Yuvraj Ias: Indian Polity Mindmaps

YUVRAJ IAS INDIAN POLITY MINDMAPS A Quick Way To Cover And Revise The Syllabus

FOR CIVIL SERVICES EXAMINATION ONLY (Volume-I)

Copyright © 2019 Yuvraj IAS All Rights Reserved. This Book Or Any Portion Thereof May Not Be Reproduced Or Used In Any Manner Whatsoever Without The Express Written Permission Of The Publisher Except For The Use Of Brief Quotations In A Book Review. Published By: Global Pro Publications Chandigarh, Punjab, India www.yuvrajias.com

TABLE OF CONTENTS TOPICS How To Use Mindmaps Salient Features Preamble Citizenship Fundamental Rights Directive Principles Of State Policy Fundamental Duties Amendment Of Constitution Basic Structure Of Constitution Parliamentary System Federal System Center-State/ Interstate Relations Emergency Provisions President/Vice-President Parliament Budget Parliamentary Committees Supreme Court Special Status Of Jammu & Kashmir Panchayati Raj Municipalities Union Territories Scheduled And Tribal Areas Constitutional Bodies Non-Constitutional Bodies Important Articles In Indian Constitution Important Acts Example Of Notes Union/State/Concurrent List List Of All Amendments

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1 2 3-4 5 6-13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20-21 22 23-24 25-27 28 29 30-31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39-44 45-47 48-55 56-70 71-85

How To Use The Mindmaps 1. Use Mind Maps To Read The Topics Faster With Complete Topic Coverage. 2. Try To Write Sentences Or Paragraphs Using Mind Maps. This Will Help You To Write Better In Your Mains Examination. It Also Aids In Engraving The Topic Better In Your Mind. 3. Use Them As Flash Cards To Revise Topics. 4. Use Mind Maps To Read And Revise Faster During Last Minute Preparations.

(A MindMap Booklet Which Will Help You To Cover And Revise Indian Polity In A Systematic Way)

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List Of All Important Articles Of Indian Constitution * Article 1 *: - Union Name and State Territory * Article 2 *: - Admission or establishment of new states * Article 3 *: - Formation of states and borders or names Change * Article 4 *: - Modifications of the first scheduled and fourth schedule and the methods made under two and three * Non-Discrimination 5 *: - Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution * Article 6 *: - Citizenship to persons coming to India * Article 7 *: - Citizenship to those visiting Pakistan * Article 8 *: - Citizenship of persons living outside India * Article 9 *: - No citizenship of foreign nation's citizenship * Article 10 *: - Staying Citizenship Rights * Article 11 *: - Regulation of law for citizenship by Parliament * Article 12 *: - Definition of State * Article 13 *: - Ways to inconsistent or minimize basic rights * Article 14 *: - Equality before law * Article 15 *: - Anti-religion sex discrimination * Article 16 *: - Equality of opportunity in public planning * Article 17 *: - End of untouchability * Article 18 *: - End of titles * Article 19 *: - Freedom of speech * Article 20 *: - Protection with respect to the defects of crimes ** * Article 21 *: - Spirit and Spiritual Freedom * Article 21A *: - Right to Education for children between 6 and 14 years * Article 22 *: - Protection in some cases from arrest * Article 23 *: - Human misdeeds and child labor * Article 24 *: - Percentage of child planning in factories * Article 25 *: - Freedom of conduct and propaganda of religion ** * Article 26 *: - Freedom of managing religious affairs * Article 29 *: - Protection of interests of minority groups * Article 30 *: - Right to Minority Sections for Establishment and Administration of Educational Institutions * Article 32 *: - Treatment for the Promotion of Rights * Article 36 *: - Definition * Article 40 *: - Organization of village panchayats * Article 48 *: - Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Organization

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* Article 48A *: - Protection of environmental forests and wildlife * Article 49: - * Preservation of national monuments and objects *Article. 50 *: - Empowerment of Judiciary from Executive * Article 51 *: - International peace and security * Article 51A *: - Original duty * Article 52 *: - President of India * Article 53 *: - Executive power of the Union * Article 54 *: - Election of the President * Article 55 *: - The Presidential Election Method * Article 56 *: - President's tenure * Article 57 *: - Eligibility for re-election * Article 58 *: - Describing the president as elected * Article 59 *: - Terms for the Presidential post * Article 60 *: - Presidential oath * Article 61 *: - Process of impeachment on the President * Article 62 *: - Time and method of election to fill the person on the President's post. * Article 63 *: - Vice President of India * Article 64 *: - Vice-President to be the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha * Article 65 *: - The function of the Vice President on the vacancy of the Presidential post * Article 66 *: - Election of Vice President * Article 67 *: - Vice President's term * Article 68 *: - Election to fill the vacancy of Vice President's post * Article 69 *: - Oath by the Vice President ** * Article 70 *: - Discharging the President's duties in other contingencies * Article 71 *. : - Presidential and Vice Presidential election related Subject * Article 72 *: - Power of candle * Article 73 *: - Expansion of the executive power of the Union * Article 74 *: - Council of Ministers to give advice to the President * Article 75 *: - Provisions regarding ministers * Article 76 *: - The Attorney General of India * Article 77 *: - Operation of the Government of India * Article 78 *: - The Prime Minister of Information to the President Obligation * Article 79 *: - Constitution of Parliament * Article 80 *: - Structure of the Rajya Sabha ** * Article 81 *: - Structure of Lok Sabha * Article 83 *: - Term of the House of Parliament * Article 84 *: - Succession for Members of Parliament * Article 85 *: - Session of Parliament and dissolution * Article 87 *: - President's special speech now * Article 88 *: - Ministers and Metropolitanists about the Houses Rights

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* Article 89 *: - The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha * Article 90 *: - The post of subpoena vacates or demolishes go * Article 91 *: -Complete and fulfill the duties of the administration * Article 92 *: - Removal of the Chairman or Deputy Chairman Presumption * Article 93 *: - Chairman and Vice President of Lok Sabha * Inappropriate 94 *: - The vacancy of the post of president and vice president * Article 95 *: - Duties and powers in the President * Article 96 *: - After the resolution to remove the post of vice president Not being a preschool * Article 97 *: - Chairman, Deputy Chairman and Vice Chairman Pay and allowances * Article 98 *: - The Parliamentary Standing Committee * Article 99 *: - By oath or affirmation by the member * Article 100 * - Notwithstanding voting vacancies in resources Power and Responsibility to Work in the Houses * Article 108 *: - In some cases joint meeting of both houses * Unclaimed 109 *: - Special process related to money bill * Article 110 *: - Definition of wealth legislator * Article 111 *: - Permission on bills * Article 112 *: - Annual Financial Statements * Article 118 *: - Rules of Procedure * Article 120 *: - Language used in Parliament * Article 123 *: - The President's Ordinance Power in the Parliament of Rest * Article 124 *: - Establishment and formation of the Supreme Court * Article 125 *: - Judge's salary * Article 126 *: - Appointment of Chief Justice Statue of Work * Article 127 *: - Appointment of ad hoc judges * Article 128 *: - Presence of retired judges * Article 129 *: - Records of the Supreme Court to be new office * Article 130 *: - The location of the Supreme Court ** * Article 131 *: - Initial jurisdiction of the Supreme Court * Article 137 *: - Review of Decisions and Orders * Article 143 *: - To consult the Supreme Court Power of the president * Article 144 *: - By civil and judicial officials Help of Supreme Court * Article 148 *: - The Comptroller and Auditor General of India * Article 149 *: - Duties of the Comptroller and Auditor General * Article 150 *: - Writing format of the states of the Union * Article 153 *: - Governor of the States * Article 154 *: - Executive power of the state * Article 155 *: - Appointment of the Governor * Article 156 *: - Governor's tenure * Article 157 *: - The qualifications of appointing a governor * Article 158 *: - Conditions for the post of governor

