Human Behaviour

STUDY OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY In general, psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes. This means that psychologists use the methods of science to investigate all kinds of behavior and mental processes, from the activity of a single nerve cell to the social conflict in a complex society (Bernstein, et al, 1991). In particular, criminal Psychology is a sub-field of general psychology where criminal behavior is only, in part by which phenomena psychologists choose to study. It may be defined as the study of criminal behavior, the study of criminal conduct and activities in an attempt to discover recurrent patterns and to formulate rules about his behavior. A major description of criminal psychology is the word behavior. Behavior refers to actions or activities (Kahayon, 1985). To the criminologist, behavior is the observable actions because he is more interested in actions and reactions that can be seen and verified than in concepts, which cannot be directly verified. Classification of Behavior 1.

Normal Behavior (adaptive or adjusted behavior) – the standard behavior, the totality accepted behavior because they follow the standard norms of society. understanding criminal behavior includes the idea of knowing what characterized a normal person from an abnormal one. A normal person is characterized by: Efficient perception of reality, Self-knowledge, Ability to exercise voluntary control over his behavior, Self-esteem and acceptance, Productivity, Ability to form affectionate relationship with others.

2.

Abnormal Behavior (maladaptive/maladjusted behavior) - A group of behaviors that are deviant from social expectations because they go against the norms or standard behavior of society. A maladaptive (abnormal) person may be understood by the following definitions: Abnormal behavior according to deviation of statistical norms based in statistical frequency: Many characteristics such as weight, height, an intelligence cover a range of values when, measured over a population. For instance, a person who is extremely intelligent or extremely happy would be classified as abnormal. Abnormal behavior according to deviation from social norms: A behavior that deprives from the accepted norms of society is considered abnormal. However, it is primarily dependent on the existing norm of such society. Behavior as maladaptive: Maladaptive behavior is the effect of a well being of the individual and or the social group. That some kind of deviant behavior interferes with the welfare of the individual such as a man who fears crowd can’t ride a bus. This means that a person cannot adopt himself with the situation where in it is beneficial to him. Abnormal behavior due to personal distress: This is abnormally in terms of the individual subjective feelings of distress rather than the individual behavior. This includes mental illness, feeling of miserably, depression, and loss of appetite or interest, suffering from insomnia and numerous aches and pains. Abnormality in its legal point: It declares that a person is insane largely on the basis of his inability to judge between right and wrong or to exert control over his behavior (Bartol, 1995).

KINDS OF BEHAVIOR 1. 2. 3. 4.

Overt or Covert Behavior - Behaviors that are outwardly manifested or those that are directly observable are overt behaviors. On the other hand, covert behavior are behaviors that are hidden – not visible to the naked eye. Conscious or Unconscious Behavior - Behavior is conscious when acts are with in the level of awareness. It is unconscious when acts are embedded in one’s subconscious – unaware. Simple or Complex Behavior - These are acts categorized according to the number of neurons involved in the process of behaving. Simple behavior involves less number of neurons while complex behavior involved more number of neurons, a combination of simple behaviors. Rational or Irrational Behavior - There is rational behavior when a person acted with sanity or reason and there is irrational behavior when the person acted with no apparent reason or explanation – as when a man loses his sanity and laugh out loud at nobody or nothing in particular.

5.

Voluntary or Involuntary Behavior - Voluntary behavior is an act done with full volition or will such as when we discriminate, decide or choose while involuntary behaviors refers the bodily processes that foes on even when we are awake or asleep like respiration, circulation and digestion.

ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOR 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Intellectual Aspect – this aspect of behavior pertains to our way of thinking, reasoning, solving, problem, processing info and coping with the environment. Emotional Aspect – this pertains to our feelings, moods, temper, and strong motivational force. Social Aspect – this pertains to how we interact or relate with other people Moral Aspect – this refers to our conscience and concept on what is good or bad. Psychosexual Aspect - this pertains to our being a man or a woman and the expression of love Political Aspect – this pertains to our ideology towards society/government Value/Attitude – this pertains to our interest towards something, our likes and dislikes

THE CRIMINAL FORMULA

C=T+S R Where: C – Crime/Criminal Behavior (the act) T – Criminal Tendency (Desire/Intent) S – Total Situation (Opportunity) R – Resistance to Temptation (Control) The formula shows that a person’s criminal tendency and his resistance to them may either result in criminal act depending upon, which of them is stronger. This means that a crime or criminal behavior exist when the person’s resistance is insufficient to withstands the pressure of his desire or intent and the opportunity (Tradio, 1983). In understanding this, the environment factors such as stress and strains are considered because they contribute in mobilizing a person’s criminal tendency and the individual’s psychological state while resistance t temptation arises from the emotional, intellectual and social upbringing and is either manifestation of a strong or weak character. DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR The answer to these questions requires the study and understanding of the influences of HEREDITY and ENVIRONMENT. As cited by Tuason: Heredity (Biological Factors) - This refers to the genetic influences, those that are explained by heredity, the characteristics of a person acquired from birth transferred from one generation to another. It explains that certain emotional aggression, our intelligence, ability and potentials and our physical appearance are inherited. It is the primary basis of the idea concerning criminal behavior, the concept that “criminals are born”. It also considers the influences of genetic defects and faulty genes, diseases, endocrine imbalances, malnutrition and other physical deprivations that can be carried out from one generation to another.

Environmental Factors (Socio-Cultural Influences)

Family Background – it is a basic consideration because it is in the family whereby an individual first experiences how to relate and interact with another. The family is said to be the cradle of personality development as a result of either a close or harmonious relationship or a pathogenic family structure: the disturbed family, broken family, separated or maladjusted relations. Pathogenic Family Structure – those families associated with high frequency of problems such as:    

The inadequate family – characterized by the inability to cope with the ordinary problems of family living. It lacks the resources, physical of psychological, for meeting the demands of family satisfaction. The anti-social family – those that espouses unacceptable values as a result of the influence of parents to their children. The discordant/disturbed family – characterized by non-satisfaction of one or both parent from the relationship that may express feeling of frustration. This is usually due to value differences as common sources of conflict and dissatisfaction. The disrupted family – characterized by incompleteness whether as a result of death, divorce, separation or some other circumstances.

Childhood Trauma – the experiences, which affect the feeling of security of a child undergoing developmental processes. The development processes are being blocked sometimes by parental deprivation as a consequence of parents or lack of adequate maturing at home because of parental rejection, overprotection, restrictiveness, over permissiveness, and faulty discipline. In the environment, the following are also factors that are influential to one’s behavior: 1. Institutional Influences such as peer groups, mass media, church and school, government institutions, NGO’s, etc. 2. Socio-Cultural Factors such as war and violence, group prejudice and discrimination, economic and employment problems and other social changes. 3. Nutrition or the quality of food that a person intake is also a factor that influences man to commit crime because poverty is one of the may reasons to criminal behavior. OTHER DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR In order to further understand and provide answers on the question that why do some people behave criminally, it is important to study the other determinants of behavior. These are needs, drives and motivation. Needs and Drives - Need, according to a drive reduction theory, is a biological requirement for well being of the individual. This need creates drives – a psychological state of arousal that prompts someone to take action (Bernstein, et al, 1991). Drive therefore is an aroused state that results from some biological needs. The aroused condition motivates the person to remedy the need. For example, If you have had no water for some time, the chemical balance of the body fluids is disturbed, creating a biological need for water. The psychological consequence of this need is a drive – thirst – that motivates you to find and drink water. In other words, drives push people to satisfy needs. Motivation - Motivation on the other hand refers to the influences that govern the initiation, direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior (Bernstein, et al, 1991). Thus motivation refers to the causes and “why’s” of behavior as required by a need. Motivation is the hypothetical concept that stands for the underlying force impelling behavior and giving it s direction (Kahayon, 1975). Drives are states of comfortable tension that spur activity until a goal is reached. Drive and motivation are covered in the world of psychology, for they energize behavior and give direction to man’s action. For example, a motivated individual is engaged in a more active, more vigorous, and more effective that unmotivated one, thus a hungry person directs him to look for food.

Biological needs Food

Motivational Systems Hunger – the body needs adequate supply of nutrients to function effectively. “An empty stomach sometimes drives a

Water Sex Pain Avoidance Stimulus seeking

person to steal.” Thirst – just like food, the body needs water. A powerful motivator but unlike food and water, sex is not vital for survival but essential to the survival of species. The need to avoid tissue damage is essential to the survival of the organism. Pain will activate behavior to reduce discomfort. Curiosity is most people and animal is motivated to explore the environment even when the activity satisfies no bodily needs.

Psychological Needs - are influenced primarily by the kind of society in which the individual is raised. Psychological motives are those related to the individual happiness and well being, but not for he survival, unlike the biological motives that focuses on basic needs – the primary motives. Abraham Maslow has suggested that human needs form a hierarchy from the most basic biological requirements to the needs for self-actualization – the highest of all needs The pyramidal presentation shows that from the bottom to the top of the hierarchy, the levels of needs or motive according to Maslow, are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Biological or Physiological Needs – these motives include the need for food, water, oxygen, activity, and sleep. Safety Needs – these pertains to the motives of being cared for and being secured such as in income and place to live. Love/Belongingness – Belongingness is integration into various kinds of social groups or social organizations. Love needs means need for affection. Cognitive Needs – our motivation for learning and exploration Esteem Needs – our motivation for an honest, fundamental respect for a person as a useful and honorable human being. Aesthetic Needs - our motivation for beauty and order Self- actualization – pertains to human total satisfaction, when people are motivated not so much by unmet needs, as by the desire to become all they are capable of (self-realization).

According to the Maslow”s formulation, the levels that commands the individuals attention and effort is ordinarily the lowest one on which there is an unmet need. For example, unless needs for food and safety are reasonably well-met behavior will be dominated by these needs and higher motives are of little significant. With their gratification, however, the individual is free to devote time and effort to meet higher level. In other words, one level must at least be partially satisfied before those at the next level become determiners of action. Frustration, Conflict and Anxiety Frustration refers to the unpleasant feelings that result from the blocking of motive satisfaction. It is a form of stress, which results in tension. It is a feeling that is experienced when something interferes with our hopes, wishes, plans and expectations (Coleman, 1980). Conflict refers to the simultaneous arousal of two or more incompatible motives resulting to unpleasant emotions. It is a source of frustration because it is a threat to normal behavior (Berstein, et al, 1991). Types of Conflicts 1. 2. 3. 4.

Double Approach Conflict – a person is motivated to engage in two desirable activities that cannot be pursued simultaneously. Double Avoidance Conflict – a person faces two undesirable situations in which the avoidance of one is the exposure to the other resulting to an intense emotion. Approach-Avoidance Conflict – a person faces situation having both a desirable and undesirable feature. It is sometimes called “dilemma”, because some negative and some positive features must be accepted regardless which course of action is chosen. Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict – a situation in which a choice must be made between two or more alternatives each has both positive and negative features. It is the most difficult to resolve because the features of each portion are often difficult to compare.

Anxiety is an intangible feeling that seems to evade any effort to resolve it. It is also called neurotic fear. It could be intense, it could be low and can be a motivating force (Coleman, 1980). Stress is the process of adjusting to or dealing with circumstances that disrupts, or threatens to disrupt a person’s physical or psychological functioning (Bernstein, et al, 1991) The Ego Defense Mechanisms The defense mechanisms are the unconscious techniques used to prevent a person’s self image from being damaged. When stress becomes quite strong, an individual strives to protect his self-esteem, avoiding defeat. We all use ego defense mechanisms to protect us from anxiety and maintain our feeling of personal worth. We consider them normal adjustive reactions when they are use to excess and threaten self-integrity (Bernstein, et al, 1991). Example: Denial of Reality – protection of oneself from unpleasant reality by refusal to perceive or face it. Simply by avoiding something that is unpleasant. Fantasy – the gratification of frustration desires in imaginary achievement. Paying attention not to what is going on around him but rather to what is taking place in his thoughts. Perspective on the Causes of Criminal Behavior 1. 2. 3. 4.

5.

Anxiety (Psychological Perspective) – stressful situations that when become extreme may result to maladaptive behavior. Faulty Learning (Behavior Perspective) – the failure to learn the necessary adaptive behavior due to wrongful development. This usually result to delinquent behavior based on the failure to learn the necessary social values and norms. Blocked of Distorted Personal Growth (Humanistic Perspective) - presumably, human nature tends towards cooperation and constructive activities, however, if we show aggression, cruelty or other violent behavior, the result will be an unfavorable environment. Unsatisfactory interpersonal relationship - self concept in early childhood by over critical parents or by rigid socialization measures usually causes deviant behaviors among individuals because they are not contented and even unhappy among individuals because they are not contented and even unhappy to the kind of social dealings they are facing. Pathological social conditions – poverty, social discrimination, and destructive violence always results to deviant behavior.

PATTERNS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR NEUROTIC OR PSYCHONEUROTIC PATTERNS - are groups of mild functional personality disorders in which there is no gross personality disorganization, the individual does not lose contact with reality, and hospitalization is not required. Anxiety Disorders - Anxiety disorders are commonly known as “neurotic fear”. When it is occasional but intense, it is called “panic”. When it is mild but continuous, it is called “worry” which is usually accompanied by physiological symptoms such as sustained muscular tension, increased blood pressure, insomnia, etc. They are considered as the central feature of all neurotic patterns. These disorders are characterized by mild depressions, fear and tensions, and mild stresses. 1.

2. 3.

Obsessive-compulsive disorders - Obsessions usually centered on fear that one will submit to an uncontrollable impulse to do something wrong. Compulsion on the other hand resulted from repetitive acts (Wicks, 1974). An obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterized by the following: When an individual is compelled to think about something that he do not want to think about or carry some actions against his will, and the experience of persistent thoughts that we cannot seem to get out of our minds such as thoughts about haunting situations. Asthenic Disorders (Neurasthenia) - An anxiety disorder characterized by chronic mental and physical fatigue and various aches and pains. Symptoms include spending too much sleep to avoid fatigue but to no avail, even feel worse upon awake, headaches, indigestion, back pains, and dizziness. Phobic Disorders - These refer to the persistent fear on some objects or situation that present no actual danger to the person. Examples of Phobia: Acrophobia - fear of high places

Somatoform Disorders - Complaints of bodily symptoms that suggest the presence of physical problem but no organic basis can be found. The individual is pre-occupied with his state of health or diseases.

1. 2. 3.

Hypochondriasis - This refers to the excessive concern about state of health or physical condition (multiplicity about illness) Psychogenic Pain Disorder - It is characterized by the report of severe and lasting pain. Either no physical basis is apparent reaction greatly in excess of what would be expected from the physical abnormality. Conversion Disorders (Hysteria) - It is a neurotic pattern in which symptoms of some physical malfunction or loss of control without any underlying organic abnormality.

Dissociative Disorders - A response to obvious stress characterized by amnesia, multiple personality, and depersonalization. 1.

2. 3.

Amnesia - The partial or total inability to recall or identify past experiences following a traumatic incident. Brain pathology amnesia – total loss of memory and it cannot be retrieved by simple means. It requires long period of medication. Psychogenic amnesia – failure to recall stored information and still they are beneath the level of consciousness but “forgotten material.” Multiple Personality - It is also called “dual personalities.” The reason manifests two or more symptoms of personality usually dramatically different. Depersonalization - The loss of sense of self or the so-called out of body experience. There is a feeling of detachment from one’s mental processes or body or being in a dream state. Cases of somnambulism (sleep walking) may fall under this disorder.

Mood Disorders (Affective Disorders) - often referred to as affective disorders however the critical pathology in these disorders is one of mood which is the internal state of a person, and not of affect, the external expression of emotional content (Manual of Mental Disorder). 1. 2. 3. 4.

Depressive Disorders (Major Depressive Disorder) – Patients with depressed mood have a loss of energy and interest, feeling of guilt, difficulty in concentrating, loss of appetite, and thoughts of death or suicide, they are not affected with manic episodes. Dysthymic Disorder – a mild form of major depressive disorder Bipolar Disorders - those experienced by patients with both manic and depressive episodes. Cyclothymic Disorder – a less severe form of bipolar disorder

PSYCHOPATHIC PATTERNS - group of abnormal behaviors, which typically stemmed from immature and distorted personality development, resulting in persistent maladaptive ways of perceiving and thinking. They are generally called “personality or character disorders”. These groups of disorders are composed of the following: Personality Disorders - The disorders of character, the person is characterized as a “problematic” without psychoses. This disorder is characterized disrupted personal relationship, dependent or passive aggressive behavior.       

