

(T.

among

the

many

lizards seen scuttling across the

roads and walking tracks. The jaguar and ocelot, both magnificent cats,

can occasionally be spotted in the area.

months around 64°F (about 18°C), and before the rainy season which lasts from The

best time to visit this area

of the year,

1

1'

I


M

I

s

recurvata)

plants. This small,

iguana are

d

Tillandsia ionantha

the jungle.

grows here too. with other air clumping plant with small blue flowers grows in ball formations on trees, power lines and house roofs. Another air plant that grows in association with T. ionantha is Spanish moss (T. usneoides). which has long, gray strands and small, scented, green flowers. Its habit of tangling around tree branches makes it popular as bird nest material. Be careful when examining the larger air plants. They hold quantities of water between their leaves, and a plant tipped on to the ground is likely to reveal cockroaches, salamanders, frogs, spiders and other insects that could sting and bite. As well, watch out for paper wasp nests in the trees as even a slight tap on these can disturb the wasps. A short trip north on highway F139 will bring you to the town of Huatusco. where T. ionantha was first recorded in 1898. The jungle in this area is also home to many beautiful broad leaf air plants including T. deppeana, T. multicaulis and T. lieboldiana, which has bright red bracts and blue tubular flowers which attract pollinating birds and butterflies. If you study the moss-covered branches you will also find many different orchids, cacti and ferns, as well as various Columnea and Anlhurxum species. On the floor of the jungle grow giant Spathiphxllum species, including elephant ears, which are used as rain hats by the Indian children. Fruit salad plant (fAonstera deliaosa) is common in all its trailing and compact forms. The color-changing chameleon and brightly colored Ball

11

when

is

during the

the average temperature

June to September. The whole region covered very rich, but for those

members of the Bromeliaceae family. With 500 or more species divided among about 60 genera, the family is almost entirely confined to the Americas, the majority South American. Tillandsia is the largest bromeliad genus, and it is best represented in Mexico and the adjacent countries. Its over 400 species include the most extreme epiphytes, or "air plants." which appear literally to subsist on nothing but air. Most tillandsias have leaves clothed in minute silvery scales which behave like sponges, soaking up water from rain or mist and absorbing it into the plant's tissues. The scales also trap dust and fine organic debris, from which

Tillandsias are 1

the plants derive their nutrient minerals: rainwater also

contributes essential nitrogen, converted to soluble form

bv tropical thunderstorms. Successful cultivation of tillandsias requires high humiditv combined with high light levels.

Many new forms of T. ionantha are emerging, especially from countries in which they are grown for the commercial horticultural market. Popular for its

unusual appear-

ancc and

its

adaptabilin r.

ionantha

exported

.

is

in

huge quantities from Mexico and other Central

American countries

is

to satisfy a

growing

world market in this field trip is botanically

who

the epiphytic ones, the jungle

equivalent of heaven

earlier

Tillandsia

love bromeliads. particularly

around Fortin

is

the botanic

Tillandsia it'riiiwhil

i

i

I

.

,

183

f

1 \ *

.

%¥

•**

H. helix

A

«. <

> *

metallic, purplish gray leaves with

dense, branching plant, this

wine-red undersides and stems. The white summer flowers hardly show at all.

cultivar has closely set, small,

green

* * 9

Pittsburgh'

syn. H. helix "Hahn's Self-branching'

^

deep

lea\ es

ting

Grow

mix

in

an all-purpose pot-

in bright light, but not

growth periods Propagate from stem lip cuttings.

MARANTA leuconeura var. hcrchoxiana

America, containing plants grown

This creeping or trailing plant has

They like average room temperature and humidity Keep moist and water frequently in the growing season, less in winter Cut back the spindly stems and pinch off the growing tips to encourage a bushy shape. Propagate

wonderful foliage o) ivy-like, heartshaped or oblong, deeply puckered,

Irom stem cuttings

blotches on either side of the central

summer.

Hedera helix Pittsburgh'

pests.

HEMIGRAPHIS alternata

RIDIM

direct sunlight.

It is

in spring or

rarely bothered

RABBIT TRAC KS PRAV ER PLANT

Marama

a genus from tropical

for their strongly patterned, colored foliage. Variety herchoviana

has oval,

green leaves with brown

light

The

vein.

by

is

insignificant white to

mauve

flowers appear intermit-

tently.

Mamma

in general are called

"prayer plants" because they fold

HOYA

their leaves into a vertical or upright

Twining and/or root climbers with

position, as in prayer, to funnel the

waxy

China, India and tropical Australia

condensing dew down to the roots. Grow in humus-rich, well-drained

They

soil,

loliage, native to Malaysia,

all

bear clusters of scented,

star-shaped flowers in summer. the plant

If

supported on a frame

is

and also slightly pot bound it is more likely to flower, but may not do so for several years. Plant in any potting soil that drains well, in bright to very bright light, with

moderate temperatures and humidity Allow the soil surface to become quite dry between waterings. As the new flowers come Irom the same spurs as the old ones it is best not to prune or pick. Propagate from semiripe cuttings in

summer. Be

using a shallow container, in

moderate even,

to

warm

low

light.

They need

temperature and high

humidity, but avoid mist spraying

marked. Keep continually moist. Propagate from stem cuttings or by division in spring or summer. Dry soil or lowhumidity may cause browning of as the leaves are easily

leaf tips.

MOSSTERA deliciosa FRL1T SALAD PLANT. SWISS-CHEESE PL V\T

careful

where you place the plant as sticky honeydew drips from the flowers.

A close

relative of Philodendron

a native of the

West

Indies

and

and

tropical America, the huge, broad,

H. bella

glossy, perforated

BEAUTIFUL HONFl PLAN!

leaves of M. deliciosa

From

India, this

shrubby species

has pendulous stems and bright green, narrow, lance-shaped leaves. It

looks best

when grown

in a

hang-

ing pot or basket where the summer [lowers can be easily admired. The

star-shaped white flowers, with red or purplish pink centers, hang in flattened clusters.

H. carnosa

WAX PLANT Native to Australia, this twining plant can be

grown

against a small

and deeply cut grow from woody stems with aerial roots. Mature plants bear thick, cream spathes, followed by sweet-smelling, cone-like, edible fruits that lake

about a year to ripen and usually only outdoors. They are easy to

grow and

soil is

and scented, star-shaped flowers, white to pink in color and with dark

during

dry to touch, and feed

monthly with

warm

a soluble plant food

conditions. As M.

deliciosa prefer to

be pot bound,

Prune tops off tall plants to limit growth. The lower leaves will drop, but serious leaf drop may result if

ph\ llostachya PI

but the

repot every 2 to 3 years in spring.

HYPOESTES POLKA-DOT

all

an all-purpose mix in large containers with a stout support for the aerial roots. Some roots can be planted back into the container to help support the plant. Requires bright, indirect light and a high degree of humidity Water when

framework. From summer to fall it has dark green, glossy, oval leaves

pink centers.

adjust to

coldest indoor conditions. Plant in

the plant

WT

is

moved

or there

is

a

sudden environmental change.

A name

of Madagascar, this popular

indoor plant is grown for its colorful lavender-pink spotted leaves.

Though

about 90 cm),

pruned

to

it

can grow to 3

it is

12-18

in

NEMATASTHUS gregaiius ft

best kept

(about 30-45

syn.

Y

radicans, Hypocyrta uuiicans

CLOG PLANT

cm). Average temperatures and

A relatively easy to grow, trailing

produce the most colorful leaves. Allow the soil to dry between waterings and fertilize every 2 weeks during active

plant,

filtered to bright light

it has closely set, glossy, dark green leaves. The dark yellow or orange flowers look puffy and

bloom throughout

the year, es-

i

Neoregelia carolinae Tricolor'

Nidulai ium fulgens pecially

is

if it

slightly pot

bound

Pedilanthus tithymaloides

It

prefers an African violet potting soil

mix and bright light with some cool morning sun. Keep the soil moist and the atmosphere humid by placing on a tray of pebbles and water, or mist frequently. It can be grown outdoors

shade but

in partial

frost

is

tender.

NEOREGELIA About 50 species and many varieties comprise this spectacular genus of bromeliads. They produce some of the largest rosettes of colorful, thick,

shiny leaves, designed to attract fertilizing insects to the tiny flowers

blooming deep within the vase They need bright light with some direct sunlight to maintain color,

and

a

humid atmosphere. Water and keep the

regularly

centers

from

full at all

rosette

garden where the minimum temperature is 65°F (about 18°C), or for a greenhouse in a temperate climate. Grow as an indoor plant moist, fertile soil with peat and

moss added,

summer.

NIDULARWM

HEART OF FLAME. BLUSHING BROMELIAD

Jul gens

A spreading

BIRD'S

rosette of

40-60 cm)

16-24 in com-

across,

posed of light olive-green, strapshaped, saw-toothed leaves. Just

a

in spring or

summer, or from seed

N. carolinae

(about

sun and

in filtered

in

humid atmosphere. Propagate

very

from stem cuttings

times. Propagate

offsets in spring or

Peperomia caperata

in spring.

NEST BROMELIAD

Sometimes called "friendship plants" and resembling the genus Neoregelia, N. fulgens has dense

before flowering, which can be at

rosettes of strap-shaped, saw-

any time of the

toothed, glossy, yellow-green foliage

year, the youngest,

inner leaves turn crimson. The clus-

inconspicuous, blue-

ter of small,

surrounded by crimson-red bracts The cultivar purple flowers

1

1'

1

is

olor',

is

with cream-striped leaves,

seen more often than the species

itself.

scarlet bracts

and

rosette of

surrounds the white which appear

mainly

happy

in

summer. The

plain

is

in any open, fibrous mix.

Position in an area

ol

bright light for

and color Watei regu larly, keeping the rosettes lull at all iimcs Propagate from offsets in

Spreading to 20-24 cm), the rosettes

of

50-60

in (about

foliage

summei

spring or

this

brown While flowers bloom deep in the vase in spring lo summi I

palm

NEPENTHES

I.

,i

.i

the smallei

— and some

happif) indooi

\M

ol the

youth

in theii

nuns check the

pecii

<

fiaptei

Ideal in

stems change direction at each node, hence the name "zigzag plant." Leaves are mid-green

have diverse and beautifully marked and shaped leaves he) produc e long-stemmed spikes ol flowers Well suited to the average home environment, peperomias like

fleshy, erect

and sprout from the stems in two rows, resembling ribs on a backbone (Variegated cultivars are popular.)

Showy

red bracts shaped

head encase small, scarlei flowers, but such flowers are rarely produced indoors Water like a bird's

allowing the

soil surfat e

dry out between waterings

the

I

bright light (but not direct sun), especially near a

humidity

warm mark

in

from below as the leaves

easilv

in

.

vv

unci

ii

is

allow the plains to dry oui wati

moist

weather, and be sure to watei

pi, mis

the

indow, with high

vv

summer Keep

in

nngs

i

ise a hall

best to

between

strength, solu

month

spring

plant needs very bright lighl with

ble fertilize! on< e a

some

and summer Peperomias are easil) propagated from leal oi from stem

direct

phere, so

ii

sun and is

dry atmos-

a

well suited to winter-

lai

ing

gro

Forrei

"l

and South America

tral

terrariums or dish gardens, they

spai tngl)

PALMS Many ol

slow-growing succulent from

West Indies usually grows to around 18 in (about 45 cm). The

to

reddish

in

Nepenthes, hybrid

the

red-tipped, pale

green leaves are mottled

PIT< IIIKI'I

A

violet flowers,

good

marmorata

N.

with dark green spots.

Neoregelia marmorata

in

heated rooms Propagati

(.

uttings in spring or

in

summer

Repot

ei

ommi nda Fem

eedoi summi uttings, he hard ned thoroughly vhencul ecreti poi on m mill sap Mildew ma bi cau ed b) a from

i

i

.iiinu. ilk

I

caperata

/'

i

insectivorou

rhesi

adapti dlea

i

lous colored

plani

pit<

with lid

hei

liquid

in thi

.

piti

to ;

ii

1 1

an

ndril ui

i

i

cad

which form penduo th

thi

Palm

fiavi

on the

leaf

1

humid

.urn" iphen

PEDILANTHUS 1

1

<

RALDR1PPL1

rom

I

the pinkish stems ol this \

I

h

th plant

tiiln

maloides

VM ,m

ZIGZAG PI IACOBSI U)I)IR

PEPEROMIA

Ml SBAI KBONI

I

UWM

iglil

i

WOKI'I \\l

appi

Most of th

i

al

deepl) corru

gated and veined, dark green

plani

end

vii

I

mall plani .1

rainfon

i

oiw

ii

leaf oi iiinu

lusters ol

mi

gulai

vv I)

item cutting i

lea\

hue flowei spikes Propagate from in

spring

oi

386

Pwoma

In

do o

i

P

1

ii

ii

i

s

umbellifera Variegata'

Philodendron sellou

Philodendron bipennifolium P. obtusifolia

plants with

BABY RLBBER PLANT

long

life

handsome

leaves

and

a

expectancy, making them

successful and popular indoors.

bushy perennial with fleshy leaves and occasional spikes of minute flowers. The plain green species is a handsome plant growing about 12 in (about 30 cm) tall. More common are the variegated cultivars with the leaves m?rbled in gray-green and cream or gold. Good light but not direct sun is needed. Cut back if the plants grow straggly and propagate from cuttings. This

P.

is

a

Sweetheart'

Philodendron oxycardium

Peperomia Sweetheart'

grow 6-9 ft (about 1 .8-2.7 m) Cut back if necessary; it will drop its lower leaves.

which 'Sao Paolo' is most notable. The flowers are insignificant.

will tall.

Arum-like flowers are produced on

mature plants

Grow

tions.

in

optimum condiwith a

in bright light

warm, moist atmosphere,

as high

humidity improves growth. Water when the surface soil dries out and sponge any dust from the leaves. They need support by tying the aenal roots to a stout pole or mosscovered netting. Remove young stem tips to encourage branching. Philodendrons like to be crowded,

P.

PISONIA

oxycardium

syn.

umbellifera Variegata'

scandc ns

P.

SWEETHEART

VINE,

MONEY PLANT

BIRDCATCHER TREE. MAP PLANT

A rapid climber with glossy,

heart-

Known

shaped, rich green leaves.

may

"Para para," the

It

grow up a column or trail It grows to a height of 10 ft (about 3 m) or more. The aerial roots on the trailing stems will attach to anything. This is the most common and popular of the genus.

that

Most

appear from time to time,

'Sweetheart'

shaped

is

named

for

its

heart-

marmorata, the silver-heart peperomia, resembles except that the leaves have silver markings. Both are a shade larger than P. caperaia.

will

drop their lower

leaves.

Propagate from stem or leaf bud cuttings in

leaves. P.

from pests

summer. They and diseases.

are free

it

P.

P.

30-40 cm)

This climber attaches

PHILODENDRON

itself to suit-

by means of aerial A decorative plant, it is unu-

PHILODENDRON roots to the

tropical forests of Central and South America, these are adaptable, strong

sual for the guitar-like shape of the

lolxd, bright green leaves.

medium

light,

and

It

likes

in a large pot

oval leaves of this plant

pale to dark green

and creamy

white, resembling a

map

(hence the

common

name). The small, greenish flowers rarely appear indoors. fruit that forms when grown in us native habitat gave it the other

The

sclloum

Officially a climber, but in effect a

common name

clumpy perennial with a short stem from which the huge, deeply lobed

Grow in a standard indoor mix in warm temperature and bright light,

as a full-grown

able supports

Shrubs or climbers native

P.

on

24

stalks

reach 4'/ 2

wide, a

bit

ft

specimen

(about 1.3

big for

all

a

can high and

it

m)

but the largest

rooms. Several cultivars are availsome smaller than usual, others with variegated leaves, and there are several even larger hybrids of

able,

of "birdcatcher tree."

but keep out of direct sun, wind or

in

It is

magnificent specimen plant, though FIDDLE-LEAF PHILODENDRON

as

in (about

are beautifully patterned in tones of

(about 60 cm) or more long.

panduriforme

New Zealand

12-16

down.

leaves are carried

bipennifolium

syn.

us native

either

so do not plant in too large a pot. Typical of the hybrid peperomias

in

warm

draughts. Water freely and

regularly during the

growing sea-

son, but in winter allow to dry out

between waterings. Mist the plant, and wipe the leaves with milk and water when dull. To encourage bushing, pinch out the growing tips is young. Propagate from semi-ripe cuttings in summer.

while the plant

1

.

\1\IPAULIA

POLYSCIAS

s

filu ifolia

MRU

IIR\

VKVI

II \l

VKUIV

NUNC.

V

I

filu ifolia,

not eas) to

grow

Grow

fussy plains

I

ol

container

ol

standard peaty mix with sand and

a

hide charcoal added h needs bright light (but

not direct sunlight)

warm temperature

and

— keep away

from glass windows in cool climates. Keep humidity high by misting or standing on a tray ol pebbles

and water, and keep out of draughts Water freely in summer; keep drier at other times. Feed

monthly with half-strength, soluble fertilizer during the warm months P fMcifolia

young as

plants are

grow

to

best

is at its

when

the

the stems tend

straggly. These,

however,

can be cut back in spring.

prefers

It

be pot bound so repot only roots emerge from the pot

to

when

hole. Propagate

from stem

tip

I

ast

Africa, saintpaulias

flowering indoor plants because

lar

he)

as they are

in a

I

varieties are

30 cm) long leaves divided into bright green, serrated leaflets

I

The several thousand some ol the most popu-

saint Paul

plani with large, 12 in (about

.ire

ol

were originally collected in the late nineteenth century by Baron von

from tropical Asia and Polynesia, is an unusual house P

VNVIOI

A name

or

then attractive foliage, compact

nature, long flowering periods and

wide range ol flower colors. Although African violets have a reputation for being difficult to grow. given the right conditions this generally not the case.

demand

certain soil, however, so

easiest to plant in

maximum,

bright, indirect light will

ensure prolonged flowering. In winter this

may need

be supple-

the surface soil to dry out a

little

between waterings Avoid splashing the foliage. Feed once a month in the

warm

soluble

season with half-strength.

fertilizer. If

Watch

so

the plant

may

remove some of the

is

not appear, leaves Afri-

can violets prefer to be slightly pot

scale.

bound to bloom well, but repot when very leafy and no longer flow-

PROTASPAMGUS

ering well.

syn. Asparagus

These climbers are grown

They

foliage.

They

are easy to propa-

gate from leaf cuttings stuck in a

ASPARAGUS FER\ for their

are related to the as-

paragus of the kitchen table, but their shoots are too

skinny

They need

well-drained

a fertile,

Propagate

soil.

to

mented with artificial light. Use room temperature water, allowing

overleafy flowers

mites and

it

commercial African violet mix. Constant temperature, moderate humidity and is

stem section cuttings in summer. for red spider

is

They do

to eat.

spring by division

in

or from seed.

layer of pebbles on top of a moist sand and peat mixture, so that

leaves

do not

rot

African violets are

vulnerable to attack by powdery

mildew. S.

ioiumfJuj

lonantha

means "with violet-like and this species

flowers" in Greek,

densiflorus Sprengeri'

P.

This nial

is

has clusters of tubular. 5-lobed,

a sprawling, trailing peren-

which grows from small

tubers.

stems grow around 32 in (about

violet-blue flowers of semi-succulent texture,

growing on the stems

81 cm) long and. being well clad

above the leaves. The mid-green leaves, with reddish green under-

with bright green leaves, they look

sides, are scalloped, fleshy

charming

hanging basket, despite the occasional sharp

usually have a hairy surface. There

thorns In early spring

now

Its

abundant

trailing

from

a

it

bears

tiny, white, heavily

are

thousands far

and

ol cultivars available,

removed from

The (lowers can be

the species.

single or double,

scented, flowers, usually followed

usually 1-2 in (about 2.5-5

by red berries Remove spent stems

across,

Requires good

for neatness

light

and regular watering P.

slender, climbing perennial with

many

times into tiny

the)

provided

it

It

is

is

very easy to grow

never allow

(

cultivars are available, but

change constantly and most impl) offet a selection b\

colot

and flowei type

Full)

grown

flowers in proportion

miniatures

s

miniature and nailing

t

range

spring

ti

new growth

1

pes in flat

oi

m

the

nailing

10

u

.is

cm) long

I

same pes.

mux

h

he

hese miniature types

i

violets are di I s

ition ol

ionantha ami mlla

sei

olors

c

and flowers are equall) tin) omi flowers are bell shaped rathet

iv

harp (rem

ol

effectively

whit h ma) de\ clop stems

ill

'man

—

ionantha

leaves

a ide

)ld lea

ol the S

cultivars uu\ available

iboul

1

quite dt light

ruf-

scalloped orvariegated leaves

Named

segments, giving an ultra-ferny

appearance

cm)

shades from

white through mauve and blue to purple, and pale and deep pink to

fled,

leaves divided

in

crimson Some cultivars an particolored and others have

sctaccus

syn. Asparagus plumosus

A

and come

lliev di^

and

being easiet

than the large ones, but their unv pots div out quickly and

need regulat wan iealv and no longei i

;

well

Protasparagus

setat

i

us

o I

ndo

i

Plants

SANSEVIERIA

drying out completely. Oxer-water-

BOWSTRING HEMP MOTHER-IN

1

\\\ S

TONGl

E

ing

may

cause rotting

at

the base of

and roots Feed monthly in spring and summer with halfstrength, soluble plant food. Repot the leaves

Native to India and to southern and

and resilient indoor plants are grown for their stiff, fleshy, patterned 12-24 in (about 30-60 cm) tall le Stems of greenish white flowers tropical Africa, these popular

appear in late spring if conditions have been warm enough during the previous year. The flowers have a slight fragrance.

indoor potting

Grow

soil

in standard,

with a deep layer

of pot rubble for drainage. For

good

growth, place in bright light with average house temperature and

humidity. Sansevienas look their best,

however, when the humidity

is

only

when

the plant

Propagate from

fills

the pot.

leaf cuttings or

division in spring or

summer.

by

In

moisten the soil but allow to dry between waterings in warm weather and. in cool weather, to

only enough to prevent the Serissafoetida

soil

It

sometimes has

pale green (lowers Propagate by

s\ n

green flowers. S. trifasciata

This plant has rosettes of banded. gray and green leaves, and

is

smaller

than the other two sansevierias

mentioned. 5. trifasciata

Laurentii"

These

attractive, subtropical

and

tropical trees

5. trifasciata

leaves resemble

ft

outdoors. The glossy

taller

They

into leaflets.

foliage

is split

easy to

grow (but

are

rarely flower)

indoors. Plant in a standard indoor

potting

actinophylla,

cm) wide, and i: g bushy shrub approximately 32 in (about 81 cm) tall and wide can be cut back if it grows straggly (Outdoors in tropical climates it becomes a 30 ft/9 m tree> Vari-

soil, in

bright light but

insignificant flowers

orange

and brown-

seen indoors.

fruit are rarely

no S. digitata

warm

This species has nch green leaves

temperatures. Keep humidity

high by misting or placing on a tray of pebbles

and water. Water

in full

growth,

less at

freely

other

that are

shaped

ers followed in lar,

weather with soluble plant food. Propagate by taking 4 in (.about 10 cm) long stem cuttings from just

below the node

in early spring.

may be due

temperature or too

little

to low-

water

but thev have broad. S.

actinophylla

dark violet

happens

are

leaflets. In

fall

by small, globu-

fruit,

but this

rarely indoors.

SERISSA joctida

From Southeast Asia,

this evergreen

shrub has small, oval, deep green leaves that have an unpleasant smell if

IMBRELLATREE

hand and

spring there are tiny greenish flow-

dry out between waterings. Feed

warmer

like a

divided into 5 to 10 oval

times, allowing the top of the soil to

every 6 to 8 weeks in

It

egated-leaved cultivars are available.

The

direct sunlight, with average to

Falling leaves

The narrow upright

S.

into a

when Hahnii'

MBRELLA TREE

(.about 12

Brassaia, Hcptaplcurum

much

emerge stiff, lance-shaped leaves. 2-4 ft (about 60-120 cm) long, and 2 in (about 5 cm) or more wide. The dark green leaves are banded with gray -green and yellow. The plant sometimes has racemes of tubular,

l

but the leaves are only around 5 in

SCHEFFLEHA

S. tri/asciflta

the central rosette

M1NIATL RE

This plant resembles

Africa the fibers are a source of hemp.

From

arboricola

S.

division.

can grow to 6-12 (about 1.8-3. 5 m) indoors and

mist occasionally. Water

enough

yellow margins

they are bruised. From spring to 4- or 5-lobed, funnel-shaped,

fall

The most its

common

indoor species,

glossy foliage resembles segments

of an umbrella. are crested

by

Long green

light

stalks

green leaves

divided into 5 to 16

leaflets,

the

whole being as much as 20 in (.about 50 cm) wide. In summer

white flowers appear.

It is

a

most

garden shrub for frost-free areas; indoors it needs high humidattractive

and good light. Water moderwhen growing and less at other times. Propagate from semiripe cuttings in summer. ity

ately

spikes of small red flowers arise

from the top of the tree, but this happens indoors where it usually grows to about 6 ft (about rarely

1

.8

cut

ml it

tall. If

back

the plant gets too big.

SINMNGIA speciosa FLORIST GLOXINIA. VELVET SLIPPER PLANT

This native of Brazil

in spring.

for

its

large,

is

highly prized

trumpet-shaped flowers

available in whites, reds, blues,

purples and pastels. Nearly stemless with long, velvety leaves, they thrive in bright, indirect light, high

midity and

warm

hu-

temperatures.

Extremely popular as a seasonal potted plant, they are propagated

from seed or

leaf cuttings.

SPATHIPHYLLl/M Most species of this genus come from tropical America, but some are native to Malaysia.

They are

lush.

with dark green, oval leaves that stand erect or arch slightly, and beautiful white,

cream or green

arum lilies, that bloom reliably indoors. Grow in loose and fibrous, porous potting soil in filtered light away from the flowers, resembling

sun. (To re-create tropical conditions, increase the

humidity by

placing the plant on a tray of peb-

and mist regularly Water the and allow them to dry out a little in winter. Feed every 4 to 6 weeks with halt-strength, soluble fertilizer in spring and summer. Propagate by division in spnng or summer. bles

plants regularly,

Sansexieria trifasciata

Hahnn

^

.

Mauna

S

oa'

1

c\illli'cl

/

PINKQI

LIU

ICI

pi

III

he leathery, lance-shaped, gloss)

Dense rosettes ol

mid-green leaves reach lengths ol 18-24 m (about 45-60 cm) Oval, whuc. paper) spathes, surrounding

leaves are usuall)

I

bome

white spadices, are tent!)

.

intermit-

turninggreen with age H

is

the besi

known

number

of large-flowered cultivars;

ol a fairly large

and

S.

summer to

is

'Aztec'.

wallisii

Jeep green and

brown when new

fall

stems from

hey consist

In

the spectacular.

paddle-shaped flowerheads tall I

others arc 'Clevelandii', which shorter,

often reddish

grass-like, arching

ol

among

rise

on

the foliage

overlapping pink or

deep violet-blue How cis emerging This variety needs maximum humidity and is best grown m a compost ol tree fern fiber, peat and sand red bracts with

WHITE SAILS T. lindenii

This

is

a

dwarf species with clusters

of glossy green, lance-shaped leaves

on 1

reed-like stems

growing

A

2 in (about 30 cm).

The

smooth, pointed, arching red-brown lines grow in

thin,

leaves with

to

white spathe

a typical rosette. In

fall

a large

encloses tiny, creamy white

flower spike of crimson or pink-

spadices of fragrant flowers lightly

tinted bracts overlaps dense clusters

packed around an upnght spike The color changes to green with

of pansy-shaped,

age.

the leaves.

SYNGONIUM

TOLMIEA

podophyllum

menziesii

syn. Nephthytis triplwlla

PICK-A-BACK

PUNT. PIGGYBACK PLANT MOTHER-OF-THOl SANDS, vol H1-ON-AGE

ARROWHEAD VINE This plant closely resembles relative, the

with

its

its

climbing Philodendron,

handsome climbing

ing foliage.

It

or

trail-

has an unusual feature

maturity. The young, arrowheadshaped leaves on the end of erect stalks become, with age, lobed with 7 to 9 glossy leaflets growing to 12 in (about 30 cm) long. There are of changing leaf shape with

several varieties with variegated

cream or pink. Grow

leaves in

all-purpose potting soil in a

in

an

warm,

moist environment. This species tolerates fairly

low

deep blue or pur-

ple-blue flowers arising ]ust above

to bright light,

but no direct sunlight. Water

Native to the West Coast of North America, this popular house plant suitable for both pots

baskets. Bright green, hairy leaves that are ivy

shaped with toothed

edges, send out

new

plantlets at the

junction of the leaf and

stalk. There form with variegated leaves. In spring there are spikes of nod-

is

also a

ding, tubular to bell-shaped, rich

brown and green flowers. Hot, dry can harm these plants so grow in

air

moderate an all-purpose potting mix

a cool area in bright to light in

Keep soil moist but not soggy, and water sparingly in winter. Feed two months

warmer

thoroughly, allowing the surface to

even,

dry out between waterings. Feed

season with half-strength, soluble

when conditions to

warm

are

even.' 4

6 weeks with half-strength,

from stem cuttings in spring or summer. To encourage branching and more liquid fertilizer. Propagate

young

leaves,

pinch

off

is

and hanging

fertilizer.

in the

Propagate by planting leaf

cuttings or plantlets in spring or

summer Frequent

attacks by spider

mite create brown or

brittle leaves,

requiring immediate treatment.

long

stems

TILLASDSIA This genus contains over 350 species of

mainly epiphytic plants

Commonly called

air plants." these

bromeliads are grown for their unusual flowers The flowers are usually carried on spikes, heads or panicles and range in color from

white to purple and green to R d Plant in well-drained

moss or

t

iwn on slabs

in '- in

heat

sphagnum

hi

mder

hanging

to i.ikli

Misi regularl) and

5ummi

I

v.

1,11a

Spathlph)

Hum

wallisii

I

I

ix

•££B

392

a

(

One

<

1

Succulents

if-

1

cacti that

oj the most intriguing of

at

to

he

known

often in the

where their lifestyle revolves around the need to conserve water from The cacti, a family from the Americas and distantly related (believe it or not)

(rather

to the carnation,

pretentiously) as "junior gardeners."

And why

not?

A

collection oj cacti

(and other succulents)

much fun

is

company) of

the rare but copious desert rains.

to

just as

as a collection of stamps.

show

has given an armor) of thorns. Some have so many that they also serve to shade the body ol the plant from the sun. almost as true), so the typical cactus 7

itself

desert,

that they appeal strongly to

what used

epiphytes in the

orchids, most of these are plants of the

any other time of year.

The industry interprets that

mean

live as

manner (and

from Britain. There, nurseries sell more cacti during the school holidays than

have migrated to the forests

where they

comes

horticultural statistics

though the plant were aware that its thorns were the last vestiges of its leaves. Handling the plants may put one in

mind

of the old joke about

pines

make

how

porcu-

love (very carefully), but

you

don't have to be a devoted cactophile to

the succulent

habit at perhaps

its most wonderful. They have dispensed with leaves which would only transpire precious water,

admire their often dazzhngly beautiful (lowers. Dazzling is literally true: they

carrying out the vital business of photo-

show up

need

their brilliant

sheen and color

to

in the bleaching desert light.

synthesis in the green skin that covers

You

don't have to be an adolescent to

to indulge. Sure, there are giants in the

succulent world, but there are

many

beautiful species that will happily

find

them an example

Other Succulents

being almost spherical so they provide

The Cactaceae

much light-catching area as would. Many have developed

ribbed forms, the ribs ensuring that least part of the plant

of

that beauty that resides in grotesque-

A

is

in its

are the only

at

own

some

thirsty desert animals (at least

most unpromising of environments. While there are a few

saving themselves by breaking open a

to flourish in the

of

the stories of people lost in the desert

cactus and sucking the water from

Echinopsis species arc higlih valued for their brilliant flowers.

it

to

be comprised

members

of such

well-known

garden families as the lilies (agaves, aloes, gasterias) and even the daisies

fat

no one can deny that they are wonderful examples of how life adapts

ness; but

one

exclusively of succulents. There are

succulent

and tender plant full of stored water would be irresistible to shade.

are not the only family of

succulent plants, although perhaps they

nearly as leaves

spend

their entire lives in a small flower pot.

Some might

The stems themselves are enormously swollen and spongy, often their stems.

them different and appealing. Nor do you have to have hectares of garden find

are

(kleinias, the succulent senecios) as well

and Mesembryanthemaceae, which are predominantly succulents. Most depart

as families like the Crassulaceae

r ii

(

from the

cac

i

i

Succulents

-

i

i

l<)

J

in preferring to store their

ti

reserves ol water in succuleni leaves rather than stems, and these are often

wonderfully shaped, colored and

marked Their shrubby

habit varies from

to just a

few leaves on ground-

hugging stems, and

their flowers vary

from the sheer brilliance of the mesembryanthemums and aloes to almost complete insignificance

Growing Cacti and Succulents For

their diversity, cacti

all

and

succulents are surprisingly uniform in their cultural needs,

and

their built-in

makes They more the

tolerance of extreme drought

them invaluable

and

in

climates.

ask only to be given sun, the better; perfectly drained

but rich

soil

(desert soils are usually very fertile, as the prodigious crops they can yield

under

show); and to

artificial irrigation

be allowed to dry out completely while

mind

they are dormant in winter. Never that then they

may shrivel alarmingly;

they will recover almost

enough

fast

to

watch when you water them again in spring. Most can take a degree or two of frost as

long as they are dry, but they are

best considered tender

and grown

outdoors only in mild-winter climates.

They differ so much in appearance from conventional plants that they need careful

placement in the garden. Most

it easiest to grow them on own, but you don't have to grow them as single specimens; mass and group them, taking their different heights and colors into account just as you would in creating a border of more conventional perennials or shrubs. If you care to add a few desert-type

people find

Notocactus are ideal for beginners as

they are very easy to grow.

their

(xerophytic) shrubs like Cassia artemisioides as

it

background and some

rest of the

to exercise restraint

as petunias

garden; but you need

— such lush growers

would simply look

silly

planted with cacti and succulents.

Succulents grow perfectly happily

in

pots and can be the ideal answer for a situation

where

it

is

troublesome

water pots frequently

—on

ony for instance In the Southwestern stati bale

u

u

ill

be

grown

a

\

fai

a I

—

allows the soil to dry out

but

still

rich potting

mix

terrracotta faster. is

best

to

rod

or

apari from

—you can

adding sand to a regular commercial mix, and mulching the plants with gravel

I

tail

of the watering gradually until by the I

I

in a

strong

the other

main

can eat out the growing point of

it

cactus but can also infest the roots just about

a

it.

any succulent. As soon

you

as

powerful insecticide.

The only exception

to this

—

epiphyllums, the Christmas their

ilk.

regime

is

the cacti,

and

These are definitely tender,

return ol cold weather the plants are

needing winter temperatures no lower

bone dry Almost

than around 46 all

can be ver) easily propa-

gated from cuttings

side shoots.

ol

is

thai

soil

water until the new roots are well ivei

h

watering

1 1

to rot

ii

Imu is

the

en< out

th

you

(

at

grow n

weep

you don'i ovei

an do u rong

best

in

(aboul 8

1

(

V

hanging baskets,

they are as then

usuall) flattened, leal-like stems tend to

spring being the best time; the only thing to wati h

a

ol

spray the top and soak the roots in

the epiphytic forest cacti

I

and

he\ like a fertile, well-drained to be

again, All

watered

don

indooi

t

watei

grown

will benefil greatl)

in

warm

in

cacti

lib in in i

the

moment

hints "I

i

w

weathei

intei

and succulents

from being taken

;ummei

rool

and eptions have

is

and early summer while the plants are growing, and then

lore n k<

pest;

Mealy bug

see

i

and

drenching everything

fungicide.

keep their collars dry. Give the plants as much sun and fresh air as you can. water and fertilize (artificial fertilizer is

the cacti

d

cuttings of unaffected parts of the plant after

An open

try

the follov

poi plant

you can

if

best) lavishly in spring

easier to integrate the planting

with the

plastic pots

to

carpeting annuals like portulacas. you'll find

the size of the pot to the plant, and avoid

bui

bi

the weathei

old and

damp

Cacti & Succulents summer

or seed in spring The) are

name

susceptible to rot The genus

derived horn Aden,

is

home

oi the

recorded species

first

\

originated in South Africa and L)

reaches to

m)

vabout 2.7

tt

height \\ hoi

Is

appear

at

whole plant

blooms deep pinkish red

and Central America. The small species flower species native to South

POT CULTURE

obesum

after 5 to

may

DESERT ROSE

and foliage, grows to o tt about m). Whorls of shiny, green,

Valued

AGAVE This genus consists of over 300

margins.

tor its flowers

this species .8

expires.

10-11

the

us multiple branches. The

are white with

1

yela

terminal cluster; after blooming the

in

ol silky, lance-

to oval leaves

form a flower stem. In spring, low starr\- (lowers develop in ,

decorative, trumpet-shaped

A.

cm

Alter 2 or 3 years the center rises to

This deciduous, succulent shrub

tips ol

5

spoonshaped leaves with red-tinted edges.

Lin

shaped

1

and spreads to 20 in (about 50 cm) in diameter. Each

in height

rosette has lush green,

A. multiflorum impai

growing on rock) outcrops. The species reaches 6 in (about

10 years; the

tall

species

not flower until they are 20 to

40 years

old.

They

drained, gritty

all

soil,

like well-

but will grow in

I

(downy when immature) develop at the ends of plump stems. In mid- to late winter and leather)- leaves

spring terminal clusters

ol vivid,

pink-red, tubular flowers appear.

This shrub

is frost

should be planted partial shade.

tender and in full

Water

sun or

sparingly.

poor soil. Although they need sunny position, young plants

very

a

should be sheltered if in a frost area. They are drought tolerant, but need regular watering. Propagate from offsets or from seed in spring or

summer. A.

americana

CENTURY PLANT

Propagate from seed or cuttings in This large succulent makes a

summer.

good accent plant

POT CULTURE

with a 9

wide

AEONIUM Mediterranean and northern Africa,

a variety with variegated leaves

genus contains 40 short-lived,

perennial or evergreen succulents.

one (or several smaller), compact,

large

either as

stemless rosette, or as several long,

with rosettes on top.

leather)- stalks

The

lush, egg-shaped foliage ranges

from vivid green to greenish blue and sometimes purple Attracth e. star-shaped, pink, red, white or

yellow flowers appear from the center ol the leaf whorls, usually in spring. These succulents prefer full

sun or

partial shade, light, well-

soil and warmer temperaPrune stems after the bloom although the flowering rosette will usually die. Propagate from seed or leaf stem cuttings in spring and

drained tures.

A.

and die Middle

Easi

these semi-succulent shrubs have

popular.

for propagation.

A. victoriae-regmae. ROYAL AGAVE

Originating in Central America, this slow-growing succulent is considered by many to be the most beautiful of all. Stalkless and up to 24 in (about 60 cm) in height and breadth, its single rosette has dense, narrow, keeled foliage with white edges and surface lines. After 20 years, cream)- yellow flowers de-

arborcum Schwarzkopf

extremely resilient species sun.

Europe grows up to 24 in (about 60 cm) in height and 3 ft (about 90 cm) in width. Its striking, stemmed

will

be stunted. Plant in rich, wellsoil and water sparingly.

The

[lowers develop from the center of

perished

die dry season but endures tor

at

another year on cultivated

plants.

The

each

and have

Propagate from seed in spring or offsets after the rosette

has

rosette. 10-11

ALOE

cylindrical flowers are

vividly colored

full

If

from

least

seldom

grown in a tub make sure it is a good size, otherwise the species will refuse to bloom and the foliage

This shrubby plant from southern

black leaves. In spring, after 2 or 3 years, little, starry, golden yellow

sheds naturally during

is

attacked by pests and requires

bases and bright, deep green leaves. foliage

is

when 10 or

ZONES 9-10

drained

woody

flowers

more years old with a stalk up to 21 ft (about 6.5 m) of yellow flowers. The plant dies alter flowering, leaving offsets which can be used

rosettes have lance-shaped, purple-

dense, bloated trunks with

It

velop in spring and summer. This

summer.

tropical Africa

m) high and

rosette of thick, flesh)-, strap-

shaped, gray-green leaves edged with sharp spines and pointed tips.

The species develop

Originating in tropical and sub-

(.about 2.7

very-

garden,

Native to the Canary Islands, the

this

ADEXWM

ft

in the

5 petals.

A. canariense

Total sun or semi-shade, porous soil

This low-growing, frost-tender

and warm temperatures are required. Propagate from cuttings

perennial in

Islands

is

native to the Canary

where

it

is

typically

found

ALOE

This diverse genus of rosetted plants is

native to Africa

and the Middle

(

,isi

I

he) rangi w

i

idi

K

from low and shrubb)

n

with several

tree like,

habit,

in

to

pes

foi

and

tall

ol

ines

\

he and creepers also included w horled, lush, gra) ish green foliage is usuall) lanceolate and marked l

«

white Inn's

nil

summer attractive,

spring and yellow

patches, In

01

long-stemmed racemes. hese plants prefer moderate temperatures The larger types prefer

deners

i\i

i

prejudices gar-

It

more favored climates

in

is

it

an attrac-

ergreen climbei with bright

\

scai

lei

flowers from spring to

and yellow Propa-

kill

M-ii

A. ferox

sun, while the dwarl species

soil

mi

si

;isi

gate from cuttings

TAP ALOE. BITTER ALOE

enjo) semi-shade Plant in rich,

extremely porous

the few

ol

ton

abli

against the plant, but

I

lull

mis

green leaves and

red,

m

appeal

pi.

the All

one

is

ii

desert drought

i

orange, cylindrical flowers

01

limbing

i

m

hiding outhouses

tralian outbac k;

and only

Originating in South Africa, this

when the roots appear dry In spring or summer propagate from

lofty species

seed or stem cuttings.

stem produces

water

posed

A. arborescens

3

CANDELABRA PLAN! OCTOPUS PLAN! KIRCH PLANT

ma) grow up

about 4.5 m)

i

ol

tall. Its

15

to

ft

woody

single,

dense rosette com-

a

lance-shaped leaves up to

(about 90 cm) long. These blu-

ft

ish green leaves

have a spiny surface

with reddish brown spines on the This popular. South African species

margins. In spring, vivid orange-red

has a shrubby habit and reaches

blooms appear

to

6-9

(.about 1.8-2.7

ft

m)

up

in

in a thick, terminal

cluster atop a single, slender stalk.

when in flower. Its shortstemmed rosettes are composed oi lush, grayish blue leaves up to 24 in (.about 60 cm) long, slightly inward curving and thomy edged. Thick height

clusters of scarlet-red or yellow, cylindrical (lowers develop along an

A. \aricgata TIGER Al Or PARTRIDGE BREASTED ALOE

Native to South Africa, this thicket-

forming species grows up to 12 in tall and 6 in (about

(about 30 cm)

upright stem in late winter to early 1

spring. This tough aloe

and drought

both

is

salt

5

cm)

in diameter.

The overlaying,

pyramidal leaves are boldly marked with white, horizontal bands and

resistant

ZONES 9-10

have slightly serrated margins.

A. aristata

spring clusters of funnel-shaped,

TORCH PLANT, LACE ALOE

rose-orange flowers appear ends of slender stems.

In

the

at

Native to South Africa, this enduring, stemless species

forms

a single,

cm)

basal rosette, 4 in (about 10 tall,

and up

wide.

APTENIA

30 cm) cordifolia

deep green, lanceo-

long,

Its

late leaves solt.

to 12 in (about

have white surface spots,

serrated margins

and

curved,

a

This mat-forming, enduring succulent

quick grow ing and up

is

to 2 in

short spike on each tip Clusters of

(about 5 cm) in height The creep-

orange-red flowers develop

ing stems are covered with lustrous,

cemes

in ra-

green, oval leaves. Small, vivid, pink

in spring.

flowers

UNGUENTINI

(

U

MEDIC INF PLANT

in

in

U

IN

ILOI

summer and

are

appearance with dense

stamens There MEDK

II s

Bl

bloom

daisy like

A. barbadensis

is

also a red-flow

-

ered form, and one with variegated

RNP1 VNT

makes good ground cover It requires extremely porous soil with lull sun Propagate

leaves. This species

Renowned ties, this

for its

medicinal quali-

widely cultivated, short-

stemmed

species

is

thought to have

originated in the Middle

northern Africa (about

60 cm

It

in

I

ARGYRODERMA

ol

gi

green leaves with thorn) margins yellow flowei

pear in racemes up to 3

90 cm)

in height

delaetii In

LIVINGSTONES tp

rhisbizaro

fl

under window

rhis frosl

elleni in

ingulai :

hi

\

1)1

ciliaris

NM

\

INI

the

uccu

pi

lent, frosted-gi

i

treatmei

spring or

grows up to 24 in and devel-

long, thick, lance-shaped,

sin. ill

m

height

ops dense rosettes composed

summer,

from seed or cuttings

summer

ast oi

high with .'iii

i

like

a

a

i

t

i

& Succulents

$

y5

— 396

Cacti

& Succulents

ASTROPHYTUM

cal ribs

This popular genus contains 6 diverse species of slow-growing cacti,

Mexico They range widely in size and their form varies from star shaped, hence the Greek genus name, to elongated and globular. native to

The plants

are divided into 5 to 10

prominent

ribs,

some with

a

smooth

areoles.

and bands of little white Completely covered with

white scales, this cactus is unusual because it has no spikes. Yellow flowers with red interiors fine,

bloom

in

patterned with white,

tufty areoles. Individual, large, yel-

low or

red,

trumpet-shaped flowers

appear from the top of the plant

summer

in

The species prefer porous, alkaline soil. Full sun and dry"

or

fall.

conditions are also preferred,

except during mid-summer. Propagate by grafting

and Irom seed

in

\\

rust-colored spikes. White, tubular,

or

night-blooming flowers appear in

ZONES 8-10

summer on larger specimens. species requires

summer

porous

soil.

sun and

full

rich,

BESCHORNERIA

This odd-looking species grows up to 12 in (about

and 4 It

30 cm)

in height

one

has a grayish green, globular

body, divided into 4 to 8 prominent ribs and covered with tiny, white scales. Glossy, yellow blooms ap-

spectacular

member of the

is

of

sword-shaped, gray-green leaves around 32 in (.about 81 cm) long, prickly. In spring

ZONES 9-10

47 -6 2

spring and summer.

lily

makes clumps

family, this plant

rather like a yucca but

pear in summer.

ft

is

—

the

most famous of

the 18

ft

all

(about 5.5

m)

it

much

less

sends up

(about 1.3-1.8

m)

that raises single or

native to the deserts of California

and

New Mexico,

the ecology

where changes to and the depredations of

tourists are seriously

endangering

future as a wild plant.

It

slowly, a seedling taking

tall

to

be

tall

enough

many years ml to

(9 ft/2.7

AZUREOCEREUS

flower stems with pendent, apple-

flower; but the white, sweetly

green flowers and bright pink

scented, mght-blooming,

SEA URCHIN CACTUS, SAND DOLLAR CACTUS

hertlingianus

bracts.

Looking very much

like a sea ur-

Native to Peru, this erect cactus tree like in habit,

growing up

m) when

green, globular cactus grows to 3 in

12

(about 7.5

cm) in height and 4 in (about 10 cm) in diameter. It is

A

alternately divided by smooth, verti-

blue stem with

Borzicactus cchianus

Astrophytum asterias

ft

(about 3.5

it

it is

stalk

is itself

a spectacular sight.

It

is

sun and rich, well-drained soil. Propagate from seed or offsets. ZONES 10-11 prefers

to

cultivated.

slow-developing species,

column-shaped,

pink,

As the flower

has

to

20

ribs

and

summer

flowers are worth seeing.

ZONES 9-10

full

a

CARPOBROTUS Valued

BORZICACTUS

abundance of vivid 30 species in this genus

for their

frosted, grayish

up

its

grows very

A. astcvias

chin, this highly valued, grayish

tall

branched columns in the background of just about ever)' early cowboy movie. It

yuccoides

A

spring

CARNEGIA

cacti

MEXICAN tin

10 cm) in diameter.

in (about

in

gigantca

This

CAP, BISHOPS MITRE

any time seed.

SAGUARO

A. myriostigma S

summer from

and summer.

POT CULTURE BISHOP

ater Propagate

This

Propagate from seed or

cuttings in spring

9-10

appearance, some covered in thick hair, others

numerous, tufted areoles sprouting

flowers, the

of carpet-forming succulents are

OLD MAN OF THE ANDES. OLD MAN OF THE MOUNTAINS

predominantly native tralia,

Native to South America, this slow-

growing cactus reaches heights of up to around 4'/i ft (about 1.3 m). The body and branches have 10 to 18 ribs and rust-colored spikes. Elliptical areoles

sprout long, white

which completely cover the younger cacti. Older specimens produce reddish pink summer flowers that close up at night. The species is simple to grow if allowed full sun, porous soil and occasional hairs

South in AusNorth America and the Pacific

Africa, with

to

some found

Islands. The vigorous, 2-angled stems vary in length up to 6 ft

(about 1.8

m) and become

leathery

with age. The deep green, extremely

from cylindriand often have serrated margins and clear surface markings. The large, daisy-like flowers are borne individually in varying shades of purple, and occasionally yellow. These are followed by lush, sometimes edible fruit from which the genus name is derived karpos: fruit and biota: edible. These pulpy

leaf pairs vary

cal to triangular,

species are easy to grow, requiring full light

and porous

soil.

suited to hanging baskets

They are and make

excellent sandbmders. Propagate

from stem cuttings or seed to early

in spring

fall.

C. eduhs

HOTTENTOT

FIG

Originating in South Africa, this prostrate, mat-forming, perennial is an excellent sandbinder It produces long, spreading, narrow stems covered with deep green, erect foliage with

succulent

serrated, reddish margins. In spring

and summer, bright yellow, red or purple flowers appear. Edible,

brown, fig-like fruit follows the bloom. This species prefers mild temperatures and is ideal for a hanging basket. It requires full sun, porous soil and light water ZONES

10-11

C. muirii REAL SOUR FIG

This fast-growing species to

South Africa and

is

native

in spring bears

pinkish purple flowers up to 3 (aboul 8 cm) in diameter, Followed

stems with numerous soft,

fingei

while brisdes Readily flowering

indoors from an early age, this spe-

bj tasty fruit.

cies

produces

How crs

It

sun or

full

Propagate by planting

partial shade.

senilis

which are easily broken off at their joints, in spring and summer. the small lingers,

II

•<

This erect. South American cactus

grows slowly

40

io

m)

(about 12

It

20 in (.about has up to 30 ribs,

the wild but only

tall in

50 cm)

in pots.

It

yellowy white spines

fine, short,

and

summer

requires porous soil and

CEPHALOCEREl'S OIDMWC U

vivid, orange-red

spring and

in

a profusion of gray-white fleecy

CLEISTOCACTVS Straus n SILVER

common name"*

hair thence the

TORCH

which completely covers the body and can be washed and combed similarly to one's own. Mature plants develop thorny crowns from where trumpet-shaped, reddish

This erect columnar cactus

pink spring flowers appear, but not usually on cultivated specimens.

taper toward the base. These are

This cactus

is

suitable for the green-

house and requires full sun or partial shade and sandy, slightly

gray-blue stems that distinctively

covered with areoles sprouting

An abundance

white hair

from the stems in

straight

species likes

porous

soil.

full

COPL\POA This genus of

(.about 4.5 itO in height.

has an

It

deep green-blue stems

with up to 10 ribs and brown,

downy areoles with yellow spines. open

Scented, brown-green flowers

summer and

night during

followed by red. globular

are

fruit.

This

and porous Propagate from seed or stem

species prefers total sun

cuttings in spring. -

Carpobrotus muirii Ccvcus, peruvianus

Amenca. this popular cactus grows up to 1 5 ft Originating in South

soil.

sun and extremely

Propagate from seed or

PERUVIAN \PPLE PERUVIAN TORCH

at

sum-

This

ZONES 9-10

peruvianus

erect habit,

late

cacti.

summer.

cuttings in

CEREUS

fine

of deep

red, cylindrical flowers develop

mer, but only on older

alkaline soil.

native

is

and reaches to 9 ft (about 2.7 m) in height. Quick and simple to grow, it has numerous, nbbed. to Bolivia

cacti, all native to

Chile, are slow developing

and van-

from single and erect to multi-stemmed and spreading, and from gray to light green with brown shadings. All species have numerin habit

ous areoles sprouting long spines and fleecy crowns trom where the blooms emerge These yellow or red flowers are wide and trumpet or bell shaped.

Some enjoy

full

sun, while

others prefer semi-shade. Propagate

J-10

from seed in spring, offsets in summer, or by grafting in summer and

CEROPEGIA

spring

woodii C. cinerea ROSARY VJNl HF«TS-OVVSTRING

This unusual species

An

hanging basSouth Africa

excellent plant for

kets, this native of

produces an abundance of slender, thread-like branches with small, bead-like" tubers produced at the

nodes. The small, heart-shaped leaves are bluish green mottled

in

summer and

arc

(about 2 cm) long, poking out from

among the

leaves at the nodes Ro-

sary vine requires several

single-

Gray,

rity

to

downy areoles sprouting

pointed spines cover silver-gray stems. These stems have numerous

and a thick, fleecy, w hue crown from where the flowers emerge The wide only ribs

while Purple, hairy, tubular flowers

appear

is

24 in uibout 60 cm) when young, forming colonies up to 6 ft (about 1 .8 rrO wide in matu-

stemmed up

on

cacti

4 in (about

1

c

m

or

to

6 in

more

in diameter

hours of

sunlight and moderate water

Propagate from stem

cutti

(

echinoides

I

Reaching

up

a height ol

tboul

CHAMAECEREUS

in

diameter, this solitary-

stemmed, frost-tender perennial has

siivestrii

appearance

i

PI

1

Ufl

I

(

\<

In- well

II

Its

s

tutstand-

known

Argentine ca

I

peting habit and

aboul 10

n

i

m)

in

ing ribs and

seven whorls and I

ight, yellow

bloom of initially ere<

t .

peanui -shaped

in

sun

a

<

cnu.il spine

Copiapoa cinerea

Copiapoa echinoides

(ii
19 8

& Sui

<

ulents

Dioscorea elephantipes

C

yphostemma

Crassula arborescens

juttat

green leaves with red undersides

DIOSCOREA

and downy edges. In summer to fall an abundance of cylindrical, deep

elephantipes

red flowers appear

ELEPHANTS FOOT. HOTTENTOT BREAD

terminal

in thick,

sprays. This succulent needs

Many

w aimer temperatures, total sun and porous soil. This species is easily cultivated from seed or cuttings in spring and summer.

are cultivated for yams,

up

species ol the genus Dioscorea

which make

the tuberous storage roots. Al-

though D. elephantipes was origicooked and eaten by the

nally

Hottentots of southern Africa,

LTURE

now grown primarily

it

C. ovata

garden plant.

JADE TREE. FRIENDSHIP TREE. MONEY TREE

with circular to kidney-shaped

It is

is

as a decorative

a twining species

leaves abruptly pointed at the ends,

This quick-growing, shrubby, per-

Cotyledon orbiculata

Crassula coccinea

ennial succulent grows to

COTYLEDON

shaped flowers form

orbiculata

his evergreen,

succulent shrub

native to northern Africa

is

cm

in

I

height and breadth. Egg-shaped,

gray-green leaves with a while

gins form in opposite pairs along In

fall

termi-

truly

m) in height and 6 ft m) in diameter. It has

(about 3.5

partial

stems that are covered with shiny, pulpy, egg-shaped leaves edged with red. In fall and

watering only in winter.

Propagate from cuttings or by div-

and summer, from

seed in spring.

thick, leather)

I

a

good potted

full

sun,

plant.

Reaching up to 12 ft (about 3.5 m) and 6 It (about 1 .8 m) in

pear. This succulent requires total

broad, pulpy, silver-gray leaves with

Native to southern Africa, this de-

contrasting red margins. This suc-

ciduous, perennial succulent grows

soil.

horn the top. Propagate from seed or cuttings in

summer

J- 10

This large, diverse genus comprises

mature.

likely to flower.

and

full

to

(about

1

.8

m)

in

height

when

has a distinctively bloated

It

is

covered with yellow, peeling

The wide, shiny green foliage roughly saw toothed and has a

downy underside

syn. Rochca coccinea

lets

This evergreen succulent from

from prostrate and carpel forming to tall and erect Star-

Its

South Africa reaches 24

in (about

in height. Five-petaled,

flowers appear from

ft

trunk which branches near the top

is

C. coccinea

60 cm)

6

bark.

about 300 species of annual and perennial, mostly evergreen, succulent shrubs. Predominantly native to South Africa, they range widely in habit

syn. Cissus juttae

sun and welldrained soil. It makes an excellent potted specimen but is then un-

culent requires

10-11

CRASSULA

deep

with good drainage and semi-

arid conditions,

it is

also suitable as

a greenhouse plant. Propagate from seeds, cuttings or root section at any

time of the year. POTCULTI

Rl

This genus contains approximately

juttae

has strong, thick stems that develop

rous

>oil

DROSANTHEMVM

CYPHOSTEMMA

in height

bell-shaped, hanging flowers ap-

shade and very poAvoid watering flowers

in

SILVER JADE PLANT. SILVER DOLLAR

diameter, this perennial succulent

partial

the

10-11

nal clusters of orange, cylindrical or

sun or

appear

spring. Requiring a position in

winter small, pink, starry flowers

and makes

is

rootstock. Insignifi-

-

appear. This species prefers

C. avborcscens

enormous

cant, yellow flowers

(about 2

wax

coating and occasionally red mar-

plump, multiple stems.

sun or shade, very porous soil and

ision in spring

and

reaches to 20 in (about 50

terminal

2

but us most striking feature

ft

clusters. Species require full

slight I

in

1

fall

pink

to winter.

numerous, upright, leathery stems produce pairs of pulpy, flat

that emits drop-

of resin. Small, greenish yellow

flowers appear in summer, followed by red or yellow fruit which look

very

much

like

small bunches of

grapes. Plant in porous soil in

full

sun. Propagate from seed in spring. l.IURE

95 species of perennial succulents name lo South Africa. They have a spreading habit and van' in height, some reaching 3 h (about 90 cm The numerous leaves are fleshy and irregularly shaped. The yellow to deep purple flowers range in color from pink and yellow to deep purple They require bright sunlight for the flowers to open hilly. Potted specimens can be kept indoors in winter in a warm, sunny position. Plant in well-drained, compostenriched soil. Water sparingly in summer and keep fairly dry in winter. Propagate from seed or cuttings and replace plants about even' 3 1

\

cars

(

P

bu oh

iik iii

1

/

oki i>u

his fasi

i

n wi

grow ing bul short-lh ed

perennial has

rounded form Spectacular,

thick,

DIM

\RI l(

Kl\

clump-forming, perennial succulent develops in a thk kl\ I

bran< hed,

a sulll\

from a crown

elegans

.

PI

his

foliaged, basal rosette

golden centered, purplish redtipped flowers are bome in spring

(about

m

cm

j

tall

>

up

and 20

in

(about

margins

ZONl

soil

flowers have yellow petal tips

10-11

makes P. floribundum

This small, cushion-forming, succulent, perennial plant

(about

1

5

em)

in

indefinite spread

branches take root as

A

pro-

pots.

1

PI

multiple, brown,

i

about

cm

1

I

\NI

rosettes

Iruit soil

up

to

4

diameter. These

whorls are composed of dense, inversely egg-shaped leaves, silky sott and covered with white down winter to spring red or yellowish

red flowers appear along stems to

12 in (about 30 cml

up

ECHINOCACTVS

valued for their habit, foliage and

grusonii

3

ft

GOLDEN BARREL

C \CTUS

Originating in Mexico, this popular.

slow-growing cactus reaches up 6 ft (about 1.8 m) in height and

have pulpy, sleek-edged leaves which are particularly vivid during

breadth.

the colder months. Bell-shaped to

shaped, pale green body that

It

to

has a single, globe-

full

upwards in maturity, becoming barrel shaped. This stem is heavily ribbed with numerous

soil

areoles sprouting radial, yellow

cylindrical (lowers

bloom at differThey require

ent times of the year.

sun or semi-shade, very porous and light watering. Propagate from seed, offsets or cuttings, or by division in spring and summer.

/

1

hinoi

ereusreu

m

nben

l<

American I

cacti

hasa

he stems are numer-

and spin) with new

stretches

spines. In

duce

summer,

larger cacti pro-

a circle ol vivid,

/)insdMl/ir

mum

/m oloi

E.

subinervis

This attractive species from

New

Mexico grows around 2 30 cm) in height, usually

'about

1

brightly colored, trumpet-

fluted, gray-green plain

lovely

cream or yellow

in

as a single. Ii

bears

flow

spring

a]

Species need extremely porous

with

full

E. viridiflorus

sun or semi-shade

Propagate from seed or cuttings spring and summer.

in

E. reichenbachii

yellow flowers

This thicket-forming, globe-shaped

s

Native to the southern

Mexico

native to the southern

cactus

is

and

Mexico The shortest

to

in the

lacy cacti

genus, us 3

in

high stems spread

ISA and

to

6 in (about covered

this typicall) single-

Echinocereus viridiflorus

flowers The species form in per-

symmetrical, basal rosettes or

ing habil

gated and cylindrical with age.

genus contains over 150 species of

multi-stemmed bushes up to (about 90 cm) tall. These plants

purple flowi

stemmed cactus is globe shaped when immature, becoming elon-

tall.

ZONES

ornamental, perennial succulents

e-pink to

i

followed by small thorny, globular

HEN AND CHICKS

in

abundam

stems bursting lorth from inside existing ones In spring to summer

downy stems in

aboui 10

sun with

soil

shaped, enduring blooms

HINIllt

ECHEVESIA

fectly

j

ousl) ribbed

This shrubby perennial produces

In

Native to the Americas, this large

ji

large

in

summer. Excel-

hanging baskets or

10-1

.

in winter.

crowned with open

lusion of little, pink, daisy-like

lorth

It

and

plant

>i

i

'in

in.

iii

This large and popular genus of

reel

pulvinata

PLISHPUN1 ,<

they grow and

green, cylindrical leaves

ZONES

good bedding

should be kept dry ZONEs E.

creeping

lis

flowers are borne in

,i

ition in lull

i .

ECHINOCEREVS

reaches to 6 in

height with an

are covered with pairs of pale, gray-

lent for

he bell-shaped, pinky

1

po

Succulents

-

i.ince.

compost-enriched -

a

i

ii

In spi

in

I

quires

the spei

i

reac lies a heighi

topi

at thi

resistani

to 2 in

Plain in a position in well-drained,

i

in

well-drained

diameter lis lush leaves are frosted blue-green with red i0

D

.(.(I

in

'•

7

in colonies

up

15cm The

to

stems are red-brown or white

spines with up to

1

1

6 ribs Vivid,

green flowers bloom ZONEs '

It

(about

USA

sp<

Echeveria flfg<ms

in

spring.

400

I

&

diii

S u

i

i

ii

I

e

n

ECHINOPSIS This popular genus contain

s

35 species of cacti native to South America. Ranging from single, basal, globe-shaped stems to readily colonizing, tubular

and

erect, these cacti

are densely covered with spines

and

have pronounced ribs. Species are highly valued for their funnelshaped, brilliantly colored flowers

which are up to 8 in (about 20 cm) long. The blooms open at night and are very short lived.

These plants

will survive in varying degrees of

shade and require

rich,

well-drained

and light water. This genus has been extensively crossed with Lohi\ id to produce many hybrids, all of which have large flowers in a

t s

cream-white ribs cover the deep green stem. An abundance of down\'. golden yellow flowers 2 in (about 5 cm) in diameter bloom

sprout fragrant, pinkish blue flow-

from the crown ZONES 9-10

ZONES

E.

in late spring.

seed and readily produced E.

offsets.

arachnacantha

syn. Lobixia arachnacantha

This short, spherical, perennial cactus tall,

is

up

to

l

1

/j

in (about 3

cm)

with a spread of 2 in (about Numerous undulating.

5 cm).

spring and

tips.

from readily produced

with

a neat,

to

light watering;

grow and

it

will survive

is

easy to

long periods

of neglect.

ZONES 9-10 E.

oxygona

EASTER LILY CACTUS, BARREL CACTUS

Originating in Brazil, this spherical,

multi-branched cactus grows to 6 in (about 1 5 cm) in maturity and forms dense thickets up to 3 ft

E.

offsets.

come

in a

flower colors

wide range of

—white through pink

and through yellow to orThe flowers can be as much as (about 15 cm) across, and open

to red

This genus from tropical South

ange.

Amenca and Mexico contains 35 epiphytic cacti. The species have a

6 in during the day. Often the plants are simply sold by flower color.

shrubby, prostrate or pendent habit

POT CULTURE

species and over 3000 hybrid,

and

are virtually spineless in

rity.

Multiple flattened stems de-

matuE.

velop from a leathery base with heavily undulated margins often

mistaken

summer

for leaves. In spring or

this

funnel-shaped flowbloom. These appear from the edges of the stems and vary from nocturnal to daytime opening. The large,

species require a dry, cold spell

slender, tapering, ribbed branches

full sun for optimum flowering. These cacti are ideal hanging basket

light,

sandy

plants, their trailing stems

grow

better

if

soil

PIPE,

BELLE DE

NUT

Native to Mexico and Guatemala,

ers

to

o.xypetalum

DUTCHMAN'S

during winter,

brown, blacktipped spines. These asparagus-like stems are inwardly curving and

hybrids

plants

(about 90 cm) in diameter. Long, are covered with

summer.

seed or

Growing usually to 24 in (about 60 cm) in height and width, these

position in rich, well-drained soil

is

grows

Propagate from seed in

stricted

spring, stem cuttings in

10-11

clump-forming cactus around 8 in (about 20 cm) high with abundant lime-yellow flowers in summer. It prefers a

This

Propagate in

summer from

ORCHID CACTUS

great

gate

from the

EPIPHYLLUM

Green Gold"

soil

many color varieties. Propain spring and summer from

ers

and

seeming

the roots are re-

popular perennial cactus has an

upright habit to 6

ft

m)

(about 1.8

in height, arching in maturity. Its

multiple stems are up to 4 in (about

10 cm) wide and tapering. The night-opening, 6 in (about 15 cm) wide, white flowers have slightly

curved tubes. They are most tensely fragrant. a

house

It

in-

does very well as

plant.

POT CULTURE

EVPHORBIA SPURGE. MILKWEED

This massive genus contains over

2000 species of shrubs, perennials and succulents naturally occurring worldwide. These slow-growing species have distinctive yet diverse forms and are popular as house plants. The succulents have complex,

cup-shaped bracts which enand

case two to three male flowers

a

single, 3-toothed female ovary.

These are followed by leather) Echinopsis arachnacantha

Echinopsis Green Gold'

Echinopsis oxygona

,

3-lobed seed pods which burst

open

to disperse the seeds.

The

plants require a cool, dry resting

damp, porous soil sun or partial shade. Propagate from seed or dry cuttings in spring, or by division in early period. Plant in

with

full

spring or early

fall.

Many

types

contain a milky white, toxic sap

which is extremely skin irritant, and it is by this, as well as the insignificant flowers, that they

can be

distinguished from the true cacti

which many of them

superficially

resemble.

Epiphyllum Pink Nymph' E.

caput-mcdusac

MEDUSAS HEAD This South African perennial succu-

up to cm) tall, out of which develop a number of graylent has a thick, leather)' base

fflss

6 in vabout 15

m

green, pulpy stems 18 in (about

45

jt'-vT *\

'

tDL

»'

an octopus. Short-lived, narrow, lance-shaped leaves grow

'I

IHkVy ,X-Fjw>\^^3W Epiphyllum oxypetalum

cm") long that look like the tenta-

cles of

Euphorbia caput-mcdusac

only at the branch extremities, where green flowers with white, lacy margins appear in summer. It is best propagated from seed or offsets.

ZONES 9-10

1

(dill S

i

B ^>^v>

fci

i

II

I

M

('

/

I

401

s

g

/ tflfy

II

85

\c

4

i

ai

S

p
~^^^J ^*.K Fenestra

green leaves form in rosettes and are dense and pulpy with a keeled re-

obesa

GINGHAM GOLF

aurantiaca

Ferocaclus hamaiacanthus

Gasteria verrucosa E.

id

BALL. BASEBALL

PUNT

They are covered with white and bear up to 10 erect, white teeth on verse.

becoming elonunusual and popular

Perfectly spherical,

gated, this

perennial succulent

native to

is

their margins. Large,

South Africa. It grows up to 8 in (about 20 cm) tall and 6 in (about 15 cm) in diameter, and

is

dots, occasionally tinted red

deep yellow,

cm)

daisy-like flowers, 2 in (about 5 across,

spineless

The pale green stem has eight depressed ribs and red-brown, horizontal and vertical lines, making a check pattern similar to gingham. Little, yellow-green, cup-shaped bracts bloom from the apex in summer.

bloom

in

fall,

only opening

in the afternoon. This species likes full

sun,

porous

water in winter and

little

Propagate from seed in

soil.

spring, cuttings in

summer.

ZONES 9-10

Euphorbia trigona

FENESTRARIA

POT CULTURE

25

WINDOW PLANT

diameter. Elongating with age,

This small, clump-forming, peren-

up to 20 prominent ribs and numerous tubercles sprouting ex-

E. trigona

AFRICAN MILK TREE

South Afgrows up to 2 in (about 5 cm) and 8 in (about 20 cm) across

nial succulent, native to

This 3 like

a

ft

(about 90 cm)

tall

cactus-

succulent from eastern Africa

popular indoor plant

—

it

is

looks

rica, tall

The

basal rosettes are

composed

of

prehistoric with us bolt-upright,

upright, club-shaped, shiny, gray-

3-angled stems and oval leaves

green foliage approximately 7 in (about 3 cm) long These slender,

standing horizontally

at intervals

from (he angles By the end of summer, most of the leaves drop. The insignificant green flowers are not

on indoor plants. It needs good light indoors or light shade in the garden, and prefers damp, porous soil Give it a cool, often seen

dry resting period '10

FAVCAR1A

1

:

smooth leaves have a curved underside and permeable gray tips. Large, vivid yellow, daisy-like Dowers appear from in

winter

I

summer

late

to

fall

or

enjoy a position

in lull

careful division in spring

IK. I

ulti

rennial til

is

h

grows

i" 4 in (aboui

10 cm) and (

I

he triangular, vivid,

flesh'.

single yellow flower, with a

in His

RKSMI Mi

initialing

humalai

Ml

5

ft

appear.

It

(about 4.5 m). well-drained

Propagate from

which grow on the lower

ol the Flower. S

10-1

GASTERIA

which occur on some

VVARTV

species,

should be treated with a systemic fungicide

To prevent

seed ZONES

verrucosa \l

Of.

OXTONGUE

Native to South Africa, this fan-

the problem

shaped, perennial succulent grows

up

and summer

to 4 in (about 10

cm)

in height

and 12 in (about JO cm) wide Us long, sharply pointed, lance-shaped

deep green and coated

leaves are

with white, wan-like tuberc

FVRCRAEA F. i;ij;iinf<

I

the

i

sum met whin

the largest

is

perennial su<

>"-' iw

and have slightl) furled edges

In

spring racemes

Ol

ol

cup-shaped,

ange and green Flowers appeal From

Fun rata genus and,

iinlhii\

has

les

he) Form in two opposing ranks


his giant false agave

ol

shaped, Flesh) in

stem

1

in a position in

crown. Followed by a pulpy, globeshaped seed pod Plant in full sun and porous soil. Blackened areoles,

.i

II

Grow

ZONI

l

hamatat anthus

m) stem

red interior, blooms from the

syn.

svn Mdmilloi

(about 7

mer a

ol

native to South

ft

bulbils

in spring

I

24

has a spread of soil in full sun.

foetida

FEROCACTVS <

has

it

tremely sharp, brownish red spines with yellow tips. In spring to sum-

RS|WV

forming, this easy to

and

in height

equate ventilation Propagate Irom

sun with

porous soil and scant water, in fat they should be kept bone dry over the winter period Propagate Irom seed in spring and surnmei oi b)

in (.about

occurring, ensure plants have ad-

he distinctive leaves

LTURl

Clump

63 cml

aurantiaca

<

like the

uleni

nd

in

Fragrant, bell-shaped, I

Aiis on

Ins su<

i

ulenl

is

simple

w

it li

lull

sun or

partial

shade

spring and surnmei

Propagate

in

lii>ni leal

uttings oi seed, oi b)

division a

I

toe ultivate, requiring well drained soil

It

broad, sword gr

the centei

t

402

Cacti & Succulents

A Field Trip to the Anza-Borrego Desert State

Park

1 he Anza-Borrego Desert State Park in southern California

is

many

a

part of a remarkable landscape

—and

the setting for

<

keansid' C

Hollywood western. The park lies in a rain shadow shielded from the coast by the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and takes in an area of high desert approximately 50 miles (about 80 km) east of

arlsbad •

San Diego.

The road from the San Diego-Carlsbad trip begins, to

Mount Palomar,

area,

where your

takes in a breathtaking array

mountain and desert scenery. Leaving the urban areas near you wind through willows and oaks along shaded watercourses. The canyons and hills are home to a number of bulbs and perennials such as blue dicks (Dichelostemma sp.), various Allium, Lilium and Penstemon species, the spectacular red delphinium (Delphinium cardinale) and many others. As you travel further into the foothills, the area is dominated by chaparral vegetation (dense, tangled brushwood). An outstanding feature here is the manzanita (Arctostaphylos sp), a shrub or small tree which has a beautiful, smooth, rusty colored bark and clusters of white to pink bell-shaped flowers in spring. If you get out of the car you may be joined by roadrunner birds (made famous by the cartoon character). Continue along the highway to Mount Palomar; it reaches an imposing 10000 ft (about 3000 m). Here you can walk through the tranquil conifer forests. The atmosphere will be of

Pacific

the coast

Ocean 10

slightly

damp,

Nevada

is

2(1

mis

on the coastal side of the Sierra The walking trails around Mount Palomar are delightful and the conifer forest provides a majestic backdrop for mountain wildflowers such as wild roses, liliums, columbines (Aquilegia formosa) and a host of other bulbs and perennials. You are also likely to hear and see the famous woodpecker bird. Crossing to the other side of the mountains you wind your way down fairly steep roads and, as you travel further east, trees give way to the vegetation changes rather dramatically cacti, yuccas and agaves. The air is drier, and is accompanied by strong winds whipping off the mountains. Any plant that as this area

subject to mists from the Pacific Ocean.

—

thrives here

The is

is

extraordinarily tough.

Anza-Borrego Desert State Park walk which takes you to the most

visitors' center at the

a suitable place to start a

interesting flora

and fauna

in this

unique

area.

The center

near Borrego Springs on the floor of the desert and

is

is

sur-

rounded by hills and canyons. The 2-3 miles (about 3-4 km) Palm Canyon walk winds through a mountain chasm and rises to 400 ft (about 120 m). The mountains are predominantly granite which, as they erode, forms a sandy and, in places, gravelly soil, providing an ideal

medium

for the vari-

and other plants that grow here. The desert of the Anza-Borrego experiences extremes of temperature and low rainfall. The average annual rainfall is 5 in (about 125 mm) but this is erratic and there are years when there is virtually no rain. During the winter period, ous

cacti

from November through

to April,

temperatures go

32°F (0°C). Spring arrives in April and time, the floral display

down

to

lasts a fairly short

depending very much on the

rainfall.

Various ephemerals such as sunflowers and godetias (satin flowers) as well as the perennials ocotillo, agave, and various barrel cactus species can also be found in flower

During the long, over Plants can

grow even

In this

harsh desert environment.

1

hot, desert

at this

time.

summer temperatures can

reach

10°F (about 43°C) for days or even weeks on end. Hot

dry winds often lash the countryside.

i

A

trail

be found thriving on the sandy, gravelly slopes. The best time of year to see the red barrel cactus

One

the area,

makes

it

for

is

when

most spectacular of the cactus species in can grow up to 4'a ft (about 1.5 m) tall, which

when

an impressive plant, especially

in flower. Its

preference for growing on sloping gravelly ground gives

perched

if

read)' to roll

an

it

down

the

The plant itself is fascinating, with rows of curved spine presumably standing guard to intercept any predator foolish enough to try to feed on it. The curved spines were once used as fish hooks by the local Indians. Arachnophobics should be wan- of getting too close to the plant as colonies of tarantula spiders are often found at the base. While a number of animals such as the mountain lion and kit fox inhabit this area, you are unlikely to encounter them. However, you can occasionally hear the howls of coyotes. The silence of the desert is also sometimes broken by the terrifying sound of the rattlesnake. Although this is rare, if you see one treat it with respect as they have been known to aggresshill.

clusters

pursue people.

ively

On

same slopes

the

as the red barrel cactus are other in-

teresting plants such as the ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens)

spring n hears tight clusters

of

In

spectacular red flowers. The

(pronounced choya) cactus and prickly pear (Opuntia sp.) grow here in abundance, producing pleasing floral displays. Agaves can also be found with their tall, stout stems he ubiquiand cluster-, ol yellow flowers on the branches cholla

I

yuo

tous

and an

hen

also

ari

i

em

reminisi

i

'I

agaves

m

The 20

\n :a-Borrego Di

trip to the ilani

tri ipii

al

lovei

rainfi in

It

i

oi

si

ertainly doi

ro

the wildflowei

il

unique expei ieno

a

rt is

ha

di

the lushn<

/i

ila

of

thi

;s

1

the

di

ui

]

h

! i

in

;

i

tting feeling ol -

in

w ilderm

fierce spines

arranged

cacti refers to

Nearly

armed with very groups. The term

in small radiating

members

of the large plant family Cactaceae.

the species of Cactaceae are succulent plants, or

all

"succulents." but there are

many

succulents which are not

such as euphorbias, aloes and agaves. The family Cactaceae consists of at least 1000 species, divided among 80 or more genera. They occur as natives only in the Americas (including the West Indies and the Galapagos Islands), except for a few rainforest epiphytes in West Africa and Madagascar. Their popular image as desert plants is a very incomplete picture: in Fact they are rare or absent in the driest American deserts, while on the

be

cacti,

may

other hand they

be

common

other habitats, for example

North American

prairies,

Brazilian rainforests.

West Indian vine thickets, and high .Andean hillsides. 1

1

is

true.

though, that eaeti are

adapted

for

survival in

places

w here

a

deficienc)

egulai

o! is

i\

expel leiu ed

Ferocactus in

—

succulent, vertically ribbed cylinder,

of a

pn

i

1

Succulents

30 North American species of Ferocactus show many cacti the stem is a fleshy,

to

characteristics typical of

i

A

&

Few cactus

moisture

m

their overall foi

i

flowers, in

it

of the

almost surreal quality, as

i

you gradually climb up the can-

yon, and here the red barrel cactus (Fewcactus acanthodcs) can

spring.

i

Fciocactus acanth.od.es

variety of desert plants in rocky soil.

As you walk along the

ii

.11

ilMllli'ill

S

in .

,

\

.
/r&AUBX. A/

\0

!

.

GRAPTOPETALl/M

HAAGEOCEREUS

paraguayensc

versicolor

GHOST PLANT. MOTHER-OF-PEARL PLANT In spite of

ing

it

is

its

name imply-

specific

tubular stems to 47;

native to Paraguay, the

mother-of-pearl plant native to

Mexico and

is

is

lated to the echevenas.

m)

actually

closely re-

Dense

ro-

settes of thick, blunt-tipped leaves

on

are borne first

long, fleshy stems at

erect then

bent with age.

becoming decumThe leaves are red-

dish gray cast with a

silver)-

bloom

above the lasting.

in the spring, rising well rosette; they are very

long

soil.

are thickly covered with areoles

beanng up

to 30 golden yellow-red, whorled spines. At night dunng

summer,

long, white, trumpet-like

porous

soil

with

sun and

summer, or from seed

light

in spring.

Propagate

HATIORA

settes directly in sand.

salicornioides

ZONES 9-10

DRl NkARD

S

DREAM. BOTTLE PLANT

Native to Brazil, this

GYMNOCALYCIUM

nial,

Native to South America, these

grow

full

water. Propagate from cuttings in

by rooting detached leaves or ro-

small cacti

(about 1.3

ZONES 9-10

Provide bright light and

sandy, well-drained

ft

and 3 in (about 7.5 cm) in diameter. The compact, downy stems have about 20 light nbs and tall

flowers appear. This cactus requires

blue

bloom. Showy cymes of white flowers

Under cultivation, this Peruvian cactus forms in clumps of upright,

to 10 in (about

25 cm) in height and vary in habit, from single and globe shaped to clump forming and cylindrical. All are distinguished by a chin-like prominence just below the areoles, hence the common name. In spring and summer numerous, trumpetshaped flowers appear from the crown. The cacti grow well indoors,

less.

In

spnng tiny, deep-yellow,

cup-shaped flowers appear at the bloated stem tips. This species needs extremely porous soil and semi-shade. Maintain moisture

dunng the hotter months and only water occasionally during winter. Propagate from cuttings in spring and summer.

Plant in porous soil with

ZONES 9-11

sun or

peren-

shrubby habit and reaches 16 in (about 40 cm) in height and spread. The slender, jointed, tubular stems readily branch and are totally spine-

requiring a cool spell in winter. full

little,

epiphytic cactus has a narrow,

semi-shade. Propagate from seed in

spnng or

offsets in

HAWORTHLA

summer. The

genus name comes from the Greek g\mnos: naked, and kahx: bud,

From Argentina,

this colonizing

cm)

in

height and spreads to 4 in (about

10 cm). The shiny, green-blue stems are globe shaped and bear eight ribs. Seven yellowish, radial spines

and three upwardly curving, central spines sprout from whitish areoles. \i\id yellow, trumpet-shaped flow-

appear from the flat crown m spnng and summer This species ers

requires total sun.

ZONES

rosettes. is

cant white, or occasionally yellow six-lobed flowers appear in

shade to maintain healthy leaves. Keep slightly moist dunng the hotter months and totally dry in winter. during spnng to

off-

fall.

H. bolusii

s

Growing

to 27; in (about

6 cm) in

This species, native to Paraguay, has

height and 4 in (about 10

flattened, grayish green, globular

diameter, this extremely attractive

stems up to 2 in (about 5 cm) in diameter. These have eight nbs and horizontal grooves above and below the areoles. Brownish, yellow spines develop in whorls but there are no

succulent develops in a compact,

central spines.

Numerous

light-

yellow tinted, green flowers appear early on.

A number of red

low natural

bolusii

sum-

mer. These succulents require semi-

Propagate by division or from

G. mihanovichii

Ha-wonhia

The decorative, lush foliage and

marked with distinctive, white spots. Racemes of rather insignifi-

sets

Haageocereus versicolor

50 dense, dwarf-like,

lanceolate to tnangular

10-11

PLAID CACTI

1

South Africa and grow to 1 2 in (about 30 cm) tall. They are predominantly thicket forming, developing in basal or short-stemmed

G. andreae

cactus reaches 2 in (about 5

This genus of

perennial succulents originated in

referring to the sessile flowers.

varieties

and

cm)

stemless rosette. The plentiful,

in

sil-

very, gray-blue leaves are tnangular

and are

slightly serrated. Slender

racemes of typically white flowers appear from spring to fall. POT CULTURE

yel-

occur that are

H. fasciata

without chlorophyll, the best

This more or less stemless succulent

known is the

is grown for its interesting leaves which stand upright in neat ro-

ZONES

10-11

scarlet

Hibotan

— Cacti & Succulents

settes, the better to

show

30-50 cm)

off the

white dots on their undersides

—

the

readily

in height and width, producing multiple branches

whole effect is of gray and white The tinv white flowers are earned in early summer on 16 in (about 40 cm) tall, bare stems but are not very interesting It is propagated by removing offsets in spring.

and

POT CULTURE

appear in

The

trailing stems.

glossy, blue-

green leaves are rounded to rectangular and have deeply undulating

margins; a form with cream edges

is

very popular Terminal panicles of

reddish orange, bell-shaped flowers late winter.

This species

requires total sun. with only light

watenng in

HYLOCEREIS

the cooler months.

.0-11

undatus

K. tomentosa

NIGHT-BLOOMING CERELS MOOS FLOWER HONOLLLl QL EEN Ql EEN OF THE SIGHT

Of unknown

PANDA PUNT

origin, this tropical,

This small, shrubby Afncan native

scaling cactus develops long, mul-

stems up to 15 ft (about in length. These fragile, vivid green stems have two to three angles and tough, undulating margins with tiple

widely spread, single-spined areoles In late spring to

up

growls gradually

50 cm)

20

to

shaped, light green leaves that are

covered with white

felt

have brown, rounded

and often

summer

easy to cultivate.

though flowering cultivation. Give

is

Creamy

tips.

yellow flowers appear in

enormous, creamy white, fragrant flowers appear at the leaf tips. These are followed by red. edible, eggshaped fruit. This cactus requires moist, fertile soil and partial shade. Propagate from stem cuttings in spnng and summer. The species is

in (about

has dense, spoon-

tall. It

fall,

very rare in

a position in

it

sun with well-drained ZONES 10-11

full

soil.