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* Article 159 *: - Oath or Affirmation by the Governor * Article 163 *: - The Council of Ministers, to advise the governor * Article 164 *: - Other provisions regarding ministers * Article 165 *: - State Advocate General * Article 166 *: - Operation of the State Government * Article 167 *: - Chief Minister's duties regarding giving information to the Governor * Article 168 *: - Constitution of the State Legislature * Article 170 *: - Structure of Assemblies * Article 171 *: - Structure of the Legislative Council * Article 172 *: - Legislature of the states that period * Article 176 *: - Governor's special address * Article 177 * Rights of Ministers and Advocates of Houses * Article 178 *: - Speaker and Vice President of the Assembly * Article 179 *: - The vacancy of the post of Chairman and Vice President or Postponement * Article 180 *: - Functions and powers of the posts of the President ** * Article 181 *: - Somebody to remove the Vice President from the post Lack of water * Article 182 *: - Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Legislative Council * Article 183 *: - The post of Chairman and Deputy Speaker is vacant Abdication * Article 184 *: - Following and adherence to the duties of the post of Chairman * Article 185 *: - Appointment of Deputy Chairman Presumption * Article 186 *: - Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the

Chairman and Deputy Chairman * Article 187 *: - The State Legislature's governing body. * Article 188 *: - oath or affirmation by members * Article 189 *: - Vigilance and quorum for the work of instruments while voting vacancies in the Houses * Article 199 *: - Definition of Money Foreign * Article 200 *: - Permission on legislators * Article 202 *: - Annual Financial Statements * Article 213 *: - Legislation To verify the ordinance in the atmosphere Power of governor * Article 214 *: - High Courts for States * Article 215 *: - Record of High Courts to be a Court * Article 216 *: - Constitution of High Court * Article 217 *: - Appointment of High Court Judge Method terms * Article 221 *: - Judge's salary ** * Article 222 *: - from a court to another court

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Transfer of judges * Article 223 *: - Appointment of Executive Chief Justice Murthy * Article 224 *: - Appointment of other judges * Article 226 *: - Power of the High Court to remove some writ * Article 231 *: - Establishing the same High Court for two or more states * Article 233 *: - Appointment of District Judges Article 241 *: - The High Court for the Union Territory ** * Article 243 *: - Panchayat Municipality and Co-operative Societies * Article 244 *: - Administration of scheduled areas and tribal areas * Article 248 *: - Residual Legislative Powers * Article 252 *: - Power of Parliament to make laws with consent for two or more states * Article 254 *: - Incompatibilities in the methods made by the Parliament and the laws made by the Legislature of the States * Article 256 *: - State and Union obligations * Article 257 *: - Control of the Union on States in some cases * Article 262 *: - Water related to interstate rivers or river banks Judicial dispute * Article 263 *: - Formation of Inter-State Development Council * Article 266 *: - Consolidated Fund * Article 267 *: - Contingency fund * Article 269 *: - Collected and collected by the Union but states Tax to be paid to * Article 270 *: - Consolidated by union and states Taxes to be distributed among * Article 280 *: - Finance Commission * Article 281 *: - Recommendations of the Finance Commission * Article 292 *: - Borrowing by the Government of India * Article 293 *: - State borrowing * Article 300 *: - Right to Property * Article 301 *: - Freedom of trade commerce and sex * Article 309 *: - Recruitment of people serving the State and terms of service * Article 310 *: - Term of the persons serving the union or the state * Article 313 *: - The provisions of the transitional period * Article 315 *: - Public Service Commission for Union Territory * Article 316 *: - Appointment and duration of members * Article 317 *: - Removed a member of Public Service Commission To go or get suspended * Article 320 *: - acts of public service commission * Article 323A *: - Administrative Tribunal * Article 323 b *: - Tribunal for other topics * Article 324 *: - Elections to the Superintendence of Elections and Controls to be contained in the Commission

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* Article 329 *: - In the matter of electoral matters, the court Description of intervention * Article 330 *: - Locations of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha * Article 331 *: - The Anglo-Indian community in the Lok Sabha Representation * Article 332 *: - Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assembly of the State Reservation of Places for Scheduled Tribes * Article 333 *: - Anglo-Indians in the state assembly Community representation * Article 343 *: - Definition of Union * Article 344 *: - Committee on the Official Language and the Committee of Parliament * Article 350C *: - On Primary level, education of mother tongue Facilities * Article 351 *: - Instructions for the development of Hindi language * Article 352 *: - Impact of Emergency Announcement * Article 356 *: - In the state of constitutional mechanisms to fail Provision in condition * Article 360 *: - Provisions regarding financial emergency * Article 368 *: - Parliament to amend the Constitution Power and its process * Article 377 *: - Regarding the Comptroller and Auditor General of India Provisions * Article 378 *: - About Public Service Commission

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IMPORTANT ACTS 1) REGULATING ACT OF 1773  Governor of Bengal made as Governor general of Bengal.( First Governor General –Lord Warren Hastings)  Governors of Bombay and Madras presidencies made subordinate to Bengal governor general.  Establishment of Supreme court at Calcutta (1774).  Strengthened control of British govt over company( Court of Directors).

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2) CHARTER ACT OF 1833  Governor General of Bengal made as Governor General of India.( First Governor General of India- Lord William Bentick).  Deprived the governor of Bombay & Madras presidencies of their legislative power.  Attempted to introduce open competition for selection of Civil servants. 3) INDIAN COUNCIL ACT OF 1861  Indians associated with law making process  Nominated Indians to Legislative council are Raja of Benaras, the Maharaja of Patiala, Sie Dinkar Rao.  Establishment of new legislative councils for Bengal- 1862 North western frontier Province(NWFP)- 1866 Punjab- 1897

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 Gave recognition to the Portfolio system( Introduced by Lord Canning in 1859)  Empowered Viceroy to make rules, orders and Ordinances( Valid for only 6 months). 3) INDIAN COUNCIL ACT OF 1909  Morley- Minto Refoms  Provided for the association of Indians with the executive councils of the viceroy & Governors.  Satyendra Sinha (Law member) was the first Indian to join viceroy’s Executive council.  Lord Minto- Father of Communal Electorate  Introduced communal representation for Muslim( Concept of Separate Electorate) 4) GOVT OF INDIA ACT OF 1919     

Montague- Chelmsford reforms Double Rule Introduced Bicameralism & direct elections in the country. Dual Scheme of governance- Dyarchy. Establishment of Public Service Commissions- Central PSC was setup in 1926.

5) GOVT OF INDIA ACT OF 1935  Second Milestone towards a Completely responsible govt in India.  Divided the powers between centre and units in terms of 3 lists  Federal list( centre with 59 items)  Provincial list( Provinces with 54 items)  Concurrent list( for both with 36 items)

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 Abolished diarchy in the provinces & Introduced Provincial Autonomy.  Abolished Council of India & Established Govt of India Acy 1858.  Introduced Bicameralism.  Extended franchise( 10% of population got Voting Right).  Established Reserve Bank of India.  Establishment of Federal court 1937.

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EXAMPLE: HOW YOU CAN MAKE NOTES MOST OF THE STUDENTS ARE CONFUSED THAT HOW THEY CAN MAKE NOTES. SOME EXAMPLES ARE MENTIONED ON THE NEXT PAGES WHICH WILL GIVE YOU CLEAR IDEA THAT HOW YOU CAN MAKE NOTES. TAKE SOME IDEAS OUT OF IT

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1. DRAFTING COMMITTEE    

Drafting constitution published in Jan 1948. Chairman: Dr.B.R.Ambedkar Constitution adopted on Nov 1949 Constitution came into force on Jan 26,1950

2. IMPORTANT SCHEDULES a) Sixth schedule Provisions relating to the administration and control of scheduled areas and scheduled tribes (Art 244 & 275) b) Seventh Schedule (Art 246)  List I - Union list - 100 subjects( Originally 97)  List II - State list - 61 subjects( Originally 66)  List III-Concurrent list – 52 subjects( Originally 47) c) Eighth Schedule( Language) –(Art 344 & 351)     

Originally 14 languages Now 22 languages 21st Amendment( 1967) - Sindhi 71st Amendment( 1992) - Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali 92nd Amendment( 2003)- Bodo, Dogri, Maithali, Santhali.

d) Nineth Schedule(Art 31 B)  Land reforms  To protect laws  1st Amendment( 1951)

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e) Tenth Schedule(Art 102 & 191)  Disqualification of Member of parliament and State legislatures on ground of defection  52nd Amendment( 1985)  Anti defection Law

3) PREAMBLE  Key to the constitution  42nd Amendment( Mini Constitution)- Added the words ‘Socialist’, ‘Secular’, ‘Integrity’ in the preamble. (1976) Cases related to Preamble  Berubari case( 1960)- SC- Preamble is not a part of constitution  Keshavanandha Bharati Case( 1973)- SC- Preamble is a part of constitution.

