Conservation Of Settlement Of Bode

Conservation of Settlement of Bode Abushan Panta (072-MSU-201) Kriti Pradhan (072-MSU-205) Neelam Manandhar (072-MSU-209) Pratik Lal Shrestha (072-MSU-211) Rija Joshi (072-MSU-216) 16- April 2017

Bipashana Tuladhar Kshamata Malla Palistha Bajracharya Ram Krishna Maharjan Suraj Maharjan Conservation of Bode

(072-MSU-203) (072-MSU-206) (072-MSU-210) (072-MSU-214) (072-MSU-218)

Urban Design and Conservation

Conservation of Bode

Acknowledgement We would like to thank our course co-ordinator Prof. Dr. Sudha Shrestha and Ar. Luna Bajracharya for providing us with the necessary guidance in preparing this report. We express our sincere gratitude towards Ar. Roshan Shrestha, a local resident for providing us with the local knowledge of the study area. Also, we are grateful towards the residents of Bode for their co-operation in providing us with the necessary information. We would also like to thank everybody who has helped us directly and indirectly in completing this report.

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Conservation of Bode

Table of Contents Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................................................. i

Table of Figures ..................................................................................................................................................... v 1. Introduction: ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. 1.2. 1.3.

History: .................................................................................................................................................... 1 Physical and Geographical Setting................................................................................................ 2 Historical Settelment.......................................................................................................................... 4

2. Objective .............................................................................................................................................................. 4 3. Methodology....................................................................................................................................................... 5 4. Scope and Limitation ...................................................................................................................................... 5 5. Literature Review............................................................................................................................................. 5 5.1. Conservation Methodology .................................................................................................................. 6 5.2. Treatments ................................................................................................................................................. 6 5.3. Preparatory Procedures........................................................................................................................ 7 5.3.1. Inventories ......................................................................................................................................... 7 5.3.2. Documentation ................................................................................................................................. 7

5.4. Interventions ............................................................................................................................................. 8 5.4.1. Prevention of Deterioration ........................................................................................................ 8 5.4.2. Preservation ...................................................................................................................................... 9 5.4.3. Consolidation .................................................................................................................................... 9 5.4.4. Restoration...................................................................................................................................... 10 5.4.5. Rehabilitation................................................................................................................................. 10 5.4.6. Reproduction.................................................................................................................................. 10 5.4.7. Reconstruction .............................................................................................................................. 10

6. Physical Aspect............................................................................................................................................... 11 6.1. Urban Form ............................................................................................................................................. 11 6.2. Infrastructure:........................................................................................................................................ 11 6.2.1. Road:.................................................................................................................................................. 11 6.2.2. Waste water/sanitation:............................................................................................................ 14 6.2.3. Water Supply:................................................................................................................................. 16 6.2.4. Solid Waste Management: ......................................................................................................... 17 6.2.5. Electricity and Communication: ............................................................................................. 19

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Conservation of Bode 6.3. Streetscape: ............................................................................................................................................. 21 6.3.2. Proposal ........................................................................................................................................... 22

7. Social Aspect.................................................................................................................................................... 29 7.1. Demography............................................................................................................................................ 29 7.2. Caste Division:........................................................................................................................................ 31 7.3. Guthi........................................................................................................................................................... 31 8.

7.3.1. 7.3.2.

Existing Condition and Analysis......................................................................................... 31 Proposal....................................................................................................................................... 33

Cultural Aspects ........................................................................................................................................ 35

8.1 Intangible Culture .................................................................................................................................. 35 8.1.1. Existing Condition and Analysis ............................................................................................. 35 8.1.2 Challenges, Trends & Potentials of Intangible Cultural Heritage................................ 42 8.1.3 Proposal to save cultural heritage .......................................................................................... 42

8.2.

Tangible Heritage ............................................................................................................................. 42

8.2.1.

Monument Inventory ............................................................................................................. 42

8.2.4.

Proposal: ..................................................................................................................................... 99

8.2.2.

9.

8.2.3.

Inventory of Ponds/Pukhu................................................................................................... 90 Degree of Intervention........................................................................................................... 96

Economic Aspect.....................................................................................................................................102

9.1. Agriculture.............................................................................................................................................103 9.1.1. Existing Condition ......................................................................................................................103 9.1.2. Planning intervention for improving agriculture in Bode ..........................................104

9.2. Tourism...................................................................................................................................................107 9.2.1. Tourism Potential.......................................................................................................................107 9.2.2. Proposal for tourism: ................................................................................................................108

10. Landuse, Zoning and Bye Laws ...........................................................................................................120 10.1. Existing Landuse Pattern ..............................................................................................................120 10.2 Physical and Development Issues...............................................................................................125 10.3. Proposed Zoning And Bye Laws .................................................................................................129 10.3.1. Access ...........................................................................................................................................129 10.3.2. Traditional Residential Zone ...............................................................................................131 10.3.3 Residential Zone........................................................................................................................133

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Conservation of Bode 10.3.4 10.3.5 10.3.6

Special Planning Zone......................................................................................................135 Reserved Zone ....................................................................................................................137 Green Zone ...........................................................................................................................137

Bibliography.......................................................................................................................................................138

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Table of Figures Figure 1 Administrative Division of Thimi and Study Area.................................................................. 1 Figure 2 Map showing types of road and finishes................................................................................. 11 Figure 3 Roads of Bode .................................................................................................................................... 12 Figure 4 Proposed street layout................................................................................................................... 14 Figure 5 Road side drain................................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 6 Manhole ............................................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 7 Water Conduit ................................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 8 Rainwater harvesting system...................................................................................................... 17 Figure 9 Solid waste Diposal at hillside..................................................................................................... 17 Figure 10 Waste condition according to Tole ......................................................................................... 18 Figure 11 Vermin composting and separate dustbin for organic and inorganic waste ......... 19 Figure 12 Existing electric and communication lines .......................................................................... 19 Figure 13 Solar panel street lights .............................................................................................................. 20 Figure 14 showing the replacement of the traditional elements in one of the streetscape of the building........................................................................................................................................................... 22 Figure 15 Reconstructed traditional building al Lachhi tole. ........................................................... 23 Figure 16 Dangling wires and unmanaged poles ruining the aesthetic of traditional building ................................................................................................................................................................................... 25 Figure 17 Few sketches of proposed building facades and streetscapes..................................... 26 Figure 18 Provision on benches and chairs and plantation of vegetation in the open space ................................................................................................................................................................................... 26 Figure 19 Provision of bences and flower pots around Nachhu tole. ............................................ 27 Figure 20 Settlement at 1990s...................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 21 Settlement at present................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 22 2001 census data ........................................................................................................................... 30 Figure 23 2011 census data ........................................................................................................................... 30 Figure 24 Some Glimpses of the festivval................................................................................................. 37 Figure 25 Jatra Route of Nilbarahi Dance ................................................................................................. 38 Figure 26 Some glimpses of tongue piercing festival .......................................................................... 39 Figure 27 Route of Tongue Pirecing Festival .......................................................................................... 40 Figure 28 Mahalaxmi temple......................................................................................................................... 41 Figure 29 Pond in Lachhi tole ....................................................................................................................... 41 Figure 30 Narayan temple in Lachhi tole.................................................................................................. 41 Figure 31 Exit Gate of funeral from city of Bode.................................................................................... 42 Figure 32 Kalika Temple ................................................................................................................................. 42 Figure 33 Location map of Nachhu tole . .................................................................................................. 43 Figure 34: View of Nachhu tole from different angles......................................................................... 43 Figure 35: Location of Ganesh temple. ...................................................................................................... 44 Figure 36: Ganesh temple at Lachhu tole . ............................................................................................... 44 Figure 37: Narayan shrine located in the center of Nachhu pukhu................................................ 44

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Conservation of Bode Figure 38: location map of Bhangu tole. ................................................................................................... 45 Figure 39: Different views of Bhangu tole ............................................................................................... 46 Figure 40 Location map of Mahalakshmi temple, Bode. ..................................................................... 47 Figure 41: Old view and present view of Mahalaxmi temple............................................................ 47 Figure 42: Pierced needle bolted to the temple. .................................................................................... 48 Figure 43: Location map of Ganesh temple. ............................................................................................ 48 Figure 44: Current view of Ganesh temple. ............................................................................................. 48 Figure 45: Location of Nritehsvar temple.. .............................................................................................. 48 Figure 46:View of Nriteshvar temple......................................................................................................... 48 Figure 47Location of Mahakal....................................................................................................................... 49 Figure 48:View of Nriteshvar temple ......................................................................................................... 49 Figure 49: Location of Chiatya. ..................................................................................................................... 50 Figure 50:Picture of Chaitya. ......................................................................................................................... 50 Figure 51: Location of Lakhuchhe tole . .................................................................................................... 50 Figure 52: View of Mahalaxmi Shrine at Lakhuchhe tole. .................................................................. 51 Figure 53 View of Bhairab Shrine at Lakhuchhe tole.......................................................................... 52 Figure 54: Location of Kumari tole . ........................................................................................................... 52 Figure 55 Location map of Kalika temple, Bode. ................................................................................... 53 Figure 56: Current view of Kalika Temple. .............................................................................................. 53 Figure 57 Old view of Kalika temple........................................................................................................... 53 Figure 58Location of Patti at Kumari tole . .............................................................................................. 54 Figure 59 Picture of Hiti near Kalika temple........................................................................................... 55 Figure 60: Location of Khasi tole . ............................................................................................................... 56 Figure 61 Location map of Nilbarahi.......................................................................................................... 56 Figure 62Old view of Nilbarahi Temple. ................................................................................................... 57 Figure 63Current view of Nilbarahi temple............................................................................................. 57 Figure 64 View of Pati along with the view of open space in Khasi tole ...................................... 58 Figure 65Location of Pati of Khasi tole...................................................................................................... 58 Figure 66: Picture of Dwapal shrine at Khasi tole ................................................................................ 58 Figure 67: Location of Chaitya complex. ................................................................................................... 59 Figure 68: Current scenario of Chaitya complex. .................................................................................. 59 Figure 69:Harati mata shrine . ...................................................................................................................... 60 Figure 70: Ganesh - Mahankal shrine......................................................................................................... 60 Figure 71: Bajrayogini...................................................................................................................................... 61 Figure 72: Amoghsidhi..................................................................................................................................... 61 Figure 73: Mahadev Shrine. ........................................................................................................................... 62 Figure 74: RadhaKrishna Shrine . ................................................................................................................ 62 Figure 75: Mayadevi shrine............................................................................................................................ 63 Figure 76: Shakyamuni shrine ...................................................................................................................... 63 Figure 77:Dhartimat-Buddha-Narayan-Saraswati-Shiva Linga....................................................... 63 Figure 78 Location of Khapala Tole ............................................................................................................ 64 Figure 79 Chautari & traditional Newari house in Khapala Tole .................................................... 64

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Conservation of Bode Figure 80 Khapala Tole.................................................................................................................................... 65 Figure 81 Location map of Chaitya, Khapala Tole................................................................................. 65 Figure 82 Chaitya ............................................................................................................................................... 65 Figure 83 Location Map of Chaitya and Dyo Maa Idol ......................................................................... 66 Figure 84 Chaitya & Dyo Maa Idol ............................................................................................................... 66 Figure 85 Location map of Sattal, Khapala Tole..................................................................................... 66 Figure 86 Sattal, Khapala Tole ...................................................................................................................... 66 Figure 87 Location of Lachhi Tole ............................................................................................................... 67 Figure 88 Lachhi Tole....................................................................................................................................... 67 Figure 90 Old Picture of Garud Narayan Figure 91 Present Picture of Garud Narayan... 68 Figure 89 Location Map of Garud Narayan .............................................................................................. 68 Figure 92 Old Picture of Bhairabh............................................................................................................... 69 Figure 93 Location Map of Bhairab............................................................................................................. 69 Figure 94 Location Map of Dhaubaji Mahadev ....................................................................................... 69 Figure 95 Dhaubaji Mahadev......................................................................................................................... 69 Figure 96 Location Map of.............................................................................................................................. 70 Figure 97 Harihar Mahadev ........................................................................................................................... 70 Figure 98 Location of Saraswati Shrine .................................................................................................... 70 Figure 99 Saraswoti Shrine........................................................................................................................... 70 Figure 100 Present Ganesh Temple............................................................................................................ 71 Figure 101 Location Map of Ganesh Temple.......................................................................................... 71 Figure 102 Old Picture of GaneshTemple................................................................................................. 71 Figure 103 Location Map of Mahankal ...................................................................................................... 71 Figure 104 Birbhadra-Mahankal Temple ................................................................................................. 71 Figure 105 Location Map of Shivalinga ..................................................................................................... 72 Figure 106 Shiva Linga .................................................................................................................................... 72 Figure 107 Location map of Manjushree Shrine.................................................................................... 72 Figure 108 Manjushree Shrine ..................................................................................................................... 72 Figure 109 Location Map of Bhimsen Temple........................................................................................ 73 Figure 110 Bhimsen Temple.......................................................................................................................... 73 Figure 111 Location map of Chaitya........................................................................................................... 73 Figure 112 Kumari Shrine .............................................................................................................................. 73 Figure 113 Location of Sattal......................................................................................................................... 74 Figure 114 Sattal ................................................................................................................................................ 74 Figure 115 Location Map of Nrityanath Shrine...................................................................................... 74 Figure 117 Nrityanath Shrine ....................................................................................................................... 75 Figure 118 Location of Bishnughat Tole ................................................................................................... 76 Figure 119 Bishnughat Tole........................................................................................................................... 76 Figure 120 Location Map of Narayan Temple......................................................................................... 77 Figure 121 Narayan Temple .......................................................................................................................... 77 Figure 122 Location Map of Sattal.............................................................................................................. 78 Figure 123 Sattal ............................................................................................................................................... 78

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Conservation of Bode Figure 124 Location of Krishna Temple.................................................................................................... 78 Figure 125 Krishna Temple ........................................................................................................................... 78 Figure 127 Location of Dyabu Tole ............................................................................................................. 79 Figure 128 View of Dyobu Tole ................................................................................................................... 79 Figure 126 Location Map of Pati .................................................................................................................. 79 Figure 129 Dyobu Tole .................................................................................................................................... 80 Figure 130 Location Map of Chaitya ........................................................................................................... 80 Figure 131 Chaitya ............................................................................................................................................ 80 Figure 132 Location Map of Narayan Temple......................................................................................... 80 Figure 133 Narayan Temple ......................................................................................................................... 81 Figure 134 Locatiton of Pati ......................................................................................................................... 81 Figure 135 Pati.................................................................................................................................................... 81 Figure 136 Location of Ganesh Shrine....................................................................................................... 81 Figure 137 Ganesh Shrine............................................................................................................................... 82 Figure 138 Location of Changu Narayan Shrine .................................................................................... 82 Figure 139 Changu Narayan Shrine ............................................................................................................ 82 Figure 140 Location of Pancho Tole ........................................................................................................... 83 Figure 141 Location Map of Ganesh Temple........................................................................................... 83 Figure 142 Ganesh Temple ............................................................................................................................ 83 Figure 143 Pacho Tole ..................................................................................................................................... 84 Figure 144 Pati................................................................................................................................................... 84 Figure 145 Location Map of Pati .................................................................................................................. 84 Figure 146 Location Map of Pati .................................................................................................................. 85 Figure 147 Pati................................................................................................................................................... 85 Figure 148 Location Map of Pati .................................................................................................................. 85 Figure 149 Pati.................................................................................................................................................... 85 Figure 150 Paccho Dhokha............................................................................................................................. 85 Figure 151 Paccho Dhokha............................................................................................................................. 85 Figure 153 Chaitya ............................................................................................................................................ 86 Figure 152 Location Map Chaitya in Chaitya in Barenani .................................................................. 86 Figure 155 Present Picture of Chaitya ....................................................................................................... 87 Figure 154 Location Map of Chaitya ........................................................................................................... 87 Figure 156 Old Picture of Chaitya................................................................................................................ 87 Figure 157 Nilbarahi Temple ........................................................................................................................ 88 Figure 158 Dwarpal .......................................................................................................................................... 88 Figure 159 Old Picture of Nilbinayak ......................................................................................................... 88 Figure 160 Present Nilbinayak ..................................................................................................................... 88 Figure 161 Old picture of Saraswoti Narayan Dewal........................................................................... 89 Figure 162 Present Saraswoti Narayan Dewal....................................................................................... 89 Figure 163 Old picture of Chaitya................................................................................................................ 89 Figure 164 Present Chaitya............................................................................................................................ 89 Figure 165 Old Picture of Shiva Temple.................................................................................................... 89

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Conservation of Bode Figure 166 Present Shiva Temple................................................................................................................ 89 Figure 167 Picture showing Pukhus in Bode .......................................................................................... 90 Figure 168: Picture present consition of Lachhi pukhu...................................................................... 91 Figure 170 :View of Lachhi pukhu.from different angles. .................................................................. 91 Figure 169: Location of Lachhi pukhu. ...................................................................................................... 91 Figure 171:Location of Nachhu pukhu . .................................................................................................... 92 Figure 172: Present consition of Nachhu pukhu. .................................................................................. 92 Figure 173: Renovation carried out in Nacchu pukhu......................................................................... 92 Figure 174: Location of Dyabu Pukhu ....................................................................................................... 93 Figure 175: Present view of Dyabu pukhu .............................................................................................. 93 Figure 178: Bridge present in the center of the pukhu. ...................................................................... 94 Figure 179: View of pond from the street of Khasi tole. ..................................................................... 94 Figure 176: Location of Khasi Pukhu. ........................................................................................................ 94 Figure 177Location of Khasi Pukhu............................................................................................................ 94 Figure 180:Location of Palishwan Pukhu................................................................................................. 95 Figure 181: Present view of Palishwan pukhu. ...................................................................................... 95 Figure 182 Present condition of Palishwan Pukhu............................................................................... 95 Figure 183 Removal of Vegetative growth in Pati in Paccho ............................................................ 96 Figure 185 Attempt to preserve Toran in Mahalaxmi Temple......................................................... 96 Figure 184 Attempts of Preservation in Kalika Temple...................................................................... 96 Figure 186 Marble work to conserve Ganesh Temple......................................................................... 97 Figure 187 Plasterwork to conserve Nilbinayak Temple................................................................... 97 Figure 188 Pati in Chanko Tole .................................................................................................................... 97 Figure 189 Sattal at Lacchi ............................................................................................................................. 97 Figure 190 Saraswoti Temple at Lacchi ................................................................................................... 97 Figure 193 Excessive Vegetative growth In Dhaubaji Mahadev, Bhimsen & GaneshTemple in Lacchi affecting the structure of temple .............................................................................................. 98 Figure 191 Changes brought in Saraswoti Narayan Dewal .............................................................. 98 Figure 192 Dwarpal at Nilbarahi ................................................................................................................. 98 Figure 194 Damaged and Missing rafter in Ganesh temple in Bhangu ......................................... 99 Figure 195: Siddha Pukhu , Bhaktapur....................................................................................................100 Figure 196 Drying of rice in courtyard ....................................................................................................103 Figure 197 Agricultural land at Bode .......................................................................................................103 Figure 198 Agriculture and housing.........................................................................................................104 Figure 199 Farmers preparing vegetables to sell................................................................................105 Figure 200 Cooperative can be established to support farmers ...................................................106 Figure 201 Women making Chiura in traditional way ......................................................................106 Figure 202 Proposed Tourist Route Inside Bode Traditional Settlement .................................109 Figure 203Open space in Nachhu chowk ...............................................................................................110 Figure 204Nachhu pokhari in Nachhu chowk ......................................................................................110 Figure 205Nachhu chowk.............................................................................................................................110 Figure 206Traditional brick paved street ..............................................................................................111