LAMPRASTHUS These small, perennial succulents onginated in South Africa and have an erect habit, usually spreading in matunty. Full sun and a well-

KALAXCHOE

dramed

the plants

mately 200 species of perennial

em Asia and tropical and subtropical Africa.

The species range

in habit

from erect and bushy to spreading and prostrate, and grow up to 9 ft (about 2.7 m) in height and width. The succulent pairs of opposing leaves vary from slender to rounded The tubular or bellshaped flowers have four petals and appear in branched terminal clus-

These succulents only require light watering in the colder months. ters.

Propagate from stem or leaf cuttings

spnng to summer, seed

in late

become

at the

end of spnng, or pot up plantlets that may form along leaf margins

straggly after

and should be

several years

mosdy to south-

succulents native

preferred and dry

soil are

conditions are withstood; however

This genus comprises approxi-

re-

placed. Simple to grow, these

succulents are propagated from cuttings in late

spnng and summer

and from seed

in spring.

L.

aurantiacus

Reaching up in height

to 20 in (about 50 cm) and 30 in (about 76 cm)

in width, this species has small,

which

green-gray, tubular foliage

narrows towards the tip. In summer an abundance of vivid, dark orange. daisy-like flowers with a spot of purple at their centers appear ZONES 9-10 L.

aureus

ORANGE WGIE

K. blossjeldiana

Native to South Africa, this upnght.

FUMING HTl

perennial, succulent shrub reaches

This small, shrubby perennial

is

to

and reaches 12 in (about 30 cm) in height and width native to Afnca

Its

round

deep green leaves with red margins and notched tips. Thick racemes of little, deep red, cylindrical flowers appear from winter to

may

summer,

It

is

a

very popular flonst's pot plant

flowers

*n

up

to 27; in (about

coccineus

This spectacular South Afncan plant

resembles

L

aurantiacus except that

the leaves are a

AMfRK AN

AIR

sight PI

ANT

1

2-20

shorter; in us is

a dazzling

literally so. as the

and

red

(i

flash put:

pink or orange as the sun stnkes

This compact succulent of uncertain

ongin grows to

little

spnng season u

are iridescent IH

6 cnO in

J-10

late

Jedtschrnkoi

summer

diameter appear

--10

K

The

to 2 in

vivid yellow or orange, daisy-like

L.

cultivated strains

be pink, yellow or orange The

species requires panial shade

up

ered with clear spots. In

to rectangu-

lar,

early

tall.

(about 5 cm) in length and are cov-

multiple, upstretched branches

are covered with

16 in (about 40 cm)

bluish green leaves are

in (about

them

Plant in

full

sun /

ampranthus

I

ampranthus auran

405

406

Cacti & Succulents

LIT HOPS 1

(about LO

IWV.MOMS MUM

U

I

South Africa, this genus contain; over 50 iucculents which develop

(riginating in

u pi

inating

:i

n nnial

singula]

composed lush

tog

ini

oi

l\

oli

upright leaves

Form

thei to

mass with

mies

ol pairs "I

a

a

deep

<

I

he) are

POTCULTURl

cre\ ice

running

a pail ol

This cushion-forming species 3

Lobivia backebergii

is

made

row n

c

summer

In

w hue How

eis

to

lall

snow

/

appear from the

.

bruchii

GOLDEN BARRI

to

cm)

tall

is

and 4

C

row n

s

re\

i

I

ANDES

Ol nil

e

ic

one ol the larger species, the many-ribbed stems growing to be as much as 12 in (about 30 cm) thick. This

POT CULTUR1

turbinijormis

L.

This South African succulent forms

clumps ol paired leaves Egg shaped and orange-brown in color, these 'lush leaves grow to in (about 2.5 cm) in height The flatin small

fall

is

The spines

are yellow, the flowers

brilliant red.

9-10

1

L.

glesinae

common

Not

a

is t)

pical

m

the

species, L glesinae

tened surface

way

low

the egg-shaped,

spotted leaves mimic the stones

among which or gravel just

all

is

succulents;

II

it

keeps

up in

transverse crevice and brown,

markings Vivid yellow flowup to 2 in (about 5 cm) in diameter bloom from white buds

LOPHOCEREUS schottii

WHISKER

C

ICTUS

linear

ers

POTCULTURl

Native to Mexico and the southern

USA, 1

5

It

this erect cactus

(about 4.5

m)

grows up

tall. Its

to

sallow to

bright green stem tends to branch

var. Iiclla

L. In/In

This cluster-forming perennial has

egg-shaped bodies up to 'A in (about 3 cm) tall and in (about 2 5 cm) in diameter These are composed ol yellowish brown, com1

pressed leaves with dark brown lines

scored with a shal-

out from below after several years. The body has five to seven ribs and varying areoles. The higher, flower-

LOBIVIA

Rl

karasmontana

syn.

grow A pebble appreciated by

,

is

crowns dry

POT CU1 L.

mulch

about

their

the)

I

doroiheae

(about

summer

ompressed

from seed or by dividing bodies

'A in

Its light,

hemispherical

new leaves growing at right angles to the old ones. The plains look like smooth river stones, and have nans lucent upper surfaces. These succulents are easy to grow and aredrought resistant. Plant in light soil and allow full sun. Water only in spring and propagate in summer

1

diameter

.

crevice in

paper-like skin to reveal

to

in

ol

extremely

acrossthetop New growthand w hite oi yellow dais) like flowers grow up through the fissure The old leaves split and dry awa) to

L.

m)

two pulp) asymmetrical leaves rhe top surface has deep green windows, red and white markings and a deep, transversal sin Yellow flowers appear from this up

i

i

blue egg-shaped body

gra) I

on the markedly curving

Lophophora williamsii

COB CACTUS, HEDGEHOG CACTUS This genus contains over 70 species

ing areoles sprout bristly, gray

of thicket-forming cacti ranging in

spines radiating around one central

habit from basal

spine.

and globular to erect and cylindrical, up to 2 in (about 30 cm) in height Large, bellshaped or funnel-like flowers are borne on short, downy stems. These decorative blooms come in vivid orange, yellow, purple or red and 1

frequently have deeper-colored

need porous soil, sun or semi-shade and light water. They are simple to grow and throats. Species

The

smaller, non-flowering

areoles bear

up

to

10 dense, cone-

shaped, grayish black spines. Small, tubular,

appear

mght-opening flowers spring and summer, fol-

in

lowed by globular fruit. This species full sun and porous soil. Propagate from seed in spring,

enjoys

cuttings in

summer.

total

make

beautiful pot plants Propa-

gate from seed or stem cuttings in

spring and

LOPHOPHORA williamsii

fall

PEYOTE, MESCAL BUTTONS

DUMPLING CACTUS

A

smaller growing species with an

almost spherical body, ish spines

flowers

in

refuses to /'

INI

-•

9-10

tufts ol

w

and profuse, magenta spring. It sometimes

make clumps.

hit

This flat-crowned cactus

is

native to

Mexico and the southern USA. It is extremely slow growing up to 2 in (about 5 cm) tall and may be singular or colonizing. The dumplinglike, bluish green, ribbed stem is lightly

covered with areoles sprout-

ing short, bristly, white hair. Beautiful, light

pink flowers sprout from

crown center

summer. This most cold tolerant of the tribe, needs full sun and porous soil. Propagate from seed in spring and summer. It is the source of the dangerous and illegal drug mescaline Consumption ol the cactus induces hallucinations and it has been used for thousands of years by American Indians in their the

in

cactus, perhaps the

spiritual ceremonies.

ZONES 9-10 Lithops turbinijormis

i

MAMMILI I'lV

I

MHOS

I

;ie

cacti,

\RI\ U

Ml i

II

of the largest

genus of

containing over 300 dwarf-

Mexico and southwestern North America The short, globular or clump-forming, tive to

umns up 30 cm)

homy

tall

to 12 in (about

have stems with raised,

tubercles and

downy

areoles

sprouting either silky bristles or lough, curving spines. In spring and

summer

MBR\ INTHEMI M

si

n

stallinum

This annual, carpet-forming succulent gr.

.

high and has dense, pulpy foliage with undulating edges. Glossy glands cover the leaves, flower

stems and cups. Groups of 4 white flowers appear in summer It requires a position with extremely light soil and total sun. Propagate from seed in spring.

funnel- or bell-shaped

(lowers appear near the crown,

followed by reddish pink fruit. These cacti require full sun to maxi".ey mize flowe: prefer light, sandy soil and ocnal water Propagate from seed

and summer, or from n summer.

in spring

M

bombycina

SILKPINCLsHk'S single,

•.his

spherical cactus has short, pillar-

up to 8 in and have spirally arranged tubercles with numerous whorls of white spines and yellowish brown, central spines. If allowed full sun. purple-pink flowers bloom around the fleecy crown from win2

::i'

tall,

1

SOPALXOCHIA This genus of epiphytic cacti native to Central America.

is

The spe-

have flat, ribbon-like, spineless stems with heanly undulating margins. Pinkish red flowers appear from the edges of the stems, then both flower and stem perish. These cies

species are readily cultivated

and

require porous,

semi-

fertile soil in

shade. Propagate from stem cuttings

and summer.

in spring

V

ackermannii

syn. Epiphyllum ackcrnianii

RED ORCHID CACTUS

Originating in southern Mexico, this

branching cactus grows up to

freely

12 in about 30 cm) (,

ter to spring.

up

_rt"RE

to

24

in (about

tall and spreads 60 cm). Its suc-

culent, arching stems can be

M. clegans This Mexican species

is

singular and

globular, later clustering in short

columns up to 8 in <.about I in height. Four black-pointed, central spines and numerous shorter, white bristles densely cover the blue-green stems. In spring this cactus develops vivid, deep reddish

purple flowers.

up

to

16 in (about 40 cm) long with notched margins. Bright red. trumpet-shaped flowers that close up at night bloom from these notches in spring to summer. TIRE -V.

ph) Uanthoides

Deutsche Kaiserin svn Epiphy Hum x Deutsche Kaiserin'

rum

up

This epiphytic cactus grows

M. plumosa

to

60 cm) tall and spreads to 3 ft (about 90 cm\ The cylindrical base bears vivid green, pendu24

FEATHEK CACTUS

This curious cactus

is

native to

in (about

wavy margins. Numerous pink, tubular-stemmed flowers bloom in sr

lous stems with

nd readily forms a thick, woolly, mound-like cluster 6 in 15 cm' high and 16 in m wide. The stems are

:

ruRE

'

blanketed with feather-like, overlaying, radial spines

downy areoles.

which sprout from winter creamy

In

green, pink or yellow flowers appear, but rarely

under

cultivation.

n a ferule, alkaline

soil.

SOTOCACTIS opticus

MNCIP This small, ball-shaped cactus

up

M

to

4

es in

Mexico,

this cactus

ibout

id colonizing radial spines

and downy areoles

Colorful, yellow-brown, radial

comsummer,

spines and red. central spines pletely cover the cactus In

brown

rich yellow flowers with purple

stamen readily appear from the

entral spines cover the

crown

It

like-

green stems Rings of dark purple

shade and occasional water

any

and summer

tin

light

and reddish

silky

and white

mulii-nbbed.

green stem has deep, tran-

Mill l\

Originating

in

eter, lis single,

zeilmanniana

ROM PIMI

is

and gr (about 10 cm'* in diam-

native to South America

-emiat all

rysiallinum

rnuutnii

—

t

ul

e n

s

plants (except

m

under cultivation)

spring and summer. These are

fol-

lowed by the frequently edible fruit. They require total sun and porous soil. Propagate from seed or cuttings in spring and summer. O. jicus-indica syn. O. engelmannii, O. megacantha INDIAN FIG

With an upright, open habit, becoming compact and multistemmed in maturity, this popular species reaches 15 ft (about 4.5 m) and breadth, ft has jointed stems composed of gray, oval pads up to f 8 in (about 45 cm) long and usually covered with spines. Funnel-like, vivid yellow flowers appear in height

from the stem tips in summer, followed by reddish yellow-purple, but edible

bristly

hedge cactus

in

fruit.

A useful

shaped, blue-green leaves with a whitish red, powdery coating. Deep

red-orange flowers appear in short-

stemmed, pendent clusters Irom the end of winter to early spring. This succulent requires full sun, porous soil and light water. Propagate in late spring or summer from stem and leaf cuttings. ZONES 19-10

PACHYPODWM These upright, perennial succulents reach heights up to 18

(about

ft

most species have spmes and swollen stems and are native to Madagascar. They require full sun, porous soil, occasional water dunng summer months and a dry spell during winter. Propagate from seed in spring and summer. 5.5 m);

native South

its

windsori

P. baronii var.

America. Spineless varieties are cultivated (where legal) for the delicious

stemless rosettes of bloated, spoon-

This

fruit.

a

is

most

attractive small spe-

with an almost sphencal main stem and short, spiny branches. The flowers are distinct and a beautiful

cies,

ZONES 9-10 O. violacea var. macrocentra

shade of scarlet. POT CULTURE

BLACK-SPINED PRICKLY PEAR

Native from west Texas to Arizona into northern Mexico, this shrubby-

cactus reaches heights of 7 2

m) with

a similar spread.

(about

ft

The

1

7

cm) long and

lamerei

light

obovate, dark green segments are 7 in (about

P.

This species has

are

a spiny, triangular,

green trunk and develops

multiple stems which readily divide after

each flowering. Slender leaves

covered on both sides with nearlyblack, 7 in (about 17 cm) long

sprout from the crown and white, scented, summer flowers appear

spines.

The showy yellow flowers orange-red bases and appear in late spring. Of easy cul-

from the stem

have

brilliant

POT CULTURE

ture,

it

thrives in sandy, gravelly soil

sun with little irrigation. Propagate by planting individual segments or from seed. ZONES 9-10 in full

tips.

PARODIA BALL CACTUS

Mostly native to the mountains of equatorial South America, the spe-

genus vary from singular and globe shaped, to colonizing in cies in this

ORBEA

dense clusters of short cylindrical stems. These stems are ribbed with transverse rows of prominent tuber-

variegata TOAD CACTUS, STAR FLOWER. STARFISH FLOWER

cles

Highly valued for ers, this

its

stunning flow-

South African colonizing,

perennial succulent has multiple, finger-shaped, upright stems

up

to

4 in (about 10 cm) tall. These deep green-gray stems are often marked with purple and have 4 notched angles.

From summer

to

fall strik-

ing, starfish-shaped flowers

appear

individually or in clusters with a

kaleidoscopic pattern of reddish

brown, yellow and purple. The This large, diverse genus the United States, South

H

and the West

is

native to

Amenca

Indies. Varying

prostrate to erect,

and

from

typically

compact and branching, these either develop

flat,

cacti

little

tubular

or three-angled leaves. Most species are covered with sharp spines

hooked,

sun or partial shade. It is propagated from seed or stem division in spring or summer. preferred with

ZONES

full

10-11

pad-like, jointed

stems or branches with

soft,

beauty of the flower contrasts with its unpleasant smell. Porous soil is

and

PACHYPHYTUM oviferum SUGAR ALMOND PLANT. MOONSTONES

bristles, called

"glochids." Open-petaled, mostly

Originating in Mexico, this beauti-

yellow flowers appear on larger

ful,

perennial succulent colonizes in

with fleecy areoles sprouting curving spines.

brilliantly colored,

From

a relatively

young age

red,

yellow and orange, trumpet-shaped flowers bloom from the crown.

Some

species prefer

full

sun, others

semi-shade. Easy to grow, these

and

cacti require well-drained soil

plentiful water

dunng the summer

months. Propagate from seed spring, cuttings in P.

in

summer.

formosa

A rather

pleasing cactus from South

less flamboyant in bloom than other species of the genus

Amenca,

the orange flowers are small in

comparison with the 12 in (about 30 cm) diameter body but noteworthy for its spiral nbs and short,

—

white spines.

ZONES 9-10 P. mutflbilis

Originating in Argentina, this quick-

growing cactus has

a spherical

stem

(

thai reaches

i

in

(about

7

icm)

in

he lightl) diameter and height ribbed, green both is covered with I

white,

dow ny

numerous,

areoles producing

Fine,

whorled spines and

longer, extremely sharp, red central

spines with

brown

tips Vivid, yel-

low summer Rowers grow out Fleecy crown A Fertile, neutral acid soil

is

90 em!

h (about

branches and

is

diametei

he

I

brown spines

and white,

radially

line

spined

areoles cover the apex. Glossy, pink,

to

porous soil and plentiful water only during the hotter months. Propagate from seed and stem cuttings in spring or summer. 1

and 4 in (about 10 cm) in diameter. The stem is covered with in height

white, fluffy areoles sprouting rigid,

taller trees

It

IURE

m)

ft

and a dense rounded crown. The stiff, level (about 2.7

tall,

little,

sunny location (though it will grow in light shade) with porous soil and will not tolerlent prefers a

water

ate the slightest frost. Lightly

ft

during the hotter months and Rebutia pseudodeminuta

<.

t

S

t~~

i

ii

c

»

(

(about

15cm) White,

l

409

s

gl<

il

in

silky, short

spines and light green tubercles

body Vivid orange

at

POT CULTURE

CROWN CACTUS. HEDGEHOG CACTLS

R.

This genus, native to South

WALLFLOWER CACTLS

America, contains over 25 very

This all

the

end

of spring.

pseudodcminuia

is

one of the most desirable of

miniature cacti The plant

a cluster of

bloom in late spring summer. Easily grown in

ii

Native to Argentina, this

REBUTIA

pink, purple, red, yellow or white

e

deep green cactus has a moundforming habit spreading out to b

flowers blossom

years. Relatively large, vivid orange,

I

R. miisi n/ii

thickly cover the

The plants develop tubercles around their bases from where the flower buds emerge after one or two

native to

Rebutia aureiflora

9-11

JADE PLANT, ELEPHANT FOOD

oval, blue-green leaves. This succu-

Mexico and grows to 9-18 (about 2.7-5.5 m) tall and up to

from the popular belief that the shrub is eaten by elephants in Africa where it grows wild.

spherical to erect and cylindrical.

branches are covered with

is

common name comes

ing species varying from hemi-

upright habit, reaching up to 9

This upright, pillar-like cactus

pot

afra

This small, succulent shrub has an

palmeri

a line

PORTULACARIA

appear from the crown in summer. It enjoys full sun and porous soil.

PILOSOCEREUS

The

makes

small, predominantly cluster-form-

white spines. Brilliant red flowers

ZONES 9-10

plant

It

requires

total sun,

nixosa

This multi-ribbed, egg-shaped cactus reaches up to 6 in (about 15 citO

summer

nocturnal flowers develop near the

crown on

recommended.

propagate from semi-ripe cuttings in

prominently ribbed

Areoles sprouting the ribs

in

blue-green stem readily

of the

-'-10

P.

!

silvery,

a

1

V:

in (about 3

thick, 4 in (about 10

cm

1

is

just

cm)

or so

tall

stems with whitish prickles; in early

summer it

disappears under the

scarlet flowers

with their prominent

golden stamens. POT CULTURE

flowers readily to early

most

soil types, the

sun and adequate water only during the budding and blooming total

and spring or summer.

period. Propagate from seed cuttings in

RHIPSALIDOPSIS

species require

gaertnen EASTER CACTUS

This pendent cactus with like,

its leaf-

thornless stems resembles the

popular Chnstmas cactus

R. aureiflora

(Schlumbergera x bucMeyi) and

is

Originating in Argentina, this

grown

mound-forming cactus averages 2 in (about 5 cm) in height. Its deep green-purple body is covered with lateral rows of tubercles and rigid, brownish white radial and central spines. At the end of spnng an abundance of yellow, or occasion-

of difference are that the Easter

ally purple, flowers

with white

in the

same way. The points

cactus has symmetrical, starry flowers instead of asymmetrical ones;

that

it is

rarely

more than

1

2 in

(about 30 cm) high and wide; and that

it

flowers later, in early spring.

Garden

varieties

come

in a range of

the base.

and deep rose pink, salmon, orange and red. Propagate from cuttings in summer.

POT CULTURE

POT CULTURE

Parodia nivosa

Pilosoccreus palmeri

teriors

bloom

in

in-

abundance around

colors: white, light

—

Rhipsalis paradoxa lent

has a compact, upright habit.

becoming weeping as the stems lengthen. Growing up to 3 It (about Native to South America, this

*J0

epiphytic cactus has a compact habit

up

to 3

ft

(about 90 cm)

tal

fruit.

It

may bloom at the stem tips summer. This pendent spec ies makes an ideal hanging basket but flowers

in

requires a dry rest

and should be planted fertile, porous soil with partial shade. It prefers a warm, damp atmosphere. This pendent cactus makes an ideal hanging basket specimen and is propagated from cuttings in summer, or from seed spring or summer. fall

in

and. with

in

CHRISTMAS CACTI'S

Originating in Brazil, these epiphytic, readily branching cacti

produce upright stems, which arch are

composed

of

pads or lush, cylindrical links, covered with bristly areoles, often with notched edges. Prominent, cylindrical flowers Hat, rectangular

bloom from the tops of the stems in fall and winter. These species need and full sun or partial shade. They make ideal hanging baskets and should only be

when

the surface roots

summer from stem cuttings. POTCUl

until

evergreen succulents native to the

zillions ol tiny yellow flowers.

northern hemisphere. These quick-

an indefinite spread and can be invasive. Give it a position w uh

S

li

(about 90 cm)

tall.

Their

whole leaves may be tubular, lanceolate, egg shaped or elliptical and the five-petaled (lowers appear in terminal sprays. They make excellent hanging basket or pot plants. Fertile, porous soil is preferred; however some types are extremely robust and will grow in most soil types Propagate from seed in spring, from stem cuttings in summer or by division in spring or summer.

it

covers

itself in

moss

spring with It

Little

has

sunshine and sharp drainage and propagate by removing

otfsets.

ZONES 5-9 S.

fully hard\' plant, differing

is

a

from the

usual run of succulents in not being

—

it

dies

down

each win-

(about 50

cm)

tall

This

little

plant

is

and crowned with clusters ol yellow flowers in summer. It grows leaves

est of all succulents.

and well drained.

ZONES 7-10

one of the hardiIt is

S.

morganianum

native to

Europe and eastern Asia: us creeping stems hug the ground between rocks or grow in the chinks of old

plant

is

grown

in cool,

wet con-

ditions. This ideal climate will also

maintain the

leal luster.

>-iii

stems with fleshy,

toothed, lance-shaped, mid-green

is fertile

STONECROP, GOLD MOSS

and yellow under arid conditions. The leaves will be bright green ll the

return in spring with 20 in

acre

this fully

hardy, perennial succulent grows

de\ clop pulpy, obovate leaves in

Native to Siberia and Japan this

ter, to

INS

grape-like bunches that turn red

aizoon

evergreen

Bl

and semi-evergreen,

up to 8 in (about 20 cm) in height and has yellow winter blooms. Readily branching, us slender, multiple stems are wide spreading and

well in any soil but prefers one that S.

fertile soil

completel) dr) out. Propagate in

RI

x rubrotinctum

PORK \ND BEANS JELL1

over 500 species of predominantly

lush,

They

[1

S.

bright green leaves,

looks like a lush patch of

to

syn. Zygocai tus truncatus

its

This extremely large genus contains

growing plants widely vary in habit from carpet forming to upright up

x bucklcyi

watered

leaves readily detach

The whole plant is only around 1 / 2 in (about 3 cm) high walls.

]

SCHLUMBERCERA

porous,

should be handled with care as Selenicereus grandiflorus

SEDVM

POT CULTURE

in maturity.

plump,

ters of long, pinkish red, starry

trumpet-like, white flowers

appear along the margins of the "chains" followed by resinous, during

a

anceolate form. In cultivation clus-

chain-like stems. In winter to spring

spherical

of bluish green, mter-

ocking leaves that have

then developing multiple, trailing,

little,

cm), the attractive stems are

composed

DONKEY'S TAIL, BURRO TAIL

S.

spathulifoliiim

This fully hardy, evergreen succulent has a carpet-forming habit with tiny rosettes to 2 in (about 15

high,

composed

of

plump,

cm)

circular,

green or hosted gray, intermingled

with brownish red leaves In summer star-shaped yellow flowers appeal'

on short stems. Grow

Native to Mexico, this popular,

position in

readily branching, evergreen succu-

ZONES 7-10

full

sun.

in a

(

si

\h IRII

1

1

s

grandiflorus Q»

EENOI

N1GH1

llll

Selenicerew

a

is

perennial

ol

in(aboui green stems growing to 2 5 cm) in width S grandiflorus is

climbing cactus

teaches up to 9 heighi

and

Cuba

li

is

Ii

m

.i

in

and

to )amaic a

highl) valued for the

ire

w

hue

to 12

eter, to

slender stems bear needle-shaped, short yellow spines.

sun and

fertile,

likes full

It

porous

soil.

Vfrii a

this species

genus which comprises ol

clump-forming, per-

their 2

m

unique flowers (about 50 Lin

I

(

Irowing

tall,

ii

Propa-

gate from seed or stem cuttings in

summer. ZONES 9-11

has lush.

his perennial caetus

1

his

HOT DOG CACTI S CANDLE PLANT

arenacea

tubercles sprouting yellow

24

in

(about 60 cm)

tall. Its

mutiple,

grayish blue stems are tubular and

weakly jointed. Terminal sprays

of

yellow-white flowers, similar in

appearance to

daisies,

spring into summer. to coastal climates

rous

full

soil.

Ii is

well suited

and makes an

ideal tub or large pot

prefers

bloom from

specimen.

sun and extremely po-

Propagate from semi-ripe

stem cuttings, simply removed the joint, in

summer

tiful,

Its

greenish

rich golden yellow flowers,

at

base of the stem

though

partial

provided gate in

I

bloom around It

prefers

longer, yellow

summer and LURE

red,

,

It

/.

i

1

mi

Hem

is

i

I

shaped flowers bloom from the crown and are up to 2 / in (about 6 cm) long It enjoys lull sun, porous soil and light watering Propagate from seed in spring and summer.

i
An example

iln

lull

the

sun.

Propa-

spring from

ol eas) foi

i

llltu

huascha ol

how

imperfect

lovers, this

found

m

Argentine species

some books under It

is

an attractive plant

with stout stems, symmetrically

ribbed and

spin)-,

and

or yellow flowers in .

brilliant red

summer

i_io

is sometimes genus Echini about 25 species of

in the

soil

full

T. bridgesii

Originating in the Andes of South

America, this cactus has an to 12

ft

erect,

(about

The greenish blue

body freely branches from its base and has up to 8 ribs, sparsely lined with areoles bearing up to 6 spines.

summer white, trumpet-shaped open w

and sometimes overpowering fragrance. Spreading only

emu

is

Lobivia,

others under Trichocereus or even

Echinopsis.

TRICHOCEREUS

flow els

cactu

grafting

This genus (which

In

1

i

Trichocereus bridgesii

stem up

1

know ledge on the part ol botanists can make life difficult lor cactus

in

cylindrical

i

s

Ihkim ha

syn. Lobiy

central spines. Easily

flowering, pinkish purple, trumpet-

3.5 itO in height.

shade should be

in hotter regions.

stem cuttings.

exi

.hi

c n

/

height and the same

in

brown body is thickly covered with tubercles w hich are arranged in spirals and bear buff-colored spines. Beaudiameter.

ih (about 90

ii

sun are required Propagate in spring and summer from seed or stem cuttings.

globular cactus grows up to 2 in

(about 5 cm)

,

ribbed, cylindrical cacti native to

This extremely attractive, small,

in

and

South America. Well-drained

similar to daisies, It

pil-

two-toned, radial spines and four

and to

,

has

It

stem has over 10 promi-

consists ol

SUECOREBUTIA

grows up

s

body up to 8 in (about 20 cm) in height and diam-

included

syn. Kleinia articulata

Native to South Africa, this decidu-

I

globe-shaped to erect,

nent ribs lined with pronounced

which attracts flies lor pollination, making them unsuitable lor indoors. The plants ma\ lie grown in the greenhouse They prefer total light or semi-shade and porous soil. Propagate this species from seed in spring, from cuttings in spring or summer or by division in spring and fall.

ii

native lo

Mexico and the southern a spiny,

articulatus

ous, succulent shrub

is

eter

flowers unfortunately have an un-

S

quently being used I

and indented or winged margins he hairy, deep purple flowers are bell shaped and bloom in summer on tubes up to 2 / in (about 6cm) long While extremely beautiful, the pleasant carrion odor

{•

i

specimen

erocat tus bicoloi

/

I

maki

slender, upright stems with 4 angles

POT CI LITRE

SENECIO

syn.

<

in

oloi

lar-like, singular

to

I

nocturnal flowers,

m (about 30 cm) in diamwhich the common name refers. They arc \cry sweetly scented Quick growing and readil) branching, us deep bluish green, up

ol a

90 species

I

i

one

ennial succulents highly valued for

thai

(aboui 2 7

name

is

bit

is

I

vine-like,

THIiLOCACWS

leendei tziae

Native to South

genus

wuli climhing. 4-10 ribbed,

eacti

STAPEL1A

a

idely at night

a very strong,

Stapelia leendertzi

*

^

I

CHAPTER

11

c^BV,

Orchid s

J

4

1

Orchid:

4

Orchids

have a reputation for

being glamorous, expensive

Glamorous they new methods of propagation have made plants much more affordable than they used to and few are really difficult to be and

difficult.

certainly arc: but

—

grow: wherever you garden, there will he at least a just

jew you can grow

other flower.

The family

is

an enormous one (second

only to the grasses as the largest in the plant lust

kingdom) and wild orchids grow

about everywhere except

in the

and the Antarctic. The most admired and coveted may be those from the tropics and subtropics of the Old and New Worlds, but the more modest Arctic

temperate climate orchids are delightful too and not as well

ness zones have been given.

mostly epiphytes, growing perched in

exceptions

on rock faces) where the) derive nourishment from such debris as they manage to accumulate around thenroots fallen leaves, the odd dead and storing insect, that sort of thing

has ample drainage holes, the type of pot

water from rainy seasons

aspect of growing orchids: most take rest

trees (or

—

—

in fleshy,

almost succulent, stems called pseudobulbs.

They can thus be grown very

known

as they

is

haw

been noted. As long

as

it

immaterial. However, terracotta not

only looks better than plastic, easier to control the

amount

roots receive. This

the

is

it

makes

it

of water the

most important

periods both in winter and for

a short

while after flowering and dislike being

gardens where the climate and it's not difficult to do. A not too shady tree, preferably with rather rough bark to which the roots can cling, is best. Attach the young plant in a suitable fork with twine, and pack sphagnum moss around its roots; water and fertilize as needed. The important thing is to match the orchid to the climate; on the other hand, although we

over watered while they are not in active

always think of epiphytic orchids as

choose

effectively in

any

as easily (well, almost) as

Some

the glamorous, warm-climate genera are

is

suitable,

tropical plants,

many grow

in rather cool

mountain regions and there ingly large range that can be

is

a surpris-

grown

growth. It is

critical in

coolish climates or in an

unhealed greenhouse,

for

orchids can't

cope with being both cold and wet roots go quite rot

if

dormant

the

they aren't kept dry. (.That does

mean dry

—

don't worry

bulbs shrivel a soil

—

winter and will

in

little.)

if

the pseudo-

Don't pot them in

or the roots will suffocate. Rather, a specially

formulated orchid

potting mix. Most of these are based on

chopped up bark, varying in

how

the different types

finely

it

is

chopped.

should be.

outdoors wherever the temperature

Growing Orchids in the Garden

humidity

Most of these temperate orchids are terrestrial, that is they grow in the ground the way other plants do; however

coditions everywhere except the South-

The bark doesn't contain much nourishment for the plant, and you will need to fertilize. You can buy

ern coast of California and the Southern

special orchid fertilizers, but a bit of

rarely falls to freezing

Species of the evergreen, epiphytic orchid

It is

grown

is fairly

assumed

and summer

prefer a coarser

that

most orchids

will

and therefore no hardi-

ideal for cold conditions

mix than cymbidiums or

paphiopedilums.

high.

be

in containers in protected

tip of Florida,

Zygopctalum arc

(Phalaenopsis and cattleyas, for instance,

If in

doubt, choose the

coarser mix.)

well-rotted

manure

will

be just

fine.

.

h

while the

Fertilize

plai

making new

either

but not

when

the

415

ids

leaves or flower buds,

You

pi.

.ivide the plants like any other

when

nnial

they outgrow their p he best time, or

.an just put the plant

and

(.pot

all if

nto

nain ones

which adore mealy bugs: and red

d caterpillars,

>uds; -

Growing Orchids Indoors .an arrange the fairh

humidity they enjoy, there is no reason why you cant try orchids as house plants too, although

it

has to be admit-

them

ted that out of flower few of

are

especially decorative. Don't let direct

sun

strike

them, but give them

may grow

bright light or they

lots of

furiously

but never flower. Indoors or out to err

even

on the

if

side of too

much

it's

best

light,

the leaves then look a bit

bleached. Lots of fresh air

—open

the

desirable

is

windows wide

in

warm

weather.

bug

want

bites,

you

will

to consider a greenhouse.

It is

hard to

If

the orchid

do without one

even in mild areas

it

enlarge your scope.

will considerably

Whether

it

showy, often

for [heir large,

architecturally elaborate

many

is

up

(Some tall growers such as vandas can be air-layered.) division.

Propagation For

to you.

all

their variety, orchid flov.

are built to a

common

petal-like sepals

ventilators as the

pattern

and three

Still,

e

—

three

petals, the

Not only do orchids like you need to be able to keep the

ent in size, shape and often in col

on warm days, when the humidity should

fused into a single column, and th

makers

;he lip or labellum) being differ-

offer.

fresh air.

and stigma

greenh be kept up: spraying the plants with

Make

fantastic

summer

water even.- couple of days in J idea.

is

Heating can be by any means you find

and convenient, the amount needed depending on the plants. al

i

at

classified

according to the

hey need, the convention being

Therefore orchid hybrids are rare in

when gardeners perform

orchids interbreed with startling


Z

ra

families) are

common. These

are usually

names combining those

given

C\

parents: for instance cattleyas

intermediate

three.

(.unheard of in other

:d around

is

e

ith

much

and

and sophronitis ng

daytin

will

is

The seedlings '.

get into the

determining the most suita^ 'hat

making

the pollination

is

if

one of these

it

will

name

easy, but

Tf

of a kind.

is

be given

prop

a further

of us own. which d,

Fry Supreme' or

Cambria

Plush".

\'i<

(The system

is

some-

times used for rhododendrons and in

lilies

Loden King

ones used to be rtsive, .

prop

but in recen;

nique of tissue culture ha-

available in large

-

made

enabling them to be quickly anythi-

mi i^i

all

and thus you get double-barrelled names such as

from the garden in wint

be

applied to orchids with stunning tally

orchids can take a couple of

will

and

vclone)

a

be supenor to their

likely

lively,

fellows,

the

all

en a name, which by

a

sophrolaelias

aseful in

rise to

not given the usual single

rise to brassocattle

high

all

a

a

nem-

en

to propagate

istitute

ss

:

The?-.

as

way

their

temperatures around 1C C F (about

out of do

trk

.

of their

bout

rs"

and

convention

it.

minimum winter inight-iime) tempera-

around 13-1 5°C), warn

are

freedom and hybrids uniting two,

the best

breeder makes a particular cross,

shapes of column and labellum

the wild: but

is

a peculiarity in their nomenclature. If a

are designed to ensure that only the

pollinate

fall.

seed

orchids in quantity, and this gives

seedlings of that

orchid's favorite insect gets a chance to

sure too tha:

can be shaded from spring to

Orchids are

brilliantly colored flowers

be

timber or aluminum framed, plain or but take as

Orchids arc grown

in cold climates, but

numbers. More than :

it

orchids h to

416

Orchids

ADA

leaves in winter, the large flowers,

which may be white, cream or yellow, appear from the bases of the naked pseudo-bulbs at the same time as the new shoots and last for several weeks. The plants are best

auiantiaca This cool-growing epiphyte originating from Colombia

is

notable

both lor us lovely clear orange color

and

its

habit of flowering in late

winter and early spring; real rest

it

grown

has no

allowed to quite dry out. It is a compact plant, with sprays of small, bell-shaped flowers, and grows and

when

looks best

make clumps

it

is

allowed to

—do not be

with odonto-

glossums, bringing

its

but hybrids are not

commonly

bright color,

grown.

AERIDES FOXTAIL ORCHID

There are about 50 species in this genus from tropical Asia, called foxtail

way

orchids because of the

hang down from a rather upright plant which resembles a vanda in growth. They the sprays of flowers

come

in several colors, mostly in the

delicate white to pink range; are

usually very pleasantly scented; and at any time from spnng They need intermediate to warm conditions and a coarse open compost; a hanging basket shows

can appear to

fall.

the pendent flowers to best advantage.

in

winter. Avoid wetting the leaves,

which mark

easily.

Propagate by

division after flowering.

They

are

classed as cool growing

and don't over-pot it. An open, cattleya-type compost suits it best. will interbreed

and keep them dry

filtered light, .

in too

great a hurry to divide the plants

It

into large clumps, dividing

only infrequently. Give them bright,

period and should never be

They should be allowed

to dry

out a bit in winter.

XASCOCENDA HYBRIDS MINTATIRENANDA

These hybrids, developed from crosses of ascocentrums and vandas. resemble small-growing vandas (to about 24in/60 cm tall) and have very long-lasting flowers around 2 in (about 5 cm) wide in clusters, in just about any color except green; the blues and purples are especially admired. They are popular with gardeners as they take up less room in the greenhouse than full-size vandas, and they often feature among the bunches of "Singapore orchids" imported from there and from Thailand and sold in flower shops. Mostly summer flowering, they are warm growing and are cultivated in the

same way

as

vandas.

ASCOCENTRUM curvifolium This

the best

is

known

of this genus

of 9 or 10 species from Southeast

ANGRAECUM

Asia.

It

makes

a

bushy plant around

14 in (about 35 cm)

COMET ORCHID

ery leaves;

There are 200 or so species from tropical Afnca and Madagascar, but relatively few are grown in gardens; best

known

which

last

A. scsquipedale in ,

the characteristic nectar

spurs can be as

much

in

carries

tall its

with leath-

clusters of

(about 2.5 cm) wide flowers in

spnng

or

summer. The flower

color varies between red and or-

ange; they are very long lasting. The

are A. superbum, A.

angraecum and

1

late

it

as 14 in

(about 35 cm) long; they are polli-

warm growing genus

is

closely re-

and will interbreed with them; it is grown in the same way. lated to the vandas

nated by night-flying moths with exceedingly long tongues. There are

BIERENARIA

several hybrids available too;

harrisoniae

classed as

warm growing and

all

are

have

scented flowers in white or combinations of white and pale green.

Ada auiantiaca, hvbrid

xAngulocaste

Olympus

They grow into 3 ft (about 90 cm) tall plants and like year-round warmth, humidity and moisture which makes them difficult to keep as house plants) and a coarse potting mix. Give them plenty of light but not direct sunshine, and propai

**

w$

"it* 1 5

X ANGUEOCASTE HYBRIDS is

derived from

crosses between species of Lycaste,

from Central America, and the less known Anguola, from South America. The plants are rather like

well

large lycastes in habit, with fat

Angraecum superbum

several to a bulb

the base in early a

gate from offsets.

This hybrid genus

There are 30 or so species in this genus from Central America; B. harrisoniae is both typical and the best known. It is an epiphyte, making a single large leaf from the top of each round pseudo-bulb, and the flowers are carried one to a stem but

pseudo-bulbs that usually lose their

little

like

on bare stems from summer. They look

cream-colored

cymbidiums, but the purple labella are delicately fringed. They like cool to intermediate conditions, an open compost, and to be left undisturbed; though the plants can be propagated by division after flowering, they hate it and take several years to settle down and flower again. Give them plenty of fresh air and a winter rest.

)

un

hii

s\

his

I

are

GR0I NDOR( HID

SI

harming

c

i

ertainl)

IDBRIDS

hina

(

likes a cool, lightly

shaded

and ample moisture dur-

the soil

ing the growing season;

shouldn't

it

after the leaves

have died

the winter Mid-green

down

and

for

distinc-

an attractive right, an unu-

tively pleated, these are

own characteristic among orchids

feature in then

In spring, the plain bears

uibout JO-40

cm

)

tall

1

2-16

sprays

in

w hue variety

is a

beauty but this

is

ol great

in early spring, but the plants are

best

lett

undisturbed

to

develop into

clumps. Plants can be grown

cymbidium mix with

he result

flowers w

is

nil

ol

sumptuous

usually

the rich colorings

ol

the cattleyas and extravagantly

and

ruffled labella derived

Irom the rhyncolaelia Often the flowers are fragrant, though usually only

at certain

Cultivation

is

times the

ol the

same

da)

as lor

most like cool mediate conditions cattleyas.

to inter-

X BRASSOLAELIOCATTLEYA HYBRIDS Another hybrid genus, this time derived Irom R/n ncolaelia digbyana, cattleyas and laelias. They resemble the brassocattleyas, the laeha influ-

in a

a little well-

m a n u re a dded.

rotted

I

and expen-

rare

Propagate by careful division

sive

RJy ncolaelia [Brasscn

ol

small bright mauve-pink flowers

There

genus is derived horn between cattleyas and

his hybrid

hilled

be allowed to quite dry out even

sual

I

terrestrial or-

spoi with plent) "I organic mattei in

ill

of ore hids to

as hi iuse plains

.

li

t

is

temperate climate chids

the easii

XBRASSOCATTLEYA

plain from

perhaps the prettiest, the easiesi to grow ol the

and |apan

rathei simtlai to this on<

all

among

grow

/mi< inlhina

/>'

ii

mini

i

able,

\

lata

\ii

ence showing up

in

more

richly

colored labella and broader petals; the result

tuous

is

some

of the

most sump-

orchid flowers. They are

ol all

BMSSAVOLA

mostly intermediate growers and are

nodosa

cultivated exactly as cattleyas are.

Um OF THE NIGHT

(Often, these multi-genenc cattleya

hybrids are simply sold as cattleyas. This epiphytic orchid Irom Central

America earns its common name from its sweet fragrance, wafted mostly at night. The plant is clumpy, with cylindrical leaves that look

like

green extensions to the

pseudo-bulbs, and the pendent i

green

I

labella

is

while ior white and pale

can appear

usually

fall. It is

at

any time from

cool growing

grown attached

ol tree-iern

bulbosa CALYPSO ORCHID

This terrestrial orchid

found from

is

Russia and Scandinavia to the

flowers with their big white

spring to

CALYPSO

and

to a piece

trunk, but a hanging

northern parts of North America In spring a stem to 4 in (about 10 cm) or

more

stem

is

rises above topped by a

a single leal: the

single.

1

in

(about 2.5 cm") v\ide lady's slipperlype dower.

The

twisted,

magenta

basket with a coarse, cattleya-style

petals of the flower frame a white to

compost suits it also. Give it plenty of light and fresh air and keep it on

pink pouch, often spotted with purple A delicate flower, the plants

the dry side during winter Propa-

are nevertheless fairly tough, requir-

The

gate by division in early spring

glamorous B digbyana, parent ol \ssocattleya fnbnds, is now officially

Rhyncolaelia digbyana

humus-rich soil and plent) ol a shaded garden situation. Most commonly found in cool

ing

a

water in

damp, conifer

forests.

BRASSIA verrm This

is

CATTLEYA

<>s
Ihi- large

i

genus

ol

epiphytes

fr

Central and South It

clump the

ol

makes

haps the mosl admin

a

round pseudo-bulbs with above winch

chid

rhi

n

d ol

mk or .''in

3

i

Hi,

i

Mr diati

mo

tl

into

clump

th

(

l

i

i

mditions

grow around i

find

:

li

1

there

are

hybrid

.i'.' two thii atop their stem-like udo bulbs and are mostl) coo p growing; and the unifoliates, « Inch nl'. m< and lend to i

bigi uffled hybrids ol the

ine

gl

i

all oi

ill.

or 2 to

a

' I

though the) mucl i

mar

I

^.\n ifi

i

i

10

he)

in

I

spreac

(aboui

o

libit".

[]

|'H lei

/

4

18

Orchids C.

bow nngiana

orchids.

men

This delightful fall-flowering,

from Central America is one of the most popular and easy to grow of the cattleya species. It is a cool grower and bifoliate cattleya

when allowed to make a clump, when it will bear many

looks best large

clusters of 3 in (about 7.5

cm

Coelogy

tie

>^^- —

pandurata ,

/

some

of

which

the easiest orchids to

house

plant.

is

only on the labellum;

group of umfoliate cattleyas from South America, including C. mossiae (the national flower of Venezuela). C. warneri, C. inanaci. C.

prefers intermediate conditions.

large

and

C. warscewiczii, all

They

There are nearly 300 species, mostly

growers with large flowers in fall,

and

CYMBIDIUM

are all intermedi-

ing through Indonesia to the east

cattleya hybrids of the flower shops.

coast of Australia. Relatively few are

Pure -bred species of the group are

seen in gardens, though C.

not often available, but they are well

ensifolium, a fragrant, spring-flower-

worth growing.

ing miniature,

big, ruffled flowers of

being especially prized by

florists.

They prefer intermediate conditions and can flower either in spring or fall; some grexes will bloom at both seasons

The

if

they are well looked

after.

which can be as much (about 13 cm) wide, are

flowers,

as 5 7; in

threes.

Many

of these big cattleyas

more or less hybridized with and rhyncolealias, but famous names to look out for among the pure-bred cattleyas are Bow Bells. Suzanne Hye and Bob Betts. are

may be fall.

laelias

either in spring or in early

This can be a messy job. as the

roots tend to stick to the pot;

if

doubt, simply transfer pot and a larger one.

in all

to

The genus hybridizes

very easily with the related Ladia, Rhyncolaelia

and

Sophronitis,

and the

resultant hybrids are often sold

simply as "cattleyas." They are

culti-

vated in the same way. The genus

named after an

is

English orchid fan-

William Cattley. which should be a guide to pronunciation they cier,

—

are not "cattle-ay-as."

C. bifoliate hybrids CLUSTER CATTLEYA

There are many of these available with mostly rather small flowers in clusters, and almost all cool growing; they can be grown out of doors in any frost-free, humid summer climate. They can be spring or fall growing; colors range from white

through pink to magenta. Some in the yellow to coral range carry genes derived from the dainty orange C. aurantiaca.

a

is

popular subject

artists:

it is

the

many

showy hybrids that rank among the most widely grown of all orchids. These make rather bulky plants with clumps of pseudo-bulbs from which spring long, dull green leaves. The leafless flower stems, which can be more than 3 ft (about 90 cm) tall in the largest hybrids, arise

from the

foot of the

ers.

Though

pseudo-

many as 30

bulbs to cam' as elegant form

usually borne singly or in twos or

ision just as

Onent and extend-

epiphytic, in the

are collectively

the most important parents of the

of pink or white, the white flowers

by growth begins, which

end of

ing,

taken to cover a

the flower shops, mainly in shades

are propagated

as a

pale green.

now

is

These are the

They

a

BLACK ORCHID

The black

C. unijoliate hybrids

rest.

grow

flowers at the

It

with Chinese

div-

is

They are borne on arch20 in (about 50 cm) tall sprays in summer, among large leaves which spring from egg-shaped pseudo-bulbs. The black orchid

spring or

Atlantis

it

Cool growing, it summer shade and is one of

are rather

C. labiata

The name

ate

Cxmbidium

likes

glossy leaves;

sight.

otherwise the scented flowers are

C. downiana.

Caulc\a Bob Bens

among the

wonderful

C. pandurata

pink or white, as well as the yellow

Coclog\ne cristata

scented white flowers touched with

gold

ide,

optimistically described as "blue."

gatskelliana

Cattleya bowringiana, hybrid

a speci-

the parent of several

It is

hybrids,

is

winter and on into spring. \\

orchid-pink flowers of beautiful shape.

The angel orchid

plant with dozens of sprays of

flow-

scentless, these are of

and

last for several

weeks. They are available in green, yellow, white, pink or dull reds

and browns, the labella usually marked in red. They appear mainly in spring, and are excellent for cutting. In recent

years mericlonal

propagation has brought the price

down

COELOGWE

of the best clones

There are 120 species of these epiphytic orchids from Southeast Asia. Indonesia and the Pacific Islands. Relatively few are grown in

in flower at the florist

discarded

usual colors

—

bulky plants and their pale green or

—white,

brown seem tame beside larger and bnghter orchids. They are, however, well worth growing, and man}- are happy in cool conditions. They like a cymbidium-type compost and plenty of water while they

summer growth, but demand a winter rest if they

are in active

they

are to flower freely.

the flowers are

is no need to do this as the plants are easy to grow and they do quite well as house plants. In frost-free areas they can be grown out of doors in the ground in shaded places and

lime-free soil liberally enriched with

organic matter. In pots, they should

be given a fairly coarse, soil-free compost, light shade and a winter rest, when the}' can be allowed to almost dry out. They can be divided after flowering. The hybrids are types;

after

most species are best classed and some species are

as miniatures,

flowering.

fragrant.

C. oistcita

C, large-flowered hybrids

ANGEL ORCHID

This

is

the

most popular of the

genus, and one of the loveliest of

as

be

divided into large and miniature

They can be

propagated by division

when

to

over; however, there

best encouraged to grow into

large, rather

and used

temporary house plants,

gardens, perhaps because they are all

to the

point where plants can be bought

all

These are the best known cymbidiums. and innumerable

Dendrobium

Cypripedium reginae

mo'.trum

/
grexes and clones arc available.

with 3 in (about 7.5 cm),

Atlantis,

cream and pink flowers, is typical. The largest types can have flowers as

much

as 57; in (about

1

3

cm)

wide, and their top-heavy flower

stems benefit from staking.

C, miniature hybrids These cymbidiums usually grow around 20 in (about 50 cm) tall,

many

with

flowers around 2 in

(about 5 cm) wide or

some

less;

have the broad petals and rounded

shape of the larger types, others are

more

spider)'. All are

charming,

Cymbidium canicu C. calccolus

cool-growing plants that look best

when allowed

grow

to

into large,

many-flowered clumps. Many tend to have weeping flower stems, which may need to be staked.

Native to Europe and North

America, this herbaceous perennial has bold, bright green leaves and ol yellow and brown and purple) flowers on 3 ft (about 90 cm) tall stems in summer.

small clusters (or yellow

C. species

There are

many

from time

around 20-24 tall,

of these available

ZONES

most grow

to time;

(about 50-60 cm)

in

with flowers

5-9

C. reginae

They mainly flower in spring and some are sweetly fragrant. They are mostly cool growing and need the same treatment as the hybrids though some, such as the red and green C. devonianum, have pendent flower spikes and look best in hanging baskets. The red-brown C.

This rather rare plant

more upright. Like all the cymbidium species, they both look their best grown into large, many-flowered clumps. They are

resentful of having

colors.

caniculatum

Dendrobium, cane-stemmed hybrid

Cymbidium, miniature hybrid

has spotted leaves, and the slightly

more upright

various subtle

in

is

often

is

thought to be one of the most beautiful

of

in cultivation.

it

is difficult

must have

It

very leafy, well-drained

acid,

soil,

shade

and a cool position where there no chance of its drying out, and turbed.

majalis,

American wildflowers,

all

but though fully hardy

Where

into clumps,

it

its

it

which has plain green ones.

like a

semi-shaded position

in

is

it

spreads

charming cut flowers.

adorned with large white flowers with rose pink labella and borne singly on 20 in (about 50 cm tall

CYPRIPEDIUM

stems

terrestrial

;i

m

eption

{i

i

ORCHID

IPPIR

S SI

hi

the

syn.

left

undisturbed,

often take

ing types are

This

summer.

one

is

genera

hybrids, both natural

In

m

often

triOSI

bed

any other

like

,

rbaceous plant They lake both

common name

their

one whi< h

nlii

in

folds ovei

."

and

i

i

'In

inn.

mi.

i

i

i

nl

and

like

rich

iii

and

n

ii

Len

end tofo 1

a

In-

the labellum

poui h. Thi ".crlh Ameri*

I

slipper ol

ine.in

>h

rathei

ided po

lb

di

i

I

(

ireek for a testi<

le,

bee ause ol the

way the egg shaped tubers lend to has some pretty grow in pairs) members, bui the mosi garden woi Ii

urope and cool tem 1

leaf)

The genus Orchis, native to southern Europe is the me from whi( h the whole lube lakes Us name from tin

some

itii

i

in

ionol

iov

genus

ii

ii. ill

i

rhe;

/'id tylorhi [a

pen

n i

i

iini.il

'urn

las ;ed

i

in thi

an

iboui

i0

in

n

i

spec

500

1

more

ignoi ing mosi

ies,

I

hey can be

evei gn

enordei iduous mosi

epiph)

Ik

from

i

.

lump

formi

r,

•

'.

In

ii

Ii

m

tall

n

«

iln

spring or sunimei ol

<

tub

asliki n

..mi

i

ill

.in t<

ipring bui

ip

being

di

itrial

.«

entaoi

ithi are

on hid

turbed

nei

n specii

ire

1

vhiti

rhe

bi

I.

i

hich

avi

hard thi

"ii',li

rhese

and i

In

a wide variety and cream

other spec

Ii

P

ies as

in/undi-

bulum from India, the purple P.

P

make

fat

biggibum and

those

ol a

have had greai influence too

)

run

i

signatum l

he)

are mostly cool to intermediate

growing and in

yellow

thi

are

propagated by

division after flowering

of the fallen

axil

last are ofl

m

through yellow and pink to ma gentared P nobile itself has entered into the parentage ol many, but

/)

the

,

olors from white

like

and stem like and an theii flowers

hi'

Ii

ofti

to expect

thai

whose bulbs

attleya, to those

you an idea ol what from these, they are mostly upright growers bearing spi a) s ol flowers along the canes in P. nobile gives

siu

are

bin they vat) in habit

pseudo-bulbs rather grow

gn

grown

the main' hybrids

nl

i

hei

v nli i» ild

illustrated onl) a few ol the easily

and man-made

cane-stemmed hybrids

ol the largesi ol all the

orchids, with

ol

ll

OR( HID

\l \1

warm-grow-

often seen in

trade patronizingly calls "amateur

and [apan, Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia (where there are main) is also one ol and New Zealand the mosi diverse, and here we have

Ok Ins

MARSH ORl MID

more

bunches of imported "Singapore orchids" than in what the orchid

or 2 years to recover

1

and start flowering. /i 'Ms 7-"

D.,

the)

are rarely cultivated in puis but

growing: but in these days

to

of high fuel costs, the

be

DENDROBIUM

DACTYWRHIZA

on hidsare an on hid world;

warm

moist, leafy but well-drained soil

species ranging from India, to China

I

species

greenhouses. There are innumerable

I

LABI

The and hybrids range from cool

tions are not very consistent.

and prefer

to

more

in habit, the soft

floppy, even pendulous, the distinc-

as P.

fresh green leaves

its

in earl)'

Both

known

they hate being transplanted and

is

roots dis-

happy

is

taller D. elata, also

i

divided into

am

hard typi

d

typi

tend to

bui bi

i

In

mal

falcorostrum ;i

'

piph) a

ti

from

clump

i

a

ol thii

item Australia !

psi

udo

— 420

(

)

i

i

h

i

J

s

bulbs around 8 in (about 20 cm) tall and topped with leather) leaves; in

summer sprays

of

many

type.

cm)

dainty

shaped and

The pseudo-bulbs shoot up

summer to around

in

14 in (about 35

high; in winter they lose their

and then the following spring garlanded from top to bottom

tall and does best when allowed to multiply into generous

45 cm)

clumps.

It

tralia, likes

fragrant, appear.

are

conditions, an

often

with shapely flowers, pale pink with

They are white, with red on the labellum.

kingianum

D.

Photographs are apt to make this enchanting plant from eastern Australia look more imposing than it is; it is

in fact a miniature,

filling a

6 in (about

1

5

counts as a large one.

and a clump cm) pot

It

tainly

be large enough

least a

hundred of its

to

cam

are fragrant, the scent being stronger at

certain times of day.

It

shade

likes

summer, an open compost, and must have a winter rest to flower in

don't start watering again until the

will cer-

'A in

maroon and gold on the labellum, some forms are richer and darker in color, some white and gold. They

flower buds are well developed.

at

(about

cm) wide, beautifully formed (lowers, which may be in any shade

D. speciosum

1

from white to deep pink. It is cool growing and likes shade and an open, well-drained compost. It is a very reliable species tor growing out of doors.

D

It

flowers in spring.

nobile

This species from northern India

one of the most popular of all dendrobiums, both in its own

and

it is

LILY

Though

quite small

Cool

classed as a soft -cane

—

1

in (about 2.5

—they

are

WD EGGS

huge sprays of as many as 80 from the big, cattleya-like pseudobulbs, and a large clump with many flower clusters of white or cream

pendent sprays in spring; the bacon is presumably the white pseudo-bulbs and green leaves It is in fact a species of very great beauty large,

is

a

magnificent sight in

The flowers

are scented too,

though they are not very long

last-

ing, fading in a fortnight or so.

plant grows

around 18

The

in (about

lilac

like a cool,

no need

to heat the

classed as intermediate to

comand then plunge the pots in damp sphagnum moss to keep them standard, rather rich orchid post,

evenly moist

—

they should never be allowed to dry out, even during their winter dormancy They can be

divided with care in early spring.

D. unijlora PRIDE OF TABLE

growing.

MOl MAIN

Often held to be the most beautiful of all South Africa's native flowers, this orchid with its large scarlet and

DISA

in

flowers

to the

shaded, but airy position and as long as they are in no danger of

.

The common name comes from the yolk-yellow labella and white petals of the flowers, which are borne in

is

8

greenhouse. Pot the tubers in any

cm) borne

with white. They

frost there is

warm

as

stem, in shades of red, pink or

D. t/n rsijlorum BACON

are usually

many

are borne with as

cool to intermediate

open compost, and a complete winter rest. A little summer shade is desirable

and the individual flowers are

across at the most

spring. right

as a parent of fine hybrids.

growing,

is

ROCK

The flowers

rather smaller than D. unijlora, but

comes from eastern Aus-

leaves

flowers, beautifully

(lowers

This genus of

terrestrial

orchids

comes from central and southern Africa and is notable for the beauty of its flowers, which are normally borne several to a stem in summer. They have the labellum at the top, and this is normally white or cream and heavily veined with the color of the remaining petals. Notoriously difficult to

grow and propagate,

white, scented flowers on 3

(about 90 cm)

tall

stems

is

ft

native to

the cloud forests of the high

moun-

whose even temconstant cloud and light

tains of the Cape,

peratures,

rain are far

gardens.

from easy

It is

to duplicate in

thus a very difficult

plant to grow away from its native home, and only very skilled orchid cultivators should attempt

it.

they need mild climates with free-

dom

from extremes of temperature,

DRACULA

constant moisture (but perfect

and high humidity They are classed as cool drainage), light shade

growing. D., hybrids

bella

The name has nothing to do with Count Dracula of horror-movie fame, but means "a little dragon," referring to the curious formation of

Derived from crosses of D. unijlora with several other species, these are considerably easier to grow, and

make

Disa. hvbrid

Dendrobium

thy rsijlorum

splendid, long-lasting cut

Dcndrobium

nobile

the flowers with their long-tailed

and their mahogany red They appear in spring and summer from the base of the 8 in sepals

color.

Dendrobium speciosum

—

"

Encyclia cochleata

Eulophia speciosa

Gongora galcaia

Lcie ha

Lacha purpurata

Coronet

Laelia

which looks best grown in a hanging basket Warm growing, it likes an open compost and regular watering even in winter, as the plant forms no water-storing pseudo-bulbs. Fungus (about 20 cm)

tall

plant

can mark the leaves unless they get plenty ol fresh

air.

Propagate by

di\ ision alter flowering.

E^CYCUA cochlc.ua COCKLESHELL ORCHID

This cool-growing epiphyte

from Central America, and

comes

one of the best orchids to try as a house plant It makes clumps of strapshaped leaves attached to round pseudo-bulbs, with flower stems arising from their summits The is

flowers themselves are green with purple, shell-shaped labella: each

stem carries 3 or 4 at any one time, but continues to open a succession of flowers for months;

known

it

is

not un-

stem to bloom two years, so you

for a flower

continuously for

can have

last year's

stems flowering

beside this summer's. Give the plant

compost and

shade and do not let it get too dry in winter. Propagate by division, which is best done in spring even if the p'ant a coarse

is still

in flower

light

There are several

other desirable species such as

E \Uclhna (bright orange),

anceps

the occasional trimming back will

The flowers, which can appear at any time of year, are only around 1 in (about 2.5 cm) wide, but each flower stem will have up to 20 open at any one time and continue to produce new flowers lor months. The common name comes from the shape of the help keep

it

neat.

yellow labellum that stands upright in the center of the

orange star of

and sepals. There are redand mauve-flowered varieties available also, but the orange is the commonest Water and fertilize from spring to fall, and propagate by division or removing rooted offsets. the petals

Less often seen, other species are

more

like small

appearance and need the same

E. citrin

s\ n Rl

(

I

f

(

his

is

radicans

one

ol

warm

frost-free

shade h

is

tall, streamside orchid is native western North America, from San It

prefers the con-

margin, but adapts to a the easiest of

all

or-

conditions and i|

any

<

appears.

It is

the new foliage also warm growing and

needs constant moisture and light shade; it can be propagated by division of the dense clumps of tubers in early spring before growth begins.

There are over 200 species

the genus, but very few are

even

in gardens;

thing of a

in the

garden

shade Stems

30-90 cm)

in

in full rise

1

damp

sun

2-36

spot

to part

E. speciosa is

someEpidendrum ibaguense tive

in

(about

phytes and

gal cat a

and

which

G. galeata

is

the

evergreen foliage Ol most intricate

and curious form, they

are a pleas-

ing tawn) yellow

and strongl)

>

oloi

m summer

M

lam

growing and likes shade, a coarse compost and regular summei watei and fertilizer, but Id

is

(

ool

be kepi drj in winter Propa

il

the

the stems

I

he terminal spike

as a pol pi, mt

ndard on hid

il

will accept

n

i

wid i

ing

worth

both

in

1

1

it-

in

1

1

rrn

in th

and

also a neater flower shape

some

s]

[he)

same way as purpurata has been cattleyas much used in crossing w ith are cultivated in the

the

i

cattleyas

/

anceps

m cattleya breeding but most attractive species in its own right, this ool giow ing spec tes Important

a

(

resembles

a unifoliate

though

ide

its

in

5

<

attleya in

(about 7

5

cm)

he) have mparison with

igi

pink flowers w uh their

lilac

purpli

theii flowers

the larger cattleya

ol

have distinctly floppy petals

i,

and rathei rea mble them, growth and ih< shape and i|

with the cattleyas, bunging to the hybrids their richly colored labella

w

W/M

preseni

cm

epi-

the 7^ species

s]

allied to the

maun

ol

their hybrids are well

habit,

g.ue by division in earl)

I

•lound

many

growing. They interbreed easily

Innate in sun or light

an epiphyte but will

group of South American

GONGOR.4

clumps, each stem mgl) veined,

di iors in

in

known

rarity.

stanl moisture ol a stream or lake

chids to grow, suning cool, inter-

mediate or

ORCHID

Francisco north.

lll\OR( HID

Africa, this

hanging basket, as the 2 in (about 5 cm) wide flowers, on their wirethin, zigzag Stems dangle below the

gigantea

to

from

most likely to be lound at specialist growers It needs to be grown in a

This

ibaguense

when

spring,

phytes, of

EPIPACTIS

STRI Wl

EPJDEXDRUM

terrestrial species

orchid bears vivid yellow flowers in

There are about 1 2 species of these Central and South American epi-

(yellow)

way

speciosa

A

flowered cattleyas in

treatment

and E. mariae (green and cream V They resemble small cattleyas and are grown in the same

EULOPHIA

labi

Hi,

i

rathi

stems; a plain in be 2o

I

Ills

long flowei

lull lall

m)

named

I

t

i

in

eral

/

veral

11

or

oronel

c

bloom can

tall

I

here

lones available

X LAELIOCATTLEYA HYBRIDS The

have been

laelias

much crossed

with the cattleyas, and this hybrid

genus has over 2000 named memThey vary from cool to intermediate growing, and can have

bers.

pansy orchids are now reclassified in a genus of their own. There are about 5 species, but much more

commonly grown are the many hybrids. These make round pseudobulbs with strap-shaped, rather pale green leaves; the flowers are carried in

dainty, almost miniature flowers or

enormous range

ones

ruffled

in the full

They are exactly the same way colors.

ol "cattle) a

cultivated in as cattleyas.

small clusters, mostly in mid-

—

summer a time when there are not many orchids in flower though

—

they can appear

spring to

any time from Usually around 4 in

fall.

at

(about 10 cm) wide, they are quite pansies though the colors,

flat like

LYCASTE

white through clear pinks to red

virginalis

with flashes of gold on the labella,

syn.

are not really pansy like.

L.

skinneri

The name

virginalis

might suggest a

white flower, however most forms of this Central

American epiphyte,

the national flower of Guatemala,

sometimes quite deep in tone. At first sight they seem to be three petaled. and can be as much as 6 in ubout 1 5 cm) wide; they are carried on bare stems 14 in (about 35 cm) long which arise from the base of the round pseudo-bulbs, which are often quite naked at the spring flowering time, the broad leaves having fallen during the winter. Others, such as the bright yellow and intensely fragrant L aromatica and L deppei, are also much admired, and there are a

They

like

an open compost, light shade, and to be kept growing all year a win-

—

ter rest is

not desirable. Propagate

by division

after flowering.

are pink,

number

of

handsome hybrids

able. All are cool

avail-

growing and need

a coarse compost; give

them

—

dry side in summer.

MASDEVALLIA unnamed hvbrid

Lycaste vaginalis (itself well worth cultiwhich have dainty sprays of 2 in about 5 cm) wide flowers in shades of deep yellow or orange. The plants grow about 10 in (about 25 cm) tall, and look best when allowed to form generous, many-

cinnabarina vating) I

flowered clumps.

It

prefers a coarse

potting mix. Intermediate con-

them and they flower in spring or summer. Some have cattleya genes and thus are officially classed as laeliocattleyas. but you ditions suit

usually have to read the label to

ers are notable for their shape; the

and

flower, held

on

the lowly foliage. iridescent so that

35 cm) above

L.

purpurata

There are

coccinea

and M.

number

of hybrids available in the

veitchii.

a

This evergreen, epiphytic orchid

red to yellow range also. The plants are evergreen and flower from win-

well deserves the honor of having

ter to spring.

been selected as the national flower

fore that winter temperatures

of Brazil, a country with

many

grows to height of 20 in (about 50 cm). Its 6 in (about 15 cm) wide flowers beautiful wildflowers.

It

fall

a

with their white or pale mauve petals and vivid purple labella are

They appear in early spring. The

It is

important there-

do not

near freezing or the plants will be

plant likes intermediate conditions

and a winter

rest.

are difficult to grow

only the usual orchid cultivation of coarse compost, plenty of water in

summer and need as

light shade.

They don't

definite a winter rest as. say.

cattleyas do. but should not be overwatered then. They make eggshaped pseudo-bulbs from the bases of which the flower stems appear. Flowering is from early fall, depending on variety. They can be divided after flowering. The closely related genus Cochlioda

is

very similar but has smaller flow-

ers in shades of red;

it

has been

crossed with odontoglossums to

more

some

brilliantly colored

known

of the

hybrid

and hybrids

This species and are the best

crispum very

its

known

itself is

common

many hybrids of the genus. O.

white, though

red or pink;

some

m shades of

of the hybrids are

yellow, red. pink or purple, or they

may

be entirely

be as

The

much

oi

any of these

ruffled, flat flowers

as 5 in (about 12

can

cm)

wide and borne 20 to the stem. don't have a definite flowering season, flowers appearing whenever

They

syn. Miltonia

the plant feels like

The several species of Miltonia are worth growing, but the popular

be

almost striped, in a range of colors that may blend white with cream.

division after flowering.

PANS\ ORCHID

is

it

for the flowers to

patterned and marked

colors.

MILTONIOPSIS

as odontiodas. This only

orchid breeders with an eye

O. crispum

damaged. The)- can be propagated by

quite magnificent.

small clusters in

Few

on bloodlines.

your point of view they glitter with different spectrum colors. The effect is seen even in the white varieties, but is still more wonderful in the red and orange types such as \

this.

thereon.

most are cool growing and need

affects

The petals are as you change

I

discover

colors

odontoglossums are more properly

a slender stem

in (about

and the wonderful variety of and markings displayed

sprays,

bring in this color, and

labella are tiny so the

sepals give the effect of a triangular

around 14

usually ruffled flowers borne in long

spring to

These epiphytes come from the mountains of South America and are classed as cool growing. The dainty. 2 in (about 5 cm' wide flowpetals

The most widely grown species of this genus of 200 species from Central and South America are epiphytes, though terrestrial species are known. They are admired for their

light

shade and do not overwater keep them quite dry in winter and on the

Masdevallia,

ODOSTOGLOSSUM

are the

it;

spring and

peak periods. They

fall

dislike

too-hot conditions in summer.

when

they should be given fresh

air.

'

PAPlilOPllDUVM

gratldt

).

(

crispum group in thai flowers

in

luu otherw

rest,

similai

a

cultivation

ise its

wide) flowers are

blend

a

is

m

can he divided

li

the genus Cyprepedium, but

in

they have been given

yellow

spring

I

most important C. insigne.

ONCIDIUM

many

of

huge and varied genus (over 700 species) from Central and South America, allied id the odontoglossums and miltonias This

is

now

genus ol here are about 60 spetheir OW n cies mm Indo-C Tuna and Indonesia, and though all are distinctive enough to be worth cultivating the a

I

and russet with white on the labella, and are borne hall a dozen to the stem

hids used to

be classed with the temperate ones

cm

ol

on

he tropical slippei

I

inter

v,

he huge (to 6 in/1 5

I

ROR( HID

ll'l'l

(

definitely

it

and needs

I. ill

si

from the

Ins species differs

1

a

the cool-growing

is

This has been the parent

hybrids and selected forms,

but there are other hybrids available

developed horn other intermediateor even warm-growing species As a general rule, types w uh spoiled

(though different in appearance)

leaves need

and able to be crossed with them to give odontocidiums and such multi-

those with plain green leaves, but

warmer conditions than

shade and only a short winter rest; open, coarse potting mix and high

none is difficult to grow. All are clump-forming perennials, mostl) terrestrial in habit, with no pseudobulbs; the leaves hug the ground and the flowers are borne above them, one to a stem. They all like a rich compost They are propa-

humidity, but most intensely dislike

gated by division; mericlonal

The

generic hybrids as wilsonaras.

ones usually grown are epiphytes, and they vary in their temperature requirements. They

like light

all

Many have

being overwatered.

a

propagation does not

climb up their host tree, and are best potted with a slab of tree-fem trunk to cling to. They can

tendency

to

be propagated by division in spring

remain expensive.

hybrids

P.,

The aim

O. papilio

been BUTTERFLY ORCHID

bears

it

is

atypi-

flowers singly,

its

though the 20 in (.about 50 cm) tall flower stem carries several buds which open in succession over many weeks in summer. The flowers are 5'/> in (about 13

cm)

can be propa-

it

gated by division, but

it

cult to please that lew

growers.

so

is

having persuaded n to grow li is warm grow ing

.

diffi-

would

dare

0. varicosum inc.

U>lis

I

This species from South America typical ol

m

small (lowers I'M.

which

-

movement n<

group

largi

,i

large

um

this is yellow

b

li-

In

I

mo

ting

Flov

pring to i,"

promi

i

I

ioi "

I |

'I'lll.ll

the

in

Paphiopedilum insigne

g tiny;

l

an almost red

vitharu

Mosi H

I

i

diffi

iii

n

and '" n

'in ' I

'

T

I

1

;ti

grow

'i

i

•

flowers

in

dooi I.

ill

iii

in

.il

!

li

in

(aboui

w hen the

lea

j

i

I

I

quiti

i

'

ii '

'

I

cm bn

iw n

i"h

i

mhuluim

\

i\

pe

foliag

dii

di iw n

;

readil

i

irii

hi.i!

near]

'mi

'•

n this

|

farthe mosl

bui

impona Philippi In

!

the

il\

from the

and the an lung flower terns risi cleai above them in the besi forms, the stem canbi 15 in (about 6 J m) lall and bear as rootstot k

1

ing w '

rathei

ni.n be plain green Ol

spoiled, spring diret

l

llll)

in

w huh

t

oui

1|.

make pseudo-bulbs; leaves,

man) a cm) v

amabilis

rai

!

irl

c

and

I

'

cool greenhouse, a

a a

PHALAENOJ'S/S

'l

ind attracti

Gi

had

and

compost; potted plants can be allowed to eh ) oui a little in w unci

MOIHOKl

I

io hi

li

i

needs

it

large poi

ing with clu

spi

tionol purpl

Inn il

in

its

of glo

tern

in .in hi

ml

gro

ore hids,

ial

being crow ned

fi

ult to

tern

tei

el

areas

on hid from northi m Australia rhaps the most magnificent ol

90cm) tall

pecii

ease

;

l" ill

brid

hi.

NSIIOODORl HID SW WII'ORl HID Iii

I

O.jlo no ;um

heir winter rest lightl

is

;halwa

fall

indnoi

named forms

They are normally 12 in (about 30 cm) tall in flower, and the waxy Rowers combine shades of green, russet, cream and white in various patterns and markings, allgreen forms are much admired They all look best when allowed to form generous clumps, and the flowers last for several weeks cultivation

Nl

tnut-brown and

ii

tl

rather variable; there are

different

tankervillae

hi

1 1

fthi

orpinl

ani

but othei

in'

is

mam

thine e in the slightest

ol air

arico

Bangladesh and the nearby Himalayas

PHAIUS

branched

labellum the othei pari in

signe

is

thai hears

featun of each flower

hi

P

This cool-growing species from

a very coarse compost and keep it on the dry side, relying on a very humid greenhouse to give it the moisture it needs; keep vigilant lor

red spider mites,

ol

and the unnamed flower in the picture gives a good idea ol the ideal. Colors range from green and bronze to yellow and white, often in combination but always subtle, they are not brilliant.

it

DAN(

rounder flower

across,

gold background. Give

a

breeding hybrids has

insigne,

and marbled with

of unusual shape,

bronze on

in

to achieve a

than the rather spidery one

This much-admired species cal in that

them,

suit

so selected clones and hybrids

i

ol

.in ii

hapel)

ill

II iwi

bui

hiti

In

10

in (aboui

usuall) shin

sometimes pale pink

ippeai

ih''

i

i

l

it

almost anj time Id

be tn an to bi

n thi

"

;ardcn

irdi

d

you ha

when

d

a

di

the flowers fade unless

nhouse

to

nine

O

424 them

to.

r c

hi ds

Warm growing,

the plants

need shade, constant moisture and a rich but open and perfectly drained compost. They are apt to send roots out over the top of the pot which then attach themselves to the greenhouse staging, and these should be left undisturbed.

orchids from China.

3 in (about 7

a lovely,

shapely,

cm wide I

pink flow-

new grow out of

ers in early spring before the

leaves appear.

It

will

doors in a temperate climate, though it is best given the shelter of a frost-free greenhouse A

are allowed to multiply undisturbed

bulbocodioides

to

this

5

its

cymbidium-type compost suits it, and it looks best when the tubers

PEEIOSE This species

It is

dainty plant, bearing

is

the best

known

genus of herbaceous

of

terrestrial

form clumps. Water well

mer while

it is

in

growing, hardly

sum-

make low clumps

6

and

on bare stems around cm) tall in late spring. The foliage is ground hugging and dies off for the winter Cool growing, they can be grown in (about 15

outdoors in a

and now

several species,

and

all

very

much

alike.

genus of diminutive

orchids from Australia

New Zealand,

notable for their

unusually shaped, pale green flow-

are the white

fedcatus

S.

hartmannii, white with a

a small

is

pink, and there are a

is

and selected

of hybrids

open compost and

ORCHID

genus from the

tropi-

grown tall,

in the

same way. They make

vanda-like plants and bear, at

various times of the year, branching oi as

many

red or orange flowers.

plant in

full

cry

is

A

a dazzling sight,

as the flowers last very well

when

cut they are exported from

Singapore and Thailand to appear in high-class flower

X SOPHROCATTEEYA

ASD

SOPHROLAEE10CATTEEYA HYBRIDS

100 small,

as

brilliant

shops

else-

RED CATTLEYA

These two hybrid genera derive from infusions of Sophronitis coccinea genes into the cattleya and laeliocattleya breeding lines, creating beautifully colored red or or-

where. There are several species, of

ange, rather small-flowered

and R imschootiana are the best known, and a number of hybrids; they have been crossed with the vandas and ascocentrums to lend them their dazzling color. They are outdoor plants only in humid, tropical climates.

"cattleyas

\\

light

shade They appreciate constant moisture, and shouldn't be allowed to get quite dry even in winter.

Far East, allied to the vandas and

and

fairly large

known 5.

RFAANTHERA

sprays

GREENHOOD

best

and

forms of all three, of which the white Blue Nob is perhaps the best known. All are cool growing and like

This

PTEROSTYLIS

do resemble orange blossom in size and shape, though not in scent. The

division after flowering. There arc

a

in

in

number

FIRE

grown

1

(about 2.5 cm) wide (lowers which

while growing. Propagate by careful

cal

all

of leathery foliage

bear sprays of

small crimson labellum: S

color range to white, yellow and

deeper pinks; they are the same way. ZONES 8-10

in spring

can be allowed to dry out a bit in winter but should be watered freely

range of hybrids, which extend the

terrestrial

in pots they

are several other,

rather similar species

A

frost-free climate, in

and shade;

leafy soil

at all

in winter alter the leaves have died

dow n. There

ers that rise

hich

R.

coccinea

Here they are grouped

together because the laelia influence is

not always very ob\1ous without

consulting the label and they are

—

growTi in the same

way

intermediate -grow

mg cattleyas are.

though perhaps with water in winter.

a

When

exactly as

little

more

Rhyncolaelia

digbyana gets into the act the result-

RHYXCOL4EUA

ant flowers are not called

digb\ana

Sophrobrassolaeliocatdeya but

syn. Btassa\ola digbyana Its

x

Sophrolaehoc:attlc\

a,

cost this orchid Irom Central America popularity with gardeners, but it is a very beautiful plant and

hvbrid

important in orchid breeding.

It

great

French horticulturist Julien Potin. Their cultivation is the same.

SOPHROMTIS coccinea

grows like a large unifoliate cattleya and bears its lemon-scented How ers. one per pseudo-bulb, in summer They are 5 in (about 12 cm' wide and pale green or pinkish; their

syn.

S.

This

is a

outstanding feature

in spring with beautifully shaped,

is

mous, deeply fnnged

their enor-

Crosses with cattleyas are

still

known as brassocattleyas,

the

ruffled labella they probably

name

now

the pure-bred cattleyas

in gardens. R. digbyana itself

growTi in the same

way

/-_

cm) wide flowers They can be it

is

most admired and which have been crossed the scarlet forms that are

with cattleyas to lend beautiful color.

It

for cattleyas,

Don't

let

it

winter, as

but is

them

it

best

is

is

the

same

as

dislikes being left to

dry out too

it

their

likes intermediate

multiply.

much in

never quite dormant.

STASHOPEA m

in dii

PMDE DOWN ORCHID

There are several species of this South American genus of epiphytes,

SARCOCHILLS

all

ORANGE-BLOSSOM OR( HID

rather similar in habit: the

cream-tlowered

genus of very pretty dw art epiphytic orchids from the rainfora

ests of northeastern Australia.

-growing

pink, orange, red or violet, but

t

sion in spring.

is

a low

in (about 3.5

divided and

as

though it loves bright sunshine and fresh air and must never be overwatered. Keep it quite dry in winter and on the dry side when it is not actually growing or flowering, and propagate by divicattleyas.

This

makes

of dark green leaves, adorned

conditions; culture

is

classed as intermediate growing and is

clump

most dainty epiphyte from

like small cattleyas.

only in 1971; with their splendidly

outnumber

grandiflora

Brazil. It

1

labella.

Rhyncolac ha having been adopted

Rlnncolaclta digb%ar

honor of the

Potinara, in

reputation for being difficult has

They

5.

yellow and brown best

wardii

and the

5. tigrina

known. (There

are the

are several hy-

brids available also. ) All have the

.

On

'-


i

42.^

s

*% M

t

i&i

h

w \mtf$ V Qf £ **J >

^

-,

k

Vuyhtekeara Cambria 'Plush

very long lasting, but they are very

of the

70 or so

summer

spec ies are spring or

flow-

and the color range is from white through cream and pink to ering,

orange

—

the blue

Many have

in fact rare.

is

interesting

markings and

mottlings of other colors. They

arc-

warm-growing epiphytes, liking a very coarse compost and strong light, though preferably not full all

The pseudo-bulbs round and the leaves broad and luxuriant. Cool to intermediate conditions suit, and they will growhappily outdoors in a shaded position in frost-free climates. Keep the plants dry in winter, and propagate strongly fragrant. are

by division

Some

in early fall

burrow down through the potting compost to hang in the air beneath the roots, so they must be grown in hanging baskets The extraordinarily shaped flowers appear in summer. As orchid flowers go they are not

Stanhopea wardii

mill's!;

1(1

II

buds

peculiarity that the flower

in spring.

sunshine; they are outdoor plants

only

Keep them

in the tropics.

warm and watered

all

year as they

and propaby removing rooted offsets. Most will need staking; if this is a rarely take a winter rest,

gate

piece of tree fern trunk they will

by

THUNIA

cling to

marshalliana

V. Nellie

BAMBOO ORCHID. ORCHID OF BURMA This

the most

is

of the 9 species,

it

Wilsonara, unnamed hybrid

aerial roots.

Morley

Derived, as so

many good vanda now often

hybrids are, from the not

commonly grown which all come

cultivated (except ers

by orchid breed-

sandcrana, Nellie Morley has

V-

from Indo-China. It is a terrestrial and, having no pseudo-bulbs, is

become perhaps

effectively a regular, Irost-tender.

of the vanda hybrids, with

herbaceous plant. The pendent

named

cm) wide, white flowers with pink and gold

with 4 in (about 10 cm) wide flowers in

some shade

veins on the labellum are carried

coral.

It

clusters of 5 in (.about 12

atop the 3

labout 90 cm)

ft

The stems

stems.

summer

can be divided

down after the when the plants

if

desired.

intermediate conditions,

likes

It

dry even in winter Give the plants pots of any ordinary

up

into generous,

many

flow

-

ered clumps

\

again in

fall.

The mosl celebrated species of this gi

tonorthi

m

open potting mix; don't dry

oil in

V.

Rothschildiana

BLl

E

\'

ORCHID

sanderana

\'

caerulea

grow than and hence more

easier to

is

itself,

Kv tralia

is \

i

aei ul a

b

and 1

-I

E

vhi

deeper shade,

iimion Sadl)

It

it

to

veined with

'

I

a

They are around 3 in (about cm) wide, carried in sprays of a dozen or so, and an attractive shade fall.

7.5

markings on the labellum. Like all the group it adapts to

almost

cool, intermediate or

warm

ditions, likes a coarse

compost

'i

tartlingl)

\

is

the

and

same

it

mi' n

u

—

from crossings

i

\f

and

ha

i

as ibat ol itself

man

pn

ilofii

>0cm)tal1

!

'

I'll

given

some

idium,

Irti

and

<

i

i'i

hluhhi.

oi

d

I

J

in

i

j

in

iJontogZi 1

am wa) i

in flo

1

1 1

.

1

'inn

1

1

1

1

i

in

1

1

1

1

ill

arl)

winter

hi

as the

hybrid 'i

it

in

an

he flowers are

l

Hii.ii

ii

i

ili.

hicllv

t

— the

t

in

ound

ii

intermediate to

need n

hi

ii-,

flowers are fragranl

Givi

diti '

w

ii

! !

ii

I

-

ifter

I

fli

iw

and plent)

the leaves gel

elopunsi| Propaj

ind th<

he plain likes

and

ool condition

"""'I light

haii 41 di

<

win

a

blotchi

and

I

and sepals are green, spoiled \\ nh red. and the labellum is purple and « line he effec is much more

I

it

i

-

petals

'i

,

and South America It makes a low growing plain with mid-green leaves mk\ carries its 24 in (aboui 60 cm) tall flower stems in fall oi

harming members

mi"

ilati

ol several

notable for their unusual color

odontoglossums mi uchappropi lati nairn ind hi an grow n and igei l. illhoci

.

n

goes

known

the best

is

rather similar species from Central

fashion but does have

ol

thai are rather like vi\ ulK red

ol

mackayi

bins

i

rathei

ZYGOPETALUM

are like

Ml

'Hi

eudo bulbs

and out

in -

of

Zygopetalum mac kayi

syn. 2. intermedium

genus, which combines

h) brid

gem

)ISTEKEARA

\\lliRl\

species and hy-

flic last

I

Klonto^li'ssiun

i

i

i

ochlioda

c

In

I

the

i

i

ol

brids ol Odontoglossum, Miltonia

,i

i

—

and regular watering it needs no winter rest and flowers even when the plants are very young and small Propagate by division in spring. The name Vuylstefceara honors the Flemish orchid grower C Vu) Isteke. who originated the genus early in the twentieth century

blui

i

n tal

con-

WILSONARA HYBRIDS

well-grown plant

use to furthei hybrid

an end

a

few long leaves; the flowers can appear at any time from spring to

small, red-flowered odontoglossums.)

a

veral sprays "l flow

'

ultivation

Nellii

ha

lenei

.nii.iii'. i

avail-

plant, with

round pseudo-bulbs each carrying

deep violet-blue, the Mowers

g distinctl)

h

ii

compact

a

cm)

in (about 12

ol 5

It is

the different clones from

in

light to

nus From southeast Asia

orchid from the mountain ind

ii

condi-

or larger flowers in winter; the)

epiphytii

and

warm

and an

range

ht

likes

It

tions but plenty of fresh air

often encountered in gardens.

