Human Behavior Finals

Human Behavior and Crisis Management RYAN TIMBAL, SMRICrim, Ph.D. Registered Criminologist

Human Behavior Human behavior is anything an individual does that involves self-initiated action and/or reaction to a given situation. It is an attitude that a person adopts in order to fit the society’s idea of right or wrong.

It can be also defined as the sum total of man's reaction to his environment or the way human beings act. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Definition of Human Behavior It is a voluntary or involuntary attitude of a person in order to fit the society’s idea of right or wrong, partly determined by heredity and environment, and modified through learning. It is the way also how human beings act. Many people use the word behavior to mean conduct. But in psychology and other behavioral science, behavior is regarded as any activity of a person. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Human Beings Human beings are intelligent social animals with the mental capacity to comprehend, infer and think in rational ways.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Two Basic Types of Behavior • Inherited (Inborn) behavior – refers to any behavioral reactions or reflexes exhibited by people because of their inherited capabilities or the process of natural selection. These behaviors are modified through adaptation as the environment acts on the individual. Most scientists believed that both physical and mental traits can be inherited by children from their parents.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Two Basic Types of Behavior • Learned (Operant) behavior – involves knowing or adaptation that enhances human beings’ ability to cope with changes in the environment in ways which improve the chances of survival. The key to this behavior depends in its end results for the person and the environment. Learned behavior may be acquired through environment or training.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Social relationships • In SOCIAL SCIENCE, a social relation or social interaction is any relationship between two or more individuals or group. • Human beings – as social animals – live and work in groups.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

GROUPS • It is commonly defined as collection of individuals who derive satisfaction from interacting with each other in some consistent and coordinated way as they strive to achieve a common goal or objective. • GROUPS are held together by various forms of social relationships.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

• Social relations derived from individual agency, form the basis of social structure and the basic object for analysis by social scientists. • It exist when people reciprocal expectations about one another so that they act in a relatively patterned ways

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

LEARNING • It is a dynamic process which shows itself in changed behavior that is based on the prior experience.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Classifications of Human Behavior 1. Voluntary 2. Involuntary.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Other Classifications of Human Behavior Habitual – refers to motorized behavior usually manifested in language and emotion.

Instinctive – are generally unlearned and simply comes out of man’s instinct which can be seen among instinctinstinct survival behaviors.

Symbolic – are behaviors that are usually carried out by means of unsaid words and shown through symbols or body signs.

Complex – are those behaviors that combine two or more of the classified ones. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Causes of conflict on Human Behavior 1. Physical Conflicts It refers to natural causes, like a typhoons, an earthquake, a fire, a flood, a storm.

2. Social Conflicts Involve restrictions or rules in the home, in the school, in the community. Many laws are intended for public welfare, but they interfere with the adolescent’s desires or interest.

3. Economic Conflicts Result from one’s ability to have materials things because of poverty or other financial obligations. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Basis of Human Behavior A. Sensation – is the feeling or impression created by a given stimulus or cause that leads to a particular reaction or behavior. Human Senses a. Visual – sight b. Olfactory – smell c. Cutaneous – touch d. Auditory – hearing e. Gustatory – taste Ryan Timbal, MS Justice, SMRICrim

[email protected]

B. Perception – refers to the person’s knowledge of a given stimulus which largely help to determine the actual behavioral response in a given situation – refers to the psychological activity based on interpretation of past experiences with a given stimulus or object.

C.

Awareness

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Understanding The PROBLEMS of HUMAN BEHAVIOR in

Police Work

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Three Types of Personality

a.Introvert

– characterized by the direction of interest toward oneself, and one’s inner world experiences.

b.Extrovert

– characterized by interests toward the external environment of people and things rather than toward inner experiences and oneself.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

c.Ambivert - a mixture of between an extrovert and introvert. These type are generally outgoing and sociable.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Introvert Like to be alone with their thoughts Thinking things through before they speak Get energized by being alone Don’t deal well with interruptions Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

Extrovert Like to talk things out with others Like to dive-in immediately Get energized by being with others Are ok with being spontaneous [email protected]

Introvert Extrovert Like advance Like surprises notice of changes Like to get Like public feedback in private acknowledgement

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Attributes of Human Behavior Duration – refers to the aspect of human behavior in terms of function of time, how long or brief the interval maybe

Extent – traits of human behavior which centers on size, distance, location (spatial characteristics)

Intensity – features of human behavior which focuses in terms (disintegrative)

of

magnitude,

mild,

strong,

Quantity – refers to the aspect of human behavior dealing with the normal and abnormal traits.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice, SMRICrim

[email protected]

Psychological Positions Patterns (Ego States)

or

Behavioral

• Parent ego state – which may be characterized as protective, idealistic, evaluative, righteous, refer to laws, rules and standards. • Adult ego state – which centers more upon reason, factual, flexible, views as co-equal, worthy, and reasonable human being. • Child ego state – which may be easily described as dependent, rebellious, selfish, demanding, impatient and emotional. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice, SMRICrim

[email protected]

Freud’s Theory of Personality

Factors that affect Human Behavior 1.Heredity – it is the passing of traits to offspring (from its parent or ancestors). This is the process by which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics of its parent cell or organism.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice, SMRICrim

[email protected]

Factors that affect Human Behavior 2.Environment –

refers to surroundings of an object. It consists of conditions and factors that surround and influence behavioral pattern.

3.Learning –

is the process by which an individual’s behavior changes as a result of experience or practice.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice, SMRICrim

[email protected]

Psychological Explanations of Human Behavior 1. The Mind and Its Relationship to Crime Before the development of more scientific theories on human behavior and mental illness, one of the most popular explanations was demonology. Individuals were thought to be possessed by good or evil spirit, which caused good or evil behavior.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice, SMRICrim

[email protected]

2. Psychiatric Approach Psychoanalysis is a branch of psychiatry, which employs a particular personality theory and a specific treatment method, usually individual case study.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice, SMRICrim

[email protected]

3. Personality Theory Emotional conflict and personality deviation characterize many criminals, especially habitual offenders, leading some theorists to conclude that these deviations cause human behavior to become criminals

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice, SMRICrim

[email protected]

4. Intelligence and Crime It is argued that low intelligence causes crime. The relationship between crime and intelligence is a “clear consistent link between criminality and low intelligence.” Low intelligence and crime appear together, and low intelligence is the cause of crime.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice, SMRICrim

[email protected]

5. Cognitive Theory

Development

This approach is based on the belief that the ways in which people organize their thoughts about rules and laws results in either criminal or non-criminal behavior. Psychologists refer to this organization of thoughts as moral reasoning.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice, SMRICrim

[email protected]

6. Behavior Theory Behavior theory is the basis for behavior modification, one approach used in institutionalized and non-institutionalized settings for changing behavior

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

7. Learning Theory Learning theory, acknowledges that individuals have physiological mechanism that permit them to behave aggressively, but whether or not they will do so, and the nature of their aggressive behavior, are learned.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Quiz…

Factors that Determine Human Behavior 1. Values System Values represent the ideas and beliefs through which we define our personal goals, choose personal courses of action and judge our own behavior with that of others.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Factors that Determine Human Behavior 2. Perception It is a mental screen or filter though which information must pass before it can be integrated in human thought processes and behavior.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Factors that Determine Human Behavior 3. Motivation The word motivation comes from the Latin word “moveers” which means to move. Motivation is the energizing force that directs and controls our behavior towards the achievement of our goals.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Types of Motivation 1. Intrinsic motivation 2. Extrinsic motivation

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Personality Traits that Affect Human Behavior 1.Extroversion – characterized by interests directed toward the external environment of people and things rather than toward inner experiences and oneself.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Personality Traits that Affect Human Behavior 2.Introversion – characterized by direction of interest toward oneself and one’s inner world of experiences.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Personality Traits that Affect Human Behavior 3.Ambiversion – is a balance of extrovert and introvert characteristics.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Personality Traits that Affect Human Behavior 4.Neuroticism – this is an tendency to experience emotional states.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

enduring negative

[email protected]

Personality Traits that Affect Human Behavior 5.Psychoticism – is characterized by cold cruelty, social insensitivity, disregard for danger, troublesome behavior, dislike of others and an attraction towards unusual.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Frustration in Human Behavior Frustration refers to the situation which blocks the individual’s motivated behavior. Sustained frustration may be characterized by anxiety, irritability, fatigue or depression.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Coping Mechanism It is defined as the way people react to frustration.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Frustration Tolerance It is the ability to withstand frustration without developing inadequate modes of response such as being emotionally depressed or irritated, becoming neurotic, or becoming aggressive.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Manifestation of Frustration