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Conservation of Bode Figure 207Bode Ma Bi Marga ......................................................................................................................111 Figure 208Lachi pukhu..................................................................................................................................111 Figure 209Harihar Mahadev temple and street in Lachi tole.........................................................111 Figure 210Lachi Chowk.................................................................................................................................111 Figure 211Open space in Bari Nani ..........................................................................................................111 Figure 212 Bari Nani.......................................................................................................................................111 Figure 213Bari Nani........................................................................................................................................111 Figure 214Gate In Paacho tole ....................................................................................................................112 Figure 215 Paacho Ganesh temple ............................................................................................................112 Figure 216Paacho tole ...................................................................................................................................112 Figure 217 Kamal Pukhu dried in Kumari tole.....................................................................................112 Figure 218Stone Spout in Kumari tole ....................................................................................................112 Figure 219Kumari tole...................................................................................................................................112 Figure 220 Narayan Temple in Bishnughat chowk ............................................................................113 Figure 221 Open space in Bishnughat chowk .......................................................................................113 Figure 222 Bishnughat Chowk....................................................................................................................113 Figure 223 Street in Bode Mahalaxmi Marga........................................................................................113 Figure 224 Street in BOde.............................................................................................................................113 Figure 225 Bode Mahalaxmi Marga ..........................................................................................................113 Figure 226 Mahalaxmi temple in Mahalaxmi courtyard...................................................................114 Figure 227 Ganesh temple in Mahalaxmi courtyard ..........................................................................114 Figure 228 Mahalaxmi courtyard ..............................................................................................................114 Figure 229 Satal in khansi chowk..............................................................................................................114 Figure 230 Khansi chowk .............................................................................................................................114 Figure 231 street in Khasi Marga...............................................................................................................114 Figure 232 Street in Khasi Marga ..............................................................................................................114 Figure 233 Khasi Marga.................................................................................................................................114 Figure 234 Open space in Dyabu Chowk ................................................................................................115 Figure 235 Dyabu chowk ..............................................................................................................................115 Figure 236 Dyabu chowk ..............................................................................................................................115 Figure 237 Street in Dyabu Marga ............................................................................................................115 Figure 238 Street in Dyabu Marga ............................................................................................................115 Figure 239 Dyabu Marga...............................................................................................................................115 Figure 240 Proposed Intervention for tourist destination..............................................................116 Figure 241 Trail route to Nilbarahi temple ...........................................................................................116 Figure 242 Tigani settlement ......................................................................................................................117 Figure 243 Tigani settlement : way to Nilbarahi temple.................................................................117 Figure 244 Nilbarahi temple in jungle .....................................................................................................117 Figure 245 Dwar Pal in Nilbarahi temple ...............................................................................................117 Figure 246 picnic spot in Nilbarahi temple ...........................................................................................117 Figure 247 View from Nilbarahi temple .................................................................................................117 Figure 248 Total area covered by buildings in Bode in 2000.........................................................123

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Conservation of Bode Figure 249: Total area covered by buildings in Bode in 2005........................................................123 Figure 250: Total area covered by buildings in Bode in 2010........................................................124 Figure 251: Present condition of builtup area in Bode .....................................................................124 Figure 252: Vertical extension and division of the traditional house .........................................127 Figure 253: Construction of modern houses and constructing room at projection above the street (space encroachment).......................................................................................................................127 Figure 254: Cement Plastering of Narayan Temple at Lacchi Tole...............................................128 Figure 255: RCC pillared pati at Lachhi Tole.........................................................................................129

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Conservation of Bode

1. Introduction: Bode is an ancient Newar city in the east corner of the Kathmandu Valley, about eight miles from the capital city, Kathmandu. The city is famous for (Bisket Jatra) tongue piercing and Nilbharahi Naach. Out of 17 ward Bode lies in the ward 1, 2 and 3.It takes about 10 minutes ride from Thimi Bakhabazaar to reach Bode. Bode lies on the flat land on the higher level and is surrounded by the residential zones.

Figure 1 Administrative Division of Thimi and Study Area

1.1. History: Bhaktapur itself is very historic city. The city is found to be existed from the lichhavi period. King Bikramadatta founded Nil Barahi temple in Mahadurga Ban forest of then called Jyotipur city in Kaligat sambat 2912-13.Original settlement of the Bode was at the base of Nilbarahi jungle i.e Sankhakot area. If any archeological excavation is done the settlement could be seen as the finding of plans of houses, waterspout, wells etc as said by senior citizen of that place. As there was the disturbance from devils, goblins, ghost etc of Nilbahari and being on low land area, they shifted their settlement at the present Bode BUU-CHOYE (upland hill). Page 1

Conservation of Bode

Various names were given to bode in various period. Among them, in lichhavi period: Bosinga gram “Bude” in N.S. 763 (Kalika mandir). From N.S.777 to 889 as “Dhamma puri, “Jayadharmapuri”, “Sridharma puli desha”, 926 “bode desh”. In 454 N.S. Ram bha & KAsta Bha did the firing on the city. During Malla period, N.S. 633 (SUBARNA MALLA established the settlement of 500 houses and the name was given as “BODE”.

1.2. Physical and Geographical Setting

Bode lies at 42° 52' 5.893" N 94° 17' 22.876" W and at a distance of 9 km east from the present Kathmandu and 3.5km west from Bhaktapur, the medieval capital city of Nepal. It is traditionally known as Madhyapura, probably because of its central location in the Kathmandu valley.

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Conservation of Bode The historic town Bode with its neighboring small traditional towns; Thimi and Nagadesa were incorporated in Madhyapur Thimi Municipality (MTM) in 1996. Bode is known as a medieval settlement, a satellite town of Bhaktapur which consist of ward no 1,2,3; however, some of the inscriptions push its history at least back to Lichchhavi period. Bode is just 10 minutes’ walk from the north of Bahaka Bazar.

On the north side of Bode Gothatar, Mulpani VDCs of Kathmandu district, on the south, west and east, settlements are Nagadesh, Thimi, and Duwakot Vdc are respectively situated.

The area along Kausaltar, Lokanthali, SanoThimi, Bode, Nagadesh and Nilbarahi are light to brownish gray fine laminated and poorly graded silt sand. These soils are locally prone to erosion and flooding. There is medium ground water potential and moderate to high ground water infiltration. These areas are potential areas for ground water recharge. Favorable lands for dry and wet cultivation. There is potential area for sand resources. For heavy construction pile foundation should be used to avoid differential settlement.

The rest of the area has silting clay and clayey silt, at places calcareous nature and phosphate mineral. Organic clay, fine sand beds and peat layers are common. These soils have low bearing capacity, soft to firm consistency and moderate to high plasticity. The area is prone to landslides along river banks and slopes. The land is very fertile land for agriculture. For heavy constructions, pile or mat foundation is necessary. The area is good source of brick clay and fertilizer clay.

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Conservation of Bode

1.3. Historical Settelment The historical settlement of bode lies in present ward no 1 and 2 of bode and ward no 3 consist of new settlement which is planned in grid iron pattern. Originally the settlement of bode was at the base of Nilbarahi jungle and later on it shifted to the present location. As we can see in the picture entire settlement is with hill slope to north. The settlement consist of typical elements of newari settlement like

compact settlement with courtyard planning. courtyard of city and neighborhood contains ponds and temples which acts as landmark for the settlement. As in other newari settlement, courtyard and open spaces are made more beautiful with brick pavements, ponds, well and other elements of hard landscaping at the time. The main character of the town is big open courtyard in connected by narrow roads. Sometimes, one courtyard is connected to another courtyard. Which is the uniqueness of the place. Talking about the pathways, the route of festivals don’t cross the funeral route. They are totally separated. Here in bode funeral route goes around the edge of the settlement.

Bode is believed to be a fortified town with town gates as rudimentary form of fortification. Out of the four town gates at the major entrances to the town, only one still exist. The town gates are not only meant for security purpose but also mark the territory of the time. These gates have added to the heritage significance of the bode.

2. Objective    

To analyze the Bode Area for urban design and conservation Analysis of existing situation of Bode Area (Ward 1,2 and 3) from physical, social, cultural and ecological aspect. To review and analyze existing plans, policies and by-laws of the area for urban design and conservation. To address the area of interventions required for physical, socio-economic, cultural and ecological conservation for urban design.

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Conservation of Bode

3. Methodology  

   

Initially site reconnaissance was done to familiarize with the condition of the streets, nodes, districts, edge and landmarks of the study area. Sructured interview of 20 local residents were taken to gather information about the area. Interview of the people involved in different guthis were taken for the information regarding the various activities performed by the guthi and the resources that they use for performing such activities. Also one of the dancers of the famous Nilbarahi dance was referred to. Inventories of all the monuments and ponds and their photographs were taken and documented. Secondary data were collected for demography, socio cultural, landuse and existing bye laws information. Analysis was done based on the received information. Issues were identified and potential for development was also identified. Lastly proposals were developed for the conservation and promotion of the area.

4. Scope and Limitation

The study area includes ward number 1,2 and 3 of Thimi Municipality. Focus of the study is on the conservation aspect of development. Physical, Socio cultural, economic aspects have been taken into consideration which are also conservation based research.

5. Literature Review

The modem principles that govern the organization and application of conservation interventions have taken centuries of philosphical, aesthetic, and technical progress to articulate. The problem of conserving architecture and the fine and decorative arts is not simple. Even in a scientific age that has developed the technology of space travel and atomic power, the solution to local environmental problems still presents a challenge to the present and the future. Only through understanding the mechanisms of decay and deterioration can conservation skills be increased to prolong the life of cultural property for future generations.

The conservation of cultural property demands wise management of resources and a good sense of proportion. Perhaps above all, it demands the desire and dedication to see that cultural property is preserved. Modem long term conservation policy concentrates on fighting the causes of decay. Natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes cannot be prevented, but by forethought the damage can be greatly reduced. Industrial life cannot and should not be halted, but damage can be minimized by combating waste, uncontrolled expansion, economic exploitation, and pollution. Conservation is, therefore, primarily a process leading to the prolongation of the life of cultural property for its utilization now and in the future.

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Conservation of Bode

5.1. Conservation Methodology The conservation of cultural property constitutes a single, interprofessional discipline coordinating a range of aesthetic, historic, scientific, and technical methods. It is a rapidly developing field that, by its very nature, is a multidisciplinary activity, with experts respecting each other's contributions and combining to form an effective team. Despite the difference in scale and extent of intervention, the underlying principles and procedural methods remain the same for the conservation of movable and immovable cultural property. There are, however, important logistical differences. Architectural work entails treatment of materials in an open and virtually uncontrollable environment. He must allow for the effects of time and weather .Communication and supervision, therefore, are important considerations for the architectural conservator.

Architectural conservation must be within the context of historic structure, which also incorporates its site, setting, and physical environment. For both movable and immovable cultural property, the objects chosen for treatment and the degree of intervention are predicated upon the values that can be assigned to the property. These values help systematically to set priorities in scheduling interventions; as well as programming the extent and nature of the individual treatments. The assignment of values or priorities will inevitably reflect each different cultural context. The values assigned to cultural property come under three major headings: •

• •

Cultural Values: documentary value, historical value, archeological and age value, aesthetic value, architectural value, scientific value, symbolic or spiritual value, townscape value, landscape and ecological value. Use Values: functional value, economic value, social value, political value. Emotional Values: wonder, identity, continuity. (Introduction to architectural conservation)

For movable objects, the question of values is generally more easily defined. However, in architectural conservation, problems often arise because the utilization of the historic building, which is economically and functionally necessary, must also respect cultural values.

5.2. Treatments

During all conservation treatments, the following standards of ethics must be rigorously followed: • • •

The condition of the object, and all methods and materials used during treatment, must be clearly documented. Historical evidence should be fully recorded; it must not be destroyed, falsified, or removed. Any intervention must be the minimum necessary.

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Conservation of Bode •

Any intervention must be governed by unswerving respect for the aesthetic, historical, and physical integrity of cultural property.

Interventions should: • • • • • •

Be reversible, if technically possible. Not prejudice a future intervention whenever this may become necessary. Not hinder the possibility of later access to all evidence incorporated in the object. Allow the maximum amount of existing material to be retained. Be harmonious in color, tone, texture, form, and scale, if additions are necessary, but be less noticeable than original material, while at the same time being identifiable. Not be undertaken by conservators/restorers who are insufficiently trained or experienced, unless they obtain competent advice. However, it must be recognized that some problems are unique and have to be solved from first principles on a trialand-error basis.

5.3. Preparatory Procedures

Prior to conservation interventions, preparatory operations are required:

5.3.1. Inventories

At the national level, conservation procedures consist first of making an inventory of all cultural property in the country. This is a major administrative task for the government. It involves establishing appropriate categories of cultural property and recording them as thoroughly as possible, graphically and descriptively. Computers and microfilm records are valuable aids. A preliminary written study of each object or building is necessary in order to know and define it as a whole, which, in the case of architecture, includes its setting and environment. The present condition of the building or object must also be recorded. Documentation of these studies must be full and conscientious. Records and archives must be searched. In some countries, reliance may have to be placed on oral traditions, which should be recorded verbatim and included in the dossier created for each object or building.

5.3.2. Documentation

Complete recording is essential before, during, and after any intervention. In all works of preservation, repair, or excavation of cultural property there must always be precise documentation in the form of analytical and critical reports, illustrated with photographs and drawings. Every stage of the work of cleaning, consolidation, reassembly, and reintegration, including all materials and techniques used, must be recorded. Technical and formal features identified during the course of the work should also be included in the documentation. This record should then be placed in the archives of a public institution and made available to research workers. Finally, if the intervention can in any way serve to broaden general knowledge, a report must be published. Often in large projects it may take several years to write a scholarly report, so a preliminary report or series is desirable to

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Conservation of Bode inform the public and to maintain popular support. Documentation is essential because it must be remembered that the building or work of art will outlive the individuals who perform the interventions. To ensure the maximum survival of cultural property, future conservators/restorers must know and understand what has occurred in the past. (BAER, 1982)

5.4. Interventions

The intervention should be the minimum necessary. The techniques used depend upon the conditions of climate to which cultural property is likely to be subjected. These fall into three groups:   

Natural climatic and microclimatic conditions, which vary greatly and are virtually uncontrollable. Modified climatic conditions, such as those found in a normal building that forms an environmental spatial system with a partially self-adjusting modified climate. Conditions where humidity and temperature are controlled artificially to minimize dangerous variations. Ideally, the climatic control has been designed for the safety of the objects, rather than the comfort of the visitor.

Interventions practically always involve some loss of a "value" in cultural property, but are justified in order to preserve the objects for the future. Conservation involves making interventions at various scales and levels of intensity that are determined by the physical condition, the causes of deterioration, and the probable future environment of the cultural property under treatment. Each case must be considered individually and as a whole, taking all factors into account. Always bearing in mind the final aim, principles, and rules of conservation, seven degrees of intervention can be identified. However, in any individual conservation treatment, several degrees may take place simultaneously in various parts of the whole. The seven degrees are: • • • • • • •

Prevention of deterioration Preservation Consolidation Restoration Rehabilitation Reproduction Reconstruction

5.4.1. Prevention of Deterioration Prevention entails protecting cultural property by controlling its environment, thus keeping agents of decay and damage from becoming active. Neglect must also be prevented. Page 8

Conservation of Bode Therefore, prevention includes control of humidity, temperature, and light, as well as measures for preventing fire, arson, theft, and vandalism. In the industrial and urban environment, it includes measures for reducing atmospheric pollution, traffic vibrations, and ground subsidence from many causes, particularly abstraction of water.

5.4.2. Preservation

Preservation deals directly with cultural property. Its object is to keep it in the same state. Damage and destruction caused by humidity, chemical agents, and all types of pests and microorganisms must be stopped in order to preserve the object or structure.

Maintenance, cleaning schedules, good housekeeping, and good management aid preservation. Repairs must be carried out when necessary to prevent further decay and to keep cultural property in the same state. Regular inspections of cultural property are the basis of prevention. When the property is subjected to an uncontrollable environment, such inspections are the first step in preventive maintenance and repair.

5.4.3. Consolidation

Consolidation is the physical addition or application of adhesive or supportive materials into the actual fabric of cultural property in order to ensure its continued durability or structural integrity. In the case of immovable cultural property, consolidation may entail, for example, the injection of adhesives to secure a detached mural painting to the wall. Movable cultural property, such as weakened canvas paintings and works on paper, are often backed with new supportive materials.

With buildings, when the strength of structural elements has been so reduced that it is no longer sufficient to meet future hazards, the consolidation of the existing material is necessary, and new material may have to be added. However, the integrity of the structural system must be respected and its form preserved. No historical evidence should be destroyed. Only by first understanding how a historical building as a whole acts as a "spatial environment system" is it possible to make adjustments in favor of a new use, introduce new techniques satisfactorily, or provide a suitable environment for objects of art. The utilization of traditional skills and materials is of essential importance, as these were employed to create the object or building. However, where traditional methods are inadequate, the conservation of cultural property may be achieved by the use of modem techniques that should be reversible, proven by experience, and applicable to the scale of the project and its climatic environment. In buildings made of perishable materials, such as wood, mud, brick, or rammed earth, traditional materials and skills should be used for the repair or restoration of worn or decayed parts. Finally, in many cases it is wise to buy time with temporary measures in the hope that some better technique will evolve, especially if consolidation may prejudice future works of conservation.

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5.4.4. Restoration The object of restoration is to revive the original concept or legibility of the object. Restoration and reintegration of details and features occur frequently and are based upon respect for original material, archeological evidence, original design, and authentic documents. Replacement of missing or decayed parts must integrate harmoniously with the whole, but on close inspection must be distinguishable from the original so that the restoration does not falsify artistic or historical evidence.

Contributions from all periods must be respected. All later additions that can be considered as historical documents, rather than merely previous restorations, must be preserved. When a building includes superimposed work of different periods, revealing the underlying state can be justified only in exceptional circumstances: when the part removed is widely agreed to be of little interest, when it is certain that the material brought to light will be of great historical or archeological value, and when it is clear that its state of preservation is good enough to justify the action. Restoration also entails superficial cleaning, but with full respect for the patina of age.

5.4.5. Rehabilitation

Adaptive reuse of buildings, such as utilizing a medieval convent in Venice to house a school and laboratory for stone conservation or turning an eighteenth-century bam into a domestic dwelling, is often the only way that historic and aesthetic values can be made economically viable. It is also often the only way that historic buildings can be brought up to contemporary standards by providing modem amenities.