XDA

lui

pink or

has the unusual habit of

bears sprays \

of rich

one of the most widely

able.

of dull red with very pretty white

This hybrid between V coeruleaand

orchid compost, and allow them to build

many

clones available, usually

the winter

summer

shade and regular watering; it should not be allowed to get quite fairly large

most popular

the

flowering twice a year, in spring and

tall

die

flowering,

1

tion,

! i

I

i

b

>1

i

i

ing

ol

damp

the)

u

dh

ision in

^

'

\(l

h

4

y

l

«s ,

...

'_

=.^ ~ r

--»«

-'

A£*-r

:*;:V

•^r<

—»

*^ s^.

am w%^

CHAPTER

12

P^/ms Cycads

Ferns,

iM*.

'''%

&

y& fm '

..'

— Ferns,

-i2H

That

P a

m

I

these three groups of plants

come together here

in this

book

small segments (although there are

many

exceptions);

are invaluable

all

plants for shade; their is

a coincidence of horticulture

rather than botany

hard

—

to select three

unrelated

to

—

& Cy c a d s

s

it

would be

groups so

varieties are lovers of

some

climates;

species at least provide food in

their native lands;

each other.

most glamorous

warm

their place

and they can find

among indoor

plants.

male and female organs, the male releasing sperms which swim to the female ones to fertilize them. Then, and only then, the fern plant grows from the prothallus into its familiar form. The swimming sperms need water to swim in, ol

course,

almost

Except for moss, cultivated only

all

and

shady places

in

Ferns

that

is

why

ferns

arc-

ground and the sun dries up the

lovers of moist

—

although the tree ferns array their leaves

needed moisture too fast. They fall into two broad groups, the tropical and the temperate climate species, in each of which the variety of foliage forms and even colors is stagger-

millions of years.

the

atop palm-like trunks

ing.

other hand are

recent

flowers. Their sex

Japanese gardens and their imitations elsewhere, ferns are the most ancient, "primitive" plants

we grow.

Far

more

Let us take the ferns

first.

They

ancient than the flowering plants, they

creeping or clumpy rootstocks

have been around for hundreds of

The palms on among the most

and highly evolved flowering plants, all hough their flowers are not such that gardeners take

much

notice of them.

The cycads, often hard to distinguish from palms at a little distance, are a kind of bridge between the ferns and the most primitive flowers, the conifers; they aren't even flowering plants. Yet they play similar roles in gardens: all

are

admired mainly

for their leaves,

characteristically long but divided into

are

all

perennials, mainly growing from

complex and

—and none has

life is

in fact rather

interesting.

On

the under-

on special leaves which differ from the usual) they bear an array of what look like blisters. These are called son; they side of their leaves (sometimes

You can have

the usual once-divided

fronds, twice or three times divided, crested, or even severely plain with

divisions at

all.

And

no

they can be any

shade of green or marked with color; in

some

species the son are silver or gold and so abundant they color the leaf. The

release spores, tiny clusters of cells

plants can be sedentary in habit or

which blow away on the wind.

land in a favorable place they germinate

running about by their rhizomes, and they range from just a couple of inches

into curious

in height to over 3

little

If

they

plants called prothalli,

which usually look like little bits of leal lying on the ground. These in turn bear

Ferns are greatly admired for their beautiful and dive isc foliage.

ft (about 90 cm) and they can be deciduous or evergreen. No wonder the Victorians adored them

— /(ins

and devoted

\\

hole gardens to them.

tree ferns are mostl) natives ol

temperate

to tropical

c

I

ad

I'd

he

warm-

limates And dislike

but the) share the tribe's londness

frost,

and moisture Few

for shade, Icrtile soil

have big root systems, w hich makes them

wonderful pot plants, although you need to choose your varieties with care it you want to grow them as house plants most need more humidity than living

rooms

offer.

They can be propagated

from the spores, which are sown in pots of moist soil like seeds, and most can be divided like any other perennial.

Food? The very young leaves of many and cooked as a vegetable if you see fiddlehead ferns on a restaurant menu, do try them. (The term fiddlehead doesn't designate a species can be gathered

—

species;

refers to the

it

way

the

young

leaves are scrolled like a crosier or the

end of the pegboard of

a violin.)

Palms The palms

are,

by

contrast, trees,

although usually they grow on

a single

unbranched trunk with a crown of large leaves at the top. (Some form clumps of stems, but these are normally

unbranched.) These leaves can be long

and divided,

Palms and fans can be used

to create

an oasi

like giant fern leaves, or

they can be rounded and fan shaped,

two types being called "feather'' or fan palms. They mostly grow in the

from the

leaves, the trunks provide

although as cycads grow extremely

the

timber, and dates and coconuts are both

slowly

sago In

company

borne by palms. Some species can have their sap tapped to make palm wine or

comes from

shade, at least

toddy (which in turn can be

plant.

there are few

into arrack, one of the

of other trees so they like the

when they are young, but among the taller palms that

on it. Palms van enormously in height: some of the clump formers grow to only around 6 or 9 ft (about 1.8 or 2.7 m) tall and can be placed in the garden like shrubs: others can reach 90 ft (about 27 m) and are sufficiently stately for the largest gardens. Alas, the most magnificent palms are strictly for frost-free climates, and the delights of a palm insist

-

avenue

is

denied to the temperate

species that will

grow

in

t

very exciting

ever, they are

among

all

to

grow

give

them

I

I

over- pot

a position in reason-

them

a

also

produce food; they bear

starch. But again they are not for the

vegetable plot

—

the raw seeds contain

poisonous alkaloids, which have

involve

like

;

pounding

I

his

in is

water

the

<

fol

long periods

an an perfected b) the

and

ol Australia

ounti

people make thatc h

'

(called

slow growth that

a

seed and

it

will

be years

before you are rewarded with a fully

developed clump of glossy, palm-like leaves

alone the curious flower cones.

let

—

which can be huge far larger than any pine cone. The plants bear male and female cones, usually on the same plant. and the female cones can be a striking

when

the seeds ripen. Eventually,

grow up on to a short, thick trunk, but don't hold your breath will

waiting

—

the magnificent spec imens you

see in botanic garden'- have almost

all

been transplanted fully grown from the wild. ( ycads must be the most easily transplanted

ol all

wood)

plants, but

we

must disc ourage you from come y< ad hunting the) are not exactl) abundant (

—

the seeds,

mow Some

groups i

to be

ed by long and elaborate prepar-

commercial sago (tapioca)

a different, totally unrelated

their agonizingly

sow

dens;

most

nut-like seeds that are very rich in

may

It is

not economic to harvest the

fact,

limits the popularity of cycads in gar-

sight

Cycads

nous peoples v,

imported

Brazil

tight sh

useful

as millionaire's

are nearly always

steeping them

them

— they rather

known

ation. This varies with the spec ies but

arc mostl

able light, don'i over-water

don

from

They

the most attractive

house plants. They

of

salad.

cold areas, but

He or she will have to be content with growing some of the more modest palms indoors; how-

they aren

hearts, also

Cycads

climate gardener. (There are a few

distilled

most headspinning liquors known). There are those whose young shoots can be cut out and cooked like cabbage; not the sort of thing for the backyard vegetable patch, but you can buy canned palm

is

it

iich

and are usuall) protected b) lav. do a< quire im<\ give a limate it

i

c

you

almost so

and fertile soil t In means, and you like you il

inside lo

If

fn

a sjiniu'

room

(

an

hung

it

approximately 650 species that differ greatly in sire

and frond

shape ^simple, pinnate or bipinnate V Many hybrids have developed in the wild. Most of them are fast, hardy growers and tend to

grow

clumps with creeping or

in

tufted rhizomes. Species

may be

ground dwelling, rock dwelling or epiphytic. Avoid placing these ferns under direct sun under glass. Propagate from spore or by division.

Found almost worldwide, cies

grows

to

A. bulbiferum this spe-

18 in (about 45 cm)

with bipinnate or tnpmnate fronds. It

to

does well with a its

little

lime added

potting mixture. There are

several cultivars

away From

which grow

MOTHER SPLEENWORT. MOKL'. HEN-AND-CH1CKEN FERN

to Australia.

cific. It

than 3

varies greatly in the wild, so there

pcdatum

is

native across North America. Thin, airy, fan-

shaped fronds radiating from

mature to a deep blue-green. Rhizomatous, they form broad, dense patches in moist, humus-rich soil in partial to full shade. Fronds

MAIDENHAIR FERN

Common throughout

tight

crowns. The shell-shaped, overlapping, pinnae emerge pale green and

AD1ANTUM the tropics

and subtropics, these terns look delicate but grow vigorously in the right conditions. There are over 200 species worldwide, mostly ground dwellers with an even greater number of cultivars. They grow well in gardens with filtered sunlight and make perfect ground cover where

will

It

grow

diffenng subspewell indoors, as

well as in a sheltered garden

This deciduous, cold-hardy fern black stipes hold delicate,

ft

many widely

cies.

NOREHERN MAIDENHAIR FERN

FERNS

generally grows to

ZONES B-10

are

Asplenium bulbiferum

and the Pamore (about 90 cm) high. It

islands of East Africa

best

direct sunlight; they also

prefer a sheltered position

A.

Ath\ rium filix-femina

is common New Zealand and the

This large rainforest fem

grow 1 2-36 in (about 30-90 cm) tall and are deciduous. Propagate by

rhizome

is

placed in

a

if

the

well-drained

position. Propagate from the plantlets that

grow on

the mature

fronds.

ZONEs

10-11

A. nidus BIRD S-NEST FERN

This pantropical, epiphytic fem colonizes trees, rock faces and boulders in humid, tropical rainforests.

spores or division.

The glossy green, thin, tongue-like fronds have wavy margins and a

ZONES

prominent, almost black midrib.

3-9

ASPLENIUM SPLEENWORT

Commonly found

in rainforests all

over the world, this fern genus has

The spreading fronds arise fom a densely hairy crown in a radial fashion, somewhat resembling a bird's nest. Provided warmth and ample humidity, it is easily grown as a container plant in coarse, well-

Ferns

drained potting media

I

Frost hardy,

foliaged

asil)

propagated from fresh spores

shade and

total

it

requires

10-11

ATHYRU

\l

M

i> a genus ol deciduous and sometimes evergreen ferns lender 10 Frost, they need shade and a humus-nch. moist soil Fading Ironds should be removed Propagate Irom spores in late summer or by division

This

in

winter or

fall.

A. jilix-femina s\

native ol

was

lady fern

and

number

a

unusually shaped and feathered

and names like Fntzelliae'. 'Pulcherrimum' and "Victoria were developed. The wild plant, which comes from Europe and America, leaves

1

as pretty as any. with

much

di-

can van-

in height

from

that,

according to variety, and

It is

frost

hardy and

fem treatment and moisture.

likes the usual

of shade, fertile soil

ground cover

ideal

f^-10

-

CYATHEA s\ n.

Msophila. Sphacropleris

TREE FERN

These evergreen

tree ferns,

from

tropical to subtropical areas of the ft

(about 4.5 m), although they are tall

as that in gardens.

Their palm-like trunks, from the are

spring.

composed of knitted-together

below ground they have normal roots. Established plants need care in transplanting ensure

aerial roots;

—

ZONES 3-8 .A.

makes an

It

summits of which the fronds

gradually spreads into wild clumps.

that the normal, subterranean roots

nipponicum

damaged. The genus is charby us arching rosette of weeping or erect, bipinnate or are not

pictum

var.

acterized

JAPANESE PAINTED TERN

Pnzed

for its soft metallic gray

new

tripinnate fronds. Tree ferns prefer a

bluish or reddish hues, this Japa-

warm climate, needing plentiful water in warm weather and protec-

nese native grows to 20 in ;about

tion from the hot sun. Plant in hu-

50 cm) in height. Locate in humusnch loam with adequate moisture in a semi-sunny exposure; this will

mus-rich, moisture-retentive but

ensure the richest foliage color.

Propagate from spores.

which

fronds,

are suffused with

well-drained

soil.

They do

well in

tubs but eventually need replanting

Divide mature plants in early spring or in late

C. austrcilis

fall.

ROLGH TREE FERN

A

BLECHMU This genus

up

found in temperate to tropical climates, mostly in the southern hemisphere Size and growth vary according to species Most are ground dwellers that prefer moist soil, and propagate via their runners to form clumps. The new fronds on most species are pinnate and fishbone shaped; some frost

They

to

35

fronds

is

are brightly colored

mostly

popular garden plant

climates, this majestic

WATER FERNS

ft

(about 10

may grow up

in

subtropical climates

B fluviatile RA>

W \TIRIIRN i

upright, ever-

green fern has a squat, leather.

•

femle (about

le

Ironds an

ft

50(m)

der. pinnate

fi

high and

>

for

fem

m)

mild a

high.

to 12

ft

The

vabout

ml long; they are deep green dark positions and yellowish

3 5 in

are

tender and happiest

Zealand's national emblem,

by the silver-white underside of the fronds. This is a hardy plant that grows to around 5 ft (about although it is often taller in

usually not as

14 in (about 35 cm") to three times

New

R\

summer, its slender, dark green fronds grow up to 8 in (about 20 cm). It prefers bright light and, needs a

fl

I

IIISfKlllS

4

1

I

falcatum

Horn ffrn native of Southeast Asia, us

com-

derives from the small,

upright on wiry stems II

this lern

world, can reach a height of 50

vided leaves in a delicate shade of

dealbata

SILVER KING PONGA SILVER TR£I

(..rowing in quick bursts in the

soil sensitive,

m

shiny, holly-shaped leavt

Zealand. Australia.

of

garden varieties with variegated or

It

New

I

mon name

10-11 C

a great favorite in

Victorian ferneries,

green.

RIIRN

South America and the subantarctic islands, this fern is often found where snow and frost are common.

ods.

is

ill

a

CYRTOMIUM

A

watering.

temperate climate with cold peri-

LADY FERN

The

«

PINI

although not

Asplenium Jilix-femina

n

A

conditions, but requires regular

penna-marina

B.

open adaptable which will tolerate sun or shade and a whole range of soil in

fern

light, fertili

I'

is

instantly identifiable

1

the wild.

and

It

likes shelter,

a moist soil.

humidity

easily carried

naturalized in

Its*

by the wind, so

many

it

has

countries and

is

widespread on the cliffs of coastal areas. It grows well in greenhouses

and indoors in a well-lit position. ideally growing up to 20 in labout Although

it

is

frost

hardy,

us upper fronds can burn; just clip

them

if this happens. The plant form new growth in warmer

will

-

4.5 2

/

t-

ins.

/'

ci

I

m

s

&

(

y

cads

Dicksonia squarrosa

can grow to 50 ft (.about 1 5 m) with .8 a trunk diameter of 6 ft (about ml It is a fast and hardy grower that 1

does well

tubs and favors

in

a

moist,

sheltered position in the garden.

Its

—up

lance-shaped fronds are long to

1

3

(about 4

ft

trunk

is

made

m)

—and

its

huge

of fibrous roots. Sec-

used to makehanging baskets. Possums often make a meal out ol the young fronds, and the pith of the trunk is a traditional food source for Australian Aborigines As the severed trunk will grow when replanted, it is easy for unscrupulous persons to tions ol trunk are

steal

from

it

rainforest habitat.

its

Propagate from spores in

ZONES

summer

10-11

D. squairosa WHEKI. ROl GH TREE FERN

One

of the most popular tree ferns,

this robust

New Zealand speeies

develops in colonies, prohibiting the growth of other plants.

trom Malaysia to Australia. Reasonably fast growing, these attractive (ems develop trunks in maturity

Dicksonia antarctica

and have arching, lance-shaped, weather. is

It

likes shade,

although

it

one of the most sun tolerant of

from rhizome cuttings.

multi-pmnate fronds with downy bases. The plants range from frost hardy to frost tender and require protection from the wind. Plant in peaty, damp soil with full or partial shade. Withered fronds should be frequentlv pruned. Propagate from spores in summer. The genus w as

ZONES

named

ironds around 16 in (about 40 cm) long. Easily cultivated in

hanging

demands

the ferns.

baskets and pots,

ZONES 9-10

coarse, very- well-drained, organic

DAVALLIA

growing medium. Though deciduous for a short period, it quickly reproduces

trich.omanoid.es HARE'S-FOOT FERN. SQUIRREL S-FOOT FERN

Popular p<

i

i<

-

among fern enthusiasts,

is

name

to Malaysia,

new

it

a

fronds. Propagate

o_li

British botanist

this

New

Guinea and Indonesia, where n grows as an epiphyte in rainforests. Furry, yellowish brown rhizomes produce lacy, glossy green, pinnate

after the

James Dickson

down

(about 4.5 2.7

The

covered in brownish red and grows to over 1 5 ft

is

ml

ml

tall

and 9 ft (about The rough,

in diameter.

deep green to 4 pinnate Ironds, forming in a rough crown, have a lighter colored underside and are "5

over

3

ft

(about 90 cm) long. This

fern needs a

damp

shade, frost

humid soil

climate, partial

and

shelter from

and wind.

ZONES

10-11

DOODIA This genus contains 15 thicket

DICKSOMA

D. antarctica

This genus contains 30 large species of evergreen to semi-evergreen

eighteenth-century

trunk

tree-

ferns native to the region stretching

forming, evergreen dwarf ferns

SOFT TREE FERN

Native to southeastern Australia and the giant of

its

Sn Lanka, some Pacific and Australia. The rough,

native to

genus, this tree fern

islands

slender pinnate fronds have hea\

llv

A Ferns,

serrated leaflets

pmk when from

and

are vivid red-

immature. Species range

fully to

half-hardy and prefer a

cool, but not cold, climate. Plant in

D. eryihrosora

drained, acidic to neutral,

AUTUMN FERN

rich soil in part to lull

Propagate by division or from

green fern produces new fronds

thai

are suitable for rockeries or as

This low-tufted

have become

after they

Do

not overwater as

they are susceptible to rot. Propagate from spores or by division in spring

I

h

he genus was

named

alter

aspera

open

hard

ill

fore

8-12

in (about

I

m

in tropii

20-30 cm)

tall

in scales

and

hairs

They

are

ai

restrained in

its

and

their

pinnate

ii

iln

spread than

idei i

II

the

sun and

culture,

in ii

HUM AT tyermannii MI\IRII\RI

deep shade lo partial wide range ol soils pro-

a

vided drainage

is

(.lima, this

adequate Propa

h will

do well

inii

i

has

Ii

iden

easily

is

s^

ales

on

thi< k, leather)

,

)ne ol the hardi

(

us genus, this plain flourishes

when maintained 'Li,

ill

i

iniiin-iii

phen

requii

Rem

pinnati

pon 1

ii

hardy fem

:omes

iln

est ol

filix-mas

i,

i

thi I

ii,,

tempei

of thi fern

I

ite

and

lancei

,

i

-.ii,

i

ill,

dwellei with

in

,:

moist

in

I,

Ii

soil

ti

1

ndei and

n planl in y he n

ilati

pto 12

• 1 1

i

1

,

1 1

and

is

reall)

onl)

cli

!

i

1 i

li

in

is

ll

ubtropical

,i'Mi and w

in

aboul

ii

,1

rathei frosl

northern hemi

1

i

RN

I

i,

i

II

tilled b) the small, silver)

MM URN -,

oil

in

tOOl

Native to the tropical parts ol

tripinnate fronds

III!''

i

s

in

i

DRYOFIER1S

ii

clot

spreads to 12

30cm) Ofeas)

succeeds

/)

in.

son

4t cm)

(about

ol

spores

ture height of 18 in (about it

margins

are borne along the

the pinnules Propagate from

A ma-

tropical area

i

son

undersides of the pinnules.

can be expected;

bonds grow from a crown to heights of 12-24 in (about 30-60 cm) The

tight, central

persist well

into winter Bright red

aspera

iln

pink

to very

its

:

in attractive

from copper)-

g.ue from spores

prolifi rates in

iland tempei

in color

emerging ones, they

pink, lanceolate fronds are covered

D Fi

Zealand fern

spreading up to 24 in (aboul oil cm). The immature, rich reddish

more

PRKKIV RASPIIRN in.

New

has upright rhizomes growing

mosi vivid in lull sun. turning deep green in maturity rhis species prefers a heavy clay soil Ii is mu< h

chemist and botanist,

Samuel Doody /)

I

range

humus-

shade The

olive-green

become glossy green and contrast handsomely with the colorful

Zl INI

4 33

upright, slightly arching,

stiffly

Native to eastern Asia, this ever-

spores.

bright red As the fronds age the)

well rooted.

cads

y

cover for steep banks or slopes.

COMMON RA^PFFRN

withstood

(

baskets and makes excellent ground

D. media

art-

&

s

ol eastern and Central North America thrives in well-

any reasonably fertile, damp soil and avoid direct sunlight. The plants in this genus grow well in an extremely humid atmosphere and

ground cover Dry conditions

m

I

This native

Dryopteris filix-mas

Doodia media

Pa

.

do ver) well "low. around HI

Feins. Pal m

43 4

&

s

C y cads

MATTEVC1A

XEPHROLEPIS

N. cordifolia

exception

struthiopteris

SWORD FERN

syn. N. cordata

ates

s\ n.

M. pensylvanica

ostrich

H

Commonly found

RN

the northern hemisphere, this rhizomatous fern produces clusters of tall, plume-shaped, sterile fronds 24-60 in (about 60-1 50 cm in I

Each cluster eventually dense, raised crown. Persistent, fertile fronds arise from the crown and provide engaging winter height.

a

Grow

scener)

in moisture-holding,

neutral to acidic to full shade.

rapidly gate

by 5

loam

soil in partial

Clumps can spread

and become division.

2-8

and

subtropics on the edges of rainfor-

Native to the temperate regions of

forms

in the tropics

invasive. Propa-

ests or in

open

forests, this

genus of

hardy fems features fishbone -shaped fronds with short, upright rhizomes.

They

are extremely tolerant to

drought and also to being w aterlogged and are fast growing, provided they are given enough room to spread out. Since they are sensitive to cold

these ferns are ideal for indoor

placement, but be sure to provide lots of

water in

warm

conditions.

Fading fronds should be removed and the plant should be divided regularly. Propagate from spores or tissue culture, or by division.

ol regalis, which tolersun and very wet conditions. Propagate by division in fall or w inter or from spores as soon as they

FISHBONE FERN HERRINGBONE FERN. SWORD FERN LADDER FERN

Naturally tound

among

rocks

the

at

edge of rainforests this fern can grow in fairly dry and dark positions as well as in lull sun.

It

O.

Fronds grow

90 cm).

It is

it

ZONES

ft

a very easil)

fast-growing plant that

to 3

one This hard\- fern produces 2-4

grown.

that arch gracefully from a crown-forming rhizome. From the center of the crown emerge stiffly erect clusters of deep

pest.

SWORD FERN Native to tropical America, this less often

grown than

its

many cultivars, which have more luxuriant foliage that

is

sometimes

lacy or yellow tinted. These

and must be propagated by division or from cultivars are sterile

tissue culture. All are suitable for

hanging baskets. They are first-rate indoor plants and do well outdoors in frost-free climates. Give them rich soil, light to hea\y shade and regular moisture; clean the fronds of

bonds

fertile

fronds that turn bright

cinnamon brown as the)' mature. The sterile fronds are bluish green from spring to summer, turning golden to russet in the tall. Used in clumps or drifts in consistently moist to wet, acidic, humus-nch soils in sun or shade. Though slowto establish and gain stature, they are long-lived ferns.

ZONES

5-10

INTERRUPTED FERN

This fern resembles the cinnamon

much

fronds bearing normal,

matures the Native to the United States and east Asia, this deciduous, water-loving

member of its

genus.

Hard)' and quick spreading, with

creeping rhizomes,

it

has two types

of fronds, one sterile and one sterile,

fertile.

bipinnate fronds are

and wide while the

large

for this

sterile seg-

ments among the fertile segments on the same frond. As the frond

SENSITIVE FERN

The

The

North American native derives from the fertile

sensibilis

the only

broader pinnae

that are pale green in color.

ONOCLEA

is

fresh

O. claytonia

unusual name

fern

Sow

spores to propagate.

fern but has

outdoor plants occasionally. ZONES Q-ll

tall, sterile

stout,

green

N. exaltata

is

ft

.(about

0-11

species

60-120 cm)

(about

—so much so

can become a

cinnamomea

CINNAMON TERN

is

of the toughest species in cultivation.

ripen.

fertile

fronds look like a small group of

green balls growing on the leaf

fertile

pinnae

mid-summer, giving an

fall off,

in

"inter-

rupted" appearance to the frond.

Growing from 1-5 ft (about 30-150 cm) in height, the young fiddleheads emerge covered with pinkish hairs. Requiring moist, acidic, organically rich soils, they will

grow

in

sun or shade. Sow

spores as soon as they mature.

ZONES

3-8

stalk. Suitable for cool climates. S

O. regalis

5-10

ROYAL FERN

OSMUNDA These hardy, deciduous ferns

Native to Asia, the United States, re-

quire a position in shade, with the

Nephrolepis cordifolia

Africa

and Europe and varying

slightly in

each country,

this is the

1

[argesi ol its

height ol 6

does well in sheltered gardens It grows to.i height and spread ol

genus h grow; toa

li

(about

s

1

m) with Deciduous

long, bipinnate fronds

is commonl) and frost hard) found in large groups in swamps and other bogg) areas and so is suitable foi wet gardens as long as .

approximately

!

It

(about

90cm

10-11

it

P superbum syn.

P.

grande

it

shaded Propagate from spores It has brown, clustered, spore-bearing fronds which crow among the regu-

si

IGHORN

URN

is

lar

The enormous size (up to 6 ft/1 8 high and wide~> that this epiphyte reaches as

ones.

tree

it

m

clings to a rainforest

can cause

it

to fall to the

ground from sheer weight.

PELLAEA

Osmunda

rotundifolia

Phymatosoros diversi/olius

BITTON FERN ROUND-LEAFED FERN, rARAWERA

New

Native to

Zealand, this species

very popular as a garden plant

is

It

dark green, grounddwelling fern found in damp, open forests or drier woodlands. It has pinnate fronds with deep green, is

a small,

round

glossy

leaflets

and long-

creeping rhizomes. Suitable for a

garden or fernery with

filtered

sun-

protected from draughts,

light,

it

also does well in rock gardens.

ZONES

10-11

PHYMATOSORUS diversifolius KOWAOtt AO

common and

The most its

variable ol

genus, this prostrate, epiphytic

species has distinctive, pulpy green

stems covered with brownish black scales. Slender,

undivided fronds,

becoming woody and pinnate with age. grow to 10 in (.about 25 cml long and bear up to 12 shiny green with conspicuous veins,

leaflets

smooth or undulating margins and rounded tips This species grows well in total shade, as ground cover or over logs. :

0-1

PLATYCERI UM A genus

common

of epiphytes

to

and subtropics of Africa, Southeast Asia and Australia, some

the tropics

species can tolerate quite cool tem-

peratures though not

They

frost.

are

valued for their showy, staghornlike

appearance and are easily epiphytes

n as

on

the tree in

when

tied

slabs ol board, or

baskets The

used to catch

on

to

grown

sterile nest leaves are

leal litter

and other

vegetable matter so that the roots eventually grow into the debris and are protected

from winds

I

ertilize

manure spring

/'

l

should be kepi with blood and

of the plant

. I

Watch

hi

base

n

division in

lor beetles

and

bifurcation

IIKHORNIIRN

mi thai

rcgalis

'oh slu

hum

setifei

Polypodium aureum

un

Ptei

in all respects. Cultivars

it

is

retu a

i

such as

Bifidum' and 'Cristatum' are very

popular both as garden and container plants.

ZONES 4-8

POLYSTICHUM SHIELD FERN

This genus of ground- or rockis found in tropical and subantarctic regions worldwide

dwelling ferns

Their fronds are either pinnate or

simple and ribbon shaped and they

known as shield ferns because groups of spores are covered with

Polystii

are

fragile,

shield-shaped growth.

a

and have become popular with plants prefer moist soil and partial

some grow

There

direct sunlight.

is

well in

usually an

abundance of small buds on the of fronds that their

own

become

right

when

tips

conditions are

Poly sue

hum

A

These hardy deciduous, semi-evergreen or evergreen ferns are grown for their sculptural fronds.

a position in

Grow

semi-shade and

in

P.

late

Grow

this fern in

with

ices filled

rock crev-

humus and

water

during dry spells. Propagate from spores or by division.

a

moist but well-drained soil. Propagate by division in spring or by spores in

cised.

summer.

ZONES P.

8-11

aureum

The leather)', evergreen fronds emerge as silver)' white "fiddleheads" in early spring and to lustrous,

(about 30-90 cm)

America, this hardy, evergreen fern

acidic to neutral soil

forms colonies atop rocks, in rock and along woodland banks. Creeping rhizomes produce glossy

shade.

Yellow sporangia on the undersides.

green, deeply incised, leathery

division.

The plant grows to 4'/.> ft (about .3 m) high and spreads to 24 in (about 60 cm). Frost tender, it is happiest in partial shade and a moist, welldrained soil. It is ideal for growing

fronds that grow to 14

ZONES

bome

excellent drainage, the rhizomes

Resembling

hanging baskets. ZONES 10-11

should be planted very shallowly in humus-rich, moist, neutral to acidic soil in partial to full shade. Propa-

much

in

californicum

This evergreen, epiphytic fern

tall.

in

in

(about

rows along each side of the

mid-veins of the lobes. Requiring

is

and grows along humusy soil. Emerg-

ing from low, creeping rhizomes, the fronds reach heights of 12 in

P.

izing

by

division.

Easily

with well-drained,

and

partial

3-9

clearly identical to

is

45 cm) high.

long, soft, bipinnate fronds,

extremely popular

in ferneries

or gardens.

ZONES

5-9

PTERIS

This genus

damp

is

native to the shady,

gullies of subtropical

and

tropical rainforests but can also be

found growing out of rock in full sunlight.

They

cre\ ices

are usually

hardy and can adapt to various positions but they need a great deal of water during the early growth direct sunlight.

WESTERN SWORD FERN

taller,

P.

acrostichoides but

the

the

fertile

3-5

ft

(about

fronds standing erect at

the outer extremity of the sterile

it

grows naturally

woods

so

it is

very

ZONES 5-9

humusy soil.

indoors and are generally best propagated from spores. The common bracken is considered a weed,

but there are several species which are well

worth

cultivating.

P. cretica

in moist,

well suited

gardens with cool, shady, moist

sites in

Keep an eye out for grown

aphids. These ferns are often

90-1 50 cm) fronds are dimorphic,

to

is

it

to 18 in (about

its

period and should be kept out of

munitum

P.

coniferous

it

grows

With

RRAKI FERN. BRACKEN

An excellent fern for naturalamong low- to medium-height

America,

The European counterpart of P.

damp woodlands and

in

fronds. Native to coastal North

vulgare

irginianum,

2-36

shrubs. Propagate from spores or by

COMMON POLYPODY

\

it

1

Bright orange sori are

ZONES 2-8

native to California

rock ledges in

35 cm)

gate from spores or

CALIFORNIA ROCK FERN

tall.

grown, provide

crevices

1

dark green,

Native to eastern and central North

rhizomes with golden scales. The mid-green fronds have orange-

This evergreen fern has creeping

American

woodlands, this terrestrial fern grows from tufted crowns arising from slowly spreading rhizomes.

pinnately divided leaves

AMI RK AN ROCK FERN

RABBITS-FOOT Fl R\

P.

Native to the

native of eastern North

mature

virginianum

5-9

setiferum

P.

valleys of Europe, this large fern

proliferum

(about 30 cm) and are deeply in-

ZONES

SOFT SHIELD FERN

acrostichoides

CHRISTMAS FERN

POLYPODIUM

is one of the most easy growing and reliable of the shield ferns, growing to a height of 3 ft (about 90 cm) and lasting for a long time in tubs or the ground

plantlets in

favorable. P.

MOTHER SHIELD FERN This

gardeners and enthusiasts. The shade, although

proliferum

P.

Some

of these ferns are very ornamental

hum munitum

CRETAN BRAKE FERN

One

of the

many hardy

cultivars of

the Cretan brake fern, this

20

in

(about 50 cm) high.

grows

to

A bushy

Ferns,

vet delicate fern,

makes

\

.1

m

prefers a moist,

ii

and

sheltered garden 01 femerj er) pretty

indoor plani

1

which has almost

.

leaves with broad central

white

he) are

I

all

provide them lull

rhizomatous, the) form large

There are several cultivated variethe besi known being Albo

clumps

ties,

liiK.u.

in nature,

bogs

with acidic, humus-rich soil in sun to shade Deciduousand that are easily divided

1-10

gra)

margins

ol

very pretty in-

PALMS

door plants :>>-ll

P.

ARCHONTOPHOENIX

ensiformis

SLENDER BRAKE

This dainty

1

ERN

This genus

ol

their majestic

fern originates in

little

palms are grown for and stately appear-

Southeast Asia's moist lowland

ance They should be planted

some 12 in (about 30 cml high and its small

position in

forests

It

grows

to

soil;

at

their tip Cultivars are variegated.

This species prefers a so in cool areas

it

warm

in

they will tolerate

A.

alexandrae

climate. III

should be well

WNDtRPUM

sheltered.

This graceful, un-armed palm

ZONES

distinct

TODEA

a

genus of

large tree ferns, this

majestic fern features a black,

brous trunk that grows

ml and

(about 1.3

to

47

(about 1.8

m)

ZONES

fiIt

A.

bipinnate, dark

green Ironds that can reach 6 in length.

creeks and rainforests, plant that tolerates

grows well

in

it is

a

it

tough

some sun and

kept moist. Propa-

gate from fresh spores 10-11

WOODWARD1A These evergreen or deciduous fems prefer semi-shade and moist, fibrous, peaty

soil.

tall,

palm grows to 70 It (.about 21 ml high and is popular with landscape gardeners. The 8-3 m leaves are 6-10 It (about long, upright to spreading, and green to rust-brown at the crown shaft. This palm will tolerate an indoor position and some shade. but humidity must be maintained or its leal tips may go brown. This is the most frost hardy of the genus. Propagate from seed germination takes six weeks to three months 1

—

romanzofficmum svn. Syagrus romanzoffianum,

Cocos'plumosa

Native Irom British Columbia, this

evergreen fern produces large. o\ to lanceolate fronds

from

al

a stout,

creeping rhizome Growing to 6

m)

ABEEN PALM

ARECASTRUM

(,1VST( H\I\FE.R\

.8

t

10-11

fimbriate!

1

PIC

Native to tropical Australia, this

Faded fronds

should be removed regularly Propagate by division in spring

(about

10-11

cunninghamiana

slender, pinnate

tubs or gardens, pro-

soil is

1

BANGALOW OR

ft

Although

prefers wet sites such as gullies.

W.

it reaches 50-80 ft 5-24 ml in height with a slender habit. The 8-10 ft (about 2.4-3 m) leaves drop neatly, leaving behind a smooth trunk.

eastern Australia,

(about

vided the

is

from us sister species by its swollen trunk at the base. Native to

10-11

barbara

From

in a

humus-rich shade, and

need shelter from frost when young Propagate Irom seed in spring.

fronds are pinnate or bipinnate,

with narrow segments rounded

sun

full

in height, the

ft

dark

green Ironds have deeply incised,

QUEEN PALM COCOSPALM In its native South America this palm grows in forests and along rivers The 80 ft (about 24 m) trunk is smooth, gray and clearly ringed. There is no crown shall the rown is dense « ith lea\ es that grow to (

ragged-edged pinnae with pointed lobes. The sori are borne in chain-

1

like

formations on the undersides of

fertile

fronds. Requiring constantly

humus-rich soil, they grow well in lull sun or shade

5

ft

(about 4.5 m). This fast-grow-

ing palm

is

perleet for a large tub in

subtropical areas and flourishes in

he,

in

us mature stages;

popular palm

it

is

a

avenues and lumps in large gardens in fro climates, although it grows besl Irom the wind when foi

i

U

virginica

I

VIRGINIA < HAINFERN

even when mature

It

adapts

name prod-:

iboul tall

shiny

hi, nl

fronds with striking

nd growing

seed

germination

t l

P a

I

m

s

&

(

\

<

«


s

438

Feins, Palms

&

C

v

cads

FISHTAIL PALM

Native to the

hill

slopes and rocky

outcrops of Malaysia, eastern Asia

and northern

Australia, this

genus

has bipinnate leaves rather than the pinnate or palmate leaves that are

common

to

most palms. These

smaller leaflets are triangular and

form a fishtail shape. The flowerbeanng branches have a short stalk and numerous pendulous, smaller

Some species are multistemmed and others are taller and branches.

manzpffianum

single trunked. Caiyota are gener-

tures bluish gray, fan-shaped

blades, brown-yellow fruits

irahea armata

and

yellow flowers clustered in groups

when

planting in wet climates.

slow (up to ZONES 10-1] B.

six

and subtropical,

door used

flowers can be

Propagate from seed; germination

growers and trouble

tropical

tive

gray trunk that thins out as

sugar, or jaggery.

This native of an island off the coast of Baja California differs from

B.

in

a stout

trunk and also being shorter

having

light

in height (to only

30

green leaves,

ft/9

m). The

flowers are similar but are

in sites

once in

its life,

flowers only

It

but flower clusters

follow in succession

armata

It

it

Once established it grows fast and may reach 65 ft (about 20 m) tall. In some Asian countries it is used to make palm gets higher.

eduhs

mass.

as in-

from the leaves is to make brooms. The fruit contain caustic crystals and should not be eaten. C. urens has a distincplants. Fiber

is

months).

Gl ADALL PE PALM

down

the

trunk for several years, after which the tree dies.

ZONES

10-11

more

be held within the foliage

likely to

free in

frost free

grown

areas; they are often

on the branchlets. The up to 15 ft (about 4.5 m) in length. Avoid rich acidic of three

soils

ally fast

seems to be equally happy in the low desert or in beach

CHAMAEDOREA This genus comprises more than

30 species and most of these are

situations.

1

ZONES

native to Central America.

9-11

They

are

slender, ornamental palms with

smooth, green, bamboo-like stems that grow to just below the forest canopy rather than towering above it The stems can grow singly or in clusters. The leaves are slender and green and may be whole or pinnate.

BUTIA capitata syn. Cocos capitata JELLY PALM

Native to central Brazil, Uruguay

and Argentina, iutxa capitata

allow enough

this species

vanes

in

appearance, with a variable trunk

room

for the roots to

run deep. The trunks of the mature plant are sometimes hollowed out and used as irrigation pipes and its leaves provide cattle fodder during droughts.

grown

and for their stately appearance. They need full sun and will tolerate stony soil. B.

for their foliage

armata

It is

(about 90-450

characterized by

lapping leaf bases, which

Its

over-

its

make

the

on

hill-

gaping

leaflets die

they leave bare,

leaf veins visible

below the

palm's apex. These palms

good garden plants itions.

C.

in

make

shady pos-

Propagate from seed

degans

[lowers are creamy yellow and PARLOR PALM

the orange-yellow fruits are egg

deep gullies, this attractive but vers- slow-growing palm has a stout trunk, eventually 50 ft labout 1 5 m) high and 18 in (about 45 cm) in diameter. The tree feasides or in

These palms, sometimes thorny and usually with an upright trunk, are

cm).

ft

palm's trunk quite spiky and rough.

FAN PALM

Originally found in Mexico

BRAHEA

height of 3-15

When

shaped. This palm grows well in areas of high or low rainfall.

sweet flesh of the

fruit

strained and used to

when

The

dwarf palm has dark green,

pinnate leaves that arch upwards,

can be

make jelly

Native to Mexico and Guatemala, this

or.

with shiny

leaflets

up

to

20-30

in

A popular common name

fermented, wine

(about 50-76 cm) long.

10-11

indoor plant, as the

1

implies,

juvl

may

ii

be

position

il

grown outside

in

protected from

nik ifera

sun and wind Insignificant yellow Flowers are bome, Followed by small black linn

["he

OCOS

(

oc

(

ONI

I

PALM

palm highly valued as a source ol food, drink, and housing and other materials throughout the topics has he- only specks in its genus,

leaves are Fairly

\

frost sensitive j-ii

i

it

I

(.

erumpens

n a 5)

BAMBOO PALM This palm has sickle-shaped leaflets that

form pan

(about 50

em

ol 1

shiny leaves 20

lone

in

Growingupto

2 Ii (about 3 5 m in height and spreading up to 7 tt (about 1 m), it forms a nice cluster in gardens and 1

I

does best climates,

and subtropical grows very well indoors.

in tropical it

mbol

ol tranquillity

and recreation for exhausted city workers Ii grows up to 95 Ii (about 29 m) high and has a crown of long. pinnate leaves Male and female grow on the same plant. Despite the popular coastal image. this palm can be grown inland as long as it has an underground water supply and a warm climate It is not frost hard\- and will not Iruit away from tropical or warm subtropical climates

CHAMAEROPS humilis EIROPEAN TAN PALM

CYRTOSTACHYS

Europe's most widespread native

palm (native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean"*, this singlespecies genus is varied in its habit: it can have many trunks or one solitary trunk and be small or large. depending on its position It is very resilient and perfect for temperate regions, being frost hardy. It has been found covered in snow at high altitudes.

It

prefers a

sunny position

and well-drained soil. A big clump makes a good lawn specimen and it can also be grown in a tub for long

renda syn. C. hikka SEALING

The

\\

A\ PALM,

MAHARAJAH PALM

contrast between the rich green

of the leaves

and the

brilliant scarlet

makes this clumping feather palm from Malaysia one of the most ornamental of all of the glossy leaf bases

palms. Alas,

it is

rarely a success

—

away from the tropics although will grow in subtropical climates,

it it

periods of time. Carpet fibers

needs constant hot weather for the color to develop properly. It likes rich, constantly moist soil, grows to

known

around 12

as

African hair' are

manu-

factured from the leaf sheaths, and leaf fibers

have also been used as a

substitute for flax.

ft

(about 3.5

ml

tall

and

has the reputation of being rather difficult to transplant.

Propagate

from absolutely fresh seed. ZONE 1

i

hamai dot eaei

iimtn n

<

v

nui

i/i

ra

440

/cins.

A

/' (i

I

in

-,

&

c

\

i

a d

s

F/'e/d Tri/)

to TencjchoncJ (

Near Tengchong serve the

Chusan

in

Yunnan

,

u

i

z h

ou

200

km

Province, China, you can ob-

or Chinese windmill

palm (Trachy carpus

fortuna) in a setting that closely resembles

its

native origin.

This widespread species has been so widely cultivated over the centuries that its origin is now uncertain. However, it was probably native to southern and central China, northern Burma, and possibly the island of Kyushu in southern Japan. Tengchong is situated in the extreme west of China, and has only been open to tourists since the late 1980s. You start your trek at Kunming, the provincial capital and administrative hub of Yunnan. A short flight from Hong Kong, Kunming is a picturesque city surrounded by mountains and situated on the shores of China's sixth largest lake, Dian Chi. It has a reputation for being the most pleasant of Chinese cities because of its mild, subtropical climate. Tengchong is some 460 miles (about 750 km) to the northwest of Kunming. Leaving Kunming you then travel along the Burma Road. Dali, the next stop on your trek to Tengchong, is about a twelve-hour drive to the northwest. Along the way you will pass through small villages, over mountain passes and along denuded hillsides. The road is lined with Tasmanian blue gums (Eucalyptus globulus) and a relative of the American tupelo or sour gum (Camptotheca acuminata). The tree trunks are

whitewashed, as guideposts.

100

THAILAND Dali, like

Plateau

has an

at

Kunming,

about 6000

is ft

i!

situated

50

loo

on the Yunnan-Guizhou

m) above sea level. It Cang Shan, or "Tali (about 50 km) long mountain

(about 1900

idyllic setting at the foot of the

Range," which

is

a

30 miles

range to the west of Dali, attaining an altitude of about ft (about 4100 m). Numerous collections of plants have been made from the Cang Shan by European and American botanists, but the most extensive collections were made by George Forrest between 1904 and 1932. Of the 30 000 plants he collected, many came from the Cang Shan, and he was responsible for introducing many fine garden plants from this area to the West. Some notable examples include a yellow-flowered

13 000

orchid (Pleione jorrestii) the fragrant, white-flowered Rhodo,

dendron edgeworthii, the silver

fir

(Abies delavayi),

and the

pink-flowered Magnolia campbellii.

Leaving Dali and traveling for about 220 miles (about 350 km), you descend from the crest of the plateau into a broad, open valley. If you go in the fall, the landscape will glow with ripened grain and straw ready for the rice harvest. The only impediment to the view is a somber range of mountains with some distinctly conical peaks. These are volcanoes,

remnants of the county's volatile geological history, and were active as recently as 700 years ago. Very few tourists have visited this region so, whether you stay at the Tengchong Hotel or choose other accommodation, do not be surprised if you are the object of great interest. Tengchong has a mild, subtropical climate with a mean annual temperature of about 63°F (about 17°C) and an average annual rainfall of approximately 43 in (about 1100 mm). The southwest monsoon influences the climate, and the rain mostly from July to October. North of Tengchong on the road to the Goaligong Shan, a copse of about twenty Chusan palms grows in an exposed hillside corn field. The soil is a deep, red earth. The palms are very old and most probably have been cultivated for many falls

Yunnan Province, a region of

contrasts.

/

Dense vegetation decades.

They

in a valle)

are

30

ft

The Chusan palm fibers haxe many

near Luxi

(about 10

m) high with 4

old leaf sheaths.

which

You can sometimes

are the

bamboo From

remnants of

on

the

shoots. here, drive

anical treasures.

on

Some

to the

Goaligong Shan and

its

bot-

plants to be observed there include

the pink-flowered Rhododendron stenaulum, Michelia doltsopa (a

white-flowered magnolia

relative),

and

but not

last

least

conditions.

Among

ince

to

the

imbination climatic (a

Kingdom

observe the spec

tourist attrai tions, lies in

nnan has ol Plai

many and ol

s

&

'

y c

ads

these are the six species of the small

few degrees of latitude short of the tropics (or highlands even within the tropics), thriving in most a

skm, and a blood-( In drug, "hsuen an." extracte the seed Roth ol these are processed on an industrial

Yunnan

in

Chinese-Himalayan genus Trachycarpus, which all occur in regions receiving winter snow. Most widely grown is the Chusan palm (Trachycarpus fortunei); it regularly withstands winter temperatures of 14°F (about -10°C) and has been known to survive at 5°F (about -15°C). This palm will grow almost anywhere between these colder limits and

survive outdoors in

climates in which the

topi

definitel)

>gi

much

ta<

ular scen-

ol the

prov-

varied plains thai

and

tphi

proved

its

claim to be

becomes

soil

frozen.

Trachycarpus has been prized in China for man}' centuries, both as an orna

mental plant and for its uses Apart from

many

a variety of fiber

and

similar products from

the trunk and leases, ihcr is

a

high qualit) wax, usee

polishes, obtained from f

ii

Pal

Palms belong to the Arecaceae family, which contains almost 3000 species. These are largely confined to the tropics; only a handful being adapted to moderately cool

Castanopsis species. ;ii

.

Trachycarpus

and tolerating both fierce sun and winter gales. However, neither this nor any palm can

..

s

Trachy carpus fortunei

uses.

Gordoma chrysandra (a relative of the camellia). You can also see the Chusan palm near a series of small volanic lakes located on the outskirts of Tenchong, on the way to Mount Yunfeng. Near the lakes is a small village surrounded by well-constructed, dry-packed, basalt stone walls. Behind these walls about twelve Chusan palms grow in rich, deep, red-brown loam which is very acidic. Again, it is unlikely that you will find flowers or fruits in evidence. Drive on to Mount Yunfeng, where you can walk to the summit and view a Taoist temple. This involves a climb up 2000 steps which are in places quite steep and precarious Nevertheless, the walk is worthwhile for the spectacular views and the chance to explore the richness and almost untouched serenity of the forest surrounding the temple. The forest includes Yunnan pine (Pinus yunnanensis) and Quercus, Lithocarpus and Wheii

n

see irregularly shaped,

upper leaf axils. However, this is unlikely as the flowers of the Chusan palm are considered a culinary delicacy throughout the region and are regularly harvested by the villagers. The immature flower spikes resemble cauliflower and are used in a similar way to bluish fruits either on the ground or

i

in (about

10 cm) diameter trunks, the uppermost sections of which are clad in coarse, black-brown fibers

c

i

tl

nit

fortunei has been w idel)

Southeast Asia

loi

i

u

Us liber

•M

/

4 4 2

Ferns, Palms &

(

\

c

a d

s

El'TERPE c du

subtropical climates. Avoid placing it

lis

in full sun, especially

when

young. Propagate from seed ZONES 9-11 Originally from Brazil, this forest-

dwelling palm has a tall, slender trunk and a crown of dark green, pinnate fronds.

HOWEA syn. Howeia, Kentia

bears small,

It

round, brown-black

fruit

easy

It is

warm, humid climate but be sure to keep the young plant to

grow

in a

sheltered from direct sunlight for a lew years. soil.

It

prefers well-drained

Seeds germinate quickly, es-

pecially

if

leached in

warm

three days. Brazil harvests

water for

and exit is

taken from the young shoots.

ZONE>

10-11

HEDYSCEPE canterhuryana L

MBRELLA PALM, BIG MOUNTAIN P\LM

From Lord Howe

Island. Australia,

this solitary feather

palm grows

heights of 12-30

(about 3.5-9

and features

ft

a thick

crown

to

m)

It is

and contrasting brown

fruit. It

Hi d\

s<

i

pe canterbwyont

to red

prefers shade, humidity

Houai bclmmeana

I

frost-

and need moist humid conditions and shade if they are lo be kept outdoors. They are more commonly grown indoors as they tolerate less light and need less heat than a lot of other palms. They can be kept in the same pot or tub for years, as long as the potting mix is well drained and contains some humus. Provide partial shade while they mature.

H. behnoreana

CIRU PALM

slow growing but has potential as an ornamental palm, with its dramatic crest of dense leaves

I

female (green). The plants are

of dark

green leaves and a silver crown shaft.

two species, both native to AusLord Howe Island and both widely cultivated. They have feathered leaves on long, smooth stalks and a smooth, ringed, single trunk. Flowers are male light brown or

tralia's

sensitive

ports palmito. the edible, sweet

white tissue of the palm hearts;

This genus of small palms has only

and

This

is

SENTItt

PALM

of great value as an indoor

palm as it tolerates a substantial amount of neglect. Outdoors, it may grow to 24 ft (about 7.5 m) high. ZONES

10-11

Ferns, Palms & Cy cads

44

3

Livistona chinensis

H. forsteriana

IIUK

PALM KENTIAPUM

H

the more popular and faster growing of the two species in the

This

is

Howea genus. An

excellent

a small garden,

is

it

the United States, as well and Australia

ZONES

palm

for

widely grown in as

Europe

10-11

JVBAEA chilcnsis

COQU1TO PALM. CHILEAN WINE PALM Livistona austrahs

Laccospadix australasica

Now very

us natural habitat

rare in

palm grows to 24 ml with a very thick trunk and a dense mass of long, straight, deep green leaves spanning 12-15 ft (about 3.5-4.5 m). Flowers are yellow and 2 in (about 5 cm) long. This is a very slow-growing of coastal Chile, this

80

(.about

ft

tree, suitable to a

and

full

sun.

The

temperate climate soil

should be well

drained and deep. Seeds

up

to 6

months

may

take

to germinate. Chil-

and a dense crown from which dead leaves may remain hanging for a short time. The leaf stalks are usually long and edged with sharp teeth. These palms are good for outdoor landscaping: their clusters of purple-black fruit and tapering leaves are

shown

to great effect.

Most species prefer a moderate amount of light and are hardy enough to survive cool and sub-

eans once tapped the trunks of this

tropical climates, although they

palm for up to two years, then made wine or palm honey from its sugary sap, but this practice is now banned as it weakens the trees.

better in mild climates. a deep,

sandy

and

soil

They are

slow

growing. Propagate from seed. L. australis

ZONES 8-10

U STRALIAN CABBAGE-TREE P\LM

LACCOSPADIX

This

forests of northeastern

palm

is

Queensland, found either

in clumps or standing alone. It has a 6-24 ft (about .8-7 5 ml trunk and single cascading spikes of yellow to red fruit It prefers the dense canopies of rainforests and so is best 1

placed in shade in a rich, organic soil

It

makes an

plant bui

is

from

lull

sun

it

excellent indoor

good

also

ing as long as

tallest species,

It

ft

does

well in coastal areas. Australian

Australian native from the rain-

this feathered

one of the

(about 26 ml in the wild.

ATHERTON PALM

An

is

reaching heights of up to 85

australasua

do

prefer

can be

It

hard.

is

(or

Aborigines traditionally ate the

young and made spearheads from the hard wood, o-u fleshy part of this palm's

leaves

arrange themselves in three rows

chinensis

/..

moderatel; div-

Both the trunk and

FOUNTAIN PALM

A

<

HINESI

I

INPALM

smaller, very attractive

an be grown

garden

u id,i\ gri

(about

7

i

n

partial

5

ni

i

and

shade

isions of suckers

''.

li

to

in

tubs In the

some 24

tolerates full

ft

sun

leaves grow upright tips only

and curve at the grows quickl) and well

It

in a sun-hlled location in tropical

and subtropical areas hut

commonly

t

ultivated

is

not

ns

Propagate

red or golden

usuall) edible

fruit is

hese palms are sun Knots, \n\

popular as landscape subjects on

mam

streets

among

m

and

in

parks and are

the hardiest I

he) are not

grown in ontainers hot winds and pool

PHOENIX

palms i

.

lull PALM

various spec

NEODYPS1S ::

•>! \

1

in culti-

ommonl)

tti

J/\/S/OV\ da

ken away ,wn\ kit scarring he How eis grow m clusters ill thousands on some spot ies The bright

vation

coldei

lalay-

stiff, sharp spines and a verj rough trunk where the leal base has bro

I

eed

has been li

leaflets feature a

chalky white growth The pinnate

palm with

glossy green, tapering leaves, this

landscap-

shelti red

Jubaea chilensis

111

'

hill,

I

ies

l

he)

hybridize

rown togethei

toll rati

and

soil

iln

freel)

Pro]

i

ill.

Philippim

in

-

hen

from seeds Spe<

ies "l

Phoenix are lental

palms but also

as a ioura I

ol

ing

palm

Rhopalost) hs sapida

Rhopalost) hs baueri

RHAPIS

and

excelsa

should be kept out of the wind as the leaves very easily

HDY PALM BAMBOO PALM Native to southern China, this

a

is

dwarf palm with several hundred slender stems that form very large, leafy clumps. Its leaves are 24-28 in (about 60—71 cm) long, pale green, randomly scattered along the stem and divided into rigid, finger-like segments.

An excellent

tub plant,

must be kept away trom light as the leaves

full

it

sun-

bum easily.

It

makes a neat, attractive indoor palm and can live in the same pot for years with infrequent breaks outside.

If

trost-free climate, this

planted in the garden,

it is

happiest under a large tree where is more easily kept moist and shady; it is frost tender. Propagate by division.

the ground

palm

become shred-

ded and ragged looking. Easilv propagated from fresh seeds. lo-u

sapida

R.

NIKAL PALM. FEA1HER DL STER

PUM

The only palm

New Zea-

native to

land, this slow-growing species

m) in height 40 cm in diameter. It has a slender, unbranched trunk encircled by prominent rings. The pinnate, rigid fronds are upstretched and 3-9 ft (about 90-270 cm) in length. Light bluish purple-pink to cream flowers are followed by vivid red fruit. reaches 35

and 16

ft

(about 10

in (about

1

0-11

SABAl genus of palms with fernused in basketry or for thatched roofs. They This

RHOPALOSTYLIS

a

is

like fronds that are often

This genus comprises three attracevergreen feather palms with

tive,

Phoenix canariensis

United States to South America and

and

prefer positions in

pendent pinnate fronds. The leaflets have a smooth

Serenoa repens

erect or

P. canariensis

P. roebelinii

surface, fleecy underside

CANARY ISLAND DATE PALM

PYGMY DATE PALM

mid-rib. Both male

Native to the Canary Islands as the

The smallest of the date palms, this species from Laos makes a suitable house plant. Only 6 ft (about 1.8 m) tall, this single-stemmed palm prefers a shaded site in the garden. Its fruit is black, and the foliage has a

ers are

name

implies, this shorter, heavier

species has large, dark green fronds. Its 1 is

in (about 2.5

cm) orange

fruit

inedible.

finer texture

P. dactylifera

DUE

Propagate from seed.

PALM

ZONES

Able to make do with less water than almost any other tree, this palm grows to 95 ft (about 29 m) in height and grows succulent fruit in dry tropical and subtropical

-

P.

10-11

RHAPIDOPHYLLVM

9-10

North America.

reclinata

Its

stem

?prawlmg or upright

An Afncan species,

palm is smaller than P. canariensis and P. a, reaching only 20-30 ft (about 6-9 m) in height. It is disthis

each from the

tinct for its multiple trunks,

gracefully curving out

center of the clump. Small fruits are

yellow to red.

arching, branched stems. These are

followed by smooth, red, round to elliptical fruit.

from

The species range

hardy to frost tender, sunning in temperatures down

to

sharp spines. ZONES 8-11

This palm originates in Norfolk

and has a gray. ringed trunk growing up

to

ft

(about 3.5

m)

long.

shaft of this tree is stout,

very pale green and easily recognizable.

Young

plants have a distinct

reddish toning in their leaves. bears panicles of white to flow ers.

The

fall

naturally to reveal a clean,

ZONES 9-11

palmetto

S.

PALMETTO, CABBAGE PALM

Native to the southeastern United States, this

to

80

ft

tall,

thick

(about 24

m)

cratic twist initiated

38 ft (about 11.5 m) high, a widespreading crown and leaves that

grow to 12 The crown

palm from south of the borgrows slowly to 30-50 ft (about 9-15 m) tall The tan

der, this species

palm grows up tall and 12-18

fan-shaped leaves have an idiosyn-

Island, Australia,

closely

OAXACA PALMETTO, TEXAS PALMETTO

A

in (about 30-45 cm) in diameter. The trunk is covered with continuous, interlaced leaf bases and the

is

no more than 5 ft (about 1.5 m). The stiff, palmate leaves are around 3 ft (about 90 cm) wide and are silvery on the undersides. It prefers moist soil and full sun to part shade. The wme-red flower clusters are tucked within the foliage mass. The leaf sheaths are well protected by long, to

sun.

slender trunk.

NORFOLK PALM

may be

full

mexicana

5.

leaves

frost

R. bauevi

NEEDLE PALM

native to the southeastern coast of

SENEGAL DATE PALM

along semi-upright or

hystrix

This low-growing, shrubby palm

conditions.

bome

and scaly and female flow-

37°F (about 3°C). They require a humid atmosphere and reasonably fertile soil with protection from full sun and wind. Swampy conditions are tolerated and propagation is from seed in spring

than other species.

are native to the southeastern

upright, gray-green, solitary trunks

fruit is small,

It

mauve red and

slightly conical. Suited to a moist

by the

leafstalk,

making this plant easy to recognize. It flowers and bears fruit while it is young. This is a sun lover, as most species of the Sabal genus, and should be planted in sandy soil in subtropical and tropical areas. Large group plantings are particularly showy and many of the famous palm avenues in Miami are of their species. Propagate from seed. still

are

-

j-ii

I

SERENOA

leaves

repens

m summer

SAW

A

I'M Ml

li

II

m) high mon names refers lo

(about

10

1

and bears small while flowers grows up lo ifj

single-spec ies dwarl genus, this

low-gi OV. ing

I.

palm appeals

in

ments lis

United States

i

lias stiff, spil

t

\

his

I

name

is

[he

com-

)ne ol the the while.

cotton-like threads on the

in

large colonies in the southeastern li

5

1

palm

leal

seg-

thai lends

Palm Springs,

lo the city ol

alifomia,

variable-colored leaves ranging from

ONI

B-10

yellow 10 bluish green or silvery

W. robusta

while and the trunk often grows

below the ground Plant

in a

position as u can tolerate

lull

even

when immature and

frost

tender.

quite

is

laden winds.

Its

(about 24

ft

m) high this is more slen-

der trunk and greener leaves

Its

flowers are creamy white

egg-shaped, dark

was eaten by the

fruit

W VSHINGTON PALM, MEXICAN FAN PALM At 80

the taller species, with a

It grows well along and can withstand sah-

coastlines

purple

sunny sun

ZONES 9-10

local

American Indians for its therapeutic properties and is valued now as a

CYCADS

health food. Propagate from seed

CYCAS

INES 8-10

/.

revoluta

TRACHYCARPUS

SAGO PALM, JAPANESE SAGO CYCAD. IAPANES1 FERN PALM

fortunei CHL'SAN PALM. HEMP PALM. WINDMILL PALM

hardy This is perhaps the most ol all the palms, surviving even in

Native to the islands of southern

Japan, this evergreen suits temper-

frost

cold-climate gardens. In a mild climate

9 m)

it

tall,

shaggy, fibrous remains of the old

and crowned with splen-

didly slashed, fan-shaped leaves

It

is

a solitary grower, but looks best

in

groups; in China and japan the

made into name "hemp palm." name honors Robert

fibrous leaf sheaths are

rope

—hence

The

specific

from China 1840s;

brought the plant

first

England

to

to

in the

ft

1

(about

crown

of

numerous, glossy green leaves Male cones are narrow cylinders up to 16 in (.about 40 cm) long; female cones, brown and hairy, are half as long. The hair)- vermilion seeds, 1 7; in (about 3 cm) long, appear in

Grow

fall.

doors

in full sun.

Water well

specimens are

growing

still

in dry-

weather and fertilize lightly. Propagate from seed, basal suckers or trunk offsets. Widely grown as an ornamental, this is a very popular i'.

8-10

WASHINGTOMA Native to the rocky, dry areas

two species

there are only

genus, both large, single-standing

The trunk

fan palms.

the

is latter at

may

base and, in older trees,

covered with a thick thatch

old

ol

leaves which extends almosi to the ground If you dislike the appearance, the palm will come to no harm the dead leaves are cut oil, il

he)

i

an be a

i

the

stall s "I

are

bn

in

ersatili i.

a-

ti

ithed

ii

and

bri IV n

a

he

I

shaft

I.

an

I

gg

1.

1

1<

d

is

Isca] an'.

i

nues

potted

.i

ii

mil

1

i

i

ii.iiM.Mi.il

llcl

drained

In

i

'in

Pro] iagati

penetrable thickets because

ing strongl)

m

Irow

and

lull

,i-,i

I

sin

It

crown.

be<

om

urved ai the apex sun and well drained

re<

hum

K propagated

seed

i

a gi

i

nusol

filifera

mil

I'M

M

mi-

rowing

This evergreen cycad

open forests in stumpy plain,

ii

derground, reaching

3

II

m heighl above with a spread around (about 90 cm also The spiraling, deep green a\ e giow up lo (about 90 cm) long developing a lull row n in fertile conditions, and limited to one oi iwo leaves in pool onditions he male ones air vhndiual while the mil M an ovoid ami beai cm» ol

'»

)

li

li

li

I

i

fi

brilliant si.uk

rhey prefer to

bi

planti d in

hai

li'

bantam gg Both an 6 8 in (aboui 10cm) long and appeal only

i

Mature

complex method

a long,

make them

edible

Some

white settlers tried eating the

ONI

10-11

t

seeds

thi

jnimiln

A

native ol the grasslands

forests ol the

c

and open

aribbe'an, this small

y< .n\ giows from freel) brant hing, underground siems he dark

i

I

green,

id

I

stiff,

l<

ather) leaves stand

lo slightl)

I

crown al w Inl.

I

t

angled horn the

nialc

In ihi

i

ones are

female

<

i

\

lindri

ones are

ovoid, both being rust) red colored

Seeds are orange to orange red Best

izeol

i

I

ZAMMIA

(about 90

withoui

al

be patient. Australian Aborigines

to

native to

is

where it grows in sandy soils A grows mostly un-

oi

-

frosts.

eastern Australia,

.

'I

heavy

to

Propagate from seed but he prepared

disastrous results

cads with

ai' hi

filifera

moderate

unfamiliar seeds unprocessed, with

BURRAWANG

c

lii

tolerates

earl)

i

MAC ROZAMIA I

Washingtonia

seeds to

10-11

spiralis

1

i I

ii'- 11

l

VSHINGTON I'M vi di SERTFAN M IFORNIA \\ I'M M

(

~*>

ZONES

M

temperate

glaucous blue-green Reaching

t

in

ol its

extremely

and subtropical regions, it grows to 3 It (about 90 cm) from short, thick trunks The leaves emerge lustrous silvery blue and mature to

I

v.

rigid,

spin\- leaves. Suited to

ergreem IV

in length.

of processing the poisonous, starchy

well

-oil is

m)

cylindrical while

caution: the seeds are poisonous.

evergreen cycad forms dense, im-

i

tropi

1.8

developed

palm

ordry

in height, the

full

iun-filled posil

to a

temperal area

m)

(about 1.5

ft

sun to partial shade and tolerates moderate to heavy frosts. Propagate from seed. A note of

soils

plani

1

l

5

BREADTREE

are straight near the

111. S(

and temperate regions, its graceful, open form makes an excellent specimen for containers. Reaching

yellow seeds. This species thrives

(about 90 cm) in length, the leaves

a

species for cultivation in tropical

producing bright red, orange or

1

planting ina

f n

li

he linn

I

1

row n

c

ami

the finel) bladed

and

iad

small

hazard

lire

no crown

with

isdensi

of the

horridus

suckenng habit and

be

One

the female cones are barrel shaped,

Originating from South Africa, this

in this

loam soils in open most popular

nies in gravelly,

ENCEPHAEARTOS ol the

southern United States and Mexico,

southeastern Australia, forms colo-

grow to 6 ft (about The male cones are

9-11

5

I

This evergreen cycad, native to

strongly arching, bright green leaves

bonsai subject in Japan. /'i

Cycas revoluta

M. communis

forests.

in a glasshouse or out-

said that several of his

is

it

original

the

who

Fortune,

and subtropical regions. The

trunk grows slowly

3 m), with a wide, Oat

can grow 30 ft (.about its trunk covered in the

leaf bases

ate

.

gri '" n in lull ii

i

.

1

1

.in

.

sun, this spci ies

.noil tive addition to a

I

f

II

frost la

I

in

hardy of long

a.

I'

pi.

pineappl

thi

jreen

ol

ii

Ol

produ like corn

i

ei

;pi

coupli

i

an In

I

i

1

i

.

1 .

.

in

uitable

ill

i-i H

i

I'

1 1

t

i

foi

tempi

In

plant will

in full or filtered

rati

an and

border or as a container spei imer Pro] iag

a.

10-11

ii.

'in

eed

CHAPTER

13

Climb ers & Creep ers

•

448

<-

1

1

m

b e r

&

s

C

r e e

pe

s

i

The most common climbing mecha-

nothing as welcoming as

There's

a vine-covered arch over a front

nism

is

simply

Pandorea jasminoides and Phascolus

gate or a delicate rambler twining

caracalla are

us

way

in

and around window perfumed In these and perfection.

to

support such as

the overall

in

is

a post or

lattice or a

garden

—

in a

garden with the correct little time spent on

training they are docile

accommo-

rewarding

Once

open

wire frame.

Plants with thread-like tendrils such as

other subtle ways climbers play an

important role

the most

dating. All they need

shutters to display Us

flowers

among

higher

support and a

for a vine to twine;

sweet peas or the wonderful range of clematis need fine supports to allow the

to

and most

grow.

these characteristics are

known

and understood, climbers can be chosen to suit any existing garden situation or be coupled with a new structure to add a wonderful'softemng effect.

slender, modified leaf parts to grip.

landscape.

Those with sucker pads,

like

Arbors, Pergolas and

parthenocissus, are ideal for solid

By their very nature climbers set out to reach the high spots where there's less competition for light. Some can be used

masonry walls although

Balcony Gardens

their position

should be chosen with care as the pads

Arbors and pergolas are generally firm, solid structures built to last

as explanation points in small gardens,

marks on the masonry should they ever need to be

or in a tight spot as they need very

removed.

climber Campsis grandijlora are two vines

and the ornamental grapes. Both of these are deciduous, providing shade in summer and allowing the sun to penetrate during the colder months. However,

which

pergolas can be "double planted" with

ground or wall space; adventurous types

other,

will

little

more

Hydrangea

it

in

no time

Climbers come mainly from temperate or tropical forests

forced

them

where competition has

to evolve various

means

of

ensuring their lax stems reach the light that

is

essential lor

petiolaris, the

manufacturing food.

These modifications allow some vines

to

rely

on

climbing

their aerial roots to grip

to a solid surface, as

Hedera is

fine

helix.

does the true

like roots

less

can very soon help

its

brush-

if

allowed ground space. The scramblers,

thorns or hooks, tendrils, sucker disks

like roses

or even aerial roots to reach out for an

as bougamvillea, have thorns or

anchorage on supporting plants.

bv which

the perfect

complement

to a timbei

pergola

and some

tropical plants

to hoist their

vigorous plants to give a combined

show. For instance, a

such

hooks

branches even

delicate, soft look

can be achieved by highlighting the single,

in a

takeover bid for the complete garden

twine around a host while others have

A climbing rose —

on

ivy,

Be warned though: true ivy

contained on walls but

and can take

strong-growing twiners such as wisteria

hydrangea, and the temperate garden

sprawl over a

garden shed, camouflaging

will leave unsightly

yellow flowers of Rosa 'Mermaid'

against the small, starry, white flowers of the dainty Solarium jasminoides. These

used on a an established

delicate twiners can also be

growing frame such

as

flowering

then

fruit tree,

when

the

(

1

m

1

b e

i

s

&

(

e

i

ept

44 9

s

i

blossoms synchronize there are few

more

beautiful sights that a gardenei

could look forward

One

i^l

pergola ol

is

to.

the joys of sitting

under

a

being able to enjoy the Rowers

the covering vine Those with

pendu-

lous sprays such as Akebia quinata and

Thunbergia grandiflora as well as the

superb wisterias

will certainly delight.

However, some other vines a carpet of fallen petals

remain hidden

to all

grown on

provide

but those looking

out from balconies or

For this reason

will

but the flowers

many

windows above. vines are best

a vertical surface

such as a

or lattice or strands of wire

trellis

stretched between two vertical posts to

form

a screen or fence.

Here the com-

plete surface area of the plant provides a

breathtaking display while taking very

little

up

actual garden space. Aspect

needs to be taken into account when growing climbers in this way. In cold areas tender plants can be damaged if frozen tissue is thawed rapidly against a wall receiving early morning sun, while in warmer areas both the last rays of the sun and reflected heat from nearby paved areas can scorch new summer growth on plants that have been trained

plant into a

against a wall.

pot

is

five

pots together to generate shade for

Often the very reason for choosing to plant a vine against a wall takes

up very

little

is

because

it

space, yet this also

mean the root run is limited. Take care here with soil preparation and fertilizing to provide the best possible conditions for what is to be

Clematis montana 'Rubens' proxides a spectacular spring display. to

drop

a plastic pot containing the

one another

is

another way to ensure a

successful high-rise or balcony garden.

could

Soil Preparation a

and

Planting

feature plant. Often in these conditions,

As most climbers

protected by eaves or next to a concrete

time spent preparing the

slab, the

climber

is

best planted

away

from the house then trained back against it. Then again in cases like this you could consider using a decorative tub filled with a good quality potting mix. Tubs can be used to grow cascad-

ing plants like the colourful nasturtiums or dwarf sweet peas with

some

digging it over will certainly be welcome. Like most plants, climbers need good drainage: this is especially important in those pockets against house walls. In these spots

worthwhile

to dig

it

is

very often

deep and wide

to

unearth any leftover builder's rubble

branches allowed to tumble over the

positions are often a

edge while others trained upwards to

open garden, so be generous with garden compos! or animal manure to help with

camouflage the lower twiggy sections of

main vine

the

rely solely

with cascading vines and shady canoI

he risk

ol these

tubs overheating

and drying out can be greatly reduced by mulching" the surface area and sides of the pots with growing veil In these often exposed situations care should be

Pruning General pruning rules apply equally to

stage ol a

irl)

<

limbei

s

tielh

(

i

onteni

i

to be<

unning method

omi to

oven ome

-I

thi

—

linger or

informal

m i

be<

ome

the basis

foi

an

Even

for further flowers

are thorny, roses

\ei\ easil)

named

managed and

in

are

very long lived vine

sine to

or

its

turn these are pruned back to

in

If a

growth,

taken never to allow the pots id dry out

one

the next

each year flowering side shoots appear

In the

up pruning encourages a single stem to biam h out, giving more than one stem to be named up a

.1

till

pruning needs to be carried out keeping this in mind. Of course rambling-type roses, for instance, flower on long new canes, and in general these can be cut well back alter flowering. low ever, many ol the climbing roses form a permanent mainframe ol branches that adhere to horizontal trellising, then

though the) this wa\ are

limbers a- to any othei plani

some vines

season to produce their blooms and

make wa)

t

that

or the present season's

growth, while others take

and

on

tub culture to produce stunning effects

pies.

than the

moisture retention

Many balcony gardens

new

I

buried just beneath the surface. These lot drier

remembered

flower on

well by

soil

supports.

also be

be permanent,

will

growing on stretched wire Then as the climber matures flowering can be encouraged by pruning, but as in the case of shrubs you have to become aware of the flowering characteristics of your chosen plant. Most will flower at die tips of branches so by pruning at nodes and allowing two or three extra branches to be formed. flowering can be increased. But, it must for a rose

more decorative one so the insulated. Grouping say three or

i

is

tied

ticularly in the (

on

to a support, be

he( k the ties regularl)

an verj easily injure the plant

bet

ome

little bil is

Vines

too tight

mon

i

.

growing season,

»1

a

may

paras the) it

they

take thai

gardi ner's time but

very satisfying to see the end results

it

450

limbers

C

&

C

r e c

p

c

i

s

is

ideal for trellises, pergolas

arbors where a light cover able.

is

and desir-

Remove spent flowerheads and

cut out old twiggy growth in early spring. Propagate from seed in

spnng or from

sown

cuttings taken in

late spring.

ZONES

8-11

ARISTOLOCHIA BIRTHWORT, DUTCHMAN'S PIPE

This large genus of over 500 species Amijjjoiiiiii

comprises evergreen and deciduous, climbing and herbaceous perenni-

Akebia quinata

leptopus

als,

native to

regions.

many

different climatic

The climbers chosen

cultivated,

most often

are

for their cordate

and unusually shaped flowwhich have a globe-shaped swelling at the base and a hood leaves

ers,

above. Insects are attracted into the

mouth

of the flowers by a strong and pollen is scattered over their bodies. The plants require well-drained, humus-rich soil in a sunny position with some shade in summer, and support for their climbing habit. In spring, prune the previous year's growth to 2 to 3 scent,

Ampelopsis brevipedunculata var. maximowiczii

nodes. Propagate from seed in

AMPELOPSIS

spring or from semi-hardwood

brevipedunculata var.

cuttings in

maximowiczii

red spider mites.

syn. A. heterophylla, Vitis heterophylla

A. durior

PORCELAIN BERRY

DUTCHMAN'S

This vigorous, deciduous climber

This vigorous, eastern North Ameri-

with the aid of tendrils

will twine

15

ft

m)

(about 4.5

or more.

has

It

grape-like, lobed leaves, small

greenish flowers in summer, and in fall

bunches

cover the pipe-shaped, purple-

brown and yellow-green

in a

shaded position

AKEBIA

tive

sunny or

soil. It

cuttings or by layering in spring.

FIVE-LEAF AKEBIA

ZONES 5-9

Deciduous (or semi-evergreen in where winters are mild), this decorative, twining climber from China is grown for its attractive habit, leaves and flowers. The gray-

ALLAMANDA

Native to South America, this vigor-

wise

green leaves are divided into 5

ous, evergreen climber, fast growing

Propagate from cuttings in

and

fragrant,

leaf-

purple-mauve,

when

GOLDEN TRLMPET SINE

to

15

ft

(about 4.5 m), bears large,

to 5 in (about 12

The plant likes lull sun, good drainage and plenty of water during summer. It will do very well climates.

dead

il

shade an entryvvay or allow ed to scramble over to

stump. It will (about 9 m) or more

tree or tree

grow to 30 ft and requires a strong support.

and cut down to the base every 3 or 4 sears to remove tangled growth. Pinch when young to encourage plentiful stems. Be careful that it does not smother Prune

it

will

after flowering

summer.

It

to the

cm) across

up

may decimate

it;

other-

or by layering in

summer

fall.

ZONI

S

4-9

This creeper, fast-growmg to 18 (about 5.5 m),

creeper that climbs by tendrils and

and water well during the growing

may grow

full

growth. Regular tip pruning imits

dense

CALICO FLOWER

ANJ1GONON

A dainty,

proves

for unsightly objects, as a

screen or rambling over the top of

5-9

neutral to acid, well-drained soil

not in

of a wide variety of soil types, it grows well in sun or shade and is most often propagated from seed, though division and semi-hardwood cuttings are also recommended. Useful as a quick cover

A. elegans

shaped leaves and makes a luxuriant cover for walls and strong fences in frost-free areas. Grow in full sun or partial shade in humus-rich,

when

spring and early summer. Tolerant

in

has whorls of lance-

period, less so

bicolor

flowers borne in the leaf axils in late

a pergola.

has few other problems.

it

ZONES

main branches

berries have finished. Japa-

nese beetles

yellow, trumpet-shaped flowers

Male and female plants are needed for the female plants to produce interesting sausage-shaped, edible fruit in mild in late spring.

arbor or

to spread;

arch, wall or pergola. Cut

trellis,

back hard

appear

a

and plenty of room

provide almost instant cover over a

drooping, vanilla-scented flowers

when used

grows

and needs strong support

quinata

lets

partially

in a moisture-reten-

but well-drained

rapidly

cathartica

20-30 ft (about 6-9 m), crowding out other plants as it matures. The large, dark glossy reaches height of

green, heart-shaped leaves tend to

of berries like mini-

Allamanda cathartica

areas

can, deciduous, twining vine

green to turquoise, bright blue and

Grow

for

PIPE

ature grapes that ripen from pale

violet.

small shrubs. Propagate from

summer. Watch out

appearance. Propagate

leptopus

to

21

ft

showy

(about 6.5

m)

or

more. It bears masses of deep pink, heart-shaped flowers from early

summer to warm,

fall

and

easily

grown

frost-free areas. In cool

from softwood cuttings in spring and summer, and watch for red spider mites. It will take heavy pruning and can be grown in a large

best in a

sunny

container.

drained,

fertile soil.

in

is

can be grown as a summerflowering annual. The plant does

areas

it

situation in well-

Keep well wasummer. It

tered during spring and

ft

native to Brazil

and needs high humidity and protection from frost. It has flesh)-, heart-shaped leaves and in summer

CORAL VINE. QUEENS-WREATH fast-growing,

is

bears strangely shaped,

maroon

flowers with white, thread-like

markings. Plant in humus-rich, well-drained

soil in a partially

shaded position. An interesting plant for verandah columns or a pergola. Propagate from semi-ripe cuttings in late spring.

It

summer, or seed

in

can be grown as an annual

in cool climates.

—

'

i

Climbers

Creepers

&>

4 5

1

ASAR1NA ubesi ens

i'i

LIMBING SNAPDRAGON

i

1

semi-evergreen climber

his dainty,

has veh

et)

and

heari -shaped leaves

.

bears pink, tubular flowcrsYesembling snapdragons in late spring

summer

and

has twining stems up to 9 li (about 2 7 m) tall and adapts well to hanging baskets and earl)

window

It

boxes.

It

requires

lull

sun,

good drainage and regular watering in summer. Easily propagated from ZONES

10-1

1

ideal for a

It is

partially shaded posineeds strong support and will form an attractive dense screen on a fence or trellis. Cut back hard after flowering to encourage fresh growth. Propagate by division of underground stems in early spring. tion.

grandiflora HERALD STRLMPET

This beautiful, large, woody, evergreen climber growing to 24

It

m) needs strong support twining stems.

for its thick,

valued for

ZONES

9-11

It is

trumpet flowers, which appear in spring and summer, and hand-

late

some, deep green

leaves.

It is

best

suited to subtropical areas, but it can also be grown in a protected

position in warm-temperate dis-

tile

It

large, fragrant, white,

its

should be deep and

tricts. Soil

with good drainage.

fer-

requires

It

full sun and regular watering in summer. Prune immediately alter

flowering. Propagate from cuttings in late

summer.

ZONES

10-11

BOUGAINVILLEA BOUGAINV1LLEA

Native to South America, bougainvilleas are valued for their glorious, flamboyant flowers

There is a large range of different kinds and colors to choose from, but

all

mates

best in

warm

to hot cli-

in full sun.

They

are ever-

do

green in the tropics, but

deciduous

is

The

fall.

true

surrounding bracts are brilliantly colored, often changing color or shade as they age. Only water when

capreolata

grower, this dense,

needed and do not

vine native to the southeast-

ern United States climbs by tendrils

with adhesive discs, achieving heights of

The and

early spring

flowers are insignificant, but the

CROSS-VINE, TRL MPET-FLOWER

woody

may be

in cooler climates.

can extend well into

BIGNON1A

and

their ability to cover a large area.

flowering period

A rampant

50-60

ft

will

produce luxuriant

but very

(about 15-18

over-fertilize,

particularly with nitrogen as this

little

in the

leaf

way

growth

of colorful

need strong

bracts. Bougainvilleas

m). Orange-red, trumpet-shaped

support for vigorous growth but can

flowers blanket the plant in late

be controlled by pruning

spring, providing a vivid display of

The evergreen, compound composed of two leaflets, are bright green in summer, turning reddish purple is fall and remaining

ering,

when rampant

after flow-

plants can be

color

ruthlessly cut back without harm.

leaves,

Flowers appear on the

through the following spring. Grow in well-drained, rich loam soil in a sunny or partially shaded site 1

hough

it

has

a nuisance,

tendency

a

to

become

useful for covering

is

it

walls, fences

and buildings and

i

cuttings in

6-10

s\n <

limh

lexas

ol

Pawn

produces pink flower bracts and grows to 30 It (about m i.

i

I

ii

i

i

i

to

i

i

,

i

raillii

has

>

I

bi illiani

Barbara Karsl has

t

rim

bril-

red Mowers.

9

fi

(al

i

1.7

iln

m

i

1

ii 1

to

(

ovei watering in

parent

ol

i

eral vai

Fertili

10

fi

about 9 m) w ii

I

i

i

ii

ith

brai

to

i '

ii

.all

i

perg

ila

i

n Hi

I

or

a

i

isi

peci

covered

ading

some I

-

differ

7 .\nd

I

from the ten

grown in

;unnj

w

sheltei

their or-

foi

trumpet-like flowers

arlet,

a

1

in

the northern hemisphere.

ol

the plants are iii

ies ol

the leal shape

between

)riginall)

M quire

all in

limb in"

i

humus

(

legions

which appe.u

mi

ii

up

ol

arranged oppositel)

leaflets,

maximize

effectivi

wall

the leaves have

and avoid and winter

blooms Mosl

VINI

Tecoma genera, but are now entiated because

pans

n

tying

soil

fall

ipai ingl)

i

foi

Irow in a

drained

1

deciduous root climbers thai used to be pan ol the Bignonia and

m) and

sturdy support

rich, well

bi ai

rowing iell

(about 6-9

fl

a

1RI MP1

Rl ll'l R

its grai

,

20-30

(

I

This genus contains iw o spec

lall Flowers on new wood, so prune in spring before growth begins A rapid growei n rea< lies heights ol

quires

IRl MP!

ol large,

spring ihrough

the branc lies

I

prolusion

are borne

H glabra

ergreen

a

arching, spiny branches from

full)

earl)

kalbreyeri

/!

.

number

an enormous

is

produces

red-bracted blooms along

ultivars available

liant

IIMHINf, ILSTROEMERIA .'in

Native to Brazil, this evergreen spe-

B. cultivars

There

CAMPSIS

B. spectabilis in

cies

l

aldasii

Bougainvillea 'Magnifica Traillu

regular,

heavy pruning they can be grown

Magnifies sun In.

BOMAREA (

summer. With

large containers.

lor

imbling over banks and hillsides.

new wood.

Propagate from semi-hardwood

.