4) UNION AND ITS TERRITORY a) Art 2  Grants power to admit into the union of India new States  Power to establish new state.

Process for the Formation of New State  Step 1: Presidential reference is sent to the state assembly  Step 2: After Presidential reference, a resolution is tabled and passed in the assembly

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 Step 3: Assembly has to pass a bill creating the new state  Step 4: A separate bill has to be ratified by Parliament.

b) Art 3  Formation of /or changes in the existing states of the union of India

5) FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS  Part III  Borrowed from USA 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

Right to equality Right to Freedom Right against Exploitation Right to freedom of Religion Cultural and educational rights Right to Constitutional Remedies

Important Articles  Art 16 – Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment  Art 21 – Protection of life and personal liberty  Art 21A- Right to Elementary Education  Art 22 – Protection against arrest and Detention in certain cases.  Art 29 – Protection of language, Script and culture of minorities  Art 30 – Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.

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RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES( Art 32- 35)  ‘Heart and soul of constitution’ said by Dr.B.R.Ambedkar.  Art 32- Right of every citizen to approach SC for the enforcement of his/her Fundamental Rights.  SC can issue Writs in the nature of  Habeas Corpus- Produce a person who has been detained, whether in prison or in private custody, befor the court and to release him if such detention is found illegal  Mandamus- Issued by SC or HC when any govt, court, corporation, or any public authority has to do a public duty but fails to do so.  Certiorari- Issued by SC or HC for quashing the order already passed by an inferior court, tribunal or quasi judicial authority.  Prohibition- Issued by the SC or HC to an inferior court forbidding it to continue proceedings in a case in excess of its jurisdiction.  Quo Warranto- Issued by a court to prevent a person from holding an office to which he is not entitled(Statutory/ Constitution). RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT  2005 RIGHT TO EDUCATION  86TH Amendment( 2002)  Free and compulsory education to children between the age of 6 to 14 years.  Act enjoins upon parents to send their children to school as a Fundamental duty( Art 51 A).

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6) IMPORTANT AMENDMENTS  Art 368( Part XX) – Power of parliament to amend Constitution. 42ND AMENDMENT( 1976)  ‘Socialistic’, ‘Secular’, ‘Integrity’ words were added to the preamble  Added 10 Fundamental Duties to the Constitution.  Asserted supremacy of parliament with regarded to the amendment of constitution  Curtailed powers of HC and SC with regard to the issue of writs and judicial review  Raised tenure of lok sabha and state assemblies from 5 to 6 years.  Authorities parliament to make laws to deal with AntiNational activities.  Granted the union govt the power to deploy armed forces in any state to deal with a ‘grave situation of law and order’. 44TH AMENDMENT( 1978)  Modified Emergency provisions  Deleted right to property from list of Funamental Rights  Restored SC and HC , the jurisdiction and powers were in the 42nd Amendment. 69TH AMENDMENT( 1991)  Provided for the creation of a 70 member assembly and 7 Member council of Ministers for Delhi.

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86TH AMENDMENT(2002)  Compulsory primary education  Compel parents to send their children to school (Fundamental Duties- Art 51A).

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91ST AMENDMENT( 2002)  Restricted the size of council of ministers, both at centre and state level, to 15% of total lok sabha /Assembly Members.  In smaller states( Sikkim, Mizoram, Goa) the strength of assemblies varies from 32 to 40, the minimum size of council of ministers, including Chief Minister has been fixed as 12. 98TH AMENDMENT ACT  2nd Jan 2013  Empower governor of Karnataka to take steps to develop the Hyderabad- Karnataka Region.

7) DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY Part IV ( Art 36-51) also includes Art 350 A, 351, 335 a) ECONOMIC OR SOCIALISTIC Providing Social and economic justice in a welfare state Art 39  Provide adequate means of livelihood to all citizens  Secure opportunities for health development of Children  Secure equal pay for equal work to men and women. Art 40  Make efforts to secure right of work, education and public assistance in case of unemployment, sickness, old age etc. b) GANDHIAN PRINCIPLES  Art 41- Establishment of village panchayat powerful enough to function as unit of self governance.  Art 46- Promotion of educational and economic interests of weaker section of society.

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 Art 43- Promotion of cottage industries.  Art 47- Prohibition of intoxicating drugs and drinks.  Art 48- Prevention of slaughter of cows, calves and other milch cattle etc. C) LIBERAL PRINCIPLES  Art 44- Uniform civil code for the country  Art 45- Free and compulsory education for all children upto 14 years of age  Art 47- Separation of Judiciary and executive.  Art 39A- Provision of free lrgal aid to economically backward classes  Art 48- Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandary along scientific lines.

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UNION LIST, STATE LIST, CONCURRENT LIST (1).

Union List

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State List

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Concurrent List

Union List

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The Union List or List-I is a list of 100 items (the last item is numbered 97) given in Seventh Schedule in the Constitution of India on which Parliament has exclusive power to legislate. The legislative section is divided into three lists: Union List, State List andConcurrent List. Unlike the federal governments of the United States, Switzerland or Australia, residual powers remain with the Union Government, as with the Canadian federal government. There are 100 items on the list, of which one is no longer in force. These are: 1. Defence of India and every part thereof including preparation for defence and all such acts as may be conducive in times of war to its prosecution and after its termination to effective demobilisation. 2. Naval, militaryand air forces; any other armed forces of the Union. 2A. Deployment of any armed forces of the Union or any other force subject to the control of the Union or any contingent or unit thereof in any State in aid of the civil power; powers, jurisdiction, privileges and liabilities of the members of such forces while on such deployment. 3.

Delimitation of [cantonment] areas, local self-governmentin such areas, the

constitution and powers within such areas of cantonment authorities and the regulation of house accommodation (including the control of rents) in such areas. 4. Naval, militaryand air force works. 5. Arms, firearms, ammunitionand explosives. 6. Atomic energyand mineral resources necessary for its production. 7. Industriesdeclared by Parliament by law to be necessary for the purpose of defence or for the prosecution of war. 8. Central Bureau of Intelligence and Investigation.

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9. Preventive detentionfor reasons connected with Defence, Foreign Affairs, or the security of India; persons subjected to such detention. 10. Foreign affairs; all matters which bring the Union into relation with any foreign country. 11. Diplomatic, consularand trade representation. 12. United Nations Organisation. 13. Participation in international conferences, associations and other bodies and implementing of decisions made thereat. 14. Entering into treatiesand agreements with foreign countries and implementing of treaties, agreements and conventions with foreign Countries. 15. Warand peace. 16. Foreign jurisdiction. 17. Citizenship, naturalisationand aliens. 18. Extradition. 19. Admission into, and emigrationand expulsionfrom, India; passports and visas. 20. Pilgrimagesto places outside India. 21. Piraciesand crimes committed on the high seas or in the air; offences against the law of nations committed on land or the high seas or in the air. 22. Railways. 23. Highwaysdeclared by or under law made by Parliament to be national highways. 24. Shippingand navigation on inland waterways, declared by Parliament by law to be national waterways, as regards mechanically propelled vessels; the rule of the road on such waterways 25. Maritime shipping and navigation, including shipping and navigation on tidal waters; provision of education and training for the mercantile marineand regulation of such education and training provided by States and other agencies. 26. Lighthouses, including lightships, beacons and other provision for the safety of shipping and aircraft. 27. Portsdeclared by or under law made by Parliament or existing law to be major ports, including their delimitation, and the constitution and powers of port authorities therein. 28. Port quarantine, including hospitals connected therewith; seamen’s and marine hospitals. 29. Airways aircraft and air navigation; provision of aerodromes; regulation and organisation of air traffic, and of aerodromes; provision for aeronautical education and training and regulation of such education and training provided by States and other agencies.