5.4.6. Reproduction

Reproduction entails copying an extant artifact, often in order to replace some missing or decayed, generally decorative, parts to maintain its aesthetic harmony. If valuable cultural property is being damaged irretrievably or is threatened by its environment, it may have to be moved to a more suitable environment. A reproduction is thus often substituted in order to maintain the unity of a site or building. For example, Michelangelo's sculpture of David was moved from the Pi"azza della Signoria, Florence, into a museum to protect it from the weather. A good reproduction took its place. Similar interventions were undertaken for the sculpture of the cathedrals of Strasbourg and Wells.

5.4.7. Reconstruction

Reconstruction of historic buildings and historic town centers using new materials may be necessitated by disasters such as fire, earthquake, or war, but reconstructions cannot have the patina of age. As in restoration, reconstruction must be based upon accurate documentation and evidence, never upon conjecture. In the case of a work of art, a stolen panel from the Ghent Altarpiece (ca. 1432) was replaced with an exact reproduction. Page 10

Conservation of Bode The reerection of · fallen stones · to create an accurate and comprehensive version of the original structure is a special type of reconstruction called "anastylosis. "

Moving entire buildings to new sites is another form of reconstruction that is justified only by overriding national interest. However, it entails some loss of essential cultural values and the generation of new environmental risks. The classic example is the temple complex ofAbu Simbel (XIX Dynasty, Egypt), moved to prevent its inundation by the Aswan High Dam. (Fielden, 1979)

6. Physical Aspect 6.1. Urban Form

The historic settlement Bode is situated on a high plateau stretched north-south on linear form. A spinal road runs through the middle of the settlement and transverse streets radiates from the spinal road at intervals leading to residential squares, alleys and quarters. Open spaces in the form of public squares are found at major junctions of these streets. The prime squares existing in the spinal road are Lachhi tole, Layakhu (Palace Square) Tole, Khanshi tole, Nilbarahi, Bhisnu Ghat and So on. There are mainly three types of built forms: (i) linear (street house); (ii) central courtyard type; and (iii) detached built form. The residential buildings have extensively decorated doors and windows and beautifully tiled overhanging roofs and brick facades.

6.2. Infrastructure: 6.2.1. Road:

LEGEND

Metallic Road Earthen Road Stone Paved Road Brick Paved Road Trails

Figure 2 Map showing types of road and finishes

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Conservation of Bode The existing road consist of the metallic road, earthen road, stone paved and brick paved roads. Paths are the channels along which the observer customarily, occasionally, or potentially moves. In the Bode settlement area, there are 3 distinctive types of pathways or roads, which are: • • •

Primary road- Metallic Road Secondary Road- Stone Paved Tertiary Road- Brick Paved

Figure 3 Roads of Bode

Characteristics: The layout of the Bode settlement has been arranged in Grid Iron Pattern. Straight pathways connecting roads from the alleys are observed. Peripheral roads are black topped roads and wider while stone paved and brick paved paths can be found in the settlement area of the Bode. Stone paved paths narrower than black topped road but wider than brick paved paths. Cement mortar has been used for stone pavement but no mortar has been used for brick pavement paths. Normally residential buildings can be found along the pathways but few wells can also be found beside the pathways inside the settlement. Either large open space or pond or temples are located at the junctions of the pathways.

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Proposed: The present conditions of the road are almost in good condition. Some of the alleys need maintenance works to be done. There should be a minimum unpaved area defined in bylaws within a plot for new constructions in Residential Developing zone so that area for ground water recharge is enhanced considering the importance of ground water in agriculture. For this the current bylaw of permission for constructing in the plot boundary if there is no window and door in the building should be revised. The left open space should not be paved and greenery should be maintained. As this old settlement should be preserved the vehicular movement can destroy its monuments as the old buildings are already in vulnerable state, so we have proposed the street layout for the vehicular and pedestrian movement. We have also proposed the community parking and community bus park at the Khapala Tole.

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Community Bus Park Community parking Figure 4 Proposed street layout

6.2.2. Waste water/sanitation: In Bode there were traditional open drains which use to discharge storm water into ponds or in agricultural fields. Later, when the settlements expanded, storm water drainage became one of the major problems. In the major old settlements, several drains were constructed with the support of Plan International and VDCs in last two decades. This Waste Water Management Plant was extended later by the municipality. There is a drainage system which links with every household and these drains are connected to the municipal drains. The provision of the side drain can be observed in every road in the core settlements. Where there is no side drain proper side drains should be provided and should be maintain at regular interval.

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Conservation of Bode

Figure 5 Road side drain

Figure 6 Manhole

For the proper sanitation there should be public toilet for tourist as well as local people. This will improve their hygiene and environment. We have proposed the public toilet at the Bishnughat area as there is already existed public toilet. This toilet should be maintained and the community members should be responsible for the maintenance of it.

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6.2.3. Water Supply: Bode settlement has several water bodies like stone water conduits, wells and ponds. But these water bodies are not sufficient for water supply. Water is supplied in this settlement through KUKL- Bode. There is also water treatment plant i.e. Bode water treatment plant at Nilbarahi through which water is purified and supplied throughout the settlement. Water is supplied daily in hourly basis. Before the water being supplied by KUKL was not sufficient, forcing them to buy from the tankers. After the construction of water treatment plant sufficient water supply can be seen in this settlement.

Figure 7 Water Conduit

For the further improvement in water management rainwater harvesting can be proposed in the Bode settlement as it is the good source of water for several non-drinking function as well. Page 16

Conservation of Bode

Figure 8 Rainwater harvesting system

6.2.4. Solid Waste Management: Solid wastes are the useless or unwanted materials that are generated from combined residential, industrial and commercial activities. Solid waste management is a system for handling the solid waste including municipal waste collection, recycling programs, dumps and incinerators. Even though the provision of solid waste management has been provided by the municipality, the dumping solid waste is done in the ponds, hills sides, at the Layaku area. Dustbins have not been provided at different places.Waste collection is generally considered to be the most important component of any waste management system because it is the most expensive and visible part of the system. Therefore, properly designed and executed waste collection systems can result in significant savings and reduction in environmental and public health risks.

Figure 9 Solid waste Diposal at hillside

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Moderat e waste

Severe waste Few waste

Very Few waste Figure 10 Waste condition according to Tole

For the management of solid waste in Bode settlement we can provide some policy which the people of bode should follow. As there in no dustbin at the street, we can provide dustbins at regular interval so that tourist as well as pedestrians can have easy accessibility to dispose wastes. Every household should be provided with separate dustbins for disposal of organic and inorganic waste. The organic waste produced from every household can be used for vermin composting to produce manure which useful to improve agricultural activities in this settlement. People of bode should collaborate with municipality to collect waste of the community and its proper management.

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Figure 11 Vermin composting and separate dustbin for organic and inorganic waste

6.2.5. Electricity and Communication: Electricity is provided in every household in Bode settlement by Nepal Electricity authority. There is no problem of shortage of electricity in this settlement. Provision of solar panel in street lights can reduce the consumption of electricity as well as reduce energy. POLE SOLAR TRANSFORMER

T

Figure 12 Existing electric and communication lines

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Figure 13 Solar panel street lights

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6.3. Streetscape: Streetscapes can be defined as the space between the buildings on either side of a street that defines the street’s character. Streetscapes are the principal link between public and private spaces. It is important that streetscapes are designed to reflect the character of the neighborhood and to offer a safe, comfortable environment for pedestrians. The elements of a streetscape that can be used to create such environments include building facades, landscaping, sidewalks, street paving, street furniture, signs, awnings, and street lighting.

i.

Buildings Design:

The streetscape of the building design comprises of the three principles:   

Building proportion Building mass Building height

The relationship of building width to height should be compatible with neighboring buildings along the same street. Building height, width, and relationship to adjacent structures should appear balanced. A building's mass should relate in shape and size to neighboring buildings. However, public buildings may have larger masses than adjacent buildings. In this case, larger scaled buildings should be designed sensitively to not overpower smaller adjacent structures. Other elements that define the streetscape of the building design are:   

ii.

Building material (façade and roof material) Building colors Architectural detail

Street furnishing:

Site furnishings, such as benches and trash receptacles, should be appropriately styled and scaled to complement building architecture and to reinforce the character of the streetscape. Streetscape furnishings and streetlights should coordinate with each other in style, color and finish. The design of the furnishing should support its function. For example, a trash receptacle should be large enough and be easy to dump. Benches should be designed for comfortable seating and not for sleeping.

iii.

Street light:

Exterior building and accent lighting can be used to highlight architectural features and bring buildings to life in the evening. Exterior building and accent lighting can also improve the pedestrian environment by helping to light the sidewalk. Page 21

Conservation of Bode

6.3.2. Proposal    

   

Proportion, mass and height should be considered during the construction of new buildings with respect to the traditional buildings. The façade of the building should use the traditional Dachi appa: with the traditional design. The doors and windows use should be wooden with decorative patters or lattice windows. The roof should be slope roof and the material should be jhingadi appa: or material that blend to the façade and traditional architecture. If not possible, in the form of skirting with wooden struts and “Chajjas”. The skyline of the building should be maintained by maintaining the building and floor height. Subsidy to be provided by the municipality while construction of the traditional building using traditional materials and technology. The colors used in the building should blend with the traditional building style, should not be flashy. The important architectural details such as decorative windows, doors, wooden struts etc of the building should be preserved and focused where important.

Figure 14 showing the replacement of the traditional elements in one of the streetscape of the building

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Conservation of Bode





The unique 2 storey height Sajhya at Lachhi tole in the form of deterioration needs the perseverance. Maintenance of such unique architectural features need to be done. Proper focus light to be provided and renovation of the surrounding element is also required to make it more appealing.

Demolition of the building shall be permitted only if the same design and technology of the building is reproduced.

Figure 15 Reconstructed traditional building al Lachhi tole.



Prohibition of exposure of waste water pipe.

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Conservation of Bode



Management of the dangling wires and electric poles to improve the aesthetic of the streetscape. Prohibition of the advertisement banners and wall posters.

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Figure 16 Dangling wires and unmanaged poles ruining the aesthetic of traditional building

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Figure 17 Few sketches of proposed building facades and streetscapes

i.

Street furnishings:

Street furniture are also one of the major component of the streetscape. These furniture should be functional and coordinate with the peripheral architectural styles. In case of the early times in the newari settlement pati and sattals were used as the resting place. Many sattals and pati have been converted into the closed space and has been occupied by guthi or used for some other cultural purposes. During our site visit we observed gathering of certain group of peoples and having their daily chat with their friends. These kinds of activities are making the squares and open spaces lively. Placement of the benches where appropriate and required and revival of the sattals and pati can add the aesthetic as well as functional requirement of the streetscape.

Figure 18 Provision on benches and chairs and plantation of vegetation in the open space

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Conservation of Bode

Figure 19 Provision of bences and flower pots around Nachhu tole.

Vegetation and greenery can also be incorporated by providing flower pots around the open spaces. Proper maintenance of these vegetation can add a pleasing environment to the surrounding space. The picture above shows the proposed open space with street furniture like benches and flower pot around the Nachhu tole. The pedestrians and the local peoples can enjoy the surrounding environment, gather around or rest.

ii.

Lighting

Exterior building and accent lighting can be used to highlight architectural features and bring buildings to life in the evening. It can focus on the important features of the building during the evening time. The aesthetic of the streetscape can be accentuated with proper play of the exterior light and street lights. Currently solar led panel light are located in various parts of Bode but these lights are of contemporary design and does not blend with the traditional architectural style of the surrounding. Also exterior lights on the buildings are also unmanaged and most of the times wires are exposed deteriorating the façade of the building.



Street light in Pacho tole overpowering the traditional pati. Rather than using modern design lamp, lamps that are compatible and can easily blend with the surrounding should be used.

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Conservation of Bode 

Discouraging the use of CFC bulbs that are visible, More use of the focus light are flood lights focusing on the details of the important architectural elements without creating the glare effect for the pedestrians.

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Conservation of Bode

7. Social Aspect 7.1. Demography At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 6364 with 1389 houses. Changes in Bode

Figure 20 Settlement at 1990s

Figure 21 Settlement at present

More than 90% of the total population of bode was engaged in agriculture. In the map of 1990s it is clear that the main settlement was surrounded with the agricultural land. But in the last three censuses the land has been used for housing development.

According to the census data of 2001 the population of bode was 7512 and according to the census of 2011 the population has been increased by 20.75% with 11,447 number of people. When we compare the demographic data of two censuses, at present scenario the population tends to increase in ward number 3 areas where we can also see the development of land plotting. Hence we can conclude that the settlement tends to increase on the east side i.e, Sintitar area of the main bode.

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Figure 22 2001 census data

Figure 23 2011 census data

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7.2. Caste Division: Various castes of people can be found in Bode. The caste has been divided into different toles as following:       

Khopa tole: chakraghar, sahukhal and kila Nachu tole: thapa, joshi, kila, pila, daa, bhui, sahu, bajracharya (gubhaju) Lachi tole: tha, dhon, Maka, jima, vansik, dhawaa, gooju, jyakhu, tannmi, aduwwa, kasa, bakhu, kila, dugu Dhuwa tole: dhoo, tha, duwa, nook, muyee, tuche Lakhuche tole: aduwa, hatti, bassh, nakarmi, sipahi, dhon, napit, thoosa, kusle Bishnughat tole: prajapati, sipahi, hona, jugi, sanche, dugu, tha, puwa, chipi Bhangu tole: yalya, vinduwa, jyoo, chipi, guji, pila, khanbu 8. Khasi tole: dhaubaji, kami, byaa, dali, chasi, khamu, khapaya, mastar, hyaa, lakhya, bhag, paa, chakraghar, sahukhal

7.3. Guthi

7.3.1. Existing Condition and Analysis There are various castes of people in Nepal, newar is one of them. The history of Guthi dates back to earlier than the Lichhavi Dynasty that ruled more than a thousand years ago in Nepal. The government established Guthi Sansthan in 1964 as a non-profit public corporation to take care of the land which belongs to temples and other cultural heritages. The Guthi used to organise social festivities as part of its programme to preserve ancient rituals, besides carrying out renovation work of temples and heritage sites. Numbers of guthi are introduced to handle the cultural activities of newar community. Under madyapur municipality, ward number 1, 2 and 3 combine to form bode on which there are approximately 15 guthies works on. They are listed as de guthi, gaju guthi, nara guthi, paschahey guthi, dhimaya guthi, sata guthi, Sali guthi, dhon guthi, pasta guthi, yosi guthi, chaja guthi, etc. 1. Pasta guthi: One of the important guthi of Bode that works on the bisket jatra. All the musical instruments are handle by pasta guthi. 2. Taleju guthi: This is one of the important guthi in Bode. This guthi works on different jatras and festivals. This Guthi have 5.5 Ropani of land. Important festivals celebrated on Bode under Taleju guthi:  

Chaswa puja : This puja is conducted in astami after Guru prunima. Buffalo leg throwing festival: This festival is celebrated in lachitole in the lachi pukhu. Four leg of buffalo is thrown on the pond (pukhu) and the one who succeed to swim and catch the leg would get reward from the taleju guthi. After this festival is finished festival of gaijatra is started. Page 31

Conservation of Bode 

   

Nilbarahi dance: This festival is celebrated on the next day of gaijatra. Municipality have provided Nrs 40000 from last 2 year but guthi claims its not even sufficient for one goddess to perform riturals before dance. And guthi also claims that they have to provide bill of 60000 to get Nrs.40000. Indra jatra : Two Ganesh chariot is worshiped and travel through different part of bode Indra Jatra. Dashain: Various animals are scarified in lyayeku tole. And then the kumari temple of lachi tole is worshipped. Chir sthapana: This is celebrated at the end of falgun. Puja is performed in Mahalaxmi Temple with sacrifice of a cock. Navadurga pooja: After Thila purnima navadurga dance is invited in bode. This guthi performs pooja during this dance. For this pooja NRS.200 is provided to Guthi and its insufficient to the guthi. (source: Yetihashik Sahar Bode: Ek Parichaye)

3. Paschare guthi: This guthi works under the festival of godhe jatra when the mahalaxmi pooja is done. There are only 14 members in this Guthi now. 4. Gajur guthi: This guthi looks after the rites during the sikhi manha punima panchami. There is only 4 people in this guthi and this guthi have 4 ropani of land. 5. Chakmata Guthi: This guthi looks after the worship of mahalaxmi during the end of Chaitra. This Guthi have 4-5 ropani of land. 6. Kumari Guthi: This guthi conducts puja for the goddess kumari according to religious norms. There are six guthiyar in this guthi. 7. Shee Guthi: This guthi is responsible for conducting proper funeral rites for the population of Bode. 8. Mila Guthi: This guthi is responsible for conducting the rites for marriage and bratamanda.

Regarding the economic aspects of the Guthi, it is run by the incomes of land (if any) and collective contribution of the members. If the Guthi has land property, then it is rented to certain individuals (usually from the same Guthi) and the revenue collected is reserved in budget and used for Guthi activities and rituals. But, after the land reform act of Government in 1964, the tenants were benefited as it gave more power to them and the rent they have to pay was minimized to a great extent. Additionally, most lands owned by the Guthi were either privatized by the tenants or seized by the Government itself . After the introduction of land reform act, very few Guthi institutions were left with land properties to depend on for the budget. In other cases, the money required for functioning of the Guthi is collected from the Guthiyaars. All the members have to pay fees as specified by the working committee. Additionally, absence of the members in the Guthi rituals and meetings also result into some fines, which also goes on to the budget. It’s the responsibility of working committee to manage and fix the budget for each activity of the Guthi round the year (Dangol, 2010)

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Conservation of Bode All above mention guthis makes life of people in bode easy through the operation as per their responsibility. At present time all of these guthis are facing the problem for operation which is primarily due to poor financial condition of the guthis. Cause of the poor financial condition primarily due to the encroachment of the lands of guthis. Land is the primary source of income for guthi. Due to the encroachment of the land financial condition is degrading and guthis facing hard times to operate them. Another reason is the lack of interest of youths in the operation of guthis. Youths are losing interest in the operation of guthi and also it is cause by the migration of youths to nearby towns and abroad for the job opportunity.

Third reason is due to the lack of attention by the government organization “Guthi sansthan”. It can be seen that guthi sansthan is not paying proper attention in this place which is resulted in such condition.

7.3.2. Proposal

Firstly these guthis and its activities in bode area should be monitored and managed by a single organization which will work in co-ordination with municipality. This will help guthis in bode to manage their works properly. It will also help in coordinating problems related to guthis with government and to come out with solution

It was found that lands of guthis in bode has been encroached by different individuals and organizations. For this at first the land with their proper proofs and records should be searched and compiled. Which will help to get proper knowledge of the amount of land and property of guthi. If they had been encroached then they shall be gained back with close coordination with government. For this an organization mention in above paragraph will be good idea. The existing land and the land acquired form above process can be rented to different organization so that the income of the guthi can be stabilized and they can perform well. 