• Unrealistic Goals – it can be seen when a person’s level of aspiration is much higher than his level of achievement. • Harmful or Antisocial Goals – when a person’s desire or intention to reach his goal is harmful to others. • Conflicting Goals – when two or more goals of a person rebound to his personal interest and the benefit of the goal is one sided. • Environmental Difficulties – when goals cannot be simply attained due to so many hindrances within a person.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Broad Reactions to Frustration • Fight – is manifested by fighting the problem in a constructive and direct way by means of breaking down the obstacles preventing the person reaching his goals. • Flight – it can be manifested by sulking, retreating, becoming indifferent and giving up.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Different Types of Reaction to Frustration A. Direct approach - can be seen among people who handle their problems in a very objective way.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Different Types of Reaction to Frustration B. Detour - when an individual realizes that in finding for the right solution of the problem, he always end up with a negative outcome or result.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Different Types of Reaction to Frustration C. Substitution - most of time are resulted to in handling frustration when an original plan intended to solve the problem did not produce the intended result, thus the most practical way to face the problem, is to look for most possible or alternative means.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Different Types of Reaction to Frustration D. Withdrawal or retreat - is corresponding to running away from the problem or flight which to some is the safest way.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Different Types of Reaction to Frustration E. Developing feeling of inferiority - comes when a person is unable to hold on to any solution which gives a positive result.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Different Types of Reaction to Frustration F. Aggression - is a negative outcome of a person's inability to handle frustration rightly. Manifestation in physical behavior can be observed in one's negative attitudes towards life both in the personal and professional aspect.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Different Types of Reaction to Frustration G. Use of Defense Mechanism – is the most tolerated way of handling frustration. It is a man’s last result when a person attempts to overcome fear from an anticipated situation or event. Defense Mechanism – is an unconscious psychological process that serves as safety valve that provides relief from emotional conflict and anxiety. • . H.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Common Defense Mechanisms • 1.Displacement - strong emotion, such as anger, is displaced onto another person or object as the recipient of said emotion (anger), rather than being focused on the person or object which originally was the cause of said emotion.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Common Defense Mechanisms • 2.Rationalization - is the defense mechanism that enables individuals to justify their behavior to themselves and others by making excuses or formulating fictitious, socially approved arguments to convince themselves and others that their behavior is logical and acceptable

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Common Defense Mechanisms • 3.Compensation - is the psychological defense mechanism through which people attempt to overcome the anxiety associated with feelings of inferiority and inadequacy in one is of personality or body image, by concentrating on another area where they can excel.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Common Defense Mechanisms • 4.Projection - manifest feelings and ideas which are unacceptable to the ego or the superego and are projected onto others so that they seem to have these feelings or ideas, which free the individual from the guilt and anxiety associated with them.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Common Defense Mechanisms • 5.Reaction formation - is defined as the development of a trait or traits which are the opposite of tendencies that we do not want to recognize.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Common Defense Mechanisms • 6.Denial – when a person uses this, he refuses to recognize and deal with reality because of strong inner needs.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Common Defense Mechanisms • 7.Repression – is unconscious process whereby unacceptable urges or painful traumatic experiences are completely prevented from entering consciousness.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Common Defense Mechanisms • 8.Suppression - which is sometimes confused with that of repression, is a conscious activity by which an individual attempts to forget emotionally disturbing thoughts and experiences by pushing them out of his mind.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Common Defense Mechanisms • 9.Identification - an individual seeks to overcome his own feelings of inadequacy, loneliness, or inferiority by taking on the characteristics of someone who is important to him.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Common Defense Mechanisms • 10.Substitution - through this defense mechanism, the individual seeks to overcome feelings of frustration and anxiety by achieving alternate goals and gratifications.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Common Defense Mechanisms • 11.Fantasy - this is resulted to whenever unfulfilled ambitions and unconscious drives do not materialize.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Common Defense Mechanisms • 12.Regression – a person reverts to a pattern of feeling, thinking or behavior which was appropriate to an earlier stage of development.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Common Defense Mechanisms • 13.Sublimation – is the process by which instinctual drives which consciously unacceptable are diverted into personally and socially accepted channels.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Mental disorder from sociological viewpoint is the persistent inability to adapt oneself to the ordinary environment. It is the individual’s loss of power to regulate his actions and conduct according to the rules of society.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Normal Behavior This refers to a lack of significant deviation from the average. Another possible definition is that "a normal" is someone who conforms to the predominant behavior in a society. Social norms – rules that a group uses for appropriate and inappropriate values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Who are Normal Persons? From the viewpoint of human adjustment, a normal persons is one behaves according to the norms and standards of society.

Characteristics of Normal Persons 1. Free expression of personality. 2. Adequate security feelings. 3. Efficient contact with reality. 4. Adaptability to group norms. 5. Emotional maturity. 6. Adequate self-knowledge. 7. Integrated and consistent personality. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Who are Abnormal Persons? Are individual can be called abnormal when he fails to meet the above stated characteristics of a normal persons. Characteristics of Abnormal Persons 1. He may compromise with reality by developing imaginary ailments, phobias, obsessions, or compulsions. 2. He may withdraw from the real world into a world of fantasy and make-believe where his hidden or unexpressed desires may be fulfilled. 3. Instead of compromising with reality or withdrawing into as kind of shell, the person may go to the other extreme, and become very aggressive to others.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Abnormal Behavior Literaly means "away from the normal". It implies deviation from some clearly defined norm. In the case of physical illness, the norm is the structural and functional integrity of the body.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR • Since “AB“ means away from. Abnormal behavior - can be defined as behavior which is away from or deviating from normal behavior. – It is one that is within the concept as his own behavior which he or she sees normal, and that people who behave as they do, are likewise normal and those that do not behave similarly are abnormal. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

In this regard, behavior which is ineffective, self-defeating, self-destructive, and which separates the individual from those who are important to him is regarded as “abnormal”.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

“There is something “evil” about mental illness and people who suffer from such illness are themselves evil, violent, and homicidal”

The truth is, there is nothing at all evil about mental illness and that large majority of mentally ill are neither violent nor dangerous. It is the “evil” idea that leads people to have that fear.

If the police officer recognizes this fear, he can use it when taking a person into custody by offering his help and protection instead of fighting him. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

“mental illness is an “all or do nothing” affair”

The concept of mental illness is easily divided. A person is often regarded as insane or normal or classified as such. Nothing could be further from the truth. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

“if the person is mentally ill, he will always be mentally ill and his condition will not vary significantly from to day” Mental illness can be treated and individuals can become normal or functional again. Like physically ill patients, they may also get sick again, receive appropriate treatment and recover again. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

“the feelings and behavior of mentally ill persons have no relationship to the feeling and behavior of the mentally healthy. Some mentally ill persons experience delusions”

A delusion is defined as false belief which is strongly held despite all tests of reality. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

GUIDELINES FOR JUDGING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR 1. APPROPRIATENESS Normal behavior tends to be appropriate to the situation; abnormal behavior tends to be inappropriate. The basis of behavior’s appropriateness includes assessment of not only the behavior itself but the situation in which it is happening.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

• Sample of appropriateness… A traffic police officer praying inside the church, then enters a man, sits beside him, and started to pray. This is appropriate behavior since it is taking inside the church.

But, if the place changes, but the behavior remains; such as when the traffic officer is manning traffic in a busy street, then a man suddenly walk towards him, kneel and started to pray in front of him. Note that the behavior itself has not changed, only its appropriateness changed. [email protected] Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

2. FLEXIBILITY Normal behavior regardless of the place tends to be flexible and can be changed in order to fit in a given situation. For instance… The COP behavior varies on each situation and place. Just like with his behavior from his work place, residence, place of entertainment, etc. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

3. IMPULSIVITY Abnormal Behavior since it is related to uncontrolled or partially controlled needs and drives, tends to be impulsive. Normal Behavior is more likely to be a result of a consideration of its consequences, with important decisions being given careful thought before implementation. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Symptoms of Mental Disorders Enumerated hereunder are symptoms of mental disorders: 1.

some

of

the

Physical

Physical symptoms of mental and emotional disorders include rapid changes in pulse, temperature, respiration, nausea, vomiting, headaches, dizziness, loss of appetite, marked changes in weight, excessive fatigue, pain, cough, lack of motor coordination, and speech disturbance.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

2.

Mental Symptoms of mental and emotional disorders include flight of fancy, loss of understanding, loss of memory, strong irrational fears, compulsion to engage in some form of behavior, obsessions, and false perceptions. 3.

Emotional Some symptoms of mental and emotional disorders are apathy—indifference, accompanied by expressions of worry, crying, refusal to eat or speak, unnatural state of happiness, behavior symptoms—psychomotor activity, crying, laughing, constant repetition of act, and profane language.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Classifications of Mental Retardation Mental retardation is approximately 70 or below:

defined

as

an

IQ

of

1.

Idiot Usually congenital and it is due to the defective development of the mental faculties. Mentality never exceeds that of a normal child over 2 years old. The I.Q. is from 0 to 20.

Severely/Profoundly - Many require life-long care and supervision and are often confined to institutions

Classifications of Mental Retardation 2.