Paranoid Personality Disorder - It is characterized by suspicious, rigidity, envy, hypersensitivity, excessive selfimportance, argumentativeness and tendency to blame others of one’s own mistakes. Schizoid Personality Disorder - This is characterized by the inability to form social relationship and lack of interest in doing so. The person seem to express their feelings, they lack social skills. They are the so-called “loners”. Schizotypal Personality Disorder - It is characterized by seclusiveness, over sensitivity, avoidance of communication and superstitious thinking is common. Histrionic Personality Disorder - It is characterized by immaturity, excitability, emotional instability and selfdramatization. Narcissistic Personality Disorder - It is characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance and preoccupation with receiving attention. The person usually expects and demands special treatment from others and disregarding the rights and feeling of others. Borderline Personality Disorder - It is characterized by instability reflected in drastic mood shifts and behavior problems. The person usually displays intense anger outburst with little provocation and he is impulsive, unpredictable, and periodically unstable. Avoidant Personality Disorder - It is characterized by hypersensitivity to rejection and apprehensive alertness to any sign of social derogation. Person is reluctant to enter into social interaction.

   

Dependent Personality Disorder - It is characterized by extreme dependence on other people – there is acute discomfort and even panic to be alone. The person lacks confidence and feels helpless. Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder - It is characterized by being hostile expressed in indirect and non-violent ways. They are so called “stubborn”. Compulsive Personality Disorder - It is characterized by excessive concern with rules, order, and efficiency that everyone does things their way and an ability to express warm feeling. The person is over conscientious, serious, and with difficulty in doing things for relaxation. Anti-social Personality Disorder - It is characterized by continuing violation of the rights of others through aggressive, anti-social behavior with out remorse or loyalty to anyone.

PSYCHOTIC PATTERNS - are group of disorders involving gross structural defects in the brain tissue, severe disorientation of the mind thus it involves loss of contact with reality. Organic Mental Disorders - A diagnosis of organic mental disorder is associated with a specific, identified organic cause, such as abnormalities of the brain structure. These are mental disorder that occurs when the normal brain has been damage resulted from any interference of the functioning of the brain. 1. 2.

Acute brain disorder – caused by a diffuse impairment of the brain function. Its symptoms range from mild mood changes to acute delirium. Chronic brain disorder – the brain disorder that result from injuries, diseases, drugs, and a variety of other conditions. Its symptoms includes impairment of orientation (time, place and person), impairment of memory, learning, comprehension and judgement, emotion and self-control. Groups of Organic Mental Disorders

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Delirium – the severe impairment of information processing in the brain affecting the basic process of attention, perception, memory and thinking. Dementia – deterioration in intellectual functioning after completing brain maturation. The defect in the process of acquiring knowledge or skill, problem solving, and judgement. Amnestic Syndrome – the inability to remember on going events more than a few minutes after they have taken place. Hallucinosis – the persistent occurrence of hallucinations, the false perception that arise in full wakefulness state. This includes hallucinations on visual and hearing or both. Organic Delusional Syndrome – the false belief arising in a setting of known or suspected brain damage. Organic Affective Syndrome – the extreme/severe manic or depressive state with the impairment of the cerebral function. Organic Personality Syndrome – the general personality changes following brain damage. General Paresis – also called “dimentia paralytica”, a syphilitic infection o f the brain and involving impairment of the CNS.

Disorders Involving Brain Tumor - A tumor is a new growth involving abnormal enlargement of body tissue. Brain tumor can cause a variety of personality alterations, and it may lead to any neurotic behavior and consequently psychotic behavior. Disorders Involving Head Injury - Injury to the head as a result of falls, blows and accidents causing sensory and motor disorders. Senile and Presenile Dementia Mental retardation - Metal retardation is a mental disorder characterized by sub-average general functioning existing concurrency with deficits in adaptive behavior. It is a common mental disorder before the age of 18. The person is suffering from low I.Q., difficulty in focusing attention and deficiency in fast learning. Schizophrenia and Paranoia - Schizophrenia – refers to the group of psychotic disorders characterized by gross distortions of realty, withdrawal of social interaction, disorganization and fragmentation of perception, thoughts and emotion. It also refers to terms such as “mental deterioration”, “dementia praecox”, or “split mind”. Paranoia – it is a psychosis characterized

by a systemized delusional system. A delusion is a firm belief opposed to reality but maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary. It is also a psychosis characterized by delusion of apprehension following a failure or frustration. ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS - Psychoactive substance-use disorders such as alcoholism affects millions of people. Addiction and psychological dependence on these substances create disastrous personal and social problems (Bernstein, 1991). SEXUAL DYSFUCNTIONAL PATTERNS - Sexual deviations to the impairment to either the desire for sexual gratification or in the ability to achieve it (Coleman, 1980). Those Affecting Males 1. 2. 3.

Erectile Insufficiency (Impotency) – it is a sexual disorder characterized by the inability to achieve or maintain erection for successful intercourse. Pre-mature Ejaculation – it is the unsatisfactory brief period of sexual stimulation that result to the failure of the female partner to achieve satisfaction. Retarded Ejaculation – it is the inability to ejaculate during intercourse – resulting to worry between partners. Those Affecting Women

1. 2. 3. 4.

Arousal Insufficiency (Frigidity) – a sexual disorder characterized by partial or complete failure to attain the lubrication or swelling response of sexual excitement by the female partner. Orgasmic Dysfunction – a sexual disorder characterized by the difficulty in achieving orgasm Vaginismus – the involuntary spasm of the muscles at the entrance to the vagina that prevent penetration of the male sex organ. Dyspareunia – it is called painful coitus/painful sexual acts in women. Sexual Behaviors leading to Sex Crimes As to Sexual Reversals

  

Homosexuality – it is a sexual behavior directed towards the same sex. It is also called “lesbianism/tribadism” for female relationship. Transvestism – refers to the achievement of sexual excitation by dressing as a member of the opposite sex such a man who wears female apparel. Fetishism – sexual gratification is obtained by looking at some body parts, underwear of the opposite sex or other objects associated with the opposite sex. As to the Choice of Partner

     

Pedophilia – a sexual perversion where a person has the compulsive desire to have sexual intercourse with a child of either sex. Bestiality – the sexual gratification is attained by having sexual intercourse with animals Auto-sexual (self-gratification/masturbation) – it is also called “self abuse”, sexual satisfaction is carried out without the cooperation of another. Gerontophilia – is a sexual desire with an elder person. Necrophilia – an erotic desire or actual intercourse with a corpse Incest – a sexual relation between person who, by reason of blood relationship cannot legally marry. As to Sexual Urge

 

Satyriasis – an excessive (sexual urge) desire of men to have sexual intercourse Nymphomania – a strong sexual feeling of women with an excessive sexual urge. As Mode of Sexual Expression



Oralism – it is the use of mouth or the tongue as a way of sexual satisfaction. a. Fellatio – male sex organ to the mouth of the women coupled with the act of sucking that initiates orgasm. b. Cunnilingus – sexual gratification is attained by licking the external female genitalia. c. Anilism (anillingus) – licking the anus of the sexual partner



Sado-Masochism (Algolagnia) – pain/cruelty for sexual gratification. Sadism – achievement of sexual stimulation and gratification through the infliction of physical pain on the sexual partner. It may also be associated with animals or objects instead of human beings. Masochism – infliction of pain to oneself to achieve sexual pleasure. As to Part of the Body

   

Sodomy – is a sexual act through the anus of the sexual partner. Uranism – sexual gratification is attained through fingering, holding the breast of licking parts of the body. Frottage – the act of rubbing the sex organ against body parts of another person. Partailism – it refers to the sexual libido on any part of the body of a sexual partner. As to visual stimulus

 

Voyeurism – the person is commonly called “the peeping Tom”, an achievement of sexual pleasures through clandestine peeping such as peeping to dressing room, couples room, toilets, etc. and frequently the person masturbate during the peeping activity. Scoptophilia – the intentional act of watching people undress or during sexual intimacies. As to Number of Participants in the Sexual Act

 

Troilism – three persons participate in sex orgy such as two women versus on man or vice versa. Pluralism – group of persons in sexual orgies such as couple to couple sexual relations. It is also called “sexual festival”. Other Sexual Abnormalities

  

Exhibitionism – it is called “indecent exposure”, intentional exposure of genitals to members of the opposite sex under inappropriate conditions. Coprolalia – the use of obscene language to achieve sexual satisfaction. Don Juanism – the act of seducing women as a career with out permanency of sexual partner or companion.

CRISIS MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS OF CRISIS AND EMERGENCY CRISIS is a period of disorganization, period of upset during which people attempts at arriving at solution of problems. It is a crucial or decisive point or situation; a turning point; an unstable condition, as in political, social, or economic. It is a state provokes when a person faces obstacles or hazards to an important life goal. The term Crisis is derived from the Greek word “krisis” which means to separate; a turning point decision in a process of an affair or a series of events. EMERGENCY – is derived from the Latin word “emergencia” which means dipping/plugging. A sudden condition or a state of affairs calling for an immediate action. TYPES OF CRISIS

MAN-MADE CRISIS - civil disturbances - strike, riot, demonstration - revolt such as mutiny and insurrection revolution, border incident - war: conventional or nuclear – crimes: kidnapping, hijacking, hostage-taking, etc NATURAL CRISIS - fire, floods, earthquake, tidal waves - marine/air disaster, hazardous spills, power failure, nuclear accidents - water/food shortage/scarcity, drought - volcanic eruption, epidemic, etc. INDIVIDUAL CRISIS – It refers to the feeling that arises when a person faces unpleasant situation such as frustrations and conflicts. This includes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Physical Crisis – those that are related to health problems or bodily sickness/sufferings. Economics Crisis – the deprivation of the basic necessities of life like food and material things. Emotional Crisis – when an individual is affected by negative feelings like emotional disturbances, fear, etc. Social Crisis – the experiencing lack of interest, confidence and social skills to relate meaningful, harmonious relationship with others. Moral Crisis – the person has an irrational or distorted concepts of what is right or wrong, lack of moral values and integrity of the person. Psychosexual Crisis – failure of the person to assume ones sex role and identity as a man or woman. The person has an inappropriate sex objective, inadequate and distorted expression of affection.

CRISIS MANAGEMENT defined Crisis management is the proper utilization of all available resources and the formulation of policies and procedures to effectively deal with progressive sequence of events (crisis) and sudden or unforeseen state (emergency). PURPOSES OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT 1. 2.

It sets concepts, policies and general procedures of handling crisis situation. It guides and assist law enforcers in the formulation of crisis management contingency plans and SOP’s to address crisis situations.

THE CRISIS MANAGEMENT DOCTRINE This doctrine specifically addresses crisis situations arising out of the action of mentally deranged individuals, criminals or terrorist elements that use violence or threat to pursue their needs. Crisis envisioned to be covered under this doctrine include among others, hostage taking, sea jacking, hijacking, occupation of vital installation, ambush and arson, with the use of violence or threat followed by blackmail, demands for ransom, safe-control, publicity and the like.

The crisis may start as basically police or special unit matter, but could develop in proportion and dimension requiring further military operations. This doctrine also will not address crisis when the purview and jurisdiction of the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC), Peace and order council, the Cabinet Crisis Committee or the National Security Council (NSC) and other national committee which could be military, economic, political, social or combination thereof, in nature. The general idea is to prevent the occurrence of a crisis, ensure a probability of success in minimizing or neutralizing the perpetrator or to return the situation into normalcy. NATIONAL POLICY The Philippines subscribed to all international conventions and initiatives against terrorism and will participate in all endeavors designed to strengthen international cooperation in order to prevent and neutralize terrorist acts. PNP/AFP POLICY The PNP/AFP shall be guided by the national policy on terrorism and will strictly implement it. The use of peaceful means shall always be employed. The AFP will not compromise nor make concessions to terrorist even if involves the personnel or

property. The AFP will act promptly, decisively and effectively, choosing from the whole range of military actions appropriate to the circumstances. PHASES OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT PRO-ACTIVE PHASES – is the stage of advance planning, organization and coordination and control in response to an anticipated future crisis occurrence. This phase is designed to predict or prevent probability or occurrence of the crisis while at the same time prepares to handle them when they occur. 1.

PREDICTION - The first stage of anticipating future crisis occurrences through the following;   

Update- Intelligence – involves the collection of information from variety of sources as basis of actions and plan; those that are related to crisis management contingency planning. Events – are those incidents that are already passed which can facilitate analysis necessary for identification of probable threat groups, targets and necessary for advance planning. Threat Analysis of Threat Groups a. b.

c.

2.

Political Terrorist – ideologically inspire individuals who grouped together for a common purpose usually for change of government or political power. Ex. CPP/NPA, SPT’s, etc. Criminals – these are people who commit terrorist acts for personal rather than ideological gains. Some of the terrorist acts such as kidnapping are well planned, other are not planned, but happens as a result of the fast response time by LEAs to an on going crime. For instance, a number of bank robberies have evolved into unplanned hostage situation when policemen arrive in response to an alarm robbery is in progress. Mentally Deranged Individuals – people commit terroristic acts during a period of psychiatric disturbance. This type is the most difficult terrorist to deal with. Many of them are impulsive and unpredictable.

PREVENTION - This pro-active phase considers counter measures as part of the total system of operation. Such counter measures involves the following; 

Operation Security – a counter intelligence measure where all aspect of awareness and training must be considered to prevent threat groups from learning the units plans methods of operations. It also refers to measures taken in conducting operations or activities in secure and effective manner.



Personal Security – it considers that all personnel are susceptible to terrorist attack so the is a need for securing them. All security measures designed to prevent unsuitable individuals of DOUGHTFUL LOYALTY from gaining access to classified matters or security facilities.

Considerations of Personnel Threat Assessment 1.

Rank and Risk – higher ranking personnel have great risk level. In high-risk areas, secure high ranking officers because they may be selected as terrorist targets by special knowledge they possess.

2.

Threat Level (Potential Threats) a. b. c.

Primary targets are high-ranking military or police officers, government officials, foreign ministries, other VIPs and persons possessing sensitive information. Secondary targets – those selected as alternative terrorist targets to gain publicity. Randomly selected targets – Military or police personnel who are not off duty or engage in private activities and become targets of opportunity.

Stages in preparation of Personnel Security Program 1.

Planning – threat analysis and assessment of available personnel security resources.

2. 3. 4. 5.

Personal security education procedures are adopted. Awareness – periodic briefing, public info drive, printed materials. Education – education on terrorist tactics, sparrow opens and the like. Physical Security – encompasses protection of info, material and people including perimeter installation. A system of barrier placed between the potential intruder and the material to be protected. 3.

PREPARATION - this pro-active phase involves organizing training and equipment personnel of the organization. In general, military commanders and officers of the PNP must organize, train and equip special reaction, security and negotiation elements and provide their immediate activation when the need arises.

National Level Organization NCCM – National Committee on Crisis Management - Serves as the umbrella organization for crisis management. The primary concern is the formulation of crisis management policies, integration of mil/pol to public efforts towards the prevention and control of crisis. It is composed by: 1. 2. 3. 4.

PAFSECOM – Philippine Air Force Security Command PNSWG – Philippine Navy Special Welfare Group PASAG – Philippine Army Special Action Group PNPSAG – Philippine National Police Special Action Group

RCAG – Regional Crisis Action Group RCMOC – Regional Crisis Management Operation Center - the point of all communications from the OSCP OSCP – On-Scene Command Post The OSCP shall establish with in the crisis incident site. It is a post or unit with in a probable target to be headed by an on-scene commander (OSC) whose responsibility is to take charge of every happening of a crisis incident scene.

Composition of the OSCP TACTICAL UNIT – composed of regular military or police placed under the operational command of the OSC. 1. 2.