»

aumontia grandiflora

caldasii

warm environment

sunny or

in a

BEAUMONTIA

(about 7.5

Bomarea

Ai istolot hia elegans

seed in spring.

summei ;ite,

ith

I

he)

preferabl)

\\

nh

well drained soil

he) will need to be watered in

ummei w inn

i

1

1

hum

1 ,

tnb

din ood stem

pri ipagati

root "' hardvi

and

in

sum

452

Climbers & C

r e t

pel

S

mer from semi-hardwood

cuttings.

full

sun

southeastern United States,

in late

winter or early spring,

jftr

Celastrus scandcns

Celastrus orbuulcilus

it is

a

(about 5 cm) of the ground. C. grandiflora

ZONES 4-10

wood

to within 2 in

syn. C. chinensis, Bignonia grandiflora

Coast

states.

C. x tagliabuana

'Madame

Galen'

CHINESE TRUMPET CREEPER

V

pro-

in the

popular garden specimen in midwestern and northeastern states and throughout the Southwest and Pacific

•

weed

hard

flowering

j5Tr

maximum bloom

duction. Considered a

removing the previous season's

f

for

Established plants should be pruned

MADAME GALEN TRUMPET CREEPER

*r

This vigorous, woody-stemmed

climber from China will reach up to 30 ft (about 9 m) with the aid of

This cultivar produces spectacular

aerial rootlets clinging to a support.

loose,

Deciduous and fast growing, it produces eye-catching clusters of trumpet-shaped scarlet to orange flowers up to 4 in (about 10 cm) long in late summer and fall. It requires full sun in a well-drained, humus-rich soil. Water generously during the growing season. Prune in spring and propagate from semiripe cuttings taken in

summer, or

from layers or suckers. ZONES

salmon-red flowers clustered in open racemes throughout the summer months. As vigorous but not as hardy as C. radicans, reaches heights of

ft

it

(about

7.5-9 m). ZONES 4-10

CELASTRUS This genus consists of 30 species of

deciduous shrubs and woody climbers which are grown mainly for their

8-11

25-30

unusual and striking

fruits.

Native to Asia and North America, the climbers can reach

C. radicans

30-45

ft

(about 9-14

m) in height. The most commonly grown species carry the

TRUMPET CREEPER

woody

the branches, they are not strong

male and female flowers on separate plants, so one of each sex must be grown to produce the brilliantly colored fruits. They are an excellent choice to cover an old tree stump or grow over a wall as they will need

enough

support. Plant in well-drained soil

This vigorous, deciduous,

vine native to the central and south-

em United States reaches heights of 30-50

ft

(about 9-15 m). Athough

aenal rootlets are produced along

to

support the weight of the

vine, especially in strong winds, so

additional support

is

required.

The

sun or

time from

fall

partial

shade any

to spring. Plants will

show)' clusters of orange and scar-

benefit from a spring pruning of old

trumpet-shaped flowers blanket the plant from July to September, providing a stunning focal point in

wood and

let,

Campsis radicons

in full

grown

the garden

It is

rich, moist,

well-drained loam in

best

in a

a general tidy up,

and

from an occasional feed. Propagate from seed or by layering in spring, or from cuttings in summer and fall

1

(

Hill

l

nilii ii/iKiis

(.'.

\

VIRGIN'S BOWER, TRAVlil

IIRSWI1

1111

\l

I

like

climber

deciduous, vine-

this

is

valued for

which

are retained

Grow

through winter

its bril-

and gold, pea-

liantly colored, red like berries

humus-

in

sun or partial shade and provide good, roomy support for the twining stems as they can reach 18 ft (about 5.5 m) or more. It is not fussy about rich, moisture-retentive soil in

its

water requirements. Pruning

is

only necessary to maintain shape,

and

is

done

best

careful that trees

it

in late winter. Be

and shrubs

to death. Propagate

from root cuttings or layering in

sown

fall,

in spring.

R S [01

I

and sub-shrubs is distributed throughout the northern hemisphere Most are woody, while some are treated as herbaceous perennials. All vines require

some

form of support that provide

sites

nodal tendrils to twist

lor the

around. Each flower consists of 4 to 6 showy sepals, which are either

pendulous and lantern like or fully open and flat faced. The flowers are followed by masses of fluffy-tailed

The most important

winter.

requirement

is

manently cool

with ample

soil

produces heavy, intertwining stems if

EVERGREEN CLEMATIS

A native

of China, this vigorous,

unchecked. Reaching heights of 15-20 ft (about 4.5-6 m), it is tolerant of many soil types, drought and

vided

wind. Of easy culture,

twine around. The leathery,

left

grows well in sun or shade. Male and female flowers are borne on separate it

plants, necessitating the planting of

produce the spectacu-

display of vivid orange -yellow

and crimson fruit in fall and winter on female plants. Often discounted its

rampant, voracious

m the outlying

best sited

it is

reaches of the garden, covering

rocky ground, banks or

makes

Bittersweet

in

C. armandii

which can become quite invasive

habit,

cultural

a well-drained, per-

woody vine

deciduous,

because of

hillsides.

a valuable ad-

evergreen climber will reach heights

15-25

of

m)

(about 4.5-7.5

ft

C.

has a suitable support to

it

compound leaves emerge coppery colored, becoming dark lustrous green with age. The rela-

This vigorous, deciduous species

tively large (2 in/5

from the Himalayas will reach up to 30 ft (about 9 m) or more. It bears prolific, sweetly perfumed, pure

cm in diameter),

highly scented, white flowers are

white flowers with yellow anthers in

borne

clusters in late spring. Fast growing,

in dense, auxiliary clusters,

providing

spectacular display

a

it is

throughout spring. Since the flowers are produced on the previous year's wood, pruning is done after blooming ceases. Plant in sun or

garden.

ZONES 3-10

ble over an arbor or pergola, or

soil;

It

Appleblossom' (white with blush) are worth pursuing.

This vigorous inhabitant of Australian rainforests

grown

is

for

given support

up

to 15

ft

m)

(about 4.5

or

garden Without supeffectively scramble over

in the

rocky slopes and banks. This plant

grows well in ihad inhu

shade or

partial

ime watei

ii

lull

well-i [rained

;-rich

reti ntii

m

It

pink

C. 'Jackmanii'

climb by

will

it

a

and

INES B-10

/i

its

handsome, rich green, oval leaves and its ability to cover large areas.

with

cultivars

'Snowdrift' (pure white flowers)

KANGAROO VINE

pori n will

The

serious pruning.

antarctica

ioil

land in

shed

was introduced to Eng1831 by Lady Amherst, wife It

of the Governor-General of India. C.

m. Rubens' is a popular pink form. Prune hard after flowering.

Cissus antarctica

CLITORIA ternatea

GOLDEN CLEMATIS

BUTTERFLY PEA

This long-flowering species from

A

China grows up

reaches

can become invasive and require

CISSUS

more

ideal for covering a small

or wall.

C. tangutlca

simply cover an unwanted view.

tendrils

montana

ANEMONE CLEMATIS

temately

shade and well-drained

woodland

dition to the natural or

Clematis montana

Clitoria ternatea

pro-

once established it will quickly cover an unsightly landcape feature, scram-

When

Produced in 1862, this is still the most popular large-flowered L It li climbs up to (about c ultivar 2 7mi and produces spectacular purple flowers, 6 in (about 15 cm) aero in summer and fall It is deciduous >

5.5 m).

ft

(about

bears curious, nodding,

It

lovely evergreen twining vine that

',mwn

if

and

i

.i

i

in cool areas ,i-

i

iccept reasi rnal

plml darl

il

Regular pruninj pi

or fn in in

covei

ill

hi

i

'l

warm

In

1

Mi

il

<•

ndi

ii

in

i.

li

in

I.

u

gi

in

i

in/I

(i

'

i

in

1

1

.'Mi

1.

ti

1

tamen

.i

1

li

repi pli

ai

bli

in.ii

iliagi ii '

lomei ni'i

<

<\\

have

n tippi d

emei

;i

tdeep

to thi

thai

i

In.

t

foungf

md i

flov

hiti

1

in:

early

ers with yellow centers

are followed

by decorative silky

fall.

The flowers

Large, dark blue, pea-like flow-

summer, followed by

seed heads.

There

form

'' i

C. viticclla ITALIAN

(

5-5 cm) diametei flowers

summei

t

ate

'

in the

\

olor range

blooms hang

initial floral

iiiniii'

i

light, air) c

mid-

in

I

uxurians

.

from

in thi

Alba

hum

iina

\

h'

"'-

-

i

seed or from cuttings 10-11

CLYTOSTOMA allistegioides

\IOI II Mil MPl

pli

deep w ine red; and I'm puna Plena deep iolel pui pf doubl

soil

twining

foi

gai

white with darl pui

Kermi

besi

warm, sheltered sues

in

he deli-

ultivars ol note in< hide

anthers

grow ing

frost tender,

iolel to red-

like lanterns

appeal

isual

\

sun

stems and thin out growth with annual spring pruning Propagate

long, slendei stalks, providing a

den

is

Provide good suppori

This Eurasian species of denial is produces clusters ol 1-2 in (about

in

pods.

humus-rich, well-drained

in

LEMATIS

bloom

flat

also a double-flowered

is li

in lull

I

;reen

m)

summer and

lenryi'

tgorous, this twining

(about 3.5

leaves divided into 3 or 5 oval leal-

i

diami

in

i

ntrolled

\

I'.

pindui es

ft

lets.

dish purple

ap

ihrub vithin reach

i

ii

il

i

I

to 12

lantern-shaped flowers, with clear

to late

C. x lawsoniana

usedasa ground

although

limb any 1

bi

from item

leed

li

can

will

ituai ion

pro

Propagati

ci

it

,i

up

with slender stems and fresh green

yellow "thick-skinned" petals, in

2

is

18

to

i

iii n

frosi

.3

best.

Native to the southern United

lar

4 5

s

the shade. Eastern exposures are

AMERICAN BUTIKSWUI

to

e r

twining vines

ol

flowers require full sun for best development while the roots are

C. scandens

both sexes

ep

moisture retention. The foliage and

ZONES 5-9

States, this

e

seed heads that persist through

does not smother small

or from seed

i

I

This large genus

From China,

<

CLEMATIS

ulatus

(>i/>i(

c

syn.

limbers &

l

INI

t

reepei nativi to

South Ami

us show)

il

\

his evergreen

tropi< al

l

I

rii

a

grow n

i

foi

haped flowers ast grow 1111; and den el) foliagi d m In limb to 12 (ab '

;

trumpei

fi

I

i

I

Climb e

4 5 4

r s

&

C

r e t

p

>

i

s

some

parts of the world

as a forage or green

grown

it is

manure

crop.

ZONES 6-10

This native of Chile and Peru

is

a

lightweight, sub-shrubby, tendnl

climber grown for

its

attractive

blooming over a long season from summer into fall. It is evergreen, with dainty leaves and racemes of small, orange-red, tubular flowers, followed by fruit pods containing winged seeds. Grows sparsely to a height ol 6-9 It (about 1 .8-2.7 m). It can be grown as an annual in areas prone to frost. It grows best in full sun in a light, well-drained soil. Keep moist during the growing season and support flowers,

DISTICTIS buccinatoria

with small sticks until attached to

syn. Phaedranthus buccinatorius

the

BLOOD-RED TRL MPET NINE

A native

of Mexico, this evergreen,

woody climber reaching 15 ft (about 4.5 m) bears large clusters trumpet flowers

main

trellis.

Propagate from

seed in early spring.

in bright

red in early spring and

of

shades of

ZONES

10-11

FICUS pumila

summer. CREEPING FIG

This vigorous vine clings with ten-

This herbaceous, perennial, climbing vine from

Mexico produces

tendrils that tenaciously cling to

rough surfaces. The large cup-andsaucer-shaped flowers emerge

becoming dull rose-purple on maturity. Flowers are produced m profusion and the blooming green,

season

is

long,

mid-summer

through frost. A rapid grower, it does best in rich, well-drained loams in sunny, hot sites. Most useful in the outlying regions of the

means

and needs good spring and summer

of tendrils

support. In late

the pale lavender flowers with purple streaks are carried atop long,

drooping stems, making it ideal for training over fences and tall tree stumps in warm areas. It prefers a sunny position, humus-rich soil,

good drainage and regular watering in

summer.

It is

frost tender.

Thin

out less vigorous canes after flowering. in

Propagate from cuttings taken

summer.

ien as a temporary screen or as a filler

plant while others mature.

Easily propagated

from seed. Hardy

in mild climate zones,

an annual -

it is

treated as

in colder regions.

8-11

drils to surfaces

From Japan and China,

and

tive

stone.

It

This climbing, evergreen shrub

grows to a height and spread of over 9 ft (about 2.7 mV In summer it bears a profusion of orange-red

is

this decora-

a useful evergreen

climber for covering walls or lences.

summer.

ously.

ZONES

It clings by aerial roots along the stems and, although often slow to

get started, It

it

later

grows very vigor-

has small, bright green,

heart-shaped juvenile leaves and a

9-11

Young growth is an atbronze Remove any mature branches that stand out from

neat habit. tractive

DOLICHOS

woody labial

the support to retain juvenile leaves.

syn. Lablab purpureus

It is

HYACINTH BEAN

This deciduous, twining plant with a spread of

m)

is

often

around 18 ft (.about grown as an annual

quick cover der,

it

easily

and sheds. Frost

will die

grown soil.

down

in full

in

cuttings.

Minima', s-i

It is

any well-

summer

fall, followed by many large seed pods which can make the plant unsightly. The plant can be removed and easily replaced by sow-

ing the seed in late winter; in other

words, growing

it

sun or semi-

A

tiny-leaved form.

is less

F. p.

rampant.

i

GELSEMIUM sempervirens

Pink to mauve pea-like

flowers appear from early

in full

ten-

in winter.

sun

grown

5.5

to hide unattractive

fences, walls

best

shade in a well-drained, fertile soil. Propagate from semi-hardwood

for

to

bracteosum

creeper

semi-shade in fertile, well-drained soil and needs regular watering in summer. Prune in spring. Propagate from softwood cuttings in early

drained

COMBRETVM

such as rough brick grows best in sun or

as an annual. In

c

MOLINA JASMINE, YELLOW JASMINE

A well-behaved,

evergreen twiner

with glossy green leaves and

fra-

grant, yellow trumpet flowers,

which appear for many months in spring and again in fall. It likes a sunny, warm, sheltered position

and Fertile, well-drained soil li grows quickly bul tidily to 9 li (about 2 7 m) and can be trained on .1

enjoyed All parts ol the plant are poisonous and should be kept away From children Thin out older growth

Propagate From

semi-hardwood cuttings ,

s-l

summer

in

OMMON

\\\

dense, dark green cover

where the perlume can be

alter flowering

c

This hardy species will produce a

Fences, walls oi a pergola near the house',

helix

//

l\(,l ish l\\

1

HARDENBERGIA

used as

ground cover

a

is

It

often

shade

in

w here grass has difficult)' thriving, and is also excellent lor climbing up walls and hiding paling fences There are innumerable named varieties Vk nh unusually shaped and/or variegated leaves. They are olten grown as house plants ZONES

5-11

\iolacca syn. H. monophylla PL RPLE

Used

CORAL as a

HIBBERT1A

PEA. FALSE SARSAPARILLA

ground cover

scandens

scram-

for

GUINEA FLOWER, GL INEA GOLD VINE

bling over banks or as a climber

when given

support, this beautiful

A

twining plant from Australia can

grow under adverse conditions. will withstand dry conditions, some frost and will grow in most soils with good drainage. Semi-shade or a fairly sunny position is preferred. Lovely sprays of purple pea flowers are

borne

in spring.

Propagate from

presoaked seed. ZONES

native oi Australia, this soft twin-

ing climber or trailing plant can It

grow up

to 12

(about 3.5

ft

m) high

ground

as an ground cover. It has broad, dark green leaves and large, showybuttercup yellow flowers from spring through the warmer months.

or be trained along the effective

Any moderately

well-drained

fertile,

grow in full sun or semi-shade and is a good soil is suitable.

10-11

It

will

choice for sandy, coastal gardens,

HEDERA

as

IVY

for

Useful for enhancing

many

Their firmly clasping habit was once a

It is

ideal

Lightly prune

shape in spring and propagate from semi-ripe tip cuttings in late summer.

loved, hard)' evergreen creepers.

considered

tolerates salt spray.

warm climates.

to

a situ-

have long been well-

ation, ivies

it

ZONES

10-11

lucky love charm.

They can be used for ground cover, clothing walls and fences, covering tree stumps and arches, growing up pillars and posts, edging borders and masonry work, trailing from containers and as indoor specimens.

HYDRANGEA

sun or shade they are adaptable to a wide variety of conditions, soils and climates. Regular pruning is

climber grows up to 50

recommended

ers in

In

so that the attractive,

pctiolaris syn. H.

anomala subsp.

pctiolaris

CLIMBING HYDRANGEA

This deciduous, self-clmging

1

5

m)

or

ft

more and bears

(about beautiful,

flattened heads of small white flow-

summer.

It

has oval, finely

lobed juvenile leaves are retained

toothed leaves. Plant in humus-rich,

and no flowers are produced. If the mature growth (which produces

well-drained, moist soil in

tiny green flowers in fall, followed by black berries) is struck as cuttings, the resultant plants remain as shrubs. This

is

summer. Propagate from semihardwood cuttings in summer. after flowering,

"arborescent ivy." Propagate from

close to the support.

The charming fashion of ivy topiary has been revived and wire topiary

ZONES 5-10

cuttings or rooted stems

now

frames are

available in many-

garden centers. As the ivy grows over the shape the side shoots are regularly clipped to

produce

a

dense cover H. canariensis Varicgata U(.IRI\N

l\Y

A handsome, popular ivy with ink green broad athi I'

idingto

and bordi

r<

d w ithcrei

,

.

parti ularl

silvi

i

i

whiti

Frost-tendi

in

sun

in

Prune

called

full

with some protection from hot afternoon sun, and water regularly

Hardenbergia violacea

trimming

Climbei

45 6

epers

WOMOEA

vine grows

MORNING GLORY

and

Care should be taken when choosing these ornamental climbers, as

across,

some rampant

become

species can

extremely invasive in

warm

Native to tropical and warm-tem-

twining habit and masses of funnelshaped flowers which are at their best suited to

fertile,

morning They

warm coastal

or tropical areas.

are

districts

Any moderately

well-drained soil

is

to 2

(about 6.5

ft

1

its

fragrant flowers. 6 in (about 15

which open summer.

at

m)

large, white,

cm)

night during

ALLZi

American produces trumpet-shaped. 3 in i.about 7.5 cm) diameter blooms in shades of deep rose and scarlet from mid-summer through fall. leaves, this native of the

tropics

ALLZOI

suitable

I.

nil

tricolor

MORNING GLORY

This twining, perennial vine native

This annual, twining vine produces

to the tropical regions of the

world

produces an abundance of funnelshaped flowers up to 6 in (about 15

cm)

in diameter. Single or double,

The flowers

are

deep blue

These plants are useful for covering sheds, fences, trellises and banks.

loped, and the flower color ranges

white

from purples and blues

Thriving in

They may also

The

be grown in pots.

which has been gently

filed

large, heart-shaped.

leaves provide a strong

-

and

presoaked to aid germination, or from cuttings (for all perennial

to rose-reds.

as an

drained

3-lobed

backdrop

the magnificent blooms.

It is

at

to

treated

annual in colder climates. The

sun and

full

soil,

5

1

it

well-

fertile,

m)

(about 4.5

dur-

ing the growing season. Propagate

from seed

/.ASM/MM

.0-11

quamoclit

syn. Calonyction aculeatum

I.

MOON (LOWER

CYPRESS

From

A

tropical America, this fast2

soft-stemmed, perennial

\

INE, CARDINAL

vigorous, annual vine with finely ed, pinnately

compound

summer. Some species are easily propagated by layering, others can be raised from semi-ripe cuttings

in

summer. The flowers of some speused in making essential

cies are oils for

jasmine J.

perfume, as well as scenting

officinale

Introduced to Europe from the East

during the Tudor period, this vigorous, deciduous or semi-evergreen climber can reach up to 27

8 m) high. Sweetly flowers are

ft

(about

fragrant, white

bome in terminal clussummer and tail

throughout

Elizabethan poets referred to

common use on arbors, and

its it

also

pro\tdes beautiful covering for pergolas, arches, -

J.

twining climber

(about 2.7

ft

ml

tall.

J-ll

KENNEDIA rubicunda RLNNING POSTMAN

Endemic to Australia, Kennedia are climbing or scrambling plants that were named after John Kennedy, a

London nurseryman. They

are

widely cultivated for their showy, pea-like flowers

They

which

attract birds.

thrive in a light, well-drained

soil in a

sunny

situation, but will

tolerate light shade. K. rubicunda

tea.

COMMON JASMINE POETS JASMINE

ters

bright red berries in

leaves and lightly perfumed, small, cream flowers in summer. This plant does best in semi-shade in a well-drained soil. Male and female flowers grow- on separate plants, so both are needed to produce berries. Propagate from cuttings in summer. 5

These mostly woody stemmed, climbing plants are valued for their showy, fragrant flowers. Most like a sunny or lightly shaded position with a moderately fertile, welldrained soil They must have adequate water during spring and

its

has attractive, rich green, oval

JASMINE

CLIMBER

for

this evergreen,

grows up to 9 It

Japanese Imperial morning glories

alba

KADSURA japonica

fall,

will easily reach

ft

.0-11

Valued

are of this species.

1.

and requires a good pruning keep tidy and

at

the base of the throat.

heights of

pretty pot plant.

under control.

an abundance of large, trumpetshaped flowers which stand out from the dark green, heart-shaped leaves.

makes a

it

Very fragrant, white flowers with pink buds are produced in spring. It grows to around 18 ft (about after flowering to

WHTTE-EDGI MORNING GLORY

the outer extremities, fading to

position.

Propagate in spring from

areas

5.5 itO /.

the edges are often ruffled or scal-

and they prefer a sunny

growing but tender and easy to grow in mild climates only. In cool

districts.

perate regions, most species have a

best in the early

up

cultivated for

is

bowers or

trellises.

flowers in small sprays in spring

and early summer. In spring or after tlowenng invasive growth can be cut back reasonably hard without harming the plant, but keep w ell watered until new growth is established. Propagate from presoaked seed. 10-11

to-n

polyanthum

LAPAGERIA

This vigorous, scrambling, ever-

green climber from China

is

an extremely vigorous species that grows up to 15 ft (about 4.5 m) and should be kept well away from nearby shrubs and trees as it will quickly climb over anything in reach. It bears showy, dark red pea

is fast

rosea CHILEAN BELLFLOWER

Native to Chile i where

it

is

the na-

tional flower'* this beautiful ever-

climber can reach

1

5

ft

(about

4.5

m) on

are

bnght glossy green. Waxy, pink-

support. The oval leaves

ish red, bell-like flowers, faintly

spotted within, are borne for a long

period through

summer and

fall. It

needs a warm, sheltered spot in cool climates. Grow- in humus-nch. wellsoil in partial shade, and keep fairly dry in winter Propagate from presoaked seed in spring or

drained

rs

in

fall.

Watch

mite and thnps.

Kennedia rubicumla

10-11

for red spider

(

Lathxrus latijolius

Lonicera hildebrandiana

LATHYRUS

spring and summer.

SWEET

grown

EVERLASTING PEA

PEA.

in a

drained This genus takes

name from

its

the

30 species of annuals, sub-shrubs and perennials, most of which are climbers. Originating in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere and also found in Africa and South America, the climbers vary m height from 3-9 ft (about 90-270 cm), and have pinnate leaves (one of which becomes a twining tendril). The racemes of flowers appear between spring and summer. Easily recognized by their wing-shaped Greek

for "pea."

It

has over

1

a

soil. It

They

are followed

by long,

enriched with humus, and need plenty of sunlight with a cool root run. For

but the lower-growing

all

species, support should be pro-

vided.

Dead-head frequentl) and

flowering period. Tip pruning will

encourage bushiness, and the perennials growth should be cut back Propagate the annuals

from seed m either early spring or fall, and ili' peri nnial ;pe< ies In division

m

spring

oi b)

d

>ei

i»

,i

ariou

autiful plant ;an

mold and i|

ihii

vhil

rusi

Iscanbi

a

6

In!'

k

ind

in

grov

high

It

ha

dens head

now

strains are

ZONES

sum-

5-9

L. heckrottii

It

EVERBLOOMING HONEYSUCKLE. GOLDFLAME HONEYSUCKLE

available for the

produces an abundance

The garden appeal of

woody

this

vine rests in

decidumagnifi-

of fragrant, pea-shaped flowers in

ous,

an amazing range of colors. They do

cent flower colors

best in cool weather, suffering in

long bloom period; late spring through summer with an occasional

prolonged heat waxes. The Cuthbertson strain is intended for hot weather sites. Sow chilled seed fertile,

loam

soil

and

a

production.

Grown

I

/'

bud, the

In

Once opened,

the

harmonizing nicely with the yellow interior. The foliage is also quite handsome, emerging reddish purple and maturing to a lustrous blue-green lis reaches 10-20

foi

screen and to brighten up a void in

I

fall.

outside changes to a true pink,

useful as a temporary colorful

Remove faded blooms

encourage more

in

low ers are brilliant carmine red,

revealing a lustrous yellow throat as

cut flowers, sweet peas are also

the garden

its

and exceptionally

the corolla opens.

bloom

primaril)

bloom

recurrent

sunny, shel-

tered location for the best

li

(about

fli

6

I

in

9

INI

LOMCERA I

hildebrandiana

GIANl HONEYS! Kl Bl RMES1 HONEYS!

i

fn

im

n I"

ft

Ml WOODBINI

for their massi

V

limb

dull green ol pinl

trellis

old-fashioned garden

in

fall.

<

iround 6

to

mer and

it has long been in cultivaand hundreds of cultivars and

ei

I

pointed leaves that

pink on the outside appear

a

L.

and

ilugs

ndrili

m) on

lubject to

problem

i

(about 4.5 m) with

favorite,

Grown

pen nnial

annual climber

(about 1.8

ft

An

twining climber growft

mildi

PERENNIAI IMA EVERI kSTINGPl In

this

supporting structure such as a or fence.

to 15

scented, yellow flowers, tinted with

A native of Italy, to

up

are joined at the base. Highly

ANNUAL SWEET PEA

grows

fall.

HONEYSUCKLE, WOODBINE

light green, oval,

odoratus

L.

in tall

latijolius

i

or late

caprifolium

ing

3-10

HONEYS! /

summer

L.

ZONES

U

ucha

diseases

in

A deciduous,

in lin

of

plant

in early spring in well-drained,

pick the seed pods to prolong the

in late fall

The

trellis.

forming.

gardener.

quire well-drained soil that has been

semi-shade. Propagate from cuttings

responds to regular feeding and also to watering when the buds are

petals, the flowers are excellent for

slender seed pods. Sweet peas re-

moisture-retentive soil in sun or

easily

needs the support

sunny fence or

tion cutting.

It is

humus-rich, well-

imanti

I

i

of perl

thesearepi rhap i

limb

i

ofall

tl

I

[hi

m

I

l

pro

reaching

tun ii.

ii. i

Kl

I

deciduousi limbei from Bui ma

Ins

mei

rfi !

I

I

I

up

larg thai

onl .ii

to

65

fi

(aboul

10

en am) flowers

turnorang faintl

uppori

m um the)

vith ag<

cented in

in

It

need ndei

limb

i

i

'•

>

I

r e

ep er s

4

.5

7

This vigorous climber from east

growing

Asia,

to

30

ft

(.about

9 m),

has glossy, dark green leaves. Pairs of fragrant, white flowers aging

yellow or sometimes purple-tinged,

appear in late summer to fall This species can become an in\ asive weed although it is very useful as a ground cover or to quickly hide fences it is

and

posts. Provide support

if

used as a vine. •

MACFADYENA unguis-cati syn.

Doxantha unguis-cati

CATS CLAW CREEPER

4-10

ra sempervirens Superba'

A beautiful, L.

sempervirens

for

TRUMPET HONEVSL CKLE CORAL HONEYSICKLE

its

evergreen vine grown

large, bright

yellow flowers in

the shape of a flattened trumpet

up

4 in (.about 10 cm) across. These are borne in profusion in late spring. It clings by tiny, 3-pronged

MANDEV1LLA

M. x amdbilis Alice du Pont"

Native to tropical America, these

syn. Diplade nia x amabilis Alice du Pont'

to

Superb flower and

foliage colors

make

woody

this twining,

vine from

the eastern United States ideal for

tendrils, like little claws,

growing on open latticework, along

to a

a grapestick fence, or scrambling

(about 9 m).

sunny bank. The glaucous, blue-green leaves unite to form a disk at the terminal ends of the thin stems where clusters of orange to

for covering a high fence or

over

a

red tubular flowers are produced.

The throat of the tube opens to reveal a bnght yellow to yellow-

mature height of up

and climbs 30 ft

to

An excellent climber garden

sunny, well-drained position and is frost tender. Prune

shed,

it

likes a

back hard after flowering to keep check Propagate from semi-ripe cuttings in late summer. j-ii

in

woody-stemmed climbers are grown for their profusion of showy, trumpet-shaped flowers which are sometimes fragrant. They do best in warm, frost-free climates with partial shade in summer. Soil should be

A

twining climber growing up to ft (about 3.5 m) with handsome,

12

oval, glossy leaves large,

mer.

ample water on hot days. Propagate from semi-ripe cuttings in summer. In cool areas they grow very well in

warm

greenhouses

and

clusters of

scentless,

trumpet

tlowers over a long period in

deep, nch and well drained Provide

frost- free

deep pink,

It is

frost

protected position with light

shade. Give

it

plenty of water on

days that are hot. ZONES

sum-

lender and needs a

10-11

1

M. laxa \l Man

eolens

s\ n l

Hill \N

\SMIN1

|

From Argentina, this fast-growing, woody vine reaches is (aboui 5 5 m) or more and is deciduous in cool areas In summer produces li

it

heavily perfumed, white trumpet

— these make-

flowers in prolusion

good

Grow

cut flowers

sun

in lull

or afternoon shade in fertile

soil;

provide regular watering. The plants

can be pruned heavily in early spring to keep it tidy and entourage

new growth. 8-11

ZONES

M. splendens syn. Diplade nia splendens

One

of the showiest species of us

genus, this evergreen, twisting

climber

is

native to Brazil

climbs to 9

and

(about 2.7 m).

ft

Its

lustrous green leaves are wide elliptical to rectangular,

and

reaching a

length of 8 in (about 20 cm). At the

end of spring

to the

beginning of

summer attractive, deep

reddish

pink, trumpet-shaped flowers with

yellow middles appear. This species prefers temperatures above

Parthenocissus tricuspidata

P(issi/7nm caerulea

50°F

(about 10°C).

ZONES

10-11

after

mythology, beautiful

Pandora of Greek genus of

fc*jufy

this is a small

twmmg climbers native

JF

'^KJ/jssA

^

to

Malaysia and Australia. They are

grown

warm-temperate or where the temperature reaches freezing, P. pandorana may survive if given a warm, sheltered spot. The soil should be well drained and enriched with humus. Most require abundant moisture and a sunny position protected from strong winds. Propagate from

'

A VW

i

Pandorea pandorana very showy, tubular flowers in

P.

V>

U'

subjects. Frost tender, they

are ideal for

i'

M

Xj "W^

and make excellent pergola or

trellis

w

.

for their spectacular, long-

lasting displays of tubular bell flowers

fas

* #'jG

PANDOREA Named

frL

e^nutj

Pen thenocissus quinquefolia

Passiflora coci inea

tropical areas;

fresh seed in spring or semi-ripe

cuttings in

summer.

jasminoides syn. Tecomajasminoides BOWER CUMBER

ft aboui 4.5 m) and has deep green, glassy leaflets Showy, pale pink trumpet flowers with a deep carmine thri u I

bome from

late

spring to

kill in

limates A pure white

i

tng formisal i

oim

form w

fli

ultivation

ith varii

throats; a

number

of cultivars are

one with pure white flowand another with gold and brown flowers. This is a very good climber for covering arches, and pergolas and for disguising unattractive sites such as wire mesh available,

ers

gated

and

some with magnificent fall coloring The genus name is from the ireek liiss.is. ti

ndril

i

meaning

reepei '

I

1

\\<>S(,\

1

nli tin

hev di

i

I

limb by

rhis robust 1

an attractive green wall cover

summer and color in

limbers

humu Mil rtith

MM wood)

i

limbi

in

sunny aspect

layering in

m

i

l\>

to

65

It

(about 20

J-lobed leaves. 8

a< ross, ol

red

this fast-growing ever-

green or semi-evergreen climbei to 50

up

PASSIONFLOWER

I

summer

In

IVI'VMM

ivy will reach

m) The

summer.

caerulea

Rll

tricuspidata

c

seed or semi-ripe cuttings or by

P.

fall.

/ONI

20 m shades

provide good support Prune congested or overgrown plants in spring Propagate from

turn a brilliant red

in

(about

turn spectacular

and purple

in lall

It

m) produces

(about 9

beautiful

flowi rs with pale

pink petals,

banded with blue

or purple

I

hese

arc followed by edible bin not es-

deliciousegg shaped, yel-

peciall)

low

fruit

/'

..ii

iii

filti

ii

rich

PASSIONFLOWER

A pii

\

to

<

wintet

hi

iw)

.

irea

I

al

South

in

<

inea

ind

thi

robust, evergreen climbei to

(about

J

i

haul, large,

tendril

fortheii

old

it

niiiMi.

si

and

i

I.

in

'

ii

..Mown

I

arlet I.

ill

passionfruil

mi. d to

warm area

I

he)

^hui

i

fot

from hot w inds

2

l

Ii

the bril

flowers

bome

set anion.'.

crinkl) leaves

well

known in late

iln

an

ornamental blossom

protectio

i

.i

climbei

-

i

RED PASSIONFLOWER

haped

I

|M

The handsome make

or more.

PA 55 /FLORA

(

WONGA

m)

leaves divided into 5 leaflets

ind walls

pandorana oma australis

ii

5

(about

ft

and

virgin,

.'-ii

/'

a

(

parthenos

suckersand an

liable

s\

1

high climber growing 50

Ideal lor covering large walls, this

These charming climbing plants from North America and Asia have deciduous, attractively cut leaves,

and

summer and

A

P.

PARTHENOCISSUS

soil

are preferred. \\ ater regularly in

usually creamy white with reddish

BOSTON

lush,

well-drained

VIRGINIA CREEPER

10-11

This very attractive climber grows to 15

arc-

fences.

P.

up

spring and summer. The flowers

quinquefolia

in

Luge.

ii

is

frost

protei

ii.

mi

Pyrostegia venusta

makes an

effective screen quickly in

climbers capable of reaching up to

m)

almost any growing situation. The

30

heart-shaped foliage emerges

fully decorate fences, walls, trellises,

bronze red and matures

pergolas, arches, pillars and columns, and are ideal for small gardens where there is not enough

showing

green,

to bright

off the cloud-like

masses of delicate white flowers produced in late summer through mid-fall.

Of easy

culture,

reach heights of 25-35

it

7.5-10 m) and grows well in sun or shade;

it

Having

by

rhizomes, care must be taken to

ensure

it is

for a

(about 3.5

contained in the desired

conventional rose bed.

m)

roses held close to the

growing on piland miniature climbers look

lars;

pretty cascading

down

Some

of the pillar

may need

old, vigorous climbers

From South Amenca,

this magnifi-

cent creeper will reach great heights

grown

m)

more

or

This climber

chiefly for

its

rapidly to 9

caracalla

bling over everything in reach.

Grow

syn. Vigiid caracalla

ft

in full

well-dramed decorative, evergreen, twining

climber with

posed of 3

(about 2.7 m), scram-

sun

in

humus-rich,

and protect from drying winds. Prune tangled growth

SNAIL CREEPER

A

soft

green foliage com-

leaflets

soil

Frost tender,

best suited to warm-temperate tropical areas,

where

it

will

it

will thrive

soils

full

but will

sun. Water

summer and grow on

down

and produces

freely.

good repeat bloom

from semi-hardwood cuttings

ZONES 7-10

ZONES 9-11

summer or fall.

in

R.

a

Good

aubertii SILVER LACE VINE, SILVERVINE

ROSE

banksiac Alba Plena'

m)

in height, the

fragrant,

an extremely fast-growing,

into late

disease resistance.

Reaching 12-18

ROSA

is

3-4

10-11

POLYGONUM

vigorous vine native to China which

slightly fragrant.

7.5-10 cm) wide salmon pink, double blooms. Main flower production is mid-season, followed

in spring.

This

Selection for

1976, this \1gorous climber attains heights of 6-9 ft (about 1 .8-2.7 m) in (about

a

strong pergola or arch where the flowers can droop

and

'America'

season.

is

and grow

it

R.

The All-America Rose

by

FLEECEFLOWER fall.

win-

fall,

shoots and spent flowers. Propagate

of purple, white

to early

well in

ZONES

and yellow. The flowers have a delightful perfume and are produced from mid-sum-

flowering. Aphids, black spot

mildew can cause problems.

After flowering prune out old

and curiously

twisted, pea-like flowers in shades

mer

most well-drained

only flower well in

PHASEOLVS

in is

or spring, depending on the

climate. Frost tender, in

more severe cutting back. Always remove spent blooms to prolong

brilliant display

of orange-gold flowers in ter

retaining

roses need only light pruning, but

FLAME VINE. GOLDEN SHOWER

(about 9

ft

foliage are best for

as they grow.

venusta

ft

2

walls

PYROSTEGIA

warm climates.

1

are useful for cover-

and tall containers. Most roses require humus-rich soil, full sun and ample water. Give climbers room to develop and tie back canes

garden location.

of 30

beauti-

ing walls and fences; those short-

stemmed

also tolerates drought.

a passion for spreading

room

They

high.

Species growing to around

will

(about

ft

(about 9

ft

Climbing roses vary greatly in their habit from short-stemmed, rambling or pillar roses to

tall

vigorous

ft

(about 3.5-5 5

masses of very

double white,

1

in (about

2.5

cm) diameter flowers

that clothe

this

vining rose from

spring

late

through mid-summer make ideal

backdrop

for early

it

an

summer-

s

(

blooming perennials Ofeas) can u requires trellising and grows best in full sun and well-drained soil It is relatively pesi Free li is deciduous

scented, medium-sized, double

to semi-evergreen in the northern

ZONES

-

18

season

grows

It

to

around

5ml

Mermaid'

This extremely vigorous climber, reaching 24 ft (about 7.5 m), is for

banksiae lutea

R.

all

(aboul 5

fi

R.

7-9

This extremely vigorous, ihornless

climber will reach up to 30

ubout

ft

large areas only lis still, thorny canes are rather awkward to train

9 m). Clusters of small, white or

and

yellow, double flowers are borne in

climber for walls, as

spring. Light green foliage

and continuous from spnng to fall. The single flowers are yellow with prominent stamens. The glossy foliage is oval and dark

is

small

and pointed. It needs warmth and protection. As flowers are borne on permanent spurs produced on older wood, remove only dead wood

when

green.

R. 'Blaze"

R.

A

old-fashioned favorite that

summer with

red, semi-

double flowers to 3 in (about 7.5 cm) wide and produces canes up to 9 ft (about 2.7 m) tall. Train it on a trellis

beam

or a post and

fence.

A

It

is

frost resistant.

'New Dawn sport of 'Dr

Van

Fleet', this vigor-

ous rose produces fragrant, semidouble, light pink flowers 3 in (about 7.5 cm) wide on canes reaching

1

5

season, with

'Climbing Cecile Brunner' sport of the

flowers are

ft

(about 4.5 m). The

majority of blooms occur mid-

ZONES 7-10 R.

its

large, prolific

An

all

makes an impressive

tie. It

ZONES 7-10

pruning.

blooms

(

[lowers, white with hunt touches

pink,

reaches and evergreen in the south ZONI

limbers &

good repeat blooming

ZONES 7-10

bush form of Cecile

Brunner', this vigorous climber

grows to 20

ft

(about 6 m). Lustrous

green leaves provide the ideal back-

drop

profusion of small.

for the

clear pink, fully a repeat

double flowers. Not

bloomer, optimum flower-

The

ing occurs in early summer.

flowers, looking like miniature tea

roses in bud, are sweetly fragrant,

making it an arbor or for

ideal candidate for

trellises

an

near seating.

ZONES 7-10 R.

'Climbing Peace"

This hybrid tea climbing rose pro-

duces masses of large,

fully

double,

yellow flowers edged with pink. Slightly fragrant,

it

blooms

son on canes up to 10

m)

ft

all

sea-

(about 3

in height.

ZONES 7-10 R.

Golden Showers'

Upnght canes

to

10

ft

m)

(about 3

bear fragrant, semi-double, yellow flowers 3—4 in (7.5-10

cm) wide Blooming freely throughout the growing season, it makes a good pillar or wall rose.

ZONES 7-10 R.

Joseph's Coat'

A

"changing colors" rose, the double flowers open yellow and gradually

A mid-scaon bloomer with good repeat blooming, flower 3-4 in (about 7 5cm) wide and slightly fragrant Mature height is K lOfi (about 2 4-3m) turn red

1

-10 R.

Madame

This (

is

hmlx-r

(n

is

Alfred

(

arriere

the most popular while

among the

old garden

classed as a Noisette); n

tx

i

R<>\ti

Madame

\

1

1

1

<

d

(

inn m

Rosa

i

limbin

r

e

eper

4 6

1

Climb e

62

4

r s

&

i

e e

pe

'Zephirine Drouhin"

R.

A semi-climbing bourbon growing

to 7

rioted for

its

/

(about 2 2 m),

li

ing,

i

s

well-drained rose

lack of thorns

urrent, fragrant blooms.

re< [i

(

and

young

soil in lull

sun. Train

on the support until established Propagate fromsemiripe cuttings in

summer

The

pointed buds open to semi-

double, deep pink blooms from spring to

SOLANDRA

fall.

CUP OF GOLD IUW \N\\ IIIV GOLDEN CHALK MM I

SCHIZOVHRAGMA

A

its \

Mexican climber valued for huge flowers and ability to cover

very large areas.

It is

a

rampant,

From Japan and Korea, this vigorous, deciduous, wood) -stemmed

woody vine growing to 30 ft (about Q m) or more requiring plenty of

climber clings by aerial roots for

space and a sturdy support. The

It will grow to 21 ft (about 8 m) or more and makes a spectacular cover for pergolas and large

yellow flowers, up to 10 in (about

support.

25 cm) across, with stripe

down

a near purple

the center of each petal,

12 cm) long on long, red stalks

and sumgood drainage and full sun. It is an excellent plant for seaside gardens. Prune in summer to keep the plant in bounds and promote more flowers. Propagate from semi-ripe cuttings in summer.

Grow

ZONES

walls.

The

across, are

are

large, flattened

flowerheads, 12

in

(about JO

composed

ol ver)

cm) small

white flowers surrounded by ornamental, white bracts and are borne in

summer.

It

has attractive, deep

green, toothed leaves 5 in (about

in a

humus-rich, moist but

S.

With

worldwide distribution, this very large genus of annuals, perennials, shrubs, trees and climbers includes potatoes, tomatoes and

A showy

other food plants, as well as a few

lowed by small,

medicinal and poisonous plants. The climbers are valued for their ornamental flowers, foliage and run. They are fast growing. They do best in a warm, sunny position

ZONES

a

produced

mer.

It

in spring

requires

fertile soil,

10-11

seaforthumum vine growing to 18

(about 5.5

m) and bearing

clusters of violet-blue flowers with

yellow stamens in summer,

maxima

fol-

scarlet berries.

10-11

STEPHANOTIS

in fertile, well-drained soil.

back congested growth

Cut

floribunda WAX FLOWER

in spring.

This evergreen climber can grow

Propagate from seed.

a S.

height and spread of 9

2.7 m).

jasminoides

It is

grown

fragrance and

POTATO VINE

its

for

its

ft

to

(.about

pleasant

attractive foliage of

paired, waxy, deep green leaves.

From South America,

this

quick-

growing, semi-evergreen climber reaches 15 bears

ft

showy

(about 4.5 m) and clusters of pale blue

How ers in summer and fall, followed by small, purple berries. In cool areas it can be potted up in fall to spend the winter under glass. The cultivar 'Album' has masses of star-shaped, white flowers. 10-11

The pendulous,

tubular, white flowhave widely flared lobes, and appear in clusters of about 4 blooms from spring to fall. The flowers are ers

very popular as bridal decorations. Plant in well-drained soil in partial

shade. This climber

may be grown

indoors and forced into flower

throughout the year. Propagate by layering.

ZONES

10-11

H% Ira

ft

large

I

giant

hydrangeoides JAPANESE HYDRANG1

SOLANVM

plants

Solarium seaforihiamfm

Stephanotis floribunda

(

Trachelospermum jasminoide

Vltis californica 'Roger's

THUXBERGIA

ing climber grows quickly to 9

(about 2.7 m).

CLOCK VINE

date leaves

This genus contains 200 species of

Its

grow

7.5 cm"i long.

It

ft

deep green, cor-

to 3 in (about

(about 5 cm) wide orange flowers

with black throats from early sum-

shrubs native to Africa, Asia and

mer

Malagasy. Their leaves, which are

frost free areas. Plant in fertile, well-

entire,

have up

lindrical

to 5 lobes

blooms

are

The

cy-

borne individu-

from the leaf axils or in trusses. The species prefer temperatures above 50°F (about 10°O They will grow in any reasonably rich soil ally

with adequate drainage Full sun

partial

drained

soil

fall. It is

perennial in

and thin out crowded

T.

grandiflora

Bll

I

water should be provided

Support stems and prune di packed foliage during earl;. spring and

Propagate from seed

in

semi-ripe tunings

summei

genus was named

in

l

his

li

fertile soil

though

MPETVINI SKI FLOWER

it

is

the early stages, u will flourish once

l'i

<

established and isexcelleni for

naming on

1

5

It

drooping clusters

ol Large,

sky-blue

trumpei flowers, bome in summer and fall li has Luge toothed, heart-

shaped leaves up to 8 in (about 20 m) long and looks best when

ar< lies

ll

pillars,

alter

Swedi

who worked

l.ui also

be used

.is

It

requires

humus

ri<

h, well

in Afi >

a

ground cover Prune congested

k

bran( hes

from semi-ripe or

his

genus consists

ol

deciduous,

woody-stemmed, tendril climbers he\ are grown foi theii foliage(on

(

in lall

or

Propagate

uttings in

Propagati

spe<

I

9-11

in

humus

draim d soil in lull sun oi partial Propagate from hardwood

summei

ngs taken (

in late lall

alifornu a

or winter

Roger's Red'

Native to central

iosum

(

alifornia into

on, thiscultivar

ing or

ornamentals)

Grow

M

Wll NAST1 KIM

M

With slendei stem

ii

like as

ROGER'S RED! MJF0RN1A CRAP1

TROPAEOl

rich red inial

sumi

and the

fruits (grapes)

rich, moisture-retentive bul well

\

II

K-EYEDSI s\s

VJTJS

fall

ind pro

from dry summei

dial a

Rl \(

10-11

and

ih

rhunl

oil, lots nl wati J

Propagate from seed or by division

trellises

pergolas and

(

arl Petei

are fol-

I

Originally from India, this quick-

growing, vigorous climber to (about 4.5 m is grow n for us

pergola botanist

summer

green

leaflets

ol tubers.

Al-

slow growing during

6 oval

ol

lowed by blue fruit Grow in partial shade in a humus-rich, moist, but well-drained soil Name to China

has lance-shaped leaves,

well-drained,

attractive, bright

composed

Scarlet flowers in

ST \R JASMINE

Valued for its perfumed, starshaped flowers, this attractive, evergreen, twining climber from China grows up to 21 li (about 6.5 m)

in

I

liberal

foliage

high

465

6 Creepers

s

i

rhizome and

I

IRl

be

jasminoides

and hanging clusters ol white flowers arc produced in summer This plant does besi in a sunny position

stems in early spring ALL ZONES

is

sumshade and

preferred, except during ihe

mer months when

to early

111

TRACHELOSPERMUM CONFEDERATE JASMINE.

evergreen, clump-forming

nial,

1

Red'

bears masses of 2 in

annual twisting climbers and peren-

/

<

limber

pto

fall

is

grown

foliage coloi

are dull green distinctl)

I

for its

he small

above and gra)

toothed and

ol

Itl

llll

Climbers & Creepers

464

W. Jloribunda JAPANESE WISTERIA

This vigorous,

woody-stemmed ft (about 9 m)

climber up to 30

bears pendulous, purple-blue flow-

around 20 in (about 50 cm) long. The flowers are fragrant and are often produced after ers of

or

more

the leaves in spring.

ZONl

W. syn.

S

5-10

sinensis

W.

chinensis

CHINESE WISTERIA

Native to China, this vigorous,

woody-stemmed climber will reach up to 95 ft (about 29 m) high. The sprays of slightly fragrant, lavender-

blue flowers up to 12 in (about 30 cm) long appear in spring on bare

Wisteria Jloribunda

played. Providing

welcome summer

shade, the

soft, light

ant foliage

is

green, luxuri-

particularly attractive.

Wisterias like a sunny position and a humus-rich, well-drained soil. Although they take some time to

establish, they

become

large, vigor-

ous plants and need strong support for healthy future growth. Prune after flowering

and again

in late

winter; only prune in winter

necessary to control

size.

if

really

Propagate

from cuttings or by layering in late summer. With regular pruning and some support in the early years, wisteria can be grown as a large, free-standing shrub or standard. Take care, as all parts of the wisteria plant are poisonous.

This cultivar of grape its

is

prized for

highly ornamental foliage, which

emerges

a rich claret red

ens to a lustrous purple

The bright crimson

fall

and deep-

at

maturity.

color

is

shown to its best advantage when grown in combinaspectacular.

It is

tion with gray or silver-leaved

A

rapid-growing climber reaching 50 ft (about 15 m), with green,

shrubs.

It

does best in the mild

climates of California and the

slightly

Coast, where the

to

lobed leaves which change deep crimson, orange and scarlet

and

in

fall.

Clusters of small, black ber-

with a glaucous bloom are borne in late summer. Its tendrils

summers

are

West

warm

dry.

ZONES 5-10

ries

around supports and need room to spread. The leaf color is best in cool climates. Prune

WISTERIA

coil

plenty of

in

winter

when

the plants are

pletely dormant. ZONES 5-10

com-

The deciduous wisteria is one of the most popular plants for pergolas, where the large, drooping sprays of perfumed flowers are best dis-

Vitis vinifera 'Pur]

branches before the leaves, creating a magnificent ZONES 5-10

sight.

W. venusta SILKY WISTERIA

The

earliest of the wisteria to

bloom,

its

slightly fragrant,

1

in

(about 2.5 cm), white flowers are

borne in 4-6 in (about 10-15 cm) long racemes followed by velvety, 8 in (about 20 cm) long fruit pods. Flowering occurs in early spring before the foliage emerges.

obtains heights of 30

The

ft

It

(about 9 m).

cultivar 'Violaceae' has laven-

der-blue flowers with a pale white standard.

a

465

Tables Keys The following

lists

are keys to the Cultivation Guidelines

and Seasonal Calenders

how

to find out

simply locate

it

that follow.

to propagate

in the keys

If,

for

example, you wish

Ageratum houstonianum, you

below (Annuals, low growing,

spring-fall flowering), find that

group

move

Guidelines (page 504), then

in the Cultivation

column

across the

until

you reach the one headed "Propagation." For ease of reference

Clarkia unguiculata

Papaver somniferum

Coleus blumei

Rhodochiton atrosanguineum

Coreopsis tinctoria

Tithoma rotundifoha Torch'

Cosmos sulphureus

Tropaeolum peregnnum

Dianthus caryophyllus cultivars

Verbena bonanensis

Dimorphotheca smuata

Verbena canadensis

Erysimum cheiri Eustoma grandiflorum

Zinnia elegans

Gailiardia pulchella

Annuals, dahlias

Gilia capitata

each plant

numbers

is

also listed in the Index to Plants, with page

referring to

where

it

occurs in the text and where

Cactus dahlias

Gypsophila elegans

Helichrysum bracteatum Impatiens wallerana

it

occurs in these keys.

Kochia scopana

ANNUALS & PERENNIALS The

cultivation of annual

and per-

f.

tnchophylla

Collarette dahlias

Decorative dahlias

Dwarf or bedding dahlias

Pompon

dahlias

Echium vulgare [dwarf]

Limonium sinuatum Linaria maroccana Fairy Bouquet' Linum grandiflorum Rubrum' Lunana annua

Eschscholzia californica

Lupinus harrwegii

Pelargonium crispum

Exacum affine Gomphrena globosa Iberis amara

Lupinus texensis

Pelargonium x domesticum

Matthiola incana

Pelargonium graveolens

Myosotis sylvatica

Pelargonium x hortorum

umbellata

Waterlily dahlias

Annuals, pelargoniums

Pelargonium odoratissimum

rewarding as a large variety of flowering plants can be

Iberis

Impatiens balsamina

Rudbeckia hirta

Pelargonium Orange Ricard'

grown to appear throughout the year. To grow the more unusual

Lobelia erinus

Salpiglossis sinuata

Pelargonium peltatum

Lobularia maritima

Salvia farinace

Pelargonium tomentosum

flowers from seed requires patience,

Malcolmia maritima

Salvia splendens

Mimulus x hybridus Nemesia strumosa Nemophila menziesii

Scabiosa atropurpurea

Nierembergia hippomanica var.

ennial plants

is

as germination

can be

erratic,

and

constant attention, as seedlings need

an even light source and must never be allowed to dry out. In other

Nigella

violacea 'Purple Robe'

damascena

Perennials, spring-early

Schi^anthus pinnatus

summer flowering

Senecio cruentus

Adonis aestivalis

Silene coeli-rosa

Anigozanthos Bush

Gems series

words, their best chance of healthy development requires daily care. Perennials, on the other hand, are

Tagetes erecta

Aquilegia canadensis

Papaver nudicaule

X Venidio-arctotis cultivars

Aquilegia chrysantha

Papaver rhoeas

Zinnia angustifolia

Centranthus ruber

not called hardy for nothing. Differ-

Petunia x hybrida

Zinnia haageana

Corydalis lutea

ent perennials can be found for

Phacelia campanularia

mountainous climates, for salt-spray coastal gardens and for excessively dry, wet or shady positions. Simple maintenance practices such as removing spent flowers, checking under leaves for pests and a tidy up during winter are all they need Regular mulching and fertilizing during the growing and flowering seasons helps maintain their vigor, and before long

Phlox drummondii

cold,

Portulaca grandiflora

Primula malacoides

Reseda odorata Sanvitalia procumbens

Tagetes palula

growing, spring-fall flowering

Dianthus Allwoodu'

Abelmoschus moschatus Mischief

Dianthus gratianopolitanus

tall

Toreniafournieri

Tropaeolum majus Verbena x hybrida Viola cornula Viola x wittwchiana

away

Xe ranthemum annum

Dianthus deltoidcs

Alcea rosea

Dianthus plumarius

Amaranthus caudatus Amaranthus tricolor Joseph's Coat'

Diascia rigescens

Calceolaria intcgnfolia

Dietes grandiflora

Cannaxgeneralis

Dietes vegeta

Cleome hassleriana Consolida ambigua Cosmos bipmnatus

Epimedium grandiflorum Epimedium pmnatum subsp. edehicum Epimedium x rubrum Epimedium x watieyense Erodium rcichardii Euphorbia charadas subsp wulfenii

Tagetes tenuifolia

there will be excess plants to give to friends

Dianella tasmanica

Annuals,

Delphinium x belladonna Delphinium x cultorum hybrids Delphinium grandiflorum

Dicentra eximia

Annuals, low growing, spring-fall flowering

Annuals, medium growing, spring-fall flowering

Digitalis

Echium wildpretH

Euphorbia myrsinites

Ageratum houstomanum Begonia Semperflorens-Cultorum

Agrostcmma githago

Euphorhia margmata

Galium odoratum

Anagalhs monellu

Hthanthus annuus

Gentiana acaulis

Ant husa apensis Blue Angel' Antirrhinum ma/us

Hibisi us

Browalha americana

Argcmonc platyceras

Lavatera ttimestris

Calceolaria x herbeohybnda

CaUistephus chinensis

Matthiola

Calendula

Campanula medium

Minn lobata

Meconopsis cambrica

Catharanthus

Mirabilis

Penstemon barbatus

hybrids Bellis

i

perennis

officinalis

Celosia argentea var

Convolvulus

i

I

anas

tricolor

Dnirtthus barhatus

Dianthus chinensis

Dorothcanthus hrlhdiformis

ro

ireo

mo*

nata

Chrysanthemum arinatum

purpurea

moscheutos

Hunncnuinnui fumariifolia

Geranium nuu ulatum reranium phaeum hiloense Mrs Bradshaw (

1

MolucccUa

Mammoth Column'

/

upinus, Russell hybrids

Penstemon

laevii

digitalis

'Husker's Reil

Penstemon hybrids

Nicotianaalata .:,

Mils

rai

Potentilla

Gibson

s S< axlei

I'otcntilhi nepolensis

466

Keys mantima

Silene vulgaris subsp.

Lavalera thuringiaca

Perennials, winter-early

Arctotis x

Sisyrinchmm angustilolium

Leucanthemum x superhum

summer flowering

Armena mantima

Sisyrinchium strialum

Liatrisspicafa

Bergenia cordijolia

Aubneta

Tanacetum coccineum

Limonium

Bergenia hybrids

Aurinia saxatilis

latifolium

hybnda

deltoidea

Trillium chloropetalum

Lmum perenne

Bergenia stracheyi

Brachycome

Veronica gentianoides

Lychnis coronaria

Brunnera macrophylla

Cerastium tomentosum

Veronica incana

Lychnis x haagena

Campanula

Convolvulus sabatius

Viola reichenbachiana

Mackaya

Dicentra jormosa

Viola riviana

Purpurea group

Perennials, spring-early summer flowering, short lived

Anchusa azurea Aquikgia caerulea Aquihgia,

McKana

Giants

cordata

Dicentra spectabilis

Oenothera speciosa

Helleborus joetidus

Gazania hybnds Globulana cordifolia

Origanum laevigatum Osteospermum ecklonis Osteospermum jucundum Oxypetalum caeruleum

Helleborus niger

Iberis

Helleborus orientalis

Lotus berthelotii

Mertensia virginica

Nepeta xfaassenii

Paeonia

Dimorphotheca pluvialis

Penstemon

Erysimum x

Phlomis russeliana

Lmum

lactiflora

Helleborus argutifolius

hybrids

pinifolius

Phormium cookianum

narbonense

'Tricolor'

Myosotis 'Blue Ball'

Duchesnea indica Engeron harvinshianus

Malva moschata Mimulus cardinalis

Aquikgia vulgaris

allionii

carpatica

sempervirens

Osteospermum fruticosum

Phlox stolonijera

Paeonia

Phlox subulata

officinalis

Pulmonana

angustifolia

Saponana ocymoides

Ranunculus

aconitifolius

Scaevola aemula

Ranunculus gramineus

Scaevola 'Mauve Clusters'

Smilacena racemosa

Stachys byzantina Viola hederacea

Oenothera missouriensis

Phormium hybrids

Trillium grandiflorum

Papaver alpinum

Physostegia virginiana

Trollius

Papaver orientale

Platycodon grandiflorus

Viola odorata

Perennials, alpines,

Rodgersia aesculifolia

Viola sororia 'Freckles'

ground covers

europaeus

Perennials,

Rodgersia pinnata

summer flowering, sun

Salvia azurea

Perennials, summer-fall

Acanthus mollis

Salvia x superba

flowering

Acanthus spinosus

Salvia uliginosa

Aconitum napellus Agapanthus africanus

Achillea Jilipendulina

Gold

Plate'

Scabiosa caucasica

Sedum spurium

Achillea millefolium

& rock plants,

cool climate

Dodecatheon meadia

Ennus

alpinus

Gentiana acaulis

Agastache cana

Queen'

Aster alpinus

Gentiana smo-ornata

Achillea 'Taygetea'

Sidalcea malviflora 'Rose

Achillea tomentosa

X Solidaster luteus

Aster xfrikartii 'Monch'

Stachys coccinea

Aster linariifolius

Stokesia laevis

Aster novi-angliae

Tradescantia virginiana

Mazus

Aster novi-be!gii

Verbascum olympican

Mimulus moschatus

Chelone obliqua

Agapanthus praecox subsp. Alstroemena aurea Alstroemeria, Ligtu

orientalis

hybnds

Amsonia tabernaemontana Anaphalis margaritacea

Veronica spicata

Arisaema triphyllum

Viola tricolor

Artemisia lactiflora

Yucca whipplei

Artemisia 'Powys Castle'

Zantedeschia rehmannii

summer flowering,

Asckpias tuberosa

Perennials,

Astrantia major

shade

Baptisia australis

Aruncus dioica Astilbe x arendsii

Centaurea hypokucha 'John Coutts'

x hybrida

to

part shade

Francoa apendiculata

Helemum 'Moorheim

Lodden'

Coreopsis grandiflora

Campanula Campanula

Coreopsis verticiJlata

Cimicijuga racemosa

Hosta

Crambe mantima

Codonopsis clematidea

Hosta plantaginea

Dictamnus albus Dierama pulcherrimum

Diascia barberae

Hosta sieboldiana

Digitalis x mertonensis

Kirengeshoma palmata

Echinacea purpurea

Filipendula rubra

Kniphofia

Echinops

Gentiana andrewsu

Kniphofia uvaria

Heuchera micrantha

Liriope muscari

ritro

Epilobium angustijolium

Eremurus x

isabellinus Shelford

hybrids Erigeron glaucus Erigeron speciosus

Erodium absinthoides Eryngium alpinum

lactiflora

persicifolia

'Palace Purple'

Heuchera sangumea Lamiastrum galeobdolon 'Vanegatum'

Hostafortunei

hybnds

Rudbeckia fulgida var. suHivanni

Gaillardia x grandiflora

Lysimachia punctata

Gaura

Sanguisorba canadensis

Felicia amelloides

Gentiana lutea Helichrysum petiolare

Hypericum calycinum Hypericum cerastoides Leonotis leonurus

and hybnds

Verbascum nigrum Veronica austriaca subsp. teucrium

Meconopsis betomcijolia

Yucca filamentosa

Gazania rigescens var. leucolaena Geranium incanum Geranium 'Johnson's Blue' Geranium sanguineum

Phlox pamculata

Yucca gloriosa

Gerbera jamesonii Gypsophila pamculata 'Bristol Fairy'

Hespens matronalis Heuchera x bri^oides

Thahctrum aquilegufolium

Ipomopsis aggregata

Polemonium caeruleum Rheum palmatum

Perennials, sub-shrubs, sun Artemisia arborescens

Helianthemum nummulanum

'Goldsturm'

Sedum hybnds Sedum spectabile

'Vedranensis'

Sempervivum arachnoideum Sempervivum tectorum Tanacetum ptarmicifolium

Convolvulus cneorum

Lobelia cardinalis

Solidago species

Saxifraga paniculata

Saxifraga stolonijera

Ceratostigma plumbaginoides

Ligularia tussilagmea

Lobelia xgerardii

Saxifraga caespitosa

Veronica prostrata

Schizostylis coccinea 'Grandiflora'

'Aureomaculata'

Raoulia australis

Tiarella cordifolia

lancijolia

Ligulana dentata Desdemona'

Eryngium x oliverianum Eryngium variifohum Erysimum 'Bowles Mauve' lindheimeri

Beauty'

Heliopsis helianthoides 'Light of

Hemerocallis hybrids

Pratia angulata

Pulsatilla vulgaris

Helianthus salicifolius

Hemeroca!lis/ulva

Pachysandra terminalis

Podophyllum peltatum Prunella grandiflora

Geum cocchineum 'Werner Arends'

Begonia grandis

Cephalaria gigantea

reptans

Nertera granadensis

Cosmos atrosangumeus Dendranthema x grandiflora Eupatorium purpureum

Astilbe chinensis 'Pumila'

Geranium dalmaticum Geranium macrorrhizum Incarvillea delevayi

Gentiana asclepiaea

Artemisia stelkrana

Catananche caerulea 'Major' Centaurea dealbata

Anemone

Penstemon heterophyllus subsp. purdyi Perovsfeia atriplia/olia

Plectostachys serphyllifolia

Romneya coulteri Solanum pseudocapsicum

Perennials, ground covers rock plants, temperate

Zauschneria calijornica

Rodgersia podophylla

climate

Roscoea cauteloides

Perennials, sub-shrubs, shade to part shade Ajuga reptans

Thalictrum delavayi

Aethionema armenum "Warley Rose' Anthemis tinctona

Veratrum nigrum

Arabis caucasica

Campanula

'Atrosanguineum'

&

Alchemilla mollis isophylla

Keys

(

i

ampanula portent hlagiana

SHRUBS

'ampanula poscharskyana

Glechoma hedi Lamium maculatum Parochetus communis Polygonatum x hybridum Polygonum

The

cultivation ol shrubs will only

be successful

they arc correctly

il

A sun-loving shrub

Located

never flower brilliantly affine

damp

corner, instead,

will

in a dark,

it

will sulk

olia soleirolii

for years

Vinca majoi

dunng dry spells as water stress Perennials,

water garden plants

often leaves shrubs vulnerable to

Using plenty of mulch

insect attack.

Acorus calamus

around plants

Caltha palustris

water. Conversely, planting in

Cyperus papyrus

waterlogged

Houttuynia cordata

shrubs suffering root rot or fungal

Chamaeleon' Lysichiton camtschatcensis

Nelumbo nucifera Nymphaea alba Nymphaea Aurora' Nymphaea Candida

Nymphaea x hehvla Nymphaea Laydecken hybnds Nymphaea marliacea 'Camea'

will help to

to

Regular, controlled pruning after flowering will result in healthy,

well-formed shrubs. Deciduous

shrubs should son's flowers

Pduphxllum pchatum

when

off as the next sea-

may be

inadvertently

you don't have regular pruning plant

as well.

the time for

be cut back

not

drop

the leaves

the

eanothus thyrsiflorus

Ruscus

<

hamaet yparis obtusa

cu

uleatus

Santolina chamaei yparissus Nidi

ococca hookeriana vai

same shrub

If

groups of three or

in

much

look

better

than one straggly individual. Also, lightly fertilize every

few months

Arctostaphylos densiflora

X

Bouvardia longiflora

Garrya Grewia

Heliotropium arborescens

Ilea ilicifolia

Pentas lanceolata

Jasminum mesn) Jasminum nudiflorum Kalmia latifolia

Pyracantha hoidsumii

i

Russelia equisetiformis

Leucothoe (ontanesiana Ligistrum japonicum

Low growing, frost

hardy,

hardy,

evergreen

Andromeda

polifolia

Arctostaphylos 'Emerald Carpet'

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi

Phormium tenax Ricmus communis

Loropetalum chinense

Mahonia aquifolium Mahonia lomariifolia

Berlandiera Ixrata

Melianthus majoi

Cytisus scopahus

Michelia figo

Dcutzhi x rosea

Myrica californica

Eriogonum umbellatum H\ pent urn patulum

Myrtus communis

Hypericum 'Rowallane' brandegeana

Photinia x fraseri

Nandina domestica

Sarraceniaflava

Justicia californica

Buxus microphylla

bearded hybnds ensala

Ins japonica

Ins Lousiana

hybnds

Ins Pacific Coast

hybnds

Coprosmaxkuku Dahocaa cantabrica Daphne x burfcwoodii Daphne cneorum Daphne odora

Ins pseudacorus

pseudacoms Vanegata'

Ins sibchca

hybnds

Pittosporum tenuifolium

Punica granatum 'Nana'

Pittosporum tobira

Rhus aromatica

Platycladus orientalis

Symphoricarpos Kchenaultii

Polygala x.dalmaisii

Symphoricarpos orinculatus

Prostanthera rotundifolia

Symphoricarpos

Prunus laurocerasus Pj racantha angustifolia

He/ichrysum selago

Abutilon megapotanicum

Leucadendron salignum

Abutilon vitifolium

Makonia repens Mimulus aurantiat

Alyogyne huegelii

Pnmula

Parahebe perfoliate

Pnmula oh

ontca

Paxistima canbyi a

mm

ronata

\iu

viallu

Pnmula

vulgi

Tecoma

•

stans

Fernstroemia gymna\

uba japonica

Fetrapanax papyriferus

hylla

liiii

rium fruttcans

Westringia fruticosa

isdarwinii

Bursaria spinosa <

Phlamis fruticosa /'Minus laurot

la\us cuspidata

Taxus x media

Baeckia virgata

Medium

arpentaria californica

eanothus x delilianus iillcs

t

iloin

di

growing, evergreen

to tall

jiosi tendet

hust ultivars <

Primula

Shimmia japonica Spartium junceum

In tostaphylos manzanita

us

parvifolium

Nana'

Primula florindae

Rhaphiolepis x delacourii

Abelia Kgrandiflora

Abutilon x hybridum

Pachystegia insignis

Primula japonica

Rhamnus alatemus Rhamnus califomu, us

to tall

Halimium lasianthum

Perennials, primulas drnticulala

axillaris

Gaultheria pro< umbens

Myoporwn

mugo

Pittosporum eugenioides

growing, frost hardy, evergreen

Ins unguiculai

forrestii

Prunus glandulosa Sinensis'

Medium

Eremophila glabra pectinatus

Ins pallida Vanegata'

Pinus

Potcntilla fruticosa

Coleonema pulchrum

formosa var

Pieris japonica

Phygelius

Buxussempervirens Cassia artemisioides

Ins cnstata

Pieris

Lavatera maritima var. japonica

Calluna vulgans

Perennials, irises

Photinia serrulata

Berbehs x mentorensis Brachyglottis greyi

Aureum

Lonicera nitida

Justicia

Impatiens sodenii

Ligustrum ovalifolium

Lonicera fragrantissima

deciduous

Caryopteris x clandonensis

Low growing, frost

occidentalis

Heteromeles arbutifolia

Lantana montcvidensis

suitable for

your garden.

elliptica

Griselina littoralis

camea

Baileya multiradiata

Begonia metallica

lizei

Gaultheria shallon

Encelia fannosa

Berberis thunbergii

shrubs growing in their

japonicus

Fatshedera

Fremontodendron califomicum

buxifolia

Cuphea ignca

discover which shrubs might be

to see

(ortunei

Fatsia japonica

Brunfelsia pauciflora

Alpinia zerumbet

Ins spuria

Euonymus Euonymus

Bouvardia hybnds

Abelia schumannu

Iris

Escallonia rubra

main stems. botanic gar-

x langleyensis Apple

Blossom

prime At the same time you can

Iris

Es< cilonia

Bacchans pUularis

Justicia

pungens

Eremophila maculata

Ardisia japonica

tropical effect

Iris

toward

viscosa

Escallonia x exoniensis

den

hybnds

1

Arctostaphylos hoofeeri

Perennials, for

Hedychium coronarium Hedychium gardnerianum Impatiens, New Guinea

'.us

Anisodontea x hypomandarum

Cantua

tangutica

Desfontainea spinosa

Dodonaea Dryandra

evergreen

Streptosolenjamesonii

Coleus thyrsoides

tender,

Agape tes serpens

Senecio petasitis

a

repens iSltl

Daphne

Low growing, frost

heaping animal manures up around

Begonia Orange Rubra'

ma

Vaccinium mat rocarpcm

rather than in one big hit; avoid

Wander through

Choisya ternata

Taxus baccata ftepandens

Thalia dealbata

plants'

fiumiiis

Thuja occidentalis

Pontederia cordata

Zantedeschia aethwpica

hamaei yparis pisifera

(

McMinn

result in

be found.

removed

eanothus impressus

(

Begonia fuchsioides

five, as this will

Nymphaea odorata

may

soils

conserve

diseases, so an even balance needs

Myosotis scorpioides

(

Raphiolepis indict)

and produce only one or

two flowers Always provide adequate water

Vinca minoi

Pyracantha hybrids

.

Arbutus unedo

(

ompac

\m lepias subulatd

Athanasia parviflora

ta

I

(,

i

468

Keys

Atriplex lentiformis subsp.

Erythrina x bidwillii

musalatus

breweri

Cistus

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Cistus x hybridus

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Cooperi'

Banksia encifolia

Euonymus europaeus

Cistus ladanifer

Hibiscus syriacus

Bauhima galpinu

Exochorda racemosa

Cistus x purpureus

Hibiscus syriacus Ardens'

Bougainvillea species

Eorsythia x intermedia

Cistus salvii/olius

Brugmansia x Candida

Eorsythia suspensa

Brugmansia sanguined

Fothergilla

Brugmansia suaveolens

Calliandra tweedii

Hamamelis x intermedia Hamamelis mollis Hamamelis vernalis Hamamelis virgimana

Carissa macrocarpa

Itea virginica

Cassia corymbosa

Kerriajaponica

Clerodendrum bungei

Kolkmtzia amabihs

Cotoneaster apiculatus

Ilex

Cowania mexicana

Lagerstroemia hybrids

Cotoneaster dammeri

Ilex

Lagerstroemia indica

Cotoneaster divaricatus

Ilex aquijolium

Ligustrum obtusifolium var.

Cotoneaster horizontalis

Ilex

Cotoneaster lacteus

llexcrenata

Brugmansia versicolor Caesalpinia pulcherrima

var.

stansburiana

Dalea pulchra

Duranta repens

Hydrangea Correa Correa alba Correa 'Dusky

Bells'

Correa pulchella

Hydrangea aspera var. aspera Hydrangea macrophylla Hydrangea macrophylla Blue Wave' Hydrangea paniculata Grandiflora' Hydrangea quercifoha

Cotoneaster

regelianum

x altaclarensis 'Wilsonii' cornuta

Ligustrum x vicaryi

Cotoneaster microphyllus

Ilex

glabra

Fouqwera splendens

Lonicera x purpursii

Cotoneaster multiflorus

Ilex

x meservae

Gordonia

Lonicera tatarica

Cotoneaster

Ilex vertiallata

Echmm

fastuosum

axillaris

salicijolius

Ilex vomitoria

Lantana camara

Magnolia

liliiflora

Leucophyllum frutescens

Magnolia

stellata

Leucospermum cordifolium

Malus sargentii Myrica pensylvanica

Erica arbor ea

Lvcianthes rantonnetii

Erica bauera

Jumperus conferta

Malvaviscus arboreus

Paeonia lutea

Erica carnea

Juniperus horizontalis

Nerium oleander Ochna serrulata

Paeonia suffruticosa

Erica cinerea

Jumperus x media

Physocarpus opuhjohus

Erica x darleyensis

Juniperus sabina

Pittosporum crassijolmm

Prunus 'Hally Jolivette'

Erica

Erica

Juniperus

mammosa

Plumbago auriculata

Quercus gambelii

Enca mediterranea

La\andula

Rhus microphylla

Ribes alpinum

Erica vagans

Lavandula angustifolia

Rhus ovata

Ribesaureum Ribes sanguineum

Rondeletia

amoena

Sophora sccundijlora

Salix purpurea

Sparmannia africana Tecomaria capensis

Sambucus nigra Tamarix parviflora

Thevetia peruviana

Vitex agnus-castus

Lavandula dentata

Euphorbia Euphorbia

milii

Euphorbia pulcherrima

Tibouchma urvilleana Ugni molinae

Lavandula stoechas

Euphorbia fulgens

Fuchsia

Leptospermum Leptospermum laevigatum Leptospermum petersonii Leptospermum scoparium

Acacia Fuchsia 'Gartenmeister Bonstedt'

Acacia boormannii

Medium

growing, frost hardy, deciduous Acer palmatum 'Dissectum Atropurpureum' Acer palmatum 'Dissectum Viridis' to tall

Acacia greggii

Acacia pravissima

Acacia redolens

Melaleuca

Fuchsia magellamca var. gracilis

Melaleuca incana

Fuchsia magellanica var. gracilis Alba'

Melaleuca nesophylla

Fuchsia paniculata

Fuchsia procumbens

Buddleia

Aesculus parviflora

Buddleia altemifolia

Aesculus pavia

Buddleia davidii

Amelanchier alnijolia

Buddleia globosa

Gardenia Gardenia augusla

Osmanthus Osmanthus delavayi Osmanthus fragrans Osmanthus heterophyllus

Gardenia thunbergia

Aronia arbutijolia Artemisia tridentata

Fuchsia hybrids

Philadelphus

Callistemon

Genista

Berberis ottawensis 'Superba'

Callistemon citrinus

Philadelphus coronanus

Genista aetnensis

Philadelphus hybrids

Callicarpa

Genista lydia

Philadelphus lewisii

Calycanthus floridus

Genista monosperma

Philadelphus mexicanus

Genista pilosa "Vancouver Gold'

Philadelphus 'Virginal'

Caesalpinia gilliesii

Callistemon viminalis

Calycanthus occidentalis

Camellia

Caragana arborescens Chaenomeles speciosa Chimonanthus praecox Chrysothamnus Clerodendrum tnchotomum

Camellia granthamiana

Clethra alnijolia

Camellia japonica 'Elegans'

Cornus alba Cornus sericea

Camellia japonica 'Nuccio's

Corylopsis pauciflora

Camellia oleifera

Corylopsis spicata

Camellia reticulata

Genista tinctoria

Camellia japonica

Protea

Camellia japonica 'Adolphe

Grevillea Protea cynaroides

Audusson'

Grevillea 'Boongala Spinebill'

Camellia japonica 'Debutante'

Gem'

Camellia lutchuensis

Protea neriifolia

Grevillea lavandulacea Grevillea 'Noelli'

Grevillea

'Robyn Gordon'

Grevillea rosmannifolia

Hahea

Rhododendron, Azalea Rhododendron arboreum Rhododendron augustinii Rhododendron auriculatum Rhododendron cilucalyx Rhododendron 'Fragrantissimum' Rhododendron, Gumpo azaleas

Corylus avellana 'Contorta'

Camellia sasanqua

Cotinus coggygria

Camellia sasanqua 'White Doves'

Cytisus x praecox

Camellia sasanqua 'Yuletide'

Dahlia excelsa

Camellia sinensis

Daphne mezereum

Camellia x wiHiamsii

Hebe

Deutzia gracilis

Camellia x williamsii 'Donation'

Hebe x andersonii Hebe hulkeana Hebe speciosa

Rhododendron jasmmiflorum

Hibiscus

Rhododendron,

Deutzia 'Rosalin'

Deut~ia scabra

Cestrum

Edgeworthia papyrifera

Cestrum aurantiacum

Elaeagnus angustifolia

Cestrum elegans Cestrum nocturnum

Enhianthus campanulatus

Hahea launna Hakea suaveolens

Rhododendron, Ironclad hybrid

rhododendrons Rhododendron javanicum Rhododendron, Knap Hill-Exbury azaleas

Hibiscus mutabilis

azaleas

Kurume hybrid

Keys

Rhododendron (actum mm romdatutn

Weigela

Rhododendron

Weigela flonda

Hohena populnea Hymenosporum flavum

Rhododendron ocddentale Rhododendron prum/olium

Weigela flonda Eva Ratke'

flex

Weigela florida 'Variegata'

Lagunana

Rhododendron, Southern lndica

Rhododendron yafeushimanum

TREES

Alba roses

Bourbon roses

Choosing the nght

Centifoha roses

location requires careful consid-

Cluster-flowered bush

eration

admire

roses

Damask roses Ground cover

—

tree for a

the tiny seedling tree

may grow

in a pot

whelm roses

Hybrid Perpetual roses Large-flowered bush roses

a small garden or cause major problems to building foundations and underground pipes. Always check the mature height of a tree before purchase and

allow plenty of

Miniature roses

Modem garden roses Modem shrub roses Moss roses Old garden roses

room

for

to fully

Portland roses

fertilizer.

varieties

Rosa moyesii Rosa pimpinelh/olia Rosa mgosa Rosa virginiana

Tea roses

Wild roses Salvia

Salvia dorni

To help

a

complete

the tree get off to

good start, cut off any coiled or damaged roots, plant firmly and leave a slight depression around the main stem to allow rainwater to collect. Although many trees are a

Sfewartia pseudocamellia

Melaleuca cjumauenervia

Sly rax japonica

Metrosideros excelsa

Syringa reticulata

Michelia doltsopa

Tabebula chrysotricha

Nothofagus obliqua Nothojagus solandrn

Olneya

Deciduous, taller than 30 jeet

tesota

Acer macrophyllum

Pittosporum eugenloldes Pittosporum undulatum

Acer rubrum

Quercus suber

Acer saccharum

Quercus virginiana

Aesculus calljornlca

Schinus molle

Aeculus x carnea

Syzygium pamculatum Jamarix aphylla Tristania conjertus

Spiraea

Syringa patula Miss Kim'

Syringa x persica Syringa vulgaris

Viburnum Viburnum acenjolmm Viburnum x bodnantense Viburnum x burfcwoodii Viburnum x carlecephalum Viburnum carle su Viburnum davidu Viburnum dentatum Viburnum farren Viburnum lantana Viburnum opulus Nanum Viburnum opulus Roseum' Viburnum pludium tomentosum I

Betula nigra

L'mbeilu/aria calt/ornica

Vitex lucens

Betula papyrijera Betula pendula

Yucca brevijolia

Betula pendula 'Dalecarlica'

Carplnus

betulis

Semi-deciduous

Castanea sativa Cedrela sinensis Celtis laevigata

Cornus capitata

Celtis sinensis

Erythrina cajfra

Cerctdlphyllum japonicum

Erythrina lysistemon

Chorisia speclosa

Eirmiana simplex

Cladrastls lutea

weather.

Jacaranda mimosijolia

Cornus controversa

Plumeria rubra

Cornus

always cut flush to a branch or

Prosopis glandulosa

Davidia Involucrata

trunk, leaving no stubs

Sophora tetraptera

Diospyros kakl

When pruning mature

—

trees

these look

Tipuana

tipu

may

nuttallll

Fagus grandljolia

Fagus sylvatica

Deciduous, 30 feet or shorter

Fagus sylvatica

be necessary Small holes or saw-

Acer buergerianum

Fraxlnus

dust on the trunk indicate the pres-

Acer ginnala

Fraxtnus ornus

ence of borers.

Acer griseum

Fraxlnus oxycarpa Raywood'

Acer japonicum

Fraxinus pennsylvanlca

f.

purpurea

amencana

Acer palmatum

Fraxtnus uhdel

Evergreen

A/biziajulibrissin

Gleditsia trtacanthos var inermis

Acacia baileyana

Amelanchier arborea

Juglans nigra

Acacia dealbata

Amelanchier

lM{uidambar styraciflua

Agonis flexuosa

Aralia elata

iiriodendron tullpljera

Arbutus Manna'

Madura pomlfera

Arbutus menriesii

Carpmus caro/imana Cercidium flondum

Arbutus unedo

Cercis canadensis

Magnolia dcnudala

Banksia integrijolia

Cercis occidentals

Mella azedarach

Beaucarnea recurvata

Chilopsis linearis

Mor us alba

Calodendrum capense Cmnamomum camphora

Chionanfhus virginicus

Nyssa sylvatica Parrotia per sua

Cordyline australis

Cornus kousa

Eucalyptus citriodora

Cornus mas

Eucalyptus flcifolia

Crataegus

Eucalvptus globulus

Crataegus laevigata Paul's Scarlet'

Cornus

laevis

florida

i

Pheuodendron amurense

M

t

ineo.

Plena'

Crataegus phaenopyrum Crataegus

viridti

Winter King

Eucalyptus nichnln

Erythrina

Eucalyptus pauciflora

Frankliniaalatamaha

plus I

in

polyanthemos

dyptus sideroxylcm nituia

pnosa

<

Ptstaria

Halesia Carolina

Populus deltoldes Populus nigra Italica

inijolia

v'iui(

i

iis feellogii

Koelreutcria panu ulata

>

Laburnum

Ouenus

\

%'iki> us milt rocarpa

Magnolia x soulangiana n urn '.III

I

Populus tremuloida

rista-galii

watereri

i

Platanus xacerijolia

Populus alba

'rataegusx lavdBei

(

Eucalvptus mannijera subsp.

maculosa

Magnolia campbellu

Paulownia tomentosa

Eucalyptus leucoxylon

'Man<

Viburnum prumfoha Viburnum Mnus Viburnum trilobum

Alnus cordata Alnus glutinosa

Tnstamopsis iaunna

Spiraea x vanhouttei

Syringa meyeri 'Palibin'

Ailanthus alttsslma

Brachychiton populneus

Spiraea japonica

Syringa

Aesculus hlppocastanum

Catalpa blgnonloldes

Spiraea cantomensis

Spiraea thunbergii

Aesculus flava

Brachychiton acerifolius

Seasonal checks for insect pests

Salvia leucantha

Acer pseudoplatanus

Quercus agrifoha

diseases an easy entry to the tree.