Imbecile Although the mental defect, is not severe as that of idiots. He cannot manage his own affairs. The mental age may be compared to a normal child from 5 to 8 years old. The I.Q. is 21 to 40. Moderately (Trainable) - cannot learn academic subjects in school.

3.

Feeble-Minded (Mildly (Educable) A person whose mental defect is so pronounced, such that he needs care, supervision, and control for his protection and for the protection of others. He has mentality similar to that of a normal child between 8 to 12 years old. The I.Q. is 41 to 70. learn to approximately 6th grade level.

4.

Morally Defective In addition to the mental defect, there are strong vicious and criminal propensities, so that the person requires care, supervision and control for the protection of others.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Two Basic Views in the Determination of Abnormal Behavior 1. Abnormal as Deviation from Social Norm This view was formulated by Ullman and Krasner. They maintained that abnormal is simply a label given to behavior that is deviant from social expectations. They also maintained that behavior cannot be considered abnormal so long as society accepts it.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

2. Abnormal as Maladaptive • Adaptive behavior – is a type of behavior that is used to adjust to another type of behavior or situation.

• Maladaptive behavior – is a behavior or trait that is not adaptive — it is counterproductive to the individual. Maladaptivity is frequently used as an indicator of abnormality or mental dysfunction.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS I. PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDER A disorder in which the physical illness is considered to be highly associated with emotional factors. The individual may not perceive that his emotional state is contributing to his physical illness. A physical disease that is thought to be caused, or made worse, by mental factors.” The term is also used when mental factors cause physical symptoms but where there is no physical disease. For example, chest pain may be caused by stress and no physical disease can be found

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

II. NEUROSIS Neurosis is a class of functional mental disorders involving distress but neither delusions nor hallucinations, whereby behavior is not outside the socially acceptable norms.

The distinguishing feature of neurosis: - anxiety - fear - endless troubles that carries significant aspects of the individual’s life.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

III. ANXIETY DISORDERS

Anxiety disorders are blanket terms covering several different forms of abnormal and pathological fear and anxiety. People experience excessive levels of the kind of negative emotions that we identify as being nervous, tense, worried, scared, and anxious. These terms all refer to anxiety.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Forms of Anxiety •

Phobias This is an intense, unrealistic fear. In this case, anxiety is focused so intensely on some objects or situations that the individual is acutely uncomfortable around it and will often go to great pain to avoid it.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Forms of Anxiety • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders Obsession – This is an anxiety provoking thoughts that will not go away. Thoughts and impulses which occur in the person’s mind despite attempts to keep them out. They seem uncontrollable, as if they do not belong to the individual's mind. (Person keeps on thinking about) Compulsion – It is an urge wherein a person is compelled to perform some actions against his free will and with duress as a result of external factors. This is an irresistible urge to engage in certain pattern of behavior. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS • IV. SOMATOFORM DISORDERS "Soma" means body, and somatoform disorders involve a neurotic pattern in which the individuals complain of bodily symptoms that suggest the presence of a physical problem, but for which no organic basis can be found. Such individuals are typically preoccupied with their state of health and with various presumed disorders or diseases of bodily organs. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Three Distinct Somatoform Patterns • A.Somatization Disorder This is an intensely and chronically uncomfortable condition that indirectly creates a high risk of medical complications. It takes the form of chronic and recurrent aches, pains, fever, tiredness and other symptoms to bodily illness. Individuals frequently experience memory difficulties, problems with walking, numbness, block-out spells, nausea, menstrual problems and a lack of pleasure from sex.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Three Distinct Somatoform Patterns • B.Conversion Disorders and Somatoform Pain Disorders Conversion disorders – are somatoform disorders in which individuals experience serious somatic symptoms such as functional blindness, deafness, paralysis, fainting, seizures, inability to speak or other serious impairments in the absence of any physical cause. Somatoform pain disorders – are somatoform disorders in which the individual experiences a relatively specific and chronic pain that has a psychological rather than physical cause. It is very similar to conversion disorders except that the primary symptom is pain that has no physical cause. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Three Distinct Somatoform Patterns • C.Dissociative Disorders This covers a broad category of loosely related rare conditions involving sudden alterations in cognition, characterized by change in memory, perceptions or "identity".

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Types of Dissociative Disorders a. Amnesia – This refers to loss of memory that can have either physical or psychological cause. It most often occurs after a period of intense stress and involves loss of memory for all or part of the stressful experience itself. b. Psychogenic Fugue State – This resembles amnesia in that there is a loss of memory but the loss is so complete that the individuals cannot remember his or her identity or previous life.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Types of Dissociative Disorders c. Depersonalization – This refers to experiences in which the individual feels that he or she has become distorted or "unreal" or that distortions have occurred in one's surroundings. One might feel that she is a real robot - even though she knows she is a real person - or that her room is not real or that her parents are not real people. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Types of Dissociative Disorders d. Multiple Personality – This is a dissociative disorder in which the individual shifts abruptly and repeatedly from one personality to another as if more than one person were inhabiting the same body. This is commonly known as "split personality disorder." Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS V. PERSONALITY DISORDERS Personality disorders, formerly referred to as character disorders, are a class of personality types and behaviors that the American Psychiatric Association (APA) defines as “an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the culture of the individual who exhibits it”. This category includes those individuals who begin to develop a maladaptive behavior pattern early in childhood as a result of family, social, and cultural influences.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Types of Personality Disorders • 1.Paranoid Personality – This is characterized by suspiciousness, hypersensitivity, rigidity, envy, excessive self-importance, and argumentativeness plus a tendency to blame others for one's own mistakes and failures and to ascribe evil motives to others.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Types of Personality Disorders

• 2.Schizoid Personality – Individuals with this personality disorder neither deserve nor enjoy close relationship. They live a solitary life with little interest in developing friendships. They exhibit emotional coldness, detachment, or a constricted affect. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Types of Personality Disorders

• 3.Schizotypal Personality – Individuals with this type of personality disorder exhibit odd behaviors based on a belief in magic or superstition and may report unusual perceptual experiences.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Types of Personality Disorders

• 4.Histrionic Personality – This is characterized by attempt to be the center of attention through the use of theatrical and self-dramatizing behavior. Sexual adjustment is poor and interpersonal relationships are stormy.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Types of Personality Disorders • 5.Narcissistic Personality – Individuals with this type of personality have a pervasive sense of self-importance. They are preoccupied by fantasies of unlimited success, power, and they often demand excessive admiration and attention.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Types of Personality Disorders • 6.Antisocial Personality – This is characterized by a lifelong history of inability to conform to social norms. They are irritable and aggressive" and may have repeated physical fights. These individuals also have a high prevalence of morbid substance abuse disorders. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Types of Personality Disorders • 7.Borderline Personality – This is characterized by instability, reflected in drastic mood shifts and behavior problems. Individuals with this type of personality are acutely sensitive to real or imagined abandonment and have a pattern of repeated unstable but intense interpersonal relationships that alternate between extreme idealization and devaluation. Such individuals may abuse substances or food, or be sexually promiscuous. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Types of Personality Disorders • 8.Avoidant Personality – Individuals with this personality are fearful of becoming involved with people because of excessive fears of criticism or rejection.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Types of Personality Disorders

• 9.Dependent Personality – This is characterized by inability to make even daily decisions without excessive advice and reassurance.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Types of Personality Disorders • 10.Compulsive Personality – This is characterized by excessive concern with rules, order efficiency, and work coupled with insistence that everyone do things their way and an inability to express warm feelings.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Types of Personality Disorders • 11.Passive-Aggressive Personality – The individual with personality disorder is usually found to have overindulged in many things during the early years to the extent that the person comes to anticipate that his needs will always be met and gratified.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS VI. AFFECTIVE DISORDERS The term affect is roughly equivalent to emotion or to mood. The affective disorders are mood disorders in which extreme and inappropriate levels of mood – extreme elation or deep depression. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Milder Forms of Affective Disorders • • • •

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

Sadness Discouragement Pessimism Sense of Hopelessness

[email protected]

Severe Affective Disorders • Neurotic Affective Disorders – are disorders of mood in which the person is seriously incapacitated, but not to the extent that contacts with reality is impaired. • Psychotic Affective Disorders – are general disorganization of the individuals’ emotional make-up, sensory and motor disturbances, and usually disturbance and deterioration of intellectual activities. Psychotics have a serious deterioration of reality which interferes with their ability to function adequately. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS VII. SCHIZOPHRENIA The schizophrenias are a group of psychotic disorders characterized by gross distortions of reality, withdrawal from social interaction and disorganization and fragmentation of perception, thought, and emotion. Schizophrenic disorders were at one time attributed to a type of "mental deterioration" beginning early in life.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Types of Schizophrenia • 1.Simple Schizophrenia – is characterized by a gradual deterioration of drive, ambition, and the ability to function, reflected in the absence of social relationship or to work effectively at a job. • 2.Paranoid Schizophrenia – is characterized principally by delusions of persecutions and/or grandeur. Hallucinations, usually auditory, are most of time present. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Types of Schizophrenia • 3.Hebephrenic Schizophrenia – manifests severe integration of personality and can be observed through inappropriate giggling and smiling which to an untrained observer may only be childish playfulness. • 4.Catatonic Schizophrenia – manifests extreme violence and shown with excessive motor activity, grimacing, talkativeness and unpredictable emotional outburst. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS VIII. PARANOIA Paranoia refers to cases showing delusions and impaired contact with reality but without the severe personality disorganization characteristic of schizophrenia.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