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30. Carriage of passengers and goods by railway, sea or air, or by national waterways in mechanically propelled vessels. 31. Posts and telegraphs, telephones, wireless, broadcasting and other like forms of communication. 32. Property of the Union and the revenue therefrom, but as regards property situated in a State subject to legislation by the State, save in so far as Parliament by law otherwise provides. 33. 34. Courts of wardsfor the estates of Rulers of Indian States. 35. Public debtof the Union. 36. Currency, coinageand legal tender; foreign exchange. 37. Foreign loans. 38. Reserve Bank of India. 39. Post Office Savings Bank. 40. Lotteries organised by the Government of Indiaor the Government of a State. 41. Tradeand commerce with foreign countries import and export across customs frontiers definition of customs frontiers. 42. Inter-State trade and commerce. 43. Incorporation, regulation and winding up of trading Corporations, including banking, insurance and financial corporations but not including Co-operative Societies. 44. Incorporation, regulation and winding up of corporations, whether trading or not, with objects not confined to one State, but not including universities. 45. Banking. 46. Bills of exchange, cheques, promissory notesand other like instruments. 47. Insurance. 48. Stock exchangesand futures markets. 49. Patents, inventions and designs; copyright; trade-marksand merchandise marks. 50. Establishment of standards of weight and measure. 51. Establishment of standards of quality for goods to be exported out of India or transported from one State to another. 52. Industries, the control of which by the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest.

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53. Regulation and development of oilfields and mineral oil resources; petroleum and petroleum products; other liquids and substances declared by Parliament by law to be dangerously inflammable. 54. Regulation of mines and mineral development to the extent to which such regulation and development under the control of the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest. 55. Regulation of labour and safety in mines and oil-fields. 56. Regulation and development of inter-State rivers and river valleys to the extent to which such regulation and development under the control of the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest. 57. Fishing and fisheries beyond territorial waters. 58. Manufacture, supply and distribution of salt by Union agencies; regulations and control of manufacture, supply and distribution of salt by other agencies. 59. Cultivation, manufacture, and sale for export, of opium. 60. Sanctioning of cinematograph filmsfor exhibition. 61. Industrial disputes concerning Union employees. 62. The institutions known at the commencement of this Constitution as the National Library, the Indian Museum, the Imperial War Museum, the Victoria Memorialand the Indian War Memorial, and any other like institution financed by the Government of India wholly or in part and declared by Parliament by law to be an institution of national importance. 63. The institutions known at the commencement of this Constitution as the Benares Hindu University, the Aligarh Muslim Universityand the Delhi University; the University established in pursuance of Article 371-E; any other institution declared by Parliament by law to be an institution of national importance. 64. Institutions for scientific or technical education financed by the Government of India wholly or in part and declared by Parliament by law to be institutions of national importance. 65. Union agencies and institutions for – (a) professional, vocational or technical training, including the training of police officers; or (b) the promotion of special studies or research; or (c) scientific or technical assistance in the investigation or detection of crime. 66.

Co-ordination and determination of standards in institutions for higher education or

research and scientific and technical institutions.

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67. Ancient and historical monuments and records, and archaeological sites and remains, declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance. 68. The Survey of India, the Geological, Botanical, Zoologicaland AnthropologicalSurveys of India; Meteorological organisations. 69. Census. 70. Union public services; all-India services; Union Public Service Commission. 71. Union Pensions, that is to say, pensions payable by the Government of India or out of the Consolidated Fund of India. 72. Electionsto Parliament, to the Legislatures of States and to the offices of President and Vice-President; the Election Commission. 73. Salaries and allowances of members of Parliament, the Chairmanand Deputy chairmanof the Council of States and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People. 74. Powers, privileges and Immunities of each House of Parliamentand of the members and the Committees of each House enforcement of attendance of persons for giving evidence or producing documents before committees of Parliament or commissions appointed by Parliament. 75. Emoluments, allowances, privileges, and rights in respect of leave of absence, of the President and Governorssalaries and allowances of the Ministers for the Union; the Salaries, allowances, and rights in respect of leave of absence and other conditions of service of the Comptroller and Auditor-General. 76. Audit of the accounts of the Union and of the States. 77. Constitution, organisation, jurisdiction and powers of the Supreme Court(including contempt of such Court), and the fees taken therein persons entitled to practice before the Supreme Court. 78. Constitution and organisation (including vacations) of the High Courtsexcept provisions as to officers and servants of High Courts; persons entitled to practice before the High Courts. 79. Extensions of the jurisdiction of a High Court to, and exclusion of the jurisdiction of a High Court from any Union territory. 80. Extension of the powers and jurisdiction of members of a police force belonging to any Stateto any area outside that State, but not so as to enable the police of one State to exercise powers and jurisdiction in any area outside that State without the consent of the Government of the State in which such area is situated; extension of the powers and

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jurisdiction of members of a police force belonging to any State to railway areas outside that State. 81. Inter-state migration; inter-State quarantine. 82. Taxes on income other than agricultural income. 83. Duties of customsincluding export duties. 84. Duties of excise on tobaccoand other goods manufactured or produced in India except – (a) alcoholic liquors for human consumption (b) opium, Indian hemp and other narcotic drugs and narcotics; but including medicinal and toilet preparations containing alcohol or any substance included in sub-paragraph (b) of this entry. 85.

Corporation tax.

86. Taxes on the capital value of the assets, exclusive of agricultural land, of individuals and companies; taxes on the capital of companies. 87. Estate dutyin respect of property other than agricultural land. 88. Dutiesin respect of succession to property other than agricultural land. 89. Terminal taxes on goods or passengers, carried by railway, sea or air; taxes on railway fares and freights. 90. Taxes other than stamp dutieson transactions in stock exchanges and futures markets. 91. Rates of stamp duty in respect of bills of exchange, cheques, promissory notes, bills of lading, letters of credit, policies of insurance, transfer of shares, debentures, proxies and receipts. 92. Taxes on the sale or purchase of newspapers and on advertisements published therein. 92A. Taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers, where such sale or purchase takes place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce. 92B. Taxes on the consignment of goods (whether the consignment is to the person making it or to any other person), where such consignment takes place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce. 92C. Taxes on services. 93.

Offences against laws with respect to any of the matters in this List.

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94. Inquiries, surveys and statistics for the purpose of any of the matters in this List. 95. Jurisdiction and powers of all courts, except the Supreme Court, with respect to any of the matters in this List admiralty jurisdiction. 96. Fees in respect of any of the matters in this List, but not including fees taken in any court. 97. Any other matter not enumerated in List IIor List IIIincluding any tax not mentioned in either of those Lists.

(2)State List The State List or List-II is a list of 61 items (Initially there were 66 items in the list) in Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India. The legislative section is divided into three lists: Union List, State List and Concurrent List. Unlike the federal governments of the United States, Switzerland or Australia, residual powers remain with the Union Government, as with the Canadian federal government.

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If any provision of a law made by the Legislature of a State is repugnant to any provision of a law made by Parliament which Parliament is competent to enact, or to any provision of an existing law with respect to one of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent List, then, the law made by Parliament, whether passed before or after the law made by the Legislature of such State, or, as the case may be, the existing law, shall prevail and the law made by the Legislature of the State shall, to the extent of the repugnancy, be void. There is an exception to this in cases “where a law made by the Legislature of a State with respect to one of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent List contains any provision repugnant to the provisions of an earlier law made by Parliament or an existing law with respect to that matter, then, the law so made by the Legislature of such State shall, if it has been reserved for the consideration of the President and has received his assent, prevail in that State. Provided that nothing in this clause shall prevent Parliament from enacting at any time any law with respect to the same matter including a law adding to, amending, varying or repealing the law so made by the Legislature of the State.”

Items on the list The 61 items currently on the list are: 1. Public order(but not including the use of any naval, military or air force or any other armed force of the Union or of any other force subject to the control of the Union or of any contingent or unit thereof in aid of the civil power). 2. Police (including railway and village police) subject to the provisions of Entry 2-A ofList-I. 3. Officers and servants of theHigh Court; procedure in rent and revenue courts; fees taken in all courts except the Supreme Court. 4. Prisons,reformatories, Borstal institutions and other institutions of a like nature and persons detained therein; arrangements with other States for the use of prisons and other institutions. 5. Local government, that is to say, the constitution and powers ofmunicipal corporations, improvement trusts, district boards, mining settlement authorities and other local authorities for the purpose of local self–government or village administration. 6. Public healthand sanitation; hospitals and dispensaries. 7. Pilgrimages, other than pilgrimages to places outside India. 8. Intoxicating liquors, that is to say, the production, manufacture, transport, purchase and sale of intoxicating liquors. 9. Relief for thedisabled and unemployable.