Guthi should be flexible in its rites and rituals according to change of time. For example after intercaste marriage there are some restriction seen in guthi for new generation and these type of rituals should be changed according to time.  Guthi should also function as new organization for example many guthi have only one rituals to be performed in a year. During its inactive period guthi should work as cooperative so it will help to uplift economic condition of people.  To attract new generation in Guthi, guthi should encourage new generation to share their views to develop feeling of belonging.  Delay in action against encroachment of land owned by Guthi across Bode has led to serious threat of extinction of century-old cultures and rituals so strict law should be enforced to prevent such activities. Proper documentation of guthi property should be done for legal ownership.  The wise and educated people have to pay attention towards the usefulness or appropriateness of guthis in the modern context. Page 33

Conservation of Bode 

The study of the present status of the guthi is generally taken lightly as a means or opportunity of eating and drinking in the form of feasts. One of the suggestions for reform may be not to make feast in a pompous scale. This may reduce the amount of contribution and the feast can be arranged in an easy manner.  Another suggestion may be to register the existing guthi in a legal manner and to conduct it in the form of a trust without affecting its cultural as well as religious significance.  The income of the guthi must also be channelised towards the development of Bode’s culture, development of the society and to improve the strength of guthi itself.  People who are conversant with the philosophy of guthis have to be made aware about the knowledge of guthis among the youths of new generation. This may require launching of new programmes that may attract youths.  Guthi Sansthan has to devote attention towards generating income or increasing budget allocation for the continuation of guthis.  The present status of guthis is degrading. If we can make the youths aware with the importance of our traditional culture, religion, and the Newars indigenous culture hidden in guthis in time, the old tradition may survive.

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8.

Cultural Aspects

Cultural Heritage is an expression of the ways of living developed by a community and passed on from generation to generation, including customs, practices, places, objects, artistic expressions and values. Cultural Heritage is often expressed as either Intangible or Tangible Cultural Heritage (ICOMOS, 2002). Cultural heritage includes tangible culture (such as buildings, monuments, landscapes, books, works of art, and artifacts), intangible culture (such as folklore, traditions, language, and knowledge.

8.1 Intangible Culture

"Intangible cultural heritage" consists of non-physical aspects of a particular culture, often maintained by social customs during a specific period in history. Intangible heritage includes voices, values, traditions, oral history. Popularly this is perceived through cuisine, clothing, and forms of shelter, traditional skills and technologies, religious ceremonies, performing arts, storytelling. Intangible cultural heritage is more difficult to preserve than physical objects.

8.1.1. Existing Condition and Analysis

Festivals, Music and Dance are the intangible heritage resources of Bode. The Newar community celebrates many festivals and cultural programmes and performs religious dances. Besides Bisket Jatra, other important festivals of Bode are: Tongue piercing festival, Bisket Jatra, Jal Thanegu, Buffalo leg throwing, Gathan Mugah, Gunla Dharma, Gunhu Punhi, Pancha Dan, Yanya Punhi, Mohani, Swanti, Sakimila Punhi, Bala Chahre, Yomari Punhi, Ghayh Chaku Sanhlhu, Swasthani Bakhan Kanegu, Pulikisi Jatra, Shree Panchami, Sila Chahre and Holi Punhi, Swanya Punhi, Sithi Nakhah . It is also popular for traditional, classical and folk music and dances. On the occasion of different festivals, various music, dances and cultural events take place. The cultural programs are associated with the religious, social and cultural life of the people. Some of the important dances are: Mahakali Dance, Nil Barahi Dance. These intangible heritages are important asset for Bode, however, since past few years, the festivals, music and dances are not being practiced regularly by the community and are disappearing gradually.

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Conservation of Bode

8.1.1.1. Nilbarahi Dance It is also known as Mahakali dance which falls every year on Bhadra, celebrated from Bhadra second to fifth of lunar calender. It is also called Nilbarahi Gananach as 19 gods and goddess are involved i.e. bhairab-1, barahi-4, kumara-4, singha-4, Dwarpal-2, ganesh-4,and rest others. Neel Barahi Pyakhan is a sacred mass dance which is shown over 4 days in different parts of Bode. 19 Persons representing the town's guardian pantheon take part in dance performance. Music is provided by a 27 piece traditional orchestra. The ceremony invokes peace and harmony, and is dedicated to the deity Neel Barahi who's temple is located in a jungle outside Bode. Page 36

Conservation of Bode

Figure 24 Some Glimpses of the festivval

Legend Once upon a time, a person (Dho caste) working in a field named chulicha area, the downhill of Nilbarahi temple, was taught by Nilbarahi goddess for 4 days in the ground of temple complex. The dance was started from theses caste. It is believed that the people of ‘dho’ caste still has the jwellery given by the goddess in their house and those who dare to see these jewellery will suffer from bad times. Route of Dance

The route of the dance started from Agamche and continued to Lachitole, Layaku, Bishnughat, Bhangutole, Khasitole, Khaplatole, Nachutole and then back again to Lachitole and then Agamche.

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Conservation of Bode

Figure 25 Jatra Route of Nilbarahi Dance

In the year of changing group so called ‘Gan ferne’ of NilBarahi dance, the dance is performed in changunarayan, Bhaktapur, Nagadesh, Deupatan also which shows the cultural linkages of bode with other cities.

8.1.1.2 Bisket Jatra and Tongue Pirecing Festival

It is one of the most important festivals of Bode. It is celebrated in Baisakha (April) on the occasion of New Year. It starts from the last day of chaitra and ends on 3rd Baisakha. The erection of lingo is done on the premise of Mahalaxmi temple of Bhangutole.

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Conservation of Bode

Figure 26 Some glimpses of tongue piercing festival

At the night of 1st day all eat bhoj and "Guse" i.e. wood broght from forest of Neelbarahi is burnt. So this day is called "Guse chhua kegu".

Men drag a chariot carrying a statue of god Bhairabrath all around Bhaktapur. Along with this chariot, another chariot carrying God Ganesh, Goddesses Mahakali and Maha Laxmi are also pulled along. Local people approach theses chariots with Puja items for worshipping gods and goddesses. At the night of the second day, all the "Rath" of the dieties are carried to the temple of Kumari and are returned back and put in front of Ganesh Mandir. One of the male of each family takes "chirag" on their hand and attends the occasion. On the morning of third day people go to the Ganesh temple and worship all the dieties. This day is celebrated by playing with "Abir"( Abir Jatra).

Bisket jatra of bode is popular in name of Tongue piercing festival. Tongue piercing festival is observed on the second day of the Nepalese New year. It starts four days prior to New Year initiated from the daily special worship of Nilbarahi which is followed by kumara puja and mahalaxmi puja respectively. The practice of this ritual is believed to reserve a special seat in heaven for a tongue-pierced individual.

A village man of high caste has a thin metal spike thrust through his tongue by the temple’s priest. The penitent then parades around town bearing a bamboo rack of oil lamps. After returning to the temple, the spike is removed and packed with mud scrapped off the temple’s floor. After this, seven chariot of Bisket Jatra roams around Bode. These seven no. of chariots i.e. Ganesh-3, Nilbarahi-2, mahalaxmi-1, Kumar-1 are worshipped near by the Pancho Ganesh temple behind Layaku. Page 39

Conservation of Bode If no blood flows, it is a sign that he has earned great religious merit for himself and the entire town by offering his body to the goddess. If blood flows it is considered inauspicious, and a bad sign for the coming year. The spike is then bolted on the wall of Ganesh temple nearby Mahalaxmi temple in Bhagu tole. Legend

Ghost and demons, friends of nilbarahi used to scare people of bode. So, the people of bode started searching for dhami jhakri to get rid of these ghosts. Fortunately, they met Bhimadutta karmacharya for solving their problem by tantric method. He captured one demon and the demon was tortured by cutting hair, tearing clothes, piercing tongue and carrying heavy logs. After promises made by the demon, needle was taken out from the tongue and placed in Mahalaxmi temple. Aggressive Nilbarahi came in the dream of Bhimadutta for tourturing his friend (demon). To cool down the aggressive goddess Nilbarahi chyama puja is organized in Maha laxmi temple a day before tongue piercing event. After that Bhimadutta continued this procession with the local people Route of Tongue piercing Festival

The procession starts from Layaku and then it goes to Kumari tole, Bishnughat, Bhangu Tole, Khasi Tole, Debu Tole, Khapla Tole, Nachu Tole, Lachhi Tole and finally to Bhagu Tole (Mahalaxmi Temple)

Figure 27 Route of Tongue Pirecing Festival

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Conservation of Bode

8.1.1.3 Pouring Local Beer “Jal Thanegu” Ceremony In Baishak 1st yearly, a pit inside Mahalaxmi temple is made full by pouring local beer. This kind of ritual works as a prediction tool in forecasting rainfall. It is believed that if the pit is made full from 4-5 vessels of the beer, that year will get adequate rainfall and little price escalation ,and in case if the pit is not made full even with pouring of more than 20 vessels of local beer, that year will get less rain fall and more price escalation. Based on this assumption, the farmers of the Bode do the rice seedling.

Figure 28 Mahalaxmi temple

8.1.1.4 Tradition of Throwing Buffaloes Leg This kind of ritual is done yearly on the evening of Gai jatra festival. In this festival, legs of four no. of buffaloes are thrown, as a food for the ghosts residing, in the pond located south of Narayan temple in Lachhi tole. It is believed that the soul of dead people used to visit their relatives in the day of Gai Jatra and the ghosts residing in the pond used to attack theses souls. So, this kind of ritual is done in order to divert the ghost’s attention from the soul of dead people as they are busy in eating the buffaloes’ legs. This pond also has social significance having healing potential to many diseases like healing dryness of skin, eyes problem, and curing of cry-baby.

Figure 29 Pond in Lachhi tole

Figure 30 Narayan temple in Lachhi tole

8.1.1.5 Funeral Route The funeral route of the dead people of the Bode is through the north western gate of the Bode located in Layaku tole and way from the area of the Kalika Temple to Ghat located nearby Manohara River in the North West.

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Conservation of Bode

Figure 31 Exit Gate of funeral from city of Bode

Figure 32 Kalika Temple

8.1.2 Challenges, Trends & Potentials of Intangible Cultural Heritage It is very hard for people (who become god and goddess) to live their life in extraordinary state i.e in pure sacred life style and the people who once became Bhairab should not have to leave his home town even for a single night in any case.

There is decline in the number of participants in the dancing ceremony. The trend of out migration of youth to foreign countries for better economic lifestyle is the main root causes of loss of attraction of new generation towards the continuity of rituals. These intangible heritages are the important asset for Bode, however, since past few years, the festivals, music and dances are not being practiced regularly by the community and are disappearing gradually.

8.1.3 Proposal to save cultural heritage

Cultural heritage is the identity of the place. As Bode is a tradional newari town and have potential for cultural and agro tourism its cultural heritage should be saved. As there is decline in the number of youth in this cultural ceremony , youths should be encouraged to join these cultural ceremony and there is need of many changes in rules and regulation to perform cultural ceremony and the rules and regulation of these ceremony to attract youths.

8.2. Tangible Heritage

8.2.1. Monument Inventory i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix.

x.

Nacchu Tole Bhangu Tole Lakhuchhe Tole Kumari Tole Khapala Tole Lacchi Tole Bishnughat Tole Dyabu Tole Pachho Tole Chaitya Complex

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Conservation of Bode

i.

Nacchu Tole

Figure 33 Location map of Nachhu tole .

Nachhu tole consists of various monuments within its vicinity. Some of the main monuments are the Ganesh temple, Shivalinga, Pukhu and Patti.It consists of open space with pond in the middle surrounded by residential house also consists of a public well .In present scenario, only few buildings here are now traditional buildings. Most of the residential buildings here are already built in RCC design or being built in frame RCC design. Some buildings are also mixed type i.e they have added floors in the traditional building in new building techniques.

Figure 34: View of Nachhu tole from different angles.

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Conservation of Bode

A. Ganesh Temple

Figure 35: Location of Ganesh temple.

Figure 36: Ganesh temple at Lachhu tole .

The shrine was constructed by the late Indra Kumar Joshi around year 2035 B.S.(1098 NS, 1978 AD).It is a Small enclosed structure of this deity has been reconstructed with new construction material .The shrine is made of bricks on cement mortar. It stands on a square base and it rises uniformly up from where it receives flat layer of brick slightly projected.

Above this, there are bricks receding upwards forming paramedical roof that terminates on a stone finial on top. An arched niche is marked by half-niche brick projected on sides. The niche houses an icon of Ganesh leaning against inner wall. The side walls have a smaller alcove on each. A bell and an oil lamp are hung at corners.

B. Narayan Shrine Description:

Narayan shrine is located in Nachhu tole in the middle of the Nachhu pukhu .It is open styled shrine that dates back to: 2005 B.S. (1068 NS, 1948) The shrine consists of two icons of Narayan originally shifted from two different shrine to the west of the pond. One can see the fragment of finial from the original shrine of the icon was very close to the present Ganesh shrine. The pond was also larger and its boundary stretched close to the well leaving only a narrow passage around it.

Figure 37: Narayan shrine located in the center of Nachhu pukhu.

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Conservation of Bode

ii.

The shrine is located to the centre of the pond at Nachhutole linked by a passage, which is protectd by metal railings. It is standing on a square base with two icons; one a stamba (pillar) and another sharing the same platform just in front of the pillar. The plat form is made of bricks and has receeding layers of Chikan appa on top.

Bhangu Tole

Figure 38: location map of Bhangu tole.

This tole consists of Mahalakshmi Temple courtyard . Main events of Bisket Jatra is carried out in this courtyard . Courtyard consists of temple of Mahalakshmi and images of Ganesh , Nriteshwor , Mahakal and Stupa. The erection of lingo is done on the premise of Mahalaxmi temple of Bhangutole.

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Conservation of Bode

Figure 39: Different views of Bhangu tole .

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Conservation of Bode A. MAHALAKSHMI temple Location : Bhangu Tole

Style : Two tiered temple

Constructed : 17th century Deity : Mahalakshmi Sect : Shakta

Records : 1739 and 1628

Figure 40 Location map of Mahalakshmi temple, Bode.

Description:

This two storey brick temple has quite elaborate facade. The entrance to the sanctum consists of a latticed doorway with torana of Mahalakshimi. The latticed window balcony just below the first tile roof is supported by struts carved with the Ashtamtrikas, similar to those supporting the upper roof. There are finials on both tile roofs, in the courtyard are images of Mahakshami, Ganesh, Nriteshvar ,Mahakal and a stupa . The temple was built during the seventeenth century. According to the inscriptions, the guthi established in 1739 and the tympanum added in 1628. The priest is a Bajracharya . Its festival occurs on the second day of Baisakh

Figure 41: Old view and present view of Mahalaxmi temple.

Cultural Value: This temple holds various legends that has made this temple one of the important landmarks of Bode.In Baishak 1st yearly, a pit inside Mahalaxmi temple is made full by pouring local beer. The famous tongue piercing jatra of Bode is carried out here. Page 47

Conservation of Bode Present condition: 2015 earthquake has caused severe damage to temple and to protect it from getting further damaged support have been provided with wooden struts. Various new renovation techniques have been used in this building. B. GANESH TEMPLE

This temple is one storey structure with main sanctuary open. The structure is supported on four wooden pillars supporting the roof. The pillars are beautifully carved .It consists of finial on tiled roof. The needle that is pierced on Bisket jatra is nailed to this temple.

Figure 42: Pierced needle bolted to the temple.

Figure 44: Current view of Ganesh temple.

Figure 43: Location map of Ganesh temple.

C. Nriteshvar Temple

Figure 45: Location of Nritehsvar temple..

Figure 46:View of Nriteshvar temple

The temple stands on a rectangular base and rises almost uniformly from the ground where it receives a multi-layered terracotta cornice band and then simply slopes upward to receive a squat neck. The finial consists of a stone gajure. The niche opening is outlined with a stone frame. The arched stone block has five god icons with Nrityanath, on top

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Conservation of Bode center and Ganesh and Kumar at bottom. Different Astamangalas have also been carved. The silastambha of the entrance frame interestingly shows close similarity with the temple posts of Mahalaxmi temple. The niche houses a stone Chheppu inside. This chheppu encloses 21” long stone lifted from the floor and below this stone occur three holes made onto rear wall. Two small niches are made on sidewalls. A bell is hanging from the ceiling. Use:

Nrityanath, in Hindu philosophy, is an incarnation of Mahadev and is worshipped as the master of all music and dances. It is of special significance for the commencement and closing of Nilbarahi Dance each year. It receives mass pooja from the dance at Yanta dwadasi (two days before Indrajatra). Besides, it also receives an auspicious pooja at the time of renewing the whole set of dance group which has its own established norms Tantricism. D. Mahakal

Figure 47Location of Mahakal

Figure temple

48:View

of

Nriteshvar

The shrine is inside a niche carved into the boundary wall, between Ganesh and Nrityanath. The niche isoutlined with arched brickwork plastered. It houses an icon of Mahankal standing on baital. An oil lamp is fixed on left sidewall of niche. The top of the wall, where this icon is enshrined, has a string of stone blocks withinscriptions. Earlier the stones were laid on the platform beside the Bhajan Phalcha.

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Conservation of Bode E. Chaitya

Figure 49: Location of Chiatya.

Figure 50:Picture of Chaitya.

Inscription found beside the western niche suggests that the stupa was constructed by JayaChand and his family. The upper parts above dome resemble its character with Licchavi chaitya and might be older than the date of inscription. The brass encasing for the western niche was donated by a Joshi Family. The chaitya stands on a platform. The square base of the chaitya rises uniformly up from the platform where it receives a roof-like band that slightly projects from the wall surface. It gently slopes upward and flattens on top to receive dome. There is a small conical mass at the base of dome representing small finial for the niches. The dome is almost hemi spherical and receives the finial. Here the finial is a complete (miniature) chaitya on itself resembling the Lichhavi prototypes. All the chaitya structure is white washed. The base of the chaitya has four niches on the cardinal direction. Each of these niches houses an icon of Tahgatas The chaitya receives numerous devotees on Buddhist festivals.

iii.

Lakhuchhe Tole

Figure 51: Location of Lakhuchhe tole .

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Conservation of Bode A. Mahalaxmi shrine

Description: Shrine of Mahalaxmi is located in Lakhuche tole. This shrine dates back to 16-17th century and built with stone. It lies on the middle of T-junction of the streets. It consists of flat a chheppu structure Framed up by a stone lining. A flat stone occurs below it. Small circular engravings are carved into the outer stone frame. Use:It is one of the significant shrines during Nilbarahi Dance (Dyo pyakhan). Special pooja is done during Baishakh Sankranti. Figure 52: View of Mahalaxmi Shrine at Lakhuchhe tole.

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Conservation of Bode B. Bhairab Shrine

Description: Shrine of Bhairab is located in Lakuchhen tole . It is an open shrine made of stone .The oil lamp railing is said to be contributed by the sons of late Kulman Hona.The shrine is simply a rectangular stone laid on the ground. It is surrounded by a row of oil lamps nailed to the timber member supported on timber posts of small sections.

iv.

Figure 53 View of Bhairab Shrine at Lakhuchhe tole.

Kumari Tole

Figure 54: Location of Kumari tole .

