W3- Basic Upstream Oil _ Gas Processes
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CHAPTER 3 Basic Upstream Oil & Gas Production Processes
Lecturer: Fazril Irfan bin Ahmad Fuad
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
Outline - Chapter 3 3 Basic Upstream Oil & Gas
Overview of Major Production Facilities & Offshore 3.1 3.1 Production System 3.2 Overview of Oil & Gas Production System 3.2 3.Oil 3 & Gas Process System 3.3 3.Oil 4 & Gas Utilities System 3.4
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3.1 Overview of major production facilities & offshore pr system
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3.1 Overview of major production facilities & offshore pr system
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3.2 Oil & Gas Production System
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3.3 Oil & Gas Process System 1. Wellhead • The wellhead sits on top of the actual oil or gas well leading down to the reservoir. A wellhead may also be an injection well, used to inject water or gas back into the reservoir to maintain pressure and levels to maximize production. • A wellhead is the component at the surface of an oil or gas well that provides the structural and pressure-containing interface for the drilling and production equipment. • The primary purpose of a wellhead is to provide the suspension point and pressure seals for the casing strings that run from the bottom of the hole sections to the surface pressure control equipment. • While drilling the oil well, surface pressure control is provided by a blowout preventer (BOP) • When the well has been drilled, it is completed to provide an interface with the reservoir rock and a tubular conduit for the well fluids. The surface pressure control is provided by a Christmas tree, which is installed on top of the wellhead, with isolation valves and choke equipment to control the flow of well fluids during production. • Wellhead are used to regulate and monitor the extraction of oil/gas production + suspension point and pressure seal for casing strings
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3.3 Oil & Gas Process System 2. Xmas Tree • Assembly of valves, spools, and fittings used for an oil well, gas well, water injection well, water disposal well, gas injection well, condensate well and other types of wells. It was named for its crude resemblance to a decorated tree • The primary function of a tree is to control the flow, usually oil or gas, out of the well. (A tree may also be used to control the injection of gas or water into a nonproducing well in order to enhance production rates of oil from other wells.) • When the well and facilities are ready to produce and receive oil or gas, tree valves are opened and the formation fluids are allowed to go through a flow line. • Additional functions including chemical injection points, well intervention means, pressure relief means, monitoring points (such as pressure, temperature, corrosion, erosion, sand detection, flow rate, flow composition, valve and choke position feedback), and connection points for devices such as down hole pressure and temperature transducers (DHPT). • Functionality may be extended further by using the control system on a subsea tree to monitor, measure, and react to sensor outputs on the tree or even down the well bore. The control system attached to the tree controls the downhole safety valve (SCSSV, DHSV, SSSV) while the tree acts as an attachment and conduit means of the control system to the downhole safety valve.
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3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
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3.3 Oil & Gas Process System 3. Manifolds/ Gathering • Onshore, the individual well streams are brought into the main production facilities over a network of gathering pipelines and manifold systems. • The purpose of these is to allow set up of production “well sets” so that for a given production level, the best reservoir utilization, well flow composition (gas, oil, waster) etc. can be selected from the available wells. • Offshore, the dry completion wells on the main field centre feed directly into production manifolds, while outlying wellhead towers and subsea installations feed via multiphase pipelines back to the production risers. • Risers are the system that allow a pipeline to “rise” up to the topside structure. UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
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3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
4. Separator • Some wells have pure gas production which can be taken directly to gas treatment and/or compression. • More often, the well gives a combination of gas, oil and water and various contaminants which must be separated and processed. • The production separators come in many forms and designs, with the classical variant being the gravity separator.
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3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
4. Separator • Principles: Gravity, Momentum and Coalescence • In gravity separation the well flow is fed into a horizontal vessel. The retention period is typically 5 minutes, allowing the gas to bubble out, water to settle at the bottom and oil to be taken out in the middle. Why in stages? • The pressure is often reduced in several stages (high pressure separator, low pressure separator etc.) to allow controlled separation of volatile components. • The purpose is to achieve maximum liquid recovery and stabilized oil and gas, and separate water. • A sudden pressure reduction might allow flash vaporization leading to instabilities and safety UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
4. Separator
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3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
Oil Separation System UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
Gas Separation System UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.3 Oil & Gas Process System 5. Gas Compression • Why we need this facilities? After coming out from separator, gas (typically) loss its momentum. Energy is required to maintain its momentum for flow and also to reduce the volume. • The compression also include a large section of associated equipment such as scrubbers (removing liquid droplets) and heat exchangers, lube oil treatment etc. • Gas from a pure natural gas wellhead might have sufficient pressure to feed directly into a pipeline transport system. • Gas from separators has generally lost so much pressure that it must be recompressed to be transported. Turbine compressors gain their energy by using up a small proportion of the natural gas that they compress. • The turbine itself serves to operate a centrifugal compressor, which contains a type of fan that compresses and pumps the natural gas through the pipeline. • Some compressor stations are operated by using an electric motor to turn the same type of centrifugal compressor requires reliable source of electric. • Consists of large section of associate equipment – scrubber, heat exchanger, lube oil.
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3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
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3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
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3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
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3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
E)
Metering, Storage & Export
Metering •Metering station allows operator to monitor/manage the oil/gas exported from the facilities. •This metering stations employ specialized meters to measure the flow without impeding the movement. •Metered volume represents a transfer of ownership from a producer to a customer and it therefore called Custody Transfer Metering •It forms the basis for invoicing, tax, revenue sharing between partners. UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
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3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
Storage •Storage is necessary to meet seasonal & fluctuation in demand & emergency •Offshore platform pipelined to onshore terminal or use old tanker. •Large quantities of oil/gas are stored in underground caverns of salt formation or emptied oil/gas reservoirs.
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3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
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3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
Export •Oil/Gas are typically exported via pipeline measuring anywhere from 6” to 48” •Pipelines need to be routinely inspect for corrosion and defects using pigs •Pigging can test pipe thickness, roundness, corrosion, leaks and many other interior defect. •Oil/Gas pipeline are very important cross broader trade and politically sensitive issue.