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10. Burialsandburial grounds; cremations and cremation grounds. 11. 12. Libraries,museumsand other similar institutions controlled or financed by the State; ancient and historical monuments and records other than those declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance. 13. Communications, that is to say, roads, bridges,ferries, and other means of communication not specified inList I; municipal tramways, ropeways, inland waterways and traffic thereon subject to the provisions of List I and List III with regard to such water-ways; vehicles other than mechanically propelled vehicles. 14. Agriculture, including agricultural education and research; protection against pests and prevention of plant diseases. 15. Preservation, protection and improvement of stock and prevention of animal diseases; veterinary training and practice. 16. Pondsand the prevention of cattle trespass. 17. Water, that is to say,water supplies,irrigation and canals, drainage and embankments, water storage and water power subject to the provisions of Entry 56 of List I. 18. Land, that is to say, rights in or over land,land tenuresincluding the relation of landlord and tenant, and the collection of rents; transfer and alienation of agricultural land;land improvement and agricultural loans; colonization. 19. 20. 21. Fisheries. 22. Courts of wards; subject to the provisions of Entry 34 of List I; encumbered and attached estates. 23. Regulation of mines and mineral development subject to the provisions of List I with respect to regulation and development under the control of the Union. 24. Industriessubject to the provisions of Entries 7 and 52 of List I. 25. Gasandgas-works. 26. Tradeandcommerce within the State subject to the provisions of Entry 33 of List III. 27. Production, supply and distribution ofgoodssubject to the provisions of Entry 33 of List III. 28. Marketsandfairs. 29.

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30. Money-lending andmoney-lenders; relief of agricultural indebtedness. 31. Innsand inn-keepers. 32. Incorporation, regulation and winding up of corporations, other than those specified in List I, anduniversities; unincorporated trading, literary, scientific, religious and other societies and associations;co-operative societies. 33. Theatresanddramatic performances; cinemas subject to the provisions of Entry 60 of List I; sports, entertainments and amusements. 34. Bettingandgambling. 35. Works, lands and buildings vested in or in the possession of the State. 36. 37. Elections to the Legislature of the Statesubject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament. 38. Salaries and allowances ofmembers of the legislatureof the State, of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and, if there is a Legislative Council, of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman thereof. 39. Powers, privileges and immunities of the Legislative Assembly and of the members and the committees thereof and, if there is a Legislative Council, of that Council and of the members and the committees thereof; enforcement of attendance of persons for giving evidence or producing documents before committees of the Legislature of the State. 40. Salaries and allowances of Ministers for the State. 41. Statepublic services; State Public Service Commission. 42. State pensions, that is to say, pensions payable by the State or out of the Consolidated Fund of the State. 43. Public debtof the State. 44. Treasure trove. 45. Land revenue, including the assessment and collection of revenue, the maintenance ofland records, survey for revenue purposes and records of rights, and alienation of revenues. 46. Taxes onagricultural income. 47. Dutiesin respect of succession to agricultural land. 48. Estate dutyin respect of agricultural land. 49. Taxes on lands and buildings.

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50. Taxes on mineral rights subject to any limitations imposed by Parliament by law relating to mineral development. 51. Duties of excise on the following goods manufactured or produced in the State and countervailing duties at the same or lower rates on similar goods manufactured or produced elsewhere in India(a) alcoholic liquors for human consumption (b) opium, Indian hemp and other narcotic drugs and narcotics but not including medicinal and toilet preparations containing alcohol or any substance included in sub-paragraph (b) of this entry. 52.

Taxes on the entry of goods into a local area for consumption, use or sale therein.

53. Taxes on the consumption or sale ofelectricity. 54. Taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other thannewspapers, subject to the provisions of Entry 92-A of List I. 55. Taxes on advertisements other than advertisements published in the newspapers and advertisements broadcast by radio or television. 56. Taxes on goods and passengers carried by road or oninland waterways. 57. Taxes on vehicles, whether mechanically propelled or not, suitable for use on roads, includingtram-carssubject to the provisions of Entry 35 of List III [Concurrent list]. 58. Taxes on animals and boats. 59. 52. olls. 53. Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments. 54. Capitation taxes. 55. Taxes on luxuries, including taxes on entertainments, amusements, betting and gambling. 56. Rates ofstamp dutyin respect of documents other than those specified in the provisions of List I with regard to rates of stamp duty. 57. Offences against laws with respect to any of the matters in this list. 58. Jurisdiction and powers of all courts, except theSupreme Court, with respect to any of the matters in this list.

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59. Fees in respect of any of the matters in this list, but not including fees taken in any court.

(2)

Concurrent List

The Concurrent List or List-III (Seventh Schedule) is a list of 52 items (though the last item is numbered 47) given in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India. The legislative section is divided into three lists: Union List, State List and Concurrent List. Unlike the federal governments of the United States, Switzerland or Australia, residual powers remain with the Union Government, as with the Canadian federal government. Uniformity is desirable but not essential on items in the concurrent list. If any provision of a law made by the Legislature of a State Tis repugnant to any provision of a law made by Parliament which Parliament is competent to enact, or to any provision of an existing law with respect to one of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent List, then, the law made by Parliament, whether passed before or after the law made by the Legislature of such State, or, as the case may be, the existing law, shall prevail and the law made by the Legislature of the State shall, to the extent of the repugnancy, be void. There is an exception to this in cases “where a law made by the Legislature of a State with respect to one of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent List contains any provision repugnant to the provisions of an earlier law made by Parliament or an existing law with respect to that matter, then, the law so made by the Legislature of such State shall, if it has been reserved for the consideration of the President and has received his assent, prevail in that State. Provided that nothing in this clause shall prevent Parliament from enacting at any time any law with respect to the same matter including a law adding to, amending, varying or repealing the law so made by the Legislature of the State.

Items on the list. The 52 items currently on the list are. 1. Criminal law, including all matters included in theIndian Penal Code at the commencement of this Constitution but excluding offences against laws with respect to any of the matters specified in List I or List II and excluding the use of naval, military or air forces or any other armed forces of the Union in aid of the civil power.

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2. Criminal procedure, including all matters included in theCode of Criminal Procedure at the commencement of this Constitution. 3. Preventive detentionfor reasons connected with the security of a State, the maintenance of public order, or the maintenance of supplies and services essential to the community; persons subjected to such detention. 4. Removal from oneStateto another State of prisoners, accused persons and persons subjected to preventive detention for reasons specified in Entry 3 of this list. 5. Marriageand divorce; infants and minors; adoption; wills, intestacy and succession; joint family and partition; all matters in respect of which parties in judicial proceedings were immediately before the commencement of this Constitution subject to their personal law. 6. Transfer of property other thanagricultural land; registration ofdeeds and documents. 7. Contractsincluding partnership, agency, contracts of carriage, and other special forms of contracts, but not including contracts relating to agricultural land. 8. Actionable wrongs. 9. Bankruptcyand insolvency. 10. Trustand Trustees. 11. Administrators – general and official trustees. 11-A. Administration of justice; constitution and Organisation of all courts, except the Supreme Court and the High Courts. 12.

Evidenceand oaths; recognition of laws, public acts and records, and judicial

proceedings. 13. Civil procedure, including all matters included in the Code of Civil Procedure at the commencement of this Constitution, limitation andarbitration. 14. Contempt of court, but not including contempt of the Supreme Court. 15. Vagrancy;nomadic and migratory tribes. 16. Lunacyand mental deficiency, including places for the reception or treatment of lunatics and mental deficients. 17. Prevention ofcruelty to animals. 17-A. Forests. 17-B. Protection of wild animals and birds. 18.

Adulterationof foodstuffs and other goods.

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19. Drugsand poisons, subject to the provisions of Entry 59 of List I with respect to opium. 20. Economicand social planning. 20-A. Population control and family planning. 21.

Commercial and industrial monopolies,combinesand trusts.