Reaction Element – Special action unit which are specially organized, equipped and deployed in the region to hold special operation in cases of crisis incident. Security Element – military or police personnel task to protect the area of perimeter security to prevent occurrence of unnecessary incidents. SUPPORT UNIT – It is a unit that provides the necessary administrative, operational and logistic support of the OSC.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Intelligence Team – responsible for the collection and processing of all information needed by the OSC. Communication Team – responsible for insuring effective communication between OSC and other units or sub-units. Logistic Team – responsible for ensuring mess services, supplies (clothing, equipment, transportation) and other logistic services. Medical Team – responsible for all medical supplies and services in cases of crisis incidents. Fire Fighting Team – responsible for all services related to extinguishing fires intentionally set by perpetrators or during the result of operations. Administrative Personnel – personnel assigned to OSC to keep written records of events, in coming or outgoing communications. Legal/Investigation Team – services of investigation, preservation of evidence, documents and legal advice to the OSC.

NEGOTIATION UNIT – It is headed by a chief negotiator and composed of two or more members. Their primary concern is to serve first life, prevent destruction and pave the way for a peaceful resolution of crisis situations. THE REACTIVE PHASE When a crisis occur despite the pro-active effort, the organization concerned must be prepare to perform the crisis management in accordance with their plan. PERFORMANCE - It is the action stage, the implementation of the crisis management contingency plan. 1.

The Initial Action – the stage taken by the Initial Action Unit, which is composed of police and military personnel immediately organized into team to initially respond to take incident and begin the containment effort. They are responsible for:  maintain control of the situation  report the matter to the RCAG through channels  secure the scene by establishing perimeter security  evacuate by standers if possible  prevent escape of perpetrator  take maximum control

2.

The Action Stage - The action stage starts as soon as the tactical, support unit and the negotiation unit arrived and are deployed. The OSC discusses the incident with his commander and staff and decides on the plans and actions to be taken.

3.



Negotiation – chief negotiator undertakes negotiation as soon as he has been properly briefed and received appropriate instruction from the OSC. He shall keep the OSCP informed of the progress of negotiations and shall take instructions only from the OSC. No further negotiation shall be under take when the tactical unit commander initiates tactical operations.



Tactical Action – the tactical commander makes a complete estimate of the crisis situation and plans his courses of action upon arrival at the scene while negotiation is in progress. He shall maintain and continuous contact with the OSCP. He shall take over authority on reaction element through out the tactical operations. He shall take instructions only from the OSC and coordinate all support requirements with the OSCP.

The Post Action Stage - This stage begin as soon as the perpetrator surrendered, captured or neutralized. OSC shall ensure that the following are accomplished:  Protection of the incident scene  Investigation of the incident preservation of evidence  Documentation  SS – witnesses, hostage, perpetrators and other key participants of the incident.  Recovered, documented, preserve evidences  Pictorials, written reports  Filing and prosecution of cases  Damage Compensation and rehabilitation

He also initiates recommendation for the compensation and provide assistance to civilian killed and injured during tactical operations. He initiates recommendation for the rehabilitation, construction of damage or essential infrastructures. Training and re-training of unit personnel special units and negotiators shall continue with their training to improve their proficiency and enhance their readiness. CONCERNS OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT TERRORISM

Terrorism is …  a threat or actual use of force or violence for political or other purpose, to foster fear, insecurity, distrust, and unrest among a specific group or the general population.  “Violence for effect… not primarily, and sometimes not all for the physical effect on the actual target, but rather for its dramatic impact on an audience.”  “The calculated use of violence or the threat of violence t attain goals, often political or ideological in nature”.  “ Is violent criminal behavior designed to generate fear in the community, or a substantial segment of it, for political purposes. Classification of Terrorist 1. 2. 3.

National Terrorist - A terrorist who operates and aspires to political power primarily within a single nation. Transnational Terrorist - This is a terrorist who operates across national boarders, whose actions and political aspirations may affect individual of more than one nationality. International Terrorists - A terrorists who is controlled by, and whose actions represent the national interest of a sovereign state.

MOTIVATION AND GROUP CLASSIFICATION What causes a rational thinking human being to terrorize society? Assuming that the terrorists think rationally ( and most of them possess a high degree of rationality ), we must look to the terrorists motives if we are to understand them, to think like them, and to ultimately them. 1.

Minority Nationalistic Groups - groups fighting the majority of the community where the support base will depend one ethnic, religion, linguistic minorities at odd with the majority community.

2.

Marxist Revolutionary Groups – here, the terrorists’ movement is characterized by its possession of a coherent Marxist ideology and of a long-term strategy for bringing about the socialistic revolution.

3.

Anarchist Group - True Anarchist are difficult to find since true anarchy brings lawlessness and disorder, which is not a natural state in which the human race exists.

4.

Pathological Groups – problematic individuals who are grouped together for some terrorist activities for emotional satisfaction.

TERRORISTS PROFILE (based on commonalties of international terrorists) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

under 30 years of age action oriented - some are college educated from affluent/middle-class often trained in medical, legal, engineering, teaching professions terrorism rarely full-time occupation inward assurance of strength paradoxically, basically lonely believes he/she to be morally superior and in own mind is right indifferent to suffering of his immediate victims looks to colleagues for acceptance wants respect from victims willing to sacrifice self seek publicity believes violence is morally justified to support cause

Nature of Political Terrorist 1.

It is a part of revolutionary strategy.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Manifest in acts on socially unacceptable means. Symbolic target selection. Creates psychological effects on population to change behavior attitude. It forces the government to take drastic measures. Combines political and criminal terroristic tactics.

Aims of Political Terrorist 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Influence, discredit and destroy present system. To break down social structures. Erode trust in established government. Foster insecurity and fears. Shows that the government is incapable of protecting the people. Forces the government to overreact to use excessive measures or force. Destroy property. Disrupt law and order Propaganda Create a ripe climate to revolution.

Common Characteristics of Terrorist 1. Promote fear 2. Main objective is publicity 3. Highly mobile 4. Fatalist – they can create destruction affecting the whole nation. 5. Undercover operations 6. Small groups mean security efficiency Immediate Goals of Terrorist 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Local, national, worldwide recognition for a cause. They cause government reactions. Harass, weaken, embarrass government and government forces. Demonstrate power and threat credibility. Obtain money and equipment. Destruction of communication. Prevent and delay executive decisions. Cause strikes or prevent elections, free or prevent elections. Satisfy vengeance.

Long Range Goals of Terrorist 1. 2. 3.

Cause drastic changes in the government. Turn the system favorable to their side. Gain political recognition as a legal body representing an ethnic or national group.

Cooperation among Terrorist 1. 2. 3. 4.

Sharing resources (logistic support) Sharing expertise. Sharing safe havens. Participating in joint operations.

Organization of Terrorist Groups The way terrorist group organized is determined by it’s the need of security and the number of people in the group.

1. 2.

Larger Groups – less secured Small Groups – high degree of security but limited to operational capabilities.

As to group size, the large group can only succeed over a longer term in a week political environment. As to group security, government forces attempt to destroy terrorist group or keep them in defensive position to discourage them from mobilizing new to be extremely covert. Terrorist Operation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Covert and well executed. Carried out by specially well-trained and organized clandestine elements. Weapons – basic arms and explosives but continue to seek advance weaponry. Training – they are trained on subversion, weaponry, negotiation practices and espionage. Members of clandestine elements are of above average intelligence.

Methods of Operations 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

They operate in small bands They carry light automatic weapons, grenades, basic explosives, ammunitions and communication equipment. They mask their activities with the local populace. Team includes assaults and security elements. Leaders serve as negotiators. They watch out for counter intelligence measures of the government forces. In hostage taking, hostages are usually separated in safe houses to prevent communications and escape, planning, and intelligence gathering. Sequence of Terrorist Action 1.

Pre-incident phase – reconnaissance mission, Rehearsal  Often reconnaissance team, planners, perpetrators do not meet.  Communication are through intermediaries or by message drop.

2.

Initiative Phase – moves to their target covertly.  they use false names, ID, passports  they use separate routes  weapons and other items are separately to pre-arrange locations

3.

Negotiation/Climax Phases  they use negotiation to gain publicity.  Negotiation- often requires inter-government negotiations at the highest level.  When government failed to give demands, they initiate more terror

4.

Post incident Phase  they learn from their failures and success  terrorist re-groups, criticize and give critique about the operation.

TERRORIST TACTICS BOMBING Delivery to target is done through: 1. 2. 3.

Vehicle Bomb-booby traps with attached devices Laid Charges-bomb plates Projected bombs-launched from riffles by a mortal device

4.

Postal/mail bombs

Activation means: 1. 2. 3.

Command activation by leads, pull wire or mechanism Action by the subject/top pressure device, light sense electric switch Time delay clock/burning chemical delay

ARSON - This is use to destroy or to disrupt public utilities, political HQs and industrial facilities. HIJACKING - Hijacking and skyjacking are commonly used by terrorists. The hijack supply, ammunitions, fuel cargoes, and vehicles to provide them to gain entry to a close military area, skyjacking of commercial aircraft to gain publicity or to ask demands. ASSASSINATION - The oldest but the commonly used terrorist tactic where targets are often police or military officials or political features and they always claim responsibility of assassination. AMBUSH - This is a well-planned, well thought-out, properly rehearsed and precisely executed operation. The terrorist has time on his side and will spend considerable time preparing for an operation. Terrorist have an advantage in that they can choose the time and place of operation.

KIDNAPPING - Kidnapping for ransoms is the most common form of this tactic. The victim is normally confined in a secret hideout and kidnappers make material demands. HOSTAGE TAKING - The hostage-taker confronts the authorities and openly holds the victims for ransom. His demands are more than just material in nature. Political concessions are the frequency demanded in exchange for the hostage lives. ROBBERIES/EXTORTIONS - Terrorist operations are expensive. To help finance their activities, terrorists rob banks and armored vehicles carrying large sums of cash. Bank robberies are also used as graduation exercises for terrorist training programs and viewed as a tactical operation. The conduct reconnaissance, plan escape routes and operates in the high degree of efficiency and the progressive taxation scheme of the CPAA/NPA is a form of extortion through coercion or use of force against the victim or his property. TERRORIST TARGETS 1.

MILITARY/POLICE  command and control facilities  logistic/storage facilities  computer facilities  explosives, sensitive weapons, arms and ammunition depots

2.

ENGINEERING AND ENERGY SYSTEM  hydroelectric plants  offshore oil rigs  nuclear facility sites  gas pipelines  dams and electric power lines

3.

COMMUNICATION AND SUPPLIES 1.

communication lines and facilities

2. 3. 4. 5. 4.

TRANSPORTATION  rail lines and cars  bus depots  airports and aircraft  trucking and facilities  shipyards and ships  mainland routes and bridge

5.

HUMAN     

6.

chemical storage sites dock facilities equipment warehouse computer facilities

members of the diplomatic crops government officials corporate executives police and military forces dependents/close relatives of the above

VULNERABILITIES - Vulnerabilities are the weaknesses the installation security and high risk targets with in such installation. These vulnerabilities are normally identified through security surveys and inspections conducted periodically or on the spot intelligence and security units staffs.

The analysis of the threat to certain installation is based on information with both static and dynamic dimensions.   

STATIC DIMENSIONS – terrain, nationality of population, major industry in the area, location of installation, mission of the installation DYNAMIC DIMENSIONS - assignment of personnel, security measures used relations with civilian security, demonstrations within post location DYNAMIC DIMENTIONS THAT ARE HARDLY CONTROLLABLE – weather, activities of hostile groups, economic conditions, local law enforcement, off post demonstrations

The vulnerability of installations can be determined to some extent through the consideration of the following factors:         

Installation characteristics and its attractiveness as a target for the terrorist acts. status of training personnel availability of communications non-military law enforcement resources time and distance from military installation able to lend assistance geographic region proximity to foreign borders access to installation terrain

HOSTAGE SITUATION This is termed as crisis by the law enforcement officers and behavioral professionals. This situation exist when one or more individuals are held captive by other person or persons against their will for purposes of demanding material things or due to behavioral maladies. Criminal type hostage takers may direct their demand towards the government or to other private individuals. Mentally or emotionally disturbed may take hostages out of nothing or due to uncontrollable forces.

In dealing with hostage situations, the priorities are to 1) preserve lives, 2) apprehend the captors, and 3) recover or protect properties. Negotiators should be prepared for this kind of situation since it will take them a long period of time to contain the situation. According to experts, a hostage taking may last for an hour to more than forty hours. Hostage takers and hostages and even the negotiators become tired and stressed out of the long period of crisis intervention. Hostages become impatient waiting for their safe release or rescue. With this, there is a great possibility of the birth of the Stockholm’s Syndrome. This is characterized by transference of attention between the captors and captives. The hostage towards his captors may generate positive feelings. Negotiators can have enough time to contain and isolate the scene. The initial state of high emotion is given time to subside and rational thinking to return. The lives of the hostages become more secure as the holder realizes the value of their continued safety; and fatigue will set in and alertness will fade. It was research by experts that passage of time is in favor of the hostages and to the negotiators. In the first hour of the situation, the hostage taker is at rage and tension is at peak. As time passes mental, emotional and physical fatigue will be increased and will operate against the hostage taker. As this happen, the above-enumerated benefits of slowing time operate.

STAGES OF A HOSTAGE SITUATION Alarm Stage - This stage is the most traumatic and dangerous. In the alarm stage, the emotion of the hostage taker is exceedingly in its highest peak, his rationalization and proper thinking is low, He may be extremely aggressive in his reaction to any perceived threat. E.g. escape of hostages, tactical assault, trickery etc. In order for the perpetrator gain cooperation from the hostages, he usually terrorizes the hostages into submission. At this stage he may also inclined to inflict physical harm or even kill anyone who interferes with their attempts. (Strentz, 1984, p. 190). The same is the situation in the part of the hostages. Since no one knows when or does not want that they will be held hostages. This is considered as a traumatic stage as they fear much for their lives. From a peaceful situation, turns into a life and death situation ticking every minute and the lives of the hostages depend on the hand of the hostage taker. (Herman, 1995, p. 92). A person taken as hostage becomes impatient, denial of reality sets in them, particularly when those they expect to help seem to be doing nothing. In order to cope immediately with this agitated feeling, one must put into place a will to survive since panic may cause over reaction in the part of the hostage taker and diminishes the chances of survival. It is also important that hostages should disregard any notion of being a hero. (Strentz, 1984, p. 196) Crisis Stage - In this stage, when negotiation attempts are being initiated by the crisis negotiator. Outrageous demands and unpredictable emotion is marked or commonly noted in the hostage taker. There is still a great deal of danger since hostage takers try to consolidate their positions. To do these, they try to move their hostages to a safer ground area. On the part of the captive, this is the most critical because this stage may predict the remainder of the situation. Chances of survival may be enhanced or reduced during this stage through the hostage –hostage taker interaction. It is advisable that hostages must control their fear as it increases unpredictable outburst of anger and violence on the captor. The hostage taker may inconsistently enforce numerous demands and petty rules and this may result to unsuccessful negotiation. In addition, the perpetrator seeks to destroy the victim’s sense of autonomy by depriving him of his basic needs. At this stage hostages may start to feel three (3) problems: 1) Isolation, 2) Claustrophobia, and 3) Sense of time. Sense of time becomes important on hostages who are hoping for rescue. This situation may also in favor of the hostage taker as they earn compliance from their captives. Accommodation Stage - This is distinguished by boredom, and with moments of terror. Though is considered as the longest yet is the most tranquil. In the crisis stage, and even in the alarm stage, hostages are considering escape options but in the accommodation stage, their initiative and planning are narrowed since captors has increased control over them. The hostages’ sense of life preserving has increased and even tries to obey the orders. Stockholm’s syndrome will likely to occur between the captors and the victims. One looks into this phenomenon in the negative that one must say that cooperation of hostages to the negotiator is constricted.