Salvia guar anitica

Acer platanoldes

Bauhinia variegata

unsightly and give insect pests and

Salvia greggii

Maytenus boaria

drought tolerant, they still require a good supply of water. As the tree grows, avoid root disturbance at all times and remove any crossing or rubbing branches. Fertilize to the dnpline of trees during rainy

Salvia africana-lutea Salvia clevelandii

at

times the root volume

and add compost and

Rosaglauca

Stcwartia ovata var grandiflora

growing at their best when choosing one for your garden. trees

Polyantha roses

Rosafoetida

ioibuscommixta

Magnolia virginiana

Spathodia campanulata

At planting time dig a hole

Rosa chinensis and varieties

Sorbus cashmiriana

Magnolia grandiflora

develop. Visit an arboretum to see

least three

and

it

Rhus ryphina

Sapium sebiferum

pater sunn

Schinus terebinthi/o/ius

Patio roses

Rosagallica

you

to over-

Rhus lancea Saiix caprea

Ligustrum lucidum

azaleas

Rosa

opaca

469

palustris phellos

Quen

in robuf

rubra

47

K

\

i

s

Ormthogalum umbellatum

peruviana

Rolnnui x ambigua idahoensis

Malus Gorgeous'

Scilla

Robinia pseudoo

Malus hupehensis Prunusx blireiana Prunus tdmpanulata

Sp} ekeliaformosissima

Puschkinia scilloides

Tigndia pavonia

Ranunculus asiaticus

Prunus caroliniana

Tritonia

Prunus cerasifera Atiopurpurea'

Vallota speciosa

Sparaxis tricolor

Watsonia

Zephyranth.es atamasco

i

risia

Salix a

Salixalba var

tristis

Salto b

Salix mai.sudami

Tortuosa

Sapindus drumondii

Piunu^

dicifolia

Sassafras albidum

Prunus Piunus

iru isa

Sophora japonica

Rhodohypoxis bauni

Triteleia laxa

eweata

Scilla siberica

beatriris

Summer flowering,

mume

part shade

Caladium bicolor

Spring flowering, shade to part shade

Sorbus aucuparia

Prunus sargentii

Cat diocrinum giganteum

Sorbins hupehensis

Prunus serrulata

Tabebuia impetiginosa

Prunus subhirtella Pendula'

Ulia ami

Prunus x yedoensis

Crinum bulbispermum Crinum moorei Crinum xpowellu

Pyrus calleryana

Dracunculus vulgaris

Camassia quamash

Pyrus kawakamii

Hymenocallis x

Convallana majalis

Tilia

cordata

Tilia (

l

Petiolaris'

Pendula'

[mus americana

Pyrus

Imusglabra Camperdownii

P\ rus ussuriensis

(

linas parvijolia

i

Imuspumila

salicifolia

Conifers cephalonica

Brunsvigia josephinae

Cassia leptophyUa

Bruns\

Hyacinthoides hispanica

Delonix regia

Colchicum autumnaie

Hyacinthoides non-scripta

Embothrium coccineum

Colchicum Lilac Wonder'

Nectaroscordum siculum subsp.

Parkinsonia aculeata

Colchicum speciosum

Hymenocallis narcissiflora

fall flowering

& subtropical

\bies concolor

Araucariaaraucana

CORMS &

BULBS,

bidwillii

TUBERS

Araucaria heterophylla Calocedrus decwrrens

Casuarina cunninghamiana Casuarina

Bulbs are one of the easiest groups

verticillata

of plants to grow, as they are adapt-

Cedrus atlantica

able to a wide range of climates

Cedrus deodara

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Cryptomeria japonica 'Elegans'

X

igia orientalis

Crocus species,

Abiesprocera Araucaria

Cupressocyparis leylandii

Cupressus arizonica

or gray

Cupressus sempervirens

from

Ginkgo biloba

mold may

a fungus.

damp

indicate

Many

spots

now

able in pots.

Juniperus scopulorum

Larixdecidua Piceaabies

bulbs an

Piceaomorika

artificial

refrigerator

Picea pungens

lift

Pmu.s canariensis

Pinus palustris

Pinuspatula

ensper

has passed.

on roadsides

as

spnng

are

popu-

Pinus strobus Pinus sylvestris

with everyone, however, other bulbs appearing in prime country

Pinus

pasture cause heartache to farmers.

in

lar

Check with

Podot arpus macrophyllus

doubt about the

a

reputable dealer suitability of

bulb.

Pseudotsuga menziesii

Serine sarniensis

Spring- summer flowering, sun

Sternbergia lutea

Ornithogalum thyrsoides

Tricyrtis hirta

Tulbaghia violacea

Watsonia borbonica

Winter flowering

if

Galanthus

nivalis

Spring-summer flowering, shade

Bulbinella floribunda

Calochortus venustus Clivia

mimata

Veltheimia bracteata Veltheimia capensis

Allium

in

any

Allium giganteum

Anomatheca laxa

Allium moiy

Asphodeline lutea

Allium narcissi flo rum

Babiana

Allium neopolitanum

striata

Calochortus albus luciliae

Dutch hybrids

Crocus species,

spring blooming

Dichelostemma ida-maia Dichclostemma pulcht'llum Freesia, Florist's

Begonia Begonia x tuberhybhda Camellia' and Rose' flowered types

Begonia x tuberhybrida multiflora

Begonia x tuberhybrida pendula

hybrids

Freesia alba

Herbertia dnxmmondii

Hermodactylus tuberosus

Hippeastrum cultivars

Sciadopitys verticillata

Zephyranthes grandiflora

Galanthus ikariae

Crocus,

Pinus radiata

Podocarpusgracilioi

jilifoha

Chionodoxa

known

or

(I;

Zephyranthes Candida

Serine

Spring flowering, sun

"garden escapees." Freesias in lawns

Pinus ponderosa

Serine bowdenii

Allium chnstophii

weeks

for six

Certain bulbs are

Pinus pined

Eucomis comosa

winter in the

frost-tender bulbs over winter,

trost

Cyclamen hederifohum

Lycoris radiata

Oxalis purpurea

grow them in pots and plant them out in spnng when the danger of

Pinus nigra

Crocosmia x crocosmii/lora

Leucqjum autumnaie

Eranthis hyemalis

before planting. In a cold climate,

Pinus bungeana

Summer-fall flowering

littoralis

Chasmanthc aethiopica Cyclamen coum

If you live in a warm climate and wish to grow cold-climate bulbs, you ma)' have to give the

Juniperus virginiana

Haemanthus coccineus Hymenocallis

Winter-spring flowering

avail-

bulgancum

autumn blooming

damage

bulbs in or

near flowering time are

Juniperus communis

and

growing conditions. Select firm, healthy bulbs when buying and check around the surface or under the outer paper}' casing for any sign of insects or grubs. Soft,

Cupressus macrocarpa

Arum italicum

Cyclamen repandum Erxthromum amencanum Erylhronium dens-canis Erythronium revolutum 'Pagoda'

Tropical

Zelkova serrata

festalis

Anemone blanda Anemone coronaha Anemone nemorosa

Homeria

collina

Fritillaria Fritillariaaffinis

Fntillana impenalis Fntillana meleagris

F miliaria persica

Sequoiadendrongiganteum

Summer flowering, sun

Hyacinthus orientalis

Sequoia sempervirens

Amaryllis belladonna

Ipheion uniflorum

Taxodium distichum

Aristea ecklonii

Ixia

Taxus baccata

Belamcanda chinensis

lxia paniculata

Gladiolus, Butterfly hybrids

Thuja occidentalis

Crocosnua masonorum

Kiii viridiflora

Gladiolus byzantinus

Thuja plicata

Gaitonia candicans

Lachenalia

Gladiolus callianthus

Thujopsis dolabrata

Gloriosa superba

Lachenalia bulbil era

Gladiolus

Tsugacanadt

Habranthus yobustus Lycoris aurea

Leucocoryne ixioides

Gladiolus x

Leucojum aestivum

Gladiolus, Large-flowered hybrids

Muscari armeniacum

Gladiolus tnstis

i

Ornamental, blossom

& fruit

iquamigera

maculata

aloiA.es

Gladiolus

cameus colvtliei

Mcihis

Adams' Malus Calloway

Oxalis adenophylla

Muscari armeniacum Blue Spike'

Poiianthes tuberosa

Muscari comosum

Iris

Malus floribunda

Sauromatum \enosum

Ornithogalum arabicum

Ins buchanca

Keys

Ins, Ills

Dutch hybrids Luijoha

Miscanthus sinensis Variegatus'

Cappahs spmosa

MohmacaeruUa

Sasa palmata

Carum carvi Chamaemelum nobile Conundrum sativum Cuminum cymmum Curcuma domeslica Elettaria cardamomum

Sasa

Foeniculum vulgare

casional foot

ins reticulata Iris

intended use Suiter grasses or

ground covers

\iphmm

are suitable for oc-

Pennisetum alopet monies

while tough

traffic,

more able to withstand and dogs.

grasses are

spori, children

Regular watering

Lilium

American hybrids

Lilium,

Lilium, Asiatic hybrids

a nice green surface but

fairly

wasteful of a valuable re-

Lilium canadense Lilium candidum

Sesleria autumnalis

Juniperus communis

Sinarundinana mtida

Laurus

Stipa gigantea

Lavandula angustijoha

lawn

Onental hybrids Lilium pardahnum Lilium,

mow on a

if

the area

is

Trumpet hybrids

small.

ditions that are not overly

Add some

Narcissus

fertile.

to

stop the spread of vigorous species.

Narcissus jonquilla hybrids

Few

Large-cupped daffodils

Narcissus, miscellaneous species

Narcissus poeticus hybrids

Small-cupped daffodils

Narcissus, Split-corona daffodils

Narcissus tazetta hybrids

worry them Propagation is from seed or by division of clumps in spring. When dividing clumps or cultivating soil near them, be sure to wear protecpests

tive

clothing as the sharp leaf blades

and

fine hairs

can

irritate

the skin.

Narcissus triandrus hybrids Narcissus,

Trumpet

daffodils

Lawns

& ground coxers

Tulipa

Aegopodium podagraria 'Vanegatum'

Tuhpa acuminata

Agrostis tenuis

Tulipa clusiana

Asarum canadense Asarum caudatum

Tulipa, cottage tulips Tulipa,

Darwin hybrid

Tulipa,

Darwm

tulips

double

specifically dealing

with vegetables.

Herbs are ideally suited to

culti-

vation in cool-temperate climates

where summers may be hot but not humid. They can tolerate a range of growing conditions within a garden, from dry, gravelly, limy positions in full sun to cool, moist, partly shaded positions. Herbs don't need a special garden of their own although this is often more convenient Prepare the garden position by adding plenty of compost and a light application of fertilizer, or else grow in pots with a good-quality potting mix and some fertilizer.

supply for the kitchen. to bolt to seed when fluctuations of temperature occur.

Commutata'

Tulipa fosteriana

Festuca rubra

Tuhpa, garden tulips

Fragaria chiloensis

Tulipa greigii

Lolium perenne

Tuhpa kaufmanmana

Mentha reqwenii

Tulipa, lily-flowered tulips

Ophiopogon japonicus

Tuhpa, mid-season tulips

Pachysandra terminalis

Tuhpa, parrot tulips

Poa pratensis

Tuhpa, Rembrandt tulips

Rubus calycinoides

Tuhpa

Thunbergia gregonx

saxatilis

books

They tend

Festuca rubra

Frost-tender herbs

moved

dunng

may need

to

ing winter in cold climates. Other-

Cultivating the perfect lawn

is

and mix happily with flow-

vegetables and Iruu or they can

Herbs

Carexelatu Aurea

Allium sativum

the

aim of every gardener, n can even develop into an obsession The key

plants ers,

Butomus umbilicials Calamagmstis ai utiflora Mncta' >uii

Varii

Salvia officinalis

Satureja hortensis Salureja montana

Symphytum officinale Thymus x citriodorus Thymus vulgaris Zingiber officinale

FRUIT TREES,

NUT TREES &OTHERFRUITS The

basic requirement for fruit

is

is

is

Deschampsui aespitosa i

ameth)

a fine, even, well-

weeds The (

i

hi

is

.Allium

s<

i

ground

over nr

\ta

Hid

lis

Have your

after planting.

i

tempei

ylindrit a

Milium effusum

Am

I

soil

if it is

among

problems later on As well, check with a

reputable dealer for varieties suitable for your area

and

for the polli-

nation requirements

Remember

to alw a)

s

(

hoose

grown allow light and air

virus-free or organically

Prune

trees

into the tree

to

and

to

encourage con-

tinuous cropping. Keep the area

around trees free from weeds and mulch and fertilize regularl) Pesi and disease problems may be numerous, so always seek expen advice on the safest way ol dealing with them Plain companion plants and nut produt

fruit

ari

tion.

Artemisia

warm climates II you fol low these simple procedures you will soon be able to enjoy the fruits in

han

iiiu<

unculus

offu inalis

Do

not attempt to grow cool-temperate

yout labor

Anthrisi llchi totrichon

and

fertile soil

will save a lot of

and

hoenoprasum

Andropogon nardus Anethumgraveoleru Angelica

from

free

good, deep,

well drained.

i

to success

drained surface that

a

thai are beneficial foi insect control

Aloysia tnphxlhi

uci selloana

tfstu(.a

Ruta graveolens Salvia elegans

be

to a sheltered position dur-

be used as a ground cover shrubs

Andropogon gerardu Arundo donax Bnza media

i

Polygonum odoratum Rosmarinus officinalis

deficient in certain elements; this

and tidied up in late winter before spnng growth starts.

divided during the cooler months.

Ornamental grasses, sedges & bamboos

men

Petroselinum crispum

tested in a laboratory to see

demands are few. Herbs make good companion

Carex

basilicum

Origanum hortensis Origanum vulgare

that

wise, their

GRASSES

Ocimum

snails

Cuttings strike readily

Zqysia japonica 'Meyeri'

GROUND COVERS

Nepeta cataria

for

spring and summer, or herbs can be

Tuhpa tarda

& ORNAMENTAL

Mentha Citrata' Mentha x piperita Mentha spicala Monarda didyma

invasions of leaf-eating insects or

Tulipa, single late tulips

LAWNS,

nobilis

nut trees

Perennial herbs should be tip

pruned regularly for compact growth, checked occasionally

Thymus pseudolanuginosus Thymus serpyllum

Tulipa, single early tulips

officinalis

a constant

Festuca elatior

late tulips

book. For detailed information

Annual herbs grown from seed need to be sown regularly to ensure

Buchloc dactyloides

Tuhpa, double early tulips Tulipa,

this

slow-release

Bouteloua gracilis

tulips

not practicable to include veg-

etables in the Seasonal Calendars in

refer to

comthem plenty develop. However, some

form of barrier may be necessary

daffodils

Narcissus,

It is

moisture-retaining

of space to

Narcissus, Double-flowered

ihiza glabra

i

Melissa officinalis

VEGETABLES & HERBS

post to the soil and give

Narcissus cyclamineus hybrids

1

Levisticum officinale

Ornamental grasses, sedges and bamboos grow best in garden con-

Lilium speciosum

Ght\

Hyssopus

mowing the

to lower than

shears

Lilium regale

Narcissus,

will gain

around 1 in (about 2 5 cm") in height. Groundcover lawns may just need the occasional once over with hedge

Lilium martagon

veitchii

during the growing season

regular basis, never

Lilium longiflorum

var. pitta

pygmaeus

frequent applications of fertilizer

Always weed and

Lilium lancifohum

Pleioblastus

Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce

quickly

will

the best results.

(ormosanum

Phalanx arundinacea

Schizachynum scoparium Scirpm lacustris subsp. tabernaemontam 'Zebnnus'

Lilium henryi

Lilium,

A brown lawn

is

recover after adequate rain. Light,

Lilium, Aurelian hybrids

Lilium

essential to

keep

source.

Lilium auratum

is

Pennisetum setaceum

47

/

ropical to subtropical

Annona squamosa Arai 'ns hypogaea

472

Keys ple: that is, a warm, dry atmosphere and protection from too much moisture The misconception arising from this, unfortunately, is that

Nidulariumfulgens

Carica papaya

Citrus sinensis

Cyphomandra betacea Musa paradisiaca Musa paradisiaca 'Cavendish'

Citrus sinensis

Musa paradisiaca 'Lady Persea amencana

Prunus

Peperomia Sweetheart'

they should

Prunus armeniaca

Philodendron bipenni/ti/ium

hottest,

Prunus avium

Philodendron oxycardium

Finger'

Washington Navel'

Pedilanthus tithymaloides

Peperomia caperata

Citrusx tangelo

Peperomia

obtusifolia

all

be planted

most desolate

in the

site in

a gar-

Prunus cerasus

Philodendron selloum

den or be allowed to languish in pots without any attention. This

Cool-temperate

Prunus domestica

Pisonia umbellijera 'Variegata'

simply

Castanea sativa

Prunus dulcis

Polyscias/ilici/olia

Prunus persica

Protasparagus densijlorus

Psidium cattkianum

Corylus avellana

Cydonia oblonga Fragaria alpina

Prunus

salicijolia

Fragaria ananassae

Humulus

lupulus

shade and more

Sansevieria trifasciata

rule, water well only during the growing or flowering periods then

Malus Discover)-' Malus x Dolgo'

Malus domestica Delicious' Malus domestica Granny Smith' Malus domestica Gravenstein' Malus domestica Jonathan Malus Golden Hornet' Malus James Grieve' Malus John Downie'

Morus nigra Pyrus communis Beurre Bosc' Pyrus communis William's Bon Chretien'

Pyrus pyrifolia Ribes grossularia Ribes nigrum Ribes sativum

Rubus Boysen Rubus/ruticosus

Rubus idaeus Rubus 'Logan'

Sambucus canadensis Vaccinium corymbosum

ple

if

is

sim-

they are given positions with

from seed or and summer. The stored moisture inside leaves and

Schefjlera actmophylla

evenly moist (but slightly drier in

Syngonium podophyllum

doses of liquid

fertilizer.

and should be allowed

Tolmiea menziesii

Check

regularly for pests such as

mealy

Watch

for pests such as scale mealy bugs and aphids, which tend to hide between cacti spines or in the closely packed ro-

Indoor flowering

eyes.

bug, scale insects and mites on the

and foliage plants

insects,

stems and undersides of leaves, as these bugs thrive in warm, enclosed

Aeschynanthus radicans

conditions. Also, take plants outside

wash

occasionally to

the dust from

the leaves, never allowing sit

in the

sun

for

them

to

long as they will

quickly burn.

Anthurium scherzerianum Aphelandra squarrosa Louisae'

sette leaves of succulents.

and succulents are fun to and succulent society to obtain the more unusual ones or visit a specialist nursery and Cacti

Ardisiacrispa

collect, so join a cacti

Begonia auriculata

Begonia x cheimantha Gloire de Lorraine'

you live in a warm climate, don't be tempted to plant indoor If

plants in the garden

if

they have

—they may grow

become too big

even bigger outside and cause

real

problems.

Propagation

talk to

Begonia Cleopatra

easy, par-

an expert.

Begonia masoniana

Adenium multiflorum Adenium obesum Aeonium arboreum Schwarzkopf Aeonium canariense

Begonia rex Merry Christmas' Billbergia leptopoda

Billbergia nutans Billbergia pyramidalis var.

is fairly

is

stems in mucilaginous, or jelly like, to dry out slightly before propagation Wear thick gloves when handling cacti with sharp spines and protect your

Schefflera arboricola Schefflera digitata

and have regular weak

a rest

cuttings in spring

reasonable light and warmth, kept winter),

humidity. As a general

Propagation

'Laurentii'

Cultivation of indoor plants

them

give

Sansevieria trifasciata

Juglans regia Xialus Bramley's Seedling'

Clerodendrum thomsoniae

Agave americana Agave victonae-reginae

Columnea gloriosa

Aloe arborescens

concolor

Asimia triloba

from stem or leaf cuttings during the warmer months. Clumpforming types can be divided once they have outgrown their pots. Seasonal flowering plants such as cyclamen are best discarded after they flower, as they rarely perform

Guzmania

Aloe variegata

Carya

as well the next year.

Hemigraphis alternata

Aptenia cordifolia

Sematanthus gregarius

Indoor foliage plants

Serissafoetida

Alocasia macrorrhiza

Sinnmgia speciosa

Argyroderma delaetii Astrophytum asterias Astrophytum myriostigma

Aspidistra elatior

Spathiphyllum

Calathea makoyana

Spathiphyllum

Calathea zebrina

Tillandsia cyanea

Borzicactus celsianus

Callisia naviculars

Tillandsia lindenii

Ca rnegia gigantea

Vitis

labrusca

Warm-temperate Actinidia chinensis

illinoinensis

ticularly

Ceratonia siliqua Citrulius lanatus

Cucumis melo. Cantalupensis group Cucumis melo, Indorus group Cucumis melo, Reticulatus group Diospyros kaki Eriobotrya japonica Feijoa sellcwiana

Drosera capensis

Aloe aristata

Episcia cupreata

Aloe barbadensis

Episcia

Pink Brocade'

Aloe

Graptophyllum pictum

Mauna

Azureocereus hertlingianus

Loa'

Beschorneiia yuccoides

wallisii

Codiaeum variegatum

Carpobrotus edulis

Cordyline termmalis Imperialis'

Olea europaea subsp. europaea Passijlora edulis Passijlora mollissima

Cryptanthus zonatus Ctenanthe lubbersiana

Rudolph

Roehrs

Sechium edule Vitis

Ceropegia woodii

Chamaecereus

Hoya bella Hoy a carnosa

Epipremnum aureum

silvestnt

Clenocactus strausii

Copiapoa cinerea

Saintpaulia ionantha

Dizygotheca elegantissima

senilis

Cereus peruvianus

Gesneria cuneifolia

Dieffenbachia 'Amoena'

Pistacea vera

Punica granatum

Cephalocereus

Cyclamen persicum

Cyperus involucratus Diejfenbachia seguine

Pinus pinea

Carpobrotus muirii

Indoor flowering plants Costus

Physalis peruviana

ciliaris

Aloeferox

Ficus carica

Fortunella japonica

Copiapoa echinoides

Saintpauha miniature and

Cotyledon orbiculata

trailing types

Ficus benjamina

Crassula arborescens

Ficus elastica 'Decora"

Crassula coccinea

vmi/era

Ziziphus )ujuba

Crassula ovata

Ficus lyrata

CACTI &

Cyphos temma juttae

Citrus

Hedera Hedera

Citrus aurantifolia

Hypoestes phyllostachya

Citrus aurantium

Maranta leuconeura

Citrus limon

Monstera

Citrus medica

Neoregelia carolinae

Citrus paradisi

Neoregelia marmorata

regions of the world and their culti-

Echinocactus gruscmii

Citrus reticulata

Scpenthes

vation requirements are fairly sim-

Echinocereus reichenbachii

helix 'Cnpsii' helix Pittsburgh'

Dioscorea elephantipes

SUCCULENTS

Drosanthemum bicolor Drosanthemumfloribundum

var. kerchoviana

deliciosa

and they

will tolerate

Hahnii'

INDOOR PLANTS

fertile soil,

Protasparagus setaceus

Sansevieria trifasciata

Fragaria vesca

not true

Havjorthia and Kalanchoe prefer

Sprengen'

Prunus persica var. nectarina

is

Species such as Epiphyllum,

Most of these weirdly decorative, fascinating plants are native to

and

Echeveria elegans Echeveria pulvinata

473

Keys

Ei

hinocereus subincrvis

ORCHIDS

I

(

'<

rreen

(

k>ld'

Dracula

Epiphvllum opypetalum

Euphorbia caput-medusae

if

extra

given over winter. You

is

don't need a special glasshouse to

grown outdoors

in

Eenestrana aurantiaca Ferocactus hamatacanthus

Furcraeajoetida Gasteria verrucosa

Graptopetalum paraguayense

Gymnocalycium andreae mihanovichii

Haageocereus versicolor

ments are similar to those of other groups of plants. The correct temperature is the most important factor for success, although lighting,

atmosphere, water supply and food

should also be taken into consideration. Propagation is usually earned

Hatiora salicomioides bolusii

out in

Haworthiajasciata

spnng by

division of well-

Methods of vary depending on

established clumps.

Hylocereus undatus

Kalanchoe blossjeldiana

Kalanchoe jedtschenkoi

division will

the

species.

grown in gardens or pots need good drainage and plenty of leaf mold and wellrotted cow manure at planting time. Epiphytes can be grown in pots or on trees; if planting on a tree make Terrestrial orchids

Kalanchoe tomentosa

Lampranthus aurantiacus Lampranthus aureus Lampranthus coccineus Lithops dorotheae Lithops glesinae

karasmontana

var. bella

Lithops turbinijormis

one with rough, fibrous bark that does not shed. Pests and sure

it is

diseases will be kept to a

Lobivia backebergii

if

Lobivia bruchii

watered and there is good lation around them.

schottii

Lophophora williamsii

Mammillana bombycina Mammillaria elegans Mammillaria plumosa Mammillaria zeilmanniana

Mesembryanthemum

minimum

plants are well fertilized

crystallinum

and well air circu-

you want to include orchids in your garden, gauge your success rate by trying just one or two types first before considering a large and If

Kaiserin'

Eulophia speciosa

gether, resulting in a ragged appear-

Gongora galeata

ance. Control caterpillars with a

Laelia anceps

bacterial pesticide, while grasshop-

pers can be controlled with a strong

Coronet

Laelia purpurata

X Laeliocattleya

insecticide

To propagate

hybrids

ferns, collect

Masdevallia

mature spore by placing older fronds in a paper bag until dry, or

Miltoniopsis

carefully divide older plants in

Odontoglossum enspum

spring. Propagation of

Lycaste virginalis

and hybrids

Prune

erratic.

of both ferns and palms regularly to

Oncidium vancosum

create a neat appearance, although

Paphiopedilum, hybrids

many palms are

Paphiopedilum insigne

Frost can cause considerable

Phams tankervdlae

age in cold distnets, even to mature

Phalaenopsis amabilis

specimens, and will cause the

off old or

fronds of ferns to blacken. In these

Pterostylis

areas choose hardy specimens

Renanthera

plant out in sheltered sites protected

Rhyncolaelia digbyana

from wind.

Sarcochilus

X Sophrocattleya hybrids Sophrolaeliocattleya hybrids

Ferns

Sophronitis coccinea

Adiantum capillus-veneris Adiantum pedatum

Stanhopea wardu Thunia marshalliana

Asplemum bulbiferum Asplemum nidus

Vanda Nellie Morley Vanda Rothschildiana

Athyrium/ilix-/ermna

Vuylstekeara

Atfryrium nipponicum

Wilsonara hybrids

var. pictum

Zygopetalum mackayi

Blechnum jluviatile

Blechnum penna-marina Cyathea australis Cyathea dealbata Cyrtomiumjalcatum Davallia trichomanoides

Dicksonia antarctica

Ferns thrive in quite unusual places

Doodia aspera

Opuntia violacea var. macrocenlra

XAscocenda hybrids

and often appear on moist rock

Doodia media

Orbea vanegata Pachyphytum oviferum

Ascocentrum curvifolium

ledges or

Bijrenaria harrisoniae

Dryoptcris (ilix-mas

Osmunda cinnamomea Osmunda clavtoma

Dicksonia squarrosa

among rotting tree

trunks

Parodia mutabilis

X Brassocattleya hybrids X Brassolaeliocattleya hybrids

Parodia nivosa

Calypso bulbosa

where no soil seems to be present, which should give an indication of how best to grow them. They need fairly moist conditions, and plenty of leaf humus compost should be added to the soil before planting. Apply a weak solution of liquid

Pilosocereus palmeri

Cattleya bifoliate hybrids

fertilizer in the

Portulacana afra

Brassovala nodosa Brassia verrucosa

Humata tyermannii Matteucia struthiopteris Nephrolepis cordifolia

Nephrolepis exaltata

Onoclea

Cattleya bowringiana

Rebutia aureiflora

Cattleya labiata

off or

Rebutia musculo

Cattleya umfohate hybrids

reappear after

Rebutia pseudodcmmuta

Coelogyne enstata

Ironds for any signs of pests such as

Rhipsahdopsis gaetnen

Coelogyne pandurata

caterpillars,

paradoxa

Schlumbergera x

fru.

Cymbidium, large-flowered

Sedum acre Sedum aizoon Sedum morganianum Sedum x rubrotinctum Sedum spathulijohum

and

I

ypripedium reginae

trees

carefree days

ndrobium,

ani

!

temmed

lendrobium

Sul on

!

>,

1

1

trum

lose to

i

.iikI

sum

Phymatosorus

Polypodium californu

to

tropical islands

i

ol

Polypodium

to

Polystii

ideal for

swimming

pools

tun sastheii rool systems

Polystii Polystii Polystii

Us

are noi extensive oi destrui tive

I'll

ndrobium kingianum

Add

Pti ris

1,

ndrobium nobil

i:

1.

ndrobium

fall

\pt

oro.

pleni

I i

i

diverst/olius

Platycerium bifurcation

Polypodium aureum

hance

palms are i

hybrids /

<

regalis

Platycerium superbum

promote the image

on

ihiza 1.

gel a

Osmundii

um

Polypodium virginianum

Palm

ypripedium calceolus

which

snails,

sensibilis

Pellaea rotundifolia

distort their

unravel.

Stapelia la ncL

I"

foliage

Cymbidium species <

new

congregate around the fresh

growth before they

o articulatus

Trichocereu

aphids or

Cymbiciium, miniature hybrids

1

bit

may

young

hybrids

I

disappear completely, only to rain. Inspect

Dryopteris erythrosora

Dryopteris marginalis

warmer months. During dry spells ferns may brown

Rhipsalis

dam-

Pleione bulbocodwides

X Angulocaste hybrids

Pachypodium lamerei Parodia jormosa

dead fronds

"self-cleaning."

Opuntia ficus-indica

Bletilla striata

from and

Oncidium papilw

Angraecum

var.

is

Odontoglossum grande

Notocactus apricus

Pachypodium baronii wmdsori

palms

seed, although this can be slow

&CYCADS

Aerides

likely to

Epipactis gigantea

Epidendrum ibaguense

FERNS, PALMS Ada aurantiaca

more

occur on dry, underfed palms. Certain caterpillars and grasshoppers can sew the leaves of palms to-

expensive collection.

Nopalxochia ackermannii Nopalxochia phyllanthoides 'Deutsche

disease problems are

bella

Encylcia cochleata

Laelia

garden beds or on the trunks and branches of trees. There is no great mystery to growing orchids, as their requirepots, in

Faucaria tigrina

Lophocereus

protection

successfully

Euphorbia trigona

Lithops

and varied selection warm-temperate

a large

cultivate orchids as they can be

Euphorbia obesa

Haworthia

is

climates, or cooler climates

Epiphvllum hybrids

Gymnocalyaum

There

of orchids for

Echinopsis oxygona

umjlora

Disci

lumipsis arachncicanthci

Echinopsis

trogenous fertilizer along with an adequate water supply. Pest and

Disa, hybrids

Echinocereus viridlflorus

ol

fertili

ipostanda

Lov

erai planting time

ders and

losum

enjoy frequeni applii ation

loili \\

it

,

\

ulgare

hum ai rostit hoides hum munitum hum prolijerum hum setiferum It III ,1

ensiformls ba.rbo.ra

oodwardia fimbriata

and

474 Palms

Ke>s

& cycads

Archontophoenix alexandrae

Archontophoenix

cunninghamiana Arecastrum romanzoffianum Brahea armata

CLIMBERS & CREEPERS

New Dawn

Celastrus orbiculatus

Rosa

Celastrus scandens

Rosa Zephinne Drouhin

Cissus antarctica

Schizophragma hydrangeoides

Jackmanu

Clematis x lawsoniana Henryi

Solanum jasminoides Solanum seaforthianum

Clematis montana

Stephanotis jloribunda

Clematis tangutica

Trachelospermum jasminoides

They will look ragged, tattered or even leafless over winter, but will spring back into growth once the

Clematis

Tropaeolum speciosum

Climbers and creepers are adaptable to a wide range of climates, and even exotic-looking subtropical

ones

may adapt

to cold, frosty areas.

Clematis

viricella

Clitona ternatea

Vitis calijornica

Cl\ lostoma callistegioides

Vitis coignetiae

weather warms up. Be prepared to work hard with

Dolichos lablab

Vitis

Eccremocarpus scaber

Wisteria Jloribunda

climbers and creepers, pruning,

Gelsemium semper\irens

Wisteria sinensis

and tying them up to shape them the way you want; even selfclinging t\-pes will wander if they

Hardenbergia \iolacea

Wisteria venusta

are not controlled. Be careful not to

Hibbertia scandens

Encephalartos horridus

leave training for too long, as bnttle

Euterpe edulis

stems will break. Carefully prepare the soil before planting climbers and creepers by

Hydrangea petiolaris Jasminum officinale Jasminum polyanthum

Brahea

edulis

Butia capitata

Caryota

Chamaedorea elegans Chamaedorea erumpens Chamaerops humilis Cocos nucijera

Cycas rewluta Cyrtostachys renda

Hedyscepe canterburyana

HoHcabelmoreana

training

Hedera

helix

Kadsura japonica

digging in plenty of compost and a

Livistona australis

complete fertilizer to ensure healthy results. Adequate water dunng the growing season and mulching are

Lathy rus

Livistona chinensis

also essential practices.

Macrozamia communis Macrozamia spiralis

Seasonal Calendars for information

on propagation and

Neodypsis decaryi

ease problems.

Jubaea

chilensis

Laccospadix australasica

Check

pest

and

the

dis-

Phoenix dactylifera

Warm-temperate

Phoenix reclinata

cool-temperate

Phoenix roebelinii

Rhapidophyllum hystrix

latijolius

Lathyrus odoratus Lonicera caprijolium

Lonicera heckrottii Lonicera japonica

Lonicera semper\irens

to

Akebia quinata Ampelopsis brexipedunculata var.

Tropical to subtropical Allamanda cathartica Antigonon leptopus

Beaumontia grandijlora Bougam\illea cultivars Bougain\il!ea glabra Bougainvillea spectabilis

Clematis armandii

Cobaea scandens

Combretum bracteosum Distictis

bucanatoria

Ficus pumila

Mandevilla laxa

lpomoea alba Ipomoea nil

Mandevilla splendens

lpomoea quamoclit

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Ipomoea

Parthenocissus tricuspidata

Kennedia rubicunda

Mandevilla x amabilis Alice du Pont'

Phoenix canadensis

vim/era Purpurea'

Hedera canadensis Variegata'

Lapageria rosea

Howeaforsteriana

Roger's Red'

Polygonum

aubertii

tricolor

Lonicera hildebrandiana

Rhopalostylis baueri

Aristolochia durior

Rosa banksiae 'Alba Plena'

Rhopalostyiis sapida

Aristolochia elegans

Rosa banksiae lutea

Macjadyena unguis-cati Pandorea jasminoides Pandorea pandorana

Sabal mexicana

Asarina erubescens

Rosa Blaze'

Passijlora caerulea

Sabal palmetto

Bignonia capreolata

Rosa Climbing Cecile Brunner'

Passijlora coccinea

Serenoa repens

Bomarea caldasii

Rosa Climbing Peace'

Phaseolus caracalla

Trachy carpus fortunei

Campsis grandijlora

Rosa Golden Showers'

Pyrostegia venusta

Washingtoniajilijera

Campsis radicans Campsis x tagliabuana

Rosa Joseph's Coat'

Solandra

Rhapis excelsa

Washingtonia robusta

Zammia pumila

Rosa America'

maximomccn

Galen'

Madame

Rosa

Madame Alfred Carriere"

Rosa Mermaid'

maxima

Thunbergia alata Thunbergia grandijlora

L

— 476

Seasonal Calendars PLANT ANNUALS

JUNE

AUGUST

JULY

& PERENNIALS

Annuals, low growing, spring-jail flowering

Compost spent

Mulch plants to conserve water • Deadhead to prolong flowering • Add spent plants to compost • Practise crop rotation • Keep beds free of weeds • Sharpen and oil garden tools

Clean seed

•

aphids, white

pyrethrum

•

flowers

•

Watch

Practise crop rotation free of

weeds

Look

•

Annuals, medium growing, spring-jail jlowering

paying particular attention baskets and containers

to

hanging

Compost

•

to

Remove spent

flowering

keep roots cool

afternoon sun

Cut back flowering

Pick Zinnia

•

flowers regularly to prolong

conserve water, suppress weeds and •

flowers regularly to

prolong flowering

fall •

Allow Nigella

Annuals,

tall

growing,

spring-jail jlowering

when

•

Break

down

crop rotation

weeds mix in

Sow

•

Keep beds

•

•

Prac-

•

free of

seed in seed-raising

well-lit sheltered position

Spray powdery mildew with a fungicide

Prune Coleus flower-

•

Sow

seed

•

soil

•

As seedlings emerge with a fungicide

to

to

ripe

organic matter with •

spent plants to compost

•

Remove spent flowers • Spray rust, leaf spot and powdery mildew with a fungicide or wettable sulfur • Mulch liquid fertilizer

Spray powdery mildew

prevent damping off

produce decorative seed pods Collect Centaurea seed

Add

drench

stems of Lupinus to prolong flowering into

•

heads as these are not required

Protect Impatiens from

•

seedlings

tise •

scheme

Plan next spring's color liquid fertilize regularly,

nematodes • Cut back growth or replant with fresh

for

with a fungicide or wettable sulfur

for seed

suppliers in garden magazines

Water and

•

•

Keep beds

•

Check

straggly

Peak flowering time

Store saved seed in dry place

flats

for

spray with

fly;

Remove spent

•

Spray black aphids

plants

and add

to

compost heap • Practise crop rotation • Water well in dry weather Spray mildew with a fungicide or

wettable sulfur

•

Sow

seed in seed-raising mix

using a fungicide

grown

•

•

damping

Protect seedlings from

off

Cut back over-

plants to continue flowering

Protect Tropaeolum

•

caterpillers

Add summer weeds

Store saved seed in dry location

with pyrethrum

from aphids and

Mulch around

Liquid

fertilize

before flowering and

Remove spent

then

2-week

intervals • Protect

continuous flowering

•

compost

to

before seed sets

Annuals, dahlias

water to

Annuals, pelargoniums

•

plants to conserve

Plant Tagetes

around plants

discourage nematodes

at

plants from strong

wind

•

Restake

Spray bud caterpillars on flowers

Mulch around plants to conserve water • Water only during very dry

with an insecticide

spells

morning rot

•

•

Water

early

discourage black stem

to

Prune dead flower stems of

Dianella produces blue berries after

summer jlowering

Anigozanthos and liquid

flowering

Divide

—

Geum

rot or

•

Spray mold/

mildew with

Spray rust on

P.

a fungicide

'Orange Ricard' with •

a fungicide or wettable sulfur

Dead-head

to

keep plants tidy

Treat soil with a fungicide

Perennials, spring-early

fertilize

stem

flowers to encourage

leave for their decorative

value

Water Anigozanthos sparingly

humid weather Collar rot

may

in

to prevent root rot

occur

in

Dianthus

•

Gravel mulch

Perennials, spring-early

Plants can be allowed to seed

summer jlowering,

scatter seed to

produce new plants

Provide a mulch of compost but

Provide gravel mulch for those that

keep away from plant stems

need sharp drainage

Remove spent

Tidy up plants, removing old

short lived

Perennials, summer jlowering, sun

Flowering begins

free

Perennials,

shade

summer jlowering,

to part

shade

•

Liquid

fertilize

•

Protect plants from hot drying •

winds

Ensure plentiful supply of water

flowers and add to

compost • Ensure adequate water Soak plants once a week if dry-

Keep surrounding area of weeds

regularly

•

Liquid

fertilize

• Check damage

regularly

plants for snail or slug

Pick flowering stems to encourage

•

Liquid

fertilize to

foliage

encourage

continuous blooming

Take cuttings from flowering stems of Lobelia

•

Remove

old flowers of

other plants

more blooms Perennials, winter-

early

summer jlowering

Ensure adequate water

•

Provide a

compost and light dressing of blood and bone fertilizer • Protect plants from hot winds leaf

Ensure adequate water

•

Provide a

compost and light dressing of blood and bone fertilizer • Protect plants from hot winds leaf

Ensure adequate water

•

Provide a

compost and light dressing of blood and bone fertilizer • Protect plants from hot winds leaf

477

Seasonal Calendars OCTOBER

SEPTEMBER

NOVEMBER

PLANT ANNUALS & PERENNIALS

Liquid

2-week

fertilize at

Peak flowering time

•

intervals

Watch out for • Sow seed •

•

and caterpillars Mix seed with sand for even

snails

coverage

Dress

•

soil

•

spent flowers to compost* Peak

flowering time

dry place

from

with dolomite/

add compost

lime: and/or

Add

•

Store saved seed in

Protect

•

snails,

young seedlings

avoiding products

Practise crop rotation •

Annuals, low growing, spring-Jail flowering

Use green

manure crops • Wear safety equipment if you plan to spray

•

Protect seedlings from transplant

harmful to cats and dogs

shock by drenching

Protect

soil

with liquid

fertilizer

seedlings with a fungicide

Allow Lunana

go

to

•

Sow

seed of

with a

minimum

•

need

Plant seedlings

•

Apply lime when planting out Matthiola and Gypsophila

Sow

seed

•

dolomite/lime to

•

soil;

and slow-release

off

fertilizer •

farm

Store

saved seeds in dry location

Flowering continues into

•

Water well

in

fall •

Give

dry weather

summer growth;

strike in

Keep cuttings

warm, dry location pehatum continues

in

Flowering of

P.

Keep sheltered

•

For

•

seed supply

company

•

Annuals, medium growing, spring-jail flowering

Thin

seedlings to avoid overcrowding and

•

diseases

Plant Dianthus with

soil level to

Plant seedlings

•

avoid

Give weak solution

Protect from snails

plants to

•

Add

compost heap

crop rotation

Remove

•

•

•

Plant seedlings

•

Give weak solution

of liquid fertilizer once established

companion planting

spent

Investigate

Practise

reduce spraying with chemicals

fall

weeds

•

Annuals,

tall

growing,

spring-fall flowering

to

as

sand

•

Take cuttings of Dianthus seed of PotentiUa and Geum

•

fall •

Give

Sow

exhibition

tubers as foliage dies

•

and

•

Annuals, dahlias

Dust with

store in cool, dry place

Leave tubers in well-drained

Remove

flowers and dead

old foliage and tidy

soil

up

Annuals, pelargoniums

plants

Plant Lupinus. Russell hybrids

but only in a cold climate begin winter dormancy

be divided

Lift

fungicide

leaves

Divide Anigozanthos and Sisyrinchium •

Flowering continues into

extra protection to flowers for

Remove spent

Take cuttings from overgrown

•

•

semi-shaded positions •

seed

hard-to-get seeds contact a reputable

they appear

extra protection to flowers for ex-

hibition

spent

of liquid fertilizer once established

and/or add

worm

Add

Phytophthora collar rot

Lightly apply

compost or waste from

cool,

Plant seedlings

crown above

damping

Protect from

using a fungicide

•

Campanula, Senecio and Schizanthus

Plant Lupinus

of fertilizer to

encourage flowers

treat as biennials

annuals to compost heap

Anchusa and Eusioma; keep moist until germination

Sow

Cut back Salvia and Catharanthus;

to seed for

decorative seed pods

•

•

now

Plants

Plants

may

now

Dig

in

compost and complete Apply low-phosphorus

Perennials, spring-early

summer flowering

fertilizer •

fertilizer to native plants •

Divide

Lupinus, Russell hybrids every

3-5

years

Cut back old

foliage of

mulch with compost fertilize to

encourage

•

Aouilegw and

Prepare a cool

Liquid

Aauilegia, Myosotis

new growth

Collect seed from flower stems and store in cool, dry place

Prepare

soil

with generous amount

of compost, leaf mold, cocopeat

Order new plants

•

site for

Anchusa,

fall

site for

Anchusa,

apply compost and a complete fertilizer

fertilizer

Order new plants for summer flowering • Check heights and spread • Organize a color scheme

Cut down old flower stems to ground level • Plants may be divided

Divide established plants

Tidy up plants of old flowering

Perennials, spring-early

summer

Aquilegia, Myosotis

now

•

stems

•

flowering, short lived

Perennials,

summer

flowering, sun

Prepare soil as for March

•

Allow leaves from deciduous

Perennials,

summet shade

to

/lowering,

pan shade

trees to gently cover established

Collect seed and

plants

store in cool, dry place

Bergenia produces colored

Prepare a cool

and Papaver, apply compost and a complete

and Papaver,

I

Divide plants

good quantity i

•

Prepare

ol

soil

Perennials, winter-earl)

with

nd

compost and

'>m pleie fertilizer

aconitifciius In cool,

Ranunculus

shady spot

summei flowering

478

Seasonal Calendars ^F^l

^^sl

DECEMBER

PLANT ANNUALS

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

& PERENNIALS

Annuals, low growing, spring-jail flowering

Sow and

seed in hot districts oil

garden tools

glasshouse

•

Sharpen

•

Tidy

In frosty areas protect

•

plants with loose straw or

sow seed

of frost

is

Sow

success with others

lime to

•

In frosty areas

protect plants with loose straw or

sow seed

in protected position then

when frost is over • Flowering begins in warm districts

in protected position then plant

when danger

Join a garden club to discuss your

plant

over

seed

•

soil;

Lightly apply dolomite/

and/or add compost and

apply complete or slow-release fertilizer • In

shaded positions add

extra cocopeat

•

In frosty areas

protect plants with loose straw or

sow seed

in protected position then

when frost is over • Spray with pyrahrum if aphids appear • Check plant

underside of leaves

Annuals, medium growing, spring-fall flowering

Use loose straw frost,

Sow

seed in hot districts

seedlings from

Annuals,

tall

growing,

spring-fall flowering

Sow

to protect against

or plant seedlings in spring •

•

use sprays in gardens where children

Protect

wind

play

Protect seedlings from frost in cold districts or plant frost is

over

•

out

Look

when danger

of

for seed

suppliers in garden magazines

•

warm districts • Plant a summer garden • Do not

seed in

children's

Sow

•

Use loose straw

Sow

use sprays in gardens where children play

to protect

•

against frost, or plant seedlings in

warm

spnng

weed

•

wind

Protect seedlings from

Apply loose straw around plants help protect from cold • Start a

to

warm distncts • Plant a summer garden • Do not

seed in

children's

Avoid planting Argemone in where it can be a

distncts

Protect plants from cold

winds

Give weak solution of liquid

worm farm for valuable humus and summer fishing

•

Sow

good

seed, ensuring

even moisture

•

•

fertilizer

light

and

Lightly apply

dolomite/lime to soil; and/or add compost and complete or slow-

seed in hot districts

release fertilizer

Annuals, dahlias

Annuals, pelargoniums

Join a horticultural society and

Join a horticultural society and

Join a horticultural society and

exhibit your dahlias at their meetings

exhibit your dahlias at their meetings

exhibit your dahlias at their meetings

and shows

and shows

and shows

Protect plants in frosty areas to

warm

•

Move

location over winter

Prepare

soil for

summer

display

•

Protect plants from strong

winds

compost and complete fertilizer • Ensure good drainage Dig

in

Perennials, spring-early

Protect plants over winter with loose

Protect plants over winter with loose

Divide clumps of Epimedium and

summer flowering

straw

straw

protect from snails

Perennials, spring-early

Take root cuttings of Papaver

Protect plants in frosty areas with

Protect plants in frosty areas with

summer flowering,

orientale; plant pieces

loose straw

loose straw

Protect plants with loose straw in

Take root cuttings of Acanthus.

Take root cuttings of Acanthus,

frosty areas

Echinops, Eryngium, Gaillardia,

Echinops. Eryngium, Gaillardia.

Verbascum

Verbascum

Winter dormancy

Winter dormancy

upright in pot

short lived Perennials, summer flowering, sun

Perennials,

shade

summer flowering,

to part

Winter dormancy

shade

Perennials, winterearly summer flowering

Lift

Dicentra

and divide with sharp bud and

knife into pieces with leaf

root attached

New

foliage begins to

appear

•

Viola

and Helleborus in flower in warm districts • Take root cuttings of Paeonia

officinalis

New may

foliage begins to start to

flower

•

appear

•

Some

Apply a weak

solution of liquid fertilizer

479

Seasonal Calendars MARCH

MAY

APRIL

PLANT ANNUALS & PERENNIALS

Sow

seed or plant seedlings

regularly

Apply

humus

prevent transplant shock

growth

tips to

Spray

•

fungicide

•

•

fungicide

Pinch out

pesticide leaves

Remove spent encourage more blooms

for direct

sowing

•

Plant

Protect

off

with a

Spray caterpillars with a

•

Check undersides

•

of

•

Collect rainwater to water garden

Tip prune

2-week

Liquid

•

intervals

containers If

Dead-head Viola to prolong • Flowering continues •

Keep surrounding area

Plant seed in cold areas after danger •

damping

• •

growth

poor, check

is

at

activity

Annuals, low growing, spring-fall flowering

up

Flowering continues

•

nematode

Plant

•

buds

fertilize

•

soil for

Keep surround-

•

ing area free of weeds

weeds

free of

flowers to

districts •

of frost has passed

too close

flowering

spot with a

Plant seedlings in cool

•

if

seedlings from

and

level

encourage bushy leaf

Thin seedlings

seedlings in cold districts

2-week

liquid fertilizer at

intervals to increase

growing

Water

•

Protect from snails

•

Cultivate soil

to fine tilth

and

add sand • Check Senecio for leaf miner and spray with an insecticide

Protect young seedlings from snails and slugs • Practise crop rotation • As buds appear liquid fertilize at 2-week intervals

As flower buds 2-week Spray rust on foliage

Lightly trim Kochia

form, liquid intervals

•

•

fertilize at

underside with a fungicide

budworm on insecticide

•

Annuals, medium growing, spring-fall flowering

Spray

•

Dianthus buds with an Pick flowers for indoor

decoration

Provide support for flower stems

Spray pests with pyrethrum or use

using lightweight stakes

biological control

•

seedlings in cold districts

Plant •

Sow seed when

direct or plant out seedlings

danger of snails

•

frost is

Apply

over

Protect from

•

when

liquid fertilizer

regularly to

Liquid

•

fertilize

promote flowering

•

Thin out seedlings and support with stakes or tripods

•

Spray caterpillars

with an insecticide

Remove spent

down

•

or slow-release

•

Plant tubers

Provide a stake

•

Tip prune

at

growing,

•

Sow

to

Annuals, dahlias

encourage

•

Set traps

Check

for snails

in foliage

fertilizer

Remove dead

new growth

to control earwigs •

fertilizer;

tall

spring-fall flowering

in gaps of planting

fill

bushy, compact growth

planting time

Annuals,

Control weeds to

reduce cutworm population

Order dahlia tubers from a reputable grower • Apply compost, complete

Flowering

Spray rust

Spray cutworms with an

•

extra seed to

fertilizer

•

organic matter with liquid

fertilizer

insecticide

transplanting seedlings

avoid high nitrogen

flowers

and powdery mildew with a fungicide or wettable sulfur • Mulch • Break

Tip prune regularly

flowers

P.

crispum or

P.

Liquid

Plant

•

tomentosum near a

path so they release fragrance

Annuals, pelargoniums

fertilize regularly to

encourage flowers

when

brushed against

Main flowering season begins

•

Plant

Cenlranthus in or near rock walls so it

can establish

•

Divide Tanacetum

in cracks or crevices

Main flowering period

•

Dead-head

•

Fresh seed

may

be

budworm on

•

Main flowering period

•

Dead-head

sown

blooming

•

Fresh seed

may

Protect

new

Take stem cuttings from

compost, complete

fertilizer

established plants

release fertilizer for

perenniaU

Divide plants

•

or slow-

1,0

it

matures

Allow

•

Perennials, spring-early

summer flowering

self-seed

•

foliage

Cut back plants

after flowerin

•

Perennials, spring-early

summa

for cuttings

be sown

slugs

•

Euphorbia

insecticide

Lightly dress soil with lime, dig in

Take stem cuttings

Collect seed as

Spray

Dianthus with an

flowers to encourage continuous

flowers to encourage continuous

blooming

Take cuttings of Silene

from snails and

Mulch around plants

Perennials,

to conserve

water and suppress weeds water-storing granules

•

flowering, short lived

Add

summer

flowering, sun

in dl

Side dress plants with blood

and

bone Plant seed

and keep moist until in warm, sheltered place

germination

Divide clumps of Pulmonana in flower

•

Plants

Side dress with blood and bone as

Mulch garden and compos) around

Collet

i

and sow seed

.is

siakc tall-flowi '.

ill

wiih

ii

ripens •

,i

Perennials,

summa shade

weather warms up

fur

•

Spray

:

i

dies

down

Kings

•

Pol

on

Self-

flowering,

to part

shade

Perennials, winU

summei flowering

Seasonal Calendars

480

PLANT ANNUALS

JUNE

AUGUST

JULY

& PERENNIALS

(continued)

Perennials,

summer—

Mulch around

plants to conserve

water and suppress weeds

jail flowering

Watch

•

and slugs

for snails

Mulch

& rock plants,

dress with blood and bone fertilizer •

plants with compost; side

Remove spent

fertilize regularly • •

Flowering

Ensure adequate

flowers

•

Keep surrounding area

free of

weeds

ground covers

&

rock plants, cool climate

Perennials, sub-shrubs, sun

as Erinus alpinus, Tanacetum

Semper\ivum

•

to part

shade

and bone

may be

shade and extra water

required

Remove dead

summer months

•

Feed water plants with slow-release

water garden plants

fertilizer

Perennials,

Mulch with compost and ensure

summer

Perennials, irises

Fertilize

Perennials, primulas

Liquid

•

and mulch

fertilize

miner on Argyranthemum

Flowering season water during

•

•

Ensure adequate

•

flowering stems of

Remove

old leaves around base of plants

•

Spray powdery mildew on Ajuga with a fungicide

liquid fertilizer regularly

Cut back plants which crowd out others • Take softwood cuttings

Spray stem borer on Hedychium with •

Remove

Collect ripe seed from water plants

Sow and keep covered

Spray stem borer on Hedychium with

an insecticide

toxic

flowers from Ricinus

•

Remove

toxic

flowers from Ricinus

Divide and replant bearded

regularly

Remove

Hypericum when spent

Ensure

summer months

an insecticide

Keep Sarracenia wet during summer months flowering

Take semi-ripe cuttings

Take semi-ripe cuttings • Provide shade and extra water if required • Remove dead sections from rosette plants

leaf

Apply

liquid fertilizer regularly

adequate water for

•

•

adequate water during dry spells

Ensure adequate

•

if

Provide

sections from rosette

with an insecticide

planted out

Flowering season water during

•

Perennials,

effect

•

Spray

Apply

for tropical

Take semi-ripe cuttings

plants

Cuttings

shade

and Phlox

Mulch

plants with compost; side

humid

Provide gravel mulch in

diseases of Gazania, Locus, Araotis

flowering plants

dress with blood

Perennials, sub-shrubs,

and

Cut back spring-

tall

Ensure adequate

•

conditions to prevent root rot

Cut back

Plan a drystone wall for plants such

Provide stakes for

•

water

hard plants that overgrow others

Perennials, alpines,

•Flowering

flower stems

water

Perennials, ground covers

temperate climate

Liquid

stems appear

irises

Keep plants moist dunng summer Shelter from hot winds

Divide and replant bearded inses

Remove

plants after 3 years

flowering diminishes

if

Spray two-

•

spotted mite with an insecticide Plant seed of P.

X

•

polyaniha

SHRUBS Low growing,

Provide adequate water during

frost hardy, evergreen

spells •

Prune

Mulch and

dry-

after flowering •

•

Tip prune

Check

for insect pests

flowering

regularly

•

Prune

•

Mulch and

after

fertilize

fertilize

Low growing,

Check

frost tender, evergreen

adequate water during dry spells

Low growing,

Take softwood cuttings

frost hardy, deciduous

fertilize •

for

Take semi-ripe cuttings

summer

Check

pests

for

•

Provide

Mulch and

•

summer

insect

Mulch

Ensure good drainage in hot, humid

• Fertilize

weather Provide adequate water during dry spells •

Mulch

Prune

Mulch and

after flowering •

fertilize

pests

Medium

to tall

growing,

frost hardy, evergreen

Provide adequate water spells

•

Prune

Mulch and

Medium

to tall

growing,

Check

for

dunng dry-

after flowering •

summer

pests

•

Provide

adequate water during dry spells

Medium

Take softwood cuttings

to tall

growing,

fertilize •

•

Tip prune

Check

•

Mulch and

Check

for

•

Mulch and

summer

insect

Mulch

after

fertilize

Ensure good drainage in hot, humid

• Fertilize

weather

Ensure adequate water during spells •

dry-

Mulch

Prune

after flowering

•

fertilize

pests

Acacia

Prune

for insect pests •

flowering

regularly

fertilize

frost tender, evergreen

frost hardy, deciduous

Take semi-ripe cuttings

Check older

plants for signs of borer,

sawdust or small holes in trunk

Ensure adequate water during spells • at

Remove

ends of stems

galls

if

dry-

they appear

Lightly prune to shape

Mulch and

Seasonal

OCTOBER

SEPTEMBER

NOVEMBER

(.

a

I

e n

d a

48

s

i

PLANT ANNUALS

& PERENNIALS (continued)

iwering

[{

for

•

flower stems

in

(

Peak flowering •

in peat/sand

Second

mix

warm

in

flush of flowers as

may

Plants

pi

fertilize

weather

Sow

be divided

•

warm

plants in

Liquid

until frosts

Cut spent flower stems

to

Reset stones in rock gardens to

districts

seed of Globulana

protect plants during winter gravel

summer-

Perennials,

ground

fall flowering

Divide established plants

level •

Take cuttings of Gazania and place

may continue

ing

indoor decoration

mulch

Perennials,

temperate climate

used replenish bare

is

ground covers

& rock plants,

• If

patches

cools

Take cuttings now keep moist

•

Sow

seed and

germination

until

Plant seed collected during

keep moist

plants

summer;

germination

until

Divide mat- and clump-forming

•

Light

pruning of plants

mulch

gravel

• If

is

used

necessary

to flower

•

Cut

if

Plan a raised bed to

•

replenish bare patches

display alpine plants

Solanum produces bright, decorative

Solanum produces bright, decorative

Spot flowering occurs on

fruit •

other plants

Campanula continues

Protect plants from winter wet

&

ground covers rock plants, cool climate

Perennials, sub-shrubs, sun

Spot flowering occurs on

other plants

may be

Plants

fruit •

Perennials, alpines,

divided

now

Allow leaves from deciduous

back rampant growth of Vinca and

trees to

Perennials, sub-shrubs,

shade

protect plants over winter

shade

to part

Glechoma Divide established clumps of waterside plants

•

Secure loose

Remove

all

dead or dying

foliage

from submerged plants

deciduous

edging stones around ponds

Add

plenty of

manure and compost

plants to

Cut down flowering stems of Alpima, and Hedychium

to soil • Establish plants in pots then

Begonia, Coleus

plant in spring

they have finished flowering

up

Sow

seed and keep moist until

germination

•

•

Remove

to existing

plants that flower

frost-tender

position

and Hedychium

they have finished flowering

not damage rhizomes

foliage

effect

Tidy

• Do when digging down before

Divide overcrowded clumps

not damage rhizomes

Cut

•

Perennials,

for tropical

after

plants

Divide overcrowded clumps

•

water garden plants

Cut down flowering stems of Alpima,

up

up

•

Cut

foliage

Perennials, irises

replanting

Prepare garden

site

and old manure heavy or clay

poorly

Move

Tidy

replanting

plants

warm

•

Begonia, Coleus

• Do when digging down before

Perennials,

keep out leaves from

to

trees

after

plants

up

Apply blood and bone

Cover ponds

•

with compost

Select site with

Set out

foliage

soil

new

plants

•

plants; trim old roots • P.

X

Divide old

Perennials, primulas

and excess

polyantha begins to

flower

SHRUBS Choose shrub

for right location •

Water well

until established

•

Mulch

Water well

Low growing,

until established

frost hardy, evergreen

Prepare planting sue with compost

and complete

fertilizer

Lightly prune

•

Mulch

•

Lightly

fertilize

Mulch

Add compost and complete at

•

Lightly fertilize for winter

fertilizer

planting time

Fall color

on some

Add compost and complete at

Fall color

plants

•

Low growing,

on some plants frosl

shrub

right

for right location

Water well

until established

•

Mulch

Water well

Mulch

•

Lightly

pmn

•

Add compost and complete at

•

Lighlly fertilize for winlcr

fertilizer

planting time

Leaves on some plants

Add composl and complete .11

(

olor in

fall

Medium

Planl

[1

and water

in well

Plant n

ni

by digging

hi

in

1

low-

to tall

frosl tender,

>r

In Fall

Medium frost

Lightly fertilize with

fertilizer

fertilizer

planting

hardiness

ing

to tall

growing,

frost hardy, evt

1

fertilizer

fertilize

Mulch

hardy, deciduous

Medium

until established

Prepare planting sue with compost

and complete

growing,

jrost tender, evergreen

hardiness

Choose

Low

fertilizer

planting time

to tall

hardy,

growing, evergreen growing, iduous


\. (I,

Id

1

Seasonal Calendars

482

DECEMBER

PLANT ANNUALS

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

& PERENNIALS

(continued)

Perennials,

summer-

Winter dormancy

Winter dormancy

•

Protect emerging foliage from snail

damage

fall flowering

Perennials, ground covers

Protect plants with loose straw in

& rock plants,

frosty areas

temperate climate

water over winter

Provide

•

minimum

Protect plants with loose straw in frosty areas • Provide

minimum

Prepare

water over winter

fertilizer •

Prepare heavy

gypsum and Perennials, alpines,

&

ground covers

rock plants, cool climate

Protect plants from winter wet

necessary

•

if

Plan a raised bed to

Apply loamy

soil,

cocopeat and

Apply loamy

sharp sand. Provide extra cocopeat for acid-loving plants

display alpine plants

such as

Take root cuttings of Romneya; plant

upright in a pot

upright in a pot

Protect plants in

areas of severe frost

Perennials, sub-shrubs,

shade

to part

shade

Cover ponds

water garden plants

deciduous plants to

Perennials,

for tropical

to

warm

Perennials, irises

Perennials, primulas

Protect plants in

Move

frost-tender

position

Allow leaves from deciduous

Cover ponds deciduous plants to

soil,

cocopeat and

sharp sand. Provide extra cocopeat

such as

to

trees

trees to

warm

upright in a pot

•

Protect plants in

Move

Allow leaves from deciduous

trees to

protect plants over winter

keep out leaves from •

Take root cuttings of Romneya; plant areas of severe frost

protect plants over winter

keep out leaves from

trees •

frost-tender

Clean and drain pond or water

garden

in preparation for spring

planting

position

Propagate Coieus thyrsoides from seed

Propagate Coieus thyrsoides from seed

watering and allow plants to rest

under

under

Divide overcrowded clumps,

Divide overcrowded clumps,

Coieus thyrsoides in flower effect

trees to

protect plants over winter

Perennials,

•

areas of severe frost

Allow leaves from deciduous

with

Gentiana

Take root cuttings of Romneya; plant •

soil

drainage material

for acid-loving plants

Gentiana

Perennials, sub-shrubs, sun

spring planting with

soil for

compost and general-purpose

•

Reduce

if

glass

necessary

necessary

Take root cuttings of P. denticulata in 2 in (about 5 cm) pieces; propagate

P.

in

sharp sand

glass

Divide overcrowded clumps,

if

if

necessary

obconica flowering for indoor use;

those with sensitive skin

may have

allergic reaction to this plant

Remove old flowers from P. obconica • Move outdoors as weather warms up

SHRUBS Low growing,

Protect

young

plants in frosty areas

Protect

young

plants in frosty areas

Protect

young

plants in frosty areas

frost hardy, evergreen

Low

growing,

some winter

Provide

protection

frost tender, evergreen

growing

Low

Take hardwood cuttings

growing,

if

to tall

growing,

protection

if

in cold districts

Flowering

frost hardy, deciduous

Medium

some winter

Provide

growing

in cold districts

may begin

in

warm

Prune

after flowering in

districts •

Mulch and

Flowering

may

warm

fertilize

begin

districts

Protect

young

plants in frosty areas

Protect

young

plants in frosty areas

Protect

young

plants in frosty areas

frost hardy, evergreen

Medium

to tall

growing,

Provide

some winter

protection

frost tender, evergreen

growing

Medium

Take hardwood cuttings

to tall

growing,

if

Buddleia

begin in

Flowering begins

Plants

may be deciduous

districts

some winter

warm

Flowering

in very cold

protection

if

in cold districts

Remove dead wood

frost hardy, deciduous

Acacia

Provide

growing

in cold districts

•

Flowering

may

Prune

after flowering in

districts •

Mulch and

Flowering

may begin

warm

fertilize

distncts

Flowering

Cut out old or woody stems

Seasonal Calendars

MARCH

MAY

APRIL

4 8.3

PLANT ANNUALS

& PERENNIALS (continued)

Divide plants

Vcrbascum

Take care

•

Aconitum as

Take root cuttings of

•

it

is

in

handling

very poisonous

• Take stem cuttings • Keep surrounding area free of weeds

Flowering

Add compost around

plants

Side

•

dress established plants with blood

Side dress plants with blood and

bone

Remove spent blooms Keep surrounding area of weeds

Flowering regularly

•

•

Flowering

•

Plants

Fertilize lightly

with complete plant

food or slow-release

Liquid

bud

•

fertilize

fertilizer

as plants

come

into

For planting out choose a

sunny, well-drained, light

soil

Divide overgrown clumps

•

Replant

with addition of compost

may

summer divided now

divided

Plants

may be

Main flowering period through to late summer • Take cuttings and strike in sand/peat mix Place to

flat

roots cool

Plants

•

&

rock plants, temperate climate

may be

Perennials, alpines,

&

ground covers rock plants, cool climate

Flowering

•

Prune

after flowering to

maintain good shape

•

Water well

Perennials, sub-shrubs, sun

in

dry weather

rocks near plants for them

grow over and keep

Liquid

summer

Flowering continues

•

•

regularly to prolong

fertilize

Plants begin to flower and continue into

Perennials, ground covers

be divided

or cut back after flowering

flowering into •

summer-

Jail flowering

and bone

free

Plant out rock garden plants

Perennials,

•

Mulch around

plants with leaf

mold

compost; side dress with blood and

Perennials, sub-shrubs,

shade

to part

shade

bone

Polygonum in flower Divide overcrowded plants

Provide gravel mulch over water

Perennials,

site • Use compost and well-rotted cow manure • Plant marginal, shallow, deep water plants

water plants in heavy loam with

Divide established clumps of Alpinia,

Divide established clumps of Alpinia,

Liquid

Hedychium and Phormium

Hedychium and Phormium

good flowers

for tropical

Check

Perennials, irises

Prepare planting

•

Take

Plant

plants

and mulch

Visit a specialist

correct

iris for

Take

•

grower

to

choose

•

•

Check

Apply

soil

pH

seed in seed-raising mix flower

X

• P.

Perennials,

Impatiens to produce

fertilize

effect

•

polyantha

Treat gray fungicide

mold •

and

plants for any sign of pests

disease, especially discolored or

streaked foliage

• Iris

may

suffer

from fungus disease

before planting

P. vulgaris in

water garden plants

fish are active

fertilizer

your garden

generous compost

Sow

if

stem cuttings of Begonia

stem cuttings of Begonia Fertilize

compost and slow-release

•

botrytis with a

P. vialiii in

flower

Mulch around spent flowers •

in full flower

plants • P.

Plant seed of

P.

•

Perennials, primulas

Remove

jlonndae in flower

X

poiyanrhci in

summer months

SHRUBS Prune

Sow

after flowering

seed and keep moist until

germination Fertilize established

shrubs

compost and complete

•

Add

fertilizer at

Mulch

fertilizer

Low growing,

•

frost hardy, evergreen

Lightly fertilize

Add compost and complete at

Take semi-ripe cuttings

•

Take semi-ripe cuttings

•

Low growing,

Mulch

frost tender, evergreen

planting time

planting time

Prune

Flowering

after flowering

•

Mulch and

Prune

after flowering •

Mulch and

Prune

after flowering •

fertilize •

fertilize

until

Fertilize established

shrubs

compost and complete

•

Add

fertilizer at

Sow

Mulch and

seed and keep moist

after flowering •

Low growing,

Mulch and

frost hardy, deciduous

Take semi-ripe cuttings

•

Mulch

•

Medium

to tall

growing,

frost hardy, evergreen

Lightly fertilize

germination

Add compost and complete at

Prune

fertilize

fertilize

fertilizer

Mulch

•

Take semi-ripe cuttings

Medium

to tall

growing,

frost tender, evergreen

planting time

planting time

Prune

Flowering

after flowering

•

Mulch and

Flowering

(

olleci

brown

Prune

after flowering

•

Mulch and

npe seed as covering turns •

Treat with boiling water

lightly prune

Medium

to (all

growing,

frost hardy, deciduous

fertilize

fertilize

•

Apply mulch

dress with slow-release

•

Side

Acacia

fertilize)

before sowing

Cut back plants complete fcrii

•

Ad
Give plenty of space

when

planting

B glob

lower

Huddlcia

484

Seasonal Calendars

^^^1

PLANT

JUNE

AUGUST

JULY

SHRUBS (continued)

Buddleia

B. davidii in

Prune spent flowers regularly

(lower

to

encourage continuous blooming

•Ensure adequate water during dry

although

spells,

all

are drought

tolerant

Callistemon

Camellia

Take cuttings of semi-ripe wood • Apply mulch around plants • Fertilize lightly with complete or

spells

slow-release plant food

shoots

Sunburn may cause brown patches on leaves; move plant to cooler

Check for aphids, thnps and mealy bug • Cut out variegated leaves •

Ensure adequate water during dry

Check

Mulch well • Tip bug may cause wilting and death of young

defoliate shrubs, thrip

•

Ensure adequate water

location

Take semi-ripe or softwood cuttings • Main flowering time

Check for aphids, thnps and mealybug • Cut out variegated leaves • in

hot

weather

Prune old or recently flowered branches

may

damage may

cause deformed leaves

Ensure adequate water

in hot

weather

Cestrum

for pests: sawfly larvae

Provide adequate water to encourage

Collect seed from mature

•

continuous flowering

specimens

Cistus

Apply gravel mulch

Ensure adequate water during

to imitate

natural habitat

spells,

although Cistus

is

dry-

drought

tolerant

Correa

Keep moist during dry

Cotoneaster

Take cuttings from semi-ripe wood Flowering

Erica

E.

Keep moist during dry

spells

•

Cotoneaster

is

Cistus resents

humid weather

Ensure

soil is

well drained

free air

movement around

•

•

Allow

plants

Propagate from semi-ripe cuttings

spells

drought tolerant

Lightly fertilize, watering in well

now

tinerea in flower

Lightly

•

prune

E.

Take cuttings

bauera in flower

now

after flowering

Euphorbia

Take cuttings of semi-ripe wood

•

Ensure adequate water

Ensure adequate water

Ensure adequate water

Fuchsia

Liquid

fertilize

regularly to

promote

continuous flowering

Gardenia

If

growth

is

Ensure adequate water during

dry-

buds may drop • Check for insects and mealy bug on leaves

Some

leaves will turn yellow

and

scale

green add iron or magnesium

and stems

for

nematode

now

Prune

leaves for caterpillar larvae,

Check

lightly after flowering

plants for scale insects; spray

Take cuttings of

off

Prune

• If

foliage is yellow or pale

lightly after flowering

G Robyn

Gordon' may develop

on tip growth • Spray with pyrethrum • Tip prune regularly

with white

Take cuttings of semi-ripe wood Fungal leaf spot may occur

Spray caterpillar larvae with

Root

pyrethrum

sharp drainage

especially

•

Ensure adequate water during dry although most are drought

spells,

Check

when

semi-ripe

Check leaf

for

oil •

for insect pests

but spray only

necessary

Protect from hot dry winds, as foliage

and flowers may

Watch

for holly leaf

leaf

humid weather

wood

damage by

miner

•

H.

X

scale insects or

andersonii in

rot diseases

may occur

Downy mildew may

•

Ensure

occur in humid

weather; spray with a fungicide

bum

Hibiscus spray will control aphids,

Do

caterpillars

collar rot

Provide adequate water and mulch

Powdery mildew may occur in humid weather; spray with a

well

•

Two-spotted mite may cause

miner and holly

Watch

not apply mulch around stem or

fungicide

silvery leaves

aphid

spot disease in

flower

tolerant

Juniperus

Check damage

infestation; treat soil with a

Check

Ilex

•

nematicide or plant Tagetes

Grevillea

Hydrangea

taken

leaves for two-spotted mite

drop

Take cuttings

Hibiscus

may be

Cuttings

spells or

Genista

Hebe

dry-

spells

stunted dig up plants

and check roots

Hakea

Provide adequate water during

for holly leaf

miner and holly

may occur

•

Take cuttings

Apply plenty

of leaf

mulch

aphid

Check

for aphids

and

scale insects

Check

for

aphids and scale insects

.

Seasonal Calendars

485

^v'^^l

NOVEMBER

OCTOBER

SEPTEMBER

PLANT SHRUBS (continued)

Prune old flowers

•

Apply compost

Prune

Prune

lightly

Buddleia

lightly

around plants

Sow

Mulch

seed collected from previous

season; keep moist until germination •

well

and check again

Watch

for

for

web worm

in

dry

districts

Callistemon

insect pests

and

Lightly fertilize with blood

bone Lightly fertilize; water well before

Debud

and after • Apply compost mulch around plants; keep away from main

encourage better

stem

plants

Mulch around

plants

Lightly

•

C

large flowering varieties to

and color

size

sasanqua in flower

•

Debud

Camellia

•

Established

may be moved

Cestrum

Tip prune regularly

Tip prune regularly

Cistus tolerates coastal conditions

Cistus tolerates coastal conditions

Correa are suitable for coastal

Flowering begins and continues to

gardens

spring

fertilize

Prune

lightly •

Tip prune

Mulch with gum regularly

•

leaves

Tip prune

•

Lightly fertilize with

Cistus

Correa

blood and bone

Red

appear

fruits

•

Cut branches

for

Provide well-drained planting

Mulch around

and sow seed; keep moist

Cut old flowering stems and

soil for

soil

pH

plants

and

Check

•

Collect

Keep seed moist

Cotoneaster

until germination

indoor decoration

Erica

lightly

prune to shape

Mulch around

fertilize

plants

and

fertilize

Leaves

from

fall

E.

pukherrima as

Euphorbia

warm

Euchsia

flowers form Plant in sites sheltered from strong

Flowering continues

wind

districts

Apply compost and complete

•

fertilizer

before planting

•

in

warm

Flowering

may

continue in

districts

Lightly

established plants

fertilize

Tip prune regularly

•

Lightly fertilize

Second

flush of flowers

may occur

Second

flush of flowers

may occur

Gardenia

with blood and bone

Sow

seed now; keep moist until

Genista

Keep seed moist

germination

Top up mulch

after

summer and

Flowering most of the year

Top up mulch

after

summer and

Top up mulch

Mulch

Select a

Remove spent

Lightly fertilize with

•

location for planting

Ensure good drainage

compost

•

Flowering most of the year

•

Lightly

Grcvillea

prune regularly

after

Hakea

summer and

Fertilize

flowers of

Ikbc

H X

andersonii

fertilizer

warm

Lightly

lightly fertilize

lightly fertilize

complete

•

prune regularly

lightly fertilize

•

Dig

•

Flowering continues

Hibiscus

Flowering continues

in

once established

Flowering

Remove spent flowerheads

Remove sp

•

Prune out

Hydrangea

red

Ilex

dead wood

Propagate from semi-hardwood cuttings

in

semi-hard

1

vertlctllalo

ol tiny

cuttings

Junipcrus

486

Seasonal Calendars

H»^|

DECEMBER

PLANT

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

SHRUBS (continued)

web worm

Callistemon

Watch

Camellia

Select camellias while in flower

for

Sun may damage if

Cestrum

in

dry

districts

•

Prepare planting

morning

flowers in

wet with dew

frost

compost

damage with hessian

Cistus

Protect from very cold

Correa

Flowering

Cotoneaster

C. horizontals

frost

•

Ensure

damage with hessian

is

deciduous in cold

Prune frost-damaged stems when danger of

winds

frost is

all

over

Protect from very cold

C. horizontalis is

deciduous

in cold

climates E.

Prune while blooming to remove dead, diseased or straggling branches

winds

Flowering

C. horizontalis

is

deciduous

in cold

climates

camea

in flower

position with

Gardenia

in plenty

Flowering

Erica

Euchsia

Dig

cocopeat

Protect from very cold

climates

Euphorbia

site •

Add

Protect plants in very cold districts

from

winds

•

drained to deter root rot

soil is well

Protect plants in very cold districts

from

of

•

Tolerates a

E.

cornea in flower

some lime

Protect flowering stems from strong

Protect flowering stems from strong

Protect flowering stems from strong

winds

winds

winds

may damage some stems but

Provide some shelter from cold

Frost

winter winds

growth

Provide shelter from cold winds

Move

plants in pots to

warm

•

location

in frosty areas

will

recommence

in spring

Provide shelter from cold winds

Move

plants in pots to

warm

•

location

in frosty areas

Frost

may damage some stems

growth

will

recommence

but

in spring

Provide shelter from cold winds

Move

plants in pots to

warm

•

location

in frosty areas

Genista

Grevillea

Hakea

Protect

young

plants in frosty areas;

Protect

young

plants in frosty areas;

Protect

young

plants in frosty areas;

provide gravel mulch and hessian

provide gravel mulch and hessian

provide gravel mulch and hessian

cover at night

cover

cover

Protect plants

when young

areas; provide gravel

in frosty

mulch and

at

night

Protect plants

when young

areas; provide gravel

in frosty

mulch and

at night

Protect plants

when young

areas; provide gravel

hessian cover at night

hessian cover at night

hessian cover at night

Hebe

H. speciosa flowering

H. speciosa flowering

H. speciosa flowering

Hibiscus

In

warm

districts cut

back by half

deciduous hibiscus, H. mutabilis and H. syriacus

and

Hydrangea

•

fertilize

Frost

may

After pruning

with complete

As

for

June

in cooler districts

•

in frosty

mulch and

Use

prunings for cutting material

mulch fertilizer

cause some damage in

cold districts; wait until spring to

Prune H. macrophylla climates,

prune

in

warm

to flowering

buds

Prune H. macrophylla

in cool

climates; prune to flowering

buds

prune

Ilex

I.

aquijolium has bright red berries;

Ensure

soil is

moist but well drained

Ensure

soil is

moist but well drained

use as Christmas ornaments

Juniperus

Foliage

may change

color

Take hardwood cuttings

Take hardwood cuttings

Seasonal Calendars

MARCH

MAY

APRIL

487

PLANT SHRUBS (continued)

Flowering period

Flowering period

Prune

some

pH

Test soil

growth

if

is

unsatisfac-

tory

Sow

seed in seed-raising mix; keep

moist until germination or

•

Cut old

woody shrubs back hard new growth

Prune long or straggly growth

•

Callistemon

off all spent flowers; retain

for seed collection

Lightly fertilize with azalea/camellia

Mulch around plants as weather warms up • Spray scale insect attack

food

with white

Mulch around

plants

•

Apply

light

Camellia

oil

Cestrum

Tip prune regularly to encourage

application of complete fertilizer

bushy shape

Flowering

Take cuttings

to

encourage

Ensure perfect drainage when

Dig

•

planting

in

compost and slow-

Prune

•

lightly after

flowering

Apply

•

Cistus

light

application of fertilizer

release fertilizer

Sow

Prune over

seed; keep moist until

Mulch

lightly

Lightly prune

complete

Dig

•

Fertilize

Choose

Prune

fertilizer

for

in plenty of

with complete

soil

pH:

it

well

keep moist

seed;

until

Mulch

Cotoneaster

plants to conserve water

Fertilize

Mulch and

Prune as

fertilize •

and mulch

Erica

fertilizer •

are

drought tolerant

Tip prune young plants for good

Mulch around

shape

Train as standards

and mulch

Fertilize

Euphorbia

Ensure adequate water, although

most

Prune old or woody plants hard

compost and

complete or slow-release

Check

is

flowers fade

fertilizer

Dig

planting ensure soil

germination

Prune as flowers fade

•

Fertilize

•

Sow

before planting

warm, sunny location

a

Correa

and keep moist during

drained

compost and

in plenty of

planting

When

with

fertilizer

complete

well

dry spells

germination

compost

plants with if

•

Fuchsia

desired

Remove spent flowers Check for thrips

regularly

Gardenia

•

should be slightly

acid

Prune

lightly • Fertilize lightly

complete

with

fertilizer

well drained

Genista art suitable for coastal

Ensure

conditions

root disturbance;

soil is

do not

Avoid

•

Genista

cultivate

around Genista Prepare planting sue with compost and slow-release, low-phosphorus

Ensure excellent drainage

fertilizer •

Tip prune regularly or pick bunches

G. lavandulacea

of flowers

•

plants

Fertilize established

•

Sow

•

Mulch

is

suitable for hedges

gum

plants with

leaf

Grevillea

mulch

seed; keep moist until

germination Prepare planting site with compost and slow-release, low-phosphorus

Sow

fertilizer

around roots

H. hulkeana flowering

Prune back old flowering stems

seed

Fertilize

In

warm

districts

cuttings

prune H.

Prune by

stnensis • •

In

rosa-

a third, use for

Mulch and

H

and Mulch and

paniculata 'Grandiflora'

H. querajolia fertilize

cuttings

cultivate

districts

prune H.

Prune by •

rosa-

a third; use for

Mulch and

by

a half

•

fertilize after

•

Dig

and complete

well

plants with

gum

leaves or leaf

Hakea

Mulch around

plants

•

Take semi-

Hebe

Flowering season •

May

Fertilize regularly

potassium

to

November

Hibiscus

with a high-

fertilizer •

Mulch

well but

keep away from stem

Select a cool, moist location for

planting

Mulch litter

ripe cuttings

pruning

pruning Prune

warm

do not

and water well

sisensis •

fertilize after

Avoid root disturbance

•

of established plants;

in

plenty of compost

fertilizer •

liquid

fertilize

as

buds develop

Hydrangea

•

Take cuttings

Take

cuttings

I.

crenata and

/.

wmitoria suitable

for

Prune hard

Prune

to control size

Choose

sunny, well-drained

a

planting

•

Sandy

soil

conditions are fine

all

species back hard

•

Do

not

Ilex

transplant

shearing as a hedge site for

and coasial

Prune regularly and

growth

is

naturally

Fertilize lightly loocl

lightly

but

compact

•

with complete plant

Juniperus

488

Seasonal Calendars

^F^l

HSfl

PLANT

JUNE

AUGUST

JULY

SHRUBS (contim

Lavandula

Take semi-npe cutungs gravel

Leptospermum

•

Provide

mulch

Watch out

Take semi-npe cuttings

Stems may blacken and die

Ensure good drainage and air flow around plants • Fertilize lightly

may

weather

which mold on stems

Prune out dead

in

humid

wood

Web-spinning moth larvae may cause damage; remove affected

for scale insects

result in sooty

•

branches

Melaleuca

Sawfly larvae

may

defoliate plants;

spray with pyreihrum

•

Take semi-

Spray scale insects with white

although most will tolerate

Root

Propagate from semi-ripe cuttings

may occur

rot diseases

oil •

in

humid weather

dry weather

ripe cuttings

Osmanthus

Ensure adequate water during dry spells,

Provide adequate water during spells • Propagate

Check

dry-

for

summer

pests

from semi-ripe

cuttings

Philadelphia

Take softwood cuttings

Provide

some shade

in

warm

Ensure adequate water

Protea

Take semi-ripe cuttings

•

Mulch

•

Lightly fertilize

districts

Ensure good drainage in humid

Take semi-ripe cuttings

conditions

Rhododendron, Azalea

Apply compost or leaf litter around plants • Supply adequate water • Do

sun

not dig around plants as root system

out by layering

Remove unsprayed plants badly damaged by insect attack • Check for mildew during humid weather;

Protect plants from hot afternoon •

may

Propagation

be carried

may be damaged

Rosa

spray with a fungicide

Soak plants heavily once a week

•

Spray scale insects on stems with white

oil

plus an insecticide

Salvia

Raise seedlings in

transplanting or •

Spiraea

•

Mam

commences

flowering period

direct

•

and S. guaranitica Water occasionally

S. dorrii

in flower

•

Allow good

at

air

2-week

intervals

movement

and S. guaraninca Water occasionally

in flower •

Flowering begins

Provide adequate water during spells •

Syiinga

Spray black spot

5. dorrii

flats for

sow seed

Spray rust spores with sulfur;

remove and destroy affected leaves • Prune back sucker growth from base rootsiocks • Propagate by budding

dry-

Take softwood cuttings

Mulch around

plants

Provide adequate water during dry spells •

and keep moist

during dry spells

Take softwood cuttings

Take softwood cuttings or buy grafted specimens for greater

Provide adequate water during dry spells

•

Take softwood cuttings

Lightly prune to shape

hardiness

Viburnum

Take softwood cuttings of deciduous plants • Take semi-ripe cuttings of evergreens • Prune old flower stems •

Weigela

Mulch and

Ensure adequate water spells •

Mulch and

dunng dry

Two-spotted mite silvering

fertilize

may

on

may

cause

leaves of V. tinus; control

be difficult

fertilize

Take softwood cuttings

•

Prune

after

Ensure adequate water during

Mulch

flowering

spells •

Evergreen

Take semi-ripe cuttings

Watch

Semi-deciduous

Take semi-ripe cuttings

Mulch and

Deciduous,

Mulch and

Watch

for

Thrips

may

•

dry-

Lightly fertilize

Ensure adequate water during dispells

TREES

Conifers

all heights

lightly fertilize

Ensure adequate water during diCheck stems for scale insect

spells •

damage

for

Watch

for

summer

insect pests

Watch

for

summer

insect pests

insect pests

Watch

for

summer

insect pests

brown or dead

Thrips

may

summer

insect pests

fertilize

summer

cause

foliage in patches

cause

foliage in patches

brown

or dead

Seasonal Calendars

OCTOBER

SEPTEMBER

NOVEMBER

489

PLANT SHRUBS (continued)

Some

species

still

Some

flowering

species

still

flowering

Prune off dead flowers

to

continuous blooming of

Top up mulch

•

Lightly fertilize

Tip prune regularly

Top up mulch

•

Lightly fertilize

Prune out any old or woody growth

Mulch and

demaia

Leptospermum

Melaleuca

Flowering commences

lightly fertilize

Lavandula

encourage

L

Osmanthus

Flowering

Philadelphus

Prepare planting drainage soil

Dig

•

in

Ensure good

site •

compost

•

flowering

P. neriijolia

Protea

flowering

P. neriijolia

Check

pH

Apply light application of fertilizer and water in well • Take cuttings of semi-ripe wood • Pot on layer-grown

Apply mulch of compost or wellrotted animal

Rhododendron, Azalea

Spot flowering occurs

manure

plants R. moyesii soil

flowering

•

Allow rose hips

Lightly dress

with dolomite/lime; and/or dig

Do

develop on

to

R. rugosa •

Pick rose hip stems for •

Check

not prune old-fashioned roses

in

compost or well-rotted manure, sandy soil • Improve drainage in heavy soil

decoration

especially in

varieties suitable for

Flowering continues in warm-

Flowering continues in warm-

Flowering continues in warm-

temperate climates

temperate climates

temperate climates

Prune

In cold districts leaf color

lightly to

shape

in

Mulch around

rose catalogs for

flowering canes

may occur

Leaves of Berries

V.