22. Trade unions;industrial and labour disputes. 23. Social securityand social insurance; employment and unemployment. 24. Welfare of labour includingconditions of work,provident funds, employers’ liability, workmen’s compensation, invalidity and old age pensions and maternity benefits. 25. Education, includingtechnical education, medical education and universities, subject to the provisions of Entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I; vocational and technical training of labour. 26. Legal,medical and other professions. 27. Reliefand rehabilitation of persons displaced from their original place of residence by reason of the setting up of the Dominions of India and Pakistan. 28. Charitiesand charitable institutions, charitable and religious endowments and religious institutions. 29. Prevention of the extension from one State to another of infectious or contagious diseases or pests affecting men, animals or plants. 30. Vital statisticsincluding registration of births and deaths. 31. Portsother than those declared by or under law made by Parliament or existing law to be major ports. 32. Shippingand navigation on inland waterways as regards mechanically propelled vessels, and the rule of the road on such waterways, and the carriage of passengers and goods on inland waterways subject to the provisions of List I with respect to national waterways. 33. Tradeand commerce in, and the production, supply and distribution of,(a) the products of any industry where the control of such industry by the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest, and imported goods of the same kind as such products (b) foodstuffs, including edible oilseeds and oils (c) cattle fodder, including oilcakes and other concentrates (d) raw cotton, whether ginned or unginned, and cotton seed; and

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(e) raw jute. 33-A. Weights and measures except establishment of standards. 34.

Price control.

35. Mechanically propelled vehiclesincluding the principles on which taxes on such vehicles are to be levied. 36. Factories. 37. Boilers. 38. Electricity. 39. Newspapers, books andprinting presses. 40. Archaeological sitesand remains other than those declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance. 41. Custody, management and disposal of property (including agricultural land) declared by law to be evacuee property. 42. Acquisition and requisitioning of property. 43. Recovery in a State of claims in respect of taxes and other public demands, including arrears of land-revenue and sums recoverable as such arrears, arising outside that State. 44. Stamp dutiesother than duties or fees collected by means of judicial stamps, but not including rates of stamp duty. 45. Inquiries and statistics for the purposes of any of the matters specified in List II or List III. 46. Jurisdiction and powers of all courts, except theSupreme Court, with respect to any of the matters in this List. 47. Fees in respect of any of the matters in this List, but not including fees taken in any court.

*NOTE: BLANK SPACES ARE OMIITTED IN NATURE

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LIST OF ALL THE AMENDMENTS IN INDIAN CONSTITUTION First constitutional Amendment Act: 1951 o o

o

Added Ninth Schedule to protect the land reform and other laws included in it from the judicial review. Added three more grounds of restrictions on freedom of speech and expression, viz., public order, friendly relations with foreign states and incitement to an offence. Also, made the restrictions ‘reasonable’ and thus, justiciable in nature. Empowered the state to make special provisions for the advancement of socially and economically backward classes

Second constitutional amendment act: 1952 o

Readjusted the scale of representation in the Lok Sabha by providing that one member could represent even more than 7,50,000 persons.

Third constitutional amendment act: 1954 o o

Empowered the Parliament to control the production, supply and distribution of the foodstuffs, cattle fodder, raw cotton, cotton seed and raw jute in the public interest

Fourth constitutional amendment act: 1955 o

Made the scale of compensation given in lieu of compulsory acquisition of private property beyond the scrutiny of courts.

Fifth Amendment Act, 1955 o

Empowered the president to fix the time-limit for the state legislatures to express their views on the proposed Central legislation affecting the areas, boundaries and names of the states

Sixth Amendment Act, 1956 o

Included a new subject in the Union list i.e., taxes on the sale and purchase of goods in the course of inter-state trade and commerce and restricted the state’s power in this regard

Seventh constitutional Amendment Act-1956 o o

This constitutional amendment act was brought to give effect to recommendations of state reorganisation commission Provided for the establishment of a common high court for two or more states.

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o

o o

Abolished the existing classification of states into four categories i.e., Part A, Part B, Part C and Part D states, and reorganised them into 14 states and 6 union territories Extended the jurisdiction of high courts to union territories. Provided for the appointment of additional and acting judges of the high court

Eight Amendment Act, 1960 o

Extended the reservation of seats for the SCs and STs, and special representation for the Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies for a period of ten years (i.e., up to 1970).

Ninth Amendment Act, 1960 o

Facilitated the cession of Indian territory of Berubari Union (located in West Bengal) to Pakistan as provided in the Indo-Pakistan Agreement (1958).

Tenth constitutional Amendment Act-1961 o

Incorporated Dadra and Nagar Haveli in the Indian Union

Eleventh Amendment Act, 1961 o

o

Changed the procedure of election of the vice-president by providing for an electoral college instead of a joint meeting of the two Houses of Parliament. Provided that the election of the president or vice-president cannot be challenged on the ground of any vacancy in the appropriate electoral college.

Twelfth constitutional Amendment Act-1962 o

Incorporated Goa, Daman and Diu in the Indian Union.

Thirteenth Amendment Act, 1962

o

Gave the status of a state to Nagaland and made special provisions for it.

Fourteenth constitutional Amendment Act-1962 o

Incorporated Puducherry in the Indian Union

Fifteenth constitutional Amendment Act-1963 o

Increased the retirement age of high court judges from 60 to 62 years

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Sixteenth Amendment Act, 1963 o

Included sovereignty and integrity in the forms of oaths or affirmations to be subscribed by contestants to the legislatures, members of the legislatures, ministers, judges and CAG of India.

Seventeenth Amendment Act, 1964 o

Prohibited the acquisition of land under personal cultivation unless the market value of the land is paid as compensation.

Eighteenth Amendment Act, 1966 o

Made it clear that the power of Parliament to form a new state also includes a power to form a new state or union territory by uniting a part of a state or a union territory to another state or union territory.

Nineteenth Amendment Act, 1966 o

Abolished the system of Election Tribunals and vested the power to hear election

Twentieth Amendment Act, 1966 o

Validated certain appointments of district judges in the UP which were declared void by the Supreme Court.

Twenty-First Amendment Act, 1967 o

Included sindhi as the 15th language in the Eight Schedule.

Twenty-Second Amendment Act, 1969 o

Facilitated the creation of a new autonomous State of Meghalaya within the State of Assam.

Twenty-Third Amendment Act, 1969 o

Extended the reservation of seats for the SCs and STs, and special representation for the Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies for a further period of ten years (i.e., up to 1980).

Twenty-Fourth constitutional AmendmentAct-1971 o o

Affirmed the power of Parliament to amend any part of the constitution including fundamental rights. Made it compulsory for the president to give his assent to a Constitutional Amendment Bill.

Twenty-Fifth Amendment Act, 1971 o

Curtailed the fundamental right to property.

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o

Provided that any law made to give effect to the Directive Principles contained in Article 39 (b) or (c) cannot be challenged on the ground of violation of the rights guaranteed by Articles 14, 19 and 31.

Twenty-Sixth Amendment Act, 1971 o

Abolished the privy purses and privileges of the former rulers of princely states.

Twenty-Seventh Amendment, 1971 o

Empowered the administrators of certain union territories to promulgate ordinances.

Twenty-Eighth Amendment Act, 1972 o o o

Abolished the special privileges of ICS officers and empowered the Parliament to determine their service conditions. Twenty-Ninth Amendment Act, 1972 Included two Kerala Acts on land reforms in the Ninth Schedule.

Thirtieth Amendment Act, 1972 o

Did away with the provision which allowed appeal to the Supreme Court in civil cases involving an amount of `20,000, and provided instead that an appeal can be filed in the Supreme Court only if the case involves a substantial question of law.

Thirty-First Amendment Act, 1972 o

Increased the number of Lok Sabha seats from 525 to 545.

Thirty-Second constitutional Amendment Act-1973 o

Made special provisions to satisfy the aspirations of the people of the Telangana region in Andhra Pradesh.

Thirty-Third Amendment Act, 1974 o

Provided that the resignation of the members of Parliament and the state legislatures may be accepted by the Speaker/Chairman only if he is satisfied that the resignation is voluntary or genuine.

Thirty-Fourth Amendment Act, 1974 o

Included twenty more land tenure and land reforms acts of various states in the Ninth Schedule.