Kumari tole is located to the west side of Bode. It is basically lies outside the core settlement area. It constitutes of goddess Kalika along with Stone spouts, Chautara and Patti. Since it lies in the entry area to bode core settlement area elements like stone spouts, Page 52

Conservation of Bode patti and chautara is located here as the visitors will have space to rest and water to quench thirst before entering the town. o o o o o o o

A. Kalika Temple

Location:Kumaritole , Kalikasthan Style : One tiered temple Constructed : 1698 Renovated : 1963

Deity : Goddess Kalika Sect : Shakta

Records :1698

Figure 55 Location map of Kalika temple, Bode.

Description

This is one of the historic temples of Bode. A silapatra mentions that its original pith (open shrine) structure was transformed to tiered temple during the reign of Naresh Malla. He also formed a Guthi for repair and maintenance of the temple. This small single tiered temple has an open sanctum that is guarded by a pair of lions and has a tympanum showing Kalika. Above the carved cornice line are struts depicting the matrikas. There is a finial on top of the tile roof. The single-tired temple stands on a brick platform with stone lining on top. Double ring of oil lamps supported on separate timber members circumscribe the temple. A brass peacock motif mounted on concrete pillar is placed at front of the entrance. According to the inscription the temple was built in 1698 by Bekha Bhari prabhriti . It was renovated in 1963 by Lakshman Dittha Shreshtha . Its festival occurs on the second day of Baisakh .

Figure 56: Current view of Kalika Temple.

Figure 57 Old view of Kalika temple

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Present condition

Since it is located outside the settlement area it is more vulnerable to theft so for the protection metal bars have been installed. Though it increases the security level it has degraded the aesthetic appearance of the temple

The building materials have been replaced by new ones .Sundried bricks have been replaced by fired burnt bricks. Colorful paint have also been applied to some of the elements of the temple. Many new small buildings have come up in the open area around this temples. The structures are also follows new construction techniques that is completely out of frame with respect to Traditional temple of Kalika .New Patti have also been constructed which is RCC structure Earrthquake have not effected this monument much. Use:

The temple is one of the Matrica temples in Bode and possesses historic importance. It receives pooja in every important festivals. It observes special day in Bisket Jatra and the precinct become really colourful and exciting with chariots jatra among thousands of people in late night of Bhaisakh 1st and in afternoon of Bhaishakh 2each year. B. Pati

Figure 58Location of Patti at Kumari tole .

Patti in Kumari tole is now being encroached by family .They have used the patti area for residential purpose. In the old structure they have filled it with brick walls for room.The older elements like the struts. than, roof needs to be renovated ..

C. Hiti

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Conservation of Bode

Water in hiti is usually charged by Rajkulos . But hiti here in Kumari tole has been fitted with a tap that is connected to a water storage tank. Figure 59 Picture of Hiti near Kalika temple

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Conservation of Bode

v.

Khasi Tole

Figure 60: Location of Khasi tole .

Khasi tole is an important tole of Bode. This tole is also approachable from Bhangu tole .This tole consists of big open space with various monuments .The open space consists of a pond named Khashi.There also is a small Shiva linga in the middle of the pond placed upon the bridge. The main monuments of this tole area is Nilbarahi and Dwalpar. This tole has many cultivable land around it There is also a public well and chiba in the open space of the tole . I.

o o o o o o o

Nilbarahi

Location:Khasi tole

Style : One tiered temple Constructed : 1696

Renovated :After 1934 Deity : Nilbarahi Sect : Shakta

Records :1696

Figure 61 Location map of Nilbarahi

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Conservation of Bode Description

The sanctum of this small single tiered temple is open. Four pillars support the roof above. The struts are carved with the Ashtamatrikas .The sanctum area is located in a raised platform .In the sanctum area imaged of Nilbarahi and Mahakal . According to the stone inscription the temple was built in 1696 by Sahadev Prabhirit . It was renovated in 1934 by the local people. Its festival is on the second day of Baisakh .

Figure 62Old view of Nilbarahi Temple.

Figure 63Current view of Nilbarahi temple

Present Condition

Various elements of this miniature temple has been renovated. Jhinati tiled roof have been replaced with metal plates and also color has been applied. The finial on the top also have been colored. The small wall surface behind the deity’s sanctum has been renovated with new bricks. Orange wall paint have been applied to the raised platform. Presently construction materials is being stored near this temple which has created a disturbance to the view .Picture of Dyo ma is hung to this temple. The temple had collapsed in 1990 BS (1054 AD, 1934 AD) and has been restored consequently. The super structure of the temple is supported on four wooden posts and opens on four sided. The icon of Nilbarahi is leaned against the core wall and is lifted from the floor. Use:

There is another ceremonial icon of this temple safely placed in house of Guthi members, which has rich ornaments. This is brought to this temple once a year during Bisket jatra and carried in chariots for making tour of festive route.

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Conservation of Bode II.

Pati

Figure 64 View of Pati along with the view of open space in Khasi tole

III.

Figure 65Location of Pati of Khasi tole.

It presently is being used to store chariots of god. Construction material is in intact and earthquake has not effected much on this structure. Some bricks have been replaced by new ones.

Dwalpal

The shrine is the replica of Dwalpal shrine located at Tikani Nilbarahi. The shrine consists of stone chheppuva with a lion guard.

Another icon of Mahankal stands beside the chheppuva and facing north. It is enclosed on three sides by low height brick wall. The sidewalls are simply sloped back up from the ground. The rear wall again slopes upward from this level Forming its apex at the midpoint of the wall. The apex is accentuated by a stone gajur. The entire wall surface is cement plastered. A stone lamp stand is also found inside.

Figure 66: Picture of Dwapal shrine at Khasi tole .

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vi.

Chaitya complex

Figure 67: Location of Chaitya complex.

Description :

Chaitya complex is located in the north side of Bode core settlement area.

When astrologists were forecasting the divesting end of the world due to a deorbited comet colliding with earth, at that time Dyoma(Krishna Maya Sahukhala) is said to be involved in consultation with the divine force to find the measure for avoiding the bitter circumference as per there commendation the Mahachaitya wasconstructed.

Figure 68: Current scenario of Chaitya complex.

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Conservation of Bode a. Harati Mata Shrine

It is a part of Mahchaitya complex. It is later addition to the chaitya complex. This temple holds the deity Harati Mata .The double-tired shrine is raised uniformly. The entrance opening is made of a timber frame with grilled shutter.

Figure 69:Harati mata shrine .

b. Ganesh-Mahankal shrine

This open shrine has a rectangular base above which has two arched niches within the chaitya complex. These niches are formed of 14”Brickwork. The icon of Ganesh and Mahankal are simply pasted on its wall with the these niches is marked by stone gajures. It painted in color red and white.

Figure 70: Ganesh - Mahankal shrine.

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Conservation of Bode c. Bajrayogini

This is a single tiered concrete shrine. It is raised on square base with projection of 2’0” roof from the wall surface and Struts are intentionally avoided. Opening to this shrine is grilled for protection of images of god and goddesses.

Figure 71: Bajrayogini

d. Amoghsidhi

It has an arched niche mounted on a brick pillar. The icon of Amoghsidhi is simply stabbed on the wall of the niche. A nagpasha band is formed out of plaster band. A hanuman figure mounted on separate pillar is also found beside the shrine.

Figure 72: Amoghsidhi

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Conservation of Bode e. Mahadev shrine

The two tired concrete shrine of Mahadev rests on four pillars and grilled entrance opening is made in all four sides.

Figure 73: Mahadev Shrine.

f. Radhakrishna shrine It is raised on a square base and has a slab projection that holds on a rectangular base for finial. Finial is constituted by three gajur.

Figure 74: RadhaKrishna Shrine .

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Conservation of Bode g. Mayadevi shrine The temple is raised uniformly from the ground where it has a slab roof projection. The roof slopes upward and terminates on a base for finial. The finial is constituted by a single gajur with a trisul.

Figure 75: Mayadevi shrine.

h. Shakyamuni shrine

The shrine has a rectangular base and raised uniformly with a slab projects beyond the wall and is lifted up at corners.

Figure 76: Shakyamuni shrine

i.

Shrine of Dhartimat-BuddhaNarayan-Saraswati-Shiva Linga

The shrine is a bit older than the Mahachaitya. It was installed by Krishna Maya Sahukhala.

Figure 77:Dhartimat-Buddha-Narayan-Saraswati-Shiva Linga

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Conservation of Bode

vii.

Khapala Tole

Figure 78 Location of Khapala Tole

Figure 79 Chautari & traditional Newari house in Khapala Tole

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Conservation of Bode It serves as the entry tole to Bode. Due to the character of tole such as traditional houses, stone pavement there is sense of entry to traditional settlement of Bode. There is a Chautara, Pati, Chaitya etc in this area. Since it has an open area, the space has been used for storing of construction material and parking. The peepal tree has its own importance. It is believed that the peepal trees are placed in entry portion because there is a saying that whenever people walk from there it represents as blessings to those people. Also there are many benefits of a peepal tree for our health.

Figure 80 Khapala Tole

A. Chaitya Location: Khapala Tole, Bode Style: Chaitya

Sect: Buddhism

Description:

Figure 81 Location map of Chaitya, Khapala Tole

The chaitya is worshipped on daily basis by the locals. Every year during the Busa Dan of the chaitya there is puja. During the time of Busa Dan, the family coats the chaitya with oil to prevent degradation. During special occasions, oil lamps are lit around the chaitya. Present Condition: The chaitya is in good condition. Due to worshipping, the chaitya has tika.

Figure Chaitya

82

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Conservation of Bode

B. Chaitya & Dyo Maa Idol Location: Khapala Tole, Bode Style: Idol

Figure 83 Location Map of Chaitya and Dyo Maa Idol

Description:

Figure 84 Chaitya & Dyo Maa Idol

The chaitya is worshipped on daily basis by the locals. Every year during the Busa Dan of the chaitya there is puja. During the time of Busa Dan, the family coats the chaitya with oil to prevent degradation. Dyo maa is worshipped as living deity as incarnation of different god in Newar Communities. It is a special case of Bode that the idol of Dyo maa has been established and worshipped as well that is approx. 25 yrs old.

C. Sattal Location: Khapala Tole, Bode

Style: Two storey monument Figure 85 Location map of Sattal, Khapala Tole

Description:

It serves as a resting and gathering place for everyone. During special occasions, musical instruments are played here. On the first floor it houses the youth club meetings of Bode.

The sattal has been renovated and built using RCC technology. The are no pictures of the past to know about the style and compare the present sattal

Figure 86 Sattal, Khapala Tole

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Conservation of Bode

viii.

Lachhi Tole

Figure 87 Location of Lachhi Tole

Lachhi Tole consists of different temples of Bhairab, Bhimsen, Vasundhara, Ganesh, Mahankal, Shiva, Chaityas and Manjusri. The area has brick pavement. It also has a Dabali, pond and Sattal. The Sattal has been reconstructed. People have stored bricks and wood in the open area. This tole is important for different cultural activities. Bisket Jatra starts from this tole. Kumar Jatra starts from this tole. Likewise, on day before Gai Jatra festival, Lachhi pond is used for Tradition of throwing Buffalo Legs.

Figure 88 Lachhi Tole

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Conservation of Bode

A. Garud Narayan Location: Lachhi Tole, Bode Style : Shikhara Temple

Constructed: 19th Century Deity: Garud Narayan Sect: Vaishnava

Figure 89 Location Map of Garud Narayan

Description:

This small Vaishnavite temple was built in the Shikhara style. The sanctum is open on one side and has a tympanum showing Garud Narayan. The façade is decorated with images of deities. Above the sanctum rises the curvilinear tower. Inside the temple are images of Vishnu and Garuda-Narayan. The temple was built during the nineteenth century. The priest is a Brahman. Its festival is on Kartik Shukla Purnima and is related to the festivals of Magha Purnima and Jestha Purnima.

Figure 90 Old Picture of Garud Narayan Narayan

Figure 91 Present Picture of Garud

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Conservation of Bode B. Bhairab Bode

Location:

Lachhi Tole,

Figure 92 Old Picture of Bhairabh

Figure 93 Location Map of Bhairab

C. Dhaubaji Mahadev Location: Lachhi Tole, Bode Style : Domed Brick Temple Period: Shah

Deity: Shiva(Main),Mahalaxmi, Narayan, Surya, Ganesh

Description: The temple stands on a square platform with stone lining on top.

The space inside houses a Shiva linga at the centre and a basaha (bull) to its west. Besides them, there are other small icons of Mahalaxmi, Narayan, Surya and Ganesh placed in niches of inner wall.

Figure 94 Location Map Mahadev

of Dhaubaji

The temple appears to be in bad state. The haphazard storage of building materials have affected the temple. Also there are is growth of peepal tree on the roof already starting to destroy the temple. If it is not removed soon, it will destroy the temple. Figure 95 Dhaubaji Mahadev

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Conservation of Bode D. Harihar Mahadev

Bode

Location:

Lachhi Tole,

Style : Ghantakar Temple Materials : Stone Period: Shah

Description: The temple appears to be in good state. The storage of the materials for long time will have effects on the temple. E. Saraswati Shrine

Figure 96 Location Map of Shiva Temple

Figure 97 Harihar Mahadev

Location: Lachhi Tole, Bode

Style: Brick and concrete shrine

Dated: 1987 BS (1050 NS, 1930 AD) Period: Rana

Deity: Saraswati(Main), Buddha, Mahadev Materials: Brick and stone

Description:

Figure 98 Location of Saraswati Shrine

Originally, it was a domed brick temple and was leveled to the ground 8-10 years ago. It was consequently reconstructed in present form with a concrete slab on top. Unfortunately, the form is somehow misinterpreted. Although the temple is called Saraswati temple it consists of Mahadev and Saraswati. A beheaded stone icon of Buddha is placed to right corner of rear wall. A pair of pedestal of Saraswati is lying below it on stone tablet. A small shiva linga is lying on the northwest corner. A silapatra is placed on right wall beside icon Buddha. At the present, the temple has a slope RCC roof. The original architectural style of the building is unknown. Figure 99 Saraswoti Shrine

F. Ganesh Temple Location: Lachhi Tole, Bode Style : Ghantakar Temple

The roof of the temple is not in good condition. There are is growth of Peepal tree on the roof already starting to destroy the temple. If it is not removed soon, it will destroy the temple.

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Conservation of Bode Period: Rana

Figure 100 Present Ganesh Temple

Figure 101 Location Map of Ganesh Temple

Figure 102 GaneshTemple

Old

Picture

G. Birbhadra-Mahankal Temple Location: Lachhi Tole Style: Brick Temple Dated: 1940-50 B.S. (1003-1013 NS, 1883-893 AD) Period: Rana Deity: Birbhadra-Mahankal Materials: Bricks and plaster

Description: The temple is said to be built by Chhatra Mansingh Dvare around. The temple stands on a rectangular base. It has two niches facing west. These niches house the icons. The icon to the left niche is dedicated to Birbhadra and that of the right niche is to Mahankal. Use: It was traditionally believed that a special pooja of these gods would improve the health of malnourished children.

Figure 103 Location Map of Mahankal

Figure Temple

104

Birbhadra-Mahankal

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of

Conservation of Bode H. Shiva Linga Location: Lachhi Tole, Bode

Description: The shrine is said to be constructed by Kanchha Baje from the surplus of the materials after construction of the Dhaubaji Mahadev. It was reconstructed a few decades ago after a tractor spoilt it. The Shiva linga rests on two stepped stone plates mounted on a brick structure which is simply raised from ground. Chinese brickwork is found in between the terracotta bands. I.

Figure 105 Location Map of Shivalinga

Figure 106 Shiva Linga

Manjushree Shrine Location: Lachhi Tole, Bode

Dated: 1940-50 B.S. (1003-1013 NS, 1883-893 AD)

Period: Malla

Deity: Manjushree

Materials: Bricks, stone

Figure 107 Location map of Manjushree Shrine

Description: The shrine stands on square plinth of three courses of bricks with a stone lining on top. The main body of the shrine is constructed by thick rectangular stone blocks on cement mortar. The west face of the body has a niche, which houses a stone icon of Manjushree. A miniature monumental chaitya has been used as finial. Use: It receives special concern in annual Buddhist festivals like Swan Punhi, Katin Punhi, etc.

Figure 108 Manjushree Shrine

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Conservation of Bode J.

Bhimsen Temple Location: Lachhi Tole, Bode Style: Brick temple

Dated: NS 939 (1818 AD) Period: Shah

Deity: Bhimsen

Materials: Brick

Figure 109 Location Map of Bhimsen Temple

Figure 110 Bhimsen Temple

Description: According to the inscription carved on the silastambha of entrance, the shrine was constructed by Mr. Bishnu Mansing Tha, his wife Chandeshwari. Mr. Chhatra Mansing is said to be the first clan of the Tha family living in Bode. The temple stands on a rectangular platform and is leaning against a compound wall. The base of temple rises almost uniformly from the platform and receives a multi layered terracotta cornice band. The cornice projects from wall surface and finally slopes inward and is bridged to second roof like band through a transition of highly reduced neck. Second roof like band flattens on top to receive a bowl shaped dome. The dome tapers upward and terminates at the base for finial. The finial is represented by a Jvala Nhayakan motif. The entrance niche is guarded by a pair of lion motifs. Use: Specially worshipped on the occasion of Bhim Dwadasi and Hamo Sanu (Maghe Sankranti). K. Kumari Shrine

Location: Lachhi Tole, Bode Style:

Shrine

Open

Recessed

Deity: Kumari

Materials: Stone Figure 111 Location map of Chaitya

Figure 112 Kumari Shrine

Description: The shrine itself has no written data or any reliable public notice. It is simply a rectangular pit delineated by a stone lining. There is an oval kind of stone in the pit. A bell is suspended from sila stambha.

Use: As mentioned earlier it is the starting point of Bisket jatra. At the late night Baisakha Sankranti is a special jatra locally known as Bahanisiya jatra. Before start of jatra, there is special feasting

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Conservation of Bode for the god and this pit is filled up with local beer (thon). It is locally believed that if the pit fills soon with less number of pots of thon, adequate rainfall will occur for the coming year and if requires usually more number of pots, insufficient irregular rainfall is forecasted. The shrine is equally significant and popular site for Nilbarahi dance. L. Sattal

Location: Lachhi Tole, Bode Style : Two storey There are no original pictures of the sattal. At the present, the sattal has a flat RCC roof. The original architectural style of the building is unknown. It is Bhajan Mandal Figure 113 Location of Sattal used as place for day to day Bhajan.

Figure 114 Sattal

M. Nrityanath Shrine Location: Lachhi tole Style: Brick temple

Dated: 1967 BS, 1030 NS, 1910 AD Period: Rana

Deity: Nrityahath

Materials: Bricks

Figure 115 Location Map of Nrityanath Shrine

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Conservation of Bode Description:

An inscription found to the opposite pati mentions the existence of the temple before the pati was constructed. The form of this temple is very similar to that of Bhimasen Temple at Lachhitole. It stands on the high stone platform, which is projected at front. The base of the temple rises up to the cornice band. The topmost band of cornice slopes inward and receives a shallow neck. Then occurs second roof like structure, which terminates at the base of the dome. The entrance is guarded by a pair of lion motifs of stone. The rear half portion of the guard is built into the wall. The stone frame with the chheppu structure makes the outline of the niche. There is no recognized Devine figure inside. Rather it is a chheppuwa structure with a hole below.