COMMON TYPES OF PARANOIA • 1. Persecutory Paranoia – having delusions of persecution. • 2. Litigious Paranoia – both delusions of persecution and grandeur • 3. Erotic Paranoia – delusion that a certain person is in love with him or her. • 4. Exalted Paranoia – with great power of importance. • 5. Jealous Paranoia – characterized by irrational jealousy.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORIES OF MENTALLY-DISTURBED PERSONS 1. Anti-Social Personality – is a mentally disturbed person who is opposed to the principles upon which society is based. A person with an anti-social personality is also known as a sociopath or psychopath. Sociopath – is a person who lacks any sense of social or moral responsibility due to mental illness. Psychopath – is a person having personality disorders characterized by anti-social behavior, indifference to immorality and abnormal changes in mood or activity. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Characteristics of Psychopath • He is the classic manipulator or con artist. • One of the most significant characteristics of this personality is the absence of conscience or any guilt feelings. • The person has not incorporated the moral values of society into his life. • He is often a glib and convincing speaker and presents himself extremely well.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

• The anti-social personality is selfish and strives for physical pleasure. • Most of his pursuits revolve around manipulating people to acquire personal gains. • He is often impulsive and demands immediate satisfaction. • He is unable to learn from past experiences. • He is also a chronic liar.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Two Types of Psychopath • 1.Primary Psychopath – engages in antisocial behavior as a result of a genetic or biological predisposition directed by the particular psychodynamic forces that occur in infancy. The primary psychopath forms no human attachments as a result of early developmental obstruction, and thus is capable of harming others with little or no anxiety. • 2.Secondary Sociopath – antisocial behavior is the result of strictly environmental forces that occur in developmental stages beyond infancy. The secondary psychopath forms human attachments, possibly to deviant groups or possibly not.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORIES OF MENTALLY-DISTURBED PERSONS 2. Paranoid-Schizophrenic – is a mental disease resembling paranoia, but is also characterized by autistic behavior, hallucinations and a gradual deterioration of the personality. Characteristics of a Paranoid-Schizophrenic • Disturbed to a degree such that he is out of touch of reality, mentally deranged or insane. • There are usually two primary symptoms, i.e., hallucinations and delusions. Hallucinations – involve hearing or seeing things that are not really there. Delusions – involve a false system of beliefs that persists despite evidence to the contrary. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORIES OF MENTALLY-DISTURBED PERSONS 3. Inadequate Personality – is a person who does not fit a particular purpose.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Characteristics of an Inadequate Personality • Throughout his life, the person with an inadequate personality shows ineffective and inept responses to social, emotional and physical stresses. • He is often a high school dropout and may have a succession of jobs, having been fired from each one because of poor performance. • He sees himself as a loser or as someone who always fails. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

• Taking hostages may be a last attempt to prove that he can succeed. • Hostage-taking may invite attention from authority figures and the media, and could be the high point of his life. • This person will try to show that he can really do something. • He usually has clear, but immature thought patterns, can understand the consequences of his actions, and can be negotiated with successfully. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORIES OF MENTALLY-DISTURBED PERSONS 4. Manic-Depressive – is characterized by alternating accounts of mania and depression. Mania is a kind of insanity characterized by great excitement, while depression is a disorder characterized by prolonged feelings of despair and rejection, often accompanied by fatigue, headaches and other physical symptoms. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Characteristics of the Manic-Depressive • A manic-depressive is usually depressed, and is out of touch of reality, is suffering from psychosis, is mentally deranged or is insane. • He may consider himself unworthy to live. He feels guilty for past sins and often has delusional beliefs. • He may believe that he is responsible for all the sufferings in the world and his current depression is his punishment for living a

• The potential for suicide is extremely high as the potential for killing hostages. • He takes hostages who are members of his own family or persons known to him. • The person's speech and movements may be extremely slow. He may take 15 to 30 seconds or longer to answer a question. • He speaks about his unworthiness, his sinfulness or his feelings of guilt. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Copycat Crime Copycat crime is crime inspired by another crime that has been publicized in the news media or fictionally or artistically represented in which the offender incorporates aspects of the original offense.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

SEXUAL DEVIANCY It may be defined as a sexual act that seeks gratification by means other than heterosexual relationship.

HETEROSEXUALITY/ SEXUALITY It is the normal sexual relationship between members of the opposite sex which could lead to reproduction.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

VARIETIES OF DEVIANT SEXUAL BEHAVIOR a. Homosexuality - refers to the sexual relationship between members of the same sex.

b. Fetishism the fetishist derives sexual gratification and excitement by substituting inanimate object or part of the body for the human love object. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

c. Transvestitism - the transvestite derives sexual excitement and gratification from, at times, wearing clothes and enacting the role of the opposite sex.

d. Sadism - the sadist obtains sexual gratification by inflicting pain upon the sexual partner. He may achieve sexual gratification by engaging in serious criminal acts like torture, rape, and homicide Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

e. Masochism - Masochist achieves gratification by enduring pain upon themselves. The combination of Sadism and Masochism could lead to highly dangerous behavior.

f. Exhibitionism - attains sexual gratification by impulsively exposing some private parts of his body or his entire body. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

g. Voyeurism - achieves gratification by watching a nude man or woman in some form of sexual act. Also known as “peeping tom”.

h. Incest - a practice of sexual acts between closely related person of the opposite sex whose marriage is prohibited by law

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

i. Pedophilia - like incest, the choice of the love object inappropriate. The “pedophile” or child molester as he is commonly known, may engage only in slight physical contact such as a pat on the head or, in extreme, he may engage in intercourse or “SODOMY”.

Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

j. Bestiality - the attainment of sexual gratification from intercourse with living animal which includes the practice of sodomy.

k. Necrophilia - a desire to engage sexual intercourse with a dead body. It is also an indication of serious mental illness. It became a police problem due to the fact that they desecrate the gravesites. Ryan Timbal, MS Justice

[email protected]

CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Crisis This refers to unstable and dangerous social condition characterized by an impending abrupt change involving economic, military, political, police, societal or personal affairs that is approaching emergency level event.

Crisis Management It refers to the action undertaken to unify and coordinate resources and efforts to effectively and efficiently quell a given criminal/life threatening situation. Also defined as the expert handling of emergency or crisis to reduce or eliminate danger or damage. Simply defined as good management under pressure.

OTHER DEFINITION: Crisis management in the face of a current and real crisis includes identifying the real nature of a current crisis, intervening to minimize damage and recovering from the crisis. It is the expert handling of crisis or emergency so as to reduce or eliminate danger or damage, or the likes, especially on the part of the government.

Objectives of Crisis Management 1. 2. 3. 4.

Resolve without further incident. Safety of all the participants. Apprehension of all the perpetrators. Accomplish the task within the framework of current community standards.

Negotiation • means to communicate on a matter of disagreement between two parties, with a view to first listen to the other party's perspective and to then attempt to arrive at a resolution by consensus.

Definition of Hostage Situation A hostage situation is a set of circumstances wherein a suspected law violator is holding a person captive with the use of force, or threat of violence and the police are in close confrontation with the suspect and his captive.

Differences Between Hostage Taking & Kidnapping 1. The police are not aware of the captive location. 2. The police are not in close confrontation with the perpetrators. 3. The police cannot exert any pressure on the suspects.

Motives of Hostage Taking Hostage taking is a by-product of the varied motives, as follows: 1. In political terrors, the reasons include showing the public that the government is not able to protect its own citizenry. 2. Hostage taking guarantees immediate media coverage, and after repeated hostage incidents, it is the hope of the terrorist that the government might overreact and become excessively restrictive with its own citizens, thus causing civil discontent and a grassroots movement to overthrow the government.

Motives of Hostage Taking 3. Warring nations seeking peace after exchange of hostages as a guarantee of a reciprocal good faith.

4. In urban guerilla warfare hostages are taken with little regard to law and order, but not all hostage takers will be urban guerilla. Robbery sometimes involve hostages and certain guidelines of behavior must be laid down to effectively deal with a hostage confrontation situation.

5. Law enforcement officers will most likely to encounter hostage incidents that involve either criminal acts or the mentally disturbed. a. If the hostages are taken in a criminal situation, it is usually because the criminal was unable to complete the crime and escape before the police respond, thus, making the hostage taking a spontaneous event. b. The criminal primary reasons for taking hostages is to ensure own safety; the demands are invariably for safe passage and a means of escape in return for the hostage lives; and it is also very common for them to demand additional money.