Thirty-Fifth Amendment Act, 1974 o

Terminated the protectorate status of Sikkim and conferred on it the status of an associate state of the Indian Union. The Tenth Schedule was added laying down the terms and conditions of association of Sikkim with the Indian Union.

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Thirty-Sixth constitutional Amendment Act-1975 o

Made Sikkim a full-fledged State of the Indian Union and omitted the Tenth Schedule.

Thirty-Seventh Amendment Act, 1975 o

Provided legislative assembly and council of ministers for the Union Territory of Arunachal Pradesh.

Thirty-Eighth Amendment Act, 1975 o

Empowered the president to declare different proclamations of national emergency on different grounds simultaneously.

Thirty-Ninth Amendment Act, 1975 o

Placed the disputes relating to the president, vice-president, prime minister and Speaker beyond the scope of the judiciary. They are to be decided by such authority as may be determined by the Parliament.

Fortieth Amendment Act, 1976 o

Empowered the Parliament to specify from time to time the limits of the territorial waters, the continental shelf, the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and the maritime zones of India.

Forty-First Amendment Act, 1976 o

Raised the retirement age of members of State Public Service Commission and Joint Public Service Commission from 60 to 62.

Forty-Second Amendment Act, 1976 o o o o o o

o

It is also known as Mini-Constitution. It was enacted to give effect to the recommendations of Swaran Singh Committee.) Added three new words (i.e., socialist, secular and integrity) in the Preamble. Added Fundamental Duties by the citizens (new Part IV A). Made the president bound by the advice of the cabinet Added three new Directive Principles viz., equal justice and free legal aid, participation of workers in the management of industries Shifted five subjects from the state list to the concurrent list, viz, education, forests, protection of wild animals and birds, weights and measures and administration of justice, constitution and organisation of all courts except the Supreme Court and the high courts Empowered the Centre to deploy its armed forces in any state to deal with a grave situation of law and order.

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Forty-Third Amendment Act, 1977 o

Restored the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the high courts in respect of judicial review and issue of writs

Forty-Fourth Amendment Act, 1978 o

o o o

Empowered the president to send back once the advice of cabinet for reconsideration. But, the reconsidered advice is to be binding on the president Replaced the term ‘internal disturbance’ by ‘armed rebellion’ in respect of national emergency. Made the President to declare a national emergency only on the written recommendation of the cabinet. Deleted the right to property from the list of Fundamental Rights and made it only a legal right.

Forty-Fifth Amendment Act, 1980 o

Extended the reservation of seats for the SCs and STs and special representation for the Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies for a further period of ten years (i.e., up to 1990).

Forty-Sixth Amendment Act, 1982 o

Enabled the states to plug loopholes in the laws and realise sales tax dues.

Forty-Seventh Amendment Act, 1984 o

Included 14 land reforms Acts of various states in the Ninth Schedule.

Forty-Eighth Amendment Act, 1984 o

Facilitated the extension of President’s rule in Punjab beyond one year without meeting the two special conditions for such extension.

Forty-Ninth Amendment Act, 1984 o

Gave a constitutional sanctity to the Autonomous District Council in Tripura.

Fiftieth Amendment Act, 1984 o

Empowered the Parliament to restrict the Fundamental Rights of persons employed in intelligence organisations and telecommunication systems set up for the armed forces or intelligence organisations.

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Fifty-First Amendment Act, 1984 o

Provided for reservation of seats in the Lok Sabha for STs in Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Mizoram as well as in the Legislative Assemblies of Meghalaya and Nagaland

Fifty-Second Amendment Act, 1985 o o

This amendment popularly known as Anti-Defection Law Provided for disqualification of members of Parliament and state legislatures on the ground of defection and added a new Tenth Schedule containing the details in this regard.

Fifty-Third Amendment Act, 1986 o

Made special provisions in respect of Mizoram and fixed the strength of its Assembly at a minimum of 40 members

Fifty-Fourth Amendment Act, 1986 o

Increased the salaries of the Supreme Court and high court judges and enabled the Parliament to change them in future by an ordinary law.

Fifty-Fifth Amendment Act, 1986 o

Made special provisions in respect of Arunachal Pradesh and fixed the strength of its Assembly at a minimum of 30 members.

Fifty-Sixth Amendment Act, 1987 o

Fixed the strength of the Goa Legislative Assembly at a minimum of 30 members.

Fifty-Seventh Amendment Act, 1987 o

Reserved seats for the STs in the legislative assemblies of the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland.

Fifty-Eighth Amendment Act, 1987 o

Provided for an authoritative text of the Constitution in Hindi language and gave the same legal sanctity to the Hindi version of the Constitution.

Fifty-Ninth Amendment Act, 1988 o

Provided for the declaration of national emergency in Punjab on the ground of internal disturbance.

Sixtieth Amendment Act, 1988 o

Increased the ceiling of taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments from Rs 250 per annum to Rs 2,500 per annum

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Sixty-First Amendment Act, 1989 o

Reduced the voting age from 21 years to 18 years for the Lok Sabha and state legislative assembly elections.

Sixty-Second Amendment Act, 1989 o

Extended the reservation of seats for the SCs and STs and special representation for the Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies for the further period of ten years (i.e., up to 2000).

Sixty-Third Amendment Act, 1989 o

Repealed the changes introduced by the 59th Amendment Act of 1988 in relation to Punjab. In other words, Punjab was brought at par with the other states in respect of emergency provisions.

Sixty-Fourth Amendment Act, 1990 o

Facilitated the extension of the President’s rule in Punjab upto a total period of three years and six months

Sixty-Fifth Amendment Act, 1990 o

Provided for the establishment of a multi-member National Commission for SCs and STs in the place of a Special Officer for SCs and STs.

Sixty-Sixth Amendment Act, 1990 o

Included 55 more land reforms Acts of various states in the Ninth Schedule.

Sixty-Seventh Amendment Act, 1990 o

Facilitated the extension of the President’s rule in Punjab up to a total period of four years.

Sixty-Eight Amendment Act, 1991 o

Facilitated the extension of the President’s rule in Punjab up to a total period of five years

Sixty-Ninth Amendment Act, 1991 o

Accorded a special status to the Union Territory of Delhi by designing it as the National Capital Territory of Delhi.

Seventieth Amendment Act, 1992 Provided for the inclusion of the members of the Legislative Assemblies of National Capital Territory of Delhi and the Union Territory of Puducherry in the Electoral College for the election of the president.

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Seventy-First Amendment Act, 1992

o

Included Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali languages in the Eight Schedule. With this, the total number of scheduled languages increased to 18.

Seventy-Second Amendment Act, 1992

o

Provided for reservation of seats for the STs in the Legislative Assembly of Tripura

Seventy-Third Amendment Act, 1992 o o

Granted constitutional status and protection to the panchayati raj institutions. For this purpose, the Amendment has added a new Part-IX entitled as ‘the panchayats’ and a new Eleventh Schedule containing 29 functional items of the panchayats

Seventy-Fourth Amendment Act, 1992 o o

Granted constitutional status and protection to the urban local bodies. For this purpose, the Amendment has added a new Part IX-A entitled as ‘the municipalities’ and a new Twelfth Schedule containing 18 functional items of the municipalities

Seventy-Fifth Amendment Act, 1994 o

Provided for the establishment of rent tribunals for the adjudication of disputes with respect to rent, its regulation and control and tenancy issues including the rights, title and interest of landlords and tenants

Seventy-Fifth Amendment Act, 1994

o

Provided for the establishment of rent tribunals for the adjudication of disputes with respect to rent, its regulation and control and

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tenancy issues including the rights, title and interest of landlords and tenants

Seventy-Sixth Amendment Act, 1994

o

Included the Tamil Nadu Reservation Act of 1994 (which provides for 69 per cent reservation of seats in educational institutions and posts in state services) in the Ninth Schedule to protect it from judicial review. In 1992, the Supreme Court ruled that the total reservation should not exceed 50 percent.

Seventy-Seventh Amendment Act, 1995 o

Provided for reservation in promotions in government jobs for SCs and STs. This amendment nullified the Supreme Court ruling with regard to reservation in promotions.

Seventy-Eighth Amendment Act, 1995 o

Included 27 more land reforms Acts of various states in the Ninth Schedule. With this, the total number of Acts in the Schedule increased to 282. But, the last entry is numbered 284.