In the right manner, the hostages in good effect can make use of this phenomenon. It lessens tension and openness is generated. It is advisable that hostages must avoid political discussions as it accentuates differences with captors and hostages. (Miron and Goldstein) Resolution Stage - This is the stage when the hostage taker is being stressed out or fatigued of the situation. He is seemingly losing interest of the situation and lost most of his bargaining points. Tension between the hostages, hostage taker and the crisis negotiator is notably low. It should be regarded also that the crisis intervention techniques of the negotiation team have increased. In this stage, reactions of the hostages are mixed either blaming their captors or may become hostile and uncooperative to their rescuers and even accusing them to be the responsible for the whole situation. They might even appraise their captors for taking care (saving) their lives though their captors placed them into a hell experience. Released victims become paranoid and often experience post trauma attacks after liberation. These may even last for a long period of time. Such experience becomes part of their lives and haunts them from time to time if not being properly treated. They, being a paranoid, continue to monitor their captors if taken away from them or safely put behind bars. THE HOSTAGE TAKER It is a must that a police officer who first arrived at the scene has the necessary skill to determine what type or personality of the hostage taker is. This does not mean that he must diagnose the perpetrator. In assessing the situation, one must be able to determine and know the two kinds of behavior: 

Instrumental behavior- those who are engaging in this kind of behavior are having goals to obtain or to be fulfilled. Generally, hostage takers of instrumental behavior are criminal types and intervention usually needs bargaining. E.g. barricaded criminals, or other organized crime groups.



Expressive behavior- This kind of behavior is characterized by their attempt to display power. Those who engage in this kind are emotionally disturbed individuals. E.g. mentally insane, etc.

In many hostage situations committed, statistics reveals that most of those involve are mentally disturbed individuals and the remaining are results of instrumental behaviors. According to research, twenty five (25%) percent of all hostage situations are instigated by expressive acts. With this data, it is important that we must learn the different types of hostage takers and we will begin with the emotional aspect. Mentally Disturbed This group suffers from different kinds of psychological maladies. They may or may not in touch with reality. A mentally disturbed individual may be a loner, act in accordance with an non existing irresistible force, or on a false belief or a stimuli (Cooper, 1981). Symptoms may include such things as dramatic and sudden changes of behavior, loss of memory, mistreatment of a loved one, a sudden, impulsive act of theft, extreme depression, or anxiety that is out of proportion to the circumstances that appear to be causing the anxiety. The individual may talk to himself of hear voices, or he may be displaying dangerous behavior without any apparent reason. Mentally or emotionally disturbed individual may be in a very docile mood for a while and become extremely violent without any apparent cause (Adams). A patrol officer is usually the first person to respond to a crisis situation before the crisis team arrives. In some instances where Crisis Management Teams (CMT) are not available, he usually starts and event finalizes the job. Police officers are empowered to bring the mentally and emotionally disturbed individuals to the psychiatrist for evaluation and treatment. Paranoid Schizophrenics To begin with the different kinds of mental disorder, we must first understand the different topics associated with this. Below are items of information discussed in the book of Adams that serve as a guide to a police officer who will respond to a hostage situation involving mentally disturbed.

Psychosis is a gross and persistent falsification of conventional reality that leaves the person unable to manage conventional reality with any degree of effectiveness. Psychosis has two major components. Delusion is the faulty belief that is motivated primarily by the individual’s needs and wishes and in fact, has no basis. Hallucination is manifested in a visual image that is quite vivid and real to the individual who experiences it. Paranoia is a set of fixed delusional beliefs that are accompanied by clear and orderly thinking outside the delusion system. Paranoia manifests itself. A paranoid has been described as “vigilant suspicious, distrustful, insecure, and chronically anxious”. There are two types of a paranoid individual as: The True paranoid or the Classical paranoid as psychologists prefer, may be of high level of intelligence and so persuasive that he will successfully recruit other persons to help him in his war against enemy. Individual with Paranoid Reaction do not handle the problem in as much logic or intelligence as the true paranoid. Schizophrenia is a thinking disorder. Expert says that, approximately 80 percent of the mentally ill of the population are schizophrenic. There are subcategories of this kind of mental disorder, the catatonic state and the hebephrenic state. Catatonic state is demonstrated by the patient’s rigidly held position for some interminable period of time, while Hebephrenic state is when the subject acts childlike and silly. The signs and symptoms of the schizophrenic condition may appear in three (3) different ways such as the following: 1. 2. 3.

The subject’s language may be rambling and tangential; he may make up meaningless rhymes, or echo anything he hears; The subject may show his split personality incongruent between his expressed ideas and emotional responses. This indicates that two thought operate simultaneously. The subject may isolate or alienate himself from the rest of the society and pull himself into his personal shell (Schizotype personality).

Neurosis is suffered by a person if most likely to be observed in a continuous state of anxiety. Erratic behavior would more than likely be displayed by reaction to anxiety in the form of ego defense mechanism such as rationalization, projection or displacement. The signs and symptoms are shaking uncontrollably and depression without explanation. In general, they are characterized by being out of touch with reality and being recognized by their false belief. Hostage taking is done in order for them to carry out plans from someone who compels them to do. Their routine is to accomplish something but there is no accomplishment. Most of the paranoid schizophrenics are in conflict and with difficulty in coping even in a minimal stress situation. Male paranoid may have problems with gender identity and religious beliefs. It is so noted that frustration and conflict is involved. When these two combines, severe anxiety will surface that makes a person so sensitive and volatile. Lack of interpersonal trust, religious conviction, sexual disfunction, persecutory beliefs about family or significant individuals or even distrust to the negotiator or police may lie in the person’s behavior. This variety of issues may cause the negotiation difficult and dangerous (1986). The first thing a negotiator should do is to keep the dialogue at an even pace. Since paranoid schizophrenics are out of touch with reality, it is a must that the hostage taker should be kept calm enough to stay in touch with reality while the negotiation process is going on. A good negotiation strategy is suggested below: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Reduce anxiety at the same time create a problem solving atmosphere Do not trick the captor Accept the statement as true but do not agree Do not convince that he is wrong Emphatic understanding is needed

Manic depressive personality

Depressed individuals are in an incapacitated mental state. He may frequently know the hostages and the latter might be the cause of his depression. Negative outlook in life, feeling unworthy, slow speech, suicidal and unpredictable and extremely dangerous are the characteristics of this type of mentally disturbed. To a one who is a suicidal type, he might inflict harm or even kill one of the hostages and the police will be forced to shoot him (Strentz, 1984). When dealing with this kind of mentally disturbed hostage taker, the negotiator must be: 1. 2. 3.

Firm and manipulative Understanding and be supportive Able to induce subject to talk about something positive

Inadequate personality This is a type of person that displays attention-seeking behavior. Hostage taking is his action to prove himself or his worth. During the commission of the crime, he tends to delay his actions and be caught in flagrante in order for him to prove himself (“I’ll show them”). His characteristics are homicidal, loser complex, maybe fired from many jobs and is in touch with reality. Though they are emotionally disturbed, yet they are apologetic to their behavior (“I’m sorry but I have to do this to prove that I can be a good worker…”). The negotiator should be aware that those statements mean that it’s either murder or physical harm to the hostages. It is but wise to present problem solving alternatives so that the hostage taker will not feel that he has failed again. The person needs acceptance and understanding. An initial action is to offer promises that can be kept and do not allow relatives in the scene. Anti-social personality Those who belong to this kind of personality are repeatedly having conflict with the people around them and notably having a deviant behavior from groups, social values and or individuals. They defend their face from embarrassment by blaming others in the form or rationalization. Anti-socials, when takes hostages, are generally engages in expressive acts and they are likely to dehumanize the hostages and this is an indication that they are dangerous individuals. According to Lanceley, antisocial individuals did not internalized moral values yet they know the consequences of their acts and they are therefore considered or more likely to become a foe. These hostage takers are only concerned for themselves indicating egotism. Though they are aware of the consequences of their acts, they feel no remorse and the negotiator must be aware of this. At any time the hostage taker may consider his hostages as burden and might harm or even end killing his hostages. A guideline of action suggested is that the ego of the hostage taker is stimulated. In this situation, the stimulus of this situation might be the hostages and the negotiator must diverse the attention away from them. It is also suggested that it is but wise not to refer or talk about hospitalization or treatment during the crisis intervention as this might agitate the perpetrator if they believe they might loose their freedom or is insinuated that they are crazy. Since the hostage taker is a street and police wise, it is advisable not to use trickery (Fusilier, 1981). The estranged person Domestic problem is the main cause why an estranged individual takes hostages. The hostages are commonly known to him and mostly are his family members. The hostage taker is experiencing from relationship breakdown in his or her interpersonal relationships and hostage taking is employed to compel the relationship to be maintained. The hostage taker at his point is afraid of loosing the significant others. In order to carry out hostage-taking, alcohol and prohibited drugs are used to have the necessary courage (Cooper, pp. 27-28). Knowledge in domestic intervention is essential when dealing with this kind of volatile situation. The negotiator should be careful when intervening on personal disputes as oral arguments between the hostage and the hostage taker may occur. The negotiator must be an emphatic listener and with good responding skill. He must also be aware of the personal nature if the situation. The negotiator should also have the ability to bar the denial of reality into despair. The resolution is that the perpetrator needs to be shown a graceful way out (Cooper, 1981).

Terrorists Terrorism throughout the world has been alarming for the past decades and even at present. Countries around the world have been facing terrorism problems either local or international groups. In the United States alone, it has been reported that there are local terrorists sowing fear, insecurity and unrest amongst the people. They create chaos through assassinations, bombing, arson and other forms of malicious destruction of properties. (CMD, AFP/PNP) Though global terrorism is seemingly increasing and alarming, the international law enforcement community is trying its best to address to this kind of problem. (The international police organizations, other law enforcement, religious and civic organizations team up together in fighting these terrorists.) Regardless of their cause, their terroristic activities are condoned by most of the people. Characteristics, Modus Operandi and Causes In order for them to attain their goal, careful planning is involved. They employ professional members [most of the planning team members are educated enough on political matters] to outwit and deceive the authorities. They also employ undercover agents and divide into groups. Hostages are in serious jeopardy when their demands are not met immediately or if the military pressure hovers them (i.e deployment of troops, hovering choppers). The local police may not be able to meet the demands immediately and only serve as perimeter security as they need government attention. They use media to get attention from the government. Since most of the longest running crisis situation involves political terrorists, they want to negotiate directly to the Government and pay less attention to the agents or crisis management teams. Terrorists also try to let the government overreact n the situation so when worse come, they, the hostages and the rights groups will turn ire and blames on the government. The common question asked is what causes them to do such. Evidently, hostage taking is their means to get the much-needed attention from the government or private individuals just like other types of hostage takers. In this way, the authorities will initiate actions to negotiate for the safe release of the hostages on the fear that the latter will end killed or harmed. On the issue on ransom, according to them are just demanded to cover their expenses while hostages are at their custody, but in sense, will serve as their resources to buy additional firepower or in the recruitment for additional manpower in preparation for the anticipated military or police pressures. Just like other types of hostage takers, they need to be negotiated with . The only difference is that a mentally deranged, inadequate and antisocial personalities needs more the help of mental health professionals and rapid police response as the last resort to rescue hostages away from danger. While on terrorist hostage takers, painstaking bargaining on social and political demands is traditionally used. Government negotiators are utilized to the fullest to negotiate and bargain issues with the kidnappers. Barricaded Criminals This type might be robbers cornered by the police while in the act of committing their crime (i.e bank robbers). Either barricaded in a building, road block or on getaway cars. Hostages are may be employees, bystanders or both caught in the process of escaping. The hostage taking is a spontaneous reactions of the criminal when cornered. Some law enforcement officers consider barricaded criminals as attention seekers, but others describe then in the contrary as they avoid being identified. Their primary aim is to escape safely taking with them the hostages as shield to prevent being shot by the police. Usually barricaded criminals are engaged in instrumental acts as they demand for material things such as getaway cars, firearms, money, and safe escape. Barricaded criminals may initiate bargaining negotiation as the police closely monitor them. As earlier presented they might ask a safe conduct pass for the release of the hostages, or they might ask for additional money or getaway car and leave the hostages immediately. The negotiator, upon gathering all the facts and assessment of the situation, including the mental faculties, he may use his own discretion in the negotiation process, whether to grant the demand or not

Prisoners While most prisoners spend most of their time inside the correctional institutions, some are concentrated on penal colonies under tight guards and to those who are completely secluded inside their prison cells, they are haunted by boredom, get tired and hostile. These may be due to the strict implementation of house rules, favoritism and poor prison conditions (Lack of recreational activities and inadequate facilities, poor structuring etc.). These conditions may largely contribute to the occurrence of riots and crisis [hostage taking] situations in our correctional institutions. Most probably, the hostages are the prison authorities and staffs or even some of the inmates. For some institutionalized individuals, hostage taking is their means of effecting escape [hostages serve as their shield against assault of authorities] to stay away from the harsh prison condition. Another group of prisoner-hostage takers are those who do not consider escape but a rather total improvement of the conditions and services of the prison institution. Prisoners who initiate hostage taking may be involved on either instrumental or expressive acts or both. Instrumental behavior involves those situationally related, substantive and objective wants and commonly known as the commodity goal of the hostage taker (Roloff and Jordan, 1992). An example of this is the demand for prison condition as these are the causes of the situation. Additionally the first group almost has similar purpose to the barricaded criminals as they inhibit instrumental acts or behaviors. The negotiation approach in this situation based on the acts involved is bargaining approach. They need to be bargained with at the soonest possible time as the lives of the hostages are in great danger. This is possible, as the hostage taker believes that the hostages are the main cause of the problem. NEGOTIATION MODELS In Crisis Situations Whenever a crisis [hostage] situation is reported to the police or other law enforcement professionals, the initial action being taken is the activation of tactical assault or Initial Action team and the coordination of trained crisis negotiators within their departments. In cases where the hostage taking is initiated by a perpetrator, purely engaged in expressive acts, the services of a mental health professional trained in crisis management is indispensable. On cases of instrumental behaviors, tactical assault teams are mobilized to contain and isolate the area and on standby when worst come along as the negotiator/s enter the situation. However, the services of mental health professionals are sought since most of hostage takers with instrumental behaviors are partially engaged in expressive acts. In assessing a crisis situation, one must understand and be able to determine the two kinds of behavior. Firstly, Instrumental behavior refers to actions on the part of the perpetrators and negotiators that facilitates some types of substantive outcome in terms of instrumental issues (situationally related, substantive and objective wants of each party). Additionally, those who are engaging in this kind of behavior are having goals to obtain or to be fulfilled. Generally, hostage takers of instrumental behavior are criminal types and intervention usually needs bargaining. E.g. barricaded criminals, or other organized crime groups. Expressive kind of behavior on the other hand refers to various forms of perpetrator’s and negotiator’s behavior that serves to communicate the power or significance of the individual and his/her emotional state. Simply, it involves the behavior of the perpetrator (Hammer and Rogan). This is characterized by the hostage taker’s attempt to display power. Those who engage in this kind are mostly emotionally disturbed individuals. e.g. mentally insane, etc. Over the years there are approaches used by negotiators and are devised to suit to these kinds of behavior or acts. Bargaining Negotiation Approach - Earlier discussed were the two types of acts. Bargaining negotiation approach is the model that negotiator employ whenever instrumental issues come along way. In this approach, negotiation is viewed in terms of an exchange or distribution of resources. This approach is derived to the social exchange theory of Roloff, (1981), which accordingly has two premises:

1.

Conflicts involve people who are interdependent which means that each party can not accomplish each own goals without agreement from each party, and 2. Such conflicts involve rewards and costs from each other This Social Exchange Theory is obviously focused in the exchange of objects during the negotiation. In order that the negotiation be successful, some authors of crisis management books claimed that the communication approach involve the exchange of one set of resources for others or known as bargaining. Bargaining is a powerful tool to resolve a conflict provided that the hostage takers focus on instrumental concerns or issues that are negotiable. They are more likely to engage with the hostage negotiator in order to bargain and resolve the crisis. Van Zandt, Rogan and Hammer reviewed and made critique on this approach and notes: “the type of situation law enforcement usually encounter, often fall in several ways to match the requirements of instrumental negotiation approach.” First, crisis negotiation situation is not typically like others, more common forms of instrumental dominated bargaining where the assumption is that, the parties come with well thought out proposals and are willing to a bargaining process. Crisis [hostage] situations involve high levels of anxiety and uncertainty. They are characterized by a pronounced level of emotional excitation precipitated by the hostage takers motives and enhanced police response. Majority of hostage crisis occurs as a result of the mental and emotional inability of the hostage takers to cope with life stressors. This produces a situation where normative rational actor bargaining is generally absent and its place exist an explosive dangerous and volatile set of interaction dynamics where emotional excitation and relationship issues (e.g. control, power, trust, liking and face) play a critical role. Over all, the particular features of crisis situation discussed above suggest that negotiators often face interaction dynamics that may not fully explained by the instrumentality focused bargaining approach. Expressive Negotiation Approach - This approach is mainly focused on the emotional state of the hostage taker as a powerful tool to resolving of crisis situation. Expressive negotiation approach came to existence with the use of psychology, human relatons theory and research. Both assume that the nature and quality of interpersonal relationships play a large role in resolving a conflict. The three (3) assumptions of the expressive negotiation model are: 1. 2. 3.