Figure 116 Nrityanath Shrine

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Conservation of Bode

ix.

Bishnughat Tole

Figure 117 Location of Bishnughat Tole

This tole has a stretch of open space with houses around the open space. The space has stone pavement. It also has a Dabu, raised platform for performances. The houses in this area are traditional but there are few buildings that has spoilt the outlook of this area as the exterior of the new buildings don’t match with the exposed brick exposed look and also the height of the buildings.

Figure 118 Bishnughat Tole

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Conservation of Bode A. Narayan Temple Location: Bishnughat Tole, Bode Style: Two storeye temple

Construction: 17th century Deity: Narayan

Sect: Vaishnava

Figure 120 Narayan Temple

Description:

This two storey brick temple was built on a small base. The carved wooden entrance has a tympanum showing Vishnu. The struts supporting both tile roofs depict the incarnations of Vishnu. Inside the temple are images of Vishnu, Ganesh, Lakshmi, Durga, the Sun god and Garud Narayan. There are lions and Baintejas in the courtyard. The temple was built during the seventeenth century. The priest is a Brahman.

Figure 119two Location Map ofago. Narayan It was renovated decades TheTemple enamel paintaing on struts and torans and walls was done. The metal railings and oil lamps were placed few years ago to safeguard the temple from theft. The bell was donated by Gopal Prajapati. The two tiered temple has a commanding location in Bishnughat tole. It stands on a brick platform delineated by a stone lining on top. The main body of the temple is erected on a square base. It is closed on three sides and opens at front through an entrance, which is marked by a pair of stone ions and an artistic toran.

Use: This is one of the historic temples of Bode and hence special attention. A special pooja was performed in Sakima Punhi. It is also a significant site in terms of Nilbarahi dance.

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Conservation of Bode B. Sattal Location: Bishnughat Tole Style : Three storey

Since the sattal has been already rebuilt, the original style of the sattal is unknown. The new sattal has some fault in proportion. It is used as area for sports club as well as women’s club.

Figure 121 Location Map of Sattal Figure 122 Sattal

C. Krishna Temple Location: Bishnughat Tole Style : Ghantakar Temple

Dated: 1025 (1962 AD, 1962 BS) Period: Rana

Deity: Radha Krishna(Main),Shiva and Narayan

Figure 123 Location of Krishna Temple

Materials: Brick and wood

Description:

According to a silapatra stabbed on to southern wall, the temple was constructed by Mrs. Bishnumaya Shrestha, a resident of Bhisnughat tole. Mrs. Shrestha also donated a Garud mounted on stone stambha. The temple is construced on a square base and is raised uniformly upwards. Then it receives a multi layered crnice band of bricks. The topmost band of cornice slopes inward and terminates on a squat neck. Above this, the configuration of the temple changes from rectangular to octagonal and to circular. It appears in the form of octagonal drum and bell shaped dome. The inside houses a stone icon of Radha Krishna leaning against the rear wall. A Shiva linga and a small icon of Narayan are also found inside. Use: A special pooja is performed in Krishnastami.

Figure 124 Krishna Temple

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Conservation of Bode

D. Pati Location: Bishnughat Tole, Bode Style : One Storey

Changes have been made to the original pati and walls have been built to enclose the pati. It is in moderate condition.

x.

Figure 125 Location Map of Pati

Dyabu Tole

Figure 126 Location of Dyabu Tole

Figure 127 View of Dyobu Tole

Page 79

Conservation of Bode This tole has an open space surrounded by houses. Although majority of houses in this area are made of R.C.C., the spaces still give a traditional character due to organization of space. It consists of Dabali, pati and brick pavement in the area. There also exists a covered pond. The pond dried up and became a waste disposal area so Ganesh temple was constructed later. At the present, the pond area is used to store construction materials. It used to have Dyobu Gate.

Figure 128 Dyobu Tole

A. Chaitya Location: Dyobu Tole, Bode Style: Chaitya Construction:

Sect: Buddhism Figure 129 Location Map of Chaitya

Description: The chaitya is worshipped on daily basis by the locals. Every year during the Busa Dan of the chaitya there is puja. During the time of Busa Dan, the family coats the chaitya with oil to prevent degradation. During special occasions, oil lamps are lit around the chaitya. Present Condition: The chaitya is in good condition. Due to worshipping, the chaitya has tika.

Figure 130 Chaitya

B. Narayan temple Location: Dyabu Tole

Style: Domed brick temple Dated: NS 854 (1734AD) Period: Malla

Deity: Laxmi-Narayan (Main), Shiva,

Figure 131 Location Map of Narayan Temple

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Conservation of Bode Surya and Narayan Materials: Brick

Description:

According to a silapatra, a Brahmin named Ramnarayan Dev Sharma constructed this temple along with a spring. The location of the spring however is not mentioned and it might be present nearby. The temple stands on square brick platform. The base of the temple is raised uniformly up from the platform where it receives a multi layered cornice band of terracotta bricks. The topmost kulan band of cornice slopes inward and terminates on a flat surface outlined with terracotta band.

Figure 132 Narayan Temple

A dome is directly raised from this surface and terminates on a stone Gajure. A fragment of stone representing the Garud is laying on fore ground. The inner cell houses a stone icon of Laxmi- Narayan is leaning against the rear wall. A shiva linga is placed beside it. Two small icons of Surya and Narayan are placed on the niches at sidewall. The floor is paved with telia bricks. C. Pati Location: Bode

Dyobu

Tole,

The pati is RCC structure at the present with flat roof. It has lost its original state. It is used for storing goods at the present.

Figure 133 Locatiton of Pati

Figure 134 Pati

D. Ganesh shrine Location:, Dyabu Tole Style: Brick shrine

Dated: 2052 BS (1118 NS, 1996AD) Period: Modern Deity: Ganesh

Figure 135 Location of Ganesh Shrine

Materials: Brick

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Conservation of Bode Description: The shrine appears in the form of a brick pillar. A niche is carved in it at a level from the ground and houses a stone icon of Ganesh . Above the niche, one course of brick is slightly projected from pillar surface. Two courses of bricks above this, it is simply receded and topped with a conical mass of cement representing Gajure.

Figure 136 Ganesh Shrine

E. Changu Narayan Shrine Location:, Dyabu Tole Style: Brick shrine Dated:

1996AD)

2052/11/17

BS

(1118

NS,

Period: Modern Deity: Narayan

Materials: Brick, plaster

Figure

137

Location

The niche houses an icon of Narayan. The brick Changu Narayan Shrine structure is cement plastered and receds on top, crowned by a gajur. .

of

Figure 138 Changu Narayan Shrine

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Conservation of Bode

xi.

Paccho Tole

Figure 139 Location of Pancho Tole

This area consist of Ganesh Temple. The area has stone pavement. It also consists of gate and pathway leading to Kalika Temple, and agricultural area. There are three Patis and a Jahru. The palace of Bode is situated near this tole. At the present, in the palace building has been used by a school. A. Ganesh Temple

Location: Pancho Tole, Bode Style: Brick Temple Period: Malla

Description: Originally, it is said to have gilded finial and upper roof, which was stolen. Around 2054 B.S. (1118 NS, 1998 AD) it was given present get up with marble cladding by Tulsiram Pva and his brothers. The gajure was donated by Kanchha Sipahi and oil lamps by Laxmi Narsing Sahu. A big brass mouse is kept by Gopal Prajapati. The temple rests on two stepped platforms . The base of temple rises smoothly up from the plinth, where it receives first roof. The roof slopes inward and receives a neck like

Figure 140 Location Map of Ganesh Temple

Figure 141 Ganesh Temple

structure. Second roof stacks on the neck and terminate on second neck, which serves as the base for the finial. The finial consists of a gajure.

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Conservation of Bode

Here, the gajure is provided with a thin copper serpent on cardinal directions. A chain of oil lamps around the temple is supported on metal angle and iron stands. To the right of the temple there is a bell hung from a concrete frame cladded with broken chips. Opposite the entrance, there is a big mouse motif mounted on a concrete pillar. The niche houses an attractive brass icon of Ganesh . There is a chheppu structure above the icon and a number of bells are hung from ceiling. A pair of brass mouse is kept on floor in front of the icon. Use: This temple is widely worshipped temple in Bode. It receives first pooja during every small and big festival. It has a ceremonial icon kept in house of guthi members, which is brought to the temple temporarily and enrolled in the procession during Bisket Jatra. The temple precinct becomes cheerful and crowded during the Jatra, particularly on 2nd of Baisakh, with a number of chariots. On same day, the renowned Mepva khanegu (ritual tongue piercing) procession is also held here. It is also an important site during funeral rites.

Figure 142 Pacho Tole

B. Pati Location: Pancho Tole, Bode The pati is used as a resting place as well as gathering space. Storage of chariot is also done in the pati.

Figure 143 Pati

Figure 144 Location Map of Pati

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Conservation of Bode

Figure 145 Location Map of Pati Figure 146 Pati

Figure 147 Location Map of Pati

C.

Figure 148 Pati

Paccho Dhokha Location:, Paccho tole

Style: Town gate Period: Malla

Materials: Brick, concrete Figure 149 Paccho Dhokha

Description: It is one of five historic town-gates of Bode. However, the original structure was pulled down 10 years ago for its so called reconstruction. The upper portion of the gate including roof has been misinterpreted. This is the western gate of Bode. The gate is standing on a brick pillars cladded with dachi appa. A concrete slab

Figure 150 Paccho Dhokha

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Conservation of Bode spans over the opening.

It gently slopes upwards from all sides and terminate on ridges of the roof. Three stone gajurs are placed on the ridge. A stone block of Bhairab (chhetrapal) is leaned against the southern brick which is supposed to safeguard the town against evil spirit. A number of stone steps starting immediately outside the gate leads down to Kumari Tole and Manohara. Use: This gate not only represents the territory of core area. it has big cultural significances as well, in terms of Bisket Jatra, Gatha Muga Chahre,etc. Besides, it is also an important transitional point for the way cremation/ funeral sites.

xii.

Sumeru Chaitya in Barenani (Bahanani)

Sumeru Chaitya o o o   o   o

Location: Barenanani (Bahanani) Style: Sumeru chaitya

Dated: 23rd Jestha 2029 B.S. (1092 NS, 1972 AD)

Period: Modern

Diety: Amitabha, Amoghsiddhi, Akshovya &

Ratnasambhava

Figure 151 Location Map Chaitya in Chaitya in Barenani

Materials: Stone

. Description:

The Chaitya rests on a concrete slab with an intermediate quarter round plaster band. The chaitya structure has five distinct parts: the primary trio, shaft, lotus throne, socle and platform. The platform consists of a number of layers of stone receded upward namely the squat cube and again a square slab. The shaft consists four Tathagates namely Amitabha, Amoghsiddhi, Akshovya and Ratnasambhava seated on a square base These Tathagatas have their respective vehicles carved on the base. The chaitya is surrounded by a concrete ring supported on pillars. It has chain of oil lamps made on its surface. A bell is hanging from a concrete frame to the west of chaitya.

Figure 152 Chaitya

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Conservation of Bode

xiii.

Sumeru Chaitya in Duwa Tole

Sumeru Chaitya o Location: Duwa Tole o o o o

Style: Chaitya

Dated: 2030 0BS (1050 NS, 1930 AD) Period: Malla

Deity: Tathagatas ( Amitabha,    

Amoghsiddhi, Ratnasambhava and

Akshovya)

Materials:Stone

Figure 154 Present Picture of Chaitya

Figure 153 Location Map of Chaitya

Figure 155 Old Picture of Chaitya

Description:

It was installed by Kanchha Dhon, who was a Buddhist monk. The platform consisits of four stacks of stone receded upwards. The layer immediately above the ground is plain and serves as a skirting layer. Above it is a quarter round band, a cube block and a flat layer of stone. That slightly projects out from cube below. The cube block is delineated by a shallow carving of Paleha on top and bottom. A bajra motif is carved on each corner. The lotus throne is highly constricted at middle with a single layer of lotus leaves radially projecting out from the neck. The shaft consists of four Tathagatas (Amitabha, Amoghsiddhi, Ratnasambhava and Akshovya) towards four cardinal directions.

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Conservation of Bode

xiv. Tigani A. Nilbarahi Temple Location: Nilbarahi forest

Historical background: According to Devmala chronology (vansabali) before 2389 years ago ( kaligat sambat 2912-13) a king named Vikram Sen established this temple of Nilbarahi. There is inscription dating back to Nepal sambat 805, 832,957,972 shows that this temple is related to different other important historical aspects.

Figure 156 Nilbarahi Temple

The images of astamatrikas and image of Bhairaba worshipped with ornaments on every Saturday and during the jatras. Because of the security reasons this metallic images are housed in the members of Guthi. B. Dwarpal

Location: Nilbarahi forest

Historical background: This is assumed to be from 17th /18th century. The inscription of Nepal sambat 977 ( 1913 B.S) mentions that a person named Mahat Sing Gyani Thaku established this monument.

Figure 157 Dwarpal

C. Nilbinayak Temple

Location: Nilbarahi forest

Historical background: This is assumed to be from 17th /18th century. The inscription of Nepal sambat 977 ( 1913 B.S) mentions that a person named Mahat Sing Gyani Thaku established this monument. Architecturally, this temple shows a domical style made with bricks, mud and stones. The entry is housed with stone image. The symbolic Ganesh and Annapurna are depicted in the torana.

Figure 158 Old Picture of Nilbinayak

Figure 159 Nilbinayak

Present

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Conservation of Bode D. Saraswoti Narayan Dewal Location: Tigani

According to Kancha Rajbahak, a local resident, in the year 2035 B.S. a very artistic image from this monument was stolen and a new stone image was housed over here. Adjoining this monument a headless image of Garuda is housed. This image is infact 50-60 years old.

Figure 160 Old picture of Saraswoti Narayan Dewal

Figure 161 Present Saraswoti Narayan Dewal

E. Chaitya

Location: Tigani

Historical background: Although enough evidence can be hardly traced from the surrounding vicinity of Narayanthan, this chaitya inkeeping to its style is considered to be a monument from 12th to 14th century Figure 162 Old picture of Figure 163 Present Chaitya Chaitya

F. Shiva Temple

Location: Tigani

In the year 1066-71 Nepal Sambat, a man named Kajilal Shrestha constructed this temple of lord Shiva.

Figure 164 Old Picture of Shiva Temple

Figure 165 Present Shiva Temple

As mentioned earlier, there are five historic gates, namely, Pancho Dhvaka (west), Bhangu Page 89

Conservation of Bode Dhoka (north), Dyobu (north east), Khapala Dhavaka (east south) and Thimila Dhvaka (south). The latter four Dhvakas no longer exist physically. The presence of these gates in past suggests Bode to be one of fortressed towns.

8.2.2. Inventory of Ponds/Pukhu Bode consist of pukhus in different locations. Especially at nodes and mostly with cultural significance. Despite being important from cultural and other different aspects, they are being encroached and deteriorated in due course of time.

3 5

1

4

2

Figure 166 Picture showing Pukhus in Bode

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Lachhi Pukhu , Lachhi tole Nachhu Pukhu , Nachhu tole Khasi Pukhu , Kasi tole Dhyabu Pukhu . Dhyabu tole Palishwan Pukhu , Kumari tole

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Conservation of Bode

i.

Lachhi pukhu:

Figure 167: Picture present consition of Lachhi pukhu.

Figure 168: Location of Lachhi pukhu.

Lachhi pukhu is situated in Lachhi tole and adds the beauty to the open space which acts as node for the area. Presently the condition of this pond is not so good. It is being neglected despite its cultural importance. In the day of ghodejatra legs of buffalo is thrown in the pond as a distraction to the demons which prevents the departed soul visiting their relatives. There is negligence in the use and cleanness of the pond

Figure 169 :View of Lachhi pukhu.from different angles.

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Conservation of Bode

ii. Nachhu pukhu:

Figure 170:Location of Nachhu pukhu .

Figure 171: Present consition of Nachhu pukhu.

Nachhu pukhu is situated in Nachhu tole. It acts as one of the important element in the open space in which it is located. The pond consist of open Narayan shrine in the center of the pond which can be approached from platform. The pond was also larger and its boundary stretched close to the well leaving only a narrow passage around it.

Presently the condition of this pond is not so good. It is being neglected despite its cultural importance Pukhu here in Nachhu tole is currently being renovated. .In the Renovation process cement and concrete is being used. Metal bar have been constructed around the boundary of pukhu. Earthquake debris has been stacked besides the pond. Proper renovation and maintenance should be carried out for this pukhu.

Figure 172: Renovation carried out in Nacchu pukhu.

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Conservation of Bode

iii. Dyabu pukhu: 20 years ago there existed a pukhu in Dyabu tole. Since people stopped using the water, it dried up.

Due to negligence of people they started using it as a dumping site .This become a major problem at that area.

To solve the problem of dumping people, filled the pukhu area and established Small open shrine of Ganesh in the middle of the pond and rest of the pond area is green area.

Figure 173: Location of Dyabu Pukhu .

Figure 174: Present view of Dyabu pukhu .

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Conservation of Bode

iv. Khasi Pukhu Khashi Pukhu is located in Khasi tole of Bode. There is a Bridge on the center of the pond .An image of Shivalinga has been placed on the middle of the bridge. A shiva linga is mounted on a brick pillar A basaha (bull) is placed beside linga towards west Water here in this pukhu has all dried up .To the south of this pukhu is a structure which use to be patti but now is used for different purpose. Figure 175: Location of Khasi Pukhu.

Figure 177: Bridge present in the center of the pukhu.

Figure 178: View of pond from the street of Khasi tole.

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Conservation of Bode

v. Palishwan Pukhu:

Figure 179:Location of Palishwan Pukhu

Figure 180: Present view of Palishwan pukhu.

Palishwan Pukhu is located in Kumari tole near the west entry gate to traditional town of Bode Palishwan Pukhu presently dried and contains no water. It has been encroached by individual. The court case is going on. The pond was used for agricultural purpose for the supply of water for agricultural land around. But today it has become a dumping location for the residents of Bode.

Figure 181 Present condition of Palishwan Pukhu

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Conservation of Bode

8.2.3. Degree of Intervention i.

Prevention of Deterioration:

This method of conservation tries to stop any further decay.   

Proper drainage system for waste water and storm water is proposed for preventing deterioration caused by and accumulation and seepage of water. Pedestrianized paths to prevent degradation of monuments. Different pavements according to use.

ii.

Preservation:

The best way to conserve is to preserve. Preservation seeks to keep the monument in its existing state. There are many temples in need of preservation through constant monitoring, preventive maintenance, inspection of monuments and removal of vegetative growth.