Salvia

may occur

Spiraea

fall

Prepare

established plants

with compost

fertilize lightly

Take cuttings

In cold districts leaf color in

soil for

Syringa

planting with light

application of dolomite/lime and/or

compost

Mulch and

•

your area

fall

Mulch around

established plants

with compost

Rosa

•

Clip annually; shorten back

burkwoodii color in

may remain on some

fall •

•

Leaves of

Ensure good drainage

Viburnum

V. carlesii color in fall

species

Weigela

Plants continue to lose leaves

Plants begin to lose leaves

TREES Plant

new

trees in areas of

fall

rains

•

Lightly fertilize established trees

Prepare planting

site for

new

trees;

dig in plenty of compost and

complete

fertilizer •

Plant

new

trees in areas of

fall

rains

Lightly fertilize established trees

Water well rain

is

Dig

in

until established

if

no

•

Plant

new

trees in areas of

fall

rain^

Evergreen

•

Lightly fertilize established trees

Leaves

may

fall

in cool

Semi-deciduous

dismals

present

Be sun

well drained

Prepare planting sue 2 months ahead if

planting bare-rooted

Prepare

young

soil for planting,

compost and compi'

dig

trees

in

plenty of compost and

complete

Deciduous,

Transplant established trees

(i//

heights

(

onijers

fertilizer

Water new plants

until established

>ung

490

Seasonal Calendars

DECEMBER

PLANT

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

SHRUBS (continued)

L

Lavandula

L

dentata produces purple bracts

with

dentala produces purple bracts

with

flowers

its

flowers

its

L

dentata produces purple bracts

with

its

flowers

Leptospermum

Melaleuca

Osmanthus

Philadelphus

Give some protection to young

Give some protection to young

Give some protection to young

plants in frosty areas

plants in frosty areas

plants in frosty areas

Flowering

Flowering

Cut back growth

Protect

Protea

P.

mexicanus from

and move

in pot

frost;

grow

Protect in pot

to sheltered

P.

mexicanus from

and move

location

location

Provide protection for young plants

P.

frost;

after flowering to restrict

grow

to sheltered

cynaroides flowering

Pick flowers for indoor decoration

in frosty areas

Rhododendron, Azalea

young

Protect

plants in frosty areas

•

Ensure adequate water

cold, dry

if

Flowering in

warm

districts

winds occur

Rosa

Main pruning time for hybrid Tea and Flonbunda roses • Prune back dead, weak or spindly growth • Prune

Salvia

to

outward pointing bud

Protect from strong

Pruning continues roses

•

Bare-rooted

may be purchased

after planting •

When

Water well planting, do •

Spray scale insects with white

To

oil •

exhibit roses, join a horticultural

society

not allow roots to be bent

winds

Protect from strong

winds

Protect from strong

winds

Spiraea

Syringa

Select grafted, bare-rooted, healthy

Prune out dead or weak shoots on

specimens

established plants

Viburnum

V. tinus

Weigela

Deciduous

for planting

begins to flower

V. tinus

flowering

Some

species

V. tinus

may

flower again

flowering

Deciduous

Deciduous

TREES Evergreen

Mulch around young

trees

Mulch around young

with

trees with

Mulch around young

trees with

gravel to protect from frost, or cover

gravel to protect from frost, or cover

gravel to protect from frost, or cover

with hessian tent overnight

with hessian tent overnight

with hessian tent overnight

Semi-deciduous

Some

Some

Some

Deciduous,

Protect

all

heights

loss of leaves in all districts

mulch Conifers

Frost

young

loss of leaves in all districts

Take hardwood cuttings

trees with gravel

Remove Shape

in frosty areas

damage may occur on young

loss of leaves in all districts

old or dead branches

trees

if

•

not flowering species

Take hardwood cuttings

Take hardwood cuttings

Water

Water well

plants of Abies

Ornamental, blossom

& fruit

Purchase bare-rooted trees let

roots turn

•

Do

up when planting

Prune branches

not •

lightly after planting

well until established, but not

excessively

excessively

until established,

but not

Seasonal Calendars

MARCH

APRIL

491

PLANT

M AY

SHRUBS (continued)

When

planting add light application

of dolomite/lime to soil; and/or

compost and complete

Sow

Prune

compact habit

flowering

Ensure good drainage

•

Fertilize

and

mulch

germination

Ensure good drainage;

some moisture

lightly after or

Lavandula

during

fertilizer

seed; keep moist until

fertilize

Tip prune young plants to ensure

all

shears over plants

Tip prune regularly, especially young

enjoy

plants

in soil • Lightly

with blood and bone

and

Leptospermum

Tip prune regularly or use hedge

•

Prune old flowering stems

collect seed •

Sow

Mulch around

Melaleuca

plants to conserve

water

seed; keep

moist until germination

— Prepare planting

Ensure good drainage

site •

Dig

compost and complete

Prune

Provide part shade in hot districts

in

Prune

Fertilize

only with

recommended •

Mulch and

fertilize

Keep mulch away from main stem

fertilizer

•

Do

water directly on to flowers

weeks

Prune

not •

petal blight with a fungicide •

cuttings 6

•

Protea

for proteas

Main flowering period

Apply

compost or well-rotted animal manure and a complete plant food for rhododendrons • Water well

Philadelphus

after flowering, especially

older shoots

fertilizer

lightly after flowering

Main flowering period

Osmanthus

Spray

Take

is

poor, check

soil

pH

•

Use

a systemic insecticide regular!)' to

combat

after flowering

Rhododendron, Azalea

lightly after flowering • If

growth

insect

damage on

leaves

before planting

new

Protect

damage

• In

from wind

foliage

warmer

roses begin to flower

districts

Use commercial preparations on insect pests and diseases; or plant

•

garlic or

some Choose roses

by perfume

birds

Liquid feed occasionally with soluble

Provide a

fertilizer •

drained

after flowering

Raise seedlings in

transplanting or

friable, well-

weather

soil

Cut out old or dead wood

Prune

•

Lightly apply fertilizer ever)' 6

weeks

if

encourage

the

lateral

Salvia

shoots

warm

is

Cut out old

after flowering •

or dead

mulch away from plant stems

Pinch back established plants to

flats for

sow seed

Rosa

• Mulch thickly cow manure; keep

glauca flowering

with straw or old

onion chives and encourage

Prune

•

R.

and mulch well

Spiraea

Prune old flowers; prune to shape

Syringa

Fertilize

wood

Fertilize

young

fertilizer

once established

plants with complete •

after flowering

Flowering commences Ensure adequate water as flower

Prune out any old or dead wood

Dig in plenty of compost and complete fertilizer

buds develop

Pick flowering branches for indoor

flowering

V. carlesii

planting

•

Prepare

site •

Viburnum

•

decoration

Hard prune overgrown or straggly • Mulch and fertilize

Prepare planting

specimens

of

Sow

Mulch well

site •

Dig

compost and complete

in plenty

fertilizer

•

Weigela

•

Evergreen

Tip prune young plants regularly Flowering commences

TREES tree

seed and keep moist until

germination

Fertilize

Prune new trees

to

warms up

fertilize •

Water

Prune blossom

Prune new growth (not old wood)

Sow

treatment

well as weather

Fertilize

warms up

during periods of good rain

Semi-da iduous

ted and keep moist until germination

Plant container specimens

•

Mulch

well

flowering

shape

•

during periods of good rain

Mulch and

shape or after

as weather

if

seed after giving

to

flowi"

Ensure adequate water during dry

fertilize

spells

Mulch and

fertilize

Mulch

Mukh

fertilize

.ind Fertilize

JV<

i(/i«)t(.s,

all heights

Conifers

old

no

Bering branches decoration

<

trees after

Mulch and

for

indoor

and

well

Prune

after flowering

Ornamental, blossom

& /mu

492

Seasonal Calendars

B7|

PLANT

JUNE

^F^l

AUGUST

JULY

TREES (continued)

Ornamental, blossom

& fruit

Provide cool, moist conditions over

Prune back suckers near ground

summer

level •

•

Mulch and

fertilize

Watch

for insect pests

during

Watch

for insect pests

during

warm weather

warm weather Tropical

& subtropical

BULBS,

CORMS & TUBERS

Summer flowering,

sun

Prune young

shape

trees to

Mulch

•

Provide adequate water during

summer months active

Mulch

Watch

to conserve water

Flowering

Provide adequate water

•

for

summer

Flowering

•

insect pests

Provide adequate water

while plants are in

growth and producing flowers

Summer flowering, part shade

Flowering

Fall flowering

Allow summer sun

Flowering

Cardiocrinum produce decorative seed pods after flowering

the

to

bake bulbs in

Plant bulbs

Prepare

•

soil

with

plenty of compost and slow-release

ground

fertilizer for

bulbs

•

Select Colchicum

for a cool climate

Winter flowering

Foliage dies

watering

down

Reduce

•

Plant bulbs just below

•

ground in hot districts or with neck exposed in cool districts Order bulbs from a reputable grower • Sow seed of Galamhus

compost seed-raising mix

when

Winter-spring flowering

Dormancy

large

•

in

Pot on

enough

Plant out Bulbinella with top at

Dig in plenty of compost and well-

ground

rotted

level in

humus-rich

soil

is

cow manure

Make sure may rot

•

soil

well drained or bulbs

•

Order bulbs

Spring flowering, sun

Dry

off over

lifted

or

summer

and stored in a

left to

•

Bulbs

may be

Dry

off (bake) bulbs in

ground

Divide clumps of Hermodactylus

Sow

cool, dry place

seed of Freesia

Add

•

•

light

dressing of lime/dolomite compost

naturalize

and blood and bone

Sow Anemone

Spring flowering, shade to part shade

seed in sandy loam

or seed-raising leaf

mold and

fertilizer to soil

mix

•

Add compost,

a low-nitrogen

fertilizer to soil

Summer-jail flowering

Maintain adequate water during dry

Bulbs begin main flowering season

spells

and continue through

to

Plant Cyclamen bulbs 4 in (about

10 cm) deep, 6

fall

apart;

Spring-summer flowering, sun

Allow bulbs

summer

•

to

Allow bulbs

dry off during

A hot,

dry

summer

will

•

A

to

Sow

Plant offsets of Veltheimia

shade

summer will

seed of Calochortus and keep in

•

A. moly

and A.

flower through

narcissijlorum in

summer

•

Provide

summer

•

shaded

to dry off

A

hot, dry

In for

warm fall

site

during

summer

•

Add

plenty of

fertilizer to soil

summer

Leave foliage to die

down

•

Pick

Divide plants of A. christophii

flowers for indoor decoration

adequate water during flowering period

Begonia

Liquid

fertilize

water foliage

if

regularly

•

Do

not

possible, just fine

spray occasionally

•

Support

flowering stems with thin wire stakes

Plan a

visit to

will

climates choose Calochortus

planting

compost and

Reduce watering of

Veltheimia over

Allow bulbs

(about 15 cm)

in

a partly

help bulbs mature

a cool, moist position until ready to

plant

Allium

dry off during

hot, dry

help bulbs mature

help bulbs mature

Spring-summer flowering,

summer

choose

begonia

festivals

Plan a

visit to

begonia

festivals

493

Seasonal Calendars

OCTOBER

SEPTEMBER

NOVEMBER

PLANT TREES (continued)

Prepare planting

site

2

months ahead

Dig

compost and

in plenty of

complete

for bare-rooted trees

Ornamental fruit appear on Malus Leave on tree for winter or until

fertilizer

•

Ornamental, blossom

& fruit

fallen

Mulch and

Prune out dead or diseased limbs

lightly fertilize

Plant

new

•

Prune out dead or diseased limbs

during rainy weather

trees

Plant

new

trees

•

Tropical

BULBS, below

Plant Amaryllis bulbs just

surface

soil

Plant Habranthus 3 in

•

clumps

or divide

•

(about 7.5 cm) deep, 6 in (about

soil surface • Plant

15 cm) apart

(about 8 cm) deep

Divide established

•

warm

Plant Scilla bulbs in

Divide clumps of Polianlh.es and store

climates

Plant just

below

in

& subtropical

during rainy weather

CORMS & TUBERS

Summer flowering,

sun

dry sand

1

Watsonia 3 /2 in

clumps of Scilla Divide Dracunculus roots

cm)

12 in (about 30

•

Top

Flowering

dress areas of

•

Flowering

Divide established

clumps

Liquid

Plant Nerine/i/i/olia in a rock garden

fertilize

regularly

Select a cool, moist, partly site •

under deciduous

Add compost,

release fertilizer

leaf

shaded

trees or

shrubs

mold and slow-

Plant bulbs 2 in

•

•

Replant healthiest bulbs

•

•

release fertilizer

areas plant in

bulbs as foliage

Fall flowering

Nerine foliage

appears after flowering

as path edging

•

Plant Bulbinella

Divide Eranthis

when overcrowded

Winter-spring flowering

and

Oxalis together for brilliant color

combination

pots of bulb fiber

Bulb planting lime

•

Plant bulbs 2 in

Plant Chasmanthe in a rock garden or

warm

down

Winter flowering

Keep Bulbinclla moist • Plant Crocus under deciduous trees in cold In

Fertilize

under deciduous trees or shrubs Add compost, leaf mold and slow-

(about 5 cm) deep

•

part shade

site

(about 5 cm) deep

climates

•

begins to die

shaded

Select a cool, moist, partly

Summer flowering,

gently cover bulbs

soil

naturalized bulbs with compost

•

compost or

area with

allow leaves from deciduous trees to

Plant

•

Cardiocrinum in nch, moist

Flowering

Mulch planting

Plant

•

apart

•

Keep moist

during growing season

•

Bulb planting time

•

Spring flowering, sun

Bulb planting time

Plant

Leucocoryne and Sparaxis

Plant

Babiana, Freesia and Hcrmodactylus

Choose a cool, moist spot and Hyacinthoides

for

Arum

Plants •

left in

ground may be divided Arum and

Plant Anemone,

Spot flowering of Anemone occurs plants have been

left

in

Allow deciduous leaves

Hyacinthoides

ground to

fall

if

•

Spring flowering, shade to part shade

over

bulb planting area

Choose soil

a

sunny spot, well-drained

enriched with compost and

low-nitrogen bulb planting

•

fertilizer for

Water bulbs well once appears

bulb

Plant Cyclamen bulbs

•

Liquid

flower buds appear

•

Plant Zephyranthes bulbs 4 in (about

foliage

when

fertilize

10 cm) deep, 3

Protect from

in

Summer-fall flowering

(about 7.5 cm)

apart

snails

Plant Zephyranthes 4 in (about

Plant Ornithogalum in well-drained

Plant bulbs of Tulbughia and

soil

Watsonia 3 in (about 7.5 cm) deep Lightly apply compost, but average

•

10 cm) deep

•

Spring-summer flowering, sun

Plant Ornithogalum

bulbs or sow seed

soil is tolerated

Plan a

woodland garden

shaded

site

compost

in a partly

for Cafochortus

and

mass

Plant out Velthcimia bulbs,

Plant bulbs

Clivia

position

•

Main bulb planting lime

Velthcimia in

pots in cold Plant

all

seed varieties; sow in seed-

mix and pot when n Top dress with blood and bone

Plan a

visit to

all

when

Plant

Foliage on Clivia

warm

•

Plant

Spring-summer flowci ing, shade

climates, place in

ell

arieties

i

when

Allium

available

available

raising

flowering dies

Plant bulbs of

varieties

•

should be glossy green

plant in large groups in sunny-

with plenty of leaf

as

down begonia

festi

Lift

tubers and allow to dry Ition

•

Do

nol

mni Hi

dry

oil in

m plants

.1

available lor

are

irv

ind or

Begonia

494

Seasonal Calendars

^F^l

^^^fl

DECEMBER

PLANT

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

TREES (continued)

Tropical

& subtropical

Protect trees from cold

growing

BULBS,

wind

Protect trees from cold

if

growing

in cooler climates

wind

Protect trees from cold

if

growing

in cooler climates

wind

if

in cooler climates

CORMS & TUBERS

Summer flowering,

sun

Bulbs are hardy but give some

As

protection in areas of severe frost

bulbs in

December

for

warm

•

Plant Galtonia

with mulch of loose straw or dry

15 cm) deep, 8 in (about 20 cm)

leaves

apart;

corms 3 in (about cm) deep, 6 in (about 15 cm) apart • Divide established clumps Plant Tigridia

climates 6 in (about

add compost and slow-release

7.5

after several years

bulb food

Summer flowering, part shade

areas

Fall flowering

Flowers die

Grow

down

•

Allow leaves

from deciduous trees

to

Sow

Protect Caladium in cold areas

Hymenocallis in pots in cold

cover areas

seed of Crinum

Protect bulbs with loose straw in

Protect bulbs with loose straw in

areas of severe frost

areas of severe frost

of naturalized bulbs

Winter flowering

Main flowering period

•

Main flowering period

Pick

Winter-spring flowering

Protect Bulbinella bulbs in frosty

areas with

mulch of

loose straw

Bulb flowering time from

now

Fertilize to

•

Leave bulbs to naturalize

prolong flowering

flowering stems of Galanthus

Plant bulbs in pots for indoor

Protect Bulbinella bulbs in frosty •

mulch

areas with

of loose straw

decoration

•

Liquid

fertilize

regularly

until

April

Spring flowering, sun

Provide shelter from cold winds

•

Provide shelter from cold winds

Protect bulbs in frosty areas with

mulch

mulch

of loose straw or dry leaves

Spring flowering, shade to part shade

mulch

Summer-fall flowering

Plant Crocosmxa bulbs 4 in (about

Protect

Anemone

•

Protect bulbs in frosty areas with

Arum

in frosty areas with

of loose straw

may

start in

warm

climates

of loose straw or dry leaves

foliage looks

good

Ensure adequate moisture

in

if

cold

association with Galanthus

dry winds occur

Protect Eucomis bulbs in frosty areas

Plant Zephyranthes bulbs 4 in (about

10 cm) deep, 3 in (about 7.5 cm)

10 cm) deep, 6 in (about 15 cm) apart; confine bulbs as they

Flowering

may be

apart

invasive

Spring-summer flowering, sun

grow potted

Plant Zephyranthes tubers in sheltered

In frost-prone areas

position

bulbs in sheltered positions; plant out in spring

• If left

in

Divide and separate corms of Watsonia

ground

protect with straw

Spring-summer flowering,

Veitheimia requires water during

shade

winter to ensure good flowering

Reduce watering of

Keep Calochortus dry over winter •

Liquid

fertilize as

buds develop

in

spring

Clivia to

encourage flower production

Allium

Begonia

Turn potted specimens on to

their sides

Prepare a

soil

mix

equal parts loamy

dry off

cocopeat,

for

begonias with

soil, leaf

mold or

cow manure and blood

Tubers available

until

May; begin

to garden;

ensure tubers are firm

and bone Fntillaria

Watch

Gladiolus

Lift

for

Watch

winter weeds

bulbs in cold areas or wet areas

•

Dust bulbs with sulfur fungicide and store in a cool, dry place

for

winter weeds

Store bulbs in a cool, dry place

in

pots of sand/peat before transferring

Watch

for winter

weeds

Store bulbs in a cool, dry place

Seasonal Calendars

MARCH

MAY

APRIL

495

PLANT TREES (continued)

Mulch and

fertilize • Plant

keep moist

until

seed and

Prune established trees flowering

germination

•

after

Take cuttings

good rains compost and

Prepare planting

site if

have

in

fallen •

complete

Dig

Tropical

fertilizer

BULBS, Plant Belamcanda bulbs just soil surface •

below

Protect plants from snails

and slugs

Add compost and

blood and bone

•

Give

Valloia plenty of

room

to

grow

CORMS & TUBERS

Summer flowering,

Mulch bulbs with compost and liquid fertilize regularly

fertilizer • Plant

& subtropical

sun

cm)

Polianthes tuberosa 2 in (about 5

deep, 5 in (about 12.5 cm) apart Plant Cardiocrinum just

surface to

•

below

Liquid

soil

Allow plenty of space

for

it

fertilize as

weather warms up

Keep

evenly moist over

soil

Summer flowering, part shade

develop

Divide bulbs

if

overcrowded

seed from previous

fall

Sow

•

Provide adequate water while foliage

Plant fresh bulbs

flowering

is

Allow bulbs

Cut

down Winter flowering

dry off after flowering

to

Mulch area with compost may be divided •

•

Fall /lowering

growing, reduce watering once

foliage has died

•

summer

and plants emerge or grow

Bulbs

off old flower stalks of Bulbinella

Divide Eranthis after flowering

•

fertilizer as

Winter-spring flowering

Dormancy

Sprinkle over blood and bone

down

bulbs die

Thin and replant healthiest bulbs

Main flowering period

•

Pick flowers

Main flowering period

Cut

Bulbs in

full

flower

•

Pick flowers for

indoor decoration

off flower

stems

Collect seed for

regularly for indoor decoration

When

after flowering

•

flowering finishes

Anemone and

Spring flowering, sun

sowing

Leave bulbs in ground to die off

Flowering continues lift

fall

Mulch with compost

•

•

Leave

Spring flowering, shade to part shade

flowering stems of Arum to produce

store in a cool, dry place

berries for decoration

Plant Eucomis bulbs 2 in (about

5

cm) deep, 12

in (about

30 cm)

Sow

bulbs

apart

Maintain adequate water during dry

seed of bulbs in pots until

planted out if

•

Divide large clumps of

overcrowded

•

Summer-jail flowering

spells

Give away

excess bulbs Plant bulbs of

Main flowering period begins and

Omithogalum

continues into

Flowering time begins and continues to early

summer

Tulbaghia flowers emit a strong odor;

Pick flowers regularly for indoor

Remove spent

decoration

save the best tubers for replanting

next

A. christophii in flower

Sow

seed with fine sand for even

distribution,

sow

in moist, fine

compost and cover with thin

layer of

sand

Flowering

Save seed of A. christophii for dried flower arrangements

Pot seedlings in sand/peat, mix

Don't overpot

warm

•

Keep

in

fertilizer

If

glasshouse

•

well-rotted

Lift

cow manure and

rain 01 bulbs m.iy rot

Store in cool, dry Plant bulbs in cool climates

•

damaged bulbs

Add

Gladiolus hybrids

climates

•

Begonia

Prepare position with

bulbs from areas with high

summer

compost and lightly apply hi bone fertilizer • Discard ill

Allium

compost

position

Flowering

cold climates

shade

planting out acclimatize plants

gradually

•

Spring-summer flowering,

fall

Divide clumps of A. moly and

or in

plants of Calochorius:

A. narcissiflorum

50:50 with slow-release

Spring-summer flowering, sun

do not plant near open windows

summer

Dowering

G cameus and

(-

in

warm

insiis

m

Ihnps

hi

I

rmlliiMii

•

pi

iks

on

(.liuliollis

Seasonal Calendars

496

^F^l

PLANT BULBS,

JUNE

AUGUST

JULY

CORMS & TUBERS

(continued)

Fritillaria

Store bulbs in a cool, dry place

Store bulbs in a cool, dry place

In cold climates prepare partly

shaded, moist

cocopeat and

sites

leaf

with compost,

mold

•

Fritillaria

tolerate slightly limey soil

Gladiolus

G

x

flower

colvillei in

leaves

when

Leave 3 or 4

•

flowers are cut

when

Lift

off

stems

foliage starts to fade

Cut

•

when dry

Add compost and complete •

fertilizer

Dig sandy loam into heavy

soils •

G. ca/lianthus in flower Iris

/.

Order bulbs • Deeply cultivate and add compost, old manure and bulb

bucharica requires a hot, dry

summer

Chill bulbs in refrigerator in

warm

planting

if

climates

fertilizer to soil

Ljormosanum in flower until October • Mulch with compost and

Lilium

fertilizer •

Cut flower stems

decoration

•

for

Remove seed capsules

as flowers fade

Narcissus

longiflorum the

most

sunny spot

Plant bulbs in a

reliable in

warm climates • L regale and L martagon in flower • Take scales

drained, nch, neutral soil

from flowering plants

flowering

propa-

for

down

plants to die

foliage

bulbs

• Lift

store in cool, dry place in

warm

Order bulbs from catalog of reputable grower

Planting

naturally after

may

start in cool districts •

Lightly dress soil with dolomite/lime;

and/or add compost, well-rotted

climates

manure and small amount complete

Check stored bulbs for any insect damage • Keep only large, healthy

Tulipa

bulbs

•

in well-

Allow

•

gation

Cut down yellow

and

L

Use insecticide granules

to

Order bulbs from reputable grower • Plan a garden display, keeping same variety together for mass planting

In

warm

of

fertilizer

climates store bulbs in

refrigerator before planting

•

Lightly

dress soil with dolomite/lime; and/or

add compost and well-rotted manure

control insect attack

LAWNS, GROUND COVERS & ORNAMENTAL GRASSES Mow on a

Lawns

regular basis

lower than

Ground covers

Mow

on

Ornamental grasses, bamboos

&

1

and never cm)

Insect pests active

and never cm)

Insect pests active

Fungal diseases

Cut back vigorous creeping grasses

If

planting out, restrict growth

If

around bamboos by placing barrier

Harvest and dry leaf herbs

•

during

common

during

planting out, restrict growth

around bamboos by placing barrier

Sow annual

HERBS

common

humid weather

in (about 2.5

Cut out dead or overcrowded stems •

Fungal diseases

humid weather

in (about 2.5

a regular basis

lower than

sedges

1

Mulch garden

Place

to conserve

water

•

In

paper bag over annual herbs to

cooler districts semi-woody cuttings

collect seed

may be taken

of Alqysia, Lauras

and

Thymus

Take cuttings of

all

perennial herbs

Plant seed of Borago, Carum,

Coriandrum,

Cuminum and

horiensis for

fall

Satureja

harvest

FRUIT TREES, NUT TREES & OTHER FRUITS Tropical to subtropical

Establish plants during or after

summer

rain

•

Add

good

compost and a complete

Fertilize established plants •

virus-free stock, or

plenty of fertilizer to

Check

Buy

from an organic

grower

for seasonal pests • Identify

common safe

problems and methods

Bud

graft tree fruits

treat

with

soil

Cool- temperate

Use

Practise fruit thinning so that

branches are able to support crop

Mulch

well to inhibit

•

summer weeds

trickle irrigation in

Summer prune where encourage

on

fruit •

Bud

dry spells

•

on

rootstocks

graft tree fruits

cuttings of Vaccinium

to suitable rootstocks

•

Take

to suitable

Take softwood

appropriate to

•

•

Check

for

branches rubbing against stakes

softwood cuttings of Vaccinium

Warm-temperate

Use netting fruit

to protect

from birds

compost

•

developing

Mulch

to inhibit

well with

summer weeds

Fertilize regularly

with appropriate

Water well during dry Summer prune where

fertilizer •

spells

•

appropriate to encourage regular

crops of high yields

and diseases

Check

for pests

weekly

Allow good air circuladiscourage mildew in

tion to

•

grasses

•

humid weather

•

.

'i

OCTOBER

SEPTEMBER

NO\

f

M

ii

(

I

u

/

c n

dd r

PLANT

B E R

BULBS.

CORMS & TLBERS

In cold climates only plant FntiHaria

4

49 7

$

Fritillaria

cm) deep. 8 in (about • Choose F pa

(about 10

in

20 cm) apart wanner climates

G carncus

Plant

for spring flowering

Plant

G X

a rock garden

cofvillei in

Corms can be planted in subtropical or warm climates • Plant at intervals 10 flower over a

(about 10 cm) deep.

Plant bulbs

4

4

10 cm) apart

in (about

in

Plant bulbs 4 in (about 10 cu

4

in (about

Sow

seed in seed-raising mix mulched with organic matter • Raise in pots • Divide and plant new bulbs in

conditioned

4

auratum and

do not

Plant N. cydarmncus hybrids in rock

Lightly fertilize bulbs with blood

gardens or pots 2 in (about

bone

5

deep, 2 in (about 5 cm) apart

•

Plant

cm) deep. 4

others 2 in (about 5

and

easily

•

Liliuni

Glass

plants available in flower

•

After

flowering, plant out in spring

Over-watering bulbs may cause bulb

naturalized in garden

if

Iris

(about 10 cm) apart

damage

around the main underground stem Plant bulbs immediately:

in

Avoid using garden forks as bulbs


soil

L

long period

Plant bulbs 4 in (about 10 era 1 deep.

10 cm) apart

:ng

Gladiolus

itch for

position

•

aphids

Narcissus

when buds

Otherwise few problems

in

(about 10 cm) apart Planting time

•

Overplant with

Myosotis or \tatthiola varieties en masse •

bulb

•

Plant

Add

Viola.

Planting time

Tulipa

Planting time

same

slow-release

fertilizer

LAWNS, GROl"XD COVERS

& ORNAMENTAL Lightly

fertilize in

prepare

site for

If

site for

districts or

Lightly fertilize in

prepare

planting

Lightly fertilize in

prepare

warm

warm

districts or

prepare

planting out. restrict growth

Sow annual

'

site for

warm

Check weeds

for

appearance of winter

Low ns

districts or

Check weeds

for

appearance of winter

Ground cavers

planting

Remove flowerheads weed problem

if

GR.ASSES

districts or

planting

Lightly fertilize in

planting

around bamboos by placing banner

site for

warm

grass presents

Collect seed

when

Ornamental

fully ripe for

sedges

a

&

grasses

Continue to take cuttings ripening seed

•

•

Harvest

Cut back flowering

stems and old foliage of Petroselinum

Harvest and dry

herbs

last

of

summer

Remove spent annual herbs

•

and add

to

compost heap

Cut back overgrown plants

•

HERBS

Dig up

and p Elcttana and Zi •

Shelter over winter

FRl

n

fRJ

/

v

M

& OTHER Prune

to allow light into tree or

shape

for

good

rooted trees and soft

Dig

in

Mulch

• Fertilize lightly

Mulch

• Fertilize lightly

/

TRl

FRl

l

1

1

s S

Tropical to subtropical

fruiting

(heck pollination requirements ol new plants • Provide Stakes or trellis

Prepare ground for planur fruit

.

compost or well-rotted

manu'

grasses,

bamboos

•

ill

pH.

6-6.5 except Vauimum.

plant-. •

Take

Cool-temperate

h.i:.

a here appro;

ideal

-

plants

Warm-temperate

Prepare ground (or planting

contain

compost or well-rotted mat nnual pollination requircn

pollination requircn

new

summer

frail p

498

Seasonal Calenda

^^fl

DECEMBER

PLANT BULBS,

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

Provide shelter from strong winds as

Mosaic virus may cause yellow-green

CORMS & TUBERS

(continued)

Watch

Iris

for winter

weeds

bulbs sprout •

Liquid

•

Mulch with compost

on new

streaks

bulbs/rhizomes

fertilize regularly

foliage; destroy •

Spray for aphids

with an insecticide

Bulbs begin to

•

flower

Do

Lilium

Narcissus

not water bulbs over winter

Protect plants from strong

Odd

wind

•

Liquid

flowers of N. jonquilla hybrids

may appear Watch

Tulipa

Frost hardy over winter

in

warm

for winter

fertilize as

appear

•

Watch

for

Frost hardy over winter

flower stems

N. rydamineus hybrids

N. tazetta hybrids in flower

N

T

and

jonquilla hybrids in flower

climates

weeds

winter weeds

LAWNS, GROUND COVERS & ORNAMENTAL GRASSES Lawns

Ground covers

Warm-climate grasses may

lose

Warm-climate grasses may

lose

Warm-climate grasses may

lose

green color in cool winters

•

green color in cool winters

•

green color in cool winters

•

Oversow with cool-climate

grass

Oversow with cool-climate

grass

Oversow with cool-climate

grass

Warm-climate ground covers may

Warm-climate ground covers may

Warm-climate ground covers may

lose green color in cool winters •

lose green color in cool winters

Oversow with cool-climate ground

Oversow with cool-climate ground

Oversow with cool-climate ground

covers

lose green color in cool winters

•

•

covers

covers

Ornamental grasses, bamboos sedges

Leave flowers for winter decoration

Leave flowers for winter decoration

Leave flowers for winter decoration

in cold districts

in cold districts

in cold districts

HERBS

Allium and Artemisia go dormant

Mulch

Sow annual

&

•

Divide established clumps of Glycyrrhiza, Melissa

plants with loose straw over

winter

seeds under glass or in

protected position

and Symphytum

dolomite/lime to

•

Lightly apply

soil;

and/or dig in

compost and complete

fertilizer

FRUIT TREES, NUT TREES & OTHER FRUITS Tropical to subtropical

Protect plants from cold

growing

Cool-temperate

in

winds

Protect plants from cold

if

warm-temperate climates

growing

Soak bare-rooted plants well before

Protect

planting out; do not plant below

frost

graft level • Protect

from severe

frost

young

winds

if

warm-temperate climates

young

plants from severe

with hessian tent

•

•

Prune established plants to maintain

yields

•

Prune

to

open structure

allow light to reach ripening

Protect plants from cold

growing Protect

Prune

frost

established plants to maintain high

plants

with hessian tent

in

to

fruit

in

winds

if

warm-temperate climates

young

plants from severe

with hessian tent

•

Prune

established plants to maintain high yields

•

Prune to open structure

allow light to reach ripening

to

fruit

high yields

Warm-temperate

Prune young

trees to shape, selecting

Cut back current season's

Remove

main branches to form a framework • Cut back current

branches or dead

season's fruited shoots

young

three

shoots

•

fruited

Remove

crossing or rubbing

crossing or rubbing

branches or dead

wood

young

•

Protect

plants from cold winds or

wood

plants from cold

frosty spells

frosty spells

Citrus

Choose

citrus species

tolerance;

some

by cold

are frost tender

Cold winds and foliage to curl

frost

up

can cause

Fertilize

and mulch

•

Protect

winds or

Seasonal Calendars

MARCH

MAY

APRIL

499

PLANT BULBS,

CORMS & TUBERS (continued)

Main flowering period morning

•

Pick flowers

Main flowering period

Remove

•

Flowering continues in cold

spent flowers

in early

•

Iris

districts

Leave bulbs in ground for 3-5

years or

lift

and

store in cool, dry

place

Avoid over-watering rot •

Mulch

water infrequently fertilizer

may

as bulbs

with compost and

soil

•

Apply a

once growth

Plant glasshouse-grown bulbs after

L

flowering

flower

longijlorum

may

liquid

•

and

L

Lilium

lancijolium in

Cucumber mosaic

virus

cause reflexing and streaking of

leaves; destroy affected plants

starts

N. triandrus hybrids in flower

flower stems just before they

•

Pick

Main flowering period

for

hybrids

Liquid

open

Rock garden tulips T. dusiana, T. saxatalis and T. tarda in flower • Save seed of species tulips for sowing

fertilize

down

as bulbs die

•

Narcissus

up untidy foliage • Divide bulbs every 2-3 years • Reduce watering Tie

Spray aphids with an insecticide

Remove spent

•

down

flowers and

Spray tulip

fire

botrytis with a

die

fungicide

Do

not water overhead

store in cool, dry place

•

naturally

• Lift

let

Tulipa

bulbs

bulbs and

Practise crop rotation

LAWNS, GROUND COVERS & ORNAMENTAL GRASSES Ensure adequate

•

Lightly fertilize

water

Prepare planting

drainage

site •

even surface

•

Top

Ensure good

Cultivate to fine tilth

•

Water well

and

until

dress with sandy

Check summer weeds fertilize •

for

loam

•

Lawns

Lightly

appearance of

established Lightly fertilize

Ensure adequate

•

water

Prepare planting drainage

site •

even surface

•

Water

Top

Ensure good

Cultivate to fine tilth

•

and

well until

dress with sandy loam

Check summer weeds fertilize •

for

•

Lightly

Ground covers

appearance of

established

Clumps may be divided and planted out

•

Sow annual

grasses

Cut out dead or overcrowded stems •

Lightly apply dolomite/lime; and/or

Plant out established plants in pots

dig in compost and

Harvest young, fresh leaves

fertilize

with

complete or slow-release

fertilizer •

Prune dead wood

seed of

annuals

•

Sow

in seed-raising

a

Cut out dead or overcrowded stems

Cut back vigorous creeping grasses

weak

•

•

Apply

solution of liquid fertilizer

•

Cut back vigorous creeping grasses

Tip prune plants regularly to ensure

compact growth to

•

Ornamental grasses, bamboos sedges

&

HERBS

Give extra water

Andropogon during dry spells

mix

FRUIT TREES, NUT TREES & OTHER FRUITS Provide adequate water during dry spells

•

Mulch

Ensure good pollination of flowers

well

Plant out container

grown

fruit/nuts;

choose healthy, sturdy plants, than 2 years old

•

less

Spread a balanced

beyond where branches grow • Check weekly for signs of pest or disease problems fertilizer just

Mulch established plants with compost and manure • Check

may be

present

buds and developing

fruit

•

Protect

from birds

Fertilize established plants to

Fertilize established plants to

Mulch heavily as weather warms up with compost or manure

encourage

Choose

Mulch and fertilize from main trunk

encourage

a sheltered position for

planting

and

a

fruit •

•

Prepare sue with compost

complete

good drainage

fertilizer •

Ensure

Spread a balanced for

leaf discoloration as a nutrient

deficiency

fruit •

and Fortunella

to

Lightly prune Reus

shape

•

Take

softwood cuttings where appropriate

•

Apply mulch • Suppress weeds Plant companion plants

Keep away

fertilizer just

Tropical to subtropical

Cool-temperate

beyond where branches grow • Check weekly for signs of pest or disease problems • Protect buds and developing

Check

fruit

from birds

any sign of aphids or scale and take necessary action • Lightly prune Ficus and Fortunella to shape • Take softwood cuttings where appropriate for

Warm-temperate

insects

Keep trunk

free

from weeds

Cirrus

500

Seasonal Calendars

PLANT

JUNE

AUGUST

JULY

FRUIT TREES, NUT TREES

& OTHER ERUITS (continued)

Check

Citrus

Prunus

Leaf miner a

for pests • If leaves are

damaged

common

discolored check for signs of

off

deficiency in soil

with an insecticide

Provide adequate water during dry

Clear

Mulch and

problem; cut

fertilize

section or spray weekly in cool of

day

summer weeds away from

trees

summer weeds away from

Clear

trees

spells

CACTI & SUCCULENTS

Check

for pests

on spines or under

leaves

Protect tender specimens from really

Root

hot sun

weather

rot diseases •

occur in humid

Top up

gravel

mulch and

ensure good drainage

ORCHIDS

Mist spray daily

•

Water

daily as

required in late afternoon

FERNS, PALMS

• Fertilize

Allow

air circulation

weekly with weak solution of orchid

Fertilize

food

of orchid food

Provide cool, misty water during dry spells •

Mulch around

leaf litter

•

plants with

Lightly apply liquid

fertilizer

& cycads

Transplant palms

weather

CLIMBERS

•

around pots

•

weekly with weak solution

Ensure plants are dry before • Check for humid weather

watering in

fungal diseases

& CYCADS

Ferns

Palms

Control pests and diseases as noticed

•

dunng

rainy

Clean up old fronds

Protect fronds from hot dry

winds

•

Check under leaf hairs for insect pests; use weak strength insecticides or hand remove

Aphids may cause deformed fronds Check stems for scale insects

Ensure adequate water during dry

Ensure adequate water during dry

spells

spells

& CREEPERS

Warm-temperate

to

cool-temperate

Mulch around climbers as weather heats up • Ensure adequate water

Cut overgrowth back

during dry spells

growth should recommence

•

Frequent wilting

indicates dryness

Fertilize,

drastically

•

mulch, water well and

caterpillars

on

•

Spray

large-leafed climbers

Prune back early summer-flowering climbers

•

Lightly apply complete

fertilizer • If soil is

root rot diseases

badly drained

mav occur

with a pesticide

Tropical to subtropical

Plant evergreen climbers, especially

during or foliage for

after rain periods

damage by

spray with a pesticide

•

Check

caterpillars;

Mulch around

plants

Prune back excess or rampant

growth regularly

•

Seasonal Calendars

OCTOBER

SEPTEMBER

NOVEMBER

501

PLANT FRUIT TREES, NUT TREES & OTHER ERUITS (continued)

Mulch and

Prepare planting several

Ensure adequate water

fertilize

months

site for

in

new

trees

advance

Dig

in

at all

limes

compost and a complete

fertilizer

•

Ensure

drained

soil is well

Ensure adequate water

Check with

Root

rot diseases

weather

•

occur

in

humid

Ensure perfect drainage

Remove

•

•

Prunus

Spray at

fall

Tidy up plants and move to a sunny

old dry leaves around

succulents

your area

canker with a fungicide

bacterial

Citrus

times

a reputable dealer for

trees suitable for

leaf

at all

Repot crowded

location

specimens

•

CACTI

& SUCCULENTS

Give weak solution of

liquid fertilizer for those with flower

buds

Provide a well-lit position but not

Protect flower spikes from insect

Reduce watering

direct sunlight

damage

species

in

ORCHIDS

deciduous

FERNS, PALMS Check

for caterpillars

fronds

•

Remove

on young

old fronds

•

Tidy up plants

Ferns

Reduce watering during cooler weather

Lightly fertilize

Mulch and

& CYCADS

Check leaf tips of potted mens they turn brown

fertilize

—

is

low

•

speciif

humidity

If

Palms

trying palms in cold districts,

protect well

when young

•

& cycads

Move

potted specimens to warm, sheltered

Spray foliage

location

CLIMBERS Check undersides •

of leaves for snails

Spray scale insects with white

oil •

Deciduous climbers show Prune

after all leaves

may recommence warm

Ants climbing up stems indicate

or growth

presence of scale insects

weather

Summer

Second flush of flowers

flowering species continue

to flower in

warm

districts

fall

color

have dropped while

is still

flowering species

for spring

Warm-temperate

Dig plenty of compost and a complete

fertilizer into soil

•

Mulch

soil is

'

well drained

well around plants

and

ensure adequate water during dry spells

to

cool-temperate

Allow

adequate space and strong support

Ensure

& CREEPERS

Tropical to subtropical

Seasonal Calendars

502

DECEMBER

PLANT

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

FRUIT TREES, NUT TREES & OTHER ERV1TS (continued)

Buy

Prunus

from an organic

virus-free stock

Buy

virus-free stock

from an organic

grower

grower

Water young plants well

until

established but not excessively

Check

for

blossom diseases on

established trees

CACTI

& SUCCULENTS

Some

are frost hardy but

most

require protection over winter

Move

ORCHIDS

will

Reduce watering

•

in flower

for all except those

pots to sheltered location

Maintain warmth during winter

months where appropriate

months where appropriate

watering

•

and place

in a well-lit

location

Maintain warmth during winter •

Bring potted specimens indoors for brief periods

Reduce

•

Maintain warmth during winter

Reduce

watering

Clean glasshouse to

months where appropriate

Reduce

•

watering

prevent disease

FERNS, PALMS

& CYCADS

Ferns

winds

Protect from cold, dry

Fronds may blacken when

districts

districts

Water containerized plants sparingly

Water containerized plants sparingly

Planting time for deciduous climbers

Wait

frost

in

all

Protect from cold, dry

winds

Protect fems in very cold districts

in all

damaged

Palms

& cycads

Check •

for

and an

CLIMBERS

appearance of scale insects

Use very weak solution of white

oil

insecticide

& CREEPERS

Warm-temperate

to

cool-temperate

Add gypsum soil or

to

badly drained heavy

use gravel

planting hole

•

at

bottom of

Protect frost-tender

•

Prune climbing roses and

Prune Wisteria

to flowering

until

all frost

danger

Vitis •

before cutting back

buds

climbers

is

passed

damaged

species with hessian

Tropical to subtropical

Mulch well around

plants

and

ensure adequate water during dry spells if

•

Protect with hessian blanket

growing

in cold districts

Frost

may

kill tropical

species or

damage subtropical ones • Growth may recommence from base in spnng

Prune back cold- or wind-damaged stems in

warm

districts

•

Side dress

established plants with blood and

bone or complete

fertilizer

Seasonal Calendar:

MARCH

MAY

APRIL

503

PLANT FRUIT TREES, NUT TREES & OTHER FRUITS (continued)

Check

Check

blossom diseases on

for

seed or take cuttings

garden, build

up

blossom diseases on

Mulch and

Prunus

fertilize

established trees

established trees

Sow

for

soil to

•

Divide established clumps and repot

In

allow good

or replant

drainage; add sand, gravel and slow-

•

Give weak solution of

Cut

off old flowering

for snails

liquid fertilizer

stems

—they enjoy

•

Watch

CACTI & SUCCULENTS

the fleshy

leaves

release fertilizer

Repot overcrowded specimens

Tnm

Water

•

dead or damaged roots from

plants

if

period

regularly during •

Divide

established plants

repotting

ORCHIDS

Apply extra leaf mold and wellrotted cow manure on garden specimens

growing

Fertilize regularly •

FERNS, PALMS Prepare planting

compost and

site

Remove dead fronds • Cut them up as mulch around ferns •

Propagate spore from mature fronds under moist conditions • Side dress

with plenty of

leaf litter •

Use slow-

established plants with blood

release fertilizer at planting time

bone

•

& CYCADS Ferns

and use

and

Lightly apply liquid fertilizer

Divide established ferns with

rhizomes

Mulch

well

•

when

temperatures and high humidity are

Mulch well and apply nitrogenous fertilizer • Dig in plenty of compost and a slow-release fertilizer when

required

planting

Collect fresh seed

Fertilize

ripe

and

sow; for successful germination high

Palms

new palms

CLIMBERS Prepare evergreen climbers planting position as for

November

climbers in flower

•

damaged shoots and

•

Cut back leaves

frost-

on tender

fresh seed in seed-raising

mix

•

Prune summer-fall flowering climbers

complete

Side dress with blood

Sow

•

Apply blood and bone or

fertilizer

•

Prune

Tie

and bone

into

•

Ensure •

mix

•

3:1

•

Train

climbers where you want them to •

Tie

to

cool-temperate

Take semi-hardwood

vigorous young plants

grow

& CREEPERS

Warm-temperate

growing

Spray aphids with

Take semi-hardwood cuttings from

strong support for holding growth

Tip prune regularly

•

Strike in coarse sand/peat

Dig plenty of compost and a fertilizer into soil •

new growth

position

cuttings from vigorous plants

mix

complete

'

pyrethrum

•

fresh climbers seed in seed-

raising

plants

Sow

Plant evergreen climbers

established climbers after flowering

Spring

& cycads

up with

soft material

Tropical to subtropical

504

Cultivation Guidelines SOIL

PLANT PROTECTION

MAINTENANCE

PREPARATION

PROPAGATION

ANNUALS & PERENNIALS Annuals, low growing, springJail flowering

Warm

to cool-

temperate

Loose, well-drained

Pick flowers to encourage

Aphids. caterpillars,

Seed,

loam

more blooms • Liquid regularly • Mulch

snails, slugs,

seedlings

wit:

organic matter

component

fertilize

damping

Add

•

off, leaf

spot, root rot

compost and fertilizer

Annuals, low growing, springjail flowering

Temperate

Loose well-drained

Pick flowers to encourage

Aphids, caterpillars,

Seed,

loam with good

more blooms • Liquid regularly • Mulch

snails, slugs,

seedlings

organic matter

fertilize

damping

component • Add compost and

off, leaf

spot, root rot

fertilizer

Annuals, medium growing, springfall flowering

Cool-temperate to

warm-

temperate

Loose, well-drained

Shelter from strong winds

loam with good

Pick flowers regularly to

mites,

organic matter

encourage continuous

leaf

component • Add compost and

flowering regularly

Liquid

• •

•

Rust, aphids. snails,

budworm,

Seed, seedlings

miner

fertilize

Mulch

fertilizer

Annuals, tall growing, springfall flowering

Temperate

Loose, well-drained

Provide tripods

loam with good

or stakes

•

organic matter

(lowers

Liquid

component • Add compost and

regular intervals

•

if

necessary

Remove spent fertilize at •

Rust, mildew,

Seed,

aphids. snails,

seedlings

two-spotted mite

Mulch

fertilizer

Annuals, tall growing, springfall flowering

Cool-temperate to

warm-

temperate

Loose, well-drained

Provide tripods

loam with good

or stakes

•

organic matter

flowers

Liquid

component • Add compost and

regular intervals

•

if

necessary

Remove spent fertilize at •

Rust, mildew,

Seed,

aphids, snails,

seedlings

two-spotted mite

Mulch

fertilizer

Annuals, dahlias

Warm-

Well-drained.

temperate

moderately rich

Stake plants

•

Remove spent

Snails, slugs, mites,

Tuber

earwigs, wilt, stem

flowers

soil

rot,

mildew, mold,

nematodes Annuals, pelargoniums

\\

arm-

temperate

Average garden soil enriched with compost

and complete Perennials,

Temperate

spring-early

Compost

•

Regular pruning

Caterpillars, rust,

stem

Cuttings, seed

rot

fertilizer

Fertilizer

•

Remove spent

flowers

Few problems

Division, seed

cuttings

Drainage material

summer flower "g Perennials,

Warm-

Compost

spring—early

temperate

Sharp sand or

summer

Fertilizer

•

•

grit for

Remove

plants after several

Root

rot

.

seasons or allow to self-seed

Cuttings, seed, root

cuttings

drainage

flowering, short lived Perennials,

summer

Temperate

flowering, sun

Dolomite/lime; and/or

Stake tall-flowering plants

Snails, slugs, tew

compost and complete

Dead-head old flowers

problems

fertilizer •

drained

Perennials,

summer

i

mperate

early

summer

root cuttings,

stem cuttings

Well-

soil

Moist, humus-rich soil

Divide every few years

Snails, slugs

Division, seed,

stem cuttings

flowering, shade to part shade Perennials, winter-

Division, seed,

Temperate

Moist, humus-rich soil

Divide even' lew years

Snails, slugs, wil

Division, seed,

disease

root cuttings

flowering

-

I

Cultivation Guidd

LIGHT

ORIGIN

\\l

PI

ANNUALS

SOIL

PLANT PROTECTION

MAINTENANCE

PREPARATION

c

I

i

11

<

5

s

05

PROPAGATION

6-

PERENNIALS (continued)

Perennials,

summer-

Temp

Sun or part

Perennials, ground rock covers

&

Compost

•

Fertilizer

shade

fall flowering

mperate id

Remove

Sun

Tolerant of average,

warm

well-drained

plants, temperate

spent flowers

•

Divide

few yeai

ever)'

Prune overgrown plants

Snails, slugs, lew-

Division, seed,

problems

root cuttings

Few problems

Cuttings,

soil

division

conditions

climate Cold-temperate

Perennials,

Sun or

part

shade

alpines,

ground covet

Garden loam with little compost and sharp sand

S

& rock plants,

•

ratio

a

Winter protection from wet

Few problems

Seed, cuttings

Few problems

Cuttings,

soils

in a 3 2:1

Fertilizer

cool climate

Perennials,

sub-shrubs, sun

Cool to warmlemperalc

Sun

Average garden soil enriched with compost

and

a

Remove to

spent Rowers

•

Prune

shape

seed, root

complete

cuttings for

Romneya

fertilizer

Perennials, sub-shrubs, shade

Temperate

Part shade to

Humus-rich, cool,

shade

moist

Cut back overgrown plants

Mildew, root

rot

Division,

cuttings

soil

to part shade

Perennials, water garden plants

Cool to warmtemperate

Sun or

part

shade

Moist or wet

Divide every 3-5 years

Few problems

Division, seed

Remove spent

Stem borer,

Division,

conditions as

recommended Perennials, for tropical effect

Tropical to

Sun or

subtropical

shade

Perennials, irises

Cool-temperate

Sun, part

Soil

shade or shade

specified for species

part

Moist, humus-rich soil

flower stems

snails

cuttings, seed

requirements as

Remove spent flowers when overcrowded

•

Divide

Division in

Rust, collar rot

fall

or variety in plant

to spring,

seed in

fall

descriptions

Perennials,

Temperate

Part

shade

primulas

Moisture-retaining,

humus-rich

Cool

required

site

Mulch

•

Snails,

mold, mites

Division,

seed, root

soil

cuttings lor P.

denticulala

SHRUBS Low growing, frost

Warm-

hardy, evergreen

temperate

Sun or to

part

shade

Well-drained, humus-

pH

rich soil,

in very

Low growing, frost

Subtropical to

Sun or

tender, evergreen

warm-

shade

humus-rich adjustment

Sun or

Well-drained,

part

temperate

Low growing, frost

Cool-temperate

hardy, deciduous

Medium

part

Average,

soil,

Sun, part

Well-drained,

shade or shade

humus-rich adjustment

Medium

Subtropical to

Sun or part

Average,

warm-

shade

humus-rich

Medium

Tempi

to tall

Sun or

growing, frost hardy, deciduous Aeai

la

part

soil,

Sun

01

• •

damage

in separate

cold conditions

to

shape or

flowering

•

after

Mulch

Mulch

regularly

Prune

•

regularly

pH

Mulch

regularly

regularl)

soil,

Prune

pH

c

omplete

to

Prune

•

some

•

withstand drj

as

seed, cuttings, layering

plant descriptions

Insect

damage

noted

in separate

as

Insect

damage

noted

in separate

as

pi

Prune regularly

•

drained

lnse<

allei

i

noted

Pi

seed, cuttings

seed, cuttings

in

damage in

seed, cuttings

separate

as

seed. CUtlingS

separate

plain

Mull h

Insect I

damage in

as

separate

Cuttings, grafting

plain descriptions

regularl)

•

Mulch

•

lulch

prune

alltstemon

as

plant descriptions

pH adjustmeni il

damage

nods

shape or •

I

noted

Mulch • from wind and cold flowering

[nse<

are able to

Well-drained

Buddlela

(

fertile,

soi,

fertile,

Composi fertilizer

Temp

pH

adjustment

temperate

Insect

noted

•

plant descriptions

temperate to cool-temperate

to tall

fertile,

soil,

Warm-

growing, frost tender, evergreen

pH

Some

young specimens

Prune regularly

plain descriptions

growing, frost hardy, evergreen

lo tall

Prune

fertile,

humus-rich adjustment

shade

•

protection for

ad|ustment

cool-temperate

Mulch

toil

idui lion

seed,

Borei

evi

I

I

probli

ip hue.'., thrips,

(

inn

i

UttitlgS

5

Cultivation Guidelines

6

PLANT

ORIGIN

LIGHT

SOIL

PLANT PROTECTION

MAINTENANCE

PREPARATION

PROPAGA ION I

SHRUBS (continued)

Camellia

Temperate

Sun or pan

Moist, well-drained,

Provide shelter from weather

shade

humus-rich

extremes

soil,

acidic

Scale insects, mites

Cuttings

Few problems

Seed, cuttings

Few problems

Cuttings

Prune regularly

Few problems

Cuttings

Prune regularly

Few problems

Seed, cuttings

Few problems

Cuttings

Prune regularly

Few problems

Cuttings

Protect from strong winds

Thrips, mites,

Cuttings

•

Mulch

•

Disbud

pH Cestrum

Warm-

Sun

Average, well-drained

temperate

Cistus

Warm-

Sun

Cotoneaster

Erica

Temperate

Temperate

Warm-

flowenng

pH

Sun or pan

Well-drained,

shade

light soil

Sun or pan

Average, well-drained

shade

soil

Sun

Acid, well-

drained

Euphorbia

after

light soil, slightly

acidic

Correa

Prune

Well-drained,

temperate

Temperate

Tip prune regularly

soil

Sun

Prune

Average, well-drained

temperate to

after

flowenng

soil

soil

subtropical

Fuchsia

Temperate

Pan shade

Moist, well-drained,

humus-rich

Gardenia

Warm-

Part shade

temperate

Genista

Temperate

Sun

mealy bug

soil

Moist, w-ell-drained.

Prune and

humus-nch

pH

Conect iron or magnesium deficiency • Mulch

Average, well-drained

Prune

soil,

acid

fenilize regularly

•

after flowering

Mealy bug, scale insects, nematodes

Cuttings

Snails

Cuttings

Borer, caterpillars,

Cuttings, seed

soil

Gre\illea

Warm-

Sun

Acid, well-drained

soil,

Tip prune

sandy

temperate to

plant bugs

subtropical

Hakea

Warm-

Sun

Hebe

Temperate

Tip prune

Acid, well-drained,

temperate

soil,

Sun

Borer, caterpillars,

Moist, well-drained

Seed, cuttings

plant bugs

sandy, gravelly

Prune

after flowering

Scale insects, leaf

miner,

soil

Cuttings, seed

downy

mildew Hibiscus

Hydrangea

Warm-

Sun

Well-drained, soil

subtropical

added

Temperate

Part shade

Ilex

Juniperus

Temperate

Temperate

Prune in spring to encourage

Aphids. scale

more blooms

insects,

Cuttings, seed

mealy bug.

collar rot

Cool, moist,

nch

fertile

with compost

temperate to

humus-

Mildew, two-

Prune regularly

Cuttings

spotted mite

soil

Sun or pan

Moist, well-drained

Prune hard in spring

shade

soil

Fertilize as required

Sun

Average, well-drained

Prune

to

•

Mulch

shape

•

Leaf miner, aphids

Cuttings

Few problems

Cuttings

Few problems

Cuttings

Borer

Seed, cuttings

Wax

Seed, cuttings

soil

Lavandula

Temperate

Sun

Well-drained, soil,

fertile

Tip prune regularly

neutral to alkaline

pH Leptospermum

Temperate

Sun

drained

Melaleuca

Warm-temperate

Tip prune regularly

Acidic, well-

Sun

•

Mulch

soil

Moist, well-drained,

Tip prune regularly

scale

soil

Osmanthus

Philadelphus

Temperate

Temperate

Sun or

part

Fertile,

shade

soil

Sun or pan

Moist,

well-drained

humus-nch

soil

Prune

after

Prune hard

flowenng

Few problems

Cuttings

after flowering

Few problems

Cuttings

Contact a reputable dealer about Protea

Cuttings

shade

Protea

Warmtemperate

Sun

Well-drained, organic-

nch. acid

soil

Water in winter flowenng

•

Prune

after

diseases

control

and

their

Cultivation Guideline

PI

AM

ORIGIN

S

LIG MT

° ,L

PLANT PROTECTION

MAINTENANCE

PREPARATION

507

PROPAGATION

SHRUBS (continued

Rhododendron, Azalea

Temperate

Well-drained, humus-

Sun, part

shade

to

shade

Water

regularly

Mulch

•

pH

rich soil, acid

Two-spotted mite,

Layering,

thrips, caterpillars,

cuttings

leaf

miner, petal

blight,

Temperate

Rosa

Sun

Well-drained, organic,

Water regularly

humus-rich

apply

soil

Lightly

•

Remove

fertilizer •

dead or unproductive branches • Mulch • Allow good air

mildew

Thrips, aphids,

Budding,

scale insects,

cuttings

mildew,

rust,

black

spot, caterpillars

circulation

Warm-

Salvia

Sun

Well-drained,

temperate

fertile

soil

Water moderately • Mulch Trim spent flowers

Few problems

•

Few problems

Cuttings

Keep under cool

Grafting

Spiraea

Temperate

Sun

Average

Syringa

Cool-temperate

Sun

Average, well-drained

Remove sucker growth

soil

after flowering

conditions

Prune

Two-spotted mite,

Viburnum

Temperate

Weigela

Temperate

Sun or

part

humus-rich

Fertile,

shade

soil

Sun

Fertile,

Prune straggly growth to shape

soil

Prune

•

Cuttings, division

after flowering

Cuttings, seed

thrips

humus-rich

soil

Few problems

Prune older branches

Cuttings

TREES Evergreen

Subtropical to

Sun

cool-temperate

shade

to part

Well-drained, humus-

Regular pruning

rich, fertile soil

to

shape

when young

Mulch

•

Fertilize as

•

required

Seasonal insect

Seed, cuttings,

pests, root rot

grafting

diseases

on poorly

drained soils

Semi-deciduous

Subtropical to

Sun

cool-temperate

shade

to part

Well-drained, humus-

Regular pruning

nch,

to

fertile soil

shape

when young

Mulch

•

Fertilize as

•

required

Deciduous, 30 jeet

Temperate

or shorter

Sun

to part

shade

Well-drained,

fertile

when young

Regular pruning to

soil

shape

Mulch

•

• Fertilize

as

Seasonal insect

Seed, cuttings,

pests, root rot

grafting

diseases

on poorly

drained

soils

Seasonal insect

Seed, cuttings,

pests, root rot

grafting

diseases

required

on poorly

drained soils

Deciduous, than 30 jeet

taller

Temperate

Sun

to part

shade

Well-drained,

fertile

to

soil

when young

Regular pruning

shape

•

Mulch

•

Fertilize as

Seasonal insect

Seed, cuttings,

pests, root rot

grafting

diseases on poorly

required

drained soils

Temperate

Conifers

Well-drained

Sun

soil

Prune

Mulch

Ornamental, blossom fruit

Temperate

Well-drained, humus-

Sun

&

rich,

deep

Prune •

soil

to

shape

&

Tropical to

Sun

subtropical

shade

to part

Well-drained,

nch,

humus-

fertile soil

after flowering to

Mulch

•

Fertilize

Mulch

•

shape

with high-

fertilizer as

Regular pruning

shape

as required

• Fertilize

potassium

Tropical subtropical

necessary

if

•

required

when young

to

Fertilize as

•

Thrips, two-spotted

Seed, cuttings,

mite, beetles

grafting

Rust, leaf curl, pear

Cuttings,

and cherry

grafting

aphids Seasonal insect

Seed, cuttings

pests, root rot

diseases

required

slug,

on poorly

drained soils

BULBS,

CORMS

& TUBERS Summer flowering,

Warm-

Sun or

sun

temperate to

shade

part

Provide adequate water during

1

growing season

slugs on Cullonui

soil

Cool-temperate

Fall flowering

Tempi

Part shade

Cool, moist,

nch

humus-

i.

rich soil* Ailil

ompoi bulb

Winter flowering

Temperate

Sun

oi

pan

ollsi'ls

in frosty areas

Mulch with COmpOSI once or

Seed, division,

Few

problem-.

Seed, divisu-u

twice a year

soil

Well-dral

i

Protect plants

•

with loose straw

cool-temperate

Summer flowering, part shade

cw problems.

Rich, organic, well-

drained

I,

allzi

hen doi

oi

lifi

"i'l

Aphid

mam

fertll

I'

Humus

ric

h. well

Leave to naturalize

I

ru problems

Division

508

Cultivation Guidelines

SOIL

BULBS,

PLAN PROTECTION I

MAINTENANCE

PREPARATION

PROPAGATION

CORMS

& TUBERS (continued)

Winter-spring /lowering

Cool-tempcraie

Sun or

part

shade in

warm

Prepare

soil

wnh

flowers

•

Lift

Seed in

Snails

and divide every 3-5 years

fall,

or offsets,

should

fertilizer • Soil

districts

Remove spent

compost and complete

divide clumps

be well drained

Spring/lowering, sun

Spring/lowering, shade to part shade

Warm-

Sun

Average, well-drained

temperate

Temperate

soil •

to

cool-temperate

Part shade to shade

Add compost

summer

Protect with loose straw in

complete

zones with harsh winters

humus-nch,

Moist,

Seed,

•

before planting and fertilizer

Few problems

Keep moist during growing season; dry off in

division, offsets

Few problems

Seed, division

Water during growing season • Allow to dry out when dormant

Snails

Seed, division

Protect bulbs with straw in

Few problems

mulch

Lightly

in

summer

soil •

well-drained

Add compost and complete

Summer-fall

Temperate

Sun or

part

Average, well-drained

garden soil enriched with compost and

shade

flowering

fertilizer

complete

Spring-summer

Warm-

Sun or

flowering, sun

temperate to

shade in

cool-temperate

zones

part all

fertilizer

Average, well-drained soil

enriched with

zones with harsh winters

compost or bulb food

and

Seed, offsets, division

• Lift

store in areas with wet,

humid summers

Spring-summer

Temperate

/lowering, shade

Allium

Temperate

Sun, but most

Well-drained,

prefer cool

soil

shade

compost and bulb food

Sun

Well-drained,

fertile

enriched with

•

fertile

Subtropical

Part shade

in

Few problems

Seed, bulbs,

Protect bulbs with loose straw

tuber claw

zones with harsh winters

Remove spent

flowers

Divide

•

Few problems

Seed, division

Damping

Seed or tubers

even- 5 vears or so

soil

Begonia

Naturalize or replant each year

Moist, gritty compost in pots or

Good

garden

•

Keep dry over winter

•

Liquid

regularly

fertilize

off,

bulb

in spring

rot

drainage

necessary Fritillaria

Cold-temperate

Sun or

part

shade

Deep,

alkaline

soil,

Bulb

Provide adequate moisture

rich, well-

drained

during

summer

Seed, offsets

rot

Mulch

•

PH Gladiolus

Warm-

Sun

Well-drained,

light,

sandy loam

temperate

Lift

and divide

in cool,

dry spot

Corm,

Thrips

and divide every few years where

cormleis

in cold climates • Lift

perennial Iris

Cold-temperate

Sun

Well-drained

soil

with

Lift

and divide ever) 3-5 years -

Stem

Division

rot

compost added Lilium

Temperate

Sun

Well-drained,

or,

preferably,

soil;

neutral

fertile

pH

Minimal disturbance of established plants

to die

Narcissus

Temperate

Sun or

part

shade

Well-drained

Temperate

Sun

down

in

winds

climates

• Lift

Bulb rot, cucumber mosaic virus

Seed, offsets,

bulb scales

•

Provide shelter from strong

Dolomite/lime; and/or

compost and lownitrogen

Tulipa

soil •

Mulch

Allow stems before removal

spring/summer

part shade

•

and divide

in

Bulb

rot,

aphids

Offsets

warm

fertilizer

Well-drained

soil •

Disease control in

spnng

Tulip

fire botrytis,

Seed, division

aphids

Lightly apply dolomite/ lime; and/or add compost and blood and bone fertilizer •

Add

coarse sand in

heavy

soils

LAWNS,

GROUND COVERS & ORNAMENTAL GRASSES Lawns

Warm-

Sun or

temperate to cool-temperate

shade

part

Average, well-drained soil •

Smooth, even

surface

Regular

mowing

Pest control

•

•

Fertilizing

Aerating

Insect

damage

noted in plant descriptions

as

Seed, turf

(.

son PREPARA ION

it

I

M

MAIM IN Wtl

\

a (i o n

G

it

i

<(

c

PROTECTION

I

I

i

509

n c

PROPA(,.\IIO\

LAWNS,

GROUND COVERS

& ORNAMENTAL GRASSES (continued)

Ground covers

Warm-

Sun

to

shade

Well-drained, average

soil

Mulch

Regular fertilizing

•

Pest

problems as

Runners,

temperate to

noted

cool-temperate

descriptions

cuttings

Few problems

Seed, division

Few problems

Cuttings,

Ornamental

Cool-temperate

grasses, sedges

to

& bamboos

temperate

HERBS

Warm-

Sun or

temperate to

shade

warm-

Sun

to part

shade

part

Average

plus compost;

soil

Remove seed heads

before

dry to poorly drained

dispersal

depending on species

bamboos using

Dolomite/lime; and/or

Tip prune regularly

compost and

spnng and summer

fertilizer

•

in plant

division,

Restrict spread of

barner

a

Harvest

•

seed, division

cool-temperate

FRUIT TREES,

NUT TREES & OTHER FRUITS Tropical to

Tropical to

subtropical

subtropical

Full

sun

Topsoil •

Cool-temperate and

Temperate

at least

(60 cm) deep

Sun

warm-temperate

Complete

•

24

in

Compost

fertilizer

Training •

•

Sun

Regular pruning for

soil

fruit

Humus-rich,

temperate to

well-drained

production

Seed, cuttings,

problems, root rot

grafting

•

Weed

maximum

Root

rot diseases,

Grafting,

Mulch

•

insects, various

budding,

control

•

bacterial canker

cuttings

Scale insects, leaf

Grafting,

•

Mulch

fertilizer •

Prune to encourage production

cool-temperate

Seasonal pest

pollination requirements

Regular soil

Fertilizing

diseases

Well-drained, humus-rich

Check

Warm-

•

extremes

Fertilizer

Citrus

Pruning

Shelter from climatic

•

fruit

miner, aphids.

trifoliata

caterpillars

citronelk root

or

stocks

Warm-

Prunus

Sun

Humus-rich, well-drained

temperate to

Correct pruning for soil

fruit

production

•

maximum

Check

pollination requirements

cool-temperate

Weed

control

•

Leaf curl,

brown

Grafting

rot, rust, bacterial •

canker, various

Mulch

insects

INDOOR PLANTS Indoor foliage

Subtropical to

Good

plants

temperate

to part shade •

light

Warm

Humus-nch. well-drained

Even moisture;

potting media

Liquid

Remove dead

to

less in

•

winter

fertilize regularly •

Mealy bug. mues.

Seed, cuttings

scale insects

foliage

humid conditions

Indoor flowering

Subtropical to

Good

& foliage plants

warm-

to part

light

shade

Humus-nch. well-drained

Keep

potting media

winter

warm-

Indoor flowering

Cool

temperate

CACTI

&

SUCCULENTS

to

evenly moist

Warm

•

Remove dead

temperate

plants

soil

Part

shade

Tropical to

Sun or

subtropical

shade

part

•

Dry

conditions

in

•

Humus-nch, well-drained

Remove spent

potting media

fertilize regularly

bug, scale insects

Waier during flowering, then

Root rot diseases. mealy bugs, scale insects, aphids

Seed, cuttings

Aphids mealy bug. bulb rot

Seed,

Light, gntty potting

media

•

Good

drainage

flowers

•

Liquid

allow to dry

Open, free-draining potnng media containing

Regular

subtropical,

temperate

bark/leaf litter/char

humidity wl

peatmoss mixture

Good

Tropical to

Part shade

Seed, cuttings

flowers/foliage

essential

ORCHIDS

Mealy bug. mites. scale insects

lor

flower

fertilizer

•

.in

when

not in

Maintain high ite •

Root

rot,

mealy

beetles,

Seed, cuttings

seedlings,

division

an ulation

epiphytes and terrestrials

FERNS, PALMS

& CYC ADS Ferns

Subtrop

humus-

(

ui h.n k

old fronds

•

l

i

eal littei

fertilizer

Aphids meal) ighom,

Spores innings. division

510

Cultivation Guidelines

SOIL

PREPARATION

MAINTENANCE

PLANT PROTECTION

PROPAGATION

FERNS, PALMS

& CYCADS (continued)

Palms

& cycads

Tropical to

Sun

warm-

shade

or part

Compost

•

Humus-

rich, moist, well-

temperate

drained

soil •

Some wind protection when young • Nitrogenous fertilizer Mulch • Remove old fronds

Mealy bug, mites, palm dart

Seed

caterpillars, scale

Complete or slow-

insects,

release fertilizer

grasshoppers

CUMBERS

& CREEPERS Warm-temperate cool-temperate

to

Warm-

Sun or

temperate to

shade

part

soil •

cool-temperate

Tropical to subtropical

Average, well-drained

Regular pruning

•

Mulch

Few problems

Seed, cuttings

Regular pruning

•

Mulch

Few problems

Seed, cuttings

Complete

fertilizer

Tropical to

Sun or

subtropical

shade

part

Compost drained

•

Rich, well-

soil •

Complete

fertilizer

—

"

5J

Areole The swelling on the stem of

Glossary

which bears the spines remains of

vestigial

cactus

a

term

sometimes used.

"offset" is

actually the

is

It

Cactus The most

significant family of

a shoot

succulent plants,

x

(multiplication sign)

name

of the

A

sign placed in from

Axil The "armpit" of a

leaf,

names

stem, and where there

is

plants with Latin

ol

to

to

show that they are not true wild species but

X

Camellia

artificial; as in

joins the

it

usually a growth

bud

be found.

Bedding plant A plant, usually low growing, suitable for a mass planting display of flowers

X

williamsii or

where

perennial and native to

all

the Americas.

Calyx The outermost

which

part of a flower,

encloses and protects the rest while in bud.

whether natural or

are of hybrid origin,

is

made up

It

and

of sepals, usually small, green

but sometimes colored and the

leaf like,

Bnissolaeliocattleya Sylvia Fry.

or foliage. Most are annuals or short-lived

showiest part of the flower, as in clematis and

+

perennials.

anemones.

Though

(.plus sign)

hybridize,

do not usually

grafts

does happen on very rare

it

occasions, and the resulting plant

with the

+

+

sign, as with

is

Berry

designated

Laburnocytisus

to

when

century

a

laburnum stock

broom was

purple

normal use,

In

grafted

does not open when ripe

soil

Containing relatively

(of soils)

to give a

pH

camellias,

to

which hydrangeas flower is

lime,

little

reaction of less than 7, the sort of

grow such plants as azaleas, rhododendrons and the like, and

needed

fruits

A

A

blue.

very acid

A

lilies

after

root that springs from the stem

The

aerial roots of ivy

to cling to

its

support. In such plants as monsteras, figs

they

A

may have

flower

is

several

cluster, usually

the best

pendulous, found on such plants as willows or

and

their hybrids) Plants

The individual

flowers, usually one sex

and generally have no

only, are tiny

Caudex The thickened

many

certain plants such as

and such tropical

petals,

being pollinated by the wind.

leaves per pseudo-bulb.

Bipinnate (of leaves) Twice pinnate, as in trees as the

base of the stem of

some

ferns

and

Dioscorea elephantipes.

jacaranda. flat

part of a

leaf,

Cladode A

where most

stem rather

flattened

and

like a leaf

performing the same functions, as in the

photosynthesis occurs.

Bloom A

air.

as the pistil.

or only one.

Catkin The type of flower Parsley

first.

eventually reach the ground; before they do

they draw moisture from the

fruits of

and petunias.

alders.

ferns

and

ripe dries

such as the

germination, producing only

Bifoliate (of cattleyas

Blade The

philodendrons or some of the tropical

in its

in

soil

which when

fruit

to release the seeds,

known

roots and leaves in the

r

and used by the plant

are short

second year

opens

Carpel The female organ of the flower, also

which flowers and dies

plant

A

Capsule

citrus

and the tomato.

w hich have two

of a plant above ground.

which

—including

known example.

described as "sour

Aerial root

which

standard broom.

to create a

Biennial

Acid

a small juicy fruit

eaten entire and unpeeled; to the botanist, a

fleshy fruit containing several seeds

adamii, a freak that occurred in a Pans nursery last

is

1

much used

general term for a flower,

broom

butcher's

(Ruscus aculeatus). Similar

organs in acacias are called phyllodes.

show schedules. Also, a waxy or powdery coating on the skins of leaves or fruits, as on a grape. in flower

A method

Air-layering

of propagation

applicable to a wide range of trees

and shrubs

Climber A plant with stems too long and flexible to be self supporting and which raises itself to the light by climbing into and over

which involves wounding the stem and then

wound

packing the moss. This

When

plastic.

with

damp sphagnum

held in place with string and

is all

new

roots show, the

plant can

be severed and transplanted. Alkaline (of

soils)

calcium (lime) than

reaction of

the sort of soil preferred

7. It is

plants as bearded irises

and

pH

a great deal of

more

by such

and the cabbage

tribe,

which hydrangeas flower pmk. Some

in

gardeners refer to alkaline

soils as "sweet."

Alternate (of leaves) Springing, one by one,

from

one side of the stem and then the

first

Whether

other.

opposite

the leaves are alternate or

an important aid in plant identifi-

is

Bract

A

to the lowest branches.

the flower

but not part of

Bracts are smaller

itself.

and

may be

and resemble

brightly colored

petals, as in bougainvilleas

and

by short

poinsettias.

embryo

Annual A

plant that lives for only a year

—or which

is

customarily treated as

to their

grape,

rootstocks, tubers

and the

protected by small,

such in gardens.

Anther The

part of the

stamen

waxy

like

It

scales.

/.ilium

It

ol

auratum has

is

used especially

ol

the

is,

from

a single

consisting

ol a

the plani

)

individual and thus genetically

such as roses and

fruit trees

Cold frame A miniature, portable greenhouse placed over crops in the open ground to

I

usually) organ,

can be simplv

a

wire frame

(

lad in transparent

reduced stem (the base plate)

s

dormant

j

l

thai store

he onion

is

food

Common names

the

I

he names bv which plants

tmonl) known, as distlnci from

which may take

a variel

Bulbil

\

mall bulb

carried

in

th

axil ol a i

I.

structure, usually •

identical,

tip

is

<

hi

atin oi

sc

ientifU

ones (whi<

omm

ei

times the two

frei

be covered with

shade The term

of plants propagated asexually

or lour pieces ol glass in a wire frame, but or.;

surrounded by modified leaves

shapes.

le

USA.

b\ cuttings, grafting, division, etc

(that

l

Arbor A

"vine," while applicable only to the

often used for any climbing plant,

is

protect them from cold or encourage early development Traditionally made from two

for the

roses and fruit trees.

Bulb An uncle rgi

foi

a leaf,

attach themselves only loosely

plastic

the largest anthers of any flower.

Apex The growing

by suckers

two need no

of grafting, where the scion

piece ol bark carrying a single

propagation

latter

supports and need to be tied in place.

Clone A group

usually

is

growth hud, inserted into the hark understock

The

termed self-clinging climbers.

especially in the

that actually

produces the pollen, usually carried on a thin stalk called the filament

a

support

its

in the axils of the leaves or at

the ends of shoots, but also occurring on

consists ol

are

Some climbers

flower. Also, an

shoot, usually small and pointed,

found normally

Budding A form

often less

and

trellis

The term

Bud An immature, unopened

attach itself to

aerial roots (ivy); or

(Virginia creeper).

a

shape to ordinary leaves, as in roses;

different

or they

with

leaf-like organ, usually associated

may

It

by twining around it, as jasmine or honeysuckle do; by means of tendrils (grapes, peas);

all

cation.

end of

a tree,

other plants.

from the ground

a flower or cluster of flowers,

Containing

to give a

Bole The lowest part of the trunk of

limbing

moi

<

h, all)

theii

unlike re<

ognized)

oin< ide and, as a plain

plai

Bulhli

i

books

to

lisi

the pi

u

rhe

in

nurserj

Glossary

5 12

some

industry has for

common

standardize

years been attempting to

names, by no means an

flower stems

easy task.

Composite The botanist's term for a daisy, from the way the "flowers" are in fact made up oi many small flowers.

Compost The most effective of all fertilizers, is made from organic matter such as leaves,

may

may

or

likc plant.

A

variety of plant

which has arisen

not contain compost from the compost

the result of cultivation, that

as

means

not naturally,

is,

of hybridization.

may be

It

leaflets, as in a rose

or

propagated by any suitable means, and the

Leaves not so

leaf.

botany

in Latin

but should be given in

state that

it

Roman

Model

names names

are treated similarly, giving rise to as Acer

made up of woody

when

A member

by holding the

warmth

fruit close to

of the wall, but can also effect.

that retains foliage

all

Evergreen trees and shrubs do drop old

though not

leaves,

new ones

until after the

have been formed and usually only a few

at a

time.

A

hybrid strain created by pollinat-

may

taken, a cutting

show

resulting seedlings usually

a

which

it

and uniformity and many

and vegetables

great vigor

strains of annuals

are Fl hybrids.

It is

useless to

save seeds from these, as the original cross

be classed as a

softwood, semi-mature or hardwood cutting.

must be made afresh every time seed

is

wanted. of a primitive order of

Dead-head To remove dead

flowering plants (the Gymnospermae),

They

are

all

flowers, with the Fall

twofold aim of tidying up the plant and

cha-actenzed by their cones and usually needle-like leaves.

originally designed to encourage

earlier ripening

Fl hybrid

plant and used for propagation. According to

is

the seeds ripen.

Conifer

a

against a wall or

flat

ing two very carefully selected parents. The

the state of maturity of the stem from

overlapping scales, which become

such

palmatum 'Dissectum

Cutting A piece of stem or root cut from

structure that encloses the primitive

flowers and then the seeds of conifers (pines, is

was

It

such as

fruit tree

grow

Evergreen Any plant

of Perfection'. Cultivars that

Cone The

It

trellis.

year.

Atropurpureum'.

and cycads.

a fig, to

be used for decorative

type

subdivided are called "simple."

cypresses, etc.)

peach or

must not be named

rules of

Elizabeth',

Subdivided into several

palm

orchids are

examples

the reflected

arose before these rulings and were given Latin (of leaves)

many

host;

its

shrub, most typically a

with single quotes, for example 'Queen

heap, in which the plants are grown

Compound

another, but does not steal

of,

Espalier The technique of training a tree or

trunk; the corona of a narcissus or narcissus-

usually by

has turned black and crumbly; in orchid

growing, the soil-free medium, which

branches

in the

nourishment from

the roots

downwards; the upper part of a tree, consisting of the branches and top section of the

Cultivar

allowed to rot for a few weeks or months until it

grow upwards and

it

and manure which has been

grass clippings

herbaceous plant from which the leaves and

preventing

shrubs or

trees,

it

The lower three

project out

wasting energy in unwanted

petals of an ins,

and down

(the upright

which

ones are

called "standards").

seed.

usually evergreen, and the hardiest trees in

Family

A

group of genera which are consid-

cold climates; they supply the bulk of the

Deciduous

world's timber. Pines, cypresses, sequoias and

leaves each year, growing a fresh set later.

ered to be closely related. The cacti (family

junipers are examples.

Typically the leaves are shed in the

Cactaceae) are one such; the rose family

and shrubs) Losing

(of trees

sometimes assuming

Cordate

(of leaves) Heart shaped, as in the

European lime

Corm A

(Tilia cordata).

modified leaves) of

freesias.

dies

a

A

When

a

corm

it;

new one on

bulbs are usually more or less

permanent

Cormlet A small corm

that

grows from around

numbers and

is

called

shoots or

It

can be caused by

branches, usually

growth rather than

a

a

clump

of plants

is

dug up and

Double

(of flowers)

"natural"

formed from the bases of

are

number

are then

A

goes, such as Convolvulus sabatius.

"semi-double."

The

a climber

and

a creeper

—many creepers

will

climb

The

extra petals

is

is

apt to be

and enough stamens

for fertility

is

described as

Elliptic (of leaves)

More

or less oval in shape.

if

Entire (of leaves) Having smooth margins,

creep

that

ivy

climb on, such as

and Virginia creeper

Fertilizer Anything

or less

added

to the soil to

maintain or increase

its fertility.

may be

is,

organic, that

living matter, as are

Fertilizers

derived from once-

manure, compost, and

blood and bone; or inorganic

ammonia

(artificial),

such

or superphosphate,

are prepared in chemical factories.

Fibrous root of very

A

fine,

young

root, usually

many. These are the roots

Filament The

is,

Floret

without lobes or serrations, such as an

stalk of a stamen,

one

that take

up

soil.

which

a

single, small flower in a

many,

as in a

carries

head or

delphinium or

cluster-

flowered rose.

Flower The organ of reproduction, basic in to what genus and species the plant belongs. They are normally composed of three parts: the calyx, the corolla, and the sexual organs proper, the male stamens and the female carpels.