6. A husband or wife may take a child hostage in custody out of a domestic dispute 7. A mentally disturbed person may take hostages in order to right what he believes to be wrong. 8. Whatever the initial reason for hostage taking, it is clear that the motive for holding the hostage may change.

a. The act of robbing a bank may initially demand a great deal of money, but latter reduce this demand for guarantee of physical safety or clemency in court.

b. Other times, it may initially demand an immediate change in a government policy or in a prison situation. These demands eventually change to an agreement for talks with appropriate officials about the condition. c. No matter what the original reason for taking hostages, it is not uncommon for the hostage taker, after some period of time to be willing to accept a lesser goal.

Distinct Categories of Hostage Takers 1. Persons in Crisis These are people who take hostages during a period of prolonged frustrations, despair and problems that affect their emotion and behavior to act in accordance with norms and conducts in a society. 2.Psychotics These are mentally ill people who take hostages during a period of psychiatric disturbance.

3. Common-Criminals These are people who take hostages for personal reasons rather than ideological gain. 4. Prisoners These are people who take hostages because of dissatisfaction and discontentment as regard their living conditions while in prisons.

5. Political Terrorists These are ideologically inspired individuals or groups of people-the political terrorists that take hostage because of political and ideological beliefs.

Generic Categories of Hostage Takers In addition to the five district categories of hostage takers, there are also three generic categories, as follows:

1. Common Criminal a. The common criminal will generally concede to police negotiations if there is no way out, hostages will generally be unharmed. b. This type is classed as a rational creative thinker, able to reason consequences and discriminate how much force is against them, and acts accordingly.

2. The Psycho a. The enforcement officer should try to regain as much information as possible concerning motives, past life history, medical and arrest records, etc.; and skilled psychological police negotiators should be trained to talk and record all the things at his level of understanding if this is all possible. b. This type of person is generally described as full of inner conflict and frustrations by which are transferred to his immediate reality, distorted to suit own illusions; and this person is much more unpredictable and may resort to violence depending upon his mood.

c. Some of this type will derive vicarious pleasure at being the focus of attention; he will want to “dictate terms” and will also want to be in a “very important persons” category; and in other cases he will be motivated by a strong death wish and offers to allow his escape will diminish the importance of the situation in which he finds himself. d. Bringing a priest, wife, sweethearts may plunge the psycho right back into the environment from which he is desperately seeking refuge and the reaction may be negative to the point of killing the hostage and himself.

3. The Fanatics a. This category includes the one who falls on the extreme side of the violence; and he is the most dangerous as the law in his mind has no basis of legality; and the group he belongs is to judge by its peers through acts of manliness and honor, thinly veiled violence constituting those acts. b. He can be a true revolutionary and a total anarchist reflecting the attitude: “The government to be torn down and overthrown. I do not recognize the laws of an illegally elected body, therefore none of the actions I perform will be illegal action.”

c. This mental orientation has the foundations in seeing after a misdirected social justice for all against the prevailing order of things; and this type will rationalize deviance in terms of revolutionary zeal often parlayed by feeling of inadequacy. d. The law enforcement officer may have to resort to ego flattering if he can approach close enough, and if the fanatics condescend to talk to him from his Ivory Tower of illusory superiority.

Types of Crisis 1. Natural crisis – is typically natural disasters considered as acts of God, such as environmental phenomena as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes and hurricanes, floods, landslides, tsunamis, storms, and droughts that threaten life, property, and the environment itself.

Types of Crisis 2. Technological crisis – a crisis caused by human application of science and technology. Technological accidents inevitably occur when technology becomes complex and coupled and something goes wrong in the system as a whole (Technological breakdowns).

Types of Crisis 3. Confrontation crisis – occurs when discontented individuals and/or groups fight businesses, government, and various interest groups to win acceptance of their demands and expectations.

Types of Crisis 4. Crisis of Malevolence – occurs when opponents or miscreant individuals use criminal means or other extreme tactics for the purpose of expressing hostility or anger toward, or seeking gain from, a company, country, or economic system, perhaps with the aim of destabilizing or destroying it.

Ten (10) steps to take during crisis • Assess the situation – by knowing the following: what is happening and why; what is likely to happen and how quick the response should be to avoid further damage in all aspects; who are involve and who else; and resources at hand. • Draw Preliminary Plan of action – step by step and have contingency plan for a eventualities • Line up a crisis management team – deal with the situation.

Ten (10) steps to take during crisis • Set up a crisis management center – • Set up communication system – to have an immediate access to all members of the team • Prioritize matters • Face problem one at a time • Prepare detailed plans • Continuously monitor what is exactly happening • Evaluate action and reaction

Stages of Crisis

Hostage Is a person held as a security for the fulfillment of certain terms

Points to Consider in Hostage • A living being, and not an inanimate object, is at risk. It takes a living person to make an incident a hostage incident. The goal of hostage negotiation is saving lives not preservation of property. • It is important to understand that the person is held. The hostage is not held voluntarily.

Points to Consider in Hostage • The person is held as security – as guarantee. The hostage is the hostage takes currency, his power. The hostage has no value to the hostage taker as a person. • The person is held as security for certain terms. This means that there is an expected return – a quid pro quo for the hostage taker. The hostage taker has needs in return for the safety, security and /or release of the hostage.

Negotiate It means to arrange or settle by conferring or discussing

Crisis Negotiation - means the use of communication techniques and strategies to influence a person to change his behavior in accordance with goals within legal, ethical and moral constraints.

Hostage Incident It is any incident in which people are being held by another person or persons against their will, usually by force or coercion, and demands are being made by the hostage taker.

Crisis Negotiation Bargaining Techniques • The use of time to increase basic needs, making it more likely that the subject will exchange a hostage for some basic needs. • The use of time to collect intelligence on the subject will help develop a trade. • The use of time to reduce the subject’s expectation of getting what he wants.

• Trades can be made for food, drink, transportation and money. • Trades cannot be made for weapons or the exchange of hostages. • The boss does not negotiate. • Start bidding high to give yourself room to negotiate. • Quid pro quo; get something for everything. • Never draw attention to the hostages, it gives the subject too much bargaining power. • Manipulate anxiety levels by cutting off power, gas, etc.

Guidelines for Developing a Working Negotiating Team • Limit the size of the team. • Select people for the skills they bring to the job. • Be sure all members of the team have a clear idea of the goals and are committed to them • Hold each other accountable.

Implementation of Methods to Deal with Hostage situation Rule 22. Hostage Situation, of the revised PNP operational procedures • Sec.1. Procedures to be followed in a Hostage Situation – the following steps shall be undertaken: • A crisis management task group shall be activated immediately • Incident scene shall be secured and isolated • Unauthorized persons shall not be allowed entry and exit to the incident scene • Witnesses’ names, addresses, and other information shall be recorded. Witnesses shall be directed to a safe location.

• Sec.2. Ground Commander – there shall be only one Ground Commander in the area. • Sec.3. Negotiators – negotiators shall be designated by the Ground commander. No one shall be allowed to talk to the hostage-taker without clearance from the negotiating panel or Ground Commander

• Sec.4. Assault team – an assault team shall be alerted for deployment in case the negotiation fails. Members of the assault team shall wear authorized and easily recognizable uniform during the conduct of the operation Bonnets shall not be used. • Sec.5. Assault plan – the assault shall be planned to ensure minimal threat to life for all parties. • Sec.6. Support Personnel – an ambulance with medical crew and a fire truck shall be detailed at the incident.

• Sec.7. Coordination – proper coordination with all participating elements shall be done to consolidate efforts in solving crisis.

• Sec.8. Safety of Hostage(s) – in negotiating for the release of a hostage, the safety of the hostage shall always be paramount.

• Sec.9. Procedures to be followed during negotiations. • The following shall be undertaken in the conduct of negotiations: – Stabilize and contain the situation; – Select the right time to make contact with the hostage-taker; – Take time when negotiating; – Allow hostage-taker to speak; – Don’t offer the hostage-taker anything. What he will ask for will be part of the negotiation; – Avoid directing frequent attention to the victim when talking to the hostage taker;

– Do not call them Hostages. Be as honest as possible; avoid tricks; be sincere; – Never dismiss any request from the hostage-taker as trivial or unimportant; – Never say “NO” – Soften the demand – Never set deadline; try not to accept a deadline; – Do not make alternate suggestions not agreed upon in the negotiation;

– Do not introduce outsiders (non-law enforcement officers) into the negotiation process, unless their presence is extremely necessary in the solution of the crisis; provided that they shall be properly advised on the do’s and don’ts of hostage negotiations; – Do not allow any exchange of hostages, unless extremely necessary; in particular, do not exchange a negotiator for a hostage; – Avoid negotiating face-to-face; and – Law enforcement officers without proper training shall not be allowed to participate in hostage negotiations.

Stockholm Syndrome It is the development of unique relations between the hostages and the hostage taker.