Hostage has no instrumental value. This explains that the hostage is a tool or device used in gathering audiences or attracting attention (attention-seeking behavior) to the hostage taker. The hostage taker may initiate a crisis to demonstrate his ability to control others. Both interactants have the interest to prevent the escalation of the situation into violence or death. The hostage taker has some minimal level of awareness that when he kill his hostages, he will later suffer the consequences. Hostage taker and negotiators are confronted with high level of emotional excitation. Increased emotional arousal prepares the perpetrator from reacting with fight or flight response rather than a problem-solving mode.

In this approach, negotiators must be knowledgeable on ‘crisis intervention therapy’; listening skills as it contributes a lot in decreasing anxiety and a problem solving can emerge later during the negotiation process. (Schlossberg, 1979, Van Zandt, Rogan and Hammer, 1998). In addition, relationship development and confidence building strategies are viewed as critical to resolution of crisis [hostage] incidents. The negotiator must have enough training in listening, paraphrasing, and self-disclosure, open ended questioning to reduce perpetrator’s anxiety. Under intense stress, the Stockholm syndrome may likely to occur. This phenomenon has been carefully studied and recorded by psychologists. The impact of the incident stress on negotiator’s psychological well-being. More so on unsuccessful negotiations. Negotiators should also deserve attention like professional help. Explications of emotional and personality disorders and their impact on crisis negotiation. Most of the hostage situations are committed by paranoids, depressed, antisocial and inadequate personality typologies. Hostage negotiations depends on the psychological characteristics of the hostage taker and the identification of the effective communication strategies when negotiating with perpetrators who exhibit behavioral patterns consistent with specific mental and emotional disorders. This model of negotiation is used to lessen the perpetrator’s emotional tension to give way for a rational problem-solving atmosphere. (Hammer and Rogan) Communication-based negotiation approach - This approach is founded on an interactive assessment if the crisis [hostage] situation as it unfolds and is created through the interaction of the negotiator and the perpetrator. Therefore, communication based approach is an interactive process wherein negotiators and hostage takers react to each message behavior.

In fundamental communications theory, communications is composed of content and relational dimensions. Content dimension of communication represents the instrumental focus of person’s message, while the latter conveys the expressive features (as trust, power, and respect). There are three (3) interaction concerns relative to the communication-based negotiation approach, which may tend to escalate or deescalate the conflict. (Hammer and Rogan) 1.

2.

3.

Instrumental concerns; Hammer and Rogan notes: “Instrumental message behavior arises in crisis negotiation as the hostage takers and the negotiators bargain with one another regarding with the incompatibility of their objective concerns.” In this concern, there are two broad types of issues involved, the substantive issues and nonsubstantive issues or the situationally related and the situationally unrelated respectively Relational concerns - Relational message behavior denotes when an individual’s concern is more on the nature of the relationship to other individual. There are thre-e (3) core elements that represents relational message behavior.  Power- this concerns the degree of agreement between the two interactants along a dominancesubmission dimension.  Trust- revolve around the degree to which each party is willing to accept the premise that no one shall be hurt or no act shall be detrimental to self.  Affiliation- refers to belongingness and acceptance between the perpetrator and the negotiator (respect, liking and caring for the well being). Identity concerns - Identity concerns refers to an individual’s concern for self-presentation, reputation or face. These are then important to both parties.

According to Tajfel’s Social Identity Theory as discussed by Hammer and Rogan, personal and social identities are the two dimensions of a person’s self image and are best to be known by the negotiator when dealing with conflict situation, noted as: ‘Personal identity is based on an individual’s unique perception of his or her own attributes’ (The person perceives himself either weak, strong, or intelligent).Hammer and Rogan also suggested that a suicidal’s emphasis is on personal identity concerns, and ‘…social identity consists of those characteristics and their emotional significance that is attached to one’s membership in social groups...’ (nationality, gender, ethnicity, social group/cult). Rogan and Hammer further discussed that face message behavior varies along three (3) dimensions and the first denotes the locus of a communicator’s interest (is the face message directed to ones’s self or to other?); Face valence is the second dimension, a behavior either to attack or honor face. Finally, ‘face-honoring entails a dimension which relates to whether the message behavior functions to proactively protect against potential future threats to face or to retroactively restore perceived loss of face’. When these three (3) dimensions are combined together, there are six (6) types of face message behavior being produced: 1.

Defend Self’s Face - This behavior is self-honoring and self directed messages. More often, the hostage taker uses this when he is asked about the condition of the hostages and replied… (“ I don’t know but I think they’re all OK! “)

2.

Attack Self’s Face - Is a behavior that tends to attack or is directed to one’s self. The statement, (“ I know this is all my fault…” ) fits to this behavior. The perpetrator directs criticism or attacks to himself when he fell remorse of his act and this usually occur during the accommodation stage.

3.

Restore Self’s Face - This is used to restore one’s face/reputation. (“ I’m not as crazy as you think…”) A hostage taker with psychological maladies uses this face message behavior to restore his reputation.

4.

Restore Other’s Face - A face message behavior that is directed towards the other party. (“ You’re such an intelligent guy…”) or (” You’ve got a lot of people who cares about you…”)The negotiator tries to restore the perpetrator’s face by attempting to gain cooperation and lessen the latter’s psychological burden.

5.

Defend Other’s Face - Known as the traditional message behavior utilized to protect other’s face from future attack or loss. (“ I know you can overcome these odds in your life…”). The negotiator should defend the perpetrator and not the hostages to increase sense of worth of the perpetrator.

6.

Attack Other’s Face - This represents the traditional, more limited view of face attack behaviors. (“ These people causes me to do this…”) When a negotiator shifts the blame to others, it does not really mean that hostages are not prime importance. It is more likely that the hostage taker fell sense of understanding and belongingness. However, if the hostage taker is the one who uses this, he is trying to imply that the main cause of the situation are the people involved [hostages].

THE STOCKHOLM SYNDROME In the event of hostage crisis, the Stockholm syndrome will likely to occur. This phenomenon is referred to as the process of transference in which the hostages begin to identify their captors and the following may occur: 1. 2. 3.

Positive feelings from the hostages to the captors Negative feelings toward the authorities by both hostages and captors Positive feelings returned by the captors to the hostages

This phenomenon got its name after one of the hostages in an aborted bank robbery in Sweden fell in love with the perpetrator (Strentz, 1994). In some instances, hostages may even help the perpetrator consummate the crime either by providing cover fire during the escape process or actually joining the heist or become an instant member of the group. Stockholm syndrome with operates when there is an extended period of time, not being isolated from one’s captor and the positive contact between the hostages and the hostage taker (Fuselier, 1981). Variety of issues may possibly cause the occurrence of this phenomenon such as: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Pity- In the case of mentally disturbed individuals, hostages may pity them, as they believe these individuals need professional help. The hostages may offer advises (i.e. not advisable) or even instruct the police not to launch a tactical assault against the defenseless and sick hostage taker. Personal feelings- the hostage may feel affection towards the hostage more when the hostage is female, with pleasing personality and cooperative. Indoctrination- barricaded political terrorists tend to indoctrinate their hostages to force them agree and believe with their stand or political ideology. It is not so surprising that a son of a slain scout ranger sergeant in Mindanao joined his Abu Sayyaf captors during the siege in 2000. Poor inaction of the authorities- the hostages in the alarm and crisis stages of hostage taking want to be speedily rescued before they will be killed or harmed.

In a crisis [hostage] situation, negotiators consider staling of time the number one rule in dealing with hostage crisis. On scene negotiators stale time to decrease tension among themselves and the hostage taker. This might be misinterpreted by the hostages as they feel neglected. They will end up sympathizing with their captors and uncooperative to their rescuers. It should be corrected that providing assistance to the hostage taker not a conclusion that Stockholm syndrome has occurred. Hostages may carry the moneybag or the clerk opens the vault due to continue threat of the hostage taker. As Stockholm syndrome continue to develop among the hostages and their captors, the latter will make increase awareness of the safety of the hostages for fear of losing a shield. The negotiators and the hostages however may benefit from this phenomenon since the safety of the hostages is increased. This happens during the accommodation period as hostages may tend to obey every command of their captors and the latter will decrease or lessen the degree of security, control and the introduction of physical harm among the hostages. REACTIVE MEASURES IN HOSTAGE TAKING INCIDENTS OPERATIONAL PREMISES OR AREA

Principal Participants: First responding officers, Field supervisors, Threat Management Force Commander, Tactical Unit Commander Duties and Functions a.

First Responding Officers:  proceed to the scene discreetly  do not return fire except:  when loss of life is imminent  when hostage-taker is visible, armed, identifiable and no  third party will be caught in the crossfire.  contain the suspect-condor or isolate the area  request assistance  evacuate-care of critically injured persons if any  retain witnesses- gather information  attempt to communicate there telephone, megaphone or other means  deploy responding officers  Develop required police information-initial report of situation  keep headquarters/station informed-periodic assessment  of situation relayed from time to time

b.

Field officers  assumes command upon reaching scene  evaluate situation  prescribed containment procedures until the TMF arrives

c.

TMF Commanders  establishment command post  coordinate/direct Commander of Tactical Unit Team  plans/promulgate aggressive operational activities if required.

d.

Tactical Unit Commander  ensure that suspect is under constant surveillance  maintain well-planned assault operation, upon order

OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES 1.

Stabilization and Containment  Establish Rapport: get to know the suspect  Operational Activities -clear area/scene of pedestrians, required innocent persons to evacuate-this can be done, throughout non-verbal language, gather information about the suspect  submit initial report  request for additional resources, if needed

2.

Consolidation and negotiation Negotiation and qualities  civilian volunteer preferred depending upon the call of incident  demonstrate sympathy without being emotionally involved  ability o accept tension between conflicting views  maintaining self-control  possess moral courage and integrity  patient and good listener  should not be a decision maker

    

possess certain language skills or background which will lend insight into the psycho of the hostage taker knowledge in psychology of aggressive human behavior ability to give minor rewards ability to withhold rewards

Steps in Negotiation  On Initial contact - avoid hostile or antagonistic approach, introduce yourself-don’t use title or rank, sell yourself-sincere and honest, instill trust and confidence, minimize tension soonest  Development - drawing a psycho profile or hostage taker, reinforce relationship establishment at initial contact  Alternative steps  Climax stage  Termination RULES AND PROCEDURES ON NEGOTIATION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Stabilize and contain the situation Select the right time to make contact with the hostage-taker Take time when negotiating, allow hostage-taker to speak Don’t offer the hostage-taker anything. What he will ask for will be part of the negotiation Avoid directing frequent attention to the victim when talking to the hostage-taker Do not call them hostages. Be as honest as possible; avoid tricks; be sincere Never dismiss any request from the hostage-taker as trivial or unimportant Never say “No”, soften the demands Never set a deadline; try not to accept a deadline Do not make alternate suggestion not agreed upon in the negotiation Do not introduce outsiders (non-law enforcement officers) into the negotiation process, unless their presence is extremely necessary in the solution of the crisis; provide that they shall be properly advised on the do’s and don’ts of hostage negotiation Do not allow any exchange of hostage, unless extremely necessary; in particular, do not exchange a negotiator for a hostage Avoid negotiating face-to-face if possible Law enforcement officers without proper training shall not be allowed to participate in hostage negotiations; and Never introduce ranks/possessions.

KIDNAPPING FOR RANSOM KIDNAP FOR RANSOM is a criminal act, particularly described as the unlawful taking and carrying away a person by force or fraud and against his will, or in any manner depriving him of his liberty for the purpose of extorting ransom as payment for the release. KIDNAP FOR RANSOM is a common term used describes a specific criminal act under ART. 267 of the RPC entitled “Kidnapping and serious illegal detention.” KIDNAPPING, in general, posses a serious threat to the peace and order condition of the country. Focus of concern, however, falls on so-called kidnap for ransom case, because they exist a heavy tall not only on their victims and the victim’s families, but also on society as a whole. This is so because kidnap for ransom is by nature a syndicated crime perpetrated by

professional criminals groups capable of planning their nefarious trade that even a single gruesome act of kidnapping expertly pulled by them could prove very alarming to the public. COMMON MODUS OPERANDI USED IN KFR 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

A kidnap group initially scouts or a potential victim through an informer or spotter. An informer or spotter could be a gang member or outsider whose participation is to locate targets for the group. After the would-be victim has been spotted, the kidnap group conducts a through study on his background and his daily routine movements/activities. Customary route taken by the would-be victim is particularly observed. After careful surveillance and planning, they would kidnap the victim at an opportune time. The victim is them brought in a pre-designated area, usually outside urban places where the victim is held in captivity ransom for his release is being negotiated.

HOW DOES KIDNAPPERS ABDUCT THEIR VICTIMS? How facilitate the kidnapping for the victim, a gang member is sometimes made to seek employment with would-be victim’s family, either as a diver or as household help. In coordinate with an inside man, the group snatches the victim at on opportune from the public. Although the manner of accosting the victim varies from one kidnap group to another, the most common method of approach used by kidnap groups is by blocking the kidnap victim’s car by using a military or police-like vehicles, sometimes with siren. At least one of the kidnappers is in complete military or police uniform and armed with a long automatic weapon. The victim is intercepted and accosted with alleged traffic violations. HOW ARE RANSOM NEGOTIATIONS UNDERTAKEN? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Ransom negotiations are later affected through various means of communications. The most common is through telephone. The kidnappers will call up the relatives of the victim and demands for a ransom for the release of the victim. An almost hysterical victim is sometimes made to speak over the telephone and appealed to his bewildered relatives whose tendency to cooperate blindly with the kidnappers. The kidnappers then indicate the amount, normally in cash payable on a date and a place specified set by them. Threats on the life of the victim are also relayed to the one contacted in case term of the ransom one not met which include, among others, non-disclosure of the case to police authorities.

WHAT ARE THE BASIC OBJECTIVES OF THE SPECIAL UNITS OF THE PNP IN DEALING WITH KIDNAP-FOR-RANSOM? By priority, the basic objectives of the PNP Special Unit handling kidnap-for-ransom cases are the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

To insure safety of the hostage or victim is a paramount consideration that takes precedence over all others. Utmost care is therefore exercised in the conduct of rescue operations. To understand and minimize the mental anguish and agony of the victim’s family and friends. To achieve the early liberation/salvation of the hostage/victim. To insure successful cases against suspected kidnappers. To ensure successful case building and prosecution of cases against suspected kidnappers. To prepare for any similar eventually that may ultimately endanger the preservation of internal peace and order.

MOST IMPORTANT ROLE OF THE CITIZENS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST KIDNAP-FOR-RANSOM. The role of the citizens especially the families and relatives of kidnap Victims is to report immediately any kidnapping incident to police authorities. Aside from this, they should extend their outmost cooperation to the police not only in the rescue of the victim but also in the effective prosecution of the suspect as well as in the efforts to locate, identify and arrest kidnap gang members who remain at large. TIPS TO BE UNDERT AKEN TO PREVENT

ANY KIDNAPPING OR ABDUCTION If you believe that you or members of your family are potential targets of kidnap-for-ransom groups, the most logical thing to do is to be SECURITY CONSCIOUS always in your person and in your day to day activities. The following preventive measures are hereby suggested: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Develop a security system in your residence and in your place of work Be very selective in hiring your employees or your household help. It is suggested that you let a trusted person secure the necessary police clearances for them and check their background. Watch out and report to the police questionable presence of persons loitering near your home or office. While on board your car, be very observant. If you notice you are being followed or observed by doubtful characters, taken note of the vehicle’s description, especially the plate number. If you have seen the faces/appearances of the persons failing you, try to remember their descriptions. In your daily trips from home to office or school and back, try not to develop a pattern. Do not establish definite schedules and routes in addition, avoid routes that are deserted. If you are accosted or intercepted along the roadway for alleged traffic violation and asked to pull over by questionable persons, stop only in a place where there is a policeman or there are other persons around.