Figure 182 Removal of Vegetative growth in Pati in Paccho

Figure 183 Attempts of Preservation in Kalika Temple

Figure 184 Attempt to preserve Toran in Mahalaxmi Temple

Although the attempt to preserve these monuments by placement of metal bars is positive and the safest option, it overall effects the outlook of the monuments. Firstly complete Page 96

Conservation of Bode documentation of these monuments is needed. Introduction of Security camera, motion sensor and personnel could be a possibility.

iii.

Restoration

This includes attainment of original state in totality. In attempt to conserve the monument, many monuments have undergone changes that cover up their originality.

Figure 185 Marble work to conserve Ganesh Temple

iv.

Figure 186 Plasterwork to conserve Nilbinayak Temple

Reintegration

Introduction of RCC building technique for a monument brings changes in the originality and outlook of the monument. It seeks to retrieve the original form.

Figure 187 Pati in Chanko Tole

Figure 188 Sattal at Lacchi

Figure 189 Saraswoti Temple Lacchi

at

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Conservation of Bode

Figure 190 Changes brought in Saraswoti Narayan Dewal

v.

Figure 191 Dwarpal at Nilbarahi

Anastolysis

This method of conservation seeks to conserve the monument by recording the existing monument in minute detail, dismantling it and resembling it in its original form according to the recorded details. Since the vegetative growth has almost outgrown the temple, anastolysis is proposed.

Figure 192 Excessive Vegetative growth In Dhaubaji Mahadev, Bhimsen & GaneshTemple in Lacchi affecting the structure of temple

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Conservation of Bode

vi.

Reproduction

Reproduction entails copying an exact artifact in order to replace some missing or decayed generally decorative parts to maintain aesthetic harmony.

Figure 193 Damaged and Missing rafter in Ganesh temple in Bhangu

8.2.4. Proposal: 





Pond is a body of standing water either artificial or natural usually smaller than a lake. Ponds have created great ambience around in settlements providing open space to the compact settlements. Ponds are located both outside the settlements and within the settlements. Ponds have brick flooring and brick lined walls. Use of exposed brick work for the ponds so that the can be matched with architectural essence of the settlement.

Special Attention should be given to the preservation of pond. Pond should be cleaned and maintained from time to time. Household works like washing clothes, bathing etc to be prevented to maintain its essence. Continuous monitoring and inspection of ponds to be done for its proper maintenance the essence and importance of pond should be taught to people of bode so that it can help in the future conservation programmers.

Previously, Pukhu existed at various pockets of settlement areas as an alternative source of water supply for people. As the traditional system of water supply have been replaced by modern pipe system, the functionality of Pukhu got lost. To bring it alive we need to blend in the Pukhu to different use.

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Conservation of Bode

Figure 194: Siddha Pukhu , Bhaktapur

Today in our country, there are pukhus that are presently being used in a different way than what it was originally built for .We can refer to concept of use of Siddha Pukhu of Bhaktapur .It is currently very popular among people of all generations. People visit this place as it gives traditional essence, have enough sitting spaces for gathering, people enjoy the water and view and also feed the fishes. Similar approaches can be incorporated to revive the pukhus of Bode. 

Purifying water Aquatic plants play an important role in maintaining a healthy water in pond. They not only absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen into the water, improving the environment for fish, but absorb nutrients from the water as well. This reduction in nutrients results in clearer water and less algae. Variety of plants, including flowering and grass-type plants along the edges, a few floating plants and two or three dozen bunches of submerged plants can be used. I.

Flowering Shoreline Plants

Page 100

Conservation of Bode II.

Grass-Type Shoreline Plants

III.

Floating Plants

IV.

Submerged Plants

Purifying water with aquatic plants can be a good option as it environment friendly, easy execute and increases the ambience of the water.

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Conservation of Bode

9.

Economic Aspect

Bode was important place of Bhaktapur since the ancient period. It was very popular for the business and agriculture works since the past time. Most of the people of here were engaged in paddy, rice and beaten rice business along the all cardinal direction around it. The city used to supply rice, beaten rice and potato to the Kathmandu and people are also engaged in animal husbandry. People are shifting from their traditional profession. Agricultural land is gradually being converted into plotted lands. Table: Number of household by land used for agriculture purpose (Municipality Profile of Madhyapur Thimi: 2001) Ward No

1 2 3 Total Bode

Household with Household with land used for no land use for agriculture agriculture purpose purpose 325 116 260 98 337 139 72.31 27.69

Percent of land use for agriculture purpose 73.70 72.63 70.80 17.03

Total

441 358 476 100.00

More than 70% of land is used for agriculture in Bode area (Ward no 1,2 and 3) of Thimi municipality as of census 2001. Ward No

No economic activity

Small Scale Manufacture

Business

Transpo rtation

Service Other

Total

1

155

20

162

4

70

30

441

3

180

16

161

36

60

23

476

2 Total Bode

Percent

157 492

38.59

7

43

3.37

127 450

35.29

21 61

4.78

32 162

12.71

14 67

5.25

358 1275 100

Above table shows the number of households by small scale household economic activities of the municipality. More than 38.59 % of the households have no economic activity in ward (1, 2 and 3) Bode area. About 35.29% of the total households have adopted business and about 5.25% have services. Other activities and small scale manufacture are very less. For the conservation of Bode settlement area economic condition of the locals should be improved for the local residents. There is potential of agriculture and tourism in Bode if there are some interventions made. Agriculture and Tourism can be promoted in Bode to uplift the economic conditions of local residents. Bode has alluvial soil and some sort of

Page 102

Conservation of Bode crop grow throughout the year. There is a mutual dependence between economy and conservation. If the economic condition is improved through some interventions people will continue their traditional profession. There is a mutual dependence between tourism and cultural heritage: while heritage resources play a key role in tourism development, tourism has the power to generate funds that make conservation possible and to provide funding for the preservation of a cultural or natural area. Moreover, tourism development can give birth to economic revitalization of the whole area. It can also generate employment opportunities and improve life conditions. Therefore a correct approach should move in the direction of increasing tourism benefits and decreasing negative effects.

9.1. Agriculture

9.1.1. Existing Condition Bode name is originated from the term “Bu ya De” meaning city of agricultural land. Agriculture has been one of the major identities of Bode as vegetables from Bode are famous up to Patan and Kathmandu. Vegetables from Bode have good market at Kathmandu and if we consider conservation activities at Bode, we should retain its identity as city of agriculture. Moreover the land at Bode is very fertile; farmers can grow different crops throughout the year.

Figure 195 Drying of rice in courtyard

Though agriculture was major occupation in the past, gradually people are leaving their profession as farmers. They are more interested in clean jobs and where income is secured. Therefore we should preserve agricultural land and promote agriculture by improving income and minimizing risks of farmers. Bode is still suitable for agriculture. Cultivation covers the largest portion of the Madhyapur Thimi municipal area totalling 712.26 hectares (62.10%). Mixed area of residential and commercial type is second, followed by institutional area comprising 85.58 hectares (7.46%). (Pant & Dongol, 2009). Farmers grow crops and vegetables throughout the year. Mostly rice, wheat, seasonal vegetables and green vegetables

Figure 196 Agricultural land at Bode

are grown in Bode. Previously the city used to supply rice, beaten rice and potato to the Kathmandu.Similarly the people here were very much engaged with the animal husbandry and used to supply milk and curd as well. Also the Tigani Beaten rice is very famous in

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Conservation of Bode Nepal. They used the traditional technique (Okhal) to make beaten rice but later with the introduction of electricity, the old technique was replaced by machines. Due to this the business was concentrated to only few people who have machines that is why the business was fall to decline. Annual Budget allocated for agriculture 2074/2075 (Thimi Municipality) S.N 1 2

Agriculture Cooperative and organic 100 000 farming promotion Cooperative promotion programme 75 000

The allocated budget for the agriculture in Thimi Municipality is not sufficient to promote the agriculture. To improve the economic condition through agriculture some policy and program should be introduced.

Internal income (Antarik Rajaswo) Internal income (Antarik Rajaswo)

Figure 197 Agriculture and housing

9.1.2. Planning intervention for improving agriculture in Bode 1. Integration of urban agriculture in urban land use planning and zonification : Demarcated zones for urban agriculture areas support agriculture, protect open green areas, flood plains and areas under power lines to be built upon and to create buffer zones between conflicting land uses.

2. Enhancing access to vacant land and security of land use  Stimulating landowners to give vacant land in longer term leases for agriculture- Tax reduction to land owners that do lease out their land to urban producers (levying municipal taxes on land laying idle might be a complementary measure) and created a Land Bank which brings those in need of agricultural land in contact with landowners in need of temporary or permanent users.  Promotion of multifunctional land use- Urban farming can be combined with other compatible land uses. Farmers may provide recreational services to urban citizens, receive youth groups to provide ecological education, act as co-managers of parks, and their land may also be used as water storage areas, fire break zones, flood zones, etc. By doing so the management costs of such areas may be reduced, and protection against unofficial uses and informal re-zoning may be enhanced. Page 104

Conservation of Bode Home stay programs can be promoted at farmer’s house where visitors will spend some time with the family and get involved in the agricultural activities. This will help in improving economic condition of family involved in agriculture through agro tourism.

3. Enhancing the productivity and economic viability of urban agriculture  Provision of training and extension services to urban producers. Governmental organisations, educational institutes, NGO’s and the private sector can be stimulated by the Municipal Government to provide training, technical advice and extension services to urban producers, with a strong emphasis on ecological farming practices, proper management of health risks, farm development (e.g. intensification and diversification), enterprise Figure 198 Farmers preparing vegetables to sell management and marketing. Cost-sharing systems (farmers, municipality, governmental organisations, and private enterprises) will be needed to ensure sustainability of such activities.  Strengthening farmer organisations. o At present most urban farmers are poorly organized, and are informal, and thus lack channels and power to voice their needs. This limits the representation of their interests in urban policymaking and planning at the various levels and hampers their participation in development programmes. o Formation of well-functioning farmer organisations such as cooperatives can negotiate access to land, adequate tenure arrangements and access to credit. Such organisations may also take up roles in farmer training and extension, infrastructure development, processing and marketing; and control / certification of the quality of the products marketed. o Municipalities may stimulate their departments as well as Universities, NGOs and CBO's present in the City to actively support farmer organisation and capacity development and to strengthen the linkages between farmer organisations and private enterprises, consumer organisations and support organisations. o These organisation can also make market study and ease the farmers to reach their produced goods to market and get good selling price

Page 105

Conservation of Bode 



Enhancing access of urban farmers to credit and finance: Improvement of the access of urban farmers to credit and finance (with an emphasis on women-producers and the resource poor farmers) is very much needed. Municipality can stimulate (e.g. by creating a guarantee fund) existing credit institutions to establish special credit schemes for urban producers. Promotion industries:

of

agriculture

Figure 199 Cooperative can be established to support farmers

based

cottage

One of the major crops of Bode is rice and wheat. Agro based industry like beaten rice (Chiura) and traditional mat (Sukul) can be promoted in Bode. Beaten rice industry should be revived in Tigani. Traditional techniques should also be kept in display to promote internal and foreign tourism in Bode. Visitors can also take part in the beaten rice making process. Other cottage industry of making traditional mats, decorative items, slippers from straw has been proposed at Dyabu chowk. Tourists can observe the traditional procedure of making chiura at Tigani( Tiganbaji).

Figure 200 Women making Chiura in traditional way

Tigani: Tikanbaji was regarded as a high-quality delicacy among the well-to-do families of the valley. With the introduction of less labor-intensive machines, the villagers of Tigani have been compelled to give up their traditional business. As a result, the production of the renowned full-flavor Tikanbaji has ceased. They have special methods and apply their own technique of production for Tigani baji. Traditionally, the villagers deposited the paddy into a bowl of water for a couple of days. After the rice was soaked completely, the process of production began. They lit a fire and dried the paddy in three earthen cooking pots in three different stages, finally putting it into wooden bowls to press it flat.

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Conservation of Bode 4. Development of adequate technologies for urban agriculture. There is trend of conversion of agricultural land into residential plots to fulfil the demands of increasing population. There is limited availability of space and the high price of urban land, proximity to large numbers of people (and thus a need for safe production methods), use of urban resources (organic waste and wastewater), and possibilities for direct producer-consumer contacts. Municipalities can provide budget and expertise for local technology development, and/or to stimulate research organisations and universities to put urban agriculture issues on their research agenda and to undertake participatory action-research with urban producers. Also more coordination between research institutes, agricultural extension organisations, NGOs and groups of urban farmers could be promoted. Special attention is to be given to introduction of ecological farming practices (like integrated pest and disease management, ecological soil fertility management, soil and water conservation, etc.), space intensive and water saving technologies, health risk reducing practices and the creation of farmer study clubs and field schools that actively engage in the technology development and assessment process. Enhancing access to water, inputs and basic infrastructure Also access to year round supply of low cost water is of crucial importance in urban agriculture as well access to (composted or fresh) organic materials and other sources of nutrients (like wastewater). Thimi Municipalities should play an important role in enhancing access of urban farmers to water and production inputs.

9.2. Tourism

9.2.1. Tourism Potential Tourism development and management plan of Bhaktapur district 2010 – 2014 According to the research done by District development committee, there is domestic and international potentials for tourism. Recreational & Entertainment

Education/ Research

Thimi

Bode Village Nilbaharai Forest

_

Yes

_

Yes

Yes

_

(District Development Committee, 2010)

Yes

Yes

Yes Yes

International

Attractions

Domestic

Location

Rural Tourism

Potential Market

Eco Tourism

Tourism Potentials

Yes Yes

Page 107

Conservation of Bode Amount required for the development of all the tourist spots in Bhaktapur District Below table shows the amount that is required for the development of all tourist spot in Bode and Nil barahi area.

(District Development Committee, 2010)

9.2.2. Proposal for tourism:

(District Development Committee, 2010)

Page 108

Conservation of Bode Proposal is made to join Bode in tourist route of Chagunarayan – Nagadesh. Tourist fee will be collected in Bhaktapur durbar square and then tourist will visit different place in Bhaktapur Durbar square then taken to Changunarayan temple. After they come back from Changunarayan temple then they will visit Nagadesh and then to Bode. 10

7

8

6

11

9

13 12

5 4 3

14 22 1

Figure 201 Proposed Tourist Route Inside Bode Traditional Settlement

9.2.2.1. Route: Tourist bus is parked in community parking in Khapala tole. i.

Khapala tole:

As this is entry of tourist route so in this place tourist information Centre and ticket counter is proposed behind Pipal tree. Tourist information centre will be responsible for brochure printing, advertisement and do different activities for tourism industry.

Page 109

Conservation of Bode Ticket counter and Tourist information centre Community Bus stop and tourist bus stop

Then pedestrian walking through: Bode ma bi marga where tourist can see traditional newari building. ii.

Nachhu chowk :

Figure 202Open space in Nachhu chowk

Figure 203Nachhu pokhari in Nachhu chowk

Figure 204Nachhu chowk

In Nachhu chowk tourist attraction will be pond and open space.

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Conservation of Bode iii.

Bode ma bi Marga

Tourist will be encouraged to feel the street and its multiple use.

Figure 205Traditional brick paved street Figure 206Bode Ma Bi Marga

iv.

Lachi chowk

Figure 207Lachi pukhu

Figure 208Harihar Mahadev temple and street in Lachi tole

Figure 209Lachi Chowk

Lachi tole consists of many temples and culturally importance pond. In this chowk Restaurant and home stay will be permitted but should be constructed in traditional façade. v.

Bari Nani

Figure 210Open space in Bari Nani

Figure 211 Bari Nani

Figure 212Bari Nani

Tourist in this space will see the multiuse of open space. In this space handicraft and agro cultural industry will be promoted. Page 111

Conservation of Bode vi.

Paacho tole

Figure 214 Paacho Ganesh temple Figure 213Gate In Paacho tole

Figure 215Paacho tole

As this place is home of Ganesh temple and two patis so these patis will be used as display space. From paacho tole layakhu is seen. vii.

Kumari tole:

Figure 216 Kamal Pukhu dried in Kumari tole

Figure 217Stone Spout in Kumari tole

Figure 218Kumari tole

Kumari tole consists of stone spout, kalika temple and kamal pukhu. In this tole park around kamal pukhu is proposed to revive kamal pukhu.

Page 112

Conservation of Bode viii.

Bishnughat chowk

Figure 219 Narayan Temple in Bishnughat chowk

Figure 220 Open space in Bishnughat chowk

Figure 221 Bishnughat Chowk

In this space tourist will get to know the multipurpose use of open space and this space will also be used as multipurpose open Gallery. In this space home stay and few restaurants will be permitted to be opened. And public toilet is proposed in Bishnughat chowk. ix.

Bode Mahalaxmi Marga

Figure 222 Street in Bode Mahalaxmi Marga

Figure 223 Street in BOde

Figure 224 Bode Mahalaxmi Marga

In this space only traditional row attached house will be permitted so tourist will be able to feel the traditional newari town lane.

Page 113

Conservation of Bode x.

Mahalaxmi temple Courtyard

Figure 225 Mahalaxmi temple in Mahalaxmi courtyard

Figure 226 Ganesh Mahalaxmi courtyard

temple

in

Figure 227 Mahalaxmi courtyard

As mahalaxmi temple courtyard is one of the main courtyard of Bode. Tourist will see Mahalaxmi temple and its influence to this courtyard. This courtyard also consists ward office so this buildings of this courtyard should be constructed using traditional material. xi.

Khansi chowk

C Figure 228 Satal in khansi chowk

Figure 229 Khansi chowk

This space consists of temples and open space, pond. There is vacant house in this chowk. Using adaptive rehabilitation cultural museum is proposed in the vacant house. xii.

Khasi Marga

Figure 231 Street in Khasi Marga Figure 230 street in Khasi Marga

Figure 232 Khasi Marga

This space will be used to show the traditional row housing to the tourist. Page 114

Conservation of Bode xiii.

Dyabu Chowk

Figure 233 Open space in Dyabu Chowk

Figure 234 Dyabu chowk

Figure 235 Dyabu chowk

Tourist will be taken to this space to feel the open space and will be shown the pond area which have already been disappeared now. Traditional mat (sukul) making and brewery is proposed in Dyabu chowk. xiv.

Dyabu Marga

Figure 236 Street in Dyabu Marga

Figure 237 Street in Dyabu Marga

Figure 238 Dyabu Marga

Tourist will be encouraged to feel the traditional building and feel the lane of the traditional lane.Then back to community space parking.

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Conservation of Bode

Figure 239 Proposed Intervention for tourist destination

9.2.2.2. Walking trails/ hiking along agriculture preserved area and Heritage walk along historical settlements

Figure 240 Trail route to Nilbarahi temple

Hiking route is proposed which passes through traditional settlement of bode and then through agricultural preserved area, then to Tigani then to Nilbarahi temple.