Not

all

any given flower (clematis, aspidistra or privet

permanent base of

A

cluster of

leaf.

no

Crown The more

with pinnate

determining

given the chance, and some climbers will to

A palm

flower with only a few extra petals

sterile.

nothing

fans.

called a "feather palm."

Having more than the

of petals.

formed from stamens, and where these are

Creeper A plant that makes long shoots that grow along the ground, usually rooting as it

is

is

moisture and nourishment from the

completely transformed the flower

there

circular

the anther

the stamens.

if

leaves

as sulphate of

compact one.

Dorsal Situated on the back of an organ.

in the center of the flower of narcissi

not clear cut

many

replanted.

or trumpet-shaped out-

between

Fan palm A palm with roughly

frost or

used of shrubs to suggest an open, rangy habit

whereby

rhododendrons or campanulas.

its relatives. It is

Diffuse Growing into

peach, blackberry, straw-

(palmate) leaves, so called because they can

be used to make tips of

broken up into several pieces which

fused together in a bell or trumpet, as in

Corona The cup

fruits as the

berry and apple.

which

petals can be separate, as in the rose, or

distinction

leaves

(Rosaceae) includes not only the rose but

such

Division The simplest method of propagation,

forms the eye-catching part of most flowers.

and

all its

branches, sometimes followed by the death of

of

for propagation.

growth

any time of the

by disease.

Corolla The whole collection of petals that

The

in spring.

structures.

the base of a corm, usually in fair

used

drop

tree that doesn't

the entire shoot.

top of

grow

at

Die-back The death of the

flowers the old a

leaves

drop

tropical trees

fall,

brilliant colors before

semi-deciduous.

bulb, and often simply

and the plant creates

new

the

year in anticipation of a prolonged dry season.

scales (fleshy

by gardeners, such as gladiolus

called a bulb

corm

Many

bulb-like organ, usually growing

underground but without the

and

they do so, and

all

Epiphyte A plant

that

grows on, and usually

petals),

may

be present in

for instance

and they may be, as

have

in orchids or

cannas, modified into the most fantastic forms.

.

513

Glossary Flowcrhead A

cluster of flowers,

be so compact as to look

Ground cover An

which may

like a single flower,

mainly for propagation. The traditional an enclosed bed with wood

window

A

across the top.

hot frame

"fertile"

not, they are called "sterile" fronds.

if

some

species the two types are of different

appearance. The term frond

used

also

is

such as

planted.

Christmas cactus or fuchsias to

their best advantage.

A

Heel

many

applied to

plants

and

roses.

In botany,

permanent woody stems, such

may

or

Fungus A very

large

group of evolutionary

which the most relevant

mushrooms and

gardeners are

Genus A group

of species

common

to

to be classed as closely

and stems) Smooth and

final

of the large pea family,

wisteria, acacias, the various

trees

such as the

draw nitrogen

the ability to air,

brooms, and

They

cassias.

by courtesy of bacteria

all

share

from the

straight

that live in

nodules

their roots.

Lime A compound of calcium added to soil to make it more alkaline, and also to improve the soil; a tropical fruit

of the

product of rotting organic

genus

matter, whether of plant or animal origin.

deciduous trees of the genus

Citrus;

known

also

Tilia,

A

a leaflet does not.

peas, beans, clover, lupins,

structure of clay

Humus The

as lindens.

plant originating from the cross-

Linear (of leaves) Very long and narrow, so

pollination, either in the wild or as the result

of is

can be

for plants that

such

entirely of

example delphiniums and chrysan-

themums.

Hybrid

(of leaves

composed

its axil;

Legume A member which includes

on

are of

the genus Nicotiana.

non-hairy; a hairy plant

a planting

is

plants, for

has a bud in

some

Herbaceous A perennial plant which dies to the ground each year; a herbaceous

border

which have

name is always Latin. For example, members of the genus Rosa, and both

Glabrous

flavor

down

diseases.

smoking and ornamental tobaccos

its

or used in the preparation of medicines.

related; the

roses are

and

leaves or

shoots are added to food to enhance

many

the

most plant

parasitic fungi that cause

sufficient in

not be edible.

as petunias

whose

zinnias. In gardening, a plant

It

primitive plants, of

parent and trans-

its

most useful

It is

Leaflet One of the several leaves in which a compound leaf such as a rose leaf is divided. A

any plant that does not have

seed or seeds, and which arises after the flower

may

takes root; the rooted section can

then be severed from

leaf

Herb

pollinated.

a

ground

to the

plants will layer themselves naturally.

traditional in taking cuttings

It is

down

bent

is

stiff.

which

of propagation by

"leafy."

Fruit The part of the plant which carries the

the

A method

retained at the base

for

of carnations

means

habit, for instance Philadel-

slow or reluctant to root from cuttings; some

wood

sliver of old

it

it is

and

fruit.

Lax Of rather floppy

where

ivy,

axil of

fruit trees

phus mexicanus, the opposite of upright or

Hanging basket A container designed to be suspended in order to show trailing plants

the leaves of feather palms; the Latin frondosa

is

a plant

described as being of

many

In

instance.

of a cutting.

when

may be

growing from the

main stem.

ultimately the

Layering

Fronds carrying

leaves of a fern.

spore-bearing organs (son) are called

In

such use.

side shoot,

these shoots that bear the flowers

"compact," "weeping" or "upright" habit, for

heated,

is

and suppress

Habit The complete picture of the way grows; a species

not.

Frond The fronds;

is

for

A

Lateral

a leaf of the

branch of a plant

one

a cold

style

to a height of

(about 40 cm) with an old

in

foliage

weeds. Also, a plant suitable

Frame A miniature greenhouse, designed

around 16

ground with

to carpet the

as in a daisy.

extensive planting of a

low-growing plants, intended

single species of

match-making by the gardener,

of

though they could be drawn

that they look as

two

with

described as

such as the leaves of chives.

a single line,

different species. If hybrids are crossed, the

"hispid."

may

resulting plants

Glasshouse A

and clad with

structure, traditionally roofed glass but

now

often with plastic

carry the genes of several

Hybrids between plants of different

species.

common among

genera are rare, though quite

Lip See Labellum.

Lithophytic (of orchids and some primitive plants)

sheeting, designed to trap the sun's heat

thus allow

warmth loving

in cool climates.

plants to be

and

grown

Supplementary heating may

orchids.

Inflorescence The structure that carries the flowers.

be provided.

Glaucous

forms

(of leaves) Bluish gray, a

accurate description for the

many

more

conifers sold

as having "blue" leaves.

Grafting

A method

It

—

may

take any one of a

a spike (as in gladioli), a

delphiniums), a panicle (as in (as in onions);

which

"terminal"

number raceme

lilacs),

of (as in

an umbel

gardeners often refer simply to

the

naked surfaces of

when

they grow

shoots, or axillary,

when

litter

they can accumulate around their roots.

Lobe One

of the divisions in

loped

such as

leaf,

a

which

maple or

a scal-

ivy leaf,

is

not

quite divided; similarly in the corollas of

flowers with united petals such as campanulas.

described as

a "cluster." Inflorescences are

of propagation

Growing on

rocks and deriving nourishment from any

at the

Manure The dung

ends of

they arise in the axils

involves the uniting of a piece of stem of a

fertilizer.

Like

adds humus

of the leaves.

all

of animals, used as

materials of organic origin

it

to the soil.

desirable plant, the "scion," to that of a less

Marginal plant One which

desirable one, the "stock" or "understock," to

Insectivorous plant The

give a stronger root system than the scion

carnivorous plants; they trap and digest insects

would have niques

naturally

for grafting

Greenhouse structure to

Many

different tech-

have been employed.

Originally a lavishly

windowed

where evergreen plants were placed

keep them from winter cold; but

synonymous with "glasshouse

now

"

its fertility,

such as clover,

for instance

alfalfa or

legumes

difficult to

of

context of orchid bn

given withoul

Morley

is

swampy

swampy margins

which can be cultivated around

soils

don't

a

of

and

lakes,

in similar positions

garden pond, such as

mmd

wild grows

in the

ponds or

ensata Most

Iris

having their roots submerged

lor at

Irregular (of flowers) Having the petals

arranged in some way other than radial bilaterally

symmetrical, such as on orchids and violets ientific

term

is

Labellum The lowest n

,ii. ill.,

and

i

"zygomorphk o\

largei 01

more

olored than the

alii

d

.i

elaborate

hu

an- attai

hed

in

us hie ami then dies,

md

oil

lot

the fishtail

Monopodia!

lip

eolate

leal

Ij

naturally form

in the l

Midrib The main central vein ol a leal, the entral stalk to which the leaflets ol a pinnate

i

Nfonocarpic A plant which flowers only once

the three petals ol an

ol tin

used mainly

in the

least part of the yeai

lupins

hybrid plants

term

obtain from the

is

where they usually grow.

i

tie

for

supply them with extra nitrogen, which

l

Grex A group

term

symmetry, though almost always

Green manure A crop of annual plants grown to be dug into the soil at maturity to improve or restore

to

strict

ind nai row ilui

and

aryota

(<

>ne thai a

i

lump

ol

c

ui

does not

shoots growing from

ample the

la

in

example Agave

palm

lump-forming orchids such as

<

\

and

attleyas idle

I

5

Glossary

14

Moss A

group of species of primitive

large

non-flowering plants which need moist

shrubs, while in horticulture

soil to

woody

grow. Most are of very diminutive stature;

nent

some

ginger

are cultivated as

ground cover.

stems, such as

peonies or

irises,

the bare surface

lilies.

Persistent

A

structure that stays

after

discourage the growth of weeds. Most mulches

The sepals of the rose which

such organic matter

and add humus

manure, comwhich eventually

as

post, straw, bark chips, etc.

enhancing

to the soil, thus

Inorganic materials are also used.

its fertility.

serves

it

its

on the plant

purpose, instead of falling

of soil to block the loss of moisture and to

are of

the base of a perennial

off.

A

Rosette stay

on

the

ripening rose hip are an example. like a

Petal The colorful part of most flowers. Petals

and there

are in fact modified leaves,

are

some

it

and concentrate

Petiole The stalk of a it

directly

pH The of soil

that

is

Neither acid nor alkaline,

soils)

having

a

pH

of

scale

on which

measured.

is

the acidity or alkalinity

ranges from

It

1,

an acid of

Scarify a leaf

to cut

point on a stem where bud grows. It is the place pruning, and also where the base

and

its

when

of a cutting

garden

soils fall

somewhere between about pH

5.5 to about 8.6.

Offset plant

A

More

or less oval in shape.

Phyllode See Cladode.

of a

growing shoot, usually with the

encourage

shoot arising from the base of a

which can be detached and used

shoots to grow and

lateral

on were once

alive,

A

leaf

compost, and which breaks

humus. The addition

or those of

such as manure and

make

the

such as sweet peas and wattles,

down

to

form

improves the structure and

fertility

containing

of any

soil.

a potted

plants

—

transfer

calyx are called "superior," while those found

below the calyx are called

shape.

Arecaceae, that

is,

trees

Palmae or

for

of large leaves

warm

and

new

lets that

a

leaf-

A

hand, as in a maple

type of inflorescence, strictly a

pound raceme,

generation of flowering

as typified

by

stealing

A

and

less

com-

which grows upon another, moisture and nourishment from its is

an example; more

welcome

A

Prostrate

plant of low-growing, ground-

habit,

to

such as the prostrate junipers.

art of cutting off parts of a plant

encourage more of the sort of growth the

Pendent Hanging, the way the flower sprays of the wisteria do.

worth saving

Seed head

and

it is

not

left-over seeds of vegetables

and

A

general term for a dry, inedible

contains seeds.

fleshy, bulb-like

stem found

on many orchids.

Raceme A

plant that lives for three years or

more. In botany, the term includes trees and

Seed leaf The leaves contained in the seed which are the first to appear when a seedling germinates; they are different from those that follow. Plants are classified according to

whether there are one or two.

seeds around

itself

A

plant's habit of

shedding

which germinate without

the gardener's assistance.

Sepal

One

of the parts of the calyx, usually

green, leaf like

type of inflorescence, where the

and sometimes colored and and

many

flowers are arranged on a long, usually upright

showy, as

stem, each flower having a separate flower

one-seed-leaf plants the sepals are almost

in hellebores

clematis. In

indistinguishable from the petals, as in

stalk as in delphiniums.

and

when

lilies

tulips.

a

A

group of plants raised

variegated plant starts producing plain green

Series (also strain)

leaves.

from seed and thus not genetically identical

Rhizomatous A plant

but sufficiently alike to be treated as a garden that

grows from variety, for

rhizomes.

Rhizome A creeping

stem, growing either

ground

below, and swollen with

level, or just

roots that

example most

cultivars of annuals

and vegetables.

starch and nutnents to nourish the shoots

A

The

of propagation of flowering

plants. Seeds are not immortal,

Self sow, self seed

habit of growth.

common

are the parasitic fungi that

cause plant diseases

Perennial

it.

genus name

that will germinate decreases markedly.

that of the lilac.

plant

host. Mistletoe

parts, the

flowers for the following year; the percentage

termed pollination. The

Revert To return to normal, as Parasite

fruit

spread out from the end of the leaf

leaf.

Panicle

two

and the species name. The system was first devised by the Swedish botanist Linnaeus in

Seed The organ

with the embryo

gardener desires, or to maintain a compact

a distinct preference

Divided into lobes or

stalk like the fingers of a

for a little while

1753.

ferns.

climates. (of leaves)

consists of

can also be carried out by nectar-eating birds

Pseudo-bulb The Palmate

arranged

usually earned out by insects, but

Pruning The

charactenzed by a

normally unbranched trunk topped by

bunch

leaflets

DNA which unite

a process

is

hugging of the family

divided into

many palms and

a

It

and sometimes by the wind.

Ovate, ovoid (of leaves and petals) Oval in

Palm Members

water

name The internationally recogname of a plant which often gives desenption of the plant or commemo-

fruit that

"inferior."

to allow

some person connected with

name

seeds contained in the ovary to create the

and hence

Ovary The lowest part of a carpel where the embryo seeds are. Ovaries found above the

on

Scientific

leaflet of

leaf.

Pollen The tiny grains of plant substance

of organic matter

soften the hard coat

sandpaper or soaking the seed

either side of the leaf stalk, as in a rose leaf

Organic matter Matenal derived from things that

To break or

nized Latin

pinnate or bipinnate

a

Pinnate

either side of the stem. See also Alternate.

are

tip

plant bushier.

one on

and agapanthus

in hot water.

Pinna, pinnule Another term for the

(of leaves) Arising in pairs,

in bulbs. Narcissi

the seeds of certain plants, especially legumes

rates

Opposite

arises

fingers, to

for

propagation.

stem that

and thus speed up germination. can be done by rubbing carefully with fine

cut.

(of leaves)

leafless flower

to penetrate

Pinch out The operation of removing the

Obovate

touches the ground, as

it

violets.

from the base of the plant, especially

common

with 7 being the neutral point. Most

ferocity,

Node The

and

examples.

fearsome strength, to 14, an alkali of equal

7.

axillary

should be

A

leaf.

into

honey.

Neutral (of

effect

horizontally growing stem that roots

each node where

flowers that have green petals, for example the

Scape

base of the petals of some

flowers. Bees gather

an

green zinnia 'Envy'.

Nectar The sweet, sugary liquid secreted by at the

a short stem, to give

green flower, as in sempervivums.

Runner A at

a grafted plant;

where the roots grow.

group of leaves radiating from the

same point on

in strawberries

glands

which

parts of a plant

anchor the plant and draw up water and nourishment from the soil.

Rootstock The understock of

Mulch A blanket spread over

rot

Root The underground

normally

it is

do not produce perma-

limited to plants that

grow from

it.

The rhizomes

edible part of the ginger plant.

at

Sessile Having no stalk, as the flowers of most camellias for example.

and

are the

Sheath An organ, usually vaguely that encloses another,

leaf like,

such as a shoot or

Glossary buds

clustei ol flowei

A

rhe sheath that

encloses the buds of an agapanthus

may produce

plant

but not mature

an

is

example

aberration in

Shoot Any

its

normal flowers

seed due to some

Topiary The

ductive parts of the flower

permanent woody

plant with several

from ground

arise

level.

A

may have been

not quite clear cut

— many plants such

flower a carpel,

where

is

the pollen lands

and

is

A woody

Stipule Leafy outgrowths that grow of a leaf stalk, as in roses,

multi-stemmed

sucker shoots.

A

—

tiny flowers

A

Species

trees

which bears many

fleshy flower stalk

a specialty of the

sufficiently alike to carry the

which

arum

same name, and

breed with one another to

will freely

give rise to offspring like themselves

honor of naming

who

family.

population of wild plants which are

a species

goes to the scientist

discovers or describes

Sphagnum A

The

at the

compound words,

base

tnpmnate,

moss, normally an inhabitant of boggy ground as

an ingredient in

potting mixes, especially for orchids. Live plants often

grow from spores

in the

on

a long, usually upright

stem. Unlike a raceme, a spike has

no separate

flower stalks, as in gladioli.

Spikelet The basic unit of the flowers of

one or more petal-less accompanying bract or two.

grasses, consisting of

flowers and an

they can germinate. In

Umbel A

a seed in

non-

it

numbers and blow about on

Much

num

onions, agapanthus and parsley.

for a

few weeks.

down

the

length, as in Sisyrinchium striatum.

does

tall,

perhaps with mainly horizon-

other colors as well as green on their leaves,

and usually grow

geraniums or Phlomis jrutkosa.

leaved counterparts as they have less chlorophyll.

A

Subspecies

group of plants within a species,

from the norm but not

sufficiently so

own

rank them as a species in their

nght.

a petal, often

containing nectar; the short flowering shoots

on such plants as apples, pears or hoyas.

which normally continue

A

Succulent

They

some

than their plain

are usually the result of cultivation

sometimes caused by viruses though

are

species, notably Coleus blumei, are

variegated naturally.

plant which has evolved swollen

to flower

and

ciently different

to survive in arid climates. Cacti

it

usually has leaves growing from

its

show succulence

only differ in flower color, for instance) are

to a lesser degree, as

most

orchids do in their pseudo-bulbs.

A

shoot or stem that arises from the

still

lingers in use, for

aunculata syn.

a

pea flower; a tree or shrub with

single, rather

Many

like roses

at

tall

the

"syn.")

A

longer valid,

trees

grow thus

naturally; shrubs

or fuchsias have to be trained to the

artificially

A

half-standard has a shorter

stem than usual

be of interest to gardeners.

designated

as, for instance,

Buxus

microphylla var. japonica, the var. being short

by gardeners are

to be called cultivars

and not given

Latin names.

Ventral Situated on the front of an organ.

Virus

P. capensis.

down

to

may

example Plumbago

to

a plant,

anchor

which

A

disease in plants

it;

the

fatal.

relatively benign,

which

is

incurable

However, some viruses

are

such as the one that makes

tulips "break" into stripes.

swollen taproots of carrots are the most familiar

Most

trees

have them too, and resent

Whorl in

A

as

string-like structure a

which some branch or

arise at the

same node,

rhododendrons Flowers can grow

whorls around the stalk

also, as in

as

in

Primula

malacoides.

support themselves. Peas have them.

Wood, woody A stem which may

do grapes

enough (of inflorescences at

the

mangolds and

end of

and flowers)

a shoot, as

with roses,

poinsettias

Terrestrial (of orchids)

in the

in trees.

Throat The inside shaped flower,

Sicrile Incapable of bearing seeds or pollen or

,ind glo

both (flowers) or spores (the frond

guide insects.

part of a

to use as timber but

hardened It is

cells

and

is

trumpet- or tube-

oli

'lor to

not be big

which contains

more or less permanent and shrubs, but

characteristic of trees

some climbers, such

Growing

ground, the way most plants do, rather than

perched

Usually of leaves, an arrangement

where three or more

damaged.

a

stem before the branches

is

for vanetas. Varieties created

sides while

up

variety

and may be

Terminal petal that stands

A

supposed

Appearing

Standard The big

enough

different

the understock of a grafted specimen.

trellis to

does not.

their species

to be of great interest to botanists (they

climbing plants wrap around interchangeable, but in horticulture a stem

from the norm of

are the extreme example, but other plants

fruit

are almost

group of plants which though not suffi-

Strictly speaking, a

which help

Tendril

stem The two terms

Variety

arising in the wild

their being

for several years.

form

and

less strongly

water-filled organs, either stems or leaves,

plunges straight

Spur A hollow projection from

begin

less vertically.

Sub-shrub A perennial with more or less permanent but not woody stems, such as

Taproot The main root of

and making an ever-expanding clump.

back of

growth habit whereby main

branches grow more or

Variegated Variegated plants have patterns of

branches, perhaps by rooting in the ground

a stalk

A

Upright

Synonym (usually abbreviated to scientific name which, though no

the wind.

Spreading A plant which grows much wider

Stalk,

type of inflorescence where several

flower stalks arise from one point, as in

than seeds, they are produced in great

it

its

too.

them up in damp sphagmoss and putting them m a refrigerator

roots of a tree or shrub or, undesirably, from

flowering plants such as ferns and fungi.

tal

simplest form,

its

humans

involves bundling

Sucker Spore The equivalent of

than

dunng

dormancy. Many tubers, such as those of the

type of inflorescence where the

flowers are borne

tinier

starchy underground organ

fat,

potato, provide food for

to

A

indicating three, as

etc.

dormancy of seeds of such plants as roses and apples, which need a period of cold before

different

as a sign that conditions are right.

Spike

technique used to break the

dned

and are welcomed by orchid growers

material,

Tuber A

Striate (of leaves) Ridged or fluted

it.

type of rather luxuriant growing

and much used when dried

A

large

and on the leaves of designed to store food for a plant

Stratify

and

very rarely more. See also Shrub.

trifoliate,

treated equally well as large shrubs or small,

Spadix

tall

captured. Tri- In

be

plant, often very

etc.

but not always, with only one main stem and

as the

larger cotoneasters or bottlebrushes can

artificial

shapes, such as pyramids, globes, peacocks,

Tree

Stigma The business part of

only one. but in gardening the distinction

clipping suitable trees or

shrubs such as yew, privet or box into

has

tree

art of

in hybrids; or the repro-

of a plant that bears

transformed into the extra petals of a double

Shrub A

a

leaf or leaflet, as in rose leaves.

leaves.

stems that

Tooth, teeth The serrations on the edges of

genetic make-up, something

which often occurs

pan

aerial

perfectly

fertile

15

5

woody.

as the grape, are also

1

51 6

33-35

Hardiness zones 32, 65

and diseases 49-53

General

Cultivation of soil

Cuttings 48

Heat 11-12

bacteria 52

Index

Cutworms 50

Herbs 29

beetles 51

Hibiscus 46

caterpillars

Daffodil 52, 58

Honesty 50

fungi

Daisy 27

Honey fungus 53

Damping

48

off

34-35 Air-layering 48-49 Algae 21-22 Alkalinity 34-35 Annuals 27-28. 41.60, 64

58 Delphinium 27 Digging 40

Aphids 51

Division 48

Acidity

Honeysuckle 31, 60 Huckleberries 31

Daylilies

Hydrogen 36 Hypericum 48

Pests

50-51 52-53 nematodes 52 safety and 53 scale insects 51-52 snails and slugs 49-50 sucking insects 51

Diseases see Pests and diseases

viruses 53

poppy 27

Iceland

Petunia 27, 61

13-14

Dollar spot 46

Inner-city gardens

Asphalt 20

Dolomite 36

Insects 31, 51

Phosphorus 36, 37, 38 Photosynthesis 36

Azalea 34

Double digging 35 Drainage 19, 34

Ins 29, 34, 64

Planting

Iron 36

Plants

Dryness 41

Ivy 48, 53

Bacon, Francis 32

Earthenware pots 63

Japanese beetle 51

Bacteria 52

Edges 45

buying of 32-33 climbing 26-27

Bark 20

Eelworms 52 Eucalypts 48

Larkspur 27

exotic 25

Beetles 51

grafted 41

Begonia 45

Evaporation 42

Lawnmowers 45 Lawns 22-24, 59

Bermuda grass 54 Birds 30-31

Exotic plants 25

edges of 45

Blackberries 55

Fences 13, 17-19

weeds

Blood and bone 57

Fems

Arum

lily

64

Bacillus papillae

51

Blcodmeal

36, 37,

bulbs 28, 32,41,60

maintenance of 43-46

38

56

Fertility 35,

Bone meal 37, 38 Borers 50-51

Fish 30

Boron 36

Fragrance 32

Bottlebrush 46

Front gardens 13

Busy

Forsythia 47

Fruit trees 41, 46,

20-21

57-59

Privacy 12, 13

Marigold 27, 52, 57

Professionals 17

Mealy bugs 5 Menclonal propagation 49 Moonflower 60

Propagation 47-49

menclonal 49 Pruning 46-47

Mowers 45

Pumpkin 47

43-46

in

30-31

construction of 17 container 59-64 cottage

28

gardening

design of 10-11

Mulch

front 13

Citrus 41

inner-city

Nasturtium 47, 50

low-maintenance 57-59

making

Preparation of soil 33-35

Raised beds 34

a plan for

planning of 10-15

Color 31-32

scented 32

Companion planting 57 Compost 36, 37, 38-40, 56-57

side 14

Gazania 27

Concrete 20, 63

Geranium

Container gardening 59-64

Copper 36 Coreopsis 31

plant selection for

Remodelling 16-17

Native plants 25, 59

Retaining walls 19

14-15

Nematodes Nerine 60

Rhododendron Rock 34, 40

Nitrogen 36, 37, 38

Root

24-33

Nut

Roots 41

organic 56-57

50

38, 40, 54

Potted plants 59-64

Raspbemes 48 13-14

Climbing plants 26-27 Codling moth 51

Com earmworm

Ponds 29-30 Poppy 27

Manganese 36, 37 Manure 36, 37, 38, 57 Marble 21, 63

Cinnamon fungus 53

wind

24-33

40

Garden rooms 10 Gardens birds and butterflies building of 17-24 care of 33-56

Cherries 31, 50

Climate 11-12, 32, 57; see also

Plastic

Potassium 36, 37, 38

Mowing 43-45

33-34

water garden 29-30 Plant selection

Pots 59-64; see also Container

country 14

Classification of soil

25-26, 41, 46, 49

Maintenance of lawns

Galls 52

Cabbage 34 Cabbage white butterfly 50 Calcium 36 Camellia 34, 46 Cankers 52 Carbaryl 50 Carnation 27 Caterpillars 50-51

trees

vegetables 29

27

Gaillardia

bush 31 Buying plants 32-33

shrubs 26, 46

Magnesium 36

30-31, 50

Butterfly

ground cover 26 herbs 29 native 25, 59 perennials 27-28, 32 potted 59-64

Porcelain pots 63

Fungi 52

27

lizzie

49

Lily

Fuchsia 61

32,41,60

Butterflies

48 60 Lime 36 Lobelia 45 Loopers 50 Lotus 29 Low-maintenance gardening Lilac 34, 41,

35-38, 45-46, 56, 57

Fertilizing

Bulbs 28,

45-46

in

Layering 48-49

60, 61

Blueberries 34

Bricks

annuals 27-28, 41, 60, 64

50

Bacillus thuringiensis

40-42

52, 57

grass 55

rot

34,

53

Rose 34, 41, 47, 48, 58

Oleander 52

Rose wilt 53

Onion weed 55 Orchids 59-60

Rudbeckia 27

Germination 47

Organic gardening 56-57

Safety 53

Gladiolus 52

Oxalis 55

Sage 31

Grafted plants 41

Oxygen 36

Salvia

52, 61

Grafting 49

27 Sawdust 40

51-52

Cosmos 31

Grass 23, 44, 45, 57

Paths 19-22

Scale insects

Cotoneaster 31

Grass clippings 40

Patios 10-11, 13

Scented gardens 32

Cottage gardens 28

Gravel 19-20, 40

Paving 10, 19-22, 59

Seaweed 37

Country gardens 14 Crepe myrtle 46

Ground covers

Peach 47

Seedlings 41

Perennials 27-28, 32

Seeds 47-48

Grubs 46

48

26, 59

1

Index

sh.ulc

Trees 25-26

Styles 16

1

I

Subsoil 34

shrubs 26, 46

citrus 41

ammonia

Side gardens 14

Sulfate ol

Slate 2

Sun

Slugs

49-50 49-50 Sod 24

Sunflower 31

snails

Sweet pea 27

Soil 22, 42,

acidity of

34

classification of

33-34 33-35 preparation of 33-35 Sprinklers 43 cultivation of

Stock 50 Stone 21

pools 22

57 34

fruit

41, 46, 49

pruning of 46

Swimming

alkalinity of

Steps 19

36, 57

11

Tecomaria 31 Tent caterpillars 50 Terracotta 63

Trumpet vine 31

56

Tomato 52 Tomato hornworm 50 Topping 46 Topsoil 33-34 Trace elements 36-37

in

45

57 Watering systems 43 Water lily 29

Water plants 29-30

Weeding 57

Viburnum

Weedkillers 56

Views

31

12, 15

Vines 26-27

Weeds

22, 45-46, 47,

in lawns

Viruses 53

Weigela 47

Walls 17-19

Wind

Water gardens 29-30 Watering 14 and conserving water

Windbreaks

45-46

Willow 64

42-43 and container gardens 64

J

low-maintenance gardens

Vegetables 29, 50, 57, 60

Thinning 46 Tilling

of lawns

5

12, 14

Window

Wood Wood Wood

12, 14

boxes 61

63 ash 37, 38 chips 20

54-56

7

3

1

1

1

518 Afncan

Index

to

violet

387

Ampelopsis heterophylla 450

Amsoma tabemaemontana Amur cork tree 272 Amur maple 247

Agapanthus ajncanus 7 1 466 Agapanthus praecox subsp ,

Plants

ohentalis 71,

466

Agapetes serpens 159. 467

Anagallis bnifoha

Agaricus campeslns 345

Anagallis monelhi 73.

466 Agave amcncana 394, 472

Anaphalis margantacea 73.

Agaslache cana 71,

Abeha schumannn 158, 467 Abelia x grandi/lora 158,

467

Abelmoschus moschatus Mischief

70.465 470 470

Abies cephalonica 246, Abies concolor 246, Abies nobilis

246

470 hybndum 158, 467

Abies procera 246,

Abutilon X

Abutilon megapotamicum

1

58.

467

Agave victoriae-reginae 394, 472 Agciatum houstonianum 72, 465

Ajamenie 161

Alexander palm 437 Algerian ivy 455

468 Acanthus mollis 70, 466 Acanthus spinosus 70, 466 Acer buergenanum 247, 469 Acerginnala 247, 469 Acergnseum 247. 469 Acer japomcum 247, 469 Acer macrophyUum 247. 469 Acer palmatum 247, 469

Alkanet 74

Alba roses 230. 469 A/biziajultbnssin 249. 469 Alcca rosea 72

,

465 466

Alchemilla mollis 72.

Alder 249

Allamanda cathartica 450. 474 Alleghany serviceberry 249 Allium albopilosum 294 Allium ascalomcum 336

Allium bulgancum 315 Allium cepa 336 Allium cepa var aggregatum 336

470 Allium giganteum 294, 470 Allium moly 294. 470 Allium chnstophii 294,

Allium narcissi/lorum 294. 470 Allium neopolitanum 294.

470

Acer platanoides 247, 469

Allium porrum 336

Acerpseudoplatanus 247, 469

Allium sativum 347. 471

Acer rubrum 247, 469

Allium schoenoprasum 347, 471

Acer saccharum 248, 469 Acer talaricum subsp. gmnala 247

Allwood pink 91 Almond 366

Achillca/ilipendulina 'Gold Plate'

Alnus cordata 249. 469

70,

466

376, 472 Apium graveolens var duke 337 Apium graveolens var. rapaceum 337 Apple 269 Apple cucumber 341 Apple geranium 127 Apncot 365 Aptema cordifolia 395. 472 Aquilegia caerulea 75, 466 Aquilegia canadensis 75. 465 Aquilcgia chrysantha 75. 465 Aquilegia. McKana Giants 75. 466 Aquilegia vulgaris 75, 466

472

Aloe cihans 395. 472

Aloeferox 395, 472 Aloe \ancgala 395.

472

Aloysia tnphylla 347. 471

Alpine currant 228 Alpine poppy 126 Alpine strawberry 368 Alpine water fern 43

469 Aesculus x carnea 248, 469 Aesculus flava 248, 469 Aesculus cafi/brnica 248,

Aesculus pavia

469

468

159.468 466

Aethionema xwarleyense 'Warley Rose' 71

Afncan

com

307 African daisy 75, 94 Afncan hemp 234 Afncan ins 93 Afncan lily 7 Afncan linden 234 Afncan mangold 145 Afncan milk tree 401 Afncan sumac 281 African tulip tree 285 lily

AlsophiIa431

Alstroemena aurantiaca 73 Alstroemena aurea 73. 466 Alstroemena, Ugtu hybnds 73,

Alum

466

root 104

Arabis albida 75 Arabis caucasica 75,

76.

466

295, 470

Powys

472

466

466 76-77 466 Artemisia tndenlala 161. 468 Artichoke 342 Arum dracunculus 301 Arum italicum 295, 470 Castle' 76.

Artemisia stellerana

,

Ball cactus

Arundinana pygmaea 331 Arundodonax 328-329. 471 Asanna erubescens 451. 474 Asarum canadense 326. 47 Asarum caudatum 326, 471

Balloon flower 131

465

Amelanchier almfoha 160. 468 Amelanchier arborea 249. 469 laevis 249, 469 Amencan arbonitae 238, 287 Amencan basswood 287 American beech 263 Amencan bittersweet 453 American cranberry 238-239

Amelanchier

Arbutus unedo Compacta' 160,

467 Archontophoenix alexandrae 437,

474

American cranberry bush 240-241

Archontophoenix cunmnghamiana

Amencan elderberry 367 Amencan elm 288 Amencan holly 266

Arctostaphylos densiflora

437.474

McMmn'

Howard

160. 467

Arctostaphylos 'Emerald Carpet'

Bamboo orchid 425 Bamboo palm 439. 444

161,467 Asclepias tuberosa 77, 466 x Ascocenda hybnds 416, 473 Asclepias subulata

Ascocentrum curvt/olium 416,

473 Ash 264-265 Asian pear 367

Barberry 162

Asparagus fem 387 Asparagus officinalis 337 Asparagus plumosus 387

Barrel cactus

Asplenium bulbi/erum 430, 473 Asplemum/ilix-/cmina 431

Bassia scoparia

Asplenium nidus 430-431. 473

Bauhimagalpinii 162.468

Bartlett pear

Aspen 275 Asperula odorata 99 Asphodeline lutca 295, Aspidistra elatior 376,

470 472

Aster novi-belgn 77.

Bearberry 160. 161

466 Aster x/rihartii Monch' 77. 466 Aster Imani/olius 77, 466 Aster luteus 145

466 466 x arendsn 77. 466

Bearberry cotoneaster

466

466

Atamaso

lily

321

Athel tree

78

1

Bearded ins 110

Beard-hp penstemon 128 Beard-tongue 128 Bear's breech 70 Beaucamea recurvata 251 469 Beaumontia grandiflora 451. 474

467

286

Beautiful

Atherton palm 443

honey plant 384

Beauty berry 166

Atfvynum (ilix-femina 431. 473

Beauty bush 202-203

Athynum mpponicum 431.473 Atlas cedar 254

Bedding begonia 78 Bedding dahlia 90. 465 Bee balm 351 Beech 263 Beech wormwood 76-77 Beefwood 253

var pictum

Atnplcx lenti/ormis subsp brewen

161,468 Aubneta deltoidea 78, 466 Aucuba japonica 161. 467 August lily 105 Aunnia saxatilis 78, 466 Australian brush cherry 286 Australian cabbage-tree palm 443 Australian flame tree

252

Lorraine' 377,

,

472

472

Begonia Cleopatra' 377, 472

467

masomana 377, 472 Begonia metallica 78, 467 Begonia Orange Rubra' 79, 467 Begonia

Australian violet 151

265

Austnan black pine 273

337-338

Begonia aunculata Zll

Begonia grandis 78, 466

204

Australian willow myrtle

Beet

Begonia x cheimantha Gloire de

Begonia fuchsioides 162,

Australian fuchsia 177

Australian tea tree

112

.

Alhanasia paniflora 161.

Australian willow

161,467

trichophvlla

Aster novi-angliae 77.

palm 442

Arctostaphylos

474

f.

Bauhima vanegata 251. 469 Bay 350 Bayberry 209 Beach strawberry 327 Bead plant 120-121 Beans 344

Assai

Aster alpmus 77.

Ampelopsis brcvipcdunculata var. maximoiviczii 450.

400

Barren wort 95

367 Baseball plant 401 Basil 351 Basket begonia 296 Basket flower 306 Basket-of-gold 78

Arctostaphylos hoofeeri 160,

467 manzanita 160-

Bamburanta 379 Banana 364 Banana passionfruit 369-370 Banana shrub 209 Bangalow palm 437 Banhsia enci/olia 162, 468 Banksia integn/olia 251. 469 Baptism austrahs 78, 466

Asimina tnloba 358, 472

American hornbeam 253 Amencan rock fern 436

160,467

467

408

Balsam 107

Astrophytum astcnas 396. 472 Astrophytum mynosugma 396, 472

470 Amberboa moschala 83

246

Bald cypress 286

Araliaelata250.469

380 Aralia papyn/era 238 Araucana araucana 250, 470 Araucana bidwiHn 250. 470 Araucana excelsa 250 Araucana heterophylla 250 Araucaria imbncata 250 Arbomtae 287 Arbutus Manna' 250, 469 Arbutus men^iesu 250, 469 Arbutus unedo 250, 469

Bacon and eggs 420 Baechea virgata 162. 467

Arundmana mtida 331

Astilbe chinensis Pumila' 78,

Aralia elegantissima

Bachelor's buttons 82

Baileya mulliradiala 78.

Alyssum mantimum

15

Baby gladiolus 304 Babylon weeping willow 282 Baby rubber plant 386 Baby s breath 101-102 Baby snapdragon 1 14 Baby's tears 144 Bacchans pilulans 162, 467

Bailey acacia

Astrantia major 78.

1

Baboon flower 296 Baby-blue-eyes 120

Arum lily 152 Aruncus dwica 77, 466 Aruncus Sylvester 77

Arachis hvpogaea 368, 471

Alyssum saxatile 78 Amaranthus caudatus 73, 465 Amaranthus tricolor Joseph's Coat'

317'

Babiana stneta 296. 470

Artemisia dracunculus 348. 471 Artemisia lactiflora 76.

lily

Azurcocereus hertlingianus 396.

Aroma arbuti/olia 161, 468 Arrowhead vine 389 Arrowwood 239 Artemisia arborescens 76, 466

Artemisia

Austnan bnar 228-229 Autumn-blooming crocus 300 Autumn crocus 298. 317 Autumn daffoldil 317 Autumn fem 433 Autumn moor grass 331 Autumn snow-flake 308 Avens 101 Avocado 365 Azalea 222. 223-224 Azara microphvlla 161. 467 Aztec

dunor 450, 474 Anstolochia elegans 450, 474 Anzona cypress 258 Armena mantima 76, 466

Astilbe

466

ecfelonii

Alyogyne huegelii 160, 467

73.

Aethionema armenum 'Warley Rose' 71,

467

Alpinia zerumbet 72.

Amaryllis belladonna 294-295.

248

Aesculus paniflora 159,

Antirrhinum majus 74—75, 465

Aloeanstata 395, 472

Adenium multiflorum 394, 472 Adenium obesum 394. 472 Adianlum capillus-\enens 430, 473 Adiantum pedatum 430, 473 Adonis aestivalis 71. 465 Aegopodium podagrana Variegatum' 326. 471 Aeonium arboreum 'Schwarzkopf

Aesculus oclandra

472

Aphelandra squarrosa Louisae'

Adder's tongue 301

Aesculus hippocastanum 248,

Antigonon leptopus 450, 474

Aloe arborescens 395, 472 Aloe barbadensis 395,

394.472

Ansaema tnphyllum

74

472

Alocasia macrorrhiza 376,

Aeonium cananense 394, 472 Aendes416. 473 Aeschynanthus radicans 376, 472

Argyranthemum/rutescens 76, 84 Argyroderma delactu 395, 472 Argyropsis Candida 321

italica

Anthunum scherzenanum 376,

Alnus glutmosa 249, 469

466 Achillea Taygetea' 70, 466 Achillea tomentosa 71, 466 Acidanthera bicolor 304 Acomtum napellus 71, 466 Acorus calamus 71, 467 Actimdia chinensis 368. 472 Actimdia deliaosa 368 Ada aurantiaca 416, 473 Adam's needle 152

465

Aristolochia

Acacia pratissima 158,468

Achillea mille/olium 70,

Anchusa azurea 74, 466 Anchusa capensis Blue Angel' 74,

Argemone platyceras 76, 465

Andromeda polijolia 160,467 Andropogon gerardu 328, 471 Andropogon nardus 347, 471 Anemone blanda 295, 470 Anemone clematis 453 Anemone coronana 295, 470 Anemone x hybnda 74, 466 Anemone japonica 74 Anemone nemorosa 295. 470 Anemone Pulsatilla 134 Anethumgraveolens 347. 471 Angelica archangelica 347. 471 Angel orchid 418 Angel's tears 314 Angel's trumpet 164 Angraecum 416. 473 x Angulocaste hybnds 416. 473 Amgozanthos Bush Gems series 74. 465 Amsodonteaxhypomandarum 160, 467 Annona squamosa 358 Annual coreopsis 86 Annual delphinium 85 Annual mallow 112 Annual phlox 130 Annual statice 1 1 Annual sweet pea 457 Anomalheca laxa 295, 470 Anthemis tinctona 74, 466 Anthnscus cerejolium 347, 471

Acacia hunterana 158

159,468

466

Anslea

Ahebia quinata 450, 474

Atropurpureum' 159, 468 Acer palmatum Dissectum Viridis'

437-438.474

465

Andromeda 216-217

Ajuga reptans 72, 466

Acer palmatum Dissectum

Arecaslrum romanzojjianum

73

Agrostemma coeb-rosa 143 Agrostemma githago 72, 465 Agrostis tenuis 326, 471 Ailanthus altissima 248-249, 469 Ailanthusglandulosa 248-249

467 304 Acacia baikyana 246. 469 Acacia boormanii 158, 468 Acacia dealbala 246. 469 Acacia decurrens dealbala 246 Acacia greggu 158, 468

467

hybnda 75, 466 Ardisia cnspa 376, 472 Ardisia taponica 161. 467 Arclotis x

Anchusa

Abutilon viti/olium 158,

Acacia redolens 159.

466

Agonis jlexuosa 248, 469

Abyssinian sword

lily

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 161,

73,

248

Begonia pvramidalis var. concolor

377

1

7

1

1

Index Begonia rex Merry Christmas' '

377,472

Black-spirted prickly pear I'.l.i.

408

Brassica oieracea vat botrytis 358

walnut 266-267

k

Brassica oleracca var bullata

Blanket flown 98

Begonia ruhrtai 377 Begonia Semperflorens

tiltorum

(

hybrids 78. 465 Begonia x tuberhybrtda

amellia

(

338-

BUXUS luponica 165

Campanula poscharsfcyana 82, 467

Buxus sempcrvtrens 165. 467

Camperdown elm 288-289 Camphora tree 256 Campion 16, 143

Byzantine gladiolus 303

Campsis chinensis 452

165,467

Blcchnum/luviatilc431,473

Blechnum penna-manna 431, 473

Brassica oleracca var gemmi/cra

13

1

Brassica oieracea var capitata

Bleeding glory bower 378

Beleperone guttata 202

Bloody cranesbill 100

Brazilian flame

Belladonna lily 294-295 Belle de Nuit 400

Bluebeard 170

Brazilian

Cabbage palm 444 Cabbage roses 232 Cabbage tree 256-257 Cabbage turnip 338 Cactus dahlias 87, 465 Cacsa/piniagtlliesii 165,468 Caesa/pinia pulchcrnma 166, 468 Cajeput tree 270 Ca/adium bicolor 297. 470 Caladmm x hortulanum 297

Blue beech 253

Brazilian

Calamagrostts acuttjlora 'Stncta'

BellflowerSl

Bent grass 326

305 Blueberry 371 Blue blossom 1 7 Blue dicks 301 Blue dogbane 73

Bcrbens danvimi 162,467

Blue-eyed grass 143

Bridal veil

Blue flax 114

Bndal wreath 98, 234, 235

Calendula

Blue grama grass 326

Bnmeura amethystina 296 Brisbane box 288

Calico flower

Blue hibiscus 160 Blue lungwort 134

British

and

'Rose' flowered types

290, 470 Begonia x ruberhybridd multl/Iora

296. 470

Brassica oieracea gongyloidcs

Bleeding heart vine 378

Brassica peh'nsensis

Bletilla

luberhvbrida pendula

296.470

hvuunlhtna 417

Brassica rapa

417. 473

Btetilla striata

Blood

Beleperone cali/brnica 202

Bloodroot 137

percnms 79. 465 Bells of Ireland 119

Berberis X menrorensis 162,

467

Berberis ottawensts 'Purpurea'

162-163 Berberis ottawensis 'Superba'

162-163.468 Berberis thunbergu 163,

467

Bergamot 351

466 466 466 467

bush 166 kapok tree 256 pepper tree 283 Brazilian plume flower 202 Breadseed poppy 126 Bread tree 445

337-338 338

469

Betula papyri/era 251,

469

Betula pendula Dalecarlica' 252.

339

Brodiaca maia 301

California

Blue sage 137

Brodiaea pulchella 30

California pepper tree

Blue sheep's fescue 330

Broom

California

Blue star 73

Browalha amencana 79, 465 Browallia elala 79

California rock fern

Callery pear

Blue trumpet vine 463

Brown mustard 348 Brown top 326

Blushing bromeliad 385

Brugmansia x Candida 164, 468

116-117 Bog rosemary 160 Bok choy 340 Bomarea caldasu 451, 474 Bomarea fealbreycri 451 Borage 348 Borago officinalis 348, 471

Brugmansia sanguinca 164. 468

179, 190

Brugmansia versicolor 164. 468

Border carnation 91 Borzkactus celsianus 396, 472

Buchloe daclyloides 326, 471

Big bluestem 328

Boston ivy 459

hydrangea 198-199 Bigleaf maple 247 Big mountain palm 442 Big sagebrush 1 6

Bottlebrush 166

Buckeye 159,248 Buckthorn 222

Bottlebrush buckeye 159

Buddleia altcrnt/olia 164-165,

Big tree 284

Bottle tree

Bignoma caprcolata 451, 474

Bougainvillea cultivars 451.

252

Betula verrucosa 251

Bicolored ice-plant 399 Bi/renana harrisomae 416.

473

Bigleaf

Btgnoniagrandi/Iora Btgnonia stans

452

237

Billbergia leptopoda

377. 472

Billbergia nutans 377.

472

Billbergia pyramidalis var concolor

377,472

Brun/e/sia pauciflora 164.

Carissa macrocarpa 169,

Carmel creeper 170

Calypso bulbosa 417, 473

Carnation 91

Calypso orchid 4 1

Carnegia gigantea 396. 472

Bugloss 74

Camapanula medium 81 Camass 297-298

Carob 358-359

bay 269 Bunch-flowered narcissi 314

Camassia esculenla 297-298

Carolina cherry laurel 278

Camassia quamash 297-298, 470

Carolina jasmine

Bunya-bunya 250 Burkwood's daphne 180 Burkwood viburnum 239 Burmese honeysuckle 457 Burnet rose 229 Burning bush 112. 185 Burn plant 395 Bur oak 280-281 Burrawang 445 Burro tail 410 Bursana spinosa 165. 467 Bush anemone 169-170 Bush cinqucfoil 219 Bushdalea 179 Bush germander 238 Bush milkweed 161 Rush morning glory 85 Bush pea 345 Hush violet 79

Cambria Plush' 425

Carolina silver-bell 266

Camellia granthamiana 167,468

Carpathian bellfiower 81 Carpentaria cali/omica 169-170.

474 Bougainvi/lea glabra 451, 474 Bougainvillea species 163, 468 Bougainvt/iea spectabilis 451. 474 Bourbon roses 230, 469 Bouteloua gracilis 326, 471

Bracken 417 Brahea armata 438, 474

Bowstring

330

hemp 388

Box 165 Boxleafazara 161 Boxleaf honeysuckle 206

Box thorn 165

Boxwood 165 Boysenberry 370-371 Biachvchimn Oceri/bliUS 252, 469 i.mpopulncus 252, 469 li,»m-

79,

466

Brachygj

I

467

rn

Bulbinella/Ionbunda 297 Bull

437

Brambh

18 |

im271 Blackhaw viburnum 240 kill 282 Black mulberry 364 ,h|418 Black snakerooi 84

468

Audusson' 167, 468

468

468

424 Brassovola nodosa 417.471

ip

Butterfly

173

I

338

treed

phala

1

18

tvilliamsll

16°.

>

Htfltiamsil

Donation

168

aryopterts x clandoniensis 170.

467 aryOU

18.474

4

t

ashmen bouquet

(

txssfa

artemisfoides

I

assla

corymboso

i

assfd leptophylld

I

.isi

iron pl.mt

i

astoi bt

i

osuarina

,

1

' i

1

*

467 468

70.

70.

253

I

253, 158. 4oo

176

unnlnghamiana 2i

1.

ampanula arpc i

phylld 8

inula

In,

ttflora

medium

"

1

81

,

,

' 1

400

81

ula perslt l/olta 81

77

i

arya Ulinoinensis )58, 472

a saliva

408

Id x

uld

Butterfly p

i

c

amellia sasanqua "Yuletide' 168,

bush 164. 165

Butterfly orchid 42 3

468

468

i

143

i

Carum cam 348. 471

amellia lutchuensis 168,

169

469

wo, 472

arpobrotus edulis

arpobrotus mutrii 396-397, 472

Gem'

la reticulata 168. 468 Camellia sasanqua 168, 468 tasarunid White Doves' 108.468

9 471

14

Butlerll-

'arpinus carotiniana 251.

(08

'

ind

amellia \aponica 'Nuccio's

Camellia oleifera 168.468

<

i

i

168,468 <

Carpinus betulus 253, 469 (

amellia japonica 'Elegans' 167.

474

',88

Carpet bugleweed 72

Camellia japonica Debutante' 167,

<

454-455

467

Camellia japonica Adolphe

(

468

Carolina allspice 167

Camellia japonica 167, 468

Busy lizzie 107 Butchers broom 2 32

Brahea cdulls 4 38. 474

ore 148

14

Calycanthus occidentals 167, 468

Blackberry 371

296

1

Calycanthus/londus 167, 468

Bowles' golden grass

men 87 mi 370

Cardinal flower

Ca!thapa!ustns81,467

bush 2 3 bromeliad 385 Birds-nest fern 430-431 Birthwort 450 Biscay heath 184 Bishop's cap 396 Bishop's hat 95 Bishop's mitre 396 Bitter aloe 395 Bitter orange 359 Black alder 249 Black beech 271 lily

Cardinal climber 456

165.468 468 Buffalograss 326 Bugbane 84

Bower climber 459

Black cohosh 84

Cardamom 349

Buddleia globosa 165.

Bouvardia longt/lora 163. 467

Blackberry

Canary creeper 148 Canary Island date palm 444 Canary Island pine 273 Canby paxistima 214 Candelabra plant 395 Candle plant 411 Candytuft 106 Canna xgeneralis 82, 298, 465 Canoe birch 251 Cantaloupe 368 Canterbury bell 81 Cantua buxifolia 169, 467 Cape chestnut 253 Cape cowslip 307 Cape forget-me-not 74 Cape fuchsia 216 Cape gooseberry 370 Cape honeysuckle 237 Cape mallow 160 Cape mangold 94 Cape plumbago 218 Capers 348 Cape sundew 380 Cappans spinosa 348. 471 Capsicum annuum, Grossum group 340 Capsicum annuum, Longum group 340 Caragana arborescens 169, 468 Caraway 348

Buddleia davidii

99 404 252

Bird-of-paradise bush 165 1

166,468 166,468 Calliopsis 86 Calltsia naviculars 378, 472 Callistemon citnnus 166. 468 Callistemon viminalis 166, 468 Callistephus chinensis 80, 465 Calluna vulgaris 166, 467 Calocedrus decurrens 252. 470 Calochortus albus 297 Calochortus venustus 297, 470 Calodendrum capense 253. 469 Calonyctwn aculeatum 456 Callicarpa

474 Canadian hemlock 288 Canadian snakeroot 326 Galen' 452.

Bottle plant

Birdcatcher tree 386

Bird's nest

436

280

Madame

Campsis x tagliabuana

Bottle gentian

Bouvardta hybrids 163. 467

Bird's eye

283

poppy 97

1

Campsis grandiflora 452, 474 Campsis radicans 452. 474

Cardiocnnum giganteum 298, 470 Cardoon 342 Carex elala 'Aurea' 329, 471 Carex morrowii 'Variegata' 329, 471 Carex stncta Aurea' 329 Carica papaya 358, 472 Caricature plant 381

Bouvardia humboldtn 163

Birch 251

170

Callahly 152

Brugmansia suaveolens 164. 468

Big blue hlyturf 114

Betula pendula Lacimata'

lilac

Calliandra tweedii

467 Brunnera macrophylla 79, 466 Brunsvtgiajoscphinae 297, 470 Brunsvigta orienlalis 297, 470 Brussels sprouts 339

469

280

248 palm 445 California fuchsia 153 California holly 196-197

Brodiaea laxa 318

Bocconia cor data

Bctulapendula 251, 469

450 289

California black oak

California fan

Blue tiger flower 304-305

Betu/a nigra 251,

80, 465

California buckeye

Blue thimble flower 101

Betulaalba 251

officinalis

California bay

Columbia wild ginger 326

Broccoli

465

Calceolaria integn/oha 80,

Broad bean 346

Blue

Betony 145

465

broom 191

Briza media 329. 471

Blue

Beta vulgaris var cicla

Calceolaria x herbeohybrida 80.

Bridal heath 183

98 oat grass 330 orchid 425 palo verde 255 passionflower 459 poppy 1 18

472

Calathea jcbrina 378, 472

Brewer's saltbush 161

Blue Blue

Beschornenayuccoides 396. 472

329,471 Calathea makoyana 378,

California bluebell 129

Bergenia cordi/o/ia 79,

Beta vulgaris

473

Bnttlebrush 182

Bergenia hybrids 79,

Bcrlandia lyrata 163,

473

Blue marguerite

Blue

Bergenia stracheyi 79.

340 340

x Brasso/ae/iocattleya hybrids 417,

Bluebells

Be/Its

339

x Brassocattleya hybrids 417,

Blood-red trumpet vine 454

heath 183

338

Brassica sinensis

304

lily

Belamcanda chinensis 296, 470

Bell

339

Bleeding heart 93

51 9

Buxus microphylla var japonica

339 339 Brassica oieracea var cymosa 339

Blazing star

Plants

to

.

466

25

i

asuartna

i

atalpa bignonfoides 254,

<

,ii,iii,iii,

vertii lltata

hi

,n

469

rulea Majoi

82,

1

520

to

Chewings fescue 327

Citrus reticulata 3(

Chicory 34

Citrus sinensis 360.

Cathedral windows 377

Chilean bellflower 456

Catmint 120. 351 Catnip 351 Cat's claw creep

Chilean firebush 262

Cattkya

Chilean

fire tree

bifoliate

hybnds 418. 473

Chilean jasmin,

250 pepper 340

Chile pine

Caakya 473

Chilli

umfoliale

(means 256. 469 Chimonanthus praccox 172. 468 China aster 80 China berry 270 China pink 92 China roses 232 Chilopsis

Caucasian wingnut 280 Ceanothus cultivars 17. Ceanolhus x delilianus Gloire de Versailles' 17(

Ceanothus griseus var. hoiizontahs

170.467 Ceanothus impressus 170, 467 Ceanothus thyrsiflorus

171. 4p7

Cedar 254 Ccdrela sinensis 254

Cedrus atlantica 254. 470 Cedrus dcodara 254. 470 libanii

360. 472

Chilean wine palm 443

1

473 hybnds 418.

subsp

atlantica

254

453

Celastrus articulatus

474 Celastrus scandens 453, 474 Celenac 337 Celery- 336-337 Cclastrus orbiculatus 453.

Celosia argentea var enstata 82,

465 Celtis laevigata

254. 469

469

472 Washington Navel'

472 Cladastns feentufeea 256 Cladastns lulea 256, 469 Clarkia amoena 84, 465 Clarkia elegans 84 Clarkia unguiculata 84. 465 Cleisocactus strausu 397 472 Clematis armandii 453, 474 Clematis Jackmann 453. 474 Citrus X tangelo 360,

Chilean guava 238

297

Callleya labiala 418.

Cedrus

Citrus sinensis

262

Chilean glory flower 454

Cattle\a bownngiana 4

Chin ca^ Chinchennchee 316 Chinese cabbage 339 Chinese cedar 254 Chinese date 367 Chinese delphinium 90 Chinese elm 289 Chinese fan palm 443 Chinese gooseberry 368 Chinese ground orchid 417 Chinese hackberry 255 Chinese hibiscus 197

Chinese holly 200 Chinese lantern 158 Chinese parasol tree 264

Chinese photinia 216

Clematis x lawsoniana Henryi

453. 474 Clematis montana 453 -

474 Clematis viticella 453. 474 Cleome hasslenana 84, 465 Cleome spinosa 84 Clerodendrum bungei 173. 468

Clematis tangutica 453,

Clerodendrum thomsomae 378. 472 Clerodendrum trichotomum 173,

468 Clelhra alnijoha

1

73.

Cliff rose

178

Climbing alstroemena 451 Climbing hydrangea 455 Climbing tily 304 Climbing pea 345 Climbing snapdragon 451 Chtona lematea 453, 474 298, 470

Clivia miniata

Chinese pistache 274-275

Cenlaurea cyanus 82. 465

Chinese rowan 285

Ccn.aurca dealbata 83, 466 Ccntaurea hypoleucha John Coutts' 83. 466 Cenlaurea moschata 83, 465 Cemifoha roses 232, 469 Centranthus ruber 83. 465 Century plant 394 Cephalana gigantea 83. 466 Cephaloce reus senilis 397, 472 Cerastmm tomenlosum 83. 4pp Ceratoma sihqua 358-359, 472

Chinese tallow

Clock vine 463 Clog plant 384-385 Closed gentian 99

Ceratostigma plumbagmoides 83.

466 Cercidiphvllumjaponicum 255.

469

283

Cluster-flowered bush roses 231,

Cotoneaster

468

dammen 178,468 468 468

Cotoneaster divancatus 178,

Cotoneaster honzontalis 178, Cotoneaster lacteus 178.

468 468 468

Cotoneaster microphyllus 178.

Cotoneaster multiflorus 178, Cotoneaster parr. Cotoneaster rcjlcxus 178

Cotoneaster

salici/olius

178,

468

Cottage pink 9 1 92 .

Cottage tulips 319. 471

Cottonwood 275 Cotyledon orbiculala 398. 472

Courgette 342

Cowania mexicana

var.

stansbunana 178. 468

Cow

itch tree

268

Convolvulus tricolor 86, 465

Crambe mariiima 87, 466 Cranberry cotoneaster 178 Cranesbill 100 Crape myrtle 203 Crassula arborescens 398, 472 Crassula coccinea 398, 472 Crassula ovata 398, 472 Crataegus x carnerei 258

Copiapoa cinerea 397, 472

Crataegus coccinea Plena' 257,

Convolvulus sabatius 85,

466

469

Copper beech 264 Coprosma x feirfcii 173. 467 Coprosma repens 176, 467 Coquito palm 443

Crataegus cordata 258

Coral bells 104. 105

Crataegus oxyacontha 258

Coralberry 235. 376

Crataegus phaenopyrum 258. 469

Crataegus laevigata Paul's Scarlet'

258. 469 Crataegus x

lavallei

258. 469

Crataegus vindis Winter King'

Chionodoxa gigantea 298

Coast beefwood 253

Coral plant 232

258. 469 Creeping fig 454

Chionodoxa lualiae 298, 470 Chives 347

Coast

Coast redwood 284

Coral vine 450

Chocolate flower 163 Choisva ternata 172, 467

Coast rosemary 241

Cordyhne austrahs 256-257. 469 Cordvhne termmalis Impenalis

Chokeberry 161

Cob

Chonsia speciosa 256, 469 Christmas begonia 377

Cobaea scandens 454. 474 Cobweb houseleek 142 Cockle-shell orchid 42 Cockscomb 82 Cockspur coral tree 262

Christmas cherry 144

96-97

453-454

474

468

Cotoneaster apiculatus 178.

Coral fountain 232

Christmas cactus 410

Chamaedorea erumpens 439. 474 Chamaemelum nobile 348, 471 Chamaerops humilis 439, 474 Chamomile 348 Chasmanthe aethiopica 298 Chaste tree 241 Chayote 371 Checkerberry 190 Checkered lily 303 Checker lily 302 Cheddar pink 92

Cowslip lungwort 134 Crabapple 269

378-37-

Cofinus coggygna 177.

Coral honeysuckle 458

Christmas berry 196-197

474

Coneflower 136 Confederate jasmine 463 Confederate rose 197 Consolida ambigua 85. 465 Con\allana majalis 299. 470 Convolvulus cneorum 85, 466 Convolvulus mauruanicus 85 Convolvulus minor 86

1

Costus

Coast banksia 251

469 469 Cercus peruvianus 397, 472 Ceropegia woodu 397, 472 Cestrum auranriacum 171, 468 Cestrum elegans 171, 468 Cestrum noctumum 171. 468 Chaenomeles speaosa 171. 468 Chain fern 437 Chamaecereus silvesmi 397, 472

Chamaedorea elegans 438-439.

Clytostoma calhstegioides

Cosmos atrosangumeus 87. 466 Cosmos bipinnatus 87, 465 Cosmos sulphureus 87, 465

Chionanthus virginicus 256. 469

Cercis ocadentalis 255,

470

469

Chinese witch hazel 195

Cercis canadensis 255,

Chamaecyparis obtusa 171. 467 Chamaecyparis pisijera 171. 467

418

Cluster cattleya

Chinese water chestnut 343 Chinese white cabbage 340 Chinese wistena 464

Common heliotrope 196 Common horsechestnut 248 Common houseleek 142 Common ivy 455 Common jasmine 456 Common juniper 267 Common lilac 236 Common manzanita 160-161 Common mock orange 2 Common myrtle 209 Common ninebark 216 Common pearlbush 187 Common peony 126 Common periwinkle 150 Common polypody 436 Common primrose 133 Common rasp fern 433 Common spiderwort 147 Common sunflower 103 Common thyme 353 Common witch hazel 196 Common yarrow 70 Common zinnia 153

Copiapoa echtnoides 397, 472

Chinese trumpet creeper 452

Ce radium floridum 255. 469

Chamaecyparis lawsomana 255.

468

Cleveland sage 233

Chinese piens 217

tree

-

.

Centzo 204

Celhs sinensis 255.

1

Plants

Caiclaw acacia 1 58 Catharanthus roseus 82

Cat's-tail

5

1

1

Index

Christmas fern 436

live

oak 280

Coral tree 262

Coast silktassel 190 cactus

406

378. 472

Coconut palm 439 Cocos capilata 438

Christmas rose 104

Chrysanthemum cannatum 84, 465 Chrysanthemum coccineum 146 Chrysanthemum jrulescens 76, 84 Chrysanthemum maximum 84, 113 Chrysanthemum monfolium 84, 90-91 Chrysanthemum tricolor 84 Chiy iothamnus 172.468 Chupa rosa 202 Chusan palm 445 Cichorium endivia 341 Cichorium intvbus 341 Cigar flower 179

Creeping holly grape 207 Creeping juniper 201

466 465 86, 466

Coreopsis grandi/lora 86, Coreopsis tinctona 86,

Coreopsis vertirillata

Coriander 348

Conandrum sativum 348, 471 Cork oak 281 Corkscrew willow 283 Com 346

Creeping phlox 130 Creeping red fescue 327 Creeping thyme 328 Creeping vervain 149 Creeping zinnia 138 Crepe camellia 191 Crested ins 110 Cretan brake fem 436-437

Cnmson

Cornelian cherry 257

glory vine 464 Cnmson-spot rockrose 173 Crinum bulbtspermum 299, 470 Cnnum moorei 299. 470 Cnnum xpowellii 299. 470

Codiaeum vanegatum 378, 472

Cornflower 82

Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora 299.

Codonopsis clematidea 85, 466

Comish heath 184

Coelogyne enstata 418, 473

Com salad

47 Crocosmia masonorum 299. 470

Coelogyne pandurata 418. 473

Cocos nuajera 439,

474

Cocos palm 437-438 Cocos plumosa

437^438

Com cockle

72

346

Dutch hybnds 300. 470 autumn blooming

Cineraria 143

Coleus thyrsoides 85.

Comus alba 176, 468 Comus capilata 257, 469 Comus controversa 257. 469 Comus jlonda 257. 469 Comus kousa 257. 469 Comus mas 257. 469 Comus nuttallii 257. 469 Comus sencea 176, 468 Comus stolont/era 176

Cineraria candicans 146

Collarette

Coroha

Cinnamomum camphora 256. 469 Cinnamon fem 434

Colocasia esculenta 341

Coromlla glauca 176

Crucifix orchid 42

Colonial bent 326

Coromlla valenrina subsp glauca

Cryptanthus zonatus 379, 472

Cimicifuga racemosa 84,

466

Cinquefoil 132 Cissus antarcuca 453. 474

Cissusjuttae

398

Gstus x corbanensis 172 Cistus x

hybndus 172. 468

Coffeeberry 222

Colchicum autumnale 299, 470 Colchicum Lilac Wonder' 299.

470 Colchicum speaosum 299, 470

Coleonema pulchrum 173. 467

465 467 dahlias 90. 465

Coleus blumei 85.

Colorado fir 246 Colorado spruce 273 Columbine 75 Columnea gloriosa 378, 472 Combretum bracteosum 454. 474

cotoneaster

176 467

Crocus species,

300. 470 Crocus species, spnng blooming

300, 470 Cross-vine 451

Croton 378

Crown cactus 409 Crown impenal 302 Crown of thorns 186

Crvplomena \aponica Elegans'

176.467 Correaalba 177,468 Correa Carmine Bells' 177 Correa Dusky

Crocus,

Bells'

177.

468

Correa pulchella 177. 468

258. 470 Ctenanthe lubbersiana 379. 472

Cucumis melo, Cantaiupensis group 368. 472 Cucumis melo, Indorus group

Comet orchid 416

Corsican hellebore 104

Cheiranthus cheiri 97

Cistus X pupureus 173,

Comfrey 353

Corsican mint 327

Chelone barbata 128

Cistus salvii/olius 173,

Common calla 152 Common emu bush 182-183 Common English ivy 381 Common evening primrose 122 Common flannel bush 188 Common foxglove 93 Common garden peony 126 Common gardenia 190 Common gemanium 127

Conadena argentea 329

Cucumis melo. Reticularis group

Cortadena selloana 329 47]

368. 472 Cucumis sativus cultivars 341

Cheiranthus x

allionii

Chelone obliqua 84,

466

Cistus ladanifer 173,

468 468 468

Citron 359

Chenault coralberry 235

Citrullus lanatus 368,

Chenille plant 399

Citrullus vulgaris

Cherry 220, 278 Cherry guava 366 Cherry laurel 220-22 Cherry sage 233

Citrus aurantifolia 359,

Chem

368

Citrus aurantium 359,

472 472

472 472 359, 472

Citrus limon 359,

Citrus medica 359, Citrus paradisi

472

Corydalis lutea 86.

368. 472

465

Corylopsis spicaia 177,

Cumin 348 Cuminum cyminum

Corylus avellana 360,

Cunjevoi 376

468 468 472

Corylopsis pauci/lora 177,

Corylus avellana Contorta' 177.

'468

Corynabutdon vin/olium 158

348. 471

Cup-and-saucer vine 454 Cupflower 121 Cuphea ignea 179. 467

1

1

,

1

Index

(

uphea pbttycentra upid s dan 82

c

up

C

1

7>J

Doodid aspeia 433, 473

Elephant's ears 79

Eucalypt 262

Delphinium x cultorum hybrids 90,

Doodia media 433, 473

Elephant's foot 251, 398

Eucalyptus citnodora 262,

465

upressat yparis leylandii 258,

x

(

c

upressus arizonica 258,

(

upressus mat rotarpa

470

Doiotheanthus

90-9

mi\ 94,

bcllidi/oi

465

Delphinium grandi/lorum 90, 465

Dendranthema xgiandi/Iora 84,

470

2

33

Double early tulips 319, 471 Double late tulips 319, 471 Douglas fir 279 Dove tree 259 Downy serviceberry 249 Doxantha unguis-cati 458 Dracaena australis 256-257 Dracaena palm 256-257

Cusiard apple 358 Cut-leaved cherry 279

Deschompsia coespitosa 329, 471

Drejerella guttata

Cyarhraaustralis431. 473

Desert bluebell 129

Cyathca dcalbala 431 473

Desert fan palm

Drooping leucothoe 205 Drosanthemum bicolor 399, 472 Drosanthemum /lonbundum 399, 472 Drosera capensis 380, 472 Drumstick primula 133 Drunkard's dream 404 Dryandra 181,467 Dryoptens erylhrosora 433, 473 Dryoprcris/ilix-mos 433, 473 Dryoptens marginalis 433, 473 Duchnesea indica 94, 466 Dumb cane 379 Dumpling cactus 406 Dunny vine 395

470 (

upressus sempervirens 25s),

470

Curcuma domeslua 349, 47 Curcuma longa 349 Curcurbila 342

Curly endive 341 Curly palm 442 Currant 228

,

Cycas rcvotuta 445,

474

1

,

445

Desert ironweed 271

mangold 78

Cyclamen coum 300

Desert

Cyclamen hedenfohum 300, 470

Desert rose 394

Cyclamen neapolitanum 300

Desert sage 233

Cyclamen persicum 379, 472 Cyclamen repandum 300, 470

Desert willow 256

oblonga 360. 472 Cymbidium, large-flowered

180-181.468 181,468 Deucia x rosea 181. 467 Deutzia scabra 181.468 Devil's backbone 385 Devil's ivy 380 Dianella tasmanica 9 1 465 Dianthus 'Allwoodu' 91, 465

Cydoma

Desjontamea spinosa 180, 467 Deutzia gracilis

Deulcia Rosalin'

hybrids 418-419, 473

Cymbidium. miniature hybrids

419,473 Cymbidium species 419, 473 Cymbopogon citratus 347 Cynara cardunculus 342 Cynara scolymus 342-343 Cyperus flabelhjormis 379 Cyperus involucratus 379, 472 Cyperus papyrus 87, 467 Cyphomandra betacea 360-36 1 472 Cyphostemma jutlae 398, 472

,

allivoodii 91 Dianthusbarba(us91, 465

Dianthus cacsius 92 Dianthus caryophyllus culttvars 91,

465 Dianthus chincnsis 92, 465 Dianthus deltoides 92, 465

Dianthus gratianopolitanus 92, 465

Cypress vine 456

Dianthus plumanus 92. 465

Cypnpcdium cakcoius 419, 473 Cypnpedium regmae 419, 473 Cyrtanthus purpureus 320-321 Cyrtomium jalcatum 431-432, 473 Cyrloslachys lahka 439 Cyrtostachys renda 439, 474 Census x praecox 179, 468 Cytisus scopanus 179, 467

466 Diascia rigescens 92, 465 Dicentra eximia 92, 465 Dicentra jormosa 92, 466 Dicentra spcctabihs 93, 466

DaclyIorr.tza419.473

313 Daffodil onion 294

Diascia barbcrae 92,

Dichelostemma ida-maia 301,

470 Dichsoma antarclica 432, 473 Dichsoma squarrosa 432, 473 Dictamnus albus 93, 466 Diejjenbachia Amoena' 379

87

Dieffcnbachia seguine Roehrsu'

Diejjenbachia seguine

Pompon

Dterama pulchernmum 93, 466 Dietes grandi/Iora 93, 465 Dtetes indioides 93

90 90 Dahlia, waterhly dahlias 90 Dahlia excclsa 179.468 Daleapulchra 179,468 Dahlia,

Damask

dahlias

roses 230,

465 466

Digitalis x mertonensis 93, Digitalis

purpurea 93, 465

347

Dame's rocket 104 Dancing ladies 423 Dandelion 346 Daphne xburhwoodu 180.467 Daphne cneorum 180. 467 Daphne mezereum 180. 468 Daphne odora 180,467 Daphne tangutua 180, 467 Dark mullein 148 Darwin barberry 62 Darwin hybrid tulips 319. 471 Darwin tulips 319. 471 Date palm 443. 444 Datura Candida 64

Dill

Datura winguinca 164

Disa umfloia 420, 47

Datura iuavecieru 164 Daucus lamta 54 5

Distil

1

1

Davallia truhiimanoidcs 4 52.

Rudolph

Roehrs' 380, 472

Dietes vegeta 93,

469

,

301

Earth star 379 Easter

lily

409 309

Easter

lily

cactus 400

Easter cactus

Eastern cottonwood 275,

278

288

Dioscorca elephantipes 398, 472

Diospyros

feahi

259. 361. 469, 472

209

Dipluiu*. uuruntiaius

Dipladenia x

amaMis

'Alii

i

du

Pont 458

459 473

Dipladenia splcndens Disa. hybrids 420,

lis

buci inut.iMU

5

todoruu

t

i

•

tna IKI

.

English ivy 455

Euphorbia capul-medusae 400, 473

English laurel 220-221

Euphorbia characias subsp

Eastern white cedar 238, 287 Eastern white pine

English lavender 203

repa

Euphorbia /ulgens 186, 468

pnmrose 133

English

Donkeys

tail

410

Euphorbia mihi 186. 468

yew 286-287

Euphorbia myrsinites 97, 465

468 473

Enhtanthus campanulatus 182,

Euphorbia obesa 401 473

Epidendrum ibaguense 42 Epidendrum radicans 42

Euphorbia pulchernma 186, 468

1

,

Euphorbia splendens 186

Epilobium angusti/olium 95.

466

Epilobium canum 153

465

Epimedium x rubrum 95, 465 Epimedium x warleyense 95, 465 Epipactis gigantca 42 1 473 Epiphyllum ackermanu 407 Epiphyllum X Deutsche Kaisenn' 407 Epiphyllum hybnds 400, 473 Epiphyllum oxypetalum 400, 473 Epipremnum aurcum 380. 472 Episcia cuprcata 380, 472 Episcia Pink Brocade' 380, 472 Eranthis hvemalts 301 Ercmophila glabra 182-183, 467 ,

Ercmophila maculala 183, 467

Eremurus

274

,

isabellinus Shelford

hybnds 95, 466 Enca arborea 183, 468 Erica bauera 183, 468 Erica camea 183, 468 Encacinerea 183, 468 Enca x darleyensis 183, 468

Euphorbia tngona 401, 473

European European European European European European European European European European European European European European European

249

alder

beech 264 cabbage 339 chestnut 253

columbine 75 elder 233 fan palm 439 hornbeam 253 horsechestnut 248

268 mountain ash 285

larch

snowball 240 spindle tree 185

white birch 251. 252 white water

lily

Eustoma grandiflorum 98, 465 Euterpe eduhs 442, 474

Evening pnmrose 122 Everblooming honeysuckle 457 Evergreen ash 265 Evergreen clematis 453

dogwood 257 mock orange 2

Evergreen

Evergreen

Everlasting 103

457

Everlasting pea

468

Exacum

98, 465

a//inc

Exochordu lacemosa 187, 468

466

469

Fagusgrandi/blia 263.

Engcion spcciosus 96, 466

Fagus sylvatica 264. 469

Ennus alpmus 96, 466

Fiic.us sylvatica

Echcvcna elegans 399, 472

Enobotrya laponica 361 472

Echevena puhmata 399, 472 Echinacea purpurea 94, 466

Enogonum umbcllatum 184,467 Erodium absinthoides 96, 466 Erodium chamacdrvoidcs 96 Erodium rcichardu 96, 465 Eryngium alpinum 96, 466 Eryngium x auverianum 96, 466 Eryngium varu/olium 96, 466 Erysimum xaJtionii 96-97. 466 Erysimum Bowles Mauve 97. 466 Erysimum cheirl 97, 465 ixlhuna xbidiulln 184, 468 Erythrina caffra 262, 469

473 Echinocereus viridi/Iorus 399, 473 Echmopsis arachnacanlha 400, 473 Echmopsis Green Gold' 400. 473 Echmopsis axygona 400. 473 Ei hinops rttro 94, 466 ri luum bourgaeanum 95 Echinocereus subJnervis 399.

Echium candicans 1H1 Echium /asniasum 181,468

I

I

rylhrtna constantiana

Eryihrina

i

rista-galll

262

262. 469

Echium ndgan Idwarf] 95, 465

Eryrhrina Insignis 262

hhium

I

i

/

rythronium

amrruunum

I

rythronium

di

I

rythronium revolutum Pi

ivildpietu 95, thid

:l

H

465

papyrtfera 182

clgin^ lobelia

1

'

15

!

468

maids of France 139 Fairy lantern 297

Fair

467

4

501

II

lily

Fair)'

primrose

467

Fairy Fall

474 I

I.

pi.

I

467

wand 9 3

sage 2

False

\

.,

allonia rubra

.,

hschol

380

I

alse

i

ypress

1

287

rl

dragonhead rock I less 78

I

alse

I

(1st

I

alse sarsapaiili

I

alse

3

1

Solomon's

144

^eal

ptkenard 144 leaved caladium 297

i

am

i

,m Flowei

I

an palm

)

»

/

I

(

t

w h

to spring

otshi di ra

84

>•

iiMo laponica 187. 467

Fatsia papyri/era

Bios-.*

/

3 3

arali.i

False irborvitae

I

n\ IH2,

3 3

1

Fairy roses 231

II

urn iim\ 185,

34

321

Falr>

70 < (A,

1

Fairy fan flower

win mo lysiSlemon 262, 469 ns ccmi*

purpurea 264,

I

409

,

472

I

1

Evergreen pear 280

Encaherbacea 183 Enca mammosa 184, 468

Erigeron harvinshianus 96,

472

121

Euryops pcctinatus 187,467

Eccrcmocarpus scabei 454, 474

U pungl Dollchos lub/ub 434,

Euphorbia marginata 97, 465

English wallflower 97

257

259,470

wulfenu 97, 465

English oak 281 English

,

Eau de Cologne mint 350

Decorative dahli

Delphinium x hrlhidimna 90, 465

Eulophia speciosa 421

English daisy 79

i

Daylily 104

Eugenia pamculata 286

English holly 200

English

Enca vagans 184, 468 Engeron glaucus 96, 466

td(, I

Eugenia myrti/olia 286

473 Euonymus alatus 185, 468 Euonymus europaeus 185, 468 Euonymus fortunei 186, 467 Euonymus japomcus 186, 467 Eupatonum pupureum 97, 466

Eastern redbud 255

454. 474

47?

Eucomis comosa 302

boxwood 165 cucumber 341

Erica mediterranca 184,

Echinocereus reichensachii 399,

466

474

473

Eastern red cedar 267

Echinocactus grusonii 399,

pluviulis 94.

.

469 469 Eucalyptus polyanthemos 263, 469 Eucalyptus sideroxylon 263, 469 Eucalyptus pauaflora 263,

Endive 341 Endymion hispamca 305 Endymion non-senpta 305

colchicum 95,

Dutch amarylhs 305 Dutchman's pipe 400, 450 Dwarf bamboo 331 Dwarf coyote brush 162 Dwarf dahlia 90, 465 Dwarf European cranberry bush 240 Dwarf Flonbunda roses 232 Dwarf flowenng almond 220 Dwarf Meyer lilac 236 Dwarf morning glory 86 Dwarf plumbago 83 Dwarf pomegranate 22 Dyer's chamomile 74 Dyer's gTeenweed 191

Dimorphotheca /rutuosa 123

Dimorphotheca sinuata 94, 465

1

Eucalyptus manni/era subsp.

maculosa 263, 469

Encephalartos horndus 445.

Encycha cochleata 42

469 469 Eucalyptus globulus 262-263, 469 Eucalyptus leucoxylon 263, 469 Eucalyptus jicifoha 262,

Eucalyptus nicholn 263,

Epimedium grandiflorum 95, 465 Epimedium pinnatum subsp.

Dimorphotheca aurantiaca 94

Dimorpholhaa

Emerald ripple 385 Empress tree 272 Emu bush 182 Encelia/arinosa 182,467

English

Dimorphotheca calendulaccu 94 Dimorphofhetu /uiundum 123

Elm 288 Embothnum coccineum 262, 470

English bluebell 305

202

Durantaerecta 181

I

Davidia involucrafa 259. 469

lily

Eastern hemlock

380, 472

90 decorative dahlias 90 dwarf or bedding dahlias

Dahlia, Collarette dahlias

Dahlia,

Amoena'

379, 472

Dahlia, Cactus dahlias

Dahlia,

470

Dichelostemma pulchellum 301,

Die/fenbachia seguine

Daffodil

Dracunculus vulgaris

473 301, 470 1

Durantaplumien 181 Duranta repens 181. 468 Dusty miller 76-77, 146

Dianthus x

Cypress 258

Daboecia cantabnea 179, 467

Dracula bella 420-42

Dragon

cardamomum 349, 471

Elettana

Elkhorn fern 435

Dorn sage

466 Dendrobium, cane-stemmed hybrids 419, 473 Dendrobium lahorostrum 419420,473 Dendrobium kingianum 420, 473 Dendrobium nubile 420. 473 Dendrobium speciosum 420, 473 Dendiobium thyrsi/lorum 420, 473 Deodar 254 Dementia pcrjohata 2 14

258-259,

521

Plants

o

l

Delphinium chuunsc 90

gold 462

ol

6

1

I

I

aucarta tigrina 401 t\ ! '".ill

54o

,

47

5

2

1

522

Index

Garden Garden Garden Garden Garden

Forsythia x intermedia 187

Feathery cassia 170

468 93 Fortunclla japomca 362, 472

February daphne 180 Uowiana 361. 472

Fountain butterfly bush 164-165

Feather cluster palm 444

Forsythia suspensa 188,

Feather reed grass 329

Fortnight

lily

Fothergitla 188,

;i

468

nasturtium 148

Gloriosa

phlox 130

Gloriosa superba 304,

strawberry 368

Glory

Halesia Carolina 266, Halesia tetraptera

Gostcrio verrucosa 401,

Goatsbeard 77 Goat willow 282-283

Gaulthcria mucrcnata

Godetia 84

Genista actnensis 191,

Fragrant viburnum 239

Genista lydia

Festuca clatior 327,

471

Glory-of-the-sun 308

Glossy abelia

473 215 Gaulthcna procumbens 190,467 Gauhhenashallon 190. 467 Gaura Imdheimcri 99, 466 Gazama hybrids 99, 466

Gajama ngens

var leucolaena 99,

466 Geijera panxflora 265,

469

Gelsemium sempervxrens 454-455,

474

105

lily

Fetterbush 205

Francoa appendiculata 98, 466

468 191,468 Genista monosperma 191, 468

Ficus benjamina 381 472

Frangipani 275

Genista pilosa 'Vancouver Gold'

471

,

Reus

381. 472

clastica 'Decora'

472

Ficus lyrata 381, Ficus

Franklima alatamaha 264, 469

472

Ficus carica 361,

mkrocarpa var

Froxinus

264,

nitido

474

264

Ficus retusa

Fitus rubiginosa 264,

amencana 265, 469

Froxinus angusti/olia 'Raywood'

Gentiano andrcw/su 99, 466 Gentiana asclepiaea 100, 466

Froxinus oxycarpa 'Raywood' 265,

Gentiana lutca 100, 466

Gentxana sino-omata 100, 466

Froxinus pennsyhanica 265,

Fiddle-leaf fig 381 Fiddle-leaf philodendron

386

Fig 264. 361

Froxinus uhdei 265,

Filipendulma rubra 98.

466

Freesia alba 302,

470 302

Freesia refracta alba

Finocchio 349

Freeway daisy 123

246 bush

Fire

469

470

Finger aralia 380 Fir

469

Freesia, Florist's hybrids 302,

360

467

12

Firecracker flower 301

Firecracker plant 232 Fire orchid

424

Firethorn 221

French French French French

beans 344 lavender 204

marigold 146

Friendship plant 377

Firmiana platanxjoha 264

Friendship tree 398

Firmiana simplex 264, 469

Fringed bleeding heart 92

Fishbone fern 434

Fringe tree

palm 438 Five-leaf akebia 450 Flag 110 Flamboyant tree 259 Flame freesia 318 Flame nasturtium 463 Flame tree 252 Flame vine 460 Flame violet 380 Flaming Katy 405 Flamingo flower 376 Flanders poppy 126

Fntillano affinis 302,

470 Fniillana imperials 302, 470

Florist's Florist's

Floss flower 72 Floss silk tree

256

1

19

Formosa firethom 221

473

coccineum 'Werner Arends'

101,466

Grass nut 318

Giant arborvitae 287

Great yellow gentian 100

Giant chain fern 437

Grecian

Giant elephant's ear 376

Grecian windflower 295

Giant honeysuckle 457

Green ash 265

Fntillary

302

Fruit salad plant

384

Fuchsia Gartenmeister Bonstedt'

188.