CRISIS MANAGEMENT TEAM

Crisis Management Team • Team – is a small group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable.

The Negotiating Team • Negotiator Supervisor – is responsible for the overall functioning of the negotiating team. In addition to his supervisory skills, the supervisor must have leadership ability He should see to it that the situation is negotiable, appropriate personnel is available, intelligence is gathered in timely manner, communications are established, negotiation strategy is working-out, an appropriate record of the negotiation is kept and the commander is well informed.

The Negotiating Team • Primary Negotiator – is the direct communication link to the hostage taker and is responsible for developing verbal tactics, monitoring and assessing the hostage taker’s level of emotional arousal and helping the hostage taker engage in problem solving.

The Negotiating Team • Secondary Negotiator – is the pipeline between the negotiation team and primary. He helps to develop verbal tactics, provides moral support for the primary.

The Negotiating Team • Intelligence Officer – is responsible for gathering intelligence from various sources, interviewing all relevant persons involved in the incident, collating and disseminating that information, maintaining and updating status boards and making sure that all response units are receiving accurate and timely intelligence.

The Negotiating Team • Mental Health Consultant – is responsible for evaluating the personality of the hostage taker, recommending negotiation strategies, monitoring team stress, monitoring stress among the hostage takers and hostages.

The Negotiating Team • Equipment Officer – is someone who understands technical information regarding radios, computers, phone systems, mechanical systems, etc. and can make minor repairs.

Command Post It is the position from which a unit commander and his staff exercise command over the hostage incident.

Ground

Commander

is the designated senior officer in command of the incident. Also termed “incident commander”

Inner and Outer Perimeter • Inner Perimeter – is the immediate area of containment as designated by the on ground commander • Outer Perimeter – is a secondary control area surrounding the inner perimeter, providing a safe zone for access to the inner perimeter.

The Tactical Team Is an assault team responsible in carrying out assault operation

whenever negotiation fails.

A unit of specially selected, appointed, trained and equipped officers that provides assistance in those incidents that would require special tactics, techniques and

Tactical Team Components • Tactical Supervisor – is responsible for the mobilization of the members of the team, deployment of the containment team, development of the tactical plan and operation of the assault and arrest teams. The tactical team is divided into three major components: 1. First Component – this component is responsible for maintaining perimeter control both inner and outer. Also called containment subteam.

Three Major Components of Tactical Team 2.Second Component – the second component is apprehension and assault team. Members of this subteam make an undetected approach to the location, plan and prepare for the release of hostages, and make an assault if necessary. Also called apprehension and assault sub-team.

Three Major Components of Tactical Team 3. Third Component – is the sniper / observer sub-team. The sniper/observer sub-team (third component) has two responsibilities: • Provide intelligence on factors present at the location. These factors may include physical layout, placement of walls, furniture, specific location of hostages and hostage takers, clothing and mental state of hostages and hostage takers. • Prepare for a shot on the hostage taker.

Munich Olympic Hostage Crisis

Hostage Drama in Manila

Manila Hostage Crisis

Characteristics of a Negotiable Incident • There must be a need to live on the part of a hostage taker. • There must be a threat of force on the part of the authorities. • There must be demands by the hostage taker. • The negotiator must be seen by the hostage taker as a person who can hurt the hostage taker but is willing to help him. • There must be time to negotiate. • A reliable channel of communication must exists between the hostage taker and the negotiator. • Both the location and the communications of the incident need to be contained in order to encourage negotiation. • The negotiator must be able to deal with the hostage taker making the decisions.

Types of Sieges 1. Deliberate Siege – in deliberate siege, the subject initiate the confrontation. The incident is designed to bring the attention to the subject’s cause or point. It involves substantive demands and the people involved are hostages in the true sense of being held as bargaining chips.

Types of Sieges 2. Spontaneous Siege – in this siege, the subjects does not want or anticipate the authority’s involvement. The subjects do something that unexpectedly draws the attention of the law enforcement. The motivation is usually personal, demands are expressive and the person held is usually a victim in the making or a hostage.

Types of Sieges 3. Anticipated Siege – in this type, the subject expects the authorities to initiate the encounter. The subject’s goals are to survive the encounter and maintain their freedom. The demands are generally substantive and the people involve are usually followers or family members.

The Engagement Engagement means connecting and

communicating with the actor on a personal level. It means using the skills appropriate to the task. In engaging negotiation with the subject, the negotiator should be able to build rapport. He should project an attitude of acceptance, understanding and patience to the subject.

The Assessment Assessment is the evaluation of risk of suicide and aggression including subject’s resources and sense of self-efficacy.

The Contracting In contracting, the subject and the negotiator should have developed a relationship and the subject is open about his situation. A basic strategy in this step is Developing Discrepancies and focusing the actor on the positives

of surrender and the negatives of not surrendering.

The Transfer The responsibility of transporting surrendered hostage takers to the jail or mental health institution need not be the duty of the crisis management team. It is so considering the volume of responsibilities of the team after the incident like the preparation of report and debriefing. “Memory

research shows that the amount of detail remembered after an event decreases by 80 percent within 72 hours of the event.”

Verbal Tactics in Crisis Communications • A. Concerned attitude – the negotiator communicates with an attitude that he has genuine interest in the hostage taker. Example: “Tell me what happened” “That must have been hard/sad/threatening” and “I’d really like to help you”

Verbal Tactics in Crisis Communications • B. Reasonable-problem solver – the negotiator assumes the role of a leader. Example: “Let’s work together to be sure everyone is safe” “What would you like to do about this” Let’s see what other solutions are possible”

Verbal Tactics in Crisis Communications • C. Buddy-fellow traveler – it is one of commiseration with the hostage taker and works well with trapped felons, impulsive people and antisocial personalities. Example: “Man I hear you, bosses never understand” “You know how they are about”

Verbal Tactics in Crisis Communications • D.Columbo-dumb but trying persona – the negotiator does not have all the answer but is trying to do the best he can. Example: “I know it’s taking a long time but we are trying” “I hate that I can’t help any faster but ____”

Verbal Tactics in Crisis Communications • E. Non-judgmental and directing – the

negotiator is compassionate but firm and competent. It is good with

depressed persons, disoriented or dependent people. Example: “You sound pretty excited, take a deep breath and relax” “Let’s take this next step slow so nobody gets hurt” “Check on your people for me to be sure everyone is alright”

Active Listening Techniques • 1.Open-Ended Questions/Statements – question or statements directed at the hostage taker designed to get him to open up and give a long, verbal answer.

Active Listening Techniques • 2.Effective Pauses – not saying anything when the hostage taker finishes talking, encouraging him to fill the empty or blank space with additional communications or information. Periods of silence that is used to emphasize a point or to encourage the subject to say more.

Active Listening Techniques • 3.Minimal Encouragement – saying yes, ok or other verbal indicators that the negotiator is actually listening to the hostage taker. Brief, well-timed response that let the subject knows the negotiator is paying attention. It is a neutral non-threatening response that can be used with any subject.

Active Listening Techniques • 4.Mirroring (Reflecting Feelings) – a response in which the negotiator mirrors back to the hostage taker the emotions of the hostage taker in communicating, the negotiator repeats the last word or phrase.

Active Listening Techniques • 5.Paraphrasing – a response in which the negotiator gives the hostage taker the essence of his message in the negotiator’s words. The negotiator repeats the subject’s meaning in the negotiators words. It shows that the negotiator is listening and understands the content of the subject’s message.

Active Listening Techniques • 6.Emotional Labeling (Reflecting Meaning) – a response in which negotiator let the hostage taker know he understands the facts and the feelings the hostage taker is communicating. The use of emotionally descriptive words to show that the negotiator understands the feelings the subject is experiencing.

Active Listening Techniques • 7.I-Messages – a response in which the negotiator expresses his emotions in response to the hostage taker. These are messages that personalize the negotiator without becoming a personal attack and allow negotiator to introduce new ideas without raising excessive resistance.

Active Listening Techniques • 8.Summative Reflections – a response in which the negotiator summarizes the main facts and feelings that the hostage taker has expressed over a relatively long period.

The After-effects of Captivity • A. Emotional After-effects – the hostage taker is unable to emotionally relax, remains fearful of the future, and becomes apprehensive, tense, and nervous, experiencing an anxiety like attack. The ex-hostage may shake uncontrollably, experiencing unexplained fear.

The After-effects of Captivity • B. Cognitive After effects – the hostages believed they failed themselves, coworkers, friends and family. That somehow they are less of a person for having been captive. Self-criticizing and second-guessing are common. Statements such as “if only I had done so and so I wouldn’t have been captured”, are commonly heard.

The After-effects of Captivity • C. Behavioral Aftereffects – this include social and self-isolation, uncontrollable crying, and increase or decrease in aggression, poor concentration, intrusive thoughts, trouble with authority figures, an increase startle response and alcohol and drug abuse.

The After-effects of Captivity • Physical Aftereffects – this include the following: a.