Page 116

Conservation of Bode

Figure 241 Tigani settlement

Figure 243 Nilbarahi temple in jungle

Figure 245 picnic spot in Nilbarahi temple

Figure 242 Tigani settlement : way to Nilbarahi temple

Figure 244 Dwar Pal in Nilbarahi temple

Figure 246 View from Nilbarahi temple

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Conservation of Bode

9.2.2.3.Activities that could have greater socio economic impacts from Tourism in Bode i. Home Stay Programme Community involved in this program can benefit from tourism directly. This concept has been successful for the distribution of tourism benefits to wider range of people. To make this program successful, it is necessary to work in collaboration with local hotels. If managed properly, hotels and home stay program can supplement each other. Community's support in this sector can enhance the overall tourism development of the area. Broadly, community’s involvement in Home stay program will contribute to:  Keep the area clean.  Preserve the local heritages or monument or temples.  Preserve local culture and tradition.  Develop new activities for sale to the tourist.  Produce local handicrafts  Produce milk and vegetable products for their home – stay program and for the hotel.  Carryout organic farming. If Home Stay program is run properly it will have benefits to both society and individuals, which can be listed as follows:

It can support on financial income to the families participated in the program. Since the program need certain standards of cleanliness and hygiene participating family need to maintain minimum cleanliness of the house, kitchen, toilets and individual health and hygiene and environment of the home as a whole. Guest and host family both are able to learn each other's culture and they can adapt the good practices. Family can have better food compared to others who are not participating in the program. The relation in the community will be maintained properly since all the members work together. It is not necessary that the family who will have guest room can only be benefitted from the program. There are many other activities where others can participate in the program. They could be laundry services, production of dairy product, supply of vegetable and fruits. ii. Cooperative approach

Cooperative can be an appropriate structure to make more people involved in the tourism program. This principle can benefit the local people where locals are not able to invest larger amount in alone. It is believed that a cooperative approach for tourism development can help locals to organize and operate activities very well and help them to share profits and distribute that among members equally. District Development Committee with the technical assistance from Cooperative Department could organize the training for the members, host families, and the other families involved in other supporting services. Some Page 118

Conservation of Bode study tour for sharing experience from the community running home stay program is also needed prior to start the program.

It is necessary to provide detail information to the community who are interested to establish the home stay program in their villages. iii. Mainstreaming women in tourism activities

Helping women to participate in the overall tourism development process can boost the local economy. This can be ensured by helping women to:

Participate in tourism planning and development process and involving them in all tourism related institutions and decision making positions. Work as a local tour guides .Develop home-stay accommodation packages .Train and engage in accommodation and hospitality related jobs like cook, housekeeping, waiters etc. Train and capacitate in developing ecotourism and tourism enterprises in community forest. Participate in herbal farming and other cash crops.

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Conservation of Bode

10. Landuse, Zoning and Bye Laws 10.1. Existing Landuse Pattern Madhyapur Thimi Municipality (MTM) is one of vibrantly emerging urban areas having population density of 80-85 pha. The municipality was formed in 1996 combining 5 village Development Committee (VDC’s) namely Balkumari, Chapaccho, Thimi, Bode, and Nagadesh. These village development committee were previously divided into 9 wards each making total of 45 wards. But the numbers of wards are now reduced to 17 after forming this Municipality (MTM). The total area within Madhyapur Thimi Municipality is 11.48 sq. km out of which 2.3 sq. km of land falls under the developed area categories, which includes the following as shown in the table. The rest of the land falls under the undeveloped i.e. in the form of forests, agriculture and vacant land.

Table 1: Land use Type of Madhyapur Thimi Municipality of 2009

(Pradip Raj Pant, February 2009)

Page 120

Conservation of Bode

Page 121

Conservation of Bode

Following land use table highlights the land-use division as per the 2010 population which was projected in 1998.

The area situated at the bank of Manohara river, have alluvial, light to brownish gray fine laminated and poorly graded silty sand. These soils have low bearing capacity, loose density and soft consistency, prone to subsidence, erosion and flooding and high potential of ground water with periodic change of shallow ground water table. High infiltration, high risks to pollution susceptible to liquefaction. The study area (Bode) comprises of ward no: 1, 2 and 3 of MTM. This broadly has fertile agriculture land, Nilbarahi forest and core settlement and new residential areas. Here Bode and Tikani villages are the traditional settlements. It has been vividly observed that the conversion of agricultural land into residential and commercial plots.

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Conservation of Bode

URBAN EXPANSION BODE - 2000

Plinth Area= 38817 sq. m.

Figure 247 Total area covered by buildings in Bode in 2000

URBAN EXPANSION BODE - 2005 Plinth Area= 42206 sq. m. (Increased by 8.73% in 5 years)

Figure 248: Total area covered by buildings in Bode in 2005

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Conservation of Bode

URBAN EXPANSION BODE - 2010 Plinth Area= 53232 sq. m. (Increased by 26.12% in 5 years)

Figure 249: Total area covered by buildings in Bode in 2010

Figure 250: Present condition of builtup area in Bode

Page 124

Conservation of Bode

10.2 Physical and Development Issues o Due to lack of planned development and deficiency in enforcement of prepared land-use planning, urban sprawl of the area in undesired sites has taken place. As a result, agriculture land is being converted to building sites. The reserved and green zone as designated in Kathmandu Valley Bylaws 2064 are in a verge of human exploitation and need to preserve these lands is an utmost need. o The easily seen violation of bylaws and enforcement deficiency in traditional residential settlement is construction of steps in setback of the road. Similarly hanging electric wires in the traditional settlement has been spoiling the aesthetics of the area.  Use of modern technology and material for the construction of the building  

Construction of building of more than 4 storey, which is not allowed by the building bylaws of Madhyapur Thimi Municipality at the core Newari settlement

Use of new doors and windows but not old doors and windows of old houses while constructing new buildings by demolishing old houses



Constructing room at the projection above the street



and new material without any blend with the traditional architecture



Vertical extension of old traditional house by using new construction technology



Construction of new houses by demolishing half part of the old building



residence at Lachhi tole

  

Use of modern technology and material for the construction of pati cum Use of cement, plastering the surface wall of Narayan temple at Lachhi Tole Replacing clay tile slope roof by CGI flat roof

Less than 0.5m plinth height in some newly constructed building New construction of buildings at reserved area

o Vertical division of houses is clearly seen resulting into new constructions with modern facade. o Storage of construction materials in the streets and public lands shows the inefficiency of the municipality for enforcement. o Modern facade in traditional settlement is also one of the easily seen violations of bylaws. Avoiding the essence of reversible traditional technology and materials is the main problem for this problem. Most importantly, there is less concern of municipality and KVTDC in above issues. Page 125

Conservation of Bode o Deteriorating wells, ponds and dhungedharas are also the important physical and development issues of the area. o Encroachment of public open spaces has been one of the hot issues in Bode. The public pond of Kamalpokhari could be seen as one of the major landmark of Bode till 2003. But now it has been registered in the name of private owners and there have been cases in court for this issue. However, the decision has been in the favor of the private owners. o There is very less initiatives from local authority towards conservation of vernacular architecture and its process. o Repeated efforts of theft of monuments have also been one of the major threats for preservation of historical monuments and shrines. There is no proper documentation done thus making the later conservation efforts more conjectural. o There are different roads connecting Bode from different VDCs and municipalities.

However, the Bylaws shows that there is no hierarchy of major connecting roads. All connecting roads have a ROW of 5.5 meter. However, the importance of road linking

Bode from Araniko Highway (road from Balkumari, Chapachho, Bakha Bazar to

Bode) is important that linking Bode from Duwakot or Mulpani for example. The

road from Bakha Bazar is very narrow and congested and hence some intervention needs to be done.

o Land pooling area does not have uniformity in facade; there is lack of proper organization of the spaces which ultimately creates the aesthetic degradation of the space. Improper layout of street and nodes design, lack of landmark and adequate open space are the major lacking in newly developed areas. There is no sufficient infrastructure in Sintitar and other Residential Developing zone. Sinchitar, the special planning zone lacks the paved road and drainage in most of the areas. The investment of the municipality should be as per the investment policy. o Nilbarahi temple and forest is one of the major landmark and tourist potential area of Bode. But improper sanitation and waste disposals resulting from the people coming to celebrate picnic and offerings in Nilbarahi temple has been one of major threat to the area. Similarly Vehicular movement within the premises of Nilbarahi Temple has also created havoc mostly during peak days.

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Conservation of Bode

Figure 251: Vertical extension and division of the traditional house

Figure 252: Construction of modern houses and constructing room at projection above the street (space encroachment)

Page 127

Conservation of Bode

Figure 253: Cement Plastering of Narayan Temple at Lacchi Tole

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Conservation of Bode

Figure 254: RCC pillared pati at Lachhi Tole

10.3. Proposed Zoning And Bye Laws 10.3.1. Access •

Heavy vehicles are prohibited between 9am – 5 pm in the core area (Traditional

•

Residential Zone).

•

only light vehicles and emergency vehicles.

The traditional residential zone shall prioritize pedestrianization with the entry of Vehicle parking is prohibited on the street or major courtyards. Parking shall be done at the allocated community parking area outside the core area.

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Conservation of Bode

The area of Bode is divided into

1. Traditional Residential Zone 2. Residential Zone

3. Special Planning Sub-Zone 4. Reserved Zone

5. Green Zone

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Conservation of Bode

10.3.2. Traditional Residential Zone The GCR, height (in Feet), storey and FAR for different types of building is included in the table below. ZONE

T Y P E S Of B U I L D I N G S

Traditional Residential Zone

GCR

Height/Storey

FAR

Residential (Upto 4anna)

80

33/3

2

2

Residential (4-8anna)

80

33/3

1.75

3

Residential (Above 8anna)

60

33/3

4

School/Campus Upto 5 class

40

40/3

2

5class to 12 class

40

40/3

2

Campus

30

40/3

2

50

25/2

2

6

Governmental/NonGovernmental office Hospital

30

40/3

2

7

Polyclinic Medical

60

40/3

2

8

40

40/3

3

30

40/3

2

-

-

-

30

40/3

2

12

Star hotel as per Ministry of Tourism Supermarket, Big shopping mall Entertainment related buildings like cinema hall and theater Multi Purpose hall and Convention center Cottage Small Industry

30

40/3

2

13

Non-Polluting Industry

30

25/2

2

14

Polluting Industry

-

-

-

15

Others (Library, Museum, Old age home)

40

40/3

2

S.N

Types of Building

1

5

9 10 11

Permissibility

1.25

Page 131

Conservation of Bode 1. Existing buildings which has unique traditional Newari style shall not be reconstructed or repaired with changes in the unique style and structure. Any old buildings shall be demolished only after prior permission of the municipality.

2. If any Traditional building is to be demolished and reconstructed, all traditional artistic wooden materials shall be reinstalled in the new building without any change.

3. Any building which shall be constructed with reinstallation of old traditional architectural can have a benefit of 75% cutoff in Building Permit charge, 25%

donation of Teli brick for façade treatment and required technical and financial support for maintenance of architectural materials.

4. The maximum Ground Coverage, Height and No. of storey are as follows.

S. No. 1 2 3

Building type

Max. Ground Maximum Height Coverage

Building to be constructed 80% in open space Building new house by 100% demolishing old building Building having up to 3.5 m. 100% area behind the frontage

10.9 m. 10.9 m. 10.9 m.

Maximum Storey

Plinth Height

4

0.5 m.

4 4

0.5 m. 0.5 m.

1. New buildings shall be constructed without exceeding 0.30 m high from the center line of the road.

2. Staircase shall be constructed with a maximum slope of 45 degree and minimum width of 0.90 m.

3. Any RCC parts in the elevation of the building shall be covered by brick wall. Plastering is not allowed in external portion of the building.

4. Balcony shall be constructed within own land or as per the existing condition.

Balcony can be constructed in the second floor having a maximum projection of 0.90 m.

5. The slab of the building shall be constructed with a covering of mud, Jhingati or tyle

as per the existing conditions and within own land. However, it can be either sloped with an angle of 25 to 30 degree or flat.

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Conservation of Bode 6. If window and ventilation are to be installed in a new building, there should be a

minimum set-back of 1.5 m. from the land boundary. However, it does not apply to existing buildings.

7. Any portion of new buildings shall not cover the neighbor’s property, public road and open spaces from the upper side. However, it can be allowed in case of façade treatment with neighboring house.

8. Any window and door to be installed in the outer portion of the building should be as per the predefined traditional Newari wooden style and shape.

9. The skyline shall be maintained in the traditional architectural style.

10. Vertical division of the houses shall not conflict the traditional architecture of the building.

10.3.3 Residential Zone

The areas which do not fall under Traditional Residential zone, Institutional zone, Commercial subzone, Industrial subzone, Special Planning subzone and those areas which are not restricted for building construction. ZONE

T Y P E S

Residential Zone

GCR

Height/Storey

FAR

Residential (Upto 4anna)

80

33/3

2

2

Residential (4-8anna)

80

33/3

1.75

3

Residential (Above 8anna)

60

33/3

4

School/Campus Upto 5 class

40

40/3

2

5class to 12 class

40

40/3

2

Campus

30

40/3

2

50

25/2

2

6

Governmental/NonGovernmental office Hospital

-

-

-

7

Polyclinic Medical

60

40/3

2

8

Star hotel as per Ministry of Tourism

-

-

-

S.N

Types of Building

1

Permissibility

1.25

Of B U I L D I N G S

5

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Conservation of Bode 9

30

40/3

2

-

-

-

30

40/3

2

12

Supermarket, Big shopping mall Entertainment related buildings like cinema hall and theater Multi Purpose hall and Convention center Cottage Small Industry

30

40/3

2

13

Non-Polluting Industry

30

25/2

2

14

Polluting Industry

-

-

-

15

Others (Library, Museum, Old age home)

50

40/3

2

10 11

1. The plinth height of the building from the center line of the road is 0.45 m. in case of blacktopped road, 0.60 m. for graveled road, 0.75 m. for kacchi road.

2. The minimum width of the building is 2.40 m. However, the ratio of length and

breadth of the building shall not exceed 3:1. If the length of the building is more than 3 times that of breadth, an additional construction joint of 50 mm. shall be left.

3. The openings including window, door and ventilation of every room of a building

shall be either minimum 0.30 square meter or minimum 15% of the area covered by the floor.

4. The chajja projection between buildings shall be 0.60 m. maximum or 0.90 m. for slab.

5. The building shall be constructed with a front set back of 1 .5 m. after ROW of the road. However the minimum setback for small cottage industry is 3 m.

6. The minimum setback for installing openings are 1.5 m. The owner can construct in the boundary if there is no openings in the wall.

7. The minimum 20% area should be left for vehicle parking in case of institutional building, meeting building, cottage industry and commercial purpose.

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Conservation of Bode

10.3.4

Special Planning Zone ZONE

T Y P E S Of B U I L D I N G S

Special Planning Zone

GCR

Height/Storey

FAR

Residential (Upto 4anna)

-

-

-

2

Residential (4-8anna)

80

33/3

3

Residential (Above 8anna)

60

33/3

4

School/Campus Upto 5 class

40

40/3

5class to 12 class

40

40/3

Campus

-

-

5

Governmental/Non-Governmental office

-

-

-

6

Hospital

-

-

-

7

Polyclinic Medical

60

40/3

2

8

Star hotel as per Ministry of Tourism

-

-

-

9

Supermarket, Big shopping mall

30

40/3

2

10

-

-

-

11

Entertainment related buildings like cinema hall and theater Multi Purpose hall and Convention center

30

40/3

2

12

Cottage Small Industry

30

40/3

2

13

Non-Polluting Industry

-

-

-

14

Polluting Industry

-

-

15

Others(Library, Museum, Old age home)

40

40/3

S.N

Types of Building

1

Permissibility

1.75 1.25

2 2 -

2

Some Areas under Sintitar where Integrated Housing Development project is under execution are referred as Integrated Housing Development Center of Special Planning zone. Road Widht

ROW of Road

1. Road connecting main road

14m minimum

3.Way to Plot

6M minimum

2. Way to Block

8M minimum

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Conservation of Bode Road of 4m can also be provided in special cases only after the approval of municipality. In case of 4m road Cul De Sac of 4m needs to be provided and in no case the length of 4m road should be greater than 50m. Plot Size minimum:4 anna Plot length minimum: 8m Plot Depth:

6anna to 12 anna- 1.5X width

12 anna to 1 Ropani- 1.75xwidth More than 1 Ropani-2X width

1. The plinth level shall be minimum 0.45m from black topped road, 0.6m from

graveled road and 0.75m from trail road. In case of the site being at a level lower than the road level, the building shall be constructed to facilitate easy sewerage facility.

2. The minimum width of the building shall be 2.4,. The ratio of length to breadth shall

not be greater than 3:1. If breadth is more than 3 times the length a 50mm construction joint shall be left.

3. The openings area should be minimum 15% of the floor area that it facilitates or should be minimum 0.3m2.

4. The projections from the building shall be maximum 0.6m and that from the roof shall be maximum 0.9m. Other projections shall be according to the ground coverage and set back.

5. Setback contains all the projections like balcony, room with cantilever except the projections of roof.

6. For residential building purpose allocated ROW and setback should be left. But for institutional building, public building, hall, commercial building, small scale

industrial building, 3m setback shall be left from the road. For Corner plots, the road width shall be maintained as allocated by the department of Roads.

7. For Residential building, 1.5, shall be left in case of provision of openings. In case of

no opening, the building can be flushed to the site boundary. But for institutional

building, public building, hall, commercial building, small scale industrial building,

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Conservation of Bode minimum 3m shall be left from all sides of the plot. But if multiple buildings are to be constructed within the same plot, respective setbacks shall be considered for each building.

8. For institutional building, public building, hall, commercial building, small scale industrial building, minimum 20% area shall be allocated for parking.

10.3.5

Reserved Zone

Lower agricultural farmland is kept within the reserved zone. The area facilitated with the minimum physical infrastructure is only permitted for permanent building construction. • •

Ground Coverage: 20% FAR:0.5

Permission for projects with only sole goal of development of the area can be conducted only after the permission of municipality. The laws for construction of such buildings shall be equivalent or tighter than the laws of Special Planning zone.

10.3.6

Green Zone

River banks and forest area are kept within the green zone and are divided into following subzones. •

River bank subzone: Agricultural farmlands within the river bank which are vulnerable to building construction are kept within the river bank subzone. No

•

construction shall be permitted within a distance of 50 m. from the bank of the river.

Forest subzone: Nilbarahi Forest area is kept under Forest subzone with a view of keeping it as a jungle park. Buildings and structures are not allowed to be constructed without prior permission of the municipality. However, structures with

a height of 5 m. which are necessary for sports, park management and facility of the people.

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Conservation of Bode

Bibliography         

BAER, N. s. (1982). Report of the Committee on Conservation of Historic Stone Buildings and Monuments. Washington DC: National Academy Press.

Dangol, N. (2010). SANA GUTHI AND THE NEWARS: Impacts of Modernization on Traditional Social Organizations . Norway: University of Tromsø.

Dina D'Ayala, S. S. (2003). HOUSING REPORT Traditional Nawari house in Kathmandu Valley. World Housing Encyclopedia . District Development Committee, B. /. ( 2010, october). TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT PLAN OF BHAKTAPUR DISTRICT 2010 – 2014. Fielden, B. M. (1979). Principles of Conservation. New York. ICOMOS. (2002).

(n.d.). Introduction to architectural conservation. Lynch, K. (1960). The Image of the City.

MSU/067. (2067). Urban design and conservation-Bode. Lalitpur.

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