468

468

Fuchsia magellamca var. gracilis

189.

Gray honeymynle 208

468

Giant scabious 83

Grevxllea 'Boongala Spinebill' 191.

298

Grevillea la\andulacea 194.

Giant milium 147

Grevxllea 'Noellii' 194,

Gilia capitata

Furcraea gigantea 401

101,465

Grevillea robusta 266,

Ginger 353

Ginger

lily

Gingham

Grevillea

466

Ginkgo biloba 265, 470

Grewia ocexdentalis 194, 467

Gladiolus, Butterfly hybrids 303.

Gnselinia

Galeobdolon argcntalum

1 1

Galium odoralum 99, 465

230

304, 470 Gladxolus Gladiolus Gladiolus Gladiolus

304

bvjantinus 303, 470 callianlhus 304. 470 cameus 304, 470 x colvillei 304. 470

Gladiolus communis byzantinus

303

470

Galtoma candicans 303, 470

Gladiolus tnstis 304,

Gambeloak221,280

Glcchoma hedcracea 101 467

Garden Garden Garden Garden

Glcditsia tnacanthos var inermis

balsam 107

337-338 chrysanthemum 90-91 beet

columbine 75

Gardener's garters 331

Garden forget-me-not 119 Garden hydrangea 198-199 Gardenia angusta 190, 468 Gardenia jasminoides 190 Gardenia thunbergia 190, 468

,

265, 469

Globe amaranth 101 Globe artichoke 342-343 Globe candytuft 106-107 Globe daisy 101 Globeflower 147 Globe thistle 94 Globulana cordijolia 101, 466 Glonosa daisy 1 36

littoralis

468

467 231 469

195,

Ground cover roses Ground ivy 101 Ground morning glory 85 Guadalupe palm 438

Guernsey lily 315 Guinea flower 455 Guinea gold vine 455 Gumbo 343 Gumpo azaleas 223 Gum tree 262 Guzmama 381 Gymnocalvcium andreae 404. 473 Gymnocalvcxum mihanovichii 404, 473 Gvpsophilo elcgans 102, 465 Gypsophila paniculata 'Bnstol Fairy'

259

tree

378

plant

Hardenbergia siolacea 455, 474

Hardy begonia 78 Hardy gloxinia 107 Hare's-foot fem 432 Harlequin flower 317 Harlequin glorybower 173

Harry Lauder's walking stick 177 Hatiora salicomwides 404,

Hawaiian

lily

473

462

Haworthia bolusn 404, 473

Haworthia/asaata 404-405, 473

Hawthorn 257 Hazelnut 360 Heart-leafed bergenia 79

Heart of flame 385 Hearts-on-a-string 397

Heath 183 Heath banksia 162 Heavenly bamboo 212 Hebe x andersonu 196,468 Hebehulkeana 196,468 Hebe speexosa 196, 468 Hedera canariensis 'Variegata' 455,

474 helix

455, 474

helix

'Cnpsu' 381, 472

Hedera Hedera

Hedera helix Hahn's Self-branch384. 472

384 Hedgehog cactus 406, 409 Hedvehium coronarium 102,467 Hedychium gardncnanum 102,467 Hedysccpe canterburyana 442, 474 Hclemum Moerheim Beauty' 102, 466 Hehanthemum nummulorium 102, 466 Helianthus annuus 103. 465 Hclianthus salici/olius 103, 466 Hedera

helxx Pittsburgh'

Helianthus tubcrosus 343

Helichrysum petxolare 103, 466

'Microphyllum' 131

,

Gladiolus blandus

Happy

Hordenbergia monophylla 455

Helichrvsum selago 196, 467

Hchctotnchon sempcrvirens 330.

Grevillea rosmanm/olia 194,

Gladxolus, Large-flowered hybrids

Handerkerchief

Helichrysum pcliolare

Robvn Gordon' 194,

401

470 465 Galanthus ihanae 303. 470 Galanlhus lalijolius 303 Galanthus nivalis 303, 470

468

468 469

468

102

golf ball

Hamatocactus hamatacanthus 401

Helichrysum bractcatum 103, 465

468

Giant taro 376

468 Fuchsia procumbens 189.468 Fuji cherry 279 Full-moon maple 247 Furcracajoetida 401, 473

Gaillardia x grandiflora 98,

246

Greenhood 424 Green ixia 307

lily

Giant sequoia 284

468

fir

Giant reed 328-329

Giant

Fuchsia hybrids 189,

469 266 Halimium (ormosum 195 Halimium losianthum 195, 467 Hally Johveue cherry 220 Hamamehs x intermedia 195, 468 Hamamelxs mollis 195, 468 Hamamclis xernalis 195-196, 468 Hamamehs virginiana 196. 468

ing'

Graptophyllum pxctum 381, 472

Fntillaria persica

Flowering rush 329 Flowering tobacco 121

Forget-me-not

Graptopetalum paragua\ense 404,

Grass pink 92

Gallica roses

Foamflower 146-147 Foemculum vulgare 349, 471 Foeniculum vulgare var. duke 349, 471 Foothill penstemon 128

Bradshaw'

Great willow herb 95

Flowering dogwood 257 Flowering maple 158 Flowering quince 171

Flowery senna 170

101

borisii

chiloense 'Mrs

,

,

gum 263 Ghost plant 404

Gaillordio pulchella 98,

Flowering ash 265 Flowering bush coleus 85 Flowering crab 364 Flowering currant 228

x

Golden barrel cactus 399 Golden barrel of the Andes 406 Golden chain tree 267 Golden chalice vine 462 Golden clematis 453 Golden columbine 75 Golden currant 228 Golden dewdrop 181 Golden-gand lily 309 Golden garlic 294 Golden groundsel 113 Golden marguerite 74 Golden privet 205 Golden-ram tree 267 Goldenrod 144-145 Golden sedge 329 Golden shower 460 Golden spider lily 3 1 Golden trumpet tree 286 Golden trumpet vine 450 Golden variegated hakonechloa 330 Golden vicar)' pnvet 205 Golden weeping willow 282 Goldfish plant 378 Goldflame honeysuckle 457 Gold medallion tree 253 Gold moss 410 Gomphrcna globosa 101 465 Gongora galeala 42 1 473 Gooseberry 228. 370 Gordonxa axillaris 191.468 Grape 371 Grapefruit 359 Grape hyacinth 312, 313

Ghost

Alba' 189,

388 chrysanthemum 90-91 cyclamen 379

101

58

Giant allium 294

470 303, 470

Fuchsia pamculata 189,

Florist gloxinia

'Bonsii'

1

Fntillano meleagns 303.

Fntillana lanceolala 302

Fuchsia magellanica var. gracilis

381 Florence fennel 349 Flonbunda roses 231 Florida holly 283

Geum Geum Geum

101,465

lily 91 Fleabane 95

Floral fire cracker

Geranium macrorrhizum 100, 466 Geranium maculatum 100, 465 Geranium phaeum 100.465 Geranium sanguxneum 100,466 Gerbera daisy 100-101 Gerberojomesonu 100-101,466 Gcsneria cunexfolxa 381 472

Geum

256

Flax 114

Flax

Geranium dalmatxcum 100, 466 Geranium incanum 100, 466 Geranium 'Johnson's Blue' 100,

.

pussy willow 282-283

Fireweed 95

Fishtail

Geranium 127

466

Frcmontodcndron calijornicum 188, 1

191,468

Gentian 99 Gentxana acaulis 99, 465, 466

Froxinus ornus 265, 469

469

469

191,468 Genista tinctona

265

469 Ficus puimla 454,

Filbert

Franklin tree 264

15

Hakonechloa macra 'Aureola' 330. 471

Fragrant sumac 225

Fcstuca amerhystina 330, 471

1

Glycyrrhxza glabra 349, 471

Festuca rubra 'Commutata' 327,

473 Fescue 326

Hairy-foliaged lupin

lily 318 Hakealaunna 195,468 Hakea suaveolens 195, 468

Hairy toad

Glossy pnvet 268

Fragrant plantain

Ferocactus hamatacanthus 401,

Haemanthus coccmeus 304, 470

470

Garrya elbptica 190, 467 Gas plant 93

Festuca rubra 327, 471

Ferocactus bicolor 41

304

304

Glory-of-the-snow 298

Festuca ovina var glauca 330, 471

466

Fi-ncsmma aurantiaca 401. 473 Fennel 349 Fem-leaf aralia 387 Fernleaf yarrow 70 Fern pine 275

lily

lily

471 verbena 149 Garland flower 180 Garlic 347 tulips 319,

Fountain grass 330-331 Fountain palm 443 Fouqmcra splendens 188. 468 Four o'clock 1 19 Foxglove 93 Fox grape 371 Foxtail orchid 416 Fragana alpina 368, 472 Fragana ananassae 368, 472 Fragana chiloensis 327, 471 Fragana indtca 94 Fragana vesca 368, 472 Fragrant glad 304

Felicia amelloides 98,

1

Plants

to

407

Feather eactus

2

102.466

471 Heliopsis liehanthoides Light of

Lodden' 103, 466 Hehotropium arborescens 196, 467 Heliotropxum peruvianum 196 Hellebore 103-104

466

Hclleborus arguti/olius 104,

HcUclxvus foctidus 104, 466

466 104,466

Hclleborus mger 104, Helleborus onentalts

Helmet flower Helxine

7

soleirolii

144

Hemerocallisfuha 104, 466 Hemerocallxs hybrids 104,

466

Hemigraphis ahemata 384. 472

Hemp palm 445 Hen-and-chicken fern 430 Hen-and-chickens 142

Hen and chickens 399 Heptapleurum 388 Herald's trumpet 451

Haageocereus versicolor 404, 473

Habranthus robustus 304, 470

Hackberry254

Herbertid drummondxi 304-305,

470 Hermodactvlus tuberosus 305. 470

5

1

1

index

Heronsbill

Hydrangea mat rophylla Blue

<Jf>

Herringbone fern

4W

Wave 199,468 4oo

Hesperis matronalls 104

4r>7 x brfeofdes

104-105.

4r.o

Heuchera micrancha Palace Purple'

105,466

Hydrangea petiolans 455, 474 Hydrangea quercifolia 199. 468 Hydrangea vi/losa 198

473 470 306, 470 306.

Hvmenocal/is narassi/lora 306,

Hibiscus huegelii

Hibiscus Hibiscus

465 mutabilis 197. 468 rosa-sinensis 197, 468

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Coopen'

197,468 Hibiscus syriacus 198.

468

Hibiscus syriacus Ardens' 198,

468 Highbush cranberry 240-241

tea ilici/olia 200.

lberis

Hohena populnea 266. 469 Holly 199 Holly fem 431-432 Holly grape 207 Hollyhock 72 Holly-leaf cherry 278-279 Holly-leaf osmanthus 213 Homena brevniana 305 Homcna colhna 305, 470 Honesty 1 1 Honey bush 209 Honeydew melon 368 Honey mesquue 278 Honeymyrtle 208 Honeysuckle 206. 457 Honolulu queen 405 Hop 369 Hop bush 181 Hopseed bush 181 Hornbeam 253 Horned violei 150 Horse chestnut 248 Hosta fortune! 105.466 Hosta lancijolia 105. 466 Hosta plantaginea 105, 466 Hosta sieboldiana 105, 466 Hot dog cactus 411 Hottentot bread 398 Hottentot fig 396

Iceland

466

/bens sempervircns 106.

Ilex

umbellata 106-107. 465

X altaclarcnsxs 'Wilsomf 199.

200. 468

Ilex aquifolium

468 Ilex crenata 200, 468 Ilex glabra 200. 468 Ilex x nteservae 200, 468 llexopaca 266, 469 Ilex verticillata 200. 468 flex vomitona 200, 468 Ilex

cornuta 200,

lmpala

394

lily

New Guinea

hybrids

107.467

465 Impatiens sodenii 107 467 Impatiens wallerana 107, 465 Impatiens balsamina 107, ;

Imperata cylindrica 'Red Baron'

330.471

Hyacinth-flowered candytuft 106 Hyacinthoides hispanica 305.

470 470

Lathyrus

Kadsura japonica 456. 474 Kaffirboom 262

Kaffirboom coral

266

474

468. 471

Lavandula dentata 204. 468

Kahili ginger 102

Lavandula

Kalanchoe blossjeldxana 405, 473

Lavandula spica 203

officinalis

203. 350

ack-in-the-pulpit 76

Kalanchoe fedtschenkot 405, 473

Lavandula stoechas 204, 468

317 acobinia carnea 202 acob's ladder 131.385 ade plant 409 ade tree 398 apanese anemone 74 apanese angelica tree 250 apanese araha 187 apanese aucuba 161 apanese barberry 163

Kalanchoe lomentosa 405. 473

Lavatera bicolor

apanese black pine 274

Kerria japonica 202.

apanese blood grass 330

Kingcup 8 King fem 437 King protea 219 King's spear 295

lily

apanese camellia 167 apanese crested iris 110 apanese elm 289 apanese euonymus 186

Kangaroo paw 74 Kangaroo vine 453

Lavatera tnmestns 112, 465

Lavender 203. 350 Lavender cotton 233 Lavender star flower 194

Katsura tree 255

Kennedia rubicunda 456. 474 Kcnlia

Lawson cypress 255 Leadwort 83 Leaf beet 338 Leek 336 Lemon 359 Lemon balm 350

442

Kentia palm 443

Kentucky blue grass 328

468

Lemon bottlebrush 166 Lemon geranium 127 Lemon grass 347

Kirengeshoma palmata 111. 466

apanese flowering cherry 279

467 466

Lavatcra mantima 204,

Lavatera thuringiaca 112,

Kinnikinnick 161

apanese fem palm 445 apanese flowering apricot 279

204

Kale 338

Kalmialati/blia202.467

368

Kiwifruit

Klemia articulata 411

apanese flowering crabapple 269

Knap Hill-Exbury Knapweed 82

apanese holly 200

azaleas

223

466 466

Lemon-scented gum 262 Lemon-scented tea tree 204 Lemon-scented thyme 353 Lemon verbena 347 Lenten rose 104

466

apanese ins 110

Indian currant 235

apanese ivy 459

Koclreulenapaniculata 267.

408 Indian hawthorn 222 Indian laurel fig 264

apanese maple 247

Kohlrabi 338

apanese painted fem 431

Koifewitzia amabilis

Indian

fig

Indian

mock

apanese piens 217

India rubber tree 381

apanese primrose 133

Indigo bush 179

apanese privet 205 apanese quince 171

Inkberry200

trichophytla 112.

469

202-203. 468 Korean spice viburnum 239 Kousa dogwood 257 Kowaowao 435

343-344

Lettuce

Lcucadendron salignum 204. 4p"

Lcucanthemum x supcrbum 84,

113.466

Kowhai 284 Kumquat 362 Kurume hybnd

apanese sago cycad 445

434

f.

465

apanese persimmon 259. 361

strawberry 94

Leucocoryne Lxioides 308, 470 azaleas

Leucojum aesfivum 308. 470

223

Leucojum autumnale 308. 470

Ipheion uniflorum 306, 470 Ipomoea alba 456. 474

apanese silver grass 330

apanese snowbell 285

Lablab purpurea 454

Ipomoea batatas 343

apanese spirea 235

apanese spurge 327

Laburnum 469

Ipomoea quamoclit 456, 474

apanese stewania 285

LciicdspcidLY australasica

456, 474 Ipomoea versicolor 1 19

apanese tree lilac 286 apanese umbrella pine 284 apanese water ins 1 10

Lace aloe 395

Lacebark pine 273

apanese wisteria 464

Luchcnalia ahndes 307.

Luitns

apanese yew 237

Lachrnalia bulbi/era

I

mine

asmine 201 456 asminum mesnyi 201, 467 asminum nudi/lorum 201 467 'asminum officinale 456, 474 asminum polvanlhum 456, 474 asminum pnmulinum 201 ne 273 elly beans 410 clly palm 4 38

Lacncnalia penduld JOB I

icorice

456, 474

nil

tricolor

107.466 Ins. Dutch hybrids 306-307. 471 Ins bearded hybrids 1 10. 467 Ins buchanca 306. 470 lata 110, 467 Ins ensala 1 10, 467 heath 179 1

Ins kaempjen

10. 1

467

10

307.471 hybnds

Ins Louisiana

fti

1

10,

Coast hybrids

1

467 10,

467 Inspalhti Iris

,

erusalem artichoke 34 erusalem cherry 144

Irispscuda

la'

467

111,

Lachcnalid

J-

I

Lacy cac

Ladder

71

•

spujici

1

1 1

13 3.

4pp

340 plani 103

a

fern 4 34 •ii

ciillilcpis

344

i

I

431

I

3

dentata 'Desdemona'

4hP

I

Igularfi

I

igustrum laponl

I

igustrum luefdum 268

IMs

Lady of the night 417 .ui\ palm 444 I

mile 72

3

1

10

\.u

473

I

thorn 272 1

Leucophynum fhitescens 204, 468 Leucospermum cordi/olium 204205. 468 Leucospermum nutans 2v Ltucoihoe fontanesiana 205, 4o" 471 Levislii ui Lcyland cypress 258

470 308. 470

tricoloi

"

essamine cwelwei

443 474

Laceleaf Japanese maple 159

•

m

pscudacorus 111, 467

x watereri Vossii' 267.

.

-',467

'•

47

122 I

47

Uila

3

•

307. 471

467

oc-pye weed 97

Lilium. Asi.itu

ohnny-jump-up 151 Ins unguiculurK

h;

irelian I

1

iicuni'

3

i

Hydrant" Hydrangea mac rophylla

457, 474

350. 471

Lavandula angusti/olia 203. 350.

142,298

Kaffir lily

nobilis

Laurustinus 240

262

tree

lalifolius

Lathyrus odoralus 457.

Indian bean 254

Iris latijolia

455

Lanx deadua 268, 470

Incienso 182

Ins japonica

iris

penwmkle 150

Large

Leopard lily 296, 312 Leopard plant 113 Lcplospermum citratum 204 Leptospermum laevigatum 204. 468 Leptospcrmum petcrsonii 204. 468 Leptospermum scoparium 204. 468

Hyacinthus amethvstinus 296

470

Lapagena rosea 456. 474 Lapeirousia laxa 295 Large-flowered bush roses 231, 469

Leonoris Icciurus 113.

Irish

Hybrid coral bells 104-105 Hybrid flowering tobacco 121 Hybrid mock orange 215 Hybrid Perpetual roses 230. 469 Hybrid Polyantha roses 231 Hybrid tea roses 231 Hybrid witch hazel 195 osp

470 307. 470

acuti/olia

Lantana montevidensis 203. 467

Knipho/ia uvaria 111,

Hyacinthoides non-senpta 305,

Hvacinthus onentalis 305-306.

xia vindijlora

405. 473 Lantana camara 203. 468

468 Juniperus honzonfalis 201. 468 Juniperus x media 201. 468 Juniperus sabina 201, 468 Juniperus scopulorum 267, 470 Juniperus virgimana 267. 470 Justicia brandegeana 202, 467 Jusucia calijormca 202. 467 Justicia carnea 202. 467

Laurus

xia pamculata 307,

467

112.

Kochiascopana

Ipomopsis aggrcgata

Hyacinth bean 454

Lamprantbus aurantiacus 405, 473 Lampranthus aureus 405, 473

Knipho/ta hybrids 111.

Ipomoea

Hyacinth 305-306

Juniper 201. 267, 350

apanese hydrangea 462

Ipomoea

Hupeh crab 270

Lamium maculatum

apanese honeysuckle 458

Interrupted fern

106.

112

Juneberry 249

Incense cedar 252

Incanillea delavayi

465

107,466

Lamium galeobdolon 'Vanegatum'

Juglans regia 362, 472

maculata 307, 470

apanese boxwood 165

Immortelle 152 Impatiens,

Howca belmoreana 442. 474 Hcnvea forsteriana 443. 474 Howeia 442 Hoyabella384.472 Hoya camosa 384. 472 Humala tycrmannii 433. 473 Humulus lupulus 369, 472

vy-leaved geranium 128

acobean

468

Houttuyma cordata Variegata' 106

vy 455 Ixia

acaranda mimosi/olia 266, 469 acaranda ovahfoha 266

poppy 126 Idaho locust 282

467

467 468 spear 318

acaranda

amara 106, 465

365

tea virgimca 201, thuriel's

469

Juniperus conjerta 201.

453 259

Hvmenosporum/lavum 266, 469 Hypericum calycinum 106, 466 Hypericum ccrastoides 106, 466 Hvpcncumpatulum 199.467 Hypericum 'Rowallane' 199, 467 Hypocyrta radicans 384-385 Hypoestes phyttostachya 384, 472 Hyssop 349 Hyssopus officinalis 349. 471

Hippeastrum cultivars 305. 470

Hunnemanma fumarii/ofia

talian cypress

Lamiastrum galeobdolon 'Vanegatum' 112. 466

443, 474

470,471

buckthorn 222

talian clematis

289

juniperus communis 267. 350,

talian stone pine 274,

Iberis

Houseleek 142 Houttuyma cordala Chamaeleon'

talian

tree

chilensis

Juglans nigra 266-267,

Juniperus chinensis cultivars 201

arum 295

Hvmenolcpis parviflora 161

Himalayan fleece-flower 131 Hinoki false cypress 171

106.

littoralis

470

160

249

talian alder

talian bellflower 81

474

Hibiscus moschculos 105,

ron Cross begonia 377 smenccalathina 306 talian

festalis

Hiba cedar 287 3

Jubaea

hybnd rhododendrons 224-225

ronclad

Hymenocallis x

Hymenocallis

Hibiscus esculentus 54

Joshua

ns viphium 307, 471

Hylocereus undatus 405.

tiauhera songuinea 105, 466 Hibbertia icandens 455,

us xiphioides 307

468

196-197,

H< uromtlts arbutifolia

Heuchern

Hydrangea pamculata Grandiflora'

523

Plants

to

ilium,

1

hybrid

(68

Index

Plants

to

Trumpcl hybrids 309,

Lilium.

471 Lilium auratum 309. 471

Lupmus, Russell hybrids 116, 465 Lupinus hartwegii

1

Lupinus texensis

16,

Li/ium canadense 309, 47

sfeinneri

Lilium candidum 309, 471 1

298

Lilium gigantcum

471

Lilium lanci/olium 309,

Lilium

Lilium

Miniature hollyhock 143

Miniature roses 231, 469

206-207,

Lycoris afneana

una

470

Lily-of-the-valley

Lily-of-ihe-valley

467 Lvsimachia punctata

299 bush 216-217

Lima beans 344 Lime 287, 359 Limonium lati/biium Limonium smuatum

13.

1

13,

1

466 465

Linaria maroccana Fain- Bouquet'

114,465 Linden 287

Linum grandi/lorum Rubrum 114, 465 Linum narbonense 1 14, 466 Linum perenne 1 14, 466 13

Lion's

tail

Lippia

atnodora 347

1

Lipstick plant

470

Lysichiton camtschatcensis 116,

1

16.

4no

Iron tuUpijera

268, 469

466

Liriopc muscari 114,

Miss

Modem

Molinia caerulea 330, 471 Moluccella laevis 119,

Matteuciapensylvanica

Madrona 250 Madrone 250

May May

Magic flower 169 Magic lily 312

Magnolia grandiflora 269, 469 Magnolia hetaplera 269 lilii/Iora

207. 468

434

Matleucia slrulhioplcns 434, 473

Column' 1 17 Matthiola incana 117, 465 Matthiola Mammoth Column' 117.465 Matthiola Giant

apple 131

orchid 4 1 Mayten 270 Maytenus boana 270. 469 Mo;us reptans 117, 466

Mealy-cup sage 137

Lithops glesinae

Magnolia

Lithops karasmontana var bella

406, 473 Lithops turbim/ormis 406. Little

473

blue-stem 331

Little-leaf

cotoneaster 178

linden 287 sumac 225

Littleleaf

Lutleleaf

Meconopsis cambnea

Magnolia virgimana 269, 469

Medicinal aloe 395

Maharajah palm 439 Mahonia aquifohum 207, 467 Mahonia lomani/olia 207, 467 Mahonia repens 207, 467 Maidenhair fem 430 Maidenhair tree 265

Medicine plant 395 Medusa's head 400

Maiden pink 92 Maize 346

Live oak 281

Livingstone daisy 94

406

Living stones 395.

207, 468

Majorana

Lobt'liti

474 474 466 ennus 115, 465

Lobelia

xgerardn Vedranensis'

hortensis

Malcolrma mantima 117, 465

Livistona chinensis 443.

Male fem 433

Lobelia cardinahs

Malestan rhododendrons 225

14,

115,466

400 473

472 Malus Calloway' 269. 470 Malus Discovery' 363, 472 Malus xDolgo' 363, 472 Malus domesdea Delicious' 363.

Lobivia bacfecbcrgii 406,

Lobuia bruchii 406. 473 Lobivia

huascha411

Lobulana maniima 115,465 Loganberry 371

472 Malus domestica Granny Smith

Lolium perenne 327, 471

Lombardy poplar 278 London plane tree 275 Longleaf pine 273

363. 472

Malus domestica Gravenstein' 363, 472

Longspurepimedium 95 Lomcera capnfolium 457. 474 Lonicera fiugrantissima 206,

Lonicera hechrottii 457,

467

474

Lonicera hildebrandianu 457.

474 Lonicerajapomca 458. 474 Lonicera nitida 206,

467

Lomcera x purpusii 206, 468 Lonicera sempervirens 458,

Lomcera

tatarica

474

206, 468

schollii 406, 473 Lophophora williamsii 406, 473 Lophoslemon conjertus 288

Lophocereus

Loquat 361 Loropetalum chinensc 206. 467 Lorraine begonia Lotus berthelotii

Mallow 112, 197 Malus Adams' 269, 470 Malus Bramely's Seedling 362,

Lobi\ iu arachnacaniha

377 115,466

Lavage 350 Love-in-a-mist 121

Malus domestica Jonathan' 363,

472 Malus jloribunda 269, 470 Malus Golden Hornet' 364, 472 Malus Gorgeous' 269, 470 Malus hupehensis 270, 470 Malus James Grieve' 364, 472

Malus John Downie' 364, 472 Malus sargenlii 208. 468 Malus theifera 270

Malva moschata 117, 466 Malvaviscus aiboreus 208, 468 Mammillaria bombycina 407, 473

MammiHana

elegans 407, 473 Mammillaria plumosa 407, 473 Mammillaria zeilmanniana 407,

473 Mandarin 360 Mandevilla x amabdis Alice Mandevilla laxa 459,

Lupine

Mandevilla suaveolens 459

15

du

Pont 458. 474

Lunana annua 115, 465 Lunana biennis 1 15 1

18.

465

468 Melaleuca nesophylla 208, 468 Melaleuca quinqucnervia 270, 469 Melia azedarach 270, 469 Melianthus major 209, 467 Melaleuca incana 208,

Melissa o//icinalis 350, 471

35

Livistona australis 443,

1

1

474

Mandevilla splendens 459,

474

Melon 368 Mentha Citrata 350, 471 Menthaxpiperata 350-351,471 Mentha requienn 327, 471 Mentha spicala 351,471 Mentor barberry 162 Mertensia virginica 1 18, 466 Mescal bean 234 Mescal buttons 406 Mesembryanthemum crystallinum 407,'473

Meserve hybnd holly 200 Metal-leaf begonia 78 Metrosidcros excelsa 270, 469 Mexican bush sage 233 Mexican daisy 96 Mexican fan palm 445 Mexican lily 396 Mexican orange 172 Mexican palo verde 272 Mexican shell flower 318 Mexican sunflower 147 Mexican tulip poppy 106

Meyer zoysia 328 Michaelmas daisy 77 Michelia doltsopa 270-271 Michelia/igo 209, 467 Michelia fusnita 209 Mickey Mouse plant 213 Mid-season tulips 319, 471 Mignonette 134 Milfoil 70 Milium effusum

Aureum

330. 471

Milkweed 186, 400 Milkwort 218 Millet grass 330 Miltonia 422 Miltoniopsis 422, 473 Mimosa 158.249 Mimulus aurantiacus 209. 467

hybnds 314, 471 hybnds 314,

Narcissus tnandrus

Narrow-leaved plantain Nasturtium 148

Monarch of the veld 148 Monarda didyma 351, 471 Mondo grass 327 Money plant 115, 386 Money tree 398

Nasturtium

Monkey flower 1 18 Monkey puzzle 250 Monkshood 71

bulgancum 315, 470 Needle palm 444

Moon

Meconopsis betonici/olia 118, 466

stellata

465

Monterey cypress 258-259 Monterey manzanita 160 Monterey pine 274

Magnolia x soulangiana 269, 469

-71

471

Montbretia 299

Magnolia quinquepcta 207

473 406, 473

469

Monstera dehewsa 384, 472

Meadow grass 328 Meadow lily 309 Meadow rue 146 Meadow saffron 298

hybnds 314,

471

Narcissus tazeita

Matihja poppy 136

Macrozamia communis 445, 474 Macrozarma spiralis 445, 474 Madagascar periwinkle 82 Madame Galen trumpet creeper 452 Madonna lily 309

314,471

Narcissus posticus hybrids 314,

231-232,

Masterwort 78

Lithops dorotheae 406.

Lithops

Kim lilac 236 Mock orange 172, 215

Madura

Magnolia

Mia 406

Marmalade bush 235 Marsh mangold 81 Marsh orchid 419 Martha Washington geranium

roses

hybnds

Narcissus cyclamineus

Narcissus jonqudla

shrub roses 232,

daffodils 313,

471

330,471

Moku 430

469

315.471 Trumpet

Narcissus.

Miscanthus sinensis Vanegatus'

Modern garden 469

Small-cupped daffodils

313.471 Narcissus, Split-corona daffodils

Mariposa lily 297 Marlberry 161

Masdevalha422.473

Magnolia denudata 269, 469

Liquidambar styraaflua 268. 469

Maries Doublefire viburnum 240

Miniature vanda 416 Mint 350 Mini bush 219 Mirabilisjalapa 1 19, 465 Mirror plant 176

Macjadyena unguis-cati 458. 474 Macleaya cordata 116-117. 466

Magnolia campbelhi 269. 469

376

Marginal shield 433

127

pormfera 268,

314.471 Narcissus.

Miniature umbrella tree 388

hcrchoviana 384, 472

Mangold 145

312

312. 470

Lycoris radiula 312,

magnolia 207

Maranta leuconeura var

Marguerite 76

Lycoris squamigera 312,

Lily

386

daffodils 313. 471 Narcissus. Large-cupped daffodils

313.471

Map

plant

Narcissus. Double-flowered

Narcissus, miscellaneous species

Maple-leal viburnum 239

Lycopersicon esculcntum 344

Uly-of-the-Nile 71

Mmalobata 119,465 Ming aralia 387

466 Lychnis x haagtna 16, 466 206-207 Lycianthes rantonnci 16,

1

468

Lily-flowered tulips 319, 471

Mimulus cardinahs 1 18, 466 Mimulus x hybndus 118, 465 Mimulus moschatus 118, 46o

Lychnis coeli-rosa 143

Lycianthes ranlonnetii

471 par dalmum 312, 471 legale 312, 471 speciosum 312. 471 tigrinum 309

Lilium martagon 309,

Lilium

473

1

Lilium longi/lorum 309, 471

ash 265

Many-flowered cotoneaster 178 Manzanita 160 Maple 159.246-247

422

L\ chnis coronaria

Lilium henryi 309, 471

Lilium

1

Mangetout pea 34 5

Manna

465 465

15,

Lycasle virginalis 422,

lormosanum 309, 47

Lilium

9

1

1

524

flower 405, 456 Moonstones 408 Morning glory 456 Moras alba 271, 469 Moras nigra 364, 472 Mosquito plant 71 Moss phlox 130 Moss rose 132, 230. 469 Mossy saxifrage 138 Mother-in-law's tongue 388 Mother-of-pearl plant 404 Mother-of-thousands 138-139, 389 Mother shield fem 436 Mother spleenwort 430

Moth orchid 423-^24 Mountain garland 84 Mountain laurel 202 Mountain she-oak 253 Mountain stewartia 285 Mourning bnde 139 Mourning widow 100 Moutan 214 Mt Etna broom 191 Mugo pine 217 Mullein 148 Mullein pink 116

Musa paradisiac^ 364, 472 Musa paradisiaca Cavendish' 364, 472 Musa paradisiaca Lady Finger' 364, 472 Muscan armeniacum 313, 470 Muscan armeniacum Blue Spike' 313.470 Muscan comosum 313, 470

Mushroom 345 Musk flower 118 Musk mallow 70, 117 Musk plant 118 Myoporum

467 466 Myosotis scorpioides 119, 467 Myosotis syhatica 1 19, 465 Myrica cali/omica 209. 467 Mynca pensyhamca 209, 468 Myrtus communis 209, 467 Myrtus ugm 238 parvi/blium 209,

Myosotis Blue Ball' 119.

Natal

lily

105

344

officinale

plum 169

Navel orange 360 Nectarine 366

Neclaroscordum siculum subsp

Selumbo nucifera 120, 467 Ncmatanthusgreganus 384-385, 472 Nematanthus radicans 384-385 Scmcua stramosa 120, 465 Nemophtla menriesu 120, 465

474 472 marmorata 385, 472

Neodypsis decaryi 443,

Neoregelia carolmae 385, Neoregelia

Nepal cmauefoil 132 Nepenthes 385. 472

Nepeta catana 351, 471

Nepeta x/aassenii 120. 466 Nephrolepis cordata

434 473 473

Nephrolepis cordtfolia 434. Nephrolepis exallata 434, Nephthvtis tnphylla 389

Nerine bowdenii 315,

470

Nenne/ili/oha315,470

470 212-21 3, 468 Nertera depressa 120-121 Ncrtera granadensis 120-121,466 Netted ins 307 Netted melon 368 Nenne

sarniensis 315,

Nenum

oleander

New England aster 77 New York aster 77 New Zealand bent 326 New Zealand chaste tree 289 New Zealand Christmas tree 270 New Zealand fescue 327 New Zealand flax 130 New Zealand lacebark 266 New Zealand spinach 346 New Zealand tea tree 204 Nichols willow-leafed peppermint 263 Nicotiana a//ims 121

Nicotiana alata 121,

465

Nicotiana x sanderac 121,

465

Nidulanum/ulgens 385. 472 Nierembergia hippomanica var.

Robe 121, 465 Nigella damascena 121, 465 Night-blooming cereus 405 violacca Purple

Night jessamine 171

Nikau palm 444 Noble fir 246

Nolma

recurvata 251

N'olina (uberculata

251

Nopalxochia acfeermannii 407, 473 Nopalxochia phyllanthoides

Deutsche Kaisenn 407, 473 Norfolk Island pine 250

Naked lady 294-295 Nandina domestica 212, 467 Nandina domestica Nana 212, 467 Naples onion 294

Norfolk palm 444

Northern maidenhair fem 430 Northern red oak 281 Norway maple 247

Norway spruce 272

8

1

Index Notho/agus obhqua 27

123,

I

Notho/agus iolandri 27

1

,

469 471

466

Ostrich Fem 434 i

)ur

l

ord's candle 152

Peace

389

lily

Philadelphia lewisii

Philudclphus mexicanus 2

Peach-leaved beliflowei 81

Philadrlphus Virginal'

Peacock plan! 378 Peanut 368

Philodendton bipenni/olium 386,

Peanut cactus 397

PhilodcndYon oxycardium 386, 472

Pear 280. 367

Philodendron pandurijormt

Nun's hood orchid 423 Nymphaca alba 121. 467 Nymphara Aurora' 121,467 Nymphaca Candida 121. 467 Nymphaca x helvofa 121 467 Nymphaca aydei heri hybrids 121.467 Nymphata martiacca 'Camea' 122. 467 Nymphaca odorata 122.467 Nyssa sylvatica 271 469

Ovens

Pachypodium baronii var nindson

Pelargonium x domestic urn 127,

Oak 280

408. 473 Pachypodium lamerei 408, 473

,

I

.

Oakleaf hydrangea 199

Oaxaca palmelio 444 Obedient plant 131 Ochna serrulate 213, 468 Oc'imum

basilic urn

351. 471

wattle 158

Ixalis adcnophylla 316, 470 Oxalispuipuicu 516 i

i

Ox

tongue 401

Pearl

Pearly everlasting 73

Ixypetalum caeruleum 123. 466

Pecan 358

214 Pachyphytum ovijerum 408. 473

Pcichistimu

365,472 Oleander 2 12-2 13

Okana

insignis

214

Olive 365

Olncya tesota 271, 469

473 Oncidium varicosum 423. 473 Onion 336 Onodea sensibilis 434, 473

Onadium

papilio 423,

Phlodendron scandens 386

Platycerium supcrbum 435,

Philodendron selloum 386,472

Platycladus orientalis 218,

467 466 465

Phlomis russelianu 130,

Phlox tenax 131

Pleroma238 Plum 278. 366

Pachysandra Icrminalis 123. 327,

Pelargonium odoratissimum 127,

Phoenix dactyhjera 444. 474

471

465

Pachystegia insignis 214.

467

lacliflora

Pelargonium pellalum 128,465

Pelargonium tomentosum 128, 465

hybrids 126,

Pelargonium x zonale 127

466 Pacoma lutea 214, 468 Paeoma officinalis 126, 466 Paeonia sujf/ruticosa 214, 468 Pagoda tree 284 Painted daisy 146 Painted lady 304 Painted nettle 85 Painted-tongue 136-137 Palmetto 444 Pampas grass 329 Panda plant 405 Pandorea jasminoides 459, 474 Pandorea pandorana 459, 474

Pellaea rotundifolia 435,

Pansy 150, 151 Pansy orchid 422 Papaver alpinum 126,466 Papaver nudicaule 126. 465 Papaver onentalc 126,466 Papaver rhoeas 126. 465 Papaver sommfcrum 126.465

Pentas lanceolata 215,

473

128,467 Penmsetum alopecuroidcs 330331.471 Penmsetum setaceum 331, 471 Penstemon barbatus 128, 465 Pelliphyllum pellatum

Penslemon 128,

'

465

diversi/olius

473

470 omonka 272, 470 470 Pick-a-back plant 389 Pickerel weed 132 Picea

Poison primrose 133

Picea pungens 273,

Poker plant

Pentas

camea 215 467

Peony 123,214 Peony poppy 126

Pieris

Pepcromia caperata 385, 472

Pieris Jorrcstii

Pcperomia

lormosa var/orrcstii 217,

obtusi/olia

386, 472

217

japomca 217, 467 Piggyback plant 389 Pieris

Peperomia Sweetheart' 386. 472

398 palmen 409, 473

Perennial candytuft 106

Paperbush 182 Paphwpedilum. hybrids 423. 473

Perennial pea

Perennial pincushion flower

Paphiopedilum insigne 423, 473

Perennial rye grass 327

Papyrus 87 Paraguay nightshade 206-207

Periwinkle 150

Parrot's

beak

1

Persian cornflower 8 Persian

Persian

epimedium 95 lilac 236

Persian parrotia 272

98

Peruvian apple 397

352 Parsnip 344

Peruvian daffodil 306

Ornamental oregano 122 Ormthogalum arabicum 316, 470 Ormthogalum thyrsoidci 316, 470

Partridge-breasted aloe 395 Passiflora cacrulea 459,

Peucadeneum sativum 344

Ormthogalum umbcllatum 316, 470 Orris 110 Osage orange 268 Osmanfhus aqui/olium 2 3 Osmanlhus delavavi 2 3. 468 Osmanfhus (ragrons 2 Osmanfhus hetciophyllu Osmanlhu Osmunda cinnamomea 434. 473 Osmunda clayfoniu 434. 473 Osmunda regain 434-435, 473

Passiflora

Peyote 406

1

i

"mm

tcMonis

I

'

im 123,

lily

7 3

Peruvian pepper tree

28

3

317 Peruvian torch 397 Peruvian

Purthcnoctssus tricuspidata 459,

scilla

Petrosettnum crispum 352. 471

474 Pasque flower

Passiflora

1

34

Petunia x livbndd 129.

Pcucadc

474 coccmea 459, 474 edu/is 369, 472

Passiflora mollissima

369-370,

472 Passionflower 459

465 >44

-

campanulana 129 4d s Phaedrcoi us 454 Phaius tankervillac 42 3, 47 3 ,

Phacelia

473

Polka-dot plant 384

Polyanthus primrose 133

467 467 Polygonalum x hvbndum 131. 467 Polygonum affinc 131. 467 Polygonum aubertii 460, 474 Polygala chamaebuxus 218,

Polygala x dalmaisiana 219,

Polygonum odoratum 352. 471 Polvpodium aureum 436. 473 Poly podium coli/omicum 436.

Polypodium vulgare 4 36.

Pink ironbark 263

PolysciasyiBci/olia

PoKsth hum

an

rostichoides

Pi'lvsluhum munitum 436,

Potystichum seti/erum 436, 473

Pomegranate 366-367 dahlias 90. 465

Pink quill 389 Pink trumpet tree 286

Ponderosa pine 274 Pong.i 431

Pin oak 281

Pontcderia cordata 132, nl

Poplar 275

126

anemone 295 7^.469 Populus deltoidcs 275, 278 4oo P(>pulus nigra Italica' 2 78, 4oo Pc'pulus tremuloiaes 278. 469 'wcic'cl

Populusalbd

2

Porcelain berr)

Poik and beans 410

Pon

i.i'

kson

fig

264 i

Orford cedar 255

Portulaco grandl/Iora Portulacaria afro in.nsis

409

274-2 472 Potcnttlld

272 344

iwthorn 25H

Pawpav Paxwtima Pea 345

Philadclpl

467

palm 251

Pooi man's orchid 139

I'oii

472

473 473

Polysrichum proli/erum 436,

Pompon

Pisonia uml

436,

473

Pink melaleuca 208

Pmus bungeana 273, 470 Pinus cananensis 273, 470 Pmus mugO 217. 467 Pinus nigra 273. 470 Pinus paiustris 27 V 470 nula 273, 470 Pinus pinea 274, 365.470.472 P:nu\ ponderosa 274, 470 Pinus radiata 274, 470 Pinus Strobus 274. 470 Pmus sylvestris 2 Pinus thunbergiana 274. 470 Pmus thunbergil 274

473

4 36. 47

473 387.472

Pisum sativum

474 ;li\

195

tree

i,

Paulowii

466

470

PohpoJium virginianum

1

171

131,

Polianthcs tubcrosa 316,

Pineapple guava 361 Pineapple lily 302 Pineapple sage 352 Pine nut 365 Pink 91 Pink breath of heaven 173 Pmkcalla 152-153

Pasttnaca saliva 344

Patience plant 107

1 1

Polemomum caereleum

Pine 273

<-424,

Phalaenop

.hi 369

1

I

Peruvian

459,

39

i

Parsley

issus quinque/olia

1

467 Peiovshia atnphci/olia 129. 466 Persea amencana 365, 472 Pi rsea gratissima 365 Persian buttercup 316-317

Parrot tulips 319, 471

474

Pincushion cacti 407 Pincushion

218 Oriental bittersweet 453 Oriental poppy 126 Origanum hortensis 351, 471 Origanum lacvigatum 122.466 Origanum vulgarc 351, 471 Oriental arborvitae

Pincushion 204-205

Peinettva mucronata 215,

Persian violet

15

Pilosoce reus

457

186

Poinsetttia

Polyantha roses 232, 469

467

Paper birch 251

Oregon daisy 96 Oregon grape 207 Oregon myrtle 289 Oregano 351

165

gillicsii

Picea abies 272,

Opuntia violated var macrocenlra

Orchis 419

Poinciana

Pentapterygium serpens 159

Opuntia megacantha 408

470 palm 438-439 Parochetus communis 127,467 Parodia formosa 408. 473 Parodia mutabilis 408-409, 473 Parodia nivosa 409, 473 Parrotiapersica 272, 469

466

456 314

Poet's jasmine

Poet's narcissus

Penstemon pim/olius 129, 466

Pincushion flower 139

Parlor

Podocarpus macrophyllus 275, 470

Penstemon hybrids 129, 465

Pepperwood 289

Parahebe perjoliata 214, 467

Podocarpus gractlior 275, 470

Poinciana pulcherrima 166

Paperbark maple 247

Parfeinsoma aculcara 272,

Plume cedar 258 Plume poppy 116-117 Plumena 275 Plumena rubra 275, 469 Plumleaf azalea 224 Plush plant 399 Poapratensis 328, 471 Pocketbook flower 80 Podocarpus elongatus 275

Piccabeen palm 437

Paperbark 208

Opuntia /icus-indica 408, 473

472

Physostegia virginiana 131.

128,466

Plumbago auneulata 218. 468 Plu mbago capensis 2 1

Podophyllum pcltatum 131, 466

Physalis peruviana 370,

Pig's ear

Opuntia engelmannii 408

435,

Physocarpus opuli/olius 216. 468

Penstemon hcterophyllus subsp. purdyx

Phormium coohianum Tricolor' 130.466 Phormium hybrids 130, 466 Phormium tenax 131, 467 Photima arbuti/olia 196-197 Photima xfraseri 216, 467 Photima serrulata 216, 467 Phvgelius216, 467 Phymatosorus

Husker's Red'

digitalis

Phoenix roebclinii 444. 474

Pepperbush 241 Peppermint 350-351 Peppermint geranium 128 Peppermint tree 248

Papaw^ 358

85 pygmacus 331, 471 Pleione bulbocodioides 424, 473

Phoenix reclinata 444. 474

Pelargonium Orange Ricard' 128.

465

dogwood 257 wax myrtle 209

Papaya 358

408, 473

466

Phoenix canariensis 444, 474

Ophiopogon japonicus 327, 471

Orange-blossom orchid 424 Orange cestrum 171 Orange clockvine 328 Orange vygie 405 Orbca vanegata 408, 473 Orchid cactus 400 Orchid of Burma 425 Orchid rockrose 173

Plectostachys scrphvlli/olia 131,

Pelargonium xhortorum 127, 465

465

473 467 131, 466

Platycodon grandijlorus

Phlox drummondii 130,

forrestii

469

435

Pachyrhijus tuberosus 344

Paeonia

Olca europaea subsp europaea

Platycerium grande

Pelargonium graveolcns 127. 465

Odontoglossum cnspum and

Okra 343 Old garden roses 229-231, 469 Old man cactus 397 Old man of the Andes 396 Old man of the mountains 396 Old man's beard 256

386

Platycerium bijurcatum 435, 473

Pleioblastus

Pacific

Oil-seed camellia 168

105

lily

466 Phlox stolomjera 130,466 Phlox subulata 130,466

Pacific

Oenothera speeiosa 122. 466

Plantain

469

404

Phlox pamculata 130,

Ocycoccus macrocarpon 238-239

Oenoiheia missouriensis 122. 466

Pittosporum undulatum 275, Plaid cactus

Plectranlhus thyrsoides

Peiris

467

Pittospc)rum tobira 218,

Phlox hybrids 130

Octopus plant 395

Oenothera biennis 122.465

99

1

217 Pelargonium cnspum 127. 465 formosa var

6,

Plalanus x acenfolia 275,

Phlomis /mucosa 216,

472

Pedilanthus tithvmaloidcs 385.

Peegee hydrangea

Pachystima214

hybrids 422. 473

cchevena 399

)xydendrum arborcum 271, 469

i

Ozark sundrops 122

468 216. 468 1

472

(

Ocotillo 188

Odontoglossum grande 423. 473

316

Ixalis variabilis

215.468

Peach 278, 366

525

Plants

to

n.in

UH I

U

; I

:

4(sO

3

1

526

Index

Pyrus calleryana 280,

132,466 384 pear 408 poppy 76 rasp fern 433

Pratia angulala

Rhamnus

470

califomicus 222.

467 467

Pyrus communis Beurre Bosc' 367,

Rhaphiolepis x dclacourii 222, Rhaphiolepis mdica 222,

Pride of Table Mountain 420

472 Pyrus communis 'William's Bon Chretien' 367, 472 Pyrus kawakami 280. 470 Pyrus pynfolia 367, 472

Primrose 132

P\ ins

Pi

aye

plant

i

Prickl) Pricklj

Prickly

Pride ol Madeira 181

Pyrus ussuriensis 280, 470

imrose tree 268

Primula denticulate

1

33,467

467 Pnmula malacoides 133, 465 Pnmula obcomca 133, 467 Primula xpolyantha 133, 467 Primula wdlln 33, 467 Primula vulgaris 133, 467 Princess flower 238 1

33,

Quamoclit lobata

Queen

205

Pirosopis

469

glandulosa 278,

467

Prostanthera rotundijola 219,

1

Sprengeri 387, 472

Quercus

Protasparagus setaceus 387, 472

468 Protect neriijolia 220, 468 Prunella grandijlora 134,466 Primus amygdalus 366 Prunus armeniaca 365, 472 Prunus avium 366, 472 Prunus x blimana 278, 470 Prunus campanulata 278, 470 Prunus carohmana 278, 470 Prunus cerasifera Atropurpurea'

1

280, 469

kellogii

469 Quercus palustris 281, 469

220 Prunus glandulosa 'Sinensis' 220, Prunus 'Hallyjohvette 220, 468

Ranunculus asiaticus 316-317,

470 Ranunculus gramineus 134,466

Prunus laurocerasus 220-221, 467

Raouliaaustralis

Prunus laurocerasus 'Otto Luyken'

Raphanus

mume

sativus

134,477 345

222 Raspberry 371 Ray water fem 431 Raywood ash 265

279, 470

Prunus persica var nectarma 366,

472

Real sour

366, 472

fig

223.468 rhododendrons 224-225, 468

468

azaleas 223,

469 Rhododendron yahushimunum 225, 469 Rhodohypoxis bauru 317, 470 Rhopaloslylis bauen 444, 474 Rhopalostvlis sapida 444, 474 Rhubarb 345 Rhus aromatica 225, 467

473 473 pseudodemmuta 409, 473

Rhus ovata 225, 468 Rhus typhma 282, 469

Rebutia aureiflora 409,

Rhyncoladia digbyana 424, 473

Prunus sargentu 279, 470

Rebutia musculo 409,

Ribes

Prunus serrulata 279. 470

Rebutia

Prunus subhirtella 'Pendula' 279,

Red

Prunus

salici/olia

470 Prunus xyedoensis 279, 470 Psalhota campestns

345

Pscudotsuga menjicsn 279,

470

Pseudotsuga taxifoha 279

Psidium catfleianum 366, 472

436-437. 473 Puns ensiformis 437, 473 Pteris cretica

Pterocarya/raxini/olia 280, Pterostylis

469

424, 473

Pulmonana

angusti/blia 134,

466

466

trumpet 164 Red-bark dogwood 176 Red bauhinia 162 angel's

Red bird-of-paradise 166 Red buckeye 159 Redbud 255 Red cattleya 424 Red cestrum 171 Red clusterberry 178 Redcurrant 370 Red horse chestnut 248 Red-hot poker

1 1

Pumpkin 342 Pumca granatum 366-367, 472 Pumca granatum Nana' 221, 467 Pumca granatum var. nana 221 Purple beech 264 Purple bells 135

Red-osier

Purple coneflower 94

Red passionflower 459 Red spider lily 312 Red-spotted gum 263

Purple coral pea 455 Purple-leaf

plum 278

ivy

384

maple 247 oak 281 orchid cactus 407

dogwood 176

Red-lip photinia

Purple osier willow 232-233

PyraLantha angustifolia 221, 467

Red valerian 83 Reedy grass 331 Reeves spirea 234 Regal geranium 127 Regal lily 312

Pyracantha cocchinea 221,467

Regel's border privet

Pusthfeinia salloidcs 316,

Pygmy

date palm

470

444

Pyracantha hybrids 221, 467

Pyracantha hoidsumii 221, 467

Pyrethrum 146 Pyrethrum wseum 146 Pyrostcgia venusta 460,

474

maple 159

216

205 Rembrandt tulips 320, 471 Renanthera 424, 473 Reseda odorata 134, 465 Retama monosperma 191 Rhamnus alatcrnus 222, 467

Alfred Carnere'

Rosa moyesii 229, 469

Rosary vine 397

465 Salvia x superba 1 37, 466 Salvia uliginosa 137, 466 Sambucus canadensis 367, 472 Sambucus nigra 233, 468 Sand dollar cactus 396 Sanguisorbu canadensis 137,466 Sanseviena tn/asciata 388, 472

Rosa spinosissima 229

Sansevicria tn/asciata 'Hahnif

Rosa

New Dawn'

461, 474

Rosa pimpmclli/o/ia 229, 469 Rosa rubnjolia 229 Rosa rugosu 229, 469

Rosa

352

Salvia splendens 137,

388. 472

Zephmne Drouhm' 462,

474

Sanseviena tn/asciata Laurentii' 388, 472

Roscoca cauteloides 136,

466

Rose 228, 460 Rose campion 116

Sanla Barbara ceanothus 170 Santa Barbara daisy 96

Santolma chamaecypanssus 233,

Rose geranium 127

467

Rose mallow 105 Rose-of- Sharon 198

Sanvitalia procumbens

Rose periwinkle 82

Sapium sebi/erum 283, 469

Rose pincushion 407 Rose verbena 149

Saponaria ocymoides 138, 466

Rosemary 352

Sarcococca hookenana var. humilis

Rosmarinus

Rough

473

Sarcochilus 424,

352, 471

officinalis

tree fern

138,465

Sapindus drumondu 283, 470

431, 432

234,467 Sarcococca humilis

Round-leafed fern 435

234

Sargent cherry 279

Rowan 285

Sargent crabapple 208

Royal agave 394

Sarracenia/Iava 138,467

Royal fern 434-435

Sasa albomarginata 331

Royal poinciana 259

Sasa palmala 33 1 47

Rubber plant 381 Rubus 'Boysen' 370-371, 472 Rubus calycmoides 328, 471 Rubus fruticosus 371, 472 Rubus idaeus 371,472 Rubus Logan' 371, 472

Sasa pygmaea 3 3

Rubus logan baccus 371

Saucer magnolia 269 Sauromatum guttatum 317 Sauromalum venosum 317, 470

,

Rudbeckia julgida var.

sullivantii

Goldsturm' 136, 466 Rudbcchia hirta 136, 465 Rudbecfcia pupurea

470

Satureja hortensis 353, 471 Satureja montana 353, 471

Savoy cabbage 338-339 Sawara false cypress 171

Rumex

Russclia eauiseti/brmis 232,

Robinia x ambigua Idahoensis'

Russcliajuncea 232

Saw palmetto 445 138,466 466 Saxijraga sarmentosa 1 38- 1 39 Saxijraga stolomfera 138-139, 466 Saxijraga caespitosa

467

Russian olive 182

Russian sage 129 fig

Saskatoon serviceberry 160 Sassajras albidum 283,

Savoryleaf aster 77

Rue 352

Rustyleaf

Sasa veitchn 331, 471

Savin juniper 201

94

River birch 251

Robmia pseudoacacia 282, 470 Robmia pseudoacacia 'Frisia' 282,

471

Salvia officinalis 352,

River she-oak 253

282, 470

Salvia nemorosa 137

Salvia rutilans

sculalus 345 Running postman 456 Ruscus aculeatus 232, 467

Roble beech 271

laceleaf Japanese

Purple orchid tree 251 Purple rockrose 173

alpmum 228, 468 Ribes aureum 228, 468 Ribes grossulana 370, 472 Ribes nigrum 370, 472 Ribes sanguineum 228, 468 Rrbes sativum 370, 472 Rice paper plant 238 Ricinus communis 135, 467

470

ironbark 263

Red Red Red Red Red Red

Pulsatilla vulgaris 134,

Madame

461,474 Rosa Mermaid' 461, 474

Rosa virgmiana 229, 469

468

1

1

Rosaprovmcialis 232

Rhododendron Ironclad hybrid

Rhus lancea 281, 469 Rhus miaophylla 225, 468

396-397

.

Rosa glauca 229, 469

Rosa x odorata 231

Gumpo azaleas

Rhus cotmus 177

Raphiolepis

Prunus persica 366, 472

224, 468

azaleas 224,

Prunus mcisa 279, 470

Prunus

Rhododendron Fragrantissimum'

Rhododendron Southern Indica

Rainbow pink 92 Ramanas rose 229

278-279, 470

221,467

yahushimanum 225

Rhododendron occidentals 224, 469 Rhododendron prunijohum 224, 469

321

Ranunculus aconrti/olius 134, 466

467

Rhododendron degromunum subsp.

469

Radish 345

469

469

224, 468

azaleas 223, 468 Rhododendron laetum 225, 469 Rhododendron muoonulalum 225,

lily

Rosa/oetida 228-229,

Rosa ciliicalyx

Rhododendron Kurume hybrid

Rain

,

Rosa Joseph's Coat' 461. 474

468 Rhododendron

Rabbitbrush 172

Radiator plant 385

46 1 474

Peace'

Rosa x damasccna 230

Rosa Golden Showers' 461, 474

Quince 360

Prunus glandulosa Rosea Plena'

469 Rosa Climbing Cecile Brunner'

Rhododendron auntulalum 224,

Rhododendron javamcum 225, 468 Rhododendron Knap Hill-Exbury

Rabbit tracks 384

Salix

Rosa x centijoha Moscosa' 230

461.474 Rosa Climbing

282-283, 469 mahudana 'Tortuosa' 283, 470 Salix Niobe'282 Salix purpurea 232-233, 468 Salpiglossis sinuala 136-137, 465 Salsify 346 Salvia ofricana-lutea 233, 469 Sulnu acurcu 37, 466 Salvia develandn 233,469 Salvia dorrii 233, 469 Salvia degans 352,471 Salvia (arinacea 37, 465 Salvia greggu 233, 469 Salvia guaramtita 233, 469 Salvia leucuntha 233, 469 Salix caprca

Rhododendron arborcum 224. 468 Rhododendron augustmu 224, 468

Quercus rubra 281, 469 Quercus virginiana 281, 469

474

.

Rosa xcentifolia 232

Rosa gallica and varieties 230,

Rhododendron jasmmi/lorum 225,

Quercus suber 281, 469

1

Rosa 'Blaze' 461. 474

Rosa chinensis and varieties 232,

Quercusphdlos 281, 469 Quercus robur 281, 469

472 Prunus domesticu 366, 472 Prunus dulcis 366, 472 cerasus 366,

ilici/o/ia

474

Rheum palmatum Atrosanguineum 135,466 Rheum rhabarbarum 345 Rhipsalidopsis gaertneri 409, 473 Rhipsahs paradoxa 410, 473

Rhododendron

Rabbits-foot fern 436

278,470

Prunus

,

Quercus macrocarpa 280-281,

Protea cynaroides 219,

is

19

Quercus gambelii 221, 280, 468,

469

mi

Rhapis excelsa 444,

465

of the night

Profasparagus densiflorus

Pi

Rhapidophyllum hyslruc 444, 474

Rosa banhsiae lutea 46

Rhodochiton voiubile 135

405 4 Queen-of-the-praine 98 Queen palm 437-438 Queen's tears 377 Queens-wreath 450 Quercus agnfoha 280, 469

1

Privet

467

Rhodochiton atrosanguineum 135,

Quaking aspen 278 Quaking grass 329 Quamash 297-298

Primula florindae 133. 467 Primula japonica

Pendula' 280,

salii ifolia

470

Primrose jasmine 201 Pi

1

1

1

Plants

to

Saxijraga pamculata 138,

Saxifrage 138

264

Scabxosa atropurpurea 139,

Scabious 139 Scacvola aemula 139,

Rochea coccmea 398

474 474 Sacred bamboo 212

Sabal mexicana 444,

Rockrose 172

Sacred lotus 120

Scarlet firethorn

Rock soapwort 138 Rocky Mountain columbine 75 Rocky Mountain juniper 267 Rocky Mountain white oak 221 Rodgersia aesculi/olia 135,466 Rodgersiapinnara 135,466 Rodgersia podophylla 136. 466

Sage 137,233,352

Scarlet flax

Sageleaf rockrose 173

Scarlet-flowering

Sago palm 445

Scarlet freesia

Saguaro 396

Scarlet gilia 107

466

Sabal palmetto 444,

Sacred flower of the Incas

466

Scaevola 'Mauve Clusters' 139.

Rock cotoneasler 178 Rocket candytuft 106 Rocket larkspur 85 Rock lily 420

1

69

Scalhon 336 Scarborough

lily

320-321 221

114

gum 262

295

St-John's-wort 106, 199

Scarlet

hawthorn 257 hedge nettle 145

Scarlet

monkey

Scarlet

plume 186

Scarlet

runner beans 344

amoena 228, 468 Rosa America' 460, 474

Samtpauha lonantha 387, 472 Samtpauha miniature and trailing types 387, 472 Salal 190 Salix alba 282, 470 Salix alba var. tnstis 282. 470

Rosa banhsiae 'Alba Plena'

Salix babylonica 282,

Roger's red California grape

463-464 Romnevacoulteri 136,466 Rondcletia

460-461,474

St

James

lily

465

Scahwsa caucasica 139, 466

Rutabaga 338,471 Rutagraveofens 352

317

Scarlet

470 282

Saluc babylonica aurea

flower

1

18

Scarlet sage 137 Schmus molle 283, 469 Schmus tcrebinthi/olius 283, 469 Schizachyrium scoparium 331, 471 Schicanthuspinnatus 139,465

6

3

1

1

3

1

1

5

1

Index

•

m

39

1

ides

462,

317

squill

Siberian wallflower

474 142 4oo

Sierran redwocn

Sorrel

465

143,

r,isa

Sour

marinma

Silent vulgaris subsp.

Stofeesia

gum 271

Sourwood 271

14

V 466 oak 266

South American

Silk

pincushion 407

Southern beech 271 Southern catalpa 254

Scilla

non-schpta 505

Silk tree

Scilla

peruviana 317,

Scilla

sibcm a 31

Scilla

470

Silky

Silverbcrry 182

Silverbush 85

subsp

Scirpus lacustris

(abemacmontam Zebnnus 331,471 Scirpus tabcrnacmontani Zebnnus 331

170

Silver cassia Silver dollar

398

Silver dollar

gum 263

broom 179

Scotch rose 229 Scots pine

398

Silver lace

Scottish heather 166

Silver lace vine

Sea campion

Silverleaf

43 Sea daffodil 306 Sea kale 87 Sea lavender 113 Sealing wax palm 439 Sea pink 76 Seaside daisy 96 Sea urchin cactus 396 Sechium edule 371, 472 1

Sedge 329 Sedum acre 410, 473 Sedumaizoon 410, 473 Sedum hybrids 142.466 Sedum morgamanum 410, 473 Sedum x rubrotincrum 410. 473 Sedum spalhuhjohum 410, 473 Sedum spectabi le 142.466 Sedum spunum 142, 466 Selenicereus grandi/Iorus 411, 473 Self-heal 134

Sempervivum arachnoidcum 142.

466

466 1, 473 Desdemona' 1 1 Senccio cruenrus 143, 465 Seneaogreyi 163 Senecio petasitis 234, 467 Senegal date palm 444 Senna 170 Senna artemisioidcs 1 70 Senna corymbosa 170 Sensitive lem 434 Sentry palm 442 lectorum 142.

Stuartia pseudocamellia

470

Mauna

Loa' 389.

472' 389, 472

Spathiphvllum

Silver tree

Spathodea campanulata 285. 469

wallisii

Silvemne fleeceflower 460 Silver wattle 246 Smarundinana nitida 331. 471 Single early tulips 319. 471 Single late tulips 319. 471 Sinmngia spcciosu 388, 472 Siphonovnanthus delavayi 213

Spearmint 351 Speedwell 149 Sphaeroptens 431

Sisyrifidiiiim angusti/olium 143.

Spike gayfeather

466

Spice bush 166. 167

Spider flower 191 Spider

1 1

Sisynnchium striatum 144, 466

Spike winter hazel

77

1

Spinach 346

Slender deutzia 180-181

80 Slipper orchid 423 Smilaccna racemosa 144, 466

Senecio clivorum

Smoke bush 177 Smoke tree 177 Snail creeper

460

Snake's head ins 305

Spotted dead nettle

Snakeshead lily 303 Snapdragon 74-75 Sneeze weed 102 Snowberry 235, 236 Snowdrop 303 Snowflake 308

Spotted emu bush 183 Spreading cotoneaster 178

Snow-m-summer 83

Spruce 272

Spurge 97. 186. 400

Sercnoa rcpens 445 474

Snow-on-the-mountam 97 Snow pea 345 Snow milium 147 Snowy hebe 1 96

Scnphidium tndentatum 161

Snowy

Senssa/oedda 388. 472

Soapberry 283

Semceberry 249

470 284

Sequoia gigantea

Sequoia sempervirens 284,

470

.

Senile orange 359

Shadbush 249 Shallot 336 Shamel ash 265 Shamrock 316 Shamrock pea 127 Shasta daisy

1

1

3

95 flower 72. 119

Shelford foxtail Shell

lily

Shell ginger 72

Shield fern

Shooting

436 94

star

Shore juniper 201 Show 127

Showy sedum 142 Shrimp

Sprcfcclia/ormosissima 317,

plant

.

Spnng

star flower

306

289

Siberian ins

1

Siberian spruce 272

Tansy 146 Tap aloe 395 Tarawera 435 Taraxacum officinale 346 Taro 341 Tarragon 348

Tasmaman

gum 262-263

blue

313 Tatanan dogwood 176 Tassel hyacinth

206

Tawny

daylily 104 Taxodium distichum 286, 470 Taxus baccata 286-287. 470 Taxus baccata Repandens' 237.

467 Taxus cuspidate 237. 467 Taxus x media 237. 467

Ternstroemiagvmnanthera 237.

105

Sweet chestnut 253. 358 Sweet flag 7 Sweet gum 268 Sweet hakea 195 Sweethean vine 386 Sweet marjoram 351 Sweet mock orange 2 Sweet olive 213 Sweet orange 360 Sweet pea 457

237

467 Tetragoma e.vpansa 346

Tetragoma tetragpaioides 346 Tetrapanav papyrijerus 1 38. 4r7

Teucnum

467

fruticaiu 238.

Texas blue bonnet 16 Texas mountain laurel 234 1

1

Texas palmetto 444 Texas rangei 204 Thalia dealbata

14o.4p7

Thalictrum aqui/egn/o/iuni 14o.

Sweet potato 343 sweet rocket 104

Thalictrum delavayi 140. 4t*0

Sweetshade 266 sweet shrub 166, 167

Th.iich

Stachys lanata 145

318 Soft shield fem 436 Soft tree fem 432 Solandra maxima 462, 474 Solanumjasminoidcs 462 474

Slaehvs o/vmpica 145

Sweetspire 200

Thevetia

Staghom fem 4 3 5 Staghom sumac 282

sweet sultan 83

Dieveria peiuviana 238.

Sweei violet 151 Sweet William 91

Thomless honey

Sweet woodruff 99

Thnft 76

So/anum mclongena 345 Solanumpscudocapsicum 144 466 Solanum ranlonctu 206-207

Star clusters

River wattle

1

Squill

317

fem 432 Stachysbyeantina 145.466 145 400 coccmca Stachys Squirrels-foot

58

Solarium sca/orthianum 462.

474

467 "ion sculcllaroidcs 85 So/idago species and hybnds 144-145 466 x Solidasfcr hvbndus 145 x Sdtdaster lutcus 145. 466 Solomon's seal 131 laponica 284. 470 " "u 2 J4, 4o8 Solfirolia solciroln 144.

.

Stanhopea wardu 424-425. 473

ItendetUUu 4

Stapelia

215

,ul

406 Thalictium diptei.'iaipum 146

338

Star flow

Swiss mountain pine 217

Sword

463

Sycamore 247

Star of Pel

Svmpho'i,

250

Star pine 1

437-438

pi

Thunbe'.cui

aloU 40

3.

7/hunbergia grandi/lara

ThunK'c

36

Thuniu marsJull stans

467

237

Sfcphamxis flonbunja 462.

474

rlnmu-

svmphnriiurpus orbimlm

•

Stcrcuha divrru/oliu 252 Stercufla plufamfolia rgfa tutca

264

317. 4 70

Symprwricflrpos rivularii 2 3t\ 4f>7

Symphyl

rhymtu

;

V 471

hybrids 424 473 ittleya

hybrids 424,

473

.

nea 424. 473

ier

77

flower

474

T/hunbenna gibsot

13

"um

Thuia

Thujopsisdolabnia 287. 470

»ianzo//iiinum

loci i.eufus 2

408 265

rhu|aorienialis2

fern 4 34 •

locust

Thu/acKcidentui.-

Swiss-cheese plant 384

Star magnolia 207 Star of Bethlehem 316

411.473

neriifolii

Thread-leal coreopsis 86

Starfish flowei

Star jasmine

palm 443

rhelocacais bicofoi

Thymu

1

Siberian peashr

Tangenne 360

Sweet-pea shrub 2 19 Sweet pepperbush 173

Siberian bugloss 79 Siberian elm

470

Spring-blooming crocus 300

So/anum tuberosum 345

She-oak 253

12

Spreading English yew 237

Society garlic

Seslena autumnafis 33 1 47

1

Sweet Sweet Sweet Sweet Sweet

466 Tangelo 360

Telopea speciosissima

Swede 338

469 469 Spiraea rccusiana 234 Spiraea thunbcrgii 235. 469 Spiraea x \anhouttci 235, 469 Spiral Hag 378-379 Spiral ginger 378-379 Spirea 234 Spleenwort 430

Tanacetum ptarmici/olium 146,

box 234

Spiraea japonica 235.

Spiraea x bumalda 235

369-370 405 Tagetes patula 146. 465 Tagetes tenui/olia 146. 465 Taiwan cherry 278 Tall fescue 327 Tamanllo 360-361 Tamarrx aphylla 286, 469 Tamanx articulata 286 Tamanxparvi/lora 236-237. 468 Tanacetum coceineum 146.466

cherry 366

Spiraea cantoniensis 234.

Slender brake fem 437

346

286

alyssum 115 bay 269 bell pepper 340

Spiraea aruncus 77

Skyrocket 107

Spinacia oleracea

ipe

Tacsonia mollissima

Tea 169 Tea roses 231, 469 Tea tree 204 Tecoma australis 459 Tecoma capensis 237 Tecoma /asminoides 459 Tecomaria capensis 237. 468 Tecoma stans 237, 467 Teintuner grape 464

Skunk cabbage 1 1 Sky flower 181,463

467

Tabebuia

Tagetes ereita 145

Tatarian honeysuckle

Sunrose 195

Swamp cypress 286 Swamp oak 281 Swamp orchid 423 Swamp rose mallow

Sfcimmia japonica 234.

Senerio articulams 41

Sequoiadendron gigantcum 284,

285 Styrax japonica 285, 469 Sugar almond plant 408 Sugar apple 358 Sugarberry 254 Sugar bush 225 Sugar maple 248 Sulcorebuda arenacea 411. 473 Sulfur buckwheat 184 Sumac 225. 281 Summer chrysanthemum 84 Summer forget-me-not 74 Summer hyacinth 303

Summersweet 173 Sun cup 407 Sunflower 102-103 Sun rose 102

306. 312

lily

467

285

Summer lilac 165 Summer phlox 130 Summer savory 353 Summer snowflake 308 Summer squash 342

Spiceberry 376

Spike speedwell 150

Sisynnchiumgraminoides 143

Slipper flower

Sempcrmum

Spanish bluebell 305 Spanish broom 234

Silver torch

'

Stream orchid 42 Stuartia

Spathiphvllum

275 397 fern 431

Silver poplar

Strawflower 103 Streptosolen /amcsomi 235,

Sparmannia afneana 234. 468 Spartiumjunceum 234. 467

460

Tabebuia impetiginosa 2 V

466 Stonecrop 142. 410 Sloneface 406 Strawberry 368 Strawberry geranium 138-139 Strawberry guava 366 Strawberry tree 250

Southern maidenhair fem 430 star 123

Sparaxis tricolor 317,

204

Tabebuia chrysotncha 286, 469

cyanca 145

Southern

Spanish lavender 204

431 146

Silver king

274

405

Spanish chestnut 253, 358 Spanish dagger 152

433

Silver hare s-foot fern Silver jade plant

air plant

Southern lndica azaleas 224 Southern live oak 281 Southern magnolia 269

464

Silky wisteria

Scindapsusauii:.

Scotch

249

oak 266

331,471

Stofeesia laevis 145.

Silk

470

Synnga reticulata 286. 469 Synnga vulgans 236, 469 Syzygmm pamculalum 286. 469

lil)

Stokes' aster 145

316,345

campanulas. 105

Scholar u Sciadopitys verticillata 284.

Stink

Stock 117

470

Sour cherry 366

143

iniflora

410, 473

Stipa gigantea

Sorbus hupehensis 285,

narigold 146

Schlumberg)

Stinking hellebore 104

Sorbus

Sorbus commvila 285. 46^

143.466

uJiflora'

Schizostylii

Queen'

424 uicupana 285.470 cashmmana 285. 469

Sophronitisgranddlora

96-97

malviflora 'Rose

527

Plants

to

209

le

TiKiiu'i

133

<

8

1 1

528

to

468

Tibouchina urvitteana 238,

Tuberose 316 Tuberous begonia 296

Tiger aloe 395

Tufted hair grass 329

Tiger flower 318

470

Tufbaghia violaaa 318,

Tulip 318-319

109

lily

Tilia

470 amencana 287, 470 470 cordata 287, Petiolans' 287

471 Tulipa clusiana 320, 471 Tulipa dasystemon 320 Tulipa fosleriana 320. 471 Tu/ipa greigii 320, 471

Tilia

lomentosa 'Petiolans' 287,

Tulipa

Tiger's

Tu/ipa acuminata 320.

jaw 401

Tigndia pavonia 318, Tilia Tilia

470

Tulipa

472 389, 472

Tillandsia cyanea 389, Tillandsia limfcnii

kaujmanmana 320. 471 saxatilis 320, 471

Tulipa tarda 320, 471

Viburnum X bodnantense 239, 469 Viburnum X burfewoodii 239. 469 Viburnum X carlccephalum 239, 469 Viburnum carlesu 239, 469 Viburnum davidu 239. 469 Viburnum denlalum 239. 469 Viburnum farren 239. 469 Viburnum/ragrans 239 Viburnum lantana 240. 469 Viburnum opulus Nanum' 240,

469 Viburnum opulus 'Roseum' 240.

469

Tulip poplar 268

Ti tree

Turmenc 349

Toadflax 114

Turnip 340 Turtlehead 84 Tweedia caerulea 123

Viburnum opulus Sterile' 240 Viburnum plicatum f lomentosum Manesn' 240. 469 Viburnum prumfoha 240, 469 Viburnum tinus 240. 469 Viburnum tnlobum 240-241. 469 Vicia/aba 346 Victorian box 275 Yietnanese mint 352

Twinspur 92

Vigna caracalla 460

Twisted hankow willow 283

Vinca major 150. 467

Ti plant

Tulip tree 268

378

Tipuana tipu 288, 469

Tipu

288

tree

Tirhoma rotundi/olia Torch' 147.

465 378 Toad cactus 408 Tobacco Tobira 2

1

2

1

Todea barbara 437, 473

Tupelo 271 Turk's cap 208 Turks-cap lily 309 Turk's head 401

Tolmiea menzicsii 389, 472

Ugm

Toona sinensis 254 Torch hly 1 1 Torch plant 395 Torema fourmen 147, 465 Touch-me-not 107 Tower of jewels 95

l/lmus

Toyon 196-197

Umbrella palm 442 Umbrella pine 284

molinae 238.

468

Vinca rosea 82

amencana 288. 470 Ulmus glabra 'Camperdownii' 288-289, 470

470

l/lmus parvi/olia 289.

474 378 Tradescantia virgimana 147,466 Tragopogon pomjohus 346 Trailing abutilon 158 Tradescantia navicularis

Viola hederacca 151. Viola

469

Umbrella plant 128 Umbrella tree 388 Unguentine cactus 395

Upside-down orchid 424-425 Ussunan pear 280

Trailing fuchsia 189

Vaccinium corymbosum 371. 472

99 203 Transvaal daisy 100-101 Traveler's joy 453

Tree gardenia 190

Vaccimum macrocarpon 238-239, 467 Valerianella locusta 346 Vallota speciosa 320-32 1 470 Vanda Nellie Morley 425. 473 Vanda Rothschildiana 425, 473 Vanegated bishop s weed 326 Vanegated goutweed 326

Tree heath 183

Variegated ivy 381

Tree lavatera 112

Variegated Japanese sedge 329

Vitis

Tree of heaven 248-249 Tree onion 336

Vase plant 377 Vegetable marrow 342

Vitis

Tree peony 214

Vegetable spaghetti 342

Vitis vini/era

Trailing gazania

Trailing lantana

,

Tree dahlia 179 Tree fern 431 Tree fuchsia 189

Tree tomato 360-361 Trichoce re us huascha 4 Tricyrtis hirta

1 1

,

473 473

318, 470

Virginia stock

Veltheimia capensis 32

1

Virgin's

bower 453

470 470

241 468

Vitex agnus-castus

Vitis

,

469

Vitex lucens 289.

califomica 'Roger's Red'

463-464, 474 464, 474

heterophylla

Vitis lab rusca

,

1 1

Virginia sweetspire 201

Vitis coignetiac

Veltheimia bracteata 321,

Trichoctreus bridgesii 411,

466

nvimana Purpurea group 151.466 Viola sorona Freckles' 151, 466 Viola tricolor 151,466 Viola xwittrocfeiana 151,465 Violet 150 Violet trumpet \me 453-454 Vireyas225 Virginia bluebells 118 Virginia chain fern 437 Virginia creeper 459 Virginia rose 229 Viola

l/mbellularia califomica 289,

chycarpus fortunei 445, 474

150,465 466 odorata 151, 466

Viola cornuta

Viola rcichenbachiana 151.

Ulmus pumila 289. 470

Trachelospermum /asminoides 463,

467

Vinca minor 150,

Tomato 344

Tr,

1

1

1

1 11

Plants

Tickseed 86

Tiger

7

1

Index

450

371. 472

vim/era 371.

472

Purpurea' 464,

474

Voodoo

lily

317

Vuyhtckeara 425. 473

Veltheimia glauca 321 Veltheimia vmdiflora 321

V/atsoma borbomca 32

1

,

470

Wishbone flower 147 Wisteria chinensis 464

U'atsoma p\ramidata 32 Wattle 158,246

Wax Wax

Wisfena/lonbunda 464, 474 Wistena sinensis 464, 474

begonia 78 flower 462

Wistena venusta 464, 474

Wax-leaf privet 205

Witch hazel 195 Woad waxen 191 Worn buk 339

Wax mallow 208 Wax myrtle 209 Wax plant 384 Wayfanng tree 240 Weeping bottlebrush 166 Weeping fig 381 Weeping forsythia 188 Weeping Higan cherry 279 Weeping silver linden 287 Weeping willow 282 Weeping willow-leafed pear 280 Weigelajlonda241,469 Weigela/Ionda 'Eva Ratke' 241,

469

Wonga-wonga vine 459 Wood anemone 295 Woodbine 457

Wood

fern

433

Woodland strawberry 368

Wood

violet

1

5

Woodwardiafimbnata 437. 473 Woodwardia virginica 437. 473 Woolly speedwell 49 Woolly thyme 328 Woolly yarrow 7 Wormwood 76 1

Weigela Florida Variegata' 241,

469

Xeranthemum annum 152,465

Wellingtoma gigantea 284

Welsh poppy 118 Western azalea 224

Yarrow 70

Western Western Western Western Western

Yellow archangel 112 Yellow asphodel 295

Yaupon

bleeding heart 92

287 redbud 255 sword fem 436 yellow pine 274 Westnngia/ruticosa 241, 467 red cedar

holly

200

Yellow bells 237

Yellow buckeye 248 Yellow cosmos 87

Yellow

flag

1 1

Wcstnngia rosmarini/ormis 241

Yellow

ixia

307

Wheki 432

Yellow jacaranda 288 Yellow jasmine 454-455

Whisker cactus 406 White ash 265 White cauliflower 338 White-edge morning glory 456 White evening pnmrose 122 White fir 246 White ginger lily 102 White ironbark 263 White mugwort 76 White mulberry 271 White pond hly 122 White poplar 275 White rockrose 172 White sails 389 White willow 282 Wild columbine 75 Wild ginger 326 Wild hyacinth 301 Wild marjoram 351 Wild pansy 151 Wild roses 228-229. 469 Wild thyme 328 Wilga 265 Willow 282 Willow gentian 100

Yellow kowhai 284 Yellow loosestnfe 116 Yellow oleander 238 Yellow pitcher plant 138 Yellow poplar 268

Yellow

wood 256

Yesterday-today-and-tomorrow

164

Yew 237 Yew pine 275 Yoshino cherry 279 Youth-on-age 389 Yucca brevi/olia 289, 469 Yucca filamentosa 152,466 Yucca gloriosa 152.466 Yucca whipplei 152, 466

Yulan 269

Zammia pumila 445, 474 Zantedeschia aclhiopica

52,

1

467

Zanledeschia rehmannu 152-153,

466 Zauschneria califomica

1

53.

466

Zea mays 346 Zebra plant 376. 378. 379

Trident maple 247

Velvet groundsel 234

Wake

robin 147

Willow-leaf cotoneaster 178

Zeifeova serrata 289,

Tnlhum chloropetalum 147,466 Trillium grandiflorum 147,466 Tnstagma umflora 306 Tnstania confertus 288, 469 Tristama launna 288 Tnstamopsis launna 288, 469 Tntcleialaxa318, 470 Tnleleia umflora 306 Tntoma crocata 318, 470 Trollius europaeus 147, 466

Velvet slipper plant 388

Wallflower 96 Wallflower cactus 409

Willow oak 281 Wilsonara hybnds 425, 473 Wilson holly 199 Windflower 295 Windmill palm 445 Window plant 401

Zephyranthes atamasco 321, 470

Tropaeolum canariense 148

Vemal witch hazel 195-196 Veronica 214

Tropaeolum majus 148, 465 Tropaeolum peregnnum 148,465 Tropaeolum speciosum 463, 474

Velvet sumac 282 x Venidio-arctotis cultivars 148.

465 Veratrum nigrum 148. 466 Verbascum nigrum 148. 466

Verbascum olympican 148, 466 Verbena bonanensis 149, 465 Verbena canadensis 149,465 Verbena x hvbnda 149. 465

Veronica austnaca subsp. leucrium 149,

466

Tropical hibiscus 197

Veronica gentianoides

Trout hly 301

Veronica incana 149.

Trumpet creeper 451-452

Veronica prostrata

Trumpet-flower 451

Veronica rupestris 149

Trumpet honeysuckle 458 Trumpet vine 451-452 Tsuga canadensis 288. 470

Veronica spicata 150.

149,466 466 149, 466

466

Vervain 148-149

Viburnum acenjohum 239, 469

Wall rockcress 75 Walnut 362 Waratah 237 Warminster broom 179 Warty aloe 401

474 Washingtoma robusta 445. 474 Washington palm 445 Washington thom 258 Water canna 146 Watercress 344 Water ferns 431 Water flag 1 1 Water gum 288 Water lily 121 Waterlily dahlias 90. 465 Water lily tulip 320 Watermelon 368 Watsonia bcatncis 321. 470 Washingtonia/ili/cra 445,

470

Zephy ranthes Candida 321. 470 Zephyranthes cannata 321 Zephyranthes grandiflora 321.

470 Zephyr flower 32 Zigzag plant 385

Winged euonymus 185

Zingiber officinale 353. 471

Winter aconite 301 Winterberry 200 Winter cherry 144 Winter creeper 186 Winter daphne 180 Wintergreen 190 Winter hazel 177 Winter heath 183 Winter honeysuckle 206 Winter ins 1 1 Winter jasmine 201 Winter savory 353 Winter squash 342 Wintersweet 172

Zingiber zerumbet 153

465 Zmnia elegans 153. 465 Zinnia haageana 153. 465 Zinnia lineans 153 Zinnia angusti/olia 153.

Zinnia mexicana 153

Ztziphusjufuba 367. 472

Zonal geranium 127

Zoysiajapomca Meyen' 328. 471 Zucchini 342 Zygocactus truncatus 410

Zygopetalum intermedium 425

Zygopetalum mackayi 425, 473

©

text

Random House

(Australia) Pty Lid 1996

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7*

The Ultimate perfect

book

Plant and for

Garden Book is the every gardener. With over

2,000 plants described

encyclopedic detail and 2,200 full-color photographs, this comprehensive, practical

lavishly

in

and eminently

illustrated,

book contains everything the gardener

Id

needs to know, including information about: Creating and maintaining your garden

Annuals and perennials Shrubs Trees >.

Bulbs, corms,

and tubers r

Lawns and ground covers Vegetables and herbs Fruit trees, nut trees,

and other

/\i f

f

."Vi

f\

¥'l

*r

fruits

Indoor plants Cacti and succulents

Orchids Ferns, palms,

and cycads

Climbers and creepers Seasonal calendars Cultivation guidelines

I* 1r*v^'>^'

\

90000

v.

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„

$m*:.

^

9

780517"701898

ISBN

0-517-70189-8