Sleep disorder – most common physical aftereffects. Some cannot sleep the entire night, some sleep too much than they did before captivity, some sleep much less, some can only cat-nap. Some requires medication to sleep. Some do not enter into Stage 4 sleep and some very seldom engage in Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep.

The After-effects of Captivity Stage 4 Sleep – is the deep sleep that immediately precedes REM sleep, it is necessary for the body to replenish itself and it is the sleep where the greatest physiological benefits are derived.

b. Nightmares – include sights, sounds, smells, tastes, physical pains and emotions of captivity. c. Withdrawal from Close Personal Relationship – the ex-hostage may erect an invisible wall and not allow anyone inside that wall.

The After-effects of Captivity • D.Medical After-effects – majority of hostages do not experience medical aftereffects, however to a few who experienced prolonged, severe, and physical abusive captivity, medical aftereffects may be an issue.

The After-effects of Captivity • E.Positive After-effects – some hostages may experienced positive effects of the incident in which instead of having lowered self-esteem, have heightened self-esteem. They believed themselves to be better people for having suffered and endured captivity and it made them a better person.

• Upon arrival at the scene of incident the negotiator should execute/act immediately the following:

• Containment – controlling situation and area by people involved. Other people/bystanders must be obliged to get out from the area as they may add more problems. • Establish Contact – immediately after positioning at the advantage position, communicate with the leader, he may introduce himself by saying “My name is __________, I am __________. I am willing to help. Never tell him your rank; the hostage taker might think you can give. So that he may ask for impossible demand. Neither, should the negotiator give the feeling that he has the authority to decide. Do not bluff.

• Time Lengthening – give more time to the police to organize and coordinate plan of action. • Telephone Negotiation Technique – be the caller, plan and prepare, be ready with graceful exit and discipline yourself to listen. Where a demand is impossible to get, stall time by explaining that you need to talk other people. Hold on to your concession. But when concession is granted try to get something in return. Say a grant of food; get the release of sick or old people in exchange. Then there is no demand, hostage taker may have no demand at all.

• Need for face-to-face conversation – Don’t be ever anxious prepare for proper psychological, physical and emotional confrontation. Wear body armor, posses a weapon, but if asks to come without weapon, ensure that they too should lay down arms before entering. In entering, see to it that you are protected with tactical back-up. And consider that hostage taker might have body trap in some portions of the area – door or window of the building.

• Coming up on face-to-face situation, maintain proper distance, and observe their movement. Elicit a promise or motivate them to surrender. In retreating, or in getting out of the room, face hostage takers slowly back out of the door with good cover or tactical back-up.

GOLDEN RULE IN SIMPLE HOSTAGE TAKING SITUATION

• “Do not open the demand or never

adduce a demand”

Cardinal rule in negotiation A Commander should not be the designated negotiator and negotiator should not command.

Reasons: • Hostage taker will have sense of importance. • He may make impossible demand, knowing that he is dealing with commander. • Conflict with being a negotiator and commander at the same time and will have no more fall back.

Telephone Negotiation Technique • • • • •

Be the caller (talk with the leader only) Plan and prepare Be ready with graceful exit Discipline yourself to listen. Do not tell that you are the commander, neither your rank • Just tell “My name is…I am a police negotiator and willing to help. • Delay tactic – to wear down hostage taker, physically, psychologically and emotionally. Will also give more time for police organize and coordinate plan course of action. • In case hostage taker won’t talk, continue negotiating. Don’t loss hope!

Advantage of communication (between the hostage taker and negotiator) • lessens tension of hostage taker • Gives more time for authorities to plan and coordinate course of action

Advantage of Telephone Conversation • • • •

easier to say NO easier to conclude the conversation conversation is quicker important items are more easily committed • caller has the advantage

Disadvantage of Telephone conversation • Impersonal – cannot see the hostage, reaction • Hostage taker – Negotiator Relationship • Trust and rapport – while trust must be there, beware of it. • deceit – tell lies but don’t be caught

Face-to-face Negotiation • • • • • •

Don’t be over anxious wear body armour have tactical back-up (snipers) traps at doors or windows entering without gun being pointed, at you Face-to-face, mountain distance; – Persons distance – 1 to 3 feet. Intimate distance – about 6 inches • Withdrawing, facing hostage taker slowly backing 0ut of the door

Effects of time • hostage taker will wear down emotionally, psychologically • hostage taker have more demand for food and water • anxiety reduce, hostage taker given chance to organize his true self • hostage takers’ rationality increase • hostage taker – negotiator relationship improves • Hostage takers’ demand may be reduced • Stockholm Syndrome may develop

• What is negotiable? Money, food, drinks, transportation, or even swapping of prisoners. • What is non-negotiable? Weapons and ammunition • Walkie talkies – Set in single frequency are still considered to be one of the best telephone negotiation and in giving orders • If attack has been decided upon, it should

be carried within 7 seconds upon decision

What is important in hostage taking situation? • Dry run – one way to insure hostage negotiating unit is capable of establishing control over a situation. • Considerable screening – members; one chosen, the team members – should be given free reign in handling and evaluating of any incidents; for should a senior office begins countermanding orders in the site, the

• Patrol units, assault unit, etc., should know exactly whose command they are under. • Rescue efforts have to run strictly from the top down. • If chemicals are to be used in assault, it should be enough only to maim the perpetrators in order to incapacitate to disable them. • Assault when decided upon should be carried within 7 seconds. • Presence of linguist is necessary, if negotiator is not

CROWD DISPERSAL MANAGEMENT

Riot Control Rounds • Pepper ball rounds - A paint ball gun is slightly modified to fire pepper ball spray pellets instead of paint balls. When these strike someone, the severe burning sensation in the eyes and nose will incapacitate most people without doing permanent harm. • Stinger rounds - A Stinger round is loaded with small, rubber pellets that disperse on impact • Sponge Round - Bullet-shaped round with

• Aerosol grenades - Officers rarely throw these directly into a crowd since it can increase panic. • Ferret rounds - Ferret rounds are made to penetrate windows or wooden barricades, where they can then deposit the gas. • Dye rounds - These are used to mark certain people in a crowd so that other officers can identify them or so that they can be caught later if they leave the scene. • These rounds are loaded with a gas that

causes severe irritation to the eyes, nose and throat, and even causes contact skin burns in some cases.

• Terrorists – are persons who take hostages for

political purpose instrumental to achieving their objectives.

• Common tactics of terrorist

Bombing, kidnapping, assassination, hostage taking, ambush, hijacking, arson

Components of an organized terrorist group • Active cadre – the active cadre are the DOERS the men of action who carry out the orders from higher command. 

supporters – these active supporters provide the logistics support needed to sustain the terrorist operations. They provide safe hose, weapons, ammunition, vehicle, medical support, food money etc.

• Passive supporters – are the most difficult element to define and recognize. They are consist of those people who are sympathetic to the cause but those who will often will not stand up and be counted through the fear of becoming involve

The terrorist group is one of the most widely publicized groups, but the least understood of our time. At the same time, it is true that important changes have taken place concerning the motives, character, and aims of terrorist acts.

Definition of Terrorist Negotiations It is a complicated crisis intervention process comprises of a system of inter-related conditions, activities, and behaviors needed to resolved a highly volatile terrorist incident.

Considerations in Negotiating with Terrorists Hereunder are the considerations in negotiating with the terrorists: 1. Their mission has been well planned. 2. There is one leader of the group and he is probably the spokesman. 3. Only “mid-level” personnel should negotiate with the terrorists. 4. The terrorists have a great deal of information about their stronghold; they normally placed a defensive perimeter of personnel or explosives. 5. Attempt to convince the terrorists that their point has been taken, demands heard, and any further injuries will only discredit them in the eyes of the public.

Difficulties in Dealing with Terrorists Enumerated are difficulties encountered in dealing with terrorists: 1.

Terrorists are usually highly trained combatants, who have been politically and/or ideologically indoctrinated toward the cause for they have committed.

2.

They act as a part of a groups, their individual behavior will be pressured by the group dynamics.

3.

Most of them received training in the techniques that will be used against them in the country chosen for the attack.

4.

Because of the advances made by the security forces around the world, it is not unusual for one member of the terrorist group to be accountable for keeping the terrorist communicating with the authorities “on track.”

5.

Unless proper interception procedures are used, the terrorist themselves may be “controlled” by an outside entity through radios, telephone or media transmission.

Principles in Negotiating with Terrorists Laid down below to guide the negotiators are the different principles involved in negotiating with terrorists: 1. It is a cynical to pretend that negotiations with terrorist engaged in this particularly offensive type of criminal behavior is welcomed for their own sake. 2. On the contrary, bargaining under these odious circumstances goes against all natural inclination and both public and private sensibilities.

Problems in Negotiating with Terrorists There are also some problems encountered negotiating with terrorists, and they are as follows:

in

1. The growing vulnerability of society, coupled with the extra-ordinary advances in technology have combined to offer an individual a real prospect of making an effective challenge to the government monopoly on the use of force.