BEST THING TO DO WHEN YOU RECEIVE A KIDNAP NOTICE/CALL If you receive a kidnap note: Be calm, don’t panic, Make written record of the delivery person’s description Take note of other circumstances of the delivery (time, manner,etc.) Preserve the note for submission to the police. During the call: Try to signal someone else to listen on an extension. Keep caller on line as long as possible. Do not antagonize the kidnappers. Give kidnappers a code word for whatever identification. Ask for Victim’s name, Where and when seized, Victim’s code name After the call: Make a written record of the Caller’s age/sex, Mental state (your assessment), Peculiarity of speech (lips, accent), Exact words used Try to take note of background noises and the audibility to telephone reception, which may reveal the place where kidnappers is calling.

ASSASSINATION It is the murder of prominent citizens particularly a head of a state or high official in government or the killing an important person by violent means, usually from political or religious motives. What are the basic causes of assassination? 1. 2. 3.

Revolutionary Causes – Groups and individuals who become fanatic in their desires to change an existing government or to establish a new government often resort to violence by means of assassination. Economic Causes – In some cases assassination are motivated by beliefs that the victim is responsible for bad economic financial conditions affecting the nation, a particular group of people, the assassin or his family. Ideological Causes- Some assassination are motivated by beliefs that the intending victim is impairing the principle of the assassin and his associates.

4. 5. 6.

Psychological Causes – Mental derangement, fanaticism, or emotional instability are motivated factors in most, if not all, assassination. One or more of these conditions are usually present in addition to of the other basic causes of assassination. Personal Causes - Revenge, jealousy, hate, and rage or strictly personal drives have motivated personal Causes of assassination. Mercenary Causes – Some assassinations have been committed for a monetary reward. There is frequently a distinct difference between the basic causes of an assassination and the motives given by the assassins.

Objectives of VIP Protection 1. 2. 3.

To protect the lives of personalities, important citizens and their country. To protect those personalities from illegal pressure being put upon them, such as terrorism, threats and blackmail. To prevent insult on their honor-embarrassment to protected persons, his government / country.

Basic Concepts of Protection Protection is a buffer set-up thrown around a dignitary who will either prevent an attack or absorb the shock to such an extent that the results will not be tragic. It must strive to protect the dignitary wherever he is located but must always be able to move him to a safer area if the need should arise. Absolute protection is seldom possible. Therefore, the protective forces should always try to operate in such a manner that any attempted attack will have the smallest possible chance to succeed. Every element of protection must be thoroughly planed in advance and every act of movement of the dignitary and the protective detail must be scrutinized to make sure it is not playing into the hands of some attackers. Protection must be surprised proof and flexible enough to instantly respond to any emergency. There are usually advance clues of a planned attack and the protective system must secure this intelligence from all possible sources resources and recognize the signs of danger. METHODS OF ACTION USED BY THE ADVERSARY 1.

Physical Assault – The inflicting of physical injury, with the aim of disabling the object of the attack, such as murder wounding and trashing.

2.

Threats – The objectives of threats is to frighten the person and bring about a change of policy. The adversary may use anonymous letters; radio broadcast and in the adversary happens to be from a foreign country, he will have additional means at his disposal, such as the local press, international forum or assemblies.

3.

Insult and Humiliation – The adversary tries to ridicule the VIP in the eyes of the people, and will use different means in order to achieve these objectives.

INITIAL ASSESSMENT FOR DIGNITARY PROTECTION Plan for protective operations to include a complete evaluation of the dignitary’s level of threat exposure of possible attackers and the vulnerabilities of the protected. Develop Intelligence profiling, likely scenarios and the protectee’s environment and routes of travel and security measures already in place. Finally, the identification, selection, and implication of protective countermeasures shall be undertaken. PROTECTION OF VERY IMPORTANT PERSONS (V.I.P.) IS BASED ON SEVEN DIFFERENT METHODS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Physical Protection – This refers to the protection of the VIP and the installation he uses through the physical presence of his guards. Secrecy – Information about the VIP, which might be important to the adversary, will be kept from him. Deception – The publishing of deceptive information concerning the actions of the VIP. Control – Control over the persons coming into the contact with the VIP over the object sent to him. Intelligence – The gathering of the adversary’s intentions as to as assault upon the VIP. Instruction – The VIP and his Colleagues have to coach as to the necessary precautionary measures.

7.

Neutralization of Suspects – Neutralization of people who are suspected of trying to liquidate the VIP. A good system of protection will use all of the above mentioned methods. It is not always necessary to use them at the same time, but generally, it will be necessary to employ most of them in order to ensure and efficient protection.

PROTECTION PROCEDURES AND PRINCIPLES As recognized by most police agencies, absolute and complete protection against assassination of a dignitary is seldom possible. The goal is to minimize the chances of success of any contemplated attack. The privacy of the dignitary must be considered, and under no circumstances should he be embarrassed. Despite this, protection must be provided against hazards caused by personal designs, accidents or negligence. Procedures are unknown to the public. Every phase of security must be carefully planned in advance. Pertinent factors considered in this planning include; importance of the protected persons, political attitude of the local population, distances involved, means of transportation, and duration of the security mission. Physical protection consist of a series of protective cordons, each compelled in itself. These defensive rings maybe composed of security personnel, physical barriers, or a combination of both. An example of this type of security is the protection established around a house from the third echelon of protection. The depth of the protective forces and the degree of security established will be governed by the factors considered in the planning stage. Security planning should be flexible. Weather conditions and mechanical failures (including failure if lighting) are two ever-present potential hazards. The unexpected arrival of a large number of visitors is another situation frequently encountered. Last minute changes in the schedule of events occur on occasion. The security must be sufficient trained to cover these and many more eventualities. Central direction and unity of effort are of special importance because of the nature of this assignment. The officer-incharge should be designated with full responsibility for all phases of the security mission. Close coordination must be established with all local military, police and civilian authority. The security’s responsibility for each phase must be clearly defined. Arrangements should be made for the local civilian police to control local inhabitants. All available intelligence channels should be utilized for information of potential danger areas. USE OF SECURITY PLAN An excellent format for preparation of a protective plan is the standard operation plan used by the police. The requirements of the plan which are coordination or liaison, the itinerary defense area, personnel and equipment requirements post designation, cooperation, communication, public relations, and miscellaneous emergency information, can all be logically included in the normal five paragraphs of the operational plan. The plan should be on writing and procedures in sufficient copies, so that it can be staffed with those officers with whom coordination is necessary. Only key personnel needed to provide a complete protection are given an orientation on the events of the plan and should be familiar with the whole operation. Each participant commits the requirement of his specific mission to memory. For this reason, the plan contains detailed instruction for each post and mission. The instruction should be simple to understand and easy to execute. The length of the plan will depend upon the size of the mission to be performed. The itinerary consists of one or more men stationed or in fixed post. Police should know the identity in the party of protected official. The attitude of the protected official must be estimated by the police officer. In most instances the presence of security personnel, is unpleasant to the dignitary. This is understandable in view of lack of privacy. The security personnel must be aware of this natural reaction, actually anticipate it, and they observe adherence to strict policies of non-irritating conduct. In the initial planning stages, all potential embarrassments should be avoided. It is normally a good policy to avoid direct contact with the dignitary on details of arrangements. The Officer-in-Charge should coordinate with the member of the official party who is designated for this purpose. When a important person ignores the measure which have been taken for his protection, security officers continue to perform their duties as directed. When appropriate, they offer suggestion tactfully. The chief of the escort acts exercises enforcement power over the security of an important person only when necessary with caution and diplomacy. Any violation of the security measures for important persons is brought to the attention of the chief of the escort or guard. The security police officer insures that the guards comply with every detail of their instructions. Restriction on the circulation of individuals should be strictly enforced. Before any person is allowed to approach the important person of his effects, he is checked. The security detail should not enter into conversation between the dignitary and other individuals. Information

should be given only when solicited. In all dealings with the protected person and his associates never volunteer for uncalled for personal favors. Deliberate attempts to ingratiate themselves only serve to degrade the security mission and result in an undesirable relationship if the official or members of his party is bothered. Security personnel should react accordingly. The protected person should set the standards of the relationship. In the absence of such standard actions of the security detail should be formal. THE USE OF WEAPONS There is always the danger of undue alarm due to accidental discharges, and the injury of innocent persons, when weapons are carried. All personnel should carry a holstered sidearm of at least .38 or 9mm caliber. Automatic pistol should contain a fully loaded magazine with a round in the chamber and the safe on. In certain areas, when attackers are made in force by armed mobs, the appropriate weapon or machine gun can be used. The machine gun is also used when attacks are made from vehicles, and when the attackers are behind shields or barricades. Riot or shotguns should be available when the attack is made in a congested area where there is danger of injuring innocent people if long-range weapons are used. They are also effective against mobs using “Banzai” type of attacks. The use of police nightsticks and tear gas will break up and confuse the crowd, making their movement by the protective force easier. CROWD CONTROL The protective personnel should understand the principles of crowd control. They should not show prejudice, sympathy, or become involved in the grievances of the crowd. When force is necessary, the protective force should move with speed and surprise. At the first sign of disorder all leaders should be apprehended. The real troublemakers are usually to the rear of the crowd. Protective forces should not be fooled or deterred by mob leaders who arouse and use women and children in front ranks to shield themselves from aggressive action by the protective personnel. The crowd’s retreat should never be hindered, it should be moved in the direction where there is no space to disperse. AREAS AND BUILDING SURVEY All areas to be occupied or visited by the protected person should be surveyed in advance. The procedure to be prescribed for building inspection is complete and thorough. In many instances, the dignitary is a state visitor of the visitor of the nation; on other occasions he may be the houseguest of other high-ranking government officials. At times, he may stay in hotel occupied by numerous other guests. Certainly, all the inspection listed in this section is feasible. The Officer-in Charge and his advance party use common sense of sound judgment in establishing the best security possible under existing circumstances. In some instances, the advance party can facilitate security measures by arranging for a separate floor or wing of a hotel as a billet for the party. Normally, billeting arrangements are included in the itinerary prior to the start of the security detail. Proper building inspection entails a thorough examination from roof to basement. Blueprints of the building should be obtained. Rooms and hallways are measured visually and compared with the dimensions indicated in the building plan to locate any hidden passage or alcoves. Each room is examined systematically. Walls, ceilings, are mentally divided in to three-foot squares and each square minutely examined for cracks, evidence of recent repairs, or any unnatural appearance. Suspicious areas should be examined satisfactory by reliance on operating or maintenance personnel. All furniture are carefully examined, all doors opened and drawers are removed as check for concealed compartments. All wires leading into or leaving the various rooms are traced and all devices connected with them identified. Heating radiators, plumbing, pipes and similar equipment are carefully examined for dummy installations. All locks and locking mechanisms are inspected. After the inspection is completed, the room or building is secured until used. PROTECTIVE TECHNIQUES PROTECTION WHILE RIDING IN VEHICLES – The selection of security trained driver and the type of vehicles to be used should be given thought, then a closed car provided with greater concealment and therefore better protection for the dignitary recommended. Route survey should be conducted in advance before actual travel and protective details should be equipped with radio communication processing encoding-decoding “scrambling” capabilities. All auto motive equipment should be excellent mechanical condition and should be regularly inspected for signs of tampering and bullet proof if possible. The driver should be well trained and reliable. Vehicles must be secured at all times during security missions. Escort vehicles should precede the protected vehicle. The security vehicle should follow the protected vehicle as closely as possible consistent with driving safety. An advance car should precede the convoy by approximately one-half kilometer to observe hazards and reports on unusual conditions. A reserve vehicle should follow the convoy as a short distance from the rear for use in emergency. The

escort follow-up and all security vehicles should maintain radio contact. Whenever possible, a member of the security detail is placed in the protected person’s vehicle. In extreme conditions, when greater security is necessary, one or two dummy vehicles, carrying individuals who are similar in appearance to the protected person, may be included in the convoy. Fixed post and bridges, underpass, and traffic stops must be secured when deemed necessary. An alternate route should be arranged for emergency requirements. Unless indicated by competent security the convoy will confirm with the local traffic regulations. Evaluation of such situation is made to determine the degree of security, which is practical and necessary. TRAVEL BY TRAIN – Generally, the greatest potential security hazard exists at the points where the escorted person boards or leaves the train. Usually this is a congested area with numerous individuals carrying all sorts of bags, packages, and containers. In the study of assassination techniques, the large number of attempts in this location is not worthy. When possible the area should be closed to the public or the dignitary’s party, it should be attached to the rear of the train where feasible. The members of the security detail should be in control of all entrances of the car. When the train is stopped, they assume position covering all avenues of approach to the car. If the protected person leaves the train for a temporary period constant security should be maintained on the train until the protected person returns and the train departs. Prior coordination should be made with railway officials for exact scheduling of stop enroute. Railroad security and local police at scheduled stops can be contracted for standby assistance. When deemed necessary advance and rear guard train may be placed on the other cars of the train, seated among passengers, as an additional safeguard. TRAVEL BY AIR – Normally, a special plane is placed for transporting the dignitary and his official party. The technical safety factors, such as clearance of operating personnel and control of flight, are responsibilities of the operating agency when performed by military forces. The most dangerous periods, as in train, movements are boarding and departure times. All structures offering observation of the boarding shall be adequately secured either by closing of when not used or by strategic placement of security detail. When a large crowd is expected for take off ceremonies, barricades and uniformed military or police force in sufficient numbers should be included in the planning. The plane designated for the important person should be kept away from contact with the plane. When the designation is another base, advance arrangements should be made with the Air Force Office for additional security and transportation is normally scheduled for the important person and his party. It should not be forgotten however, that arrangements must be made for the accompanying security personnel. TRAVEL BY SMALL WATERCRAFT – When planning for a cruise, the boats selected should be of types and sizes capable of withstanding weather and surf conditions that may be encountered. A thorough inspection of the boat designated for the protected person should be made in conjunction with responsible ship personnel. The inspection is primarily for unauthorized persons stowing away for any suspicious objects or packages. An additional check should be made for adequate life saving and emergency facilities. Security personnel should be alert for either crafts approaching the dignitaries boat. When feasible, arrangements should be made for a boat to follow the protected person’s boat. PROTECTION WHILE WALKING – One of the best protective measures is varying the selection of walking times and routes. The security detail accompanying the dignitary should be positioned to cover all avenue of access, additional security personnel should cruise in the immediate vicinity. Local police agencies can be of special value in adding background security in these instances. PROTECTION AT PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES – A careful search and inspection of the area should be made at the time protection is established. A physical defense zone should be set up immediately around the dignitary, and additional concentric defense area should be added to the greatest possible extent. Protection in the defense zone is provided by protective personnel, permanent or temporary type barricades, and a combination of the above techniques. Screening points to admit passage of authorized persons and materials should be established. Observant and inconspicuous personnel should be patrolled among the crowd. Maximum use should be made of security aid such as flood and spot lights, communications, emergency equipment, special weapons, locks, barricaded areas, and helmet proof equipment, and materials. PROTECTION WHILE IN A RESIDENCE – The protective detail should occupy at least one protective ring. At least two additional areas should be established in the outer perimeter. There must be a pass system for the staff and frequent visitors. Food suppliers should be checked and food selection and handling should be controlled, Mail and packages should be fluoroscope. Periodic inspection should be done on premises for safety hazards, lethal devices such as bombs, traps and sufficiency of security equipment. Adequate communication should be maintained, and all possible emergency situations should be considered. PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS

The nature of the Assassin - The assassin is a discontented individual who decides to kill the person whom he thinks is responsible for his difficulties. He attempts to gain advantage by the use of surprise. A well-trained protective force that he is likely to be caught does not discourage him. Assassins do not have distinct features. They are not concerned about death. Many of them suffer from mental disorders. A mentally unbalanced person is not necessarily stupid and as a matter of fact they can be ingenious. Assassination of VIP normally feature the following: 1. 2. 3.

The location of victim at a given time will be known in advance by the assassin. The assassin with his weapon will choose a position giving him access to his victim. The protection detail will be attracted by some diversionary interest or otherwise inattentive.