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3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
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3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
• Utility systems are systems which does not handle the hydrocarbon process flow, but provides some utility to the main process safety or residents. Depending on the location of the installation, many such functions may be available from nearby infrastructure (e.g. electricity). But many remote installations must be fully self sustainable and thus must generate their own power, water etc. • provides utilities or support the main process.
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3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System 1. Power Generation & Distribution • Power generation is also a consideration for offshore platforms. Power is required for oil/gas transportation (pump/compressor/blower), control systems and many other equipment. • Power can be provided from mains power or from local diesel generator sets. Large facilities have great power demands, from 30 MW and upwards to several hundred MW. • There is a tendency to generate electric power centrally and use electric drives for large equipment rather than multiple gas turbines, as this decreases maintenance and increases uptime. • Main generator – turbine, standby generator – diesel driven UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
• Large rotating equipment and the generators are driven by gas turbines or large drives. Gas turbines for oil and gas duty are generally modified aviation turbines in the 10-25 MW range. • These require quite extensive maintenance and have a relatively low overall efficiency (20-27% depending on application). Also, while the turbine is relatively small and light, it will usually require large and heavy support equipment such as large gears, air coolers/filters, exhaust units, sound damping and lubrication units.
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3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
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3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
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3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
2. Instrument Air System • A large volume of compressed air is required for the control of pneumatic valves and actuators, tools and purging of cabinets. • It is produced by electrically driven screw compressors and further treated to be free of particles, oil and water • Typical equipment – Compressor – motor driven, air drier, air receiver,
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3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
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3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
3. HVAC • The heat, ventilation and air conditioning system (HVAC) feeds conditioned air to the equipment rooms, accommodations etc. • Cooling and heating is achieved by way of water cooled or water/steam heated heat exchangers. Heat may also be taken off gas turbine exhaust. • In tropic and sub-tropic areas, the cooling is achieved by compressor refrigeration units. Also, in tropical areas gas turbine inlet air must be cooled to achieve sufficient efficiency and performance. • The HVAC system is usually delivered as one package, and may also include air emissions cleaning. Some HVAC subsystems include: · Cool: Cooling Medium, Refrigation System, Freezing System · Heat: Heat medium system, Hot Oil System. • One function is to provide air to equipment rooms that are safe by positive pressure. This prevents potential influx of explosive gases in case of a leak. UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System 4. Water treatment and disposal • Two Primary source: produced and surface water • Produced water: brine from oil reservoirs • Surface water: fresh (river/lake) and saline sources • The produced water need to be removed as early as possible when it comes to surface to avoid corrosion and reducing the capacity of the production facility. The water, before it can be thrown out to sea has to meet regulatory requirement normally between 15mg/l – 50mg/l (even lower if onshore). • PWRI (Produced Water re-Injection) needs to be treated before injection for IOR • Same goes for seawater injection. UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
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3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
4. Potable Water System • For smaller installations potable water can be transported in by supply vessels or tank trucks. • For larger facilities, potable water is provided on site by • desalination of seawater though distillation or reverse osmosis. • Onshore potable water is provided by purification of water from above ground or underground reservoirs.
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3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System 5. Sea Water Cooling System • Seawater is used extensively for cooling purposes. Cooling water is provided to Air Compressor Coolers, Gas Coolers, Main Generators and HVAC. • In addition seawater is used for production of hypochlorite (see chemicals) and for Fire Water. Seawater is treated with hypochlorite to prevent microbiological growth in process equipment and piping. • Seawater is sometimes used for reservoir water injection. In this case a deaerator is used to reduce oxygen in the water before injection. Oxygen can cause microbiological growth in the reservoir. The deaerator is designed to use strip gas and vacuum. UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
6. Chemical Injection System • A wide range of chemical additives are used in the main process. Some of these are marked in the process diagram. • The cost of process chemical additives is considerable. • A typical example is antifoam where a concentration of about 150 ppm is used. With a production of 40.000 bpd, about 2000 litres (500 Gallons) of antifoam could be used. At a cost of 2 /liter, 10 $/Gallon in bulk, just the antifoam will cost some 4000 Euro / 5000 USD per day. UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
Most common chemicals: • Scale inhibitor – prevent contamination • Antifoam – prevent foaming – cover the fluid surface and prevent gas to escape • Methanol (MEG) – prevent hydrate formation • Corrosion Inhibitor – Corrosion prevention by form a thin film on metal surface (pipeline & storage tank) • Biocides – Prevent microbiological activity in oil production system – bacteria, fungus and algae growth Typical equipment – Injection recip pumps motor driven, tank, tote tank, piping UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System 7. Flare System The flare subsystem include Flare, atmospheric ventilation and blow down. The purpose of the Flare and Vent Systems is to provide safe discharge and disposal of gases and liquids resulting from: Spill-off flaring from the product stabilisation system. (Oil, Condensate etc.). • Production testing • Relief of excess pressure caused by process upset conditions and thermal expansion. • Depressurisation either in response to an emergency situation or as part of a normal procedure. • Planned depressurisation of subsea production flowlines and export pipelines. UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
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3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System 7. Flare System • The Flare System shall be designed to collect, contain and safe disposal of fluids released from the platform systems during emergency blowdown and relief. • The hydrocarbons relieved from these sources will be connected to the HP or LP flare headers and routed to the respective flare knock out drums for liquid removal. • Hydrocarbon gas from HP Flare Knock Out Drum will be routed to HP Flare Tip for combustion and release to atmosphere. Hydrocarbon gas from LP Flare Knock Out Drum will be routed to an LP Flare Tip for combustion and release to atmosphere. • Main components : KO drum, flare tips UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
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3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System 7. Diesel System Typical Diesel System consists of the following: • 2 x 100% Diesel Filter (Inlet) • 2 x 100% Diesel Storage Tank • 1 x 100% West Pedestal Diesel Day Tank • 2 x 100% Diesel Transfer Pumps • 2 x 100% Diesel Filters (Outlet) The following are the main users of diesel: • Gas Turbine Generators • Gas Turbine Compressors • Emergency Diesel Generator Day Tank • Firewater Pumps • Pedestal Crane Diesel Engines • LQ Crane Diesel Engines UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
8. Fuel Gas System During normal operation, Fuel Gas System will provide fuel gas to Gas Turbine Generator for power generation, to Gaslift Compressor’s turbine as fuel gas and seal gas, to Gas Injection Compressor driver as fuel gas, to HP and LP Flare Header for purging and to Produced Water Treatment System as blanket gas in Compact Floatation Unit.
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3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System 9. Control System • A process control system is used to monitor data and control equipment on the plant. • The purpose of this system is to read values from a large number of sensors, run programs to monitor the process and control valves switches etc. to control the process. • At the same time values, alarms, reports and other information are presented to the operator and command inputs accepted. • E.g. The process control system should control the process when it is operating within normal constrains such as level, pressure and temperature. The Emergency Shutdown (ESD) and Process Shutdown (PSD) systems will take action when the process goes into a malfunction or dangerous state. UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
9. Fire & Gas System • Each fire area should be designed to be self contained, in that it should detect fire and gas by several types of sensors, and control fire protection and fire fighting devices to contain and fight fire within the fire area. In case of fire, the area will be partially shut off by closing ventilation fire dampers. • A fire area protection data sheet typically shows what detection exists for each fire area and what fire protection action should be taken in case of an undesirable event. • A separate package related to fire and gas is the diesel or electrically driven fire water pumps for the sprinkler and deluge ring systems. • The type and number of the detection, protection and fighting devices depend on the type of equipment and size of the fire area and is different for e.g. process areas, electrical rooms and accommodations. UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
9. Fire & Gas System Fire detection: - Gas detection: Combustible and Toxic gas, Electro catalytic or optical (IR) detector. - Flame detection: Ultraviolet (UV) or Infra Red (IR) optical detectors - Fire detection: Heat and Ionic smoke detectors - Manual pushbuttons Firefighting, protection: - Gas based fire-fighting such as CO2 - Foam based fire-fighting - Water based fire-fighting: Sprinklers, Mist (Water spray) and deluge - Protection: Interface to emergency shutdown and HVAC fire dampers. - Warning and escape: PA systems, beacons/lights, fire door and damper release
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3.4 HSE Philosophy • The purpose of this philosophy is to provide appropriate guidance and direction to ensure that a safe design of the Offshore Facilities project is achieved, such that risks meet COMPANY guidelines, and are as low as reasonably practicable. • The objective of this philosophy is to provide a safe working environment for personnel by: minimising the potential for hazardous occurrences avoiding exposure of personnel to potential hazards containing and minimising the effects of hazards providing adequate escape routes away from hazards providing a satisfactory means of egress from all work areas providing satisfactory facilities for personnel to shelter while a hazard event is assessed providing satisfactory arrangements for evacuation or escape from the installation should it prove necessary to leave the installation providing satisfactory arrangements for the recovery or rescue of personnel post evacuation/escape UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 HSE Philosophy • The purpose of this philosophy is to provide appropriate guidance and direction to ensure that a safe design of the Offshore Facilities project is achieved, such that risks meet COMPANY guidelines, and are as low as reasonably practicable. • The objective of this philosophy is to provide a safe working environment for personnel by: minimising the potential for hazardous occurrences avoiding exposure of personnel to potential hazards containing and minimising the effects of hazards providing adequate escape routes away from hazards providing a satisfactory means of egress from all work areas providing satisfactory facilities for personnel to shelter while a hazard event is assessed providing satisfactory arrangements for evacuation or escape from the installation should it prove necessary to leave the installation providing satisfactory arrangements for the recovery or rescue of personnel post evacuation/escape UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 HSE Philosophy PROJECT SAFETY OBJECTIVES Within the limits of ALARP the Project Safety Objectives are: 1. To engineer a safe, reliable and operable facility at minimum cost through simple and effective design. 2. To ensure, throughout all stages of design, that the facility meets the latest International safety and environmental codes and standards, using the most cost effective measures available. 3. In achieving the above design objectives, the priorities shall be:•. Health and Safety of Personnel •. Conservation of the environment •. Protection of capital investment •. The approach to achieving these subjects is the implementation of the following in order of preference: •. Inherent Safety/Prevention •. Control •. Mitigation UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 HSE Philosophy • The design shall include the principles of inherent safety to prevent or eliminate the likelihood of major initiating events, and the scale of any subsequent consequences. • Adopting an inherently safe approach to design engineering allows for the identification and removal of hazards at an early stage. Inherent safety is achieved through simplicity of design, robustness, reliability, practicality and quality of build. • The four principles of inherent safety can be summarised as follows: Elimination Can particular hazards or hazardous activities be designed out?
Reduce the likelihood Reduce the severity
Can the plant be designed more simply or robustly so that it is less likely to fail or leak? Can the scale, intensity, duration and potential for escalation of the residual incidents be minimised by design?
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3.4 HSE Philosophy Control However, should hazardous events occur they should be promptly detected and acted upon automatically (e.g. by the Fire and Gas System and Emergency Shutdown System) with the aim of reducing the risk to personnel and the environment and minimising the damage to equipment, plant and structures. Mitigation The consequences of an accidental hazardous event may be in the form of thermal radiation, overpressure or release of toxic chemicals in liquid or gaseous form. The evaluation of the required safety measures shall be based mainly upon the extent of its consequential effects. The probability of an accidental event occurring may be taken into account for very rare events.
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3.4 HSE Philosophy Design Criteria To prioritise the aim of protection of personnel the platform design shall ensure that the following conditions are fulfilled: 1. Operation of Systems and Facilities Where incorrect or inappropriate operation of systems or facilities on the installation can increase the risk of accident or injury to personnel, then suitable design measures shall be included to avoid these occurrences. 2. Explosion Prevention and Mitigation Measures Measures shall be taken in the design and layout of the installation to ensure the following: • Overpressures are minimised by following the guidelines in ISO 13702, Annex B10 • Provision of natural ventilation in areas where gas can accumulate • Overpressures from explosions are freely vented • Deluge (fixed water spray)actuated in congested areas when hydrocarbon gas detected.
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3.4 HSE Philosophy 3. Active Emergency Systems Appropriate measures shall be taken to detect the presence of explosive gas, toxic gas and fire, with provision of actions to warn personnel during manned periods. Measures to place the installation in a stable condition (emergency shutdown) shall also be provided. The emergency systems shall activate fire protection systems as appropriate when fire is confirmed. Accident Containment 4. Risks to Personnel The consequences of an accidental hazardous event shall not cause injury to personnel outside the immediate vicinity of the incident or expose those personnel in non hazardous areas to risks which are likely to cause injury or impair escape or evacuation provisions. 5. Fire Protection Measures Measures shall be taken to minimise the total flammable inventory (gas and liquid) on the installation at any time and to minimise the quantity of flammable substances available to fuel a fire in each area by measures such as sectionalisation and blow down. Measures shall also be taken to prevent fires spreading to the escape routes, TR and evacuation facilities. Maximum use will be made of open grated floors in process areas to prevent the formation of liquid pools. MARA The requirement to prevent liquid spills to the UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI
3.4 HSE Philosophy Escape, Temporary Refuge and Evacuation 6. Escape Routes Following a hazardous event, escape routes from any area shall remain passable for long enough to allow personnel to escape the affected area and reach a place of safety without exposure to further risk. Allowance shall be made for escape or rescue of injured personnel. 7. Temporary Refuge (TR) On the Dalan complex there shall be a place of relative safety, the Temporary Refuge (TR), located on the Living Quarters Platform, LQ3, which shall provide protection for all personnel from the consequences of an accidental event for an appropriate period of time (the specified endurance period). Whilst inside the TR, personnel shall have the means of monitoring and controlling emergency systems and communicating both internally and with rescue services. 8. Evacuation Provisions There shall be provision, with some redundancy, for all personnel to effect safe evacuation from the TR at any time during the specified endurance period for the TR,TEKNOLOGI using facilities contained on or within the installation, UNIVERSITY MARA
3.4 HSE Philosophy The main objective of the fire and gas detection and alarm system is to ensure an early and reliable detection of fire and gas hazards, alert personnel, initiate or monitor automatic fire protection system, and to interface with control and emergency shutdown systems. The system will provide the operator with a facility for full status information of all active detection/protection systems upon request and shall automatically annunciate alarm and fault conditions at the Control Room. The Fire and Gas Detection system shall be provided to perform, but not be limited to, the following duties: • to monitor all designated areas for fire; • to monitor all areas where flammable or toxic gas might be present in the course of normal operations; • to monitor air intakes of accommodation and enclosed, occupied areas for concentration of toxic gases; • to monitor air intakes for concentration of flammable gases; • to monitor airlocks located in Zone 2 areas for toxic and flammable gases; • to provide a facility for raising a fire or gas alarm ; • to alert personnel in the Central Control Room of any fire or gas UNIVERSITY emergencyTEKNOLOGI situation; MARA
Principles : Fire detection shall be installed wherever the development of a fire constitutes a possible threat to the installation. The fire detection system shall be designed to: • Detect a fire as early as possible • Initiate preventive actions at an early stage in order to reduce the consequence of the fire. There are in principle three different types of fire detectors: • flame detectors IR flame detectors responding to infrared characteristics shall be installed in hydrocarbon production and processing areas on all manned and unmanned platforms. They shall not be used in engine rooms due to the possibility of black body radiation. • heat detectors Heat detectors, which operate at a pre-determined fixed temperature shall be installed in enclosed areas where local conditions are not considered suitable for smoke detectors, eg due to high humidity or periodic wind gusts (e.g. near doors to outside). Heat detectors shall be used in areas within workshops, engine rooms, turbine enclosures and galley hoods and shall be connected in a single UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
Principles : 3. Smoke Detector Ionisation smoke detectors shall be provided to monitor the following enclosed areas: • lobbies, cabins and offices; • public areas and corridors; • control rooms; • electrical switchgear and local technical rooms; • battery and telecoms rooms; • void spaces, false ceilings and false floors; • laboratories. EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN SYSTEM The main complex shall be provided with an Emergency Shutdown System (ESD) to ensure the safe isolation and shutdown of equipment under hazardous upset or fire/gas conditions.
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EMERGENCY ALARMS SYSTEM Emergency alarm systems may be divided into two main parts: the active system (audible and visual alarm) and the passive system (organisation and procedures). In addition, an audible and visual alarm shall be provided locally for the following purposes:Carbon dioxide status lamps Carbon dioxide pre-discharge sounder alarm
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EMERGENCY AND SAFETY SIGNS/PLANS Safety signs shall be provided throughout the installation combining the geometrical shape, colour and pictorial symbol to give specific health/safety or emergency information and/or instructions for personnel. Text shall be in Malay and English. Safety signs shall be in accordance with BS 5378 and BS 5499. Emergency signs shall be provided to inform personnel of escape routes, emergency exits, fire-fighting and rescue equipment locations. All emergency signs shall be illuminated by one of the following means: • directly by the provision of emergency lighting; • self-powered, luminescent; • photoluminescent.
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EMERGENCY POWER SUPPLY An emergency power supply system shall be provided for all consumers, which are required to be operational under emergency conditions. Essential consumers which are needed during periods where the main power supply is not available (e.g. start-up) shall also be connected to this supply. NAVIGATIONAL AIDS Navigational aids shall be provided for the installation in accordance with the IALA recommendations for the marking of offshore structures, O-114. In addition, aviation obstruction lights and the helideck illumination shall be provided as noted below.