2. The terrorist hostage-taking drama is capable of producing acute conflicts of principles that are not easy to resolve.

3. The terrorist are able to place the state in the inconvenient position of declaring the value they place on human life but are also obliged to declare its relative importance, for them, to the values deemed worthy of protection. 4. By placing human life in jeopardy the hostage-takers sets-up a bargaining position.

Considerations in Negotiating with Terrorist To serve as guide to the negotiators, hereunder are some of the considerations in negotiations with terrorists: 1. Only a society that holds human life to be of no account can maintain at all costs, a truly flexible hard line policy of no negotiations. 2. Accepting the importance of negotiation, it is a must to devise tactics and techniques that will ensure the lives of the hostages, and preserve the integrity of the state.

Tactics in Dealing with Terrorists Briefly presented are the tactics in dealing with terrorist: 1. Terrorists are not worrying about their personality description, and by being flexible, modify his behavior through manipulation, if he doesn’t respond satisfactorily to one proposal, try another. 2. The negotiator is not, and above all should not be bent on understanding the terrorist psychologically.

Negotiating Requirements with Terrorists To effectively deal with terrorists, the hereunder negotiating requirements must be considered: 1. Control

The control component represents a condition whereby there is management of law enforcement resources and control of all activities, responses and behaviors of persons at or near the target location. It includes the following activities: a. Absolute containment of the perpetrator; and evacuation and isolation of the target area surrounding the target location.

b. Deployment of Special Weapons, Attack & Tactics (SWAT) Team responsible of providing specialized and highly skilled tactical techniques when required. c. Prepare intelligence gathering, crime scene management and case preparation; and timely, effective and continuing communications with the terrorists.

d. Effective command and control activities for the purposes of active coordination and proper decisions making.

2.

Anxiety

The anxiety component represents a condition wherein there is anxiety on the part of the terrorists and whereby provisions are made by the authorities for the management of that anxiety. Anxiety includes the following behaviors and conditions: a. The differences between fear and anxiety is that, fear results when the object of the threat is known, anxiety results when the object of the threat is unknown. b. The presence of fear on the part of the terrorists through awareness that there is likelihood of the use of force by the authorities; and the presence of frustration caused by conflicting or blocked goal attainments by the terrorists. c. The encouragement through ventilation of feelings by the authorities as a non-violent means of venting

both fear and anxiety.

3. Time

The time component represents a condition where there is a passage of time and involves the following activities and behaviors. Time involves the

following activities and conditions:

a. Control of responses and activities of persons at or near the target location. b. Problem solving on both the part of the terrorists and the government through the efforts of the negotiators.

4.

Communications

The communications component represents a condition whereby there is a dialogue between the terrorists that enhance the negotiating effort and enables the attainment of the negotiating goal. Communications involves the

following activities and conditions: a.

Attending Demonstration of the negotiators attention, interest, and concerns to the terrorist by listening in conjunction with verbal and non-verbal wordings. b.

Paraphrasing This is a statement that mirrors the terrorist statements in exact or similar wording.

c.

Reflection of Feelings These are statements by the negotiators that express the essence of the terrorists feeling either expressed or implied. d.

Probing The negotiators responses that directs the terrorist attention inward in order to examine the situation or a specific issue in greater depth. e.

Summarizing A brief review by the negotiator of the main points discussed about an issue, demand, threat or ultimatum.

f.

Association The expression of the negotiators feelings, opinions, attitudes and experiences for the benefits of the terrorist. g.

Interpreting A presentation to the terrorists of a different or alternative way of looking at the situation or at a specific issue. h.

Confrontation A negotiators statement or question which point out contradictions on the part of the terrorists or that induces the terrorist to face an issue he is avoiding.

5. Dependency

The dependence component represents a condition wherein the terrorists develop a reliance on the negotiator. Dependency consists of the following activities and conditions: a. An isolation of the terrorist from any and all external stimuli. b. The presence of anxiety caused by fear and frustration. c. Problem solving successes on the part of the terrorists.

6.

Trust

The trust component represents a condition wherein a redirection of feelings between the terrorists and the negotiator occurs so that a relationship of confidence can be developed. Trust involves the following activities and

conditions:

a. The passage of time; and the presence of realistic communication between the terrorist and negotiator. b. An ability by the negotiator to influence others opinion; and a belief or commitment to trust on the terrorist part. c. Transference of feelings or identification between the terrorist and negotiator.

7. Problem Solving Problem solving component represents a condition whereby the attainment of acceptable goals is encouraged. Problem solving involves the following

conditions and activities:

a. A focus on the experienced by the terrorists.

apparent

problem

b. The collection and evaluation of information relative to the apparent problem. c. choice.

The selection and implementation of a

Negotiation Stages with Terrorists Enumerated and briefly discussed as guide to would-be negotiators are the different negotiation stages with terrorists, to wit: 1.

Introductory Stage This stage represents behavior on the part of the negotiating participants wherein the purpose is to get attention, develop trust and deal with anxiety.

2.

Information Gathering Stage This stage represents behaviors on the part of the negotiating participants wherein the purpose is to inquire about, to listen, and offer feedback, information relative to the situation.

3. Problem Solving Stage This stage represents the behaviors on the part of the negotiating participants wherein the purpose is to identify and evaluate available choices to resolve the incident. 4. Decisions and Commitment Stage This stage represents the behaviors on the part of the negotiating participants wherein the purpose is to select between

Parameters in Selecting a Negotiator Hereunder are the parameters in selecting a negotiator: 1. He should be a mid level member of a law enforcement agency who is a volunteer and in excellent mental and physical condition; and possess emotional maturities that will allow him to accept abuse, ridicule and insulting statements without responding emotionally. 2. He must be an officer who understands his role as a police negotiator; a good listener and have excellent interviewing skills; a person who can easily establish credibility with others; and have the ability to use logical arguments to convince others that his viewpoint is rational and reasonable.

3. He should be well read and well versed in many areas critical to communicating with terrorist from varied interests; and be able to communicate with persons from highest to lowest socio-economic class.

4. He should be able to appear sympathetic and understanding to win trust and be able to avoid judging or condemning the other person; and have the ability to cope with uncertainty and be willing to accept responsibility with no authority.

5. He must be able to understand and accept that if negotiations are not progressing and lives are in imminent danger, and may well have to assist in supporting an assault or counter sniper action to rescue the hostages. 6. He should be mature in appearance and voice qualities; a clear intelligence speaking voice that is neither horse nor high-pitched; a person who has a quick mind, vivid imagination and sharp memory; and have a total commitment towards the negotiation concept; and he should have “practical intelligence,” “common sense,” and be “street-wise.”

FIRST RESPONDER’S & BARRICADE MATRIX

The first responders are patrol officers who are responding to emergency situations in remote settings; while barricade matrix is the dos’ and don’ts in relation with the said condition.

The First Responder’s Role As a patrol officer, you are not expected to diagnose the individual, nor you’re expected to distinguish between the many variation of psychoses an neuroses. Your principal concern is for your own

safety and then that of the individual, and making an effort to see that the person receives appropriate professional attention. The patrol officers are likely to

encounter the mentally or emotionally disturbed individual under almost any type of circumstances. Many people are emotionally upset for the moment because of the nature of the situation, such as an intense family fight or repossession confrontation, but they return to a state of relative normality fairly and quickly.

First Responder’s Guidelines Hereunder are the guidelines to be observed: 1. Approach the subject with extreme caution; and maintain a calm and casual manner; and speak to the subject by name, if you know it. Your tone of voice should be soothing, but firm and businesslike. 2. Say or do nothing that might threatens or intimidate; and avoid arguing or scolding the subject, and don’t allow anyone else to do so; and whenever possible, try to stall until you have a follow-up officer on the scene; and this type of situation might be more volatile than a routine arrest.

3. Make use of friends or relatives who know how to talk to, and deal with the subject, unless there is friction between them. The subject might have more trust and confidence in you if you appear to be getting along with friends or relatives. 4. If the situation warrants it, and you take the subject into custody, do so carefully. Avoid painproducing holds, if possible, and keep your gun and other weapons out of the subject reach.

5. When you transfer custody to psychiatric personnel, give these people as much information about the symptoms you observed and all the details about their behavior. This will help in the diagnosis. Do the same when you prepare your reports.

The Barricade Matrix Although each and every hostage situation is a separate and totally unique entity upon itself, there is a certain generic series of events that takes place. The reason for formulating such a “matrix” is to enable police

officers responsible for the planning and response to such incidents to have a “starting point” from which to begin

However, the student should understand that the overall time frame or individual segments that certainly expand or contract during actual events. It should also be understood that the first thirty minutes

segment of time is probably the most dangerous of the entire operation. The actions taken during these preliminary stages will ultimately affect the subsequent events that will lead to the successful or unsuccessful resolution of the problem.

THANK YOU!