Break down of planning BEFORE: Plan must be extensive and thorough as follows: Plan should be in writing. Plan should be specific-complete for each post and for each person involved. Plan should be simple to understand and easy to execute. Plan should be carefully read and committed to memory. Coordination among the different agencies must be laid out. Details and schedule of activity contemplated should be in advance. Define and establish the defense area. Number of personnel should be determined. The accessory equipment should be itemized and the distribution shown. Means of communication DURING: Protective force should function as a team. The aim should be that nothing occurs that might jeopardize the safety of the VIP. AFTER: Summarize things that happened in the operations. Evaluate individual performance; bring out the weak points and suggestions for improvements. Encourage individual members to discuss their particular assignments. Encourage group discussions. Central summarization with outlook on succeeding operations. BOMBING (Incident Awareness) IS BOMBING A SERIOUUS SOCIAL PROBLEM? Bombing is a very serious social problem as when a bomb explodes, casualties and destruction of property is very essential. When bomb incidents occur, people are affected directly and indirectly. Work stoppage (evacuation), tension, fear or panic is felt by the people within the area. Even if a person is not directly affected, just hearing or reading the news about such incidents can make him apprehensive. Also, some people could take the chance, as leverage to scare or threaten would be victims for some reasons like extortion or just for pranks. Bomb incidents include bomb threats and actual bombings. It can happen anywhere and anytime. With the recent advancement of science and modern day technology, bombs becomes more sophisticated, smaller in sizes, easy to handle, easy to plant, easier to transport but with more devastating effect. The tactics common to terror groups is bombing. Of all terrorists incidents recorded. 70% were attributed to terrorists bomb. The bomb is a popular weapon because it is cheap to produce, easy to make, has variable uses and is difficult to detect and trace after the event. Investigations have revealed that the targets for “terrorists bombing” are not selected at random. The modus operandi for selecting the target and planting the explosives appears to follow this pattern: The target is selected because of political or personal gain to the terrorists. It is then kept under surveillance to determine the entrances and exits most used. Reconnaissance of the building is made to locate an area where a bomb can be concealed, do the most damage and here the bomber is least likely to be observed. A test or dry run of the plan is often made. After the dry run and at a predetermined time, the building is infiltrated by the bomber to deliver the explosive or incendiary device. The device maybe partially pre-set prior to planting. If it is fully set and charged, it is simple matter for one or two of the group to plant the device in a preselected concealed area. This can be accomplished in a minimum of time. If the device is not fully set and charged, one member may act as lookout while others arm and place the device. Most devices used for the destruction of property are usually of the time delay type. These devices can be set for detonation to allow sufficient time for the bomber to be at a considerable distance away before the bomb threat call is made or the device is detonated. HOW TO PREPARE (against Bombing)

The terrorists have developed their plan of attack and the following procedures are suggested to business and industry for coping with the bomb threats and actual bombings. Contact the police, fire department and other local government agencies to determine whether any has a bomb disposal unit. Under what condition is the bomb disposal unit available. What is their telephone numbers. How can you obtain the services of the bomb disposal unit in the event of a bomb threat. Will the said unit assist in the physical search of the building or ill they only disarm or remove the explosive device. Establish strict procedures for control and inspection on packages and material entering critical areas. Develop positive means of identifying and controlling personnel who are authorized to access to critical areas. Arrange if possible, to have police, fire representatives with members of your staff, inspect the building for areas where explosives are likely to be concealed. This may be accomplished by reviewing the floor plan of the building. During inspection, you should keep particular attention to rest rooms, storage, crawl areas, trash bins, main switches, etc. It can give you an idea where a time delayed explosive device or incendiary device may be concealed. All security and maintenance personnel should be alert to suspicious looking or unfamiliar persons or objects. Instruct security and maintenance personnel t make periodic checks of all rest rooms, stairways and other areas of the building to assure that unauthorized personnel are not hiding or conducting surveillance of the area. You should assure adequate protection for classified documents, proprietary information and other records essential to the operation of your business. A well planted, properly charged device could, upon detonation, destroy those records needed in day to day operation. Instruct all personnel especially those at the telephone switchboard in what to do if a bomb threat call is received. As a minimum, every telephone operator or receptionist should be trained to respond calmly to a bomb threat call. To assist these individuals, a bomb threat checklist should be kept nearby. In addition, it is always desirable that more than one person listen in on the call. To do this, have a covert signaling system to a second reception room. A clam response to the bomb threat could result in getting additional information. This is specially true if the caller wishes to avoid injuries or deaths. If told that the building is occupied and can not be evacuated in time, the bomber may be willing to give more specific information on the bomb location. Organize and train an evacuation unit consisting of key management personnel. The organization and training of this unit must be coordinated with other tenants of the building. COUNTER BOMB INCIDENTS PHYSICAL SECURITY PLAN - Physical security measures taken for the protection of property, personnel, material, facilities and installation against unauthorized entry, trespass, damage, sabotage or other illegal or criminal act. It deals with the prevention and is designed to protect against not only bombing incidents, but a full range of possible attacks. Particular attention must be given to the third pre-requisite because this is the one area which a law enforcing organization has the greatest opportunity to deter a bomb incident. If adequate preventive measures and physical security precautions are established; the opportunity to obtain explosive and emplace bombs will be reduced. In addition, an effective bomb threat plan and a well rehearsed procedures for handling bomb threats and incidents will reduce the chances f a bomb being successfully detonated. COUNTER MEASURES AGAINST SABOTAGE BY EXPLOSIVE/ INCENDIARY ARE; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

PHYSICAL SECURITY EDUCATION USE OF EFFICIENT SECURITY FORCE IDENTIFICATION AND MOVEMENT CONTROL USE OF PHYSICAL SECURITY AIDS DESIGNATION OR RESTRICTED AREAS SEARCHES OF INCOMING VEHICLES EMERGENCY PLANNING GOOD HOUSEKEEPING

BOMB INCIDENT PLAN- A plan providing detailed procedures to be implemented when a bombing attack is executed or threatened. Elements of this plan are; AUTHORITY AND CONTROL 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

WHO WIL BE INCHARGED OF THE INCIDENT? WHERE WILL CONTROL CENTER BE LOCATED? HOW WILL CRITICAL DECISIONS BE MADE? WHO WILL MAN THE CONTROL CENTER? WHAT PRIMARY AND ALTERNATE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM WILL BE DURING THE INCIDENT?

THREAT EVALUATION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THREATENER SUCH AS AGE, ETHNIC GROUPING, AND PHYSICAL AND MENTAL CONDITION BACKGROUND NOISES (TELEPHONE THREAT) THAT GIVE INDICATIONS OF CALLER LOCATION. TARGET IDENTIFICATION, DID THE THREAT INDICATE A VALID TARGET? TECHNOLOGY; IS THE DEVICE DESCRIBED TECHNICALLY LOGICAL AND POSSIBLE? ANALYSIS OF RECENT LOCAL BOMBING ACTIVITY. IF THE EVELUATION OF THE THREAT INDICATES THAT THE THREAT IS VALID, ACTION IS REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN SAFETY OF PERSONNEL. SECONDARY CONSIDERATION IS GIVEN TO DAMAGE REDUCTION.

EVACUATION A number of factors may influence the decision whether or not to evacuate. Threat assessment is the primary consideration. Also, the most likely place for a device to be located is on the exterior of the building. Evacuation to the outside of the building may increase the danger to personnel. The second most likely places to conceal a device are those areas of accessibility to the public, i. e., hallways, lobbies, and restrooms. Evacuation of personnel through public areas may increase the hazard. Secondary assembly points should be established in the event the device is located at/near the primary assembly point. An alternative to total evacuation is partial evacuation, which is effective when the threat indicates the specific location of the device. Partial evacuation requires a high degree of planning. Should a device be located, the area around the item as well as the floors above and below the suspected item should be evacuated immediately. SEARCH PROCEDURES 1. 2. 3.

WHAT WILL BE SEARCHED? WHAT SEARCH TECHNIQUES WILL BE EMPLOYED? WHO WILL SEARCH?

The search must be thorough, systematic, and quick. The bomb threat plan should include floor diagrams and room search cards. These expedite search, prevent duplication of effort, and prevent areas from being overlooked. The building search should start simultaneously at four places; the exterior search, public search area, the detailed room search, and the garage search. The search starts at the lowest part of the building, i.e. basement, garage, or bottom floor. As the exterior search and public area search teams complete their tasks, they will supplement the detailed room search teams in progress. Twoperson teams have proven most effective in searching must areas. Exceptions would be for search or very large areas such as parking garages and auditoriums. Except for the most unusual circumstances for VIP and or presidential technical security measures, eod/bomb squad and military/police will not be used to search for reported explosive device in community areas, building and offices. Rather, such searches must be conducted by designated individuals familiar to the area and its contents. If an unusual item is found, eod is to neutralize and evacuate the device for disposal. Law enforcement personnel are to be employed around the threatened area to control traffic and provide other regulatory service. DAMAGE REDUCTION Damage control techniques include standby of fire and medical services; disconnection of gas, fuel, and electrical power; evacuation of personnel; and venting by opening doors and windows to minimize blast damage, and use of blast attenuation techniques. REMOVAL Removal of an improvised explosive device or a suspect item is an eod function. Under certain conditions where evacuation is impossible or bomb disposal personnel are not available, it may be necessary for someone to take steps to remove the ied to an exterior holding area or to neutralize the device. It must be understood that these procedures should be used ONLY AS A LAST RESORT AND ONLY ON THE APPROVAL OF THE SENIOR OFFICIALS IN-CHARGE.

DETONATION If a detonation occurs, it may be necessary to organize rescue teams, first-aid personnel, and the site security personnel. Likewise course of action taken must be done such as: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

secure and control access to the compound/and or building control and extinguish fires search area for secondary explosive device supply immediate first-aid, remove dead and injured from the area secure entire blast scene, including area suspected or known to be the point of detonation minimize disruption of the blast scene pending investigation. Do not move or remove any evidence debris, bomb components. Photograph area including known or suspected point of destruction If building is safe to enter, shake down area to ensure all classified materials

BOMB THREAT It is a message delivered by any means, warning or claiming the presence of one or more bombs. A bomb threat may or may not specify the location of a bomb. It may or may not include the time of detonation/ignition. It may or may not contain an ultimatum related to the detonation/ignition or concealment of the bomb. Reasonable explanations for receiving a bomb threat: 1. 2. 3. 4.

The caller has definitive knowledge or belief that an explosive or incendiary device has been r will be placed in an area and wants to minimize personal injury or property damage. The caller wants to create an atmosphere of anxiety and panic which will in turn, possibly result in a disruption of normal activities at the target area. The caller wants to bring about or amplify a lack of confidence in the existing leadership or programs. Each threat received through any means of communication, should be treated as real and must be thoroughly evaluated to safeguard life and property. The following procedures apply to recipients of the threat;

Telephone calls 1. A checklist of guidelines should be readily accessible (telephone bomb threat report form) 2. Keep the caller on line as long as possible. Ask him to repeat the message. Record every word spoken by the person. 3. If the caller does not indicate the location of the bomb or the time of the possible detonation, you should ask him for this information. 4. Inform the caller that the building is occupied and the detonation of a bomb could result in death or serious injury to many innocent people. 5. Pay particular attention to peculiar background noises such as motors running, background music and any other noises which may give clue as to the location of the caller. 6. Listen closely to voice (male/female), voice quality (calm/excited), accents and speech impediments, immediately after the caller hangs up, you should report to the person designated by management to receive such information. Since the law enforcement personnel will want to talk first hand with the person who received the call, he/she must remain available until they arrive. 7. Report the information immediately to the police/fire/bomb squad and other appropriate agencies or counter-action. Handwritten/ typed notes Save all materials, including any envelope or container. Once the message is recognized as a bomb threat, further unnecessary handling must be avoided. Every possible effort must be made to retain evidence, such as fingerprints, handwriting r type writing, paper and postal marks which are essential to tracing the threat and identifying the writer. While written messages are usually associated with generalized threats and extortion attempts, a written warning of a specific device may occasionally be received. It should never be ignored. With the growing use of voice print identification techniques to identify and convict telephone callers, there will be an increase in the use of written warnings and calls t third parties.

Person to Person (Indirect) Notify your supervisor immediately. Keep the person making the threat or indicating knowledge of a threat under surveillance until relieved by your supervisor. Take note of the age, height, weight, sex color of eyes, hair, skin, clothing, and unusual characteristics such as lameness, twitching or any peculiarities of the person under surveillance. Observe for other personal defects. If the person leaves the scene, take note of the transportation used, such as bus, taxi or car, note the make, model, color, plate number and marking of the vehicles used. Pinpointing the exact location of the bomb must be the primary concern. The following procedures apply when the location of the bomb is known: 1. Inform immediately your supervisor or officer 2. Coordinate with the nearest police4 unit on how t avail the services of the bomb squad 3. Alert fire station and medics 4. Cordon the area. BOMB IDENTIFICATION AND DETECTION Usually, bombs that are used for terroristic purposes are disguised and are contained in any of the following: GIFT WRAPPED PACKAGES, BISCUIT CANS, FRUIT COCKTAIL BASKETS, ATTACHE CASE/SUIT CASE, LUNCH BOXES, LAUNDRY BAGS, SHOPPING BAGS, ENVELOPE, BOOKS, CLUTCH BAGS, LETTERS, TRASH BOXES, GARBAGE CANS, LADIES BAGS, CAR/BOXES, CARTONS, HOW TO DETERMINE IF BOMB EXISTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

By using visual inspection without the use of any instrument or apparatus or touching the suspected object. visualize the suspected object at a distance t see if there is any relation or connection to its surroundings. If none, take a closer look to see if there is or there are protruding wires or gadgets; check without touching if the suspected object emits smell of gas or commonly smelled chemicals; check if the presence of the suspected object in the area is unusual or strange; be quiet and listen if there is a tic-tac sound of a clock

LOCATION OF BOMBS 1. 2. 3. 4.

The location of the bomb at the target site is usually determined by three criteria: The location must be accessible to entrances. The location must be accessible to exits, but isolated enough for the bomber to conduct his mission. The location would also be as place where the most structural damage to the building would occur.

WHAT TO DO IF THE SUSPECTED BOMB IS LOCATED Discovery of what appears to be suspicious material as a result of telephoned information or accidental discovery, calls for action on the part o the individual only to a limited extent. Evacuate the personnel to at least 300 feet away from the building/bomb. Turn off the electrical and gas units. N attempts should be made to move, alter, open or examine the article. Above all “Don’t panic”. Once it has been determined that explosive items on inspected package exist and while awaiting for the arrival of eod/bomb squad personnel, start the protective works by utilizing minimum number of person for reason of safety such as VENTING – which is the opening of doors and windows to minimize the blast effect; BUTTRESSING – which is sandbagging adjacent walls to prevent blast and shock damage to adjacent rooms and BAFFLING – which is the placing of sandbags around the bomb to minimize blast fragment damage. METHODS OF DELIVERY - Mail, Planted (booby trapped), Thrown, Projected, Delivered by agents WHAT TO DO WHEN BOMB EXPLODED - Alert personnel for possible additional bombs, secure bombing scene and evacuate the injured, leave obviously dead personnel, when fire occurs after explosion, assist in putting off the fire and collect and preserve evidence. DON’T’S IN HANDLING SUSPECTED BOMB PACKAGE

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Do not attempt to open the package. Do not submerge in water due to conductivity f electric circuit and the possibility of violent reaction of chemical. Do not indiscriminately shake or jar suspected package due to the possibility of disturbing the trigger mechanism. Do not puncture or cut the box with metallic object as the possibility of an electronic probe may be employed. Do not cut string or unwrap package due to the possibility of pressure release type devices Do not accept identification markings on any suspected packages as legitimate Do not allow radio transmission near the vicinity f suspected package, explosion may occur due to static electricity by transmitter. 8. Do not pass metallic tools or things over or near the vicinity of suspected package until identification f contents are made due to magnetic device present 9. Do not switch on lights or any electrical switches just to light up the area 10. Do not use siren of police, fire or ambulance in the area. 11. Do not use photoflash in the immediate area 12. Do not underestimate the size of the package like a pack of cigarette or a lighter; it could be a powerful explosive. Above all, do not panic. THREE CHARACTERISTICS OF A BOMBER ON PSYCHOLOGY  Several forms of bombings are attractive to the radical mind.  Bombing historically is linked to anarchy and classical revolution  Bombing is a symbol of extreme frustration  Satisfying feeling of conspiracy, danger, action, drama and finally group excitement  Disassociation psychologically from any resulting death or injury AS TO TECHNOLOGY  Commercial explosive materials are not necessary to construct effective bombs.  Underground literatures and legitimate publications are available  Contrary to popular beliefs, college of high school students taking up chemistry subjects have the capability of making bombs. AS TO SECURITY  Successful bombings destroy the kind of evidence that can lead to conviction of bombers.  Fingerprints, bloodstains and tool marks offer no threat to the careful bombers.  Eyewitnesses and incriminating evidence are frequently not available in bombing scene. BOMBER SKILL LEVEL Amateur Semi-professional Professional

MOTIVATING FACTORS OF A BOMBER Experimentation Vandalism Ideological perception Emotional release Profit

SPECIAL WEAPONS AND TACTICS (SWAT): Tactical Crisis Management Tactical Crisis Management SWAT Teams SWAT teams are highly trained police units. A unit is a small group within a larger group. SWAT stands for Special Weapons and Tactics. Tactics are actions aimed at solving problems. SWAT team members are weapons and tactics specialists. A specialist is a person trained for a particular job. SWAT team members use their special weapons, tactics, and training to

protect the public. They handle police emergencies. An emergency is a sudden and risky situation. Police send SWAT teams to any kinds of police emergencies. The emergencies often involve one or more heavenly armed suspects. A suspect is a person believed to have committed a crime. SWAT teams work on hostage situations. A hostage is a person held against his or her will. SWAT teams perform many jobs. They come to robberies that are in progress. They help guard government officials. They help stop terrorists. A terrorist is a person who tries to get what he or she wants by threatening or harming others. SWAT teams also patrol high-crime areas.