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LIFE SAVING APPLIANCES life saving appliances, which shall be provided for rescue of personnel fallen into the sea and for safe escape of personnel from the platforms without external assistance in the event of a platform emergency. All life saving appliances shall be in compliance with IMO and SOLAS requirements and shall be type approved accordingly. Example 1. Survival craft – TEMPSC Totally Enclosed Motor Propelled Survival Craft 2. Liferafts 3. Lifejackets 4. Lifebuoy 5. Stretchers 6. First aid equipment 7. Safety shower and eye bath 8. SCBA UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
Lecturer: Fazril Irfan bin Ahmad Fuad
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
Outline - Chapter 3 3 Basic Upstream Oil & Gas
Overview of Major Production Facilities & Offshore 3.1 3.1 Production System 3.2 Overview of Oil & Gas Production System 3.2 3.Oil 3 & Gas Process System 3.3 3.Oil 4 & Gas Utilities System 3.4
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3.1 Overview of major production facilities & offshore pr system
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3.1 Overview of major production facilities & offshore pr system
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3.2 Oil & Gas Production System
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3.3 Oil & Gas Process System 1. Wellhead • The wellhead sits on top of the actual oil or gas well leading down to the reservoir. A wellhead may also be an injection well, used to inject water or gas back into the reservoir to maintain pressure and levels to maximize production. • A wellhead is the component at the surface of an oil or gas well that provides the structural and pressure-containing interface for the drilling and production equipment. • The primary purpose of a wellhead is to provide the suspension point and pressure seals for the casing strings that run from the bottom of the hole sections to the surface pressure control equipment. • While drilling the oil well, surface pressure control is provided by a blowout preventer (BOP) • When the well has been drilled, it is completed to provide an interface with the reservoir rock and a tubular conduit for the well fluids. The surface pressure control is provided by a Christmas tree, which is installed on top of the wellhead, with isolation valves and choke equipment to control the flow of well fluids during production. • Wellhead are used to regulate and monitor the extraction of oil/gas production + suspension point and pressure seal for casing strings
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3.3 Oil & Gas Process System 2. Xmas Tree • Assembly of valves, spools, and fittings used for an oil well, gas well, water injection well, water disposal well, gas injection well, condensate well and other types of wells. It was named for its crude resemblance to a decorated tree • The primary function of a tree is to control the flow, usually oil or gas, out of the well. (A tree may also be used to control the injection of gas or water into a nonproducing well in order to enhance production rates of oil from other wells.) • When the well and facilities are ready to produce and receive oil or gas, tree valves are opened and the formation fluids are allowed to go through a flow line. • Additional functions including chemical injection points, well intervention means, pressure relief means, monitoring points (such as pressure, temperature, corrosion, erosion, sand detection, flow rate, flow composition, valve and choke position feedback), and connection points for devices such as down hole pressure and temperature transducers (DHPT). • Functionality may be extended further by using the control system on a subsea tree to monitor, measure, and react to sensor outputs on the tree or even down the well bore. The control system attached to the tree controls the downhole safety valve (SCSSV, DHSV, SSSV) while the tree acts as an attachment and conduit means of the control system to the downhole safety valve.
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3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
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3.3 Oil & Gas Process System 3. Manifolds/ Gathering • Onshore, the individual well streams are brought into the main production facilities over a network of gathering pipelines and manifold systems. • The purpose of these is to allow set up of production “well sets” so that for a given production level, the best reservoir utilization, well flow composition (gas, oil, waster) etc. can be selected from the available wells. • Offshore, the dry completion wells on the main field centre feed directly into production manifolds, while outlying wellhead towers and subsea installations feed via multiphase pipelines back to the production risers. • Risers are the system that allow a pipeline to “rise” up to the topside structure. UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
4. Separator • Some wells have pure gas production which can be taken directly to gas treatment and/or compression. • More often, the well gives a combination of gas, oil and water and various contaminants which must be separated and processed. • The production separators come in many forms and designs, with the classical variant being the gravity separator.
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
4. Separator • Principles: Gravity, Momentum and Coalescence • In gravity separation the well flow is fed into a horizontal vessel. The retention period is typically 5 minutes, allowing the gas to bubble out, water to settle at the bottom and oil to be taken out in the middle. Why in stages? • The pressure is often reduced in several stages (high pressure separator, low pressure separator etc.) to allow controlled separation of volatile components. • The purpose is to achieve maximum liquid recovery and stabilized oil and gas, and separate water. • A sudden pressure reduction might allow flash vaporization leading to instabilities and safety UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
4. Separator
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
Oil Separation System UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
Gas Separation System UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.3 Oil & Gas Process System 5. Gas Compression • Why we need this facilities? After coming out from separator, gas (typically) loss its momentum. Energy is required to maintain its momentum for flow and also to reduce the volume. • The compression also include a large section of associated equipment such as scrubbers (removing liquid droplets) and heat exchangers, lube oil treatment etc. • Gas from a pure natural gas wellhead might have sufficient pressure to feed directly into a pipeline transport system. • Gas from separators has generally lost so much pressure that it must be recompressed to be transported. Turbine compressors gain their energy by using up a small proportion of the natural gas that they compress. • The turbine itself serves to operate a centrifugal compressor, which contains a type of fan that compresses and pumps the natural gas through the pipeline. • Some compressor stations are operated by using an electric motor to turn the same type of centrifugal compressor requires reliable source of electric. • Consists of large section of associate equipment – scrubber, heat exchanger, lube oil.
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
E)
Metering, Storage & Export
Metering •Metering station allows operator to monitor/manage the oil/gas exported from the facilities. •This metering stations employ specialized meters to measure the flow without impeding the movement. •Metered volume represents a transfer of ownership from a producer to a customer and it therefore called Custody Transfer Metering •It forms the basis for invoicing, tax, revenue sharing between partners. UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
Storage •Storage is necessary to meet seasonal & fluctuation in demand & emergency •Offshore platform pipelined to onshore terminal or use old tanker. •Large quantities of oil/gas are stored in underground caverns of salt formation or emptied oil/gas reservoirs.
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
Export •Oil/Gas are typically exported via pipeline measuring anywhere from 6” to 48” •Pipelines need to be routinely inspect for corrosion and defects using pigs •Pigging can test pipe thickness, roundness, corrosion, leaks and many other interior defect. •Oil/Gas pipeline are very important cross broader trade and politically sensitive issue.
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.3 Oil & Gas Process System
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
• Utility systems are systems which does not handle the hydrocarbon process flow, but provides some utility to the main process safety or residents. Depending on the location of the installation, many such functions may be available from nearby infrastructure (e.g. electricity). But many remote installations must be fully self sustainable and thus must generate their own power, water etc. • provides utilities or support the main process.
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System 1. Power Generation & Distribution • Power generation is also a consideration for offshore platforms. Power is required for oil/gas transportation (pump/compressor/blower), control systems and many other equipment. • Power can be provided from mains power or from local diesel generator sets. Large facilities have great power demands, from 30 MW and upwards to several hundred MW. • There is a tendency to generate electric power centrally and use electric drives for large equipment rather than multiple gas turbines, as this decreases maintenance and increases uptime. • Main generator – turbine, standby generator – diesel driven UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
• Large rotating equipment and the generators are driven by gas turbines or large drives. Gas turbines for oil and gas duty are generally modified aviation turbines in the 10-25 MW range. • These require quite extensive maintenance and have a relatively low overall efficiency (20-27% depending on application). Also, while the turbine is relatively small and light, it will usually require large and heavy support equipment such as large gears, air coolers/filters, exhaust units, sound damping and lubrication units.
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
2. Instrument Air System • A large volume of compressed air is required for the control of pneumatic valves and actuators, tools and purging of cabinets. • It is produced by electrically driven screw compressors and further treated to be free of particles, oil and water • Typical equipment – Compressor – motor driven, air drier, air receiver,
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
3. HVAC • The heat, ventilation and air conditioning system (HVAC) feeds conditioned air to the equipment rooms, accommodations etc. • Cooling and heating is achieved by way of water cooled or water/steam heated heat exchangers. Heat may also be taken off gas turbine exhaust. • In tropic and sub-tropic areas, the cooling is achieved by compressor refrigeration units. Also, in tropical areas gas turbine inlet air must be cooled to achieve sufficient efficiency and performance. • The HVAC system is usually delivered as one package, and may also include air emissions cleaning. Some HVAC subsystems include: · Cool: Cooling Medium, Refrigation System, Freezing System · Heat: Heat medium system, Hot Oil System. • One function is to provide air to equipment rooms that are safe by positive pressure. This prevents potential influx of explosive gases in case of a leak. UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System 4. Water treatment and disposal • Two Primary source: produced and surface water • Produced water: brine from oil reservoirs • Surface water: fresh (river/lake) and saline sources • The produced water need to be removed as early as possible when it comes to surface to avoid corrosion and reducing the capacity of the production facility. The water, before it can be thrown out to sea has to meet regulatory requirement normally between 15mg/l – 50mg/l (even lower if onshore). • PWRI (Produced Water re-Injection) needs to be treated before injection for IOR • Same goes for seawater injection. UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
4. Potable Water System • For smaller installations potable water can be transported in by supply vessels or tank trucks. • For larger facilities, potable water is provided on site by • desalination of seawater though distillation or reverse osmosis. • Onshore potable water is provided by purification of water from above ground or underground reservoirs.
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System 5. Sea Water Cooling System • Seawater is used extensively for cooling purposes. Cooling water is provided to Air Compressor Coolers, Gas Coolers, Main Generators and HVAC. • In addition seawater is used for production of hypochlorite (see chemicals) and for Fire Water. Seawater is treated with hypochlorite to prevent microbiological growth in process equipment and piping. • Seawater is sometimes used for reservoir water injection. In this case a deaerator is used to reduce oxygen in the water before injection. Oxygen can cause microbiological growth in the reservoir. The deaerator is designed to use strip gas and vacuum. UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
6. Chemical Injection System • A wide range of chemical additives are used in the main process. Some of these are marked in the process diagram. • The cost of process chemical additives is considerable. • A typical example is antifoam where a concentration of about 150 ppm is used. With a production of 40.000 bpd, about 2000 litres (500 Gallons) of antifoam could be used. At a cost of 2 /liter, 10 $/Gallon in bulk, just the antifoam will cost some 4000 Euro / 5000 USD per day. UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
Most common chemicals: • Scale inhibitor – prevent contamination • Antifoam – prevent foaming – cover the fluid surface and prevent gas to escape • Methanol (MEG) – prevent hydrate formation • Corrosion Inhibitor – Corrosion prevention by form a thin film on metal surface (pipeline & storage tank) • Biocides – Prevent microbiological activity in oil production system – bacteria, fungus and algae growth Typical equipment – Injection recip pumps motor driven, tank, tote tank, piping UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System 7. Flare System The flare subsystem include Flare, atmospheric ventilation and blow down. The purpose of the Flare and Vent Systems is to provide safe discharge and disposal of gases and liquids resulting from: Spill-off flaring from the product stabilisation system. (Oil, Condensate etc.). • Production testing • Relief of excess pressure caused by process upset conditions and thermal expansion. • Depressurisation either in response to an emergency situation or as part of a normal procedure. • Planned depressurisation of subsea production flowlines and export pipelines. UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System 7. Flare System • The Flare System shall be designed to collect, contain and safe disposal of fluids released from the platform systems during emergency blowdown and relief. • The hydrocarbons relieved from these sources will be connected to the HP or LP flare headers and routed to the respective flare knock out drums for liquid removal. • Hydrocarbon gas from HP Flare Knock Out Drum will be routed to HP Flare Tip for combustion and release to atmosphere. Hydrocarbon gas from LP Flare Knock Out Drum will be routed to an LP Flare Tip for combustion and release to atmosphere. • Main components : KO drum, flare tips UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System 7. Diesel System Typical Diesel System consists of the following: • 2 x 100% Diesel Filter (Inlet) • 2 x 100% Diesel Storage Tank • 1 x 100% West Pedestal Diesel Day Tank • 2 x 100% Diesel Transfer Pumps • 2 x 100% Diesel Filters (Outlet) The following are the main users of diesel: • Gas Turbine Generators • Gas Turbine Compressors • Emergency Diesel Generator Day Tank • Firewater Pumps • Pedestal Crane Diesel Engines • LQ Crane Diesel Engines UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
8. Fuel Gas System During normal operation, Fuel Gas System will provide fuel gas to Gas Turbine Generator for power generation, to Gaslift Compressor’s turbine as fuel gas and seal gas, to Gas Injection Compressor driver as fuel gas, to HP and LP Flare Header for purging and to Produced Water Treatment System as blanket gas in Compact Floatation Unit.
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System 9. Control System • A process control system is used to monitor data and control equipment on the plant. • The purpose of this system is to read values from a large number of sensors, run programs to monitor the process and control valves switches etc. to control the process. • At the same time values, alarms, reports and other information are presented to the operator and command inputs accepted. • E.g. The process control system should control the process when it is operating within normal constrains such as level, pressure and temperature. The Emergency Shutdown (ESD) and Process Shutdown (PSD) systems will take action when the process goes into a malfunction or dangerous state. UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
9. Fire & Gas System • Each fire area should be designed to be self contained, in that it should detect fire and gas by several types of sensors, and control fire protection and fire fighting devices to contain and fight fire within the fire area. In case of fire, the area will be partially shut off by closing ventilation fire dampers. • A fire area protection data sheet typically shows what detection exists for each fire area and what fire protection action should be taken in case of an undesirable event. • A separate package related to fire and gas is the diesel or electrically driven fire water pumps for the sprinkler and deluge ring systems. • The type and number of the detection, protection and fighting devices depend on the type of equipment and size of the fire area and is different for e.g. process areas, electrical rooms and accommodations. UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 Oil & Gas Utilities System
9. Fire & Gas System Fire detection: - Gas detection: Combustible and Toxic gas, Electro catalytic or optical (IR) detector. - Flame detection: Ultraviolet (UV) or Infra Red (IR) optical detectors - Fire detection: Heat and Ionic smoke detectors - Manual pushbuttons Firefighting, protection: - Gas based fire-fighting such as CO2 - Foam based fire-fighting - Water based fire-fighting: Sprinklers, Mist (Water spray) and deluge - Protection: Interface to emergency shutdown and HVAC fire dampers. - Warning and escape: PA systems, beacons/lights, fire door and damper release
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 HSE Philosophy • The purpose of this philosophy is to provide appropriate guidance and direction to ensure that a safe design of the Offshore Facilities project is achieved, such that risks meet COMPANY guidelines, and are as low as reasonably practicable. • The objective of this philosophy is to provide a safe working environment for personnel by: minimising the potential for hazardous occurrences avoiding exposure of personnel to potential hazards containing and minimising the effects of hazards providing adequate escape routes away from hazards providing a satisfactory means of egress from all work areas providing satisfactory facilities for personnel to shelter while a hazard event is assessed providing satisfactory arrangements for evacuation or escape from the installation should it prove necessary to leave the installation providing satisfactory arrangements for the recovery or rescue of personnel post evacuation/escape UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 HSE Philosophy • The purpose of this philosophy is to provide appropriate guidance and direction to ensure that a safe design of the Offshore Facilities project is achieved, such that risks meet COMPANY guidelines, and are as low as reasonably practicable. • The objective of this philosophy is to provide a safe working environment for personnel by: minimising the potential for hazardous occurrences avoiding exposure of personnel to potential hazards containing and minimising the effects of hazards providing adequate escape routes away from hazards providing a satisfactory means of egress from all work areas providing satisfactory facilities for personnel to shelter while a hazard event is assessed providing satisfactory arrangements for evacuation or escape from the installation should it prove necessary to leave the installation providing satisfactory arrangements for the recovery or rescue of personnel post evacuation/escape UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 HSE Philosophy PROJECT SAFETY OBJECTIVES Within the limits of ALARP the Project Safety Objectives are: 1. To engineer a safe, reliable and operable facility at minimum cost through simple and effective design. 2. To ensure, throughout all stages of design, that the facility meets the latest International safety and environmental codes and standards, using the most cost effective measures available. 3. In achieving the above design objectives, the priorities shall be:•. Health and Safety of Personnel •. Conservation of the environment •. Protection of capital investment •. The approach to achieving these subjects is the implementation of the following in order of preference: •. Inherent Safety/Prevention •. Control •. Mitigation UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 HSE Philosophy • The design shall include the principles of inherent safety to prevent or eliminate the likelihood of major initiating events, and the scale of any subsequent consequences. • Adopting an inherently safe approach to design engineering allows for the identification and removal of hazards at an early stage. Inherent safety is achieved through simplicity of design, robustness, reliability, practicality and quality of build. • The four principles of inherent safety can be summarised as follows: Elimination Can particular hazards or hazardous activities be designed out?
Reduce the likelihood Reduce the severity
Can the plant be designed more simply or robustly so that it is less likely to fail or leak? Can the scale, intensity, duration and potential for escalation of the residual incidents be minimised by design?
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 HSE Philosophy Control However, should hazardous events occur they should be promptly detected and acted upon automatically (e.g. by the Fire and Gas System and Emergency Shutdown System) with the aim of reducing the risk to personnel and the environment and minimising the damage to equipment, plant and structures. Mitigation The consequences of an accidental hazardous event may be in the form of thermal radiation, overpressure or release of toxic chemicals in liquid or gaseous form. The evaluation of the required safety measures shall be based mainly upon the extent of its consequential effects. The probability of an accidental event occurring may be taken into account for very rare events.
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 HSE Philosophy Design Criteria To prioritise the aim of protection of personnel the platform design shall ensure that the following conditions are fulfilled: 1. Operation of Systems and Facilities Where incorrect or inappropriate operation of systems or facilities on the installation can increase the risk of accident or injury to personnel, then suitable design measures shall be included to avoid these occurrences. 2. Explosion Prevention and Mitigation Measures Measures shall be taken in the design and layout of the installation to ensure the following: • Overpressures are minimised by following the guidelines in ISO 13702, Annex B10 • Provision of natural ventilation in areas where gas can accumulate • Overpressures from explosions are freely vented • Deluge (fixed water spray)actuated in congested areas when hydrocarbon gas detected.
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
3.4 HSE Philosophy 3. Active Emergency Systems Appropriate measures shall be taken to detect the presence of explosive gas, toxic gas and fire, with provision of actions to warn personnel during manned periods. Measures to place the installation in a stable condition (emergency shutdown) shall also be provided. The emergency systems shall activate fire protection systems as appropriate when fire is confirmed. Accident Containment 4. Risks to Personnel The consequences of an accidental hazardous event shall not cause injury to personnel outside the immediate vicinity of the incident or expose those personnel in non hazardous areas to risks which are likely to cause injury or impair escape or evacuation provisions. 5. Fire Protection Measures Measures shall be taken to minimise the total flammable inventory (gas and liquid) on the installation at any time and to minimise the quantity of flammable substances available to fuel a fire in each area by measures such as sectionalisation and blow down. Measures shall also be taken to prevent fires spreading to the escape routes, TR and evacuation facilities. Maximum use will be made of open grated floors in process areas to prevent the formation of liquid pools. MARA The requirement to prevent liquid spills to the UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI
3.4 HSE Philosophy Escape, Temporary Refuge and Evacuation 6. Escape Routes Following a hazardous event, escape routes from any area shall remain passable for long enough to allow personnel to escape the affected area and reach a place of safety without exposure to further risk. Allowance shall be made for escape or rescue of injured personnel. 7. Temporary Refuge (TR) On the Dalan complex there shall be a place of relative safety, the Temporary Refuge (TR), located on the Living Quarters Platform, LQ3, which shall provide protection for all personnel from the consequences of an accidental event for an appropriate period of time (the specified endurance period). Whilst inside the TR, personnel shall have the means of monitoring and controlling emergency systems and communicating both internally and with rescue services. 8. Evacuation Provisions There shall be provision, with some redundancy, for all personnel to effect safe evacuation from the TR at any time during the specified endurance period for the TR,TEKNOLOGI using facilities contained on or within the installation, UNIVERSITY MARA
3.4 HSE Philosophy The main objective of the fire and gas detection and alarm system is to ensure an early and reliable detection of fire and gas hazards, alert personnel, initiate or monitor automatic fire protection system, and to interface with control and emergency shutdown systems. The system will provide the operator with a facility for full status information of all active detection/protection systems upon request and shall automatically annunciate alarm and fault conditions at the Control Room. The Fire and Gas Detection system shall be provided to perform, but not be limited to, the following duties: • to monitor all designated areas for fire; • to monitor all areas where flammable or toxic gas might be present in the course of normal operations; • to monitor air intakes of accommodation and enclosed, occupied areas for concentration of toxic gases; • to monitor air intakes for concentration of flammable gases; • to monitor airlocks located in Zone 2 areas for toxic and flammable gases; • to provide a facility for raising a fire or gas alarm ; • to alert personnel in the Central Control Room of any fire or gas UNIVERSITY emergencyTEKNOLOGI situation; MARA
Principles : Fire detection shall be installed wherever the development of a fire constitutes a possible threat to the installation. The fire detection system shall be designed to: • Detect a fire as early as possible • Initiate preventive actions at an early stage in order to reduce the consequence of the fire. There are in principle three different types of fire detectors: • flame detectors IR flame detectors responding to infrared characteristics shall be installed in hydrocarbon production and processing areas on all manned and unmanned platforms. They shall not be used in engine rooms due to the possibility of black body radiation. • heat detectors Heat detectors, which operate at a pre-determined fixed temperature shall be installed in enclosed areas where local conditions are not considered suitable for smoke detectors, eg due to high humidity or periodic wind gusts (e.g. near doors to outside). Heat detectors shall be used in areas within workshops, engine rooms, turbine enclosures and galley hoods and shall be connected in a single UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
Principles : 3. Smoke Detector Ionisation smoke detectors shall be provided to monitor the following enclosed areas: • lobbies, cabins and offices; • public areas and corridors; • control rooms; • electrical switchgear and local technical rooms; • battery and telecoms rooms; • void spaces, false ceilings and false floors; • laboratories. EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN SYSTEM The main complex shall be provided with an Emergency Shutdown System (ESD) to ensure the safe isolation and shutdown of equipment under hazardous upset or fire/gas conditions.
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
EMERGENCY ALARMS SYSTEM Emergency alarm systems may be divided into two main parts: the active system (audible and visual alarm) and the passive system (organisation and procedures). In addition, an audible and visual alarm shall be provided locally for the following purposes:Carbon dioxide status lamps Carbon dioxide pre-discharge sounder alarm
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
EMERGENCY AND SAFETY SIGNS/PLANS Safety signs shall be provided throughout the installation combining the geometrical shape, colour and pictorial symbol to give specific health/safety or emergency information and/or instructions for personnel. Text shall be in Malay and English. Safety signs shall be in accordance with BS 5378 and BS 5499. Emergency signs shall be provided to inform personnel of escape routes, emergency exits, fire-fighting and rescue equipment locations. All emergency signs shall be illuminated by one of the following means: • directly by the provision of emergency lighting; • self-powered, luminescent; • photoluminescent.
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
EMERGENCY POWER SUPPLY An emergency power supply system shall be provided for all consumers, which are required to be operational under emergency conditions. Essential consumers which are needed during periods where the main power supply is not available (e.g. start-up) shall also be connected to this supply. NAVIGATIONAL AIDS Navigational aids shall be provided for the installation in accordance with the IALA recommendations for the marking of offshore structures, O-114. In addition, aviation obstruction lights and the helideck illumination shall be provided as noted below.
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
LIFE SAVING APPLIANCES life saving appliances, which shall be provided for rescue of personnel fallen into the sea and for safe escape of personnel from the platforms without external assistance in the event of a platform emergency. All life saving appliances shall be in compliance with IMO and SOLAS requirements and shall be type approved accordingly. Example 1. Survival craft – TEMPSC Totally Enclosed Motor Propelled Survival Craft 2. Liferafts 3. Lifejackets 4. Lifebuoy 5. Stretchers 6. First aid equipment 7. Safety shower and eye bath 8. SCBA UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
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