Seventy-Ninth Amendment, 1999 o

Extended the reservation of seats for the SCs and STs and special representation for the Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies for a further period of ten years (i.e., up to 2010).

Eightieth Amendment Act, 2000 o

Provided for an ‘alternative scheme of devolution’ of revenue between the Centre and states. This was enacted on the basis of the recommendations of the Tenth Finance Commission which has recommended that out of the total income obtained from Central taxes and duties, twenty-nine per cent should be distributed among the states.

Eighty-First Amendment Act, 2000 o

Empowered the state to consider the unfilled reserved vacancies of a year as a separate class of vacancies to be filled up in any succeeding year or years. Such class of vacancies are not to be combined with the vacancies of the year in which they are being

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filled up to determine the ceiling of 50 per cent reservation on total number of vacancies of that year. In brief, this amendment ended the 50 per cent ceiling on reservation in backlog vacancies.

Eighty-Second Amendment Act, 2000 o

Provided for making of any provision in favour of the SCs and STs for relaxation in qualifying marks in any examination or lowering the standards of evaluation, for reservation in matters of promotion to the public services of the Centre and the states.

Eighty-Third Amendment Act, 2000 Provided that no reservation in panchayats need be made for SCs in Arunachal Pradesh. The total population of the state is tribal and there are no SCs.

Eighty-Fourth Amendment Act, 2001 o

o o

Extended the ban on readjustment of seats in the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies for another 25 years (i.e., up to 2026) with the same objective of encouraging population limiting measures. In other words, the number of seats in the Lok Sabha and the assemblies are to remain same till 2026. It also provided for the readjustment and rationalisation of territorial constituencies in the states on the basis of the population figures of 1991 census

Eighty-Fifth Amendment Act, 2001 o

Provided for ‘consequential seniority’ in the case of promotion by virtue of rule of reservation for the government servants belonging to the SCs and STs with retrospective effect from June 1995.

Eighty-Sixth Amendment Act, 2002 o

o

o

Made elementary education a fundamental right. The newly-added Article 21-A declares that “the State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may determine”. Changed the subject matter of Article 45 in Directive Principles. It now reads—“The State shall endeavour to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years”. Added a new fundamental duty under Article 51-A which reads—“It shall be the duty of every citizen of India who is a parent or

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guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the age of six and fourteen years”.

Eighty-Seventh Amendment Act, 2003 o

Provided for the readjustment and rationalisation of territorial constituencies in the states on the basis of the population figures of 2001 census and not 1991 census as provided earlier by the 84th Amendment Act of 2001.

Eighty-Eighth Amendment Act, 2003 o

Made a provision for service tax (Article 268-A). Taxes on services are levied by the Centre. But, their proceeds are collected as well as appropriated by both the Centre and the states in accordance with the principles formulated by parliament

Eighty-Ninth Amendment Act, 2003 o

Bifurcated the erstwhile combined National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes into two separate bodies, namely, National Commission for Scheduled Castes (Article 338) and National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (Article 338-A). Both the Commissions consist of a Chairperson, a ViceChairperson and three other members. They are appointed by the President.

Ninetieth Amendment Act, 2003 o

Provided for maintaining the erstwhile representation of the Scheduled Tribes and non- Scheduled Tribes in the Assam legislative assembly from the Bodoland Territorial Areas District (Article 332 (6)).

Ninety-First Amendment Act, 2003 o

o

o

The total number of ministers, including the Prime Minister, in the Central Council of Ministers shall not exceed 15% of the total strength of the Lok Sabha (Article 75(1A)). The total number of ministers, including the Chief Minister, in the Council of Ministers in a state shall not exceed 15% of the total strength of the legislative Assembly of that state. But, the number of ministers, including the Chief Minister, in a state shall not be less than 12 (Article 164(1A)). The provision of the Tenth Schedule (anti-defection law) pertaining to exemption from disqualification in case of split by one-third members of legislature party has been deleted. It means that the defectors have no more protection on grounds of splits.

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Ninety-Second Amendment Act, 2003 o

Included four more languages in the Eighth Schedule. They are Bodo, Dogri (Dongri), Maithili (Maithili) and Santhali. With this, the total number of constitutionally recognised languages increased to 22

Ninety-Third Amendment Act, 2005 o

Empowered the state to make special provisions for the socially and educationally backward classes or the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes in educational institutions including private educational institutions (whether aided or unaided by the state), except the minority educational institutions (clause (5) in Article 15). This Amendment was enacted to nullify the Supreme Court judgement in the Inamdar case (2005) where the apex court ruled that the state cannot impose its reservation policy on minority and non-minority unaided private colleges, including professional colleges. The court declared that reservation in private, unaided educational institutions was unconstitutional.

Ninety-Fourth Amendment Act, 2006 Freed Bihar from the obligation of having a tribal welfare minister and extended the same provision to Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. This provision will now be applicable to the two newly formed states and Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, where it has already been in force (Article 164(1)).

Ninety-Fifth Amendment Act, 2009 o

Extended the reservation of seats for the SCs and STs and special representation for the Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies for a further period of ten years i.e., upto 2020 (Article 334).

Ninety-Sixth Amendment Act, 2011 o

Substituted “Odia” for “Oriya”. Consequently, the “Oriya” language in the Eighth Schedule shall be pronounced as “Odia”

Ninety-Seventh Amendment Act, 2011 o

Gave a constitutional status and protection to co-operative societies. In this context, it made the following three changes in the constitution:

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o o o

It made the right to form co-operative societies a fundamental right (Article 19) It included a new Directive Principle of State Policy on the promotion of co-operative societies (Article 43-B). It added a new Part IX-B in the constitution which is entitled as “The Co-operative societies” (Articles 243-ZH to 243-ZT).

Ninety-Eight constitutional amendment act, 2013: o

To empower the Governor of Karnataka to take steps to develop the Hyderabad-Karnataka Region

Ninety-Ninth constitutional amendment act, 2014: o

It provided for establishment of National judicial commission

Hundredth constitutional amendment Act 2015: o

This amendment is Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) between India and Bangladesh

101st Constitutional amendment act, 2016 o

o

Goods and Services Tax (GST) has commenced with the enactment of the 101st Constitution Amendment Act, 2016 on 8th September, 2016 and the subsequent notifications. Articles 246A, 269A and 279A were added in the constitution. The amendment made changes in the 7th schedule of the constitution. The entry 84 of Union List earlier comprised duties on tobacco, alcoholic liquors, opium, Indian hemp, narcotic drugs and narcotics, medical and toilet preparations. After amendment, it will comprise Petroleum crude, high speed diesel, motor spirit (petrol), natural gas, and aviation turbine fuel, tobacco and tobacco products. Entry 92 (newspapers and on advertisements published therein) has been deleted, they are now under GST. Entry 92-C (Service Tax) has now been deleted from union list. Under State list, entry 52 (entry tax for sale in state) has also been deleted. Entry 54, Taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers, subject to the provisions of Entry 92-A of List I has now been replaced by Taxes on the sale of petroleum crude, high speed diesel, motor spirit (petrol), natural gas, aviation turbine fuel and alcoholic liquor for human consumption, but not including sale in the course of inter-State trade or commerce or sale in the course of international trade or commerce of such goods. Entry 55 (advertisement taxes) have been deleted. Entry 62 (Taxes on luxuries, including taxes on entertainments, amusements, betting and gambling) has now replaced by these taxes only to be levied by local governments ( panchayats, municipality, regional council or district council).

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The Constitution (ONE HUNDRED AND SECOND AMENDMENT) Act, 2018 o

The bill seeks to give constitutional status to the National Commission for Backward Classes. It seeks to insert new article 338B in the constitution which provides for NCBC, its mandate, composition, functions and various officers. Inserted a new article 342-A which empowers president to notify the list of socially and educationally backward classes of that state/union territory.

The Constitution (ONE HUNDRED AND THIRD AMENDMENT) Act, 2019 o

It changed two fundamental rights, Article 15 and 16. It provides for the advancement of the economically weaker sections of society. A big 10% of all government jobs and college seats will now have a reservation for people outside the high-income bracket. It states that bill is drafted with a will to mandate Article 46 of the Constitution of India, a Directive Principle that urges the government to protect the educational and the economic interests of the weaker sections of society.

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