SWAT Team Names SWAT teams can be part of city, county or state law enforcement agencies. A law enforcement agency is an office or department that makes sure people obey laws. Police department and sheriffs departments are examples of law enforcement agencies. Law enforcement agencies use different names for their SWAT teams. The names include Emergency Service Unit and Emergency Response Team. They also include Mobile emergency Response Group and Equipment (MERGE) and Tactical Response Team. SWAT Team Beginnings The New York Police Department (NYPD) had one of the earliest specially trained police units. In the mid-1880s, the NYPD set up small units of police officers. The department called these units strong-arm squads. The squads fought criminal gangs. Police clubs were their only weapons. By the 1920s, criminal gangs had grown in size and power. The gangs bought handguns, rifles and submachine guns. A submachine gun is a light gun that fires rapidly. The criminal gangs fought one another on New York City streets. Many innocent people died. In 1925, the NYPD formed the Emergency Service Unit (ESU). The department also formed the Gunman’s Squad as part of the unit. The squad included 60 heavily armed police officers. The officers had handguns, rifles and submachine guns. They worked on cases involving criminal gangs. They patrolled the city in green trucks. Other large police departments formed early SWAT team units. These units also worked to stop criminal gangs. Growth and Change The Gunman’s Squad is a good example of how the early SWAT teams grew and changed. This squad became the Mobile Security Unit (MSU) in the late 1940s the new unit larger than the old unit. It continued to fight criminal gang activity. The MSU changed in the late 1960s. More people lived in New York City. The number of murders and robberies increased. The MSU formed the Stakeout Squad to fight the increase in crime. The NYPD’s best police officers joined the Stakeout Squad. Each member was a skilled police officer and marksman. A marksman is a person skilled and aiming and shooting guns. The Stakeout Squad work on difficult cases. It helped the NYPD lower the number of murders in the city. In the 1970s, Stakeout Squad officers learned new skills. They learned anti-terrorist tactics and special weapons skills. Officers also learned how to rescue hostages. The skills helped them fight terrorists. In the 1980s, the squad was taken over by the Emergency Service Unit. Today, this unit controls all NYPD SWAT operations. The LAPD SWAT TEAM The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) changed law enforcement around the country in the 1960s. Los Angeles police officers found themselves outgunned by criminals. The criminals had powerful weapons. So the LAPD formed a specially trained and armed police unit to protect people. The LAPD named the unit the Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) team. Team members received special weapons training. They also learned how to handle police emergencies. The team was very successful. Other police and sheriffs departments saw the success of the Los Angeles Police Department’s SWAT team. Many departments formed their own SWAT teams. Today, special training centers in the United States train and organize many SWAT teams. The centers teach SWAT team members tactics and weapons skills. SWAT Team Officers There are more than 17,000 police departments in the United States. Many have either full-time or part-time SWAT teams. Many SWAT team officers work more than 40 hours each week. Most officers are on call 24 hours a day. On call means

ready to work at anytime. SWAT team officers perform hard and risky work. They risk their lives each time they go out on a police emergency. Police officers are not ordered to join SWAT teams. Instead, they volunteer. Volunteer means to offer to do a job. Training SWAT team officers receive special training. Large police departments usually conduct their own training. Officers in small units receive SWAT training from large units and from training centers. The federal government also trains large and small SWAT teams. The FBI operates an advanced training school at Quantico, Virginia. The U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps also conduct training classes. During training, officers learn through classes and field work. Officers learn about different weapons and practice using them. Officers also receive other training. Many officers learn advanced first aid. First aid is early medical help. Some officers learn to be sharpshooters. A sharpshooter is a marksman skilled at hitting small or distant targets. Some officers learn to handle and use tear gas. Tear gas is a gas that causes a painful burning feeling in the eyes and lungs. Tear gas disable suspects. Other officers learn communication skills. Communication is the sharing of information. Communication allows officers to calm suspects by talking to them. Special Teams Most SWAT teams include three kinds of smaller specialized teams. They include negotiator teams, containment teams, and entry teams. Each team performs a different kind of job. Sometimes only one specialized team works on an emergency. Other times, all three teams work together. Negotiator Teams Negotiators are communication experts. They listen and talk to suspects during police emergencies. Negotiators use words to reason with suspects and solve problems. They often work on hostage situations. They try to convince suspects to free their hostages and surrender. Surrender means to give up peacefully. Negotiators have to be calm. They must think carefully about each word they say. They do not want to upset a suspect. This could cause a suspect to harm hostages. Negotiators may spend hours talking with suspects. Sometimes they use phones and talk from a safe distance. Other times they talk with suspects in person. In these cases, suspects will often talk only if negotiators do not have weapons. Containment Teams Containment teams control and contain crime scenes. Contain means to hold in. they make sure innocent people do not become involved in situation. They also make sure that suspects do not escape. Containment officers make observations and report what they see to their leaders. Sometimes they have to shoot at suspects. Containment officers take different positions at a crime scene. They choose locations that help them see what is happening. Some may crouch on rooftops. Some may stand in doorways. Others may take positions behind cars. Containment officers are patient. They control their emotions while under pressure. Containment officers also think carefully before they shoot. Careless shots could not hurt innocent people or lead to deadly shoot-outs. Entry Teams Entry teams enter and search buildings. Their job is of find and captures suspects in the buildings. They also try to locate and rescue hostages. Sometimes entry team officers must secure crime scenes. This means they prevent suspects from harming others or killing themselves. Entry team officers also prevent suspects from escaping or destroying evidence. Evidence is facts or objects that help prove guilt. Entry team officers can break through locked or barricaded entrances quickly. Barricaded means blocked. The officers use tools to break windows and push through doors. Quick entries allow officers to catch suspects off guard. This makes entry operations safer. SWAT TEAMS OPERATIONS All swat teams try to resolve police emergencies as quickly and safely as possible. They want to capture suspects without harming the public, hostages, or the suspects. SWAT teams work carefully during their operations to reduce chances of harm or death. SWAT teams use different tactics to reach these goals. They try peaceful tactics first.

Peaceful Tactics Waiting is one peaceful tactics SWAT teams use. SWAT teams sometimes wait for hours before they take more forceful action. Waiting gives suspects a chance to think about what they are doing. SWAT teams try to resolve police emergencies with peaceful tactics. It also suspects time to think about what may happen to them. Sometimes suspects surrender after they have time to think. Persuasion and negotiation are other tactics SWAT teams use. Persuasion is trying to change a person’s mind. Negotiation is talking to reach an agreement. The goal of these tactics is to talk suspects into surrendering without harming others. Many times, SWAT teams use other tactics in combination with persuasion and negotiation. For example, teams may cut the heat or air. They may constantly ring doorbells or call suspects on the phone. These tactics make the suspects nervous. Sometimes they make criminals more willing to surrender. Forceful Tactics SWAT teams change their tactics if more force is needed. They use forceful tactics when negotiation and persuasion tactics fail. They also use forceful tactics if the lives of hostages and officers are in danger. Forceful tactics include the use of tear gas. Forceful tactics include using tear gas, storming buildings, and attacking with sharpshooters. Tear gas is the least forceful of these tactics. Tear Gas SWAT team officers often use tear gas as their first forceful tactic. Officers shoot cans of tear gas through windows and doorways with tear gas guns. The tear gas makes suspects’ eyes burn and swell. The suspects have a hard time breathing in rooms filled with the tear gas. Tear gas often disables suspects. This allows officers to arrest suspects safely. Other times, tear gas forces suspects to surrender. Entering a Building Sometimes officers must enter buildings to try to capture suspects. Entry teams meet at a staging are before entering a building. A staging area is a safe area near a building that officers plant to enter. Entry team members check their equipment and weapons at staging areas. They also go over their plans for entry. Next, the entry teams enter buildings. They must often break through barricaded doors and windows. Once inside, officers search rooms and hallways. They search until they locate suspects and hostages. Entry team officers try to capture and disarm suspects. Disarm means to take away a person’s weapons. Many times suspects surrender when they see entry teams. Sometimes suspects shoot at the officers. The officers shoot back. Entry team officers often turn captured suspects over to arrest teams. Arrest teams arrest captured suspects. They make sure nothing goes wrong during arrest. They may also help hostages out of buildings. Sharp shooting Teams Sharpshooters may have to shoot suspects. This may become necessary if suspects try to harm hostages, officers, or innocent bystanders. Sharpshooters may receive orders to shoot suspects in these situations. Many SWAT units have sharp shooting teams. Each team includes two officers. One officer works as an observer. The other works a sharpshooter. Sharp shooting Team Operations Sharp shooting teams choose locations that give them clear views of suspects. Both members examine crime scenes from their location. Observers provide information about suspects to sharpshooters and SWAT team leader. The information includes descriptions of suspects, their weapons, and their positions in buildings. Observers’ information helps sharpshooters make sure they do not shoot at innocent people. Sharpshooters stay calm and keep their weapons aimed at suspects. Orders to shoot a suspect can come at any time during an operation. Special Weapons SWAT team officers use special weapons. Many of the weapons are powerful guns. At crime scenes, the weapons help the officers protect themselves and capture suspects. But SWAT team members do not use their weapons unless peaceful

tactics fail. Different weapons are useful in different situations. Some weapons are useful in short-range situations. Other weapons are useful in long-ranger situations. Stun Guns and Rubber Bullets Sometime SWAT team officers use impact weapons. Impact weapons disable suspects. SWAT team officer use powerful weapons. Sometimes SWAT team officers use submachine guns. Without killing them. These weapons fire rubber or plastic bullets. Using impact weapons reduces the risk of harm to hostages and the public. Sometimes officers use stun guns. A stun gun is a device that delivers an electric shock. The shock stuns suspects. Semi – automatic Handguns Most SWAT team officers carry semi – automatic handguns. A semi – automatic handgun is a powerful gun that fires bullets quickly. These handguns are short –range weapons. They work best for targets within 25 yards (23 meters). Semi – automatic handguns hold 14 to 17 rounds in each magazine. A round is a bullet. A magazine is a metal or plastic case that fits inside a gun. Magazines allow officers to reload their handgun quickly. Shotguns Sometime SWAT team officers use shotguns. A shotgun is a powerful gun wit a long barrel. Shotguns are mainly short-range weapons. They may be single-shot or semi-automatic weapons. Shotguns fire large bullets called shells. SWAT teams often use the Benelli M3 Super 90 shotgun. This shotgun is a semi-automatic. It holds up to seven shells stored in a magazine. Submachine Guns SWAT teams use submachine guns during shootouts with heavily armed suspects. Submachine guns fire rapidly but are not easy to aim. SWAT team submachine guns can fire single or multiple rounds. They fire multiple rounds in short and long bursts. A short burst is a quick series of two or three rounds. A long burst is a quick series of four to eight rounds. Many SWAT teams use the Heckler and Koch MP-5 submachine gun. Most MP-5 can fire 30 shots in just two seconds. Standard Rifle SWAT teams use different rifles in different situations. Rifle gives officers dependable aim, firepower, and range. The M-16 is the standard SWAT team rifle. The M-16 is light. This makes it easy to carry and use. The M-16 has a dependable range of 50 to 200 yards (46 to 183 meters). Each magazine for the M-16 holds up to 30 rounds. These features make the rifle useful in many situations. High-Powered Rifles SWAT team officers use high-powered rifles for long-distance shooting. Containment officers and sharpshooters use high – powered rifles to improve their shots. High-powered rifles fire high-powered rounds. They are large rifles with long barrels. They have telescopes on them. A telescope is an instrument that makes distant objects seem larger and closer. Telescopes help sharpshooters aim their rifles. High-powered rifles have ranges up to several hundred yards. Fifty-caliber rifles are the largest high-powered rifles SWAT teams use. These rifles weigh up to 40 pounds (18 kilograms) and are at least five feet (1.5 meters) long. The rifles shoot rounds powerful enough to punch through metal and concrete. Officers use these rifles to shoot at suspects inside buildings. Equipment and Dogs SWAT team officers use different kinds of equipment. The equipment ranges from clothing to helicopters. Officers also work with police dogs. The dogs and equipment help make SWAT team operations easier and safer.

Uniforms Many SWAT team officers wear black or dark blue uniforms. During operations, the uniforms help SWAT team officers identify each other. Sometimes SWAT team officers wear camouflage uniforms. Camouflage uniforms have coloring that makes officers blend in with their surroundings. Many camouflage uniforms are green and brown. These uniforms help officers stay hidden from suspects. Armored Vests and Shields All SWAT team officers wear armored vest. Armor is a protective covering. Armored vests can protect officers from gunshots. Officers wear two kinds of armored vests. One kind fits over uniforms. The other kind fits over uniforms. The other kind fits under uniforms. Entry team officers often use armored shields in addition to their armored vests. The shields are made of lightweight armor. They provide added protection against gunshots and small explosions. Goggles and Gas Masks Many SWAT team officers wear goggles. Goggles are protective glasses that fit tightly around the upper face and eyes. They protect officers’ eyes from dirt, dust, and smoke. Some SWAT teams use night vision goggles. Night vision goggles let SWAT team officers see in the dark. The goggles are useful during night operations or inside dark buildings. SWAT team officers wear gas masks when they use tear gas. A gas mask keeps a person from breathing gas. Gas masks help entry teams work in areas where tear gas is present. Entry Tools Entry team officers often need tools to get into barricaded buildings. Basic tools include ropes and ladders. Tools can also include battering rams, sledgehammers, and axes. A battering ram is a heavy metal tube. Officers use battering rams to force open doors. Entry teams recently started using small amounts of explosives. The explosives can blow holes in doors and walls. But the explosives present little danger to SWAT team members and suspects. Helicopters Some SWAT teams use helicopter. Helicopters carry SWAT teams to emergencies located in hard to reach places like rooftops. Helicopters also let officers examine crime scenes from the air. This helps them plan their operations. Walkie Talkies and Telephone Communications is important to SWAT team officers. Officers often use walkie talkies. Walkie talkies are small twoway radios. Officers use walkie talkies to tell each other what is happening during operations. Sometimes SWAT teams use telephones to talk with suspects. Telephones also let team member speak to other people during operations. Swat Team Dogs Many large SWAT teams use police dogs. Police dogs work with some SWAT officer as K-9 teams. K-9 is short for canine. Canine means dog. Most police dogs are German shepherds. Police dogs help officers find suspects. The dogs follow suspects’ scents to the suspects’ hiding places. Police dogs also chase and stop escaping suspects. They often stop suspects by biting the suspects’ arms and legs. Facing the Risks SWAT team duty is challenging and risky work. Officers risk death each time they work on a police emergency. Many officers volunteer for SWAT team duty because they like challenge and excitement. But most SWAT team officers volunteer because they want to